EPA420-R-01-046
September 2001
Characterization of
Off-Road Motorcycle Use
Draft Final Report
Assessment and Standards Division
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Prepared for EPA by
ICF Consulting
NOTICE
TTz/'s technical report does not necessarily represent final EPA decisions or positions.
It is intended to present technical analysis of issues using data that are currently available.
The purpose in the release of such reports is to facilitate the exchange of
technical information and to inform the public of technical developments which
may form the basis for a final EPA decision, position, or regulatory action.
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CHARACTERIZATION OF OFF-ROAD MOTORCYCLE USE
Draft Final Report
Prepared by ICF ConsultingSeptember 2001
Draft Final 2 September 2001
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
On December 7, 2000, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued an Advance
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) (65 FR 76797) for the control of emissions from
recreational land-based engines. Recreational vehicles containing these engines include off-road
motorcycles, all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), and snowmobiles. A primary issue for establishing
emission standards for off-highway motorcycles is their use for competition. The Clean Air Act
excludes from nonroad engine regulations and programs, engines and vehicles "used solely for
competition." In addition, EPA's long-established noise emissions regulations exempt
competition motorcycles, defined as any motorcycle designed and marketed solely for use in
closed course competition.
To assist EPA's efforts to address these issues, ICF Consulting conducted a study of off-road
motorcycle uses. The information assembled in this report describes the inventory of off-road
motorcycles (Section 2.0); state off-road motorcycle registration programs (Section 3.0);
competition uses of off-road motorcycles (Section 4.0); the extent of off-road competition
activity (Section 5.0); the marketing of off-road motorcycles, particularly competition models
(Section 6.0); the use of competition models for recreational purposes (Section 7.0); and features
of the competition models (Section 8.0).
The most comprehensive data found on motorcycle uses in the U.S. was published in the
Motorcycle Industry Council (MIC) 1999 Motorcycle Statistical Annual, which provided
statistics for 1998. The MIC data indicates that an estimated 6,570,000 motorcycles were in use
in the U.S. in 1998. Of these, 1,196,000 (18.2%) were off-road motorcycles. MIC estimates
that 1,171,900 (98%) of the off-road motorcycles were used off-road. MIC also estimates that
119,800 (10%) were used on-road.
Off-road Motorcycle Registration Programs - According to the MIC, 24 states require
registration of off-highway motorcycles. Off-highway motorcycle registration is done by the
state motor vehicle registration agency (12 states) or a recreation management agency (12 states).
In eight states, off-highway motorcycle registration is required only if the vehicle is used in
certain designated state lands. Registration programs were administered by either the motor
vehicle agency or a recreational land management agency. A sample of five state registration
programs for off-highway motor vehicles (OHMVs) are described.
Off-Road Motorcycle Competitions - This report focuses on competitions specifically
sanctioned for off-road motorcycles or the competition-only versions of those models.
Competition sanctioning bodies and the types of competitions are described. The AMA, with its
45 districts (including Puerto Rico), is the most prominent national body to license off-road
competitors. A total of 22 types of road, track, and off-road motorcycle competitions were
identified. The off-road motorcycle competitions include motocross and its arena and freestyle
variations, hare and hound, hare scrambles, scrambles, enduros, hillclimbs, trail rides, and trials.
The motocross competitions were the most prevalent of the off-road competitions.
Draft Final 111 September 2001
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During competitions, racers are grouped into divisions or classes to promote equal competition.
Classes that are important to the rulemaking are based on motorcycle characteristics, which
include maximum engine displacement, number of strokes, or engine modifications.
Extent of Off-road Competition Activity - The extent of off-road competition activity was
determined by reviewing information on racing venues, events, and competitor participation.
Available information showed that motocross events are an order of magnitude more prevalent
than the other off-road competitions. ICF Consulting identified 818 motocross tracks in the U.S.
Of these, 785 are fixed venues and 33 are transient venues (i.e., stadiums and arenas). A review
of schedules for 13 randomly-picked tracks around the country showed that most tracks conduct
between 6 and 14 events per year, although some conduct 40 to 52 events per year.
ICF Consulting used information on the number of sanctioned competitors and event
participation to estimate the number of competitors participating in off-road competition. Based
on the number of sanctioned competitors, there may be as many as 80,000 motorcycles used in
motocross competition. Using information from event participation, the number of motorcycles
used for motocross competition may range from about 14,700 to 61,000.
Marketing of Off-road Motorcycles - Steps taken by manufacturers and dealers to inform
buyers of the intended uses of off-road motorcycles was identified through research on internet
sites, brochures, visits to dealerships, and interviews. Warning methods found include labels on
the motorcycle, statements in brochures and on internet sites, and in the only owner's manual
available for review. Competition motorcycles are generally excluded from manufacturers
warranty coverage with only two manufacturers providing a 30-day warranty limited to
manufacturer's defects.
Use of Competition Models for Recreation - ICF Consulting used data from Minnesota to
determine that about 34% of the off-road motorcycles registered for recreational use on public
lands are competition motocross models. ICF Consulting also reviewed classified
advertisements and determined that 64% of the advertisements indicating a use for a competition
model described a recreational off-road use. The remaining 36% indicated a racing use.
Features of Competition Models - The term "used solely for competition" means the
motorcycle exhibits features that are not easily removed and that would render its use other than
in competition unsafe, impractical, or highly unlikely. To better define that term, ICF reviewed
specification and other information on competition and recreation models of off-road
motorcycles. Comparison tables were generated to compare features that could potentially
distinguish between recreation and competition models. Although the definition refers to
features that are not easily removed, the models reviewed did not contain features that clearly
distinguish them from recreational models.
Draft Final IV September 2001
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Study Approach 1
1.2 Definitions 1
2.0 INVENTORY OF OFF-ROAD MOTORCYCLES 2
3.0 OFF-ROAD MOTORCYCLE REGISTRATION PROGRAMS 5
3.1 National Summary 5
3.2 California 5
3.3 New York 6
3.4 Michigan 6
3.6 Minnesota 7
3.7 Washington 8
4.0 OFF-ROAD MOTORCYCLE COMPETITIONS 9
4.1 Sanctioning Bodies 9
4.2 Competition Types 10
4.3 Competition Classes 10
5.0 EXTENT OF OFF-ROAD COMPETITION ACTIVITY 11
5.1 Racing Venues 11
5.2 Number of Off-Road Competitions 12
5.3 Number of Motorcycles Used in Motocross Competitions 13
5.3.1 Sanctioned Competitor Estimates 14
5.3.2 Event Participation Estimates 16
6.0 MARKETING OF OFF-ROAD MOTORCYCLES 17
6.1 Marketing Materials and Warning Labels 17
6.2 Warranty Coverage 18
6.3 Incentives Affecting Purchases 19
6.4 Cost Differential 20
7.0 USE OF COMPETITION MODELS FOR RECREATION 20
7.1 Minnesota State Registration Data 21
7.2 Classified Advertisement Search 21
8.0 FEATURES OF COMPETITION MODELS 24
9.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 25
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Work Assignment 215 Draft Report
CHARACTERIZATION OF OFF-ROAD MOTORCYCLE USES
1.0 INTRODUCTION
On December 7, 2000, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency issued an Advance Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) (65 FR 76797) for the control of emissions from recreational
land-based engines. Recreational vehicles containing these engines include off-road
motorcycles, all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), and snowmobiles.
A primary issue for establishing emission standards for off-road motorcycles is their use for
competition. The Clean Air Act excludes from nonroad engine regulations and programs,
engines and vehicles "used solely for competition." In addition, EPA's long-established noise
emissions regulations exempt competition motorcycles, defined as any motorcycle designed and
marketed solely for use in closed course competition.
Off-road motorcycles in the subcategory "motocross" are designed and marketed solely for
competition use, consistent with the exemption contained in EPA's noise regulations. Motocross
bikes are, however, sold in dealerships alongside recreational dirt bikes. One issue to be
addressed in the rulemaking is the extent to which consumers may be purchasing these
competition bikes for recreational use as well as for competition. Although motocross bikes
have characteristics that might make their use for recreation less than ideal, when compared to
recreational motorcycles, there is nothing inherent in the design that prevents recreational use.
To assist EPA's efforts to address these issues, ICF Consulting conducted a study of off-road
motorcycle uses. The information assembled describes the inventory of off-road motorcycles
(Section 2.0); state off-road motorcycle registration programs (Section 3.0); competition uses of
off-road motorcycles (Section 4.0); the extent of off-road competition activity (Section 5.0); the
marketing of off-road motorcycles, particularly competition models (Section 6.0); the use of
competition models for recreational purposes (Section 7.0); and features of the competition
models (Section 8.0).
1.1 Study Approach
ICF Consulting collected published data from manufacturer publications, internet sites, trade
associations, and the mass media. Interviews were conducted with trade associations, motorcycle
dealerships, and motorcycle riders to obtain additional information. Correspondence was also
used for some information requests. Interviews, correspondence, and visits to obtain data were
limited to nine per topic in accordance with work assignment requirements and the Paperwork
Reduction Act.
1.2 Definitions
ICF Consulting used the following working definitions in the study.
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Competition - Races, meets, or events conducted under the auspices of a sanctioning body.
Competition-only Motorcycles - any motorcycle designed and marketed solely for use in closed
course competition. They do not meet the requirements for street use due to either exhaust
emissions or noise levels. Both road- and off-road motorcycles may be sold for competition-
only, but only the off-road motorcycles were considered for this analysis.
Dual-Sport Motorcycles - motorcycles originally manufactured and sold legal for street usage but
contain design features that enables operation over natural terrain.
Off-Road Motorcycles - motorcycles originally manufactured and sold for use on natural terrain.
Street-Legal Motorcycles - motorcycles originally manufactured and sold legal for street usage.
They meet EPA standards for exhaust emissions and noise.
