X>EPA
   United States
   Environmental Protection
   Agency

   EPA-430-R-02-011
LANDFILL METHANE
OUTREACH PROGRAM
       ississippi
                 	.




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                 Primer

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                        A Primer for
                        Developing Landfill

                        Gas Energy Projects

                        in the State of
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                        Mississippi
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   MISSISSIPPI DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

    • Originally Developed on April 18, 2002

    • Modified on March 30, 2007


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                         MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF
                          ENVIRONMENTAL QUAUTY
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Contents
   Foreword
   Introduction
       1.   The Goals of the Primer	ii
          1.1    Users of the Primer	ii
          1.2    Information Contained in the Primer	ii
       2.   The Landfill Methane Outreach Program  	ill
       3.   Benefits of Landfill Gas Use	iv
       4.   Landfill Gas  Energy Projects in Mississippi	v
       5.   Candidate Landfills in Mississippi	vi
       6.   Mississippi State LMOP Task Force	ix
       7.   Additional Information	ix
   Part 1: Regulations and  Permits
       1.1  Overview of  Federal Regulations and Permits 	1
          1.1.1  Clean Air Act	1
          1.1.2 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Subtitle D	5
          1.1.3 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit 	6
          1.1.4 Clean Water Act, Section 401	6
          1.1.5 Other Federal Permit Programs and Regulatory Requirements	7
       1.2  Overview of  State Regulations and Permits	7
          1.2.1  Summary of Permits	7
          1.2.2 Permitting Assistance	7
          1.2.3 Mississippi Public Service Commission (MPSC) Jurisdiction 	12
          1.2.4 Mississippi Department of Transportation (MOOT) 	12
       1.3  Overview of  Local Regulations and Permits	13
   Part 2: Incentive Programs
       2.1  Overview of  Federal Incentive Programs	15
          2.1.1  Renewable Energy Production  Incentive (REPI)	15
          2.1.2 Qualifying Facilities Certification	16
          2.1.3 Section 29 Tax Credit	16
          2.1.4 Section 45 Tax Credit	17
       2.2  State Incentive Programs	17
          2.2.1  Capital Improvements Revolving Loan Program (CAP)	17
          2.2.2 Energy Investment Program	18
          2.2.3 Economic Development—Public Improvements	19

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          2.2.4  Public Facilities—Regular and Small Government	20
          2.2.5  Advantage Mississippi Initiative	21
                2.2.5.1  Small Municipalities and Limited Population Counties Grant Program	21
                2.2.5.2  Growth and Prosperity Program	23
                2.2.5.3  Mississippi Advantage Jobs Incentive Program	25
                2.2.5.4  Mississippi Regional Alliance Development Program	27
                2.2.5.5  Mississippi Ace Fund 	29
       2.3  Electricity Restructuring and Landfill Gas Energy	31
       2.4  Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Program 	32


Tables
       Table A     Candidate Landfills in Mississippi	viii
       Table B     Mississippi State LMOP Task Force Members	ix
       Table 1.2.1   Summary Table of State Regulations/Permits	8
       Table 1.2.2  Title V Operating Permits and Air Permits to Construct 	9
       Table 1.2.3  Solid Waste Management Permit	10
       Table 1.2.4  NPDES Permit/Mississippi State Operating Permit	11
       Table 1.3.1   Local Regulations and Permits	14


Figures
       Figure 1   Photos of the Pecan Grove LFGE Project 	vi
       Figure 2   Candidate Landfills and Operational LFGE Projects	vii
       Figure 3   Illustration showing Growth and Prosperity Act (GAP) counties in Mississippi	24

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 Foreword
In an attempt to become more energy independent and environmentally friendly, the state of Mississippi is
promoting the use of energy from alternate sources. When thinking of alternate energy sources, generally
solar, wind, or water sources come to mind. However, a source of renewable energy that often gets over-
looked is the local landfill. A landfill generates methane 24 hours a day, 7 days a week from the solid
waste disposed within it, which often makes the landfill a more reliable renewable energy source as com-
pared to other alternate energy sources. Businesses and communities in Mississippi can now explore
potential opportunities for using this renewable and reliable energy source through the state's Landfill
Methane Outreach Program.

Since joining the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP) in
2001, the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ) has worked in partnership with EPA
and the state's LMOP task force in the development of landfill gas (LFG) energy projects in the state.
MDEQ has provided assistance to landfill owners,  project developers, and potential end users to encour-
age the development of LFG energy (LFGE) projects. Through LMOP, MDEQ and EPA have identified
several landfills throughout the state with the potential to support an economically viable LFGE project.

Development of LFGE projects  provides a win-win opportunity for the landfill owners/operators, the devel-
opers, the industries and other  potential end users, the surrounding community, the local government, and
all other parties involved. These projects generate  jobs for communities even before they produce profits
from the sale or use of LFG. Project development involves engineers, construction firms, equipment ven-
dors, and utilities or end-users of the power produced. Much of a project's capital cost is spent locally for
drilling, piping, construction, and operational personnel, providing additional economic benefits to the
community through increased employment and local sales. Once the LFG collection system is in place,
the captured gas can be sold for use as heat or fuel or can be converted and sold on the market  as
renewable energy. Thus, the community can turn a landfill into an asset.

Landfill gas is now used in many facets of industrial applications.  Numerous high  profile manufacturers
are using LFG to meet their energy needs. Considering the current high price of energy, more and more
industries are exploring the possibility of using LFG. Landfill gas can be piped directly to a nearby facility
for use as either a boiler or industrial process fuel.  Direct use of LFG is reliable and requires minimal  pro-
cessing and  minor modifications of the existing combustion equipment. Another option is to generate
electricity from the recovered LFG for utilities and power providers to purchase. Any entity that has a need
for a direct and  constant power supply is a good candidate for LFG use.

Because of its efforts to promote  LFGE in Mississippi, MDEQ was honored by EPA as the LMOP State
Partner of the Year for 2004. The state's LMOP task force plans to build on Mississippi's current program
activities to ensure the development of new LFGE  projects in the state and to increase LFGE awareness.
                         A Primer for Developing Landfill Gas Energy Projects in the State of Mississippi

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 Introduction
       The Goals of the Primer

Throughout the country, the number of LFGE projects is growing. Recovering methane gas at solid waste
landfills provides significant environmental and economic benefits by eliminating methane emissions while
capturing the energy value of the gas. The methane captured from landfills can be transformed into a
cost-effective fuel source for generating electricity and heat, firing boilers, or even powering vehicles.