Used Solely for Competition - motorcycles exhibiting features that are not easily removed and
that would render its use other than in competition unsafe, impractical, or highly unlikely.
2.0 INVENTORY OF OFF-ROAD MOTORCYCLES
The Motorcycle Industry Council (MIC) 1999 Motorcycle Statistical Annual contains the most
comprehensive data available on motorcycle uses in the U.S. for the year 1998. Statistics for
1999 or 2000 are not available at this time. The MIC data indicates that an estimated 6,570,000
motorcycles were in use in the U.S. in 1998. Of these, 1,196,000 (18.2%) were off-road
motorcycles. This represented an increase from the 750,000 (14.8%) off-road motorcycles out
of the 5,060,000 motorcycles in use in 1990. The distribution of motorcycles by type as reported
by MIC is shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Estimated Population by Model Type
Model Type
On-Road
Dual
Off-Road
TOTAL
Number (1998)
4,809,000
565,000
1,196,000
6,570,000
% of Total
73.2%
8.6%
18.2%
100.0%
Number (1990)
3,650,000
660,000
750,000
5,060,000
% of Total
72.2%
13.0%
14.8%
100.0%
Source: MIC, 1999
Draft Final
September 2001
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Off-road motorcycles tend to have smaller engines than on-highway or dual motorcycles. MIC
reports that nearly all (88%) of off-road motorcycles in use had engine displacement less than
350cc. Three-fourths (76%) of dual motorcycles had engine displacements less than 350cc. But
on-highway motorcycles tend to have large engines, with two-thirds (66%) having engines
greater than 749cc. Table 2 presents the range of off-road motorcycle engine sizes in service in
1998.
Table 2
Estimated Population of Off-Road Motorcycles by Engine Displacement
Engine
Displacement
Under 125cc
125-349cc
350-440cc
450-749cc
Over 749cc
Total Off-Road
Number
367,200
690,500
34,700
113,600
0
1,196,000
% of Total
Off-Road
30.7%
56.9%
2.9%
9.5%
0.0%
100.0%
Source: MIC, 1999
Table 3 lists the population of off-road and dual-use motorcycles by state based on the MIC data.
California, with 175,100 off-road motorcycles, has more off-road motorcycles than the three
states with the next higher populations. One-third (33.4%) of the off-road motorcycles are found
in five states - California, Texas, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Michigan. Over half (51.4%) of the
population of off-road motorcycles are found in ten states — CA, TX, PA, OH, MI, FL, WA, NC,
GA, and NY.
MIC estimates that 1,171,900 (98%) of the off-road motorcycles were used off road. MIC also
estimates that 119,800 (10%) off-road motorcycles were used on-road. MIC estimates that 47%
of dual-use motorcycles are used on-highway at least some of the time, and 81% are used off
road at least some of the time.
Draft Final
September 2001
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Table 3 - State Population of Off-Road and Dual Use Motorcycles
1 998 Population ;
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaw are
DC
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Mchigan
Mnnesota
Mississippi
Mssouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
Mew Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania ;
Rhode Island ;
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington ;
West Virginia .
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total 1 ,
Off-Hwy
19,700
5,100
20,400 ."
10,700 ."
175,100
30,200
14,100
3,200
500
49,900
39,200 ;
N/A "
19,900 I
33,300
24,900
10,100
8,200
20,500
15,000
5,000 ;
21,000 :
20,900
53,200
18,700
9,000
20,600 ;
9,600
4,700 '
15,800
7,200 ;
29,700
9,900
37,500 ;
43,600
2,400
54,400 ;
14,400
28,800 ,
55,700
3,100 ,
19,400 :
3,200 ;
25,400
61,600
16,600
2,900
23,800
44,800
12,900
15,200
5,000 ;
196,000
* Required only for all or certain
Source: Motorcycle
Dual
8,800
4,000
12,600
7,400
96,700
16,000 :
5,600
900
700 '
29,700 -
12,800
N/A .
1 1 ,600
16,700
8,100 ,
5,700
4,900
4,700
4,600
3,400
8,300
7,400 .
20,000
10,800 *
3,400
6,900
5,500
2,200
7,200
3,800
13,100
6,900 ,
28,200 '
12,200 '
1,900
16,200
8,900 ,
12,500 '
23,600
1,300
5,100
2,000
9,400
28,400
10,000 ;
1,400
1 1 ,400
23,200
4,700
1 1 ,300 '
2,900
565,000 1
public lands
Total!
28,500
9,100
33,000 ;
18,100 '
271 ,800
46,200
19,700 ;
4,100
1,200
79,600
52,000
N/A
31 ,500
50,000
33,000
15,800
13,100
25,200
19,600
8,400
29,300
28,300
73,200
29,500
12,400
27,500
15,100
6,900
23,000 ;
1 1 ,000
42,800
16,800
65,700
55,800
4,300
70,600 ;
23,300
41 ,300
79,300
4,400 ;
24,500 \
5,200
34,800
90,000
26,600
4,300
35,200
68,000
17,600 .
" 26,500 ',
7,900
,761 ,000
OHV Registration Requirement ;
none
inone
none
none
by Motor Veh. Registration Agency
; by Recreation Mgmt. Agency
| by Motor Veh. Registration Agency
by Motor Veh. Registration Agency
none
by Recreation Mgmt. Agency*
none
none
by Recreation Mgmt. Agency
none :
;by Recreation Mgmt. Agency*
by Recreation Mgmt. Agency*
none
none
by Motor Veh. Registration Agency
: by Recreation Mgmt. Agency
by Recreation Mgmt. Agency*
by Recreation Mgmt. Agency
by Recreation Mgmt. Agency
; by Motor Veh. Registration Agency*.
none
• none
by Motor Veh. Registration Agency
;none
none ;
i by Recreation Mgmt. Agency
none
i by Motor Veh. Registration Agency
, by Motor Veh. Registration Agency
none
none
i by Motor Veh. Registration Agency [
none
: by Recreation Mgmt. Agency*
none
by Recreation Mgmt. Agency
none
.none
jnone
none
, by Motor Veh. Registration Agency*
by Motor Veh. Registration Agency*.
none
by Motor Veh. Registration Agency .
none
none
;none
Industry Council, 1 990
Draft Final
September 2001
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3.0 OFF-ROAD MOTORCYCLE REGISTRATION PROGRAMS
ICF Consulting reviewed national data and a sample of five state registration programs for off-
road motor vehicles (OHMVs), focusing on off-road motorcycles and other recreational vehicles.
Registration programs were administered by either the motor vehicle agency or a recreational
land management agency. Off-road motorcycles are registered in some states as all-terrain
vehicles (ATVs).
3.1 National Summary
According to the MIC 1999 Motorcycle Statistical Annual, there were 1,196,000 off-road
motorcycles in the U.S. in 1998 and another 565,000 dual-use motorcycles. Table 3 shows
details of off-road motorcycle registration by state according to MIC.
According to the MIC 1999 Motorcycle Statistical Annual, 24 states require registration of off-
road motorcycles. Off-road motorcycle registration is done by the state motor vehicle
registration agency (12 states) or a recreation management agency (12 states). In eight states, off-
road motorcycle registration is required only if the vehicle is used in certain designated state
lands.
3.2 California
California has established state emissions standards for OHMVs, and has a unique registration
system that distinguishes between OHMVs that meet the standards and those that do not.
Like most states with OHMV registration systems, California requires that OHMVs meet safety
and noise requirements (i.e., spark arrester and muffler) in order to be registered by the
Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) and used on public lands.
The California Air Resources Board (ARE) adopted emissions standards and test procedures for
OHMVs in 1994. The emissions standards were set such that, in general, only 4-stroke engines
and 2-stroke engines with a catalytic converter could comply. At the time of adoption, it was
believed that most of the compliant OHMVs sold would be new models of higher-performance
4-stroke engines, and these would replace most 2-stroke engines used for recreational purposes.
All new OHMVs would be registered by the DMV and issued a green registration sticker.
In December 1998, ARB revised the regulations governing registration and use of OHMVs.
Users and dealers had expressed concerns that manufacturers had not produced a full line of
vehicles compliant with the 1994 emissions standards. Consequently, dealers complained of
lower sales and economic hardship. In response to these concerns, the new regulations allow
registration of non-compliant OHMVs, which are issued a red registration sticker. These
vehicles are allowed to operate only during the non-peak ozone season, while emissions-
Draft Final 5 September 2001
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compliant vehicles (with a green sticker) can operate year-round. The length of the operation
period varies depending on the severity of ozone levels.
Enforcement of the system relies on DMV and public land management authorities. Emissions-
compliant OHMVs are coded with a "3" or "C" as the eighth digit of the vehicle identification
number (VEST), which makes them eligible for a green registration sticker. All other OHMVs are
issued red stickers. Recreation area authorities are responsible for enforcing the use of red-
sticker vehicles during the proper time periods. Because of inconsistencies in DMV registration
procedures to date, the system has not yet been enforced at recreation areas, but it is expected to
be enforced in the summer of 2001.
California also has a registration system for motorcycles that will operate only in closed-course
competitions. For a cost of $3, DMV issues an orange registration sticker that allows for their
transport (e.g., on a trailer) to and from racetracks. The registration does not require renewal.
Very few vehicles are registered under this system. According to ARB staff, only about 40
motorcycles were registered under this program in 1994.
3.3 New York
The New York State Department of Motor Vehicles requires registration of all all-terrain
vehicles (ATVs), which are defined as any self-propelled vehicle manufactured primarily for use
on off-road trails or in off-road competition, not more than 70 inches wide and 1,000 pounds in
weight. Thus, all off-road motorcycles are registered as ATVs. No exception exists for off-road
motorcycles used solely in competition, or for ATVs operated only on the owner's property.
Snowmobiles are not considered ATVs, but are subject to separate regulations.