Permits, incentive programs, and policies for LFGE project development vary greatly from state to state.
To guide LFGE project developers through the state permitting process and to help them to take advan-
tage of state incentive programs, the U.S. EPA Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP) has worked
with state agencies to develop individual primers for states participating in the State Partner Program. By
presenting in this primer the latest information on federal and state regulations and incentives affecting
LFGE projects, Mississippi hopes to facilitate the development of LFGE projects at many of the candidate
landfills listed in Table A on page viii.

To develop this primer, the state of Mississippi identified the permit and funding programs that could
apply to the development of LFGE projects in Mississippi. It should be noted, however, that the regula-
tions, agencies, and policies described may be subject to change. Changes are likely to occur whenever a
state legislature meets or when the federal government imposes new directions on state and local govern-
ments. LFGE project developers should verify and continuously monitor the status of laws and rules that
might affect their plans or the operation of their projects.


1.1   Users of the Primer

The primer is designed to help facilitate LFGE recovery in the state of Mississippi. It provides information
for LFGE project developers, as well as all other participants such as:

          • Landfill owners/operators                    • State regulators

          • Utility companies                           • Engineers

          • Independent power producers               • Equipment vendors

          • Community officials


1.2   Information Contained in the Primer

If you are interested in taking advantage of the economic and environmental opportunities of LFGE  recov-
ery in Mississippi, you will need to know the regulatory requirements that apply. You will also need to
know what economic incentives are available to help  make these projects more economically viable.

          To address these needs, this primer covers the following topics:

          • Federal Regulations and Permits. This section provides  information on federal regulations
            that may pertain to LFGE projects, including solid waste, air quality, and water quality  regu-
            lations.
       A Primer for Developing Landfill Gas Energy Projects in the State of Mississippi

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          • State Regulations and Permits. This section provides information on state permits that apply
            to LFGE recovery projects in Mississippi.

          • Local Regulations and Permits. Local permit approval will often be needed for LFGE pro-
            jects.

          • Federal Incentive Programs. This section presents information on federal incentives that may
            apply to LFGE projects.

          • State Incentive Programs. This section presents information about environmental infrastruc-
            ture financing opportunities in the state of Mississippi

          • Electricity Restructuring. This section discusses how renewable energy provisions in state
            electricity restructuring regulations might apply to LFGE projects.

          • Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases. This section discusses a program allowing orga-
            nizations to gain recognition for environmental achievements related to greenhouse gas
            emissions.
       The Landfill Methane Outreach Program

In order to promote the use of LFG as a renewable energy source, EPA established the Landfill Methane
Outreach Program (LMOP) in  1994. The goals of LMOP are to reduce methane emissions from landfills by:

          • Encouraging environmentally and economically beneficial LFGE development

          • Removing barriers to developing LFGE projects

To achieve these goals, EPA establishes partnerships with four key constituencies:

          • State environmental and energy agencies

          • Energy users/providers (including investor-owned, municipal, and other public power utilities;
            cooperatives; direct end users; and power marketers)

          • Industry (including developers, engineers, and equipment vendors)

          • Communities (municipalities, cities, counties, and other local governments and community
            groups)

EPA establishes these partnerships through a Memorandum of Understanding (MOD). By signing the
MOD, each Partner acknowledges a shared commitment to promoting LFGE recovery at solid waste land-
fills, recognizes that the widespread use of LFG as an energy resource will reduce methane and other air
emissions, and commits to certain activities that enhance the development of this resource. To learn more
about becoming an LMOP Partner or to fill out an MOD, please visit LMOP's Join the Program page at
http://www.epa.gov/lmop/join.htm.

As of November 2006, there were more than 400 operational LFGE projects in the United States.
Approximately 100 additional  LFGE projects are either currently under construction or already planned.
EPA estimates that 575 more  landfills across the United States present great potential for development of
economically viable LFGE projects.
                        A Primer for Developing Landfill Gas Energy Projects in the State of Mississippi

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       Benefits of Landfill Gas Use
The use of LFG as an energy resource provides the following environmental and economic benefits:

          • Reduces emissions of landfill methane which is a potent greenhouse gas

          • Reduces the use of fossil fuels including coal and natural gas

          • Reduces local air pollution

          • Creates jobs, revenues, and increased cost savings

          • Reduces environmental compliance costs

          • Other indirect benefits

Despite its many benefits, LFG generated from decomposing garbage represents a reliable and renewable
fuel source that remains largely untapped at many landfills. Generating energy from LFG provides the fol-
lowing benefits:

Reduces Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are the largest man-made source of methane emissions in the
United States, releasing an estimated 36 million metric tons of carbon equivalent (MMTCE) to the atmos-
phere in 2004 alone. Given that all landfills generate methane, it makes sense to use the gas for the
beneficial purpose of energy generation rather than emitting it to the atmosphere. Methane is a very
potent greenhouse gas (GHG) that is a key contributor to global climate change (over 21 times stronger
than carbon dioxide (CO2)). Methane also has a short (10-year) atmospheric life. Because methane is both
potent and short-lived, reducing methane emissions from MSW landfills is one of the best ways to achieve
a near-term beneficial impact in mitigating global climate change.

It is estimated that a LFGE project will capture about 60-90% of the methane emitted from the landfill,
depending on system design and efficiency. The captured methane is destroyed (converted to water and
the much less potent CO2) when the gas is  burned to produce electricity. The estimated annual green-
house gas reduction benefits from a typical 4-megawatt (MW) LFGE project would be equivalent to
planting over 47,000 acres of forest, removing the CO2 emissions from over 33,000 vehicles, offsetting the
use of over 800 railcars of coal, or preventing the use of more than 400,000 barrels of oil.

Reduces Use of Fossil Fuels

Producing energy from LFG helps prevent the use of non-renewable resources such as coal, oil, or natural
gas to obtain the same amount of energy. It also provides an additional source of reliable and renewable
energy.