3.4 Michigan
The Michigan Department of Natural Resources requires registration of "Off-Road Vehicles
(ORVs)," defined as a 2-, 3-, or 4-wheeled vehicle that can be operated cross-country without
benefit of a road or trail. ORVs in Michigan do not include snowmobiles. ORV registration is
required to operate on public lands (where allowed). Private land owners are not required to
register ORVs operated exclusively on their private property. ORVs used only for closed-course
competition do not require registration.
3.5 Oregon
Oregon classifies ATVs as Class I (three or more tires, less than 800 pounds), Class II (more than
800 pounds), or Class HI (two tires, less than 800 pounds). Before November 1999, the state
DMV required registration of Class I (three-wheelers and quads) but not Class II (dune buggies)
and Class HI (dirt bikes) ATVs. Beginning in 2000, the DMV dropped their ATV registration
requirements and the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department (OPRD) took over the program.
The OPRD now requires "permitting" for all ATVs that are operated on state lands. The
Draft Final 6 September 2001
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permitting program is essentially the same as a vehicle registration program, with state officials
recording vehicle characteristics and VIN and issuing a sticker. ATVs operated only on private
lands do not require a permit. The Oregon DMV still handles snowmobile registration.
3.6 Minnesota
The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MN DNR) requires registration of off-road
motorcycles only if they are operated on public lands. Information recorded during registration
includes the make, model number, year and VIN. Off-road motorcycles used only on private
lands do not require registration. Therefore, the registration database cannot be assumed to
include all OHMVs in the state.
MN DNR provided information to ICF Consulting on currently registered off-road motorcycles
as of March 2001. The data was specific to model years 1990 through 2000. The number of
older models registered was not provided. The MN DNR data presented in Table 4 shows that
4,485 off-road motorcycles from model years 1990 to 2001 are registered for recreational use on
public lands. If it is assumed that the MIC population estimate of 18,700 off-road motorcycles in
Minnesota is correct, it can be deduced that the remaining 14,215 motorcycles are used on
private land. The MN DNR data also indicated that about 34% of the motorcycles registered for
use on public lands are competition motocross models.
Draft Final 7 September 2001
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Table 4
Current Registration of Off-Road Motorcycles
For Recreation on Public Lands in Minnesota
Year Class
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
TOTAL
All ORMs
124
97
136
187
206
257
411
628
697
748
994
4,485
Competition MX Models
43
38
36
70
69
90
142
216
282
284
249
1,519
% Competition
35%
39%
26%
37%
33%
35%
35%
34%
40%
38%
25%
34%
Source: Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, March 2001
3.7 Washington
In Washington, the Department of Licensing (DOL) requires registration of all off-road vehicles.
The agency records the model number of motorcycles in their database. However, there is no
standard format for entering the model numbers, and sometimes they don't get entered at all. So
the database is not particularly "clean". In addition, they cannot electronically distinguish
between motorcycles and 3- or 4-wheel ATVs in their database. WA DOL manually removed
the ATVs from the data before providing it to ICF Consulting. However, the data is likely to
include some ATVs in the count of all off-road motorcycles. WA DOL also provided
information on the number of competition models based on a search of their database for entries
where the motorcycle model series is known to be a competition motocross model. The numbers
provided may be low because the model numbers are not always included. Table 5 summarizes
the off-road motorcycles by year class between 1990 and 2001.
Draft Final
September 2001
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Table 5
Summary of Registered Off-Road Motorcycles in Washington
Year Class
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
TOTAL
All ORMs
1516
1454
1234
1867
1777
2000
2225
2427
3317
4395
9408
4419
36,039
Competition MX Models
390
288
297
426
455
437
490
526
794
925
1426
795
7,285
% Competition
26%
20%
24%
23%
26%
22%
22%
22%
24%
21%
16%
18%
20%
Source: Washington Department of Licensing, 2001
4.0 OFF-ROAD MOTORCYCLE COMPETITIONS
Although competitions may be on road or off road, this report focuses on the competitions
specifically sanctioned for off-road motorcycles or the competition-only versions of those
models. Races or other meets between two or more riders outside of the auspices of a
sanctioning body are excluded from this analysis.
4.1 Sanctioning Bodies
Competition venues generally require some evidence of rider proficiency before they can
compete. ICF Consulting compiled a list of 33 sanctioning bodies that issue licenses for
motorcycle competitors. Based on the organization name and information from their internet
sites, 20 were determined to license road racing competitors and 12 were determined to license
off-road competitors. The AMA, with its 45 districts (including Puerto Rico), is the most
prominent national body to license off-road competitors. Most sanctioning bodies recognize an
Draft Final
September 2001
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AMA license and do not require a separate license. ICF Consulting identified the following
organizations that sanction off-road motorcycle competitions:
• American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) and its 45 districts
• American Historic Racing Motorcycle Association (ARHMA)
• American Trials Association (ATA)
DM Sports
Formula USA DTX
• International Freestyle Motocross Association (IFMA)
• Middle Atlantic Motocross Association (MAMA)
Midwest Cycle Fest (MCF)
• National Motorsport Association (NMA)
• New England Trail Rider Association (NETRA)
• Northwest Motorcycle Association (NMA)
• Rocky Mountain Motocross Association (RMXA)
4.2 Competition Types
The AMA "2001 AMA Sports Rules Governing Pro AM, Semi-Professional, Amateur, ATV and
Youth Competition" defines 20 types of motorcycle racing competitions. The AMA definitions
also included variations of motocross events called "Stadium motocross." That is the term used
by AMA to describe motocross-type events taking place in stadiums or arenas. These events are
described by other sanctioning bodies as "supercross" in large stadiums and "arenacross" in
smaller arenas. In addition to the AMA definitions, a relatively new form of competition known
as Freestyle motocross is growing in numbers. Freestyle motocross events, frequently held in
conjunction with other motocross events, involve scoring the rider's aerial maneuvers rather than
timing. Attachment 1 provides a description of these 22 types of motorcycle competitions.
The off-road motorcycle competitions include:
• Motocross and its variations
Hare and hound
• Hare scrambles
Scrambles
• Enduros
• Hillclimbs
• Trail rides
Trials
4.3 Competition Classes
During all types of off-road competitions, racers are grouped into divisions or classes to promote
equal competition. Specific classes used in a competition vary by venue, competition series, or
by the sanctioning body. Classes may be any combination of age and gender, skill or experience
level, prize type, and motorcycle characteristics.
Draft Final 10 September 2001
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Age classes are generally based on specific age ranges such as 11-12, 13-15, 20+, etc. An open
category is often included so competitors of any age may race in the same event. The age classes
may vary by gender.
Skill and experience classes are variable. The AMA classifies competitors by A, B, and C levels,
with A being the most experienced and C being the least experienced. Some venues also add a
level D for entry-level competitors. Other organizations use novice, intermediate (or moderate),
and expert.
The prizes that can be earned in a competition distinguish professional and amateur competitors.
The AMA definition of a professional is a competitor that competes for prize money. Amateurs
compete for trophies or other non-monetary prizes. Semi-professional competitors compete for
both money and other prizes.
Motorcycle characteristic classes are primarily based on maximum engine displacement, such as
50cc, 80 cc, 125cc, 250cc, etc. These may be combined with stock or modified designations for
the condition of the engine. Separate classes for 2- and 4-stroke engines are sometimes included.
Historic or vintage racing events, such as those sanctioned by ARHMA, also add restrictions on
the year or model of motorcycle.
5.0 EXTENT OF OFF-ROAD COMPETITION ACTIVITY
The extent of off-road competition activity was determined by reviewing information on racing
venues, events, and competitor participation.
5.1 Racing Venues
No overall sanctioning body or trade associations were found for off-road motorcycle
competition venues. ICF Consulting conducted an internet search and identified three databases
of motocross tracks. These three databases primarily listed fixed venues, but did include some
stadium motocross venues. The most extensive database, www.hometownmotocross.com,
contained a list of 747 venues. Two less extensive databases by ActionMX.com and
MXWorld.com were identified and compared to the Hometownmotocross.com database. An
additional 37 fixed venues were identified through this comparison. ICF Consulting also
searched listings of off-road motorcycle events contained on other web sites and in media
publications to identify additional venues, primarily transient venues to add to the list.
ICF Consulting identified 818 motocross tracks in the U.S. Of these, 785 are fixed venues and
33 are transient venues (i.e., stadiums and arenas). Fixed venues were generally found to
conduct multiple competitions or series of competitions, as well as practice times. The transient
venues at stadiums and arenas were found to be used only once or twice a year. Attachment 2
lists the number of venues by state.
Draft Final 11 September 2001
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Comprehensive lists of venues for other off-road competitions were not found. However,
reviews of internet sites for AMA district and other competition organization showed that many
motocross venues also sponsor hare scrambles.
The owner of one of the 12 tracks that host the AMA National motocross races indicated that on
any given weekend about one out of four tracks will be operating. He said that the track owners
generally schedule events about once a month to avoid scheduling conflicts with other nearby
tracks. This information was consistent with a sample of schedule information found on the
internet. ICF Consulting reviewed schedules for 13 randomly-picked tracks around the country.
This review showed that most tracks conduct between 6 and 14 events per year, although some
conduct 40 to 52 events per year. Table 6 lists the number of events at the 13 tracks.
Table 6
Scheduled Motocross Events at Selected Tracks
State
NC
FL
OH
MI
CO
AZ
TX
CA
CA
WA
MO
MN
PA
Track
Devil's Ridge Motorsports Park
Motocross World
Kenworthy's Motocross Park
Red Bud Motocross
Aztec Family Raceway
Canon Off-Road Park
Badlands Motocross Park
Glen Helen Raceway Park
Sacramento Raceway
Extreme Motorsports
Radical Rob's Raceway
Elko Motocross
Dublin Gap Motocross Track
MX Events per year
7
52
8
23
10
10
7
10
14
44
6
8
13
Scheduled Practices
12 per year
3 per week
6 per year
3 per week
22 per year
2 per week
5 plus a school
weekly after 3/29
3 per year
Source: ICF Consulting review of internet sites, March 2001.