Reduces Air Pollution

Using LFG can help the direct end user or power plant reduce emissions of CO2 and pollutants such as
sulfur dioxide (which is a major contributor to acid rain), particulate matter (a respiratory health concern),
nitrogen oxides (NOx), and trace hazardous air pollutants. It should be noted that LFG electricity genera-
tion devices, like all combustion devices, generate some emissions of NOx, which can contribute to local
ozone and smog formation. Depending on the fuels and technologies used by the power plant and the
LFGE project, the NOx emission reductions from the power plant may not completely offset the NOx emit-
j V      A Primer for Developing Landfill Gas Energy Projects in the State of Mississippi

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ted from the LFG electricity project. However, the overall environmental improvement from LFG electricity
generation projects is significant because of the large methane reductions, hazardous air pollutant reduc-
tions, and avoidance of the use of limited non-renewable resources such as coal and oil that are more
polluting than LFG.

Benefits the Local  Economy

Landfill gas energy projects generate revenue from the sale of the gas. Landfill gas use can also create
jobs  associated with the design, construction, and operation of energy recovery systems. Landfill gas
energy projects involve engineers, construction firms, equipment vendors, and utilities or end-users of the
power produced. Much of this cost is spent locally for drilling, piping, construction, and operational per-
sonnel, helping communities to realize economic benefits from increased employment and local sales.
Businesses are also realizing the cost savings associated with using LFG as a replacement for more
expensive fossil fuels, such as natural gas. Some companies will save millions of dollars over the life of
their LFGE projects. Also, the development of a LFGE project helps communities enjoy increased environ-
mental protection, better waste management,  and responsible community planning.

Reduces Environmental Compliance Costs

Current EPA regulations under the Clean Air Act require many landfills to collect and combust LFG. There
are several compliance options, including flaring the gas, or installing a LFG use system.  Only the benefi-
cial use of LFG offers communities and landfill owners the  opportunity to reduce the costs associated
with  regulatory compliance by turning potential pollution into a valuable community resource.

Other Indirect Benefits

Collecting LFG for energy recovery mitigates potential nuisance conditions in the surrounding community by
reducing landfill odors.  Burning LFG also destroys most of the non-methane organic compounds that are
present at low concentrations in uncontrolled LFG, thereby reducing possible health risks from these com-
pounds. Gas collection can also improve safety by reducing explosion hazards from gas accumulation in
structures on or near the landfill. Generating electricity from existing MSW landfills is also a relatively cost-
effective way to provide new renewable energy generation capacity to supply community power needs.
       Landfill Gas  Energy Projects in Mississippi
Mississippi currently has one operational LFGE project that was developed at the Pecan Grove Landfill,
which is owned and operated by Waste Management, Inc. near Pass Christian, Mississippi. The Pecan
Grove LFGE project was Mississippi's first operational LFGE project developed under the state's outreach
program. Through this project, gas from the Pecan Grove Landfill is captured and treated at the landfill
property and then piped to a DuPont manufacturing facility located near DeLisle, Mississippi. This project
involved constructing a  pipeline of over 5 miles and was designed to process 3,200 standard cubic feet
per minute (scfm) of LFG. DuPont currently uses 2,700 scfm of treated LFG to fire boilers at its DeLisle
plant. A direct benefit from this project is the removal of a significant amount of methane, a GHG,  from the
environment. Based on  EPA's LFGE  benefits calculation tool, the estimated reduction of GHG from this
project is equivalent to:

           • removing emissions from 6,500 vehicles on the road for a year, or

           • reducing oil consumption by 79,000 barrels per year, or

                         A Primer for Developing Landfill Gas Energy Projects in the State of Mississippi      V

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          • reducing coal consumption by 160 railcars per year, or

          • planting 9,000 acres of forest.

Also, the energy benefit from this project is the equivalent of heating 8,800 homes annually.

In addition to the environmental benefits, this LFGE project has helped the DuPont facility save more than
$1 million annually in energy costs. Photographs of the operational Pecan Grove LFGE project in
Mississippi are shown in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1: Photos of the Pecan Grove LFGE Project
       Candidate  Landfills in Mississippi
Through LMOP, MDEQ and EPA have identified several landfills in the state that have potential to support
an economically viable LFGE project. Table A identifies 12 of these candidate landfills. These landfills
meet the minimum tonnage/volume threshold necessary to provide sufficient LFG, depending on the size
and scope of the proposed project. The location of the operational LFGE project and the 12 candidate
landfills is shown in Figure 2 on page vii. Additional information for these candidate landfills and other
operational landfills that may present opportunities for future project development can be found on the
MDEQ Web site at http://www.deq.state.ms.us/MDEQ.nsf/page/SW_Home?OpenDocument.
VI
A Primer for Developing Landfill Gas Energy Projects in the State of Mississippi

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Figure 2: Candidate Landfills and Operational LFGE Projects
       State  of Mississippi
              MDEQ
       The map shows actual CIS locations of landfills

         •  Candidate Landfill with ID (#)
            corresponding to Table A

         A  Operational LFG Utilization Project
                       A Primer for Developing Landfill Gas Energy Projects in the State of Mississippi     vM

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  Table A
Candidate Landfills in Mississippi
Landfill Name
1. Big River Landfill
2. Central Landfill
3. Clearview
Environmental Control
4. Golden Triangle
Landfill
5. Little Dixie Landfill
6. Northeast
Mississippi Regional
Landfill
7. Pine Belt Landfill
8. Pine Ridge Landfill
9. Plantation Oaks
Landfill
10. Prairie Bluff
Landfill
1 1 . Three Rivers
Regional Landfill
12. Tunica County
New Landfill
Landfill City
Owner
Allied Waste Services Leland
Trans American McNeill
Waste Central
Landfill, Inc.
Chambers of Lake
Mississippi, Inc.
Golden Triangle Starkville
Regional Solid Waste
Management Authority
Check Virden Ridgeland
Northeast Mississippi Walnut
Regional Solid Waste
Management Authority
Pine Belt Regional Solid Ovett
Waste Management
Authority
Waste Management of Meridian
Mississippi, Inc.
Waste Management of Sibley
Mississippi, Inc.
Waste Management of Houston
Mississippi, Inc.
Three Rivers Regional Pontotoc
Solid Waste
Management Authority
Trash Hunters of Tunica, Robinsonville
Inc.
County
Washington
Pearl River
Scott
Clay
Madison
Tippah
Perry
Lauderdale
Adams
Chickasaw
Pontotoc
Tunica
Landfill
Operational
Status
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Waste in
Place
(Tons)
3,811,100
3,836,700
7,104,500
1,166,300
8,743,900
1,108,000
977,400
5,099,000
5,983,600
13,328,000
1,828,300
1,988,100
Approximate
MW
Potential
3.0
3.0
5.7
1.0
7.0
0.9
0.7
4.1
4.8
11.0
1.5
1.6
V i i i    A Primer for Developing Landfill Gas Energy Projects in the State of Mississippi

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      Mississippi State LMOP Task Force
The Mississippi state LMOP task force was formed to review state regulations and policies to explore
opportunities for overcoming barriers to the development of LFGE projects. The overall purpose of the
state task force is to encourage information sharing and increased coordination among interested parties
on LFGE project development in Mississippi. The Mississippi state LMOP task force is comprised of the
following members:
  Table B
Mississippi State LMOP Task Force Members
Name
Mr. Pradip Bhowal
Mr. Claiborne Barnwell
Mr. Jason Bridges
Mr. Kenneth Calvin
Mr. Bryan Collins
Mr. Christopher Garbacz
Mr. B. J. Hailey
Mr. Trent Jones
Mr. Patrick Sullivan
Mr. Darell Neely
Ms. Michelle Vinson
Organization
Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality
(MDEQ); State LMOP Coordinator
Mississippi Department of Transportation (MOOT)
MDEQ - Environmental Compliance &
Enforcement Division
Mississippi Development Authority (MDA)
MDEQ - Environmental Permits Division
MPSC - Mississippi Public Utilities Staff
MDEQ - Air Division
MDEQ - Environmental Permits Division
MDEQ, Liaison to Governor's Office
MDA, Liaison to Governor's Office
MDEQ - Environmental Permits Division
Phone Number
(601)961-5082
(601)359-7920
(601)961-5721
(601)359-6600
(601)961-5239
(601)961-5413
(601)961-5783
(601)961-5726
(601)359-3150
(601)359-3150
(601)961-5040

      Additional  Information
For more information about the MS LMOP, contact:   For more information about EPA LMOP, contact:
Pradip Bhowal, State LMOP Coordinator
Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality
P.O. Box 10385
Jackson, MS 39289-0385
Phone:(601)961-5082
Fax:(601)961-5785
e-mail: Pradip_Bhowal@deq.state.ms.us
                              Victoria Ludwig, LMOP Program Manager
                              U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                              Landfill Methane Outreach Program (6207J)
                              1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.
                              Washington, DC 20460
                              Phone: (202) 343-9291
                              Fax: (202) 343-2202
                              e-mail: ludwig.victoria@epa.gov
                              http://www.epa.gov/lmop
                       A Primer for Developing Landfill Gas Energy Projects in the State of Mississippi
                                                                        IX

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Part 1: Regulations and Permits
       Overview of Federal Regulations and Permits
The following section discusses federal regulations that may pertain to LFGE projects. Landfill gas energy
projects can be subject to solid waste, air quality, and water quality regulations. The federal regulations
are presented in general terms because individual state/local governments generally develop their own
regulations for carrying out the federal mandates. Specific requirements may therefore differ among
states. Project developers will have to contact relevant federal agencies and in some cases, state agen-
cies, for more detailed information and applications. The discussion of each key federal regulation/permit
contains three components:
          • Importance of the regulation/permit to LFGE project developers

          • Applicability to LFGE projects
          • Description of each regulation/permit


1.1.1 Clean Air Act

The Clean Air Act (CAA) regulates emissions of pollutants to protect the environment and public health.
The CAA contains three provisions that may affect LFGE projects: (1) New Source Performance Standards
(NSPS) and Emission Guidelines (EG), (2) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
(NESHAP), (3) New Source Review (NSR), and (4) Title V.

Facilities that are planning to construct a new LFGE system or to modify a landfill operation to incorpo-
rate a LFGE system must obtain a Permit to Construct (PTC) from the responsible regulatory agency if
emissions from the project are expected to exceed the major facility emission thresholds. The PTC speci-
fies the NSPS/EG, NSR, and NESHAP requirements that the project must meet. The facility must also
obtain an operating permit or modify the existing operating permit as specified in "Mississippi Air
Emission Regulations for the Prevention, Abatement, and Control of Air Contaminants" APC-S-1,
"Mississippi Permit Regulations for the Construction and/or Operation of Air Emissions Equipment" APC-
S-2, and "Mississippi Air Emissions Operating Permit Regulations for the Purposes of Title V for the
Federal Clean Air Act" APC-S-6. The general requirements of the NSPS/EG, NSR, NESHAP, and Title V
for LFGE projects are discussed below.

New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) and Emission Guidelines (EG) for
Municipal Solid Waste Landfills

Importance    LFGE projects can be part of a compliance strategy to meet EPA's emission standards for
              LFG.

Applicability   Landfills meeting certain design capacity, age, and emissions criteria are required to col-
              lect LFG and to either flare it or use it for energy.

Description    EPA final regulations under the CAA amendments require affected landfills to collect and
              control LFG. Specifically, landfills that are greater than or equal to 2.5 million megagrams
              (Mg) and 2.5 million cubic meters in design capacity and have estimated emissions of
              non-methane organic compounds (NMOC) of at least 50 Mg per year must reduce their
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              emissions of LFG. The regulations identify NMOC as a surrogate for LFG. Therefore, the
              emission reductions required in the rules are specified  as reductions of NMOC. Landfills
              can use flares or energy recovery projects to meet the  emission reduction requirements.

              Landfill gas emissions were targeted in these rules because of the potential negative
              impact on human health and the environment from the volatile organic compounds con-
              tained in the gas. In addition, the contribution of LFG to local smog formation, local odors,
              and potential for explosions or landfill fires were included in the decision-making process.

              For landfills that commenced construction, reconstruction,  or modification on or after May
              30, 1991 ("new landfills") the New Source  Performance Standards (40 CFR Part 60 Subpart
              WWW) apply. For older landfills that received waste after November 8, 1987 ("existing
              landfills"), the Emission Guidelines (40 CFR Part 60 Subpart Cc) apply. The collection and
              control requirements in each of these standards are the same; only the start of the compli-
              ance clock differs.