5.2 Number of Off-Road Competitions
The number of off-road competitions could not be determined within the constraints of the work
assignment. Not all venues post schedules. A small number of the 45 AMA districts and other
regional or area organizations post lists of competitions in their territory or nearby areas.
Draft Final
12
September 2001
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However, this information is not consistent from area to area. Schedule information for either
the 2000 or 2001 seasons were reviewed for six AMA districts that posted the information on
internet sites. Table 7 summarizes the relative number or motocross (MX), arenacross (AX),
enduro (END), hare scrambles (HS), hillclimbs (HC), observed trials (OT), and cross country
rides (CC) as listed on the AMA district internet sites.
Table 7
Off-Road Events Listed on AMA District Internet Sites
AMA Dist.
5
7
14
15
16
17
22
23
27
MX
81
65
78
141
155
47
60
55
AX
2
31
20
END
10
9
8
6
5
6
HS
13
16
26
28
6
HC
7
22
27
1
10
OT
5
14
14
1
CC
16
4
Source: AMA District internet sites
5.3 Number of Motorcycles Used in Motocross Competitions
ICF Consulting used information on sanctioned competitors and event participation to estimate
the number of MX motorcycles used in off-road competition, as described in the following
subsections. Competitors, as used in this analysis is any combination of rider and motorcycle.
Thus, a rider competing in two motorcycle size classes (e.g., 125 cc and 250 cc) would be
counted as two competitors because two different motorcycles would be used. Sanctioned
competitor estimates were based on AMA national and district figures. Two approaches were
used for the event participation estimates. One approach was based on average event
participation information. The other approach used information on manufacturer's contingency
programs to derive a lower bound estimate. Table 8 summarizes the estimates.
Draft Final
13
September 2001
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Table 8
Estimates of Motorcycles Used in Motocross Competitions
Estimation Approach
Sanctioned Competitors
Event Participation (-300/event)
Event Participation - contingency
Minimum
unable to estimate
47,160
14,724
Maximum
80,000
61,350
unable to estimate
5.3.1 Sanctioned Competitor Estimates
As discussed in section 4.1, most tracks require evidence of rider proficiency before they can
compete. ICF Consulting obtained information from internet sites where event results or rider
numbers were posted.
• AMA National Office - The AMA National Office licenses professional motocross
racers. For 2001, about 1,294 licensed professional racers were sanctioned by the AMA
National Office and listed on their 2001 rider number list. The National Office does not
license amateur motocross racers, nor keep statistics on the number of amateur racers.
• AMA Districts - The 45 AMA district offices license amateur motocross racers. No
national statistic was found for AMA licensed amateurs. The planned approach to
generating a national number was to obtain information from a sample of districts and
extrapolate the data to a national number. Information on the number of competitors was
available for nine AMA districts, as shown on Table 9. However, because the AMA
districts do not directly correspond to state boundaries, it would not be possible to
determined what proportion of the national population these districts represented.
• ARHMA - A survey by ARHMA indicates that about 75% of the 5,000 members are off-
road racers. About 90% of the members are also in AMA.
• NETRA - Event results posted by NETRA show that 505 riders participated in enduro
events and 336 participated in hare scramble events in 2000. There were no motocross
events posted.
• Other Sanctioning Organizations - The other organizations with information on the
numbers of competitors were AMA sanctioned and chartered. The competitors were
assumed to be AMA licensed.
Draft Final 14 September 2001
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Table 9
Number of Competitors Earning Points at AMA Events
AMA District
5
7
15
16
17
22
23
27
National
MX
1,890
>1,256
>161
>420
>216
>200
3,212
1237
1294
AX
570
271
END
123
>66
206
333
328
HS
143
not
posted
>165
>74
255
644
HC
>136
168
236
Notes
Pro Class MX results
truncated to 20/class.
Results truncated at 10/class
Results truncated at 20/class
MX and HS Results
truncated at 10/class
MX results truncated at
10/class
Number of licensed
professional riders
Source: AMA district internet site point standings.
In addition to the point standings for the districts, the rider point standings for the Loretta Lynn
National Amateur Championship lists 1,320 riders. However, the results only listed between 38
and 42 riders per class, with most classes reporting 42 riders. The number of riders earning
points is likely much higher.
The average number of competitors earning points in the AMA national and four district
organizations that reported all point earners is 1,778. If this average is representative of all the
AMA districts, the number of motocross competitors would be approximately 80,000 (82,000 if
Puerto Rico is included). It could not be determined whether this average is representative across
the entire country because only a few AMA districts posted comprehensive lists of competitors
earning points.
Only three AMA districts were identified that reported all competitors earning points in enduro
or hare scramble series. Two of the districts posted complete lists of both motocross and enduro
competitors, and two posted complete lists of both motocross and hare scramble competitors. In
these districts, the number of motocross competitors was an order of magnitude greater than that
for enduro or hare scramble competition.
Draft Final
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September 2001
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5.3.2 Event Participation Estimates
The number of competitors could also be estimated by multiplying the number of events by the
number of participants. The inherent difficulty in this approach is the lack of firm numbers for
events and for the number of participants. Although the figure of 818 motocross venues is
believed to be relatively accurate, the number of events taking place at these venues is not known
as discussed above. Some venues hold races monthly, others weekly. Similarly, the numbers of
hare scrambles and other off-road competitions is uncertain. Two simplified approaches were
employed to estimate the relative magnitude of event participation.
Average Participation Estimates - ICF Consulting obtained information on motocross track
schedules and event participation to estimate the number of motocross competitors. Information
from an owner of one of the 12 tracks that host AMA national races indicates that the tracks
operate about once every four to five weeks. Therefore, between 20% and 25% of
the tracks are open on any given weekend. This information is consistent with a review of track
schedules described in Table 6, which showed that most tracks host between 6 and 14 events per
year, but some host nearly weekly events. The owner also indicated that the average
participation at an event is about 300 racers. This average is also consistent with other
information found on internet sites regarding event participation.
To obtain a national estimate, ICF Consulting assumed that 20% to 25% of the tracks are open on
any given weekend and that the average participation at the open tracks was 300. In addition, it
was assumed that 100% of the racers participate on any given weekend. That is, the
racers travel from track to track and race at four or five tracks. Applying the average of 300
participants to the 786 fixed tracks, an estimate of between 47,160 and 58,950 racers was
obtained. If all 818 tracks are considered, the estimate would increase to between 49,080 and
61,350.
The assumption of 100% participation on any given weekend is believed to be conservative (i.e.,
results in lower estimates) for two reasons. First, it is likely that on any given weekend some
percentage of the racers would not participate due to other commitments, mechanical problems,
or other factors. Second, an unknown percentage of the racers will only race at one track rather
than multiple tracks. If all of the racers only race at one track, the estimate would be as high as
245,400. The actual number is believed to be somewhere between these numbers. However,
there is insufficient data to determine the exact number.
Contingency Approach - ICF Consulting identified lists of events and event series for which
competitions can earn contingency payments from motorcycle manufacturers. Contingencies are
cash or other awards given for riding the manufacturer's models to a specified finish position in
each paying class. The Yamaha internet site provided the most complete information for events
and paying classes. Information from that site was used to first estimate participation in
contingency events, and then to extrapolate the numbers to a national participation estimate.
Draft Final 16 September 2001
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The 2001 Yamaha YZ/WR Contingency Program lists 347 motocross events in 55 motocross
series. The listed paying classes totaled 898, or slightly more than 16 paying classes per series.
To avoid double counting, it was assumed that the same racers participated in all events of a
series. At the minimum program standard of 7 racers per motocross class, a minimum of 6,286
racers (114 per event) would participate in the program events.
To obtain a national number, a series of assumptions were made. First, it was assumed that each
of the 347 events were conducted at a different track. Then it was assumed that the only racers
using these tracks participated in the program. This gave an average of 18 racers per track.
Finally, it was assumed that the participation levels at the other tracks were equivalent to the
contingency program tracks. Since there are an estimated 818 tracks in the country, this
approach yields a minimum of 14,724 racers.
These assumptions are considered to be conservative. The actual number is likely to be higher
because multiple heats are run in many classes. Moreover, an average of 18 racers per track is
lower than estimates based on discussions with a motocross track owner. According to
information from the track owner, an average of between 60 and 75 per track is more likely.
The Yamaha contingency program also lists 15 off-road series consisting of 108 events. A total
of 324 paying classes are listed. The off-road contingency rules call for a minimum of five
participants per paying class. Using this number, the following estimates were obtained:
• Six Enduro Series ( 42 events, 129 paying classes) - 645 racers
Four Hare Scramble Series (28 events, 84 paying classes) - 420 racers
• Five other off-road series (38 events, 111 paying classes) - 555 racers
These figures could not be extrapolated to national numbers because there was a lack of data on
the number of venues for these events.
6.0 MARKETING OF OFF-ROAD MOTORCYCLES
One purpose of the work assignment was to determine how motocross motorcycles are marketed
and what steps are taken to inform customers of the intended uses of the model. ICF Consulting
researched information on manufacturer's internet sites, dealer internet sites, and manufacturer's
brochures. In addition, dealerships were contacted by telephone and personal visits to discuss
and observe how competition motorcycles are marketed. The primary methods used to alert
buyers of the intended uses of competition models are marketing materials and warning labels.
ICF Consulting also examined warranty coverage, incentives, and cost as factors that might affect
the decision to purchase competition or recreation models.
Draft Final 17 September 2001
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6.1 Marketing Materials and Warning Labels
ICF Consulting collected brochures for motocross and off-road motorcycles during visits to
dealerships. As expected, all the brochures emphasize the performance aspects of their models.