              The final regulations for NSPS/EG can be found in the  Federal Register, March 12, 1996,
              Vol. 61, No. 49, pages 9905-9944 and amendments/corrections can be found  in the
              Federal Register, February 24, 1999, Vol. 64, No. 36, pages 9257-9262. Complete regula-
              tions including the amendments are contained  in the Code  of Federal Regulations (CFR)
              subparts previously listed. Additional clarifications and amendments have been proposed
              but are not yet final. See the Federal Register, September 8, 2006, Vol. 71, No. 174, pages
              53271-53293 and Federal  Register, May 23, 2002, Vol. 67,  No. 100, pages 36475-36481.

The basic requirements are the same for both existing and new landfills. Landfills that meet both  of the
following criteria require collection and control of LFG under the regulations.

          • Capacity—maximum design capacity greater than or equal to 2.5 million Mg (about 2.75  mil-
            lion tons) and 2.5 million cubic meters.

          • Emissions—annual estimated uncontrolled NMOC emission rate is greater than 50 Mg (about
            55 tons) per year. If annual uncontrolled NMOC emissions are less than 50 Mg for a facility
            with a design capacity greater than or equal to 2.5 million Mg and 2.5 million cubic  meters,
            reporting is required. If the annual uncontrolled emissions are 50 Mg or more for these land-
            fills, collection and control of LFG are required.

National Emission  Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP)

Importance   LFGE projects can be part of a compliance strategy to meet EPA's emission standards for
              LFG.

Applicability   Landfills meeting certain design capacity, age,  and emissions criteria are required  to collect
              LFG and to either flare it or use it for energy.

Description   The regulations for municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills under the NESHAP affect the
              same landfills and have the same control requirements as the NSPS/EG. Landfills with
              design  capacities of at least 2.5  million Mg and 2.5 million cubic meters and that have esti-
              mated uncontrolled emissions of non-methane organic compounds (NMOC) of at  least 50
              Mg per year are required to collect and treat or control emissions of LFG. These control
              requirements are the same as the NSPS/EG with one exception - large landfills (i.e., those
              that exceed the 2.5 million Mg and 2.5 million cubic meters thresholds) that operate part or
              all of the landfill as a bioreactor must install collection and control systems for the bioreac-
              tor earlier than would be required by the NSPS, even if total estimated emissions do not
              yet exceed 50 Mg/year. The control systems may also  be removed from bioreactors earlier.

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              Bioreactors generate LFG more quickly than conventional landfills, but also generate the
              gas for a shorter period of time.

              The NESHAP also contains additional record keeping and reporting requirements as com-
              pared to the NSPS. Landfills that are required to collect and control LFG must develop a
              start-up, shutdown, and malfunction (SSM) plan and must report SSM events. The
              NESHAP also requires semi-annual compliance reporting, instead of the annual  reporting
              required by the NSPS. The NESHAP defines types of deviations from the standards that
              must be reported in the semi-annual reports (for example, periods when monitored control
              device operating parameters are outside of specified ranges). The final regulations for
              NESHAP can be found in the Federal Register, January 16, 2003, Vol. 68, No. 11,  pages
              2227-2242.

Air Emissions: New Source Review (NSR) Permitting Process

Importance   New LFGE projects may be required to obtain construction permits under New Source
              Review (NSR). Depending on the area in which the project is located, obtaining these per-
              mits may be the most critical aspect of project approval.

Applicability  The combustion of LFG results in emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen,
              and particulate matter (PM-10).  Requirements vary for control of these emissions depend-
              ing on local air quality. The relevant standards for a particular area will  be discussed in
              Section 1.2, State Regulations and Permits. Applicability of these standards to LFGE pro-
              jects will depend on the level of emissions resulting from the technology used in the
              project and the project's location (i.e., attainment or nonattainment area).

Description   CAA regulations require new stationary sources and modifications to existing  sources of
              certain air emissions to undergo NSR before they begin construction.  The purpose of
              these regulations is to ensure that sources meet the applicable air quality standards for the
              area in which they are located. Because these regulations are complex, a landfill owner or
              operator may want to consult an attorney or expert familiar with NSR for more information
              about permit requirements.

              The existing CAA regulations for attainment and maintenance of ambient air quality stan-
              dards regulate six criteria pollutants: ozone, nitrogen dioxide (NO2),  CO, PM-10, sulfur
              dioxide (SO2), and lead. The CAA authorizes EPA to set both health and public welfare-
              based national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for each criteria pollutant. Areas that
              meet the NAAQS for a particular air pollutant are classified as being in "attainment" for that
              pollutant and those that do not are in "nonattainment." Because each state is required to
              develop an  air quality implementation plan (called a State Implementation Plan or  SIP) to
              attain and maintain compliance  with the NAAQS in each Air Quality Control Region within
              the state, specific  permit requirements will vary by state. (See 40 CFR 51.160-51.166 for
              more information.)

              The location and size of the LFGE project will dictate what kind of construction and oper-
              ating permits are required. If the landfill is located in an area that is  in  attainment for a
              particular pollutant, the LFGE project may have to undergo Prevention of Significant
              Deterioration permitting. Nonattainment area  permitting is required for those landfills that
              are located  in areas that do not  meet the NAAQS for a particular air pollutant. Furthermore,
              the estimated level of emissions from the project determines whether the project must
              undergo major NSR or minor NSR. The requirements of major NSR  permitting are  greater
              than those for minor NSR. The following provides more detail on new source permits:


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Prevention of Significant Deterioration Permitting

Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) review is used in attainment areas to determine whether a
new or modified emissions source will cause significant deterioration of local air quality. MDEQ can assist
LFGE project developers in determining whether a proposed project requires PSD approval. Applicants
must determine PSD applicability for each individual pollutant.

For each pollutant for which the source is considered major, the PSD major NSR permitting process
requires that the applicants determine the maximum degree of reduction achievable through the applica-
tion of available control technologies. Specifically, major sources may have to undergo any or all of the
following four PSD steps:
           • Best Available Control Technology (BACT) analysis

           • Monitoring of local air quality
           • Source impact analysis/modeling

           • Additional impact analysis/modeling (i.e., impact on vegetation, visibility, and Class I areas)
            (See 40 CFR Part 52.21 for more information on PSD.)

Minor sources and modifications are exempt from this process, but these sources must still obtain con-
struction and  operating air permits. (See Mississippi Air Regulations APC-S-1, APC-S-2, and APC-S-6 for
more information.)

Nonattainment Air Permitting

A source located in an area that has been designated nonattainment for one or more of the six criteria
pollutants may be subject to the nonattainment classification for such pollutants. Ozone is the most per-
vasive nonattainment pollutant and the one most likely to affect LFGE projects.  A proposed new
emissions source or modification of an existing source located in a nonattainment area must undergo
nonattainment major NSR if the new source or the modification is classified as major (i.e., if the new or
modified source exceeds specified emissions thresholds). To obtain a nonattainment NSR permit for crite-
ria pollutants, a project must meet two requirements:

           • Must use technology that achieves the Lowest Achievable Emissions Rate  (LAER) for the
            nonattainment pollutant

           • Must arrange for an emissions reduction at an existing combustion source that offsets the
            emissions from the new project at specific ratios

Potential Exemptions

EPA furnished a guidance document to state and regional permitting authorities which provides an
exemption from major NSR permitting requirements for LFG recovery projects that qualify as "pollution
control projects." An existing landfill that plans to install a LFG recovery project may qualify as a pollution
control project as long as it reduces non-methane organic compounds (NMOC) at the site. Under the
guidance, the permitting authority may exempt the project from major NSR, provided it meets all other
requirements  under the CAA and the state, including minor source requirements. In nonattainment areas,
offsets will still be required, but need not exceed a 1:1 ratio. States have discretion to exercise the
increased flexibility allowed by the guidance on a case-by-case basis.
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Title V Operating Permit

Importance   Many LFGE projects must obtain operating permits that satisfy Title V of the 1990 CAA
              Amendments.

Applicability  Any LFGE plant that is a major source, as defined by the Title V regulation (40 CFR Part
              70), must obtain an operating permit.

Description   Title V of the CAA requires that all major sources obtain new federally enforceable operat-
              ing permits. Title V is modeled after a similar program established under the National
              Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Each  major source must submit an appli-
              cation for an operating permit that meets guidelines spelled out in individual state Title V
              programs. The  operating permit describes the emission limits and operating conditions
              that a facility must satisfy  and specifies the reporting requirements that a facility must
              meet to show compliance with the air pollution regulations. A Title V operating permit must
              be renewed every five years.


1.1.2  Resource Conservation  and Recovery Act Subtitle D

Importance   Before a LFGE  project can be developed, all Resource  Conservation and Recovery Act
              (RCRA) Subtitle D requirements (i.e., requirements for non-hazardous solid waste manage-
              ment) must  be  satisfied.

Applicability  Methane is explosive in certain concentrations and poses a hazard if it migrates beyond
              the landfill facility boundary. Landfill gas collection systems must meet RCRA Subtitle D
              standards for gas control.

Description   Since October  1979, federal regulations promulgated under Subtitle  D of RCRA required
              controls on the migration of LFG. In 1991, EPA promulgated  landfill design and perfor-
              mance standards. The newer standards apply to MSW  landfills that were active on  or after
              October 9, 1993.  Specifically,  the standards require monitoring  of LFG and establish per-
              formance standards for combustible gas migration control. Monitoring requirements must
              be met at landfills not only during their operation, but also for a period of 30 years after
              closure.

Landfills affected by RCRA Subtitle D are required to control gas by establishing a program to periodically
check for methane emissions and prevent offsite migration. Landfill owners and operators must ensure
that the concentration of methane gas does not exceed:

           • Twenty-five percent of the lower explosive limit for methane in facilities' structures

           • The lower explosive limit for methane at the facility boundary

Permitted limits on methane levels reflect the fact that methane is  explosive within the range of 5 to 15
percent concentration in air. If  methane emissions exceed permitted limits, corrective action (i.e., installa-
tion of a LFG collection system) must be taken. Subtitle D may provide an impetus for some landfills to
install energy recovery projects in cases where a gas collection system is required for compliance (see 40
CFR Part 258 for more information).
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1.1.3 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit

Importance   LFGE projects may need to obtain NPDES permits for discharging wastewater that is gen-
              erated during the energy recovery process.

Applicability  Landfill gas condensate forms when water and other vapors condense out of the gas
              stream due to temperature and pressure changes within the collection system. This waste-
              water must be removed from the collection system. In addition, LFGE projects may
              generate wastewater from system maintenance and cooling tower blow down.

Description   NPDES permits regulate discharges of pollutants to surface waters. The authority to issue
              these permits is delegated to state governments  by EPA. The permits, which typically last
              five years,  limit the quantity and concentration of pollutants that may be discharged. To
              ensure compliance with the limits, permits require wastewater treatment or impose other
              operation conditions. The state water offices or EPA regional office can provide further
              information on these permits.

The permits are required for three categories of sources and can be issued as individual or general per-
mits. A LFGE project would be included in the "wastewater discharges to surface water from industrial
facilities" category and would require an individual permit. An individual permit application for wastewater
discharges typically requires information on:
          • Water supply volumes

          • Water utilization

          • Wastewater flow

          • Characteristics and disposal methods

          • Planned improvements
• Storm water treatment

• Plant operation

• Materials and chemicals used

• Production

• Other relevant information
1.1.4 Clean Water Act, Section 401

Importance   LFGE projects may need Clean Water Act (CWA) Section 401 certification for constructing
              pipelines that cross streams or wetlands.

Applicability  Landfill gas recovery collection pipes or distribution pipes from the landfill to a nearby gas
              user may cross streams or wetlands. When construction or operation of such pipes causes
              any discharge of dredge into streams or wetlands, the project may require Section 401
              certification.

Description   If the construction or operation of facilities results in any discharge into streams or wet-
              lands, such construction is regulated under Section 401. This requirement may affect the
              construction of LFGE project facilities or pipelines to transport LFG.