Competition models are pictured as if they are in a competition. Most brochures included
warnings stating the intended use of the motorcycles.
All the major manufacturers also promote their motorcycles on the internet. ICF consulting
reviewed these sites and found that two included warnings about the intended uses of the
motorcycles and two say to read the owners manual. Only one owners manual was available at
the dealerships visited. The manuals were not available because they are included in sealed
packages given to buyers.
Table 10 summarizes the methods used to warn buyers about the intended uses of the
competition and off-road models. Attachment 3 provides a detailed description of the warnings
that were identified.
Table 10
Summary of Warning Methods Identified
Manufacturer
Honda
Kawasaki
KTM
Suzuki
Yamaha
ATK
Gas Gas
Cannondale
Husaberg
Husqvarna
TM
On Motorcycle
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
In Brochures
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
Owner' s Manual
YES
On Web Site
YES
YES
NO
Refers to owners
manual
Refers to owners
manual
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NOTE: Blank boxes indicate that the information was not obtained.
6.2 Warranty Coverage
Draft Final
18
September 2001
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Competition motorcycles are generally excluded from manufacturers warranty coverage. Only
Yamaha and KTM were found to provide a 30-day warranty limited to manufacturer's defects.
Other manufacturers specify that competition use excludes an off-road motorcycle from normal
warranty coverage. Honda, Suzuki, and Yamaha provide this information on their internet site,
stickers placed on the motorcycle, and/or in their brochures. Honda specifically states on its tag
on new CR motorcycles (intended for motocross competition) that "CRs are sold 'AS IS' without
warranty and are designed exclusively for operator-only use in closed course racing events."
There was no mention on the Kawasaki internet site of warranty coverage being void due to
competition use. Likewise, no mention of warranty coverage could be found on the Cannondale,
Gas Gas, Husaberg, or Husqvarna websites. ICF Consulting contacted dealers carrying these
models, as well as a TM motorcycle dealer, and inquired about warranty coverage. According to
the dealers, none of these manufacturers provide any form of warranty coverage. They explained
that all models made by these manufacturers are intended for competition use, and therefore
warranty coverage is not provided.
The warning labels described in Attachment 3 include warnings that warranty coverage is not
provided for competition models.
6.3 Incentives Affecting Purchases
The choice of purchasing a competition or recreation model may be affected by a number of
factors specific to the buyer. The intended use being one of the major factors.
Buyers who plan to compete will most likely purchase a competition model. Whether it is
purchased new or used will depend on other factors such as cost, availability, and performance to
name a few.
Buyers who plan to use the motorcycle for recreation have the opportunity to buy either a
recreation model or a competition model. The enhanced performance of competition models
make them an appealing alternative to recreation models for skilled riders.
There is also a strong incentive to purchase new models, both recreation and competitive,
because manufacturers are constantly improving performance and other features. This is
especially true for competition motocross models.
Contingencies - manufacturers offer financial incentives in the form of racing "contingencies"
for riders to use newer models when competing. Contingencies are cash or product prizes for top
finish positions in specified racing classes and events. For example, Yamaha offers contingencies
for competitors in 347 events in 55 competition series. The number of paying classes at most
events range from 11 to 30, although some series only include 1 to 6 paying classes. Similarly,
Honda offers contingencies at 54 event series. Information on the number or paying classes for
Honda contingencies was not found. Contingencies are only available to riders using model year
Draft Final 19 September 2001
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2000 or newer. Therefore, contingencies are an incentive to replace the competition model every
couple years.
Insurance Coverage - A brief review of insurance internet sites found that insurance coverage is
available for recreational use of off-road motorcycles by State Farm and Progressive. Allstate
does not provide coverage for either use. Geico does not provide coverage for racing and off-
road motorcycles in most states. No coverage was identified for competition use of off-road
motorcycles. A test of one online application form showed that the owner of a competition
model would be denied coverage if it was to be used for competition. However, the same
competition motorcycle would be insured if it was to be used for off-road recreation.
6.4 Cost Differential
Competition models are more expensive than their recreational counterparts. The identical list
prices of Honda, Suzuki, and Yamaha 250 cc models show that the competition versions
($5,899) cost 26% more than the recreation models ($4,999). For the only comparable 125 cc
models, the competition version costs 92% more than the recreational version. At the 80 cc size,
the competition models cost 55% to 137% more than the recreational versions.
The effect of the added cost for competition models on their use for competition or recreation
could not be determined. The added cost may deter some recreational riders from purchasing a
competition motorcycle if they only intended to ride recreationally. However, once a
competition model is purchased, the cost of the investment may make it more likely that the
buyer will use it for recreation in addition to competition. One former competitor indicated that
many competitors use their competition motorcycles for recreation on Saturday and compete on
Sunday. He cited the cost of the competition motorcycles as a reason the riders did not also buy
a recreation model.
7.0 USE OF COMPETITION MODELS FOR RECREATION
ICF Consulting used two approaches to estimate the use of competition models for recreational
uses. One approach used data from owners registering competition models for recreational use
on public lands, as detailed in section 7.1. This approach gives an estimate of the percentage of
recreational riders are using competition models. It does not facilitate an estimate of the
percentage of competition models that are used for recreation.
The other approach, described in section 7.2, compiled information on stated uses of competition
models as included in classified advertisements. This approach tells what percentage of
competition models advertised for sale have been used for recreation or competition. However,
it is only as accurate as the advertisers' claims that the motorcycle was never raced or that it was
used on trails.
Draft Final 20 September 2001
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ICF Consulting considered, but abandoned, an approach using interviews with competitors or
recreational riders about their usage patterns. These patterns would be extrapolated to the
universe of competitors to derive an estimate. However, this approach was rejected because the
interviews would be limited to nine, and this was not believed to be large enough to develop an
estimate.
7.1 Minnesota State Registration Data
As discussed in section 3.6, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MN DNR) is
responsible for registering off-road motorcycles and ATVs that will be used on public lands.
Vehicles that will be used on private land, including motocross tracks, would not have to be
registered with the MN DNR. Therefore, it is logical to conclude that the motorcycles registered
with MN DNR are being used for non-competition recreation at least some of the time.
ICF obtained registration data from the MN DNR to determine the relative percentage of
competition motocross models used for recreation. The MN DNR tabulated total registered off-
road motorcycles for model years 1990 through 2000. They then tabulated the number of
registered motorcycles that could be identified as a competition motocross motorcycle by the
model number or series. The resulting data provides a basis to estimate the proportion of
competition models that are used for recreation. Of the 4,485 off-road motorcycles registered for
recreation on public lands, 1,519 (34%) are competition models. The percentages by year class
range from 24% to 40% as presented in Table 4 (see section 3.6).
7.2 Classified Advertisement Search
ICF Consulting also conducted a survey of classified advertisements to determine how
competition motorcycles were being described when they are resold. An internet site,
www.motoclass.com. was identified that contained thousands of classified advertisements and
provided a search mechanism to compile results by manufacturer series and year. No other
internet site was identified that provided this number of advertisements and search capability.
For each competition model series (i.e., Honda CR, Yamaha YZ, etc.), a listing of advertisements
for each year class from 1988 through 2000 was compiled. On-screen links enabled a quick
retrieval of each individual advertisement. The advertisements were visually scanned to
determine whether the owner indicated any use of the motorcycle. This process was generally
limited to 5 pages per group to conserve resources. Advertisements were eliminated from
consideration if they were "wanted" advertisements or if they were apparent duplicate
advertisements. For groups where less than all the advertisements were reviewed, the results
were extrapolated to the full number of listings. Overall, a total of 1,493 valid advertisements
were found and categorized as competition use, recreation use, both competition and recreation,
and unknown use. These results were extrapolated to a population of 2,550 advertisements.
Table 11 lists the results by year class in terms of numbers of the motorcycles in that year class.
Draft Final 21 September 2001
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Table 11
Number of Advertisements Citing Uses of Competition Motorcycles
Year
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
TOTAL
Total MCs
314
447
404
309
218
185
147
149
82
98
64
92
40
2550
Competition
42
51
46
17
10
8
16
2
3
0
3
8
1
208
Recreation
41
71
53
28
33
23
14
7
12
3
10
10
5
310
Both
4
5
10
10
4
3
1
6
1
8
1
7
0
60
Unknown
227
319
296
254
172
151
116
134
65
87
50
67
34
1972
Source: ICF Consulting review of advertisements on www.motoclass.com web site, March, 2001
Table 12 lists the competition and recreation uses in terms of the percentage of all motorcycles in
the year class and in terms of the percentage of the known uses. For this table, the motorcycles
that have been used for both competition and recreation are included in the recreational use
numbers to distinguish between uses that are consistent with the "used solely for competition
exemption (competition) and those that are inconsistent with the exemption (used for recreation).
Draft Final
22
September 2001
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Table 12
Relative Uses of Competition Motocross Models
Year
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
TOTAL
Total MCs
314
447
404
309
218
185
147
149
82
98
64
92
40
2550
Use As a % Of All Motorcycles
Competition
13%
11%
11%
6%
5%
5%
11%
1%
4%
0%
5%
9%
3%
8%
Recreati on+B oth
14%
17%
15%
12%
17%
14%
11%
9%
16%
11%
17%
19%
13%
15%
Use As a % Of Known Uses
Competition
49%
40%
42%
31%
22%
25%
51%
13%
18%
0%
21%
32%
17%
36%
Recreati on+B oth
52%
60%
58%
69%
78%
76%
49%
87%
82%
100%
79%
68%
83%
64%
Source: ICF Consulting review of advertisements on www.motoclass.com web site, March, 2001
It can be reasonably estimated that at least 14% of competition motocross motorcycles have been
used for recreational because they were advertised as never being raced. At a minimum, 8% of
the competition motorcycles are used primarily for racing as indicated in the advertisements.
However, most advertisements (77%) did not indicate whether the competition motorcycle was
used for racing or recreation. However, it is likely that the motorcycles in these advertisements
were used for racing at least some of the time because a lack of racing history is believed to be a
good selling point. Motorcycles that were never raced would be expected to be advertised that
way. There is no basis to estimate how many of those that did not indicate a use were used solely
for competition or used for recreation part of the time.
Draft Final
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September 2001
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8.0 FEATURES OF COMPETITION MODELS
In previous non-road regulations, EPA has defined the term "used solely for competition" to
mean that the motorcycle exhibits features that are not easily removed and that would render its
use other than in competition unsafe, impractical, or highly unlikely. ICF reviewed
specifications and other information on recreation and motocross competition models of off-road
motorcycles to identify such features. Comparison tables were generated to compare features
that could potentially distinguish between recreation and competition models. Attachment 4
includes these comparison tables.
Although the definition refers to features that are not easily removed, the models reviewed did
not contain features that clearly distinguish them from recreational models. Differences between
competition and recreation models are summarized in Table 13:
Table 13
Summary of Features of Competition and Recreation Models
Feature
Lights, turn signals, horn
Gasoline tank size
Starter mechanism
Suspension travel
Mufflers
Cost
Competition Models
None
Motocross models have
smaller tanks (-2.1 gal.) than
comparable recreation
models.
Kick start only
Greater suspension travel
than recreation models.
Usually fully adjustable.
Performance mufflers that do
not need to meet EPA noise
standards
26% to 137% higher than
comparable recreation
models
Recreation Models
Found on some enduro
models, but not on other
models.
Recreation models have
larger tanks (-2.9 gal.) than
competition models.
Kick start and electric start on
some models.
Shorter suspension travel.
Fewer adjustment options.
Must meet noise standards
Less expensive
9.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Draft Final
24
September 2001
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The Work Plan for Work Assignment ICF Consulting gathered information to answer five
questions about the use of motocross motorcycles to the extent possible. The questions and
summary of the information gathered is presented in this section.
1. To what extent are motocross motorcycles used for recreation as well as for competition?
How common is recreational use of supposedly competition cycles? As discussed in sections 7.1
and 7.2, there is evidence that competition motorcycles are used for recreation as well as
competition. The competition models do not have any features that make their use for recreation
impractical or unsafe for experienced riders. Other than in the 28 states with a legal requirement
to have either lights, mufflers, or spark arresters, the competition motocross models do not lack
features that enable their use for recreation. However, the missing features can be easily added
so that the competition motocross models can meet these requirements.
Evidence of recreational use of competition motorcycles was found in classified advertisements
and in a state recreational use registration program. A search of classified advertisements for
model years 1988 through 2000 showed that 15% of the owners indicated that they rode on trails
or that they never raced their competition motorcycles. A search of the Minnesota Department of
Natural Resources database revealed that 34% of the 1990 to 2000 motorcycles registered for off-
road recreation on public lands were competition models.
2. What percentage of new Motocross motorcycles are purchased with the primary intention
of being driven in organized competition? The number of motocross competitors is estimated at
up to 80,000. Annual US sales of competition models is about 41,000 (Dirt Bike Magazine Year
2000 Facts and Figures). Most competition riders purchase new models every year or two in
order to remain competitive. The MN DNR data indicates that 25% of the 2000 model
motorcycles registered for recreational use on public lands are competition models.
3. How does the use of Motocross motorcycles change as they age? What percentage of
used cycles are pur chased for competitive use? Discussions with competitive riders and dealers
indicates that serious competitors will purchase a new motorcycle every year or sooner. Class B
competitors will replace their motorcycle about once every year of two. Class C competitors and
beginners will purchase new models less frequently or buy used competition models to save
costs.
4. How are Motocross motorcycles marketed? Do dealers take steps to inform customers of
the intended competitive use? Visits to dealerships and reviews of marketing materials
(brochures, internet sites) indicates that manufacturers and dealers provide warnings to customers
that competition models are only intended for use in closed course competition. Warning labels
were found on all competition models that ICF Consulting witnessed. Warranty coverage was
not available for competition models for all but two manufacturers. That warranty coverage was
limited to 30 days for manufacturer's defects. A discussion of warning labels and warranty
coverage were presented in sections 6.1 and 6.2, and in Attachment 3.
Draft Final 25 September 2001
-------
5. Based on a sampling of state registration programs, are there ways that states use to
distinguish competitive from non-competitive cycles (e.g., equipment requirements, license tags)?
How are these measures enforced? As discussed in section 3.1 only 24 states require registration
of off-road motorcycles. California uses colored stickers to register off-road motorcycles for use
on public lands A separate registration sticker is available for transport of competition only
motorcycles, but records for this program are not well maintained. None of the other states
provided a means to distinguish between competition and recreational off-road motorcycles. In
states that register off-road motorcycles for use on public lands, competition models can be
registered as well as recreational models. No enforcement mechanism was identified to
distinguish between competition and recreational models.
According to Motorcycle Industry Council information, off-road motorcycles are required to
have either lights, mufflers, or spark arresters in 28 states. In seven of these states, the
requirement only applies on public lands. Lighting is required in 18 states, but in 14 states the
requirement only applies for nightime operation. Three of the states exempt motorcycles in
authorized competitive events from the lighting requirement. Spark arresters are required in 17
states, but one state provides an exemption for motorcycles in authorized competitive events.
Mufflers are required in 27 states, but six of the states provided an exemption for motorcycles in
authorized competitive events.
Draft Final 26 September 2001
-------
ATTACHMENTS
Draft Final 27 September 2001
-------
Attachment 1
Motorcycle Competitions
Competition
Dirt Track (DTX)
and Short Track
Drag Race
Enduro
Reliability Enduro
(International Six-
Day Enduro [ISDE]
Qualifier)
Closed Course
Enduro
Grand Prix
Hare and Hound
Hare Scrambles
Hillclimb
European Hillclimb
Type
Road
Road
Road,
off-
road
Road
Road,
Off-
road
Road,
Off-
road
Off-
Road
Off-
Road
Off-
Road
Road
Description
Races on specially prepared flat or
banked oval tracks between 2,250
and 2,640 ft. in circumference.
Short tracks are less than 2,250 ft.
Either time trials or a final race
between two contestants from a
standing start to finish line over a
measured distance.
A meet in which a time schedule
must be maintained over a variety of
terrain, little-used roads and trails,
etc.
A meet designed to measure the
reliability of the machine and the
skill of the rider involved during the
time of the event.
An enduro meet in which a time
schedule must be maintained over a
closed course.
A known closed course meet that
includes both natural and graded or
paved terrain, normally run as a
multi-lap race.
Meets held on a marked course over
natural terrain. Point to point or
multiple loops of 30+ miles
Meets held on a closed course, using
trails and paths over natural terrain.
Series of trials or match races against
time or distance, on a specially
prepared hill
A series of trials against time and/or
distance on a paved or graded road
surface ascending a hill.
MC Types
Road
competing
versions
Street legal,
modified, or
street
competition
only.
Street legal,
dual sport
Dual sport
Road, Dual
Sport, off -road
competition
models
Road, dual
sport, and off-
road,
competition
models
Off-Road,
Dual Sport
Off-Road,
Dual Sport
Off-Road,
Dual Sport
Road, dual
sport
competition
models
Distances
No greater than one
quarter mile
Less than 24 hours
Six day event
Course of 3 or more
miles, covered at
least twice.
Approximately 100
miles. At least 60
miles.
Between 2 l/i and
40 miles long.
Draft Final
28
September 2001
-------
Ice Race
Motocross
Stadium Motocross
Freestyle Motocross
Mud and Snow
Scrambles
Observed Trials
(English Trials)
Off-Road Field Meet
Off-Road Reliability
Run
Off-Road Trail Ride
Scottish Trials
Scrambles
Off-
Road
Off-
Road
Off-
Road
Off-
road
Off-
road
Off-
Road
Off-
Road
Off-
Road
Road,
Off-
road
Off-
Road
Meets on a prepared ice-covered
oval no greater than one-half mile
long
Meets on a closed course that
includes left and right turns, hills,
jumps and irregular terrain, laid out
over natural terrain
Motocross events held in a stadium
or other confined area on a man-
made track. Also called
"Supercross" or "Arenacross"
Events where motocross riders are
judged on aerial maneuvers
A closed course event through mud
or snow using Hare Scramble rules
Trials taking place on a course made
up of a series of observed sections
that contain natural obstacles such as
mud, rocks, water, logs, etc.
A series of contests to determine the
skill of the entrants, including
activities where the winner is
determined by speed and/or power of
the machine.
An event taking place over
highways, secondary roads,
backwoods, dirt roads and other
types of terrain, which can be
covered by a two-track vehicle.
Scored by enduro rules. Average
speed less than 30 mph.
A ride including any type terrain, all
of which can be covered by a single-
track vehicle. Not speed oriented.
Combination of observed trials and
enduro. Courses are either long
(enduro type) or short with multiple
laps.
Meets are held on an unpaved,
prepared course. A test of rider skill
rather than speed. Must include
right and left turns, hills, and natural
terrain.
Off-Road,
competition
Off-Road,
competition
Off-Road,
competition
Off-Road,
competition
Off-road
Off-road, dual
sport
Off-road, Dual
sport,
competition
models
Street legal,
dual sport
Off-road
Road, dual
sport
Off-Road,
competition
0.5 to 4 miles
Long courses at
least 20 miles.
Short course no less
than three miles per
lap.