The applicant must obtain a water quality certification from the state in which the discharge will originate.
The certification should then be sent to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The certification indicates that
such discharge will comply with the  applicable provisions of Sections 301, 302, 303, 306, and 307 of the
CWA.
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1.1.5 Other Federal Permit Programs and  Regulatory Requirements

The following are brief descriptions of how other federal permits could apply to LFGE project development:

          • RCRA Subtitle C could apply to a LFGE project if it produces hazardous waste. While some
            LFGE projects can return condensate to the landfill, many dispose of it through the public
            sewage system after some form of on-site treatment. In some cases, the condensate may
            contain high enough concentrations of heavy  metals and organic chemicals for it to be clas-
            sified as a hazardous waste, thus triggering federal Subtitle C regulation.

          • The Historic Preservation Act of 1966 or the Endangered Species Act could apply if power
            lines or gas pipelines associated with a project infringe upon an historic site or an area that
            provides habitat for endangered species.

          • Requirements of the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisitions Act of
            1970, as amended (Uniform Act) will apply to  LFGE projects, if federal funds are used for
            any part of project design,  right-of-way acquisition, or construction. The Federal Highway
            Administration is the lead agency for issues concerning the Uniform Act.

Any questions regarding these policies should be directed to Mr. Cecil Vick at the  Mississippi  Division
Office. His phone number is (601) 965-4217.
       Overview of State Regulations and Permits
This section provides information on permits required by the state of Mississippi for the development of a
LFGE project. For an overview of required permits, contact information, and length of the review period,
see Table 1.2.1. Tables 1.2.2 through 1.2.4 present more detailed information about the required permits.
Information provided on each permit includes:
          • How the permit is applicable to LFGE
            projects

          • The appropriate agency contact

          • A description of the permit

          • The regulation
• Information required and suggestions
  for a successful application

• The application and review process

• The review/approval period
  Any fees required
1.2.1 Summary of Permits
The principal permits for LFGE projects in Mississippi are related to solid waste and air and water quality
and are regulated by the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ).


1.2.2 Permitting Assistance
The staff of the Environmental Permits Division (EPD) of MDEQ is available to provide assistance during the
permitting process. The EPD Solid Waste and Mining Branch may be contacted by calling (601) 961-5171.
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Table 1.2.1
Summary Table of State Regulations/Permits
Standard
Air
Permit
Title V Operating
Permit/Permit to Construct
Agency/Contact
MDEQ
EPD Solid Waste &
Mining Branch
Michelle Vinson
Phone: (601)961-5040
Review Period
— 30-60 days if it
does not involve a
public notice
— 1 80 days if it
involves a public
notice
Landfills
            Solid Waste Management
            Permit
MDEQ
EPD Solid Waste &
Mining Branch
Michelle Vinson
Phone: (601)961-5040
240 days
Water
            National Pollutant Discharge
            Elimination System (NPDES)
            Permit
                            Pretreatment Discharge
                            Permit
MDEQ                 180 days
EPD Solid Waste &
Mining Branch
Michelle Vinson
Phone: (601)961-5040

MDEQ                 180 days
EPD Solid Waste &
Mining Branch
Michelle Vinson
Phone: (601)961-5040
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Table 1.2.2
Title V Operating Permits and Air Permits to Construct
Applicability to LFGE
Projects
Agency Contact
Description
          The construction of air control/emission equipment is subject to APC-S-2 and an Air
          Permit to Construct is required unless exempted by regulations. If the emissions generat-
          ed on-site exceed the Title V regulatory threshold,  a Title V Operating Permit may also be
          required.

          Michelle Vinson
          MDEQ
          EPD Solid Waste & Mining Branch
          P.O. Box 10385
          Jackson, MS 39289-0385
          Phone: (601)961-5040
          Fax: (601)961-5703

          The Air Permit to Construct requires all new, modified, reconstructed, replaced, or relo-
          cated stationary air pollution sources to have an air pollution control construction permit
          from the MDEQ unless the source is exempt. This  construction permit must be obtained
          by the facility prior to beginning construction, modification, reconstruction, replacement,
          or relocation of the source.

          The Title V Permit requires all applicable facilities to comply with NSPS standards, MACT
          standards regarding facility operation, control device design and operation, and emission
          control, and all other applicable limits/standards.
Regulation                   Mississippi Commission on Environmental Quality "Air Emission Regulations for the
                             Prevention, Abatement, and Control of Air Contaminants" APC-S-1; Mississippi
                             Commission on Environmental Quality "Permit Regulations for the Construction and/or
                             Operation of Air Emissions Equipment" APC-S-2; and Mississippi Commission on
                             Environmental Quality "Air Emissions Operating Permit Regulations for the Purposes of
                             Title V for the Federal Clean Air Act" APC-S-6; and any and all future modifications, revi-
                             sions, or additions to the referenced regulations.
Information Required/
Suggestions
Application Process
Review Process
Review/Approval Period
          Applicants must supply all information outlined within the appropriate permit applications
          including, but not limited to, a description of emission controls, description of the project,
          all significant and insignificant existing or proposed air pollution units, description of
          operations, and activities at the facility.

          Submit application to the  MDEQ at the previously provided address. A pre-application
          meeting may be held with the MDEQ staff prior to submittal of a permit application.

          The MDEQ has 45 days to determine the completeness of the submitted application.
          After determining  the completeness, the MDEQ has 180 days to complete the application
          review and prepare draft permits for public notice. At this time, all permit applications
          associated with the operation of a landfill require a public notice and a public hearing
          prior to consideration for permit issuance by the Mississippi Environmental Quality Permit
          Board.

          180 days after completeness determination, 30 days for public notice/public hearing.
          Additional time may be required for the review of public comments received during the
          public notice period and/or public hearing.
Fees                         At this time, there are no application fees for this permit. However, there are fees for the
                             actual emissions from the permitted facility as required and allowed by law, if the facility
                             is subject to Title V Regulations.
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 Table  1.2.3
                  Solid Waste Management  Permit
 Applicability to LFGE
 Projects
 Agency Contact
                            The Mississippi Nonhazardous Solid Waste Management Regulations require a Solid
                            Waste Management Permit to operate a municipal solid waste landfill. Monitoring of LFG
                            is required during the life of the facility as well as during a 30-year post-closure care peri-
                            od. The design, construction, and operational aspects of  a gas collection and control
                            system (GCCS) are regulated under the state Air Emissions Regulations. However, these
                            aspects of a GCCS may need to be addressed within the Solid Waste Management
                            Permit for the facility. Therefore, a modification of an existing solid waste management
                            permit may become necessary for facilities without GCCS.