Draft Final
29
September 2001
-------
Speedway
Road
Meets on flat oval tracks less than
2,250 ft. in circumference
Street legal,
competition
Source: AMA. Playing by the Rules. 2001
Draft Final
30
September 2001
-------
Attachment 2: Summary of Motocross Tracks In U.S. By State
STATE
AL
AK
AR
AZ
CA
CO
CT
DE
FL
GA
HI
IA
ID
IL
IN
KS
KY
LA
MA
MD
ME
Ml
MN
MS
MO
MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NO
ND
OH
OK
OR
PA
Rl
SO
SD
TN
TX
UT
VA
VT
WA
WV
Wl
WY
H-MX
12
3
14
12
62
14
7
1
20
27
4
15
11
25
17
10
10
14
3
3
4
21
16
8
14
10
9
11
2
7
15
24
38
18
36
14
13
31
0
15
10
31
39
12
9
3
19
6
18
11
Additional from:
A-MX
0
2
1
0
3
0
0
1
0
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
6
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
MX-W
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
TOTAL MX TRACKS
FIXED
12
5
15
12
66
14
7
2
20
30
4
15
11
25
18
10
11
14
3
3
4
21
16
8
14
10
9
11
2
9
15
24
44
19
36
14
13
32
0
16
10
34
41
12
11
3
19
11
18
11
TRANSIENT
2
0
0
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
Transient Series
AMAEA
AMA EA
1-HT, 2-AMAEA, 2-SFX
SFX
AMAEA
AMA EA
AMA EA
AMAEA
SFX
AMAEA
AMA EA
AMA EA
AMAEA
SFX
A-MX
SFX
H-MX
AMAEA
AMA EA
SFX
SFX
H-MX
SFX
TOTAL FIXED TRACKS:
784
TOTAL ARENA TRACKS:
30
GRAND TOTAL (FIXED + ARENA):
814
SOURCES
H-MX www.hometownmotocross.com
A-MX www.actionmx.com
MX-W www.mxworld.com/tracks/htmxtrackdata
AMA-EA Cycle News list of AMA Arenacross Events
SFX www.pacefmx.com (list of SFX Motor Sports Arena cross events
Draft Final
31
September 2001
-------
Attachment 3
Methods to Alert Purchasers of Intended Uses
Of Off-road Motorcycles
ICF Consulting compiled information of methods that manufacturers and dealers use to alert
purchasers of the intended uses of off-road motorcycles. Information was gathered from warning
labels on the motorcycles, brochures, owners and service manuals, and internet sites.
WARNING LABELS
Motorcycles at the dealership showrooms displayed prominent warning labels regarding the
intended uses of the motorcycle. The labels were primarily placed on the rear fender. The
Kawasaki enduro models had the labels affixed to the front fork.
Honda
XR400R andXR650R
"Designed and manufactured for off-road use only. It does not conform to Federal motor vehicle
safety standards and operation on public streets, roads, or highways is illegal." (sticker)
Sticker also indicated that the motorcycle meets all EPA noise standards
CR125R and CR80R
"Designed and manufactured for competition use only. It does not conform to Federal motor
vehicle safety standards and operation on public streets, roads, or highways is illegal." (sticker)
"State laws prohibit operation of this vehicle except in an organized racing or competitive event
upon a closed course which is conducted under the auspices of a recognized sanctioning body or
by permit issued by the local governmental authority having jurisdiction." (sticker)
The CR125R had a second sticker that read: "Designed for closed course competition use only.
It does not conform to U.S. EPA motorcycle noise standards." (sticker)
"CRs are sold 'AS IS' without warranty and are designed exclusively for operator-only use in
closed course racing events." (tag on new bikes)
Draft Final 3 2 September 2001
-------
Kawasaki
KDX Models (enduro models)
"This vehicle is an off-road vehicle only and was not manufactured for use on public streets,
roads, or highways." (Sticker 56040-1018)
KX Models (motocross models)
"IMPORTANT NOTICE. This vehicle is a competition model only and was not manufactured
for, nor should it be used on, public streets, roads, or highways. The use of this vehicle should be
limited to participation in sanctioned competitive events upon a closed course. This vehicle
should not be used for general off-road recreational riding. Read Owners Manual." (Sticker
56030-1228)
"Disclaimer of Warranty. This motorcycle is sold AS IS with all faults, obvious or concealed
and there are NO WARRANTIES expressed or implied. Including Warranties of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR PURPOSE. The purchaser accepts all responsibilities
concerning quality, performance, cost of service and/or necessary repairs." (Sticker 56030-1229)
"Motorcycle Noise Emission Control Information. This motorcycle is designed for closed course
competition use only. It does not conform U.S. EPA [sic] motorcycle noise standards." (Sticker
56030-1231)
KTM
MXC, EXC, SX models
"Off-road use only" (sticker)
"Important notice: Designed and manufactured for off-road use only. It does not conform to
Federal motor vehicle safety standards and operation on public streets, roads, or highways is
illegal" (sticker)
Suzuki
RM125
"Closed course competition only-Do not use on public streets, roads, or highways. Motorcycle
does not meet Federal and state safety (and other) standards for street use or off-road use."
(sticker)
Draft Final 3 3 September 2001
-------
Yamaha
125 TT-R
"Never operate this vehicle on public roads. You can collide with another vehicle if you operate
this vehicle on a public road."
BROCHURES
Brochures for off-road and competition series motorcycles were collected from dealerships.
Warnings, when present, were primarily displayed near the specifications or on the last page of
the brochure.
Honda
"Off-Road Fun" (for theXR)
"Inspect your motorcycle before riding, read your owner's manual...Always obey local laws, use
common sense, and respect the rights of others when you ride. Always obtain permission before
riding on private land, keep you riding areas clean, and never modify your motorcycle's silencer,
spark arrester or exhaust system...Remember, Honda XRs are designed exclusively for off-road
operator-only use."
"California versions may differ slightly due to emissions equipment"
"XR/XRL 2001"
"Inspect your motorcycle before riding, read your owner's manual...Always obey local laws, use
common sense, and respect the rights of others when you ride. Make sure you have a proper
license when riding your XR650L on public roads, always obtain written permission before
riding on private land, and remember, Honda's XR650R, XR400R and XR250R are designed
exclusively for off-road operator-only use...Keep you riding areas clean, and never modify your
motorcycle's silencer, spark arrester or exhaust system"
"California versions may differ slightly due to emissions equipment"
Draft Final 3 4 September 2001
-------
"2001 CRs" (for the CR)
"Inspect your motorcycle before riding, read your owner's manual...Remember, CRs are designed
exclusively for off-road operator-only use in organized, closed-course racing events...never
modify your motorcycle's silencer, spark arrester or exhaust system."
"All action depicted in this brochure features professional riders in controlled locations... CRs are
sold "as is" and without warranty."
Kawasaki
2001 KX Series Motocross
"... Ride in authorized closed-course areas only. ..." "... For closed-course competition only. ..."
KTM
"E/XC, M/XC 2001" and "SX 2001"
"Review your owners manual before you ride. Check all of your equipment and keep you KTM
well maintained...Operate a properly muffled machine and avoid sensitive wilderness areas."
Suzuki
"2000 Dualsport-Dirt"
"Study your owner's manual and always inspect you Suzuki before riding...Preserve your future
riding opportunities by showing respect for the environment, local laws, and the rights of others
when you ride. Professional riders photographed under controlled conditions and on designated
trails."
"Units which are used in competition are expressly excluded from all warranty coverage."
"Suzuki Motocross"
"Study your owner's manual and always inspect you Suzuki before riding...The RM series
motorcycles are for closed course competition use and related practices only."
"As manufactured the RM series motorcycles do not meet government standards for off-road
riding. Please ride your RM only in sanctioned closed-course events and related practices. RM
Draft Final 3 5 September 2001
-------
photography features professional riders pictured on a closed course under controlled
conditions."
Yamaha
"2001 YZ/WR"
"Always remember to review your Yamaha motorcycle owner's manual and tips booklet before
you ride...Never ride a YZ on paved surfaces or public roads...Yamaha and the Motorcycle Safety
Foundation encourage you to ride safely and respect the environment...The riders used during
photography of this brochure are highly skilled, very talented professional racers. All of the
action was shot on a closed course, and is not intended to be duplicated in any way...YZs come
with a 30-day limited factory warranty. Limited warranty does not apply to units for racing."
"2001 Off-road"
"Always remember to review your Yamaha motorcycle owner's manual and tips booklet before
you ride...Never ride a YZ on paved surfaces or public roads...Yamaha and the Motorcycle Safety
Foundation encourage you to ride safely and respect the environment."
OWNER'S MANUALS AND SERVICE MANUALS
Only one owners manual and one service manual were available at dealerships.
Honda
CR80R/CR80RB Expert
"The CR is a high performance racing motorcycle utilizing the latest motocross technology. This
motorcycle is intended for competition use by experienced riders only."
"This motorcycle is designed for competition use by experienced junior riders..."
"Always obey local off-road riding laws and regulations. It is illegal to ride CRs on public
streets, roads, or highways."
-manuals can be obtained from Helm Corporation (www.helminc.com) 1-888-292-5393.
Draft Final 3 6 September 2001
-------
Yamaha
Obtained service manual, owner's manual not available. No mention of competition or off-road
use only.
INTERNET SITES
Internet sites are available for all major off-road motorcycle manufacturers.
Honda (www.hondamotor.com: found under "be a responsible rider" link associated with every
bike description)
"Inspect your motorcycle before riding, read your owner's manual..."
"CRs are designed exclusively for off-road operator-only use in organized, closed-course racing
events. Always obey local laws, use common sense and remember, Honda's XR600R, XR400R,
XR250R, XR200R, XR100R, XR70R and Z50R are designed exclusively for off-road operator-
only use...Make sure you have a proper license when riding the XR650L [a street-legal model] on
public roads, and always obtain written permission before riding on private land. Never use the
street as a racetrack."
"Use common sense, keep your riding area clean, respect the rights of others when you ride, and
never modify your motorcycle's silencer, exhaust system or spark arrester."