                            Michelle Vinson
                            MDEQ
                            EPD Solid Waste & Mining Branch
                            P.O. Box 10385
                            Jackson,  MS 39289-0385
                            Phone: (601)961-5040
                            Fax: (601)961-5703

Description                  The Solid Waste Management Permit includes all construction, operating, and monitoring
                            requirements necessary for a municipal solid waste landfill. Devices installed for the con-
                            trol of LFG and methane would fall under the solid waste permit as they relate to cell
                            design, operation,  and closure and post-closure care. Modification of the permit to add
                            or change the approved operation and design requires the review of the EPD Solid Waste
                            & Mining Branch and the approval of the Mississippi Environmental Quality Permit Board.
 Regulation
                            Mississippi Nonhazardous Solid Waste Management Regulations.
 Information Required/
 Suggestions
 Application Process
 Review Process
 Review/Approval Period
 Fees
                            Any landfill that is constructing a gas collection system must submit all information,
                            including the design drawings and other details of the LFG control and collection system,
                            to the EPD Solid Waste & Mining Branch for the necessary review and approval.

                            Application forms can be obtained by contacting the EPD Solid Waste & Mining Branch.
                            A pre-application meeting may be held with the MDEQ staff prior to submittal of an
                            application.

                            After determining the completeness of the submitted permit application, the MDEQ
                            would prepare draft permits for public notice. All permit applications associated with the
                            operation of a landfill require a public notice and a public hearing prior to consideration
                            for permit issuance by the Mississippi Environmental Quality Permit Board.

                            Varies as there is no statutory review period for solid waste management permits in
                            Mississippi.

                            At this time, there are no application fees for this permit.
10
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Table 1.2.4
NPDES Permit/Mississippi State Operating Permit
Applicability to LFGE
Projects
Agency Contact
Description
          All landfills are required to obtain an Individual Stormwater Permit (NPDES) for the dis-
          charge of non-contaminated stormwater to surface waters of the state of Mississippi. As
          a part of the application process, the facilities must prepare and provide the MDEQ with
          a Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) that outlines the methods and proce-
          dures to limit the amount of stormwater that contacts waste at the facility. All stormwater
          that contacts waste must be treated as leachate and can not be discharged to surface
          waters of the state of Mississippi. While this  specific permit does not directly apply to
          LFGE projects, it is required for the operation of a solid waste management facility and
          all operations associated with an LFGE project must be addressed within the SWPPP.

          Landfill gas condensate and other associated wastewaters may be collected with  landfill
          leachate and disposed of at a permitted Privately Owned Treatment Works (POTW). If the
          receiving  POTW is out-of-state, no permit for discharge is required. If the receiving
          POTW is within the state of Mississippi, a State Operating Pretreatment permit is
          required in addition to acceptance by the proposed POTW. These wastewaters can not
          be directly discharged to surface waters of the state.

          Michelle Vinson
          MDEQ
          EPD Solid Waste & Mining Branch
          P.O. Box 10385
          Jackson,  MS 39289-0385
          Phone: (601)961-5040
          Fax:  (601)961-5703

          NPDES Individual Stormwater Permits allow  for the discharge of non-contaminated
          stormwater to the surface waters of the state.

          A State Operating Pre-Treatment Permit allows the discharge of leachate,  LFG conden-
          sate, and other wastewaters to a permitted POTW.
Regulation                  Wastewater Regulations for National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
                            Permits, Underground Injection Control (UIC) Permits, State Permits, Water Quality
                            Based Effluent Limitations, and Water Quality Certification.
Information Required/
Suggestions
          Applicants must supply all information outlined within the appropriate permit applica-
          tions, including a description of operations and activities at the facility.
Application Process
Review Process
          Application forms can be obtained by contacting the MDEQ. Permit applications must be
          filed at least 180 days prior to the expected date of discharge.

          The EPD Solid Waste & Mining Branch reviews the applications for an NPDES permit for
          a solid waste management facility. End users' and/or other facilities' applications will be
          reviewed by the appropriate sector branch of EPD.
Review/Approval Period
          Varies as there is no statutory review period for water permits in Mississippi.
Fees
          None at this time.
                            A Primer for Developing Landfill Gas Energy Projects in the State of Mississippi
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1.2.3  Mississippi Public Service Commission (MPSC) Jurisdiction

The Mississippi Pubic Service Commission is vested by state law to regulate public utilities. These regula-
tory powers include water, sewer, electric, natural gas, and communication utilities. However, not all
utilities are considered to be public as defined by state law (MS Code 77-3-3 d). Additionally, there are
some special requirements and situations as described below.

In the case of electric generation, the State law requires that no person may construct an electric generat-
ing plant or an electric transmission line without first obtaining a Certificate of Public Convenience and
Necessity from the Public Service Commission. In the  case of an independent power producer (IPP), the
authority of the Public Service Commission is limited to the granting of a facility's certificate. The Federal
Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) has jurisdiction over the wholesale market in which IPPs operate.
The certification requirements do not apply to co-generators and small standby facilities where the electric
output will be consumed on-site and/or sold to the public utility at avoided cost. The Public Service
Commission is informed about any transactions involving utilities under its jurisdiction.

Landfill gas is currently not regulated by the Public Service Commission because there has never been an
application to use LFG by a public utility in Mississippi. Under certain circumstances, LFG may  be regulat-
ed in the future. However, any pipeline delivering such gas is under the jurisdiction of the Public Service
Commission safety standards.

Electric energy produced from LFG currently must be sold in the wholesale market or sold to the local
electric utility at avoided cost unless the producer is a certificated electric utility in the state of Mississippi.
The ultimate retailer could designate such LFGE as renewable energy, or "green energy." The develop-
ment of green marketing programs offers promising mechanisms to encourage utilities and other energy
marketers to participate in LFGE projects. Green marketing programs are designed to enable energy mar-
keters to position renewable energy products (including LFGE  projects) as premium products, and
therefore, to