Kawasaki (www.kawasaki.com/motorcycles/: displayed at bottom of page)
"Adhere to the maintenance schedule in your owner's manual. Professional rider depicted on a
closed course. "TREAD LIGHTLY" when off-highway on public and private land. Preserve your
future riding opportunities by showing respect for the environment, local laws and the rights of
others when you ride." (Off-road page)
"For closed course competition only. Adhere to the maintenance schedule in your owner's
manual. Professional rider depicted on a closed course." (Motocross page)
KTM (www.ktmusa.com)
No warnings found on the KTM web site.
Draft Final 3 7 September 2001
-------
Suzuki (www.suzukicycles.com: shown at bottom of dual sport/dirt and motocross pages)
"Study your owner's manual and always inspect your Suzuki before riding...Preserve your future
riding opportunities by showing respect for the environment, local laws, and the rights of others
when you ride."
Yamaha (www.yamaha-motor.com: under 2001 competition and off-road motorcycle
information)
"Please read your Owner's Manual and all labels before operation"
ATK (www.atkusa.com)
No warnings found on the ATK web site.
Cannondale (www.Cannondalemotorcycle.com)
No warnings found on the Cannondale web site.
Gas Gas (www.gasgas.com)
No warnings found on the Gas Gas web site.
Husaberg (www.husaberg.se)
No warnings found on the Husaberg web site.
Husqvarna (www.husqvarnausa.com)
No warnings found on the Husqvarna web site.
Draft Final 3 8 September 2001
-------
Attachment 4
Comparison of Specifications
Make
Model
Engine type
Displacement
Bore x Stroke
Compression ratio
Cooling
Carburetion
Induction
Ignition
Transmission
Frame
Rake/trail
Suspension, front
Suspension adjustments, front
Suspension, rear
Suspension adjustments, rear
Wheel travel, front
Wheel travel, rear
Tire, front
Tire, rear
Brakes, front/rear
Overall length
Overall width
Overall height
Wheelbase
Ground clearance
Seat height
Dry weight
Fuel capacity
MSRP
Valve Train
Final Drive
Lubrication
Starter
Kawasaki
2001 KDX220R off-road
2-stroke single cylinder w/KIPS
216cc
69. Ox 58.0mm
7.2:1 (high speed)-9. 3:1 (low speed)
Liquid
Keihin PWK33
6-petal reed valve
Electronic GDI
6-speed
High-tensile steel perimeter design
26.5°/4.3 in.
43mm conventional cartridge fork
20-way compression damping adjustment
UNI-TRAK® single-shock system
Adjustable preload, 20-way compression and 18-
way rebound damping adjustment
11.4in.
11. 8 in.
80/100x21
100/1 00 x 18
Hydraulic disc/Disc
83.5 in.
35.0 in.
48. 4 in.
56.5 in.
13. 4 in.
36. 2 in.
222.6 Ibs.
2.9 gal.
$4,399
KX250 Motocross
2-stroke single cylinder w/Kawasaki
Integrated Powervalve System (KIPS)
249cc
66. 4x72. Omm
10.8:1 (low speed) -9. 0:1 (highspeed)
Liquid
Keihin PWK38S with Power Jet and K-
TRIC
Piston reed valve
Digital GDI
5-speed
High-tensile steel perimeter design with
sub-frame
26.0 degrees/4.3 in.
Inverted telescopic cartridge fork, 46mm
Preload, 18-way compression and
rebound damping
UNI-TRAK® single shock system
Preload, 3-turn high and 20-way low
speed compression and 18-way rebound
damping
12.0 in.
13.0 in.
80/100x21
110/90x19
Hydraulic disc
85.6 in.
32.1 in.
47. 6 in.
58.3 in.
15.0 in.
37. 4 in.
213.8 Ibs.
2.25 gal.
$5,799
Draft Final
39
September 2001
-------
Make
Model
Engine type
Displacement
Bore x Stroke
Compression ratio
Cooling
Carburetion
Induction
Ignition
Transmission
Frame
Rake/trail
Suspension, front
Suspension adjustments, front
Suspension, rear
Suspension adjustments, rear
Wheel travel, front
Wheel travel, rear
Tire, front
Tire, rear
Brakes, front/rear
Overall length
Overall width
Overall height
Wheelbase
Ground clearance
Seat height
Dry weight
Fuel capacity
MSRP
Valve Train
Final Drive
Lubrication
Starter
Honda
2001 XR250R (off-road)
single-cylinder four-stroke
249cc
73. Ox 59.5 mm
10.2:1
Air
30mm piston-valve
solid-state CD with electronic advance
6-speed
24.8 degrees/3.6 in.
Leading-axle Kayaba cartridge fork, 41mm
adjustable compression damping
Pro-Link® Kayaba single shock system
Adjustable compression and rebound
damping
10. 6 in.
10. 6 in.
80/100-21
100/100-18
Single disc w/ twin-piston caliper/Single
disc
55.1 in.
12. 4 in.
36.0 in.
240.3 Ibs.
2.4 gal (0.5 gal reserve)
SOHC; four-valve RFVC
#520 O-ring sealed chain; 13T/48T
2001 CR250R (Motocross)
single-cylinder two-stroke with power-port
system
249cc
66. 4 x 72.0 mm
8.5:1
Liquid
38mm Mikuni TMX flat-side
Six-petal reed-valve
solid-state digital 3-d map-type digital
ignition with electronic advance
close-ratio five-speed
27.73 degrees/4.48 in.
Inverted Showa cartridge fork, 47mm
16-position rebound and 16-position
compression damping adustability
Pro-Link® Showa single shock with
spring preload
17-position rebound damping and 13-
position (low-speed) and 3.5 turn (high-
speed) compression damping adjustability
12. 4 in.
12. 5 in.
80/100-21
100-90-19
Single 240mm disc w/ twin-piston
caliper/Single 240mm disc
58.5 in.
13.0 in.
36. 7 in.
21 3.8 Ibs.
2.0 gal
#520 chain; 13T/50T
Draft Final
40
September 2001
-------
Make
Model
Engine type
Displacement
Bore x Stroke
Compression ratio
Cooling
Carburetion
Induction
Ignition
Transmission
Frame
Rake/trail
Suspension, front
Suspension adjustments, front
Suspension, rear
Suspension adjustments, rear
Wheel travel, front
Wheel travel, rear
Tire, front
Tire, rear
Brakes, front/rear
Overall length
Overall width
Overall height
Wheelbase
Ground clearance
Seat height
Dry weight
Fuel capacity
MSRP
Valve Train
Final Drive
Lubrication
Starter
Yamaha
WR250F Off-road
DOHC, 5-valve, four-stroke w/ Titanium
valves
249cc
77 x 53.6mm
12.5:1
Liquid
37mm Keihin FCR Flat Slide w/Throttle
Position Sensor
5-Speed, Multi-plate Wet Clutch
Kayaba Inverted Telescopic Fork; 46mm
Adjustable rebound/compression damping
Single shock
11. 8 in.
12.4 in.
80/100-21 DunlopK739F
110/80-18DunlopK739
250mm Disc/240mm Disc
85.5 in.
32.6 in.
51. 3 in.
58.7 in.
14.7 in.
39.3 in.
N/A
3.2 gal
$5,699
YZ250F Motocross
DOHC, 5-valve, four-stroke w/ Titanium
valves
249cc
77 x 53.6mm
12.5:1
Liquid
37mm Keihin FCR Flat Slide w/Throttle
Position Sensor
5-Speed, Multi-plate Wet Clutch
Kayaba Inverted Telescopic Fork; 46mm
Adjustable rebound/compression
damping
Single shock
11. 8 in.
12.4 in.
80/100-21 DunlopK739FA
110/90-19DunlopK739
250mm Disc/240mm Disc
84.9 in.
32.6 in.
51. 3 in.
58.1 in.
14.9 in.
39.3 in.
N/A
2.1 gal
$5,499
Draft Final
41
September 2001
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Make
Model
Engine type
Displacement
Bore x Stroke
Compression ratio
Cooling
Carburetion
Induction
Ignition
Transmission
Frame
Rake/trail
Suspension, front
Suspension adjustments, front
Suspension, rear
Suspension adjustments, rear
Wheel travel, front
Wheel travel, rear
Tire, front
Tire, rear
Brakes, front/rear
Overall length
Overall width
Overall height
Wheelbase
Ground clearance
Seat height
Dry weight
Fuel capacity
MSRP
Valve Train
Final Drive
Lubrication
Starter
Suzuki
DR-Z250 off-road
4-stroke, single-cylinder, DOHC, 4-valve
249cc
73 x 59.6mm
10.4:1
air/oil
Mikuni TM 28
GDI
6-Speed, constant mesh
Telescopic, oil damped
16-way adjustable compression and rebound
damping
Link-type, gas/oil damped
Fully adjustable compression/rebound
damping and preload
80/100-21
100/100-18
Single hydraulic disc/single hydraulic disc
84.8 in.
34.6 in.
48.4 in.
57.0 in.
11. Sin.
36.2 in.
259.6 Ibs.
2.7 gal
$4,699
Chain
Wet Sump
Electric/Kick
RM250 Motorcross
2-stroke, single-cylinder, AETC, piston
reed
249cc
66.4 x 72.0mm
10.1:1/8.9:1
Liquid
Keihin PWK38PWJ/TPS
Digital GDI
5-Speed
Telescopic
20 compression and 18 rebound settings
Link-type
Spring preload, fully adjustable, 3 high-
speed, 16 low-speed compression
settings, 18 rebound settings
12.2 in.
12.4 in.
80/100-21 51 M
11 0/90-1 9 62M
Single hydraulic disc/single hydraulic disc
85.6 in.
33.1 in.
50.2 in.
57.9 in.
13.2 in.
38.0 in.
212 Ibs.
2.1 gal
$5,899
#520 Chain
Draft Final
42
September 2001
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Draft Final 43 September 2001
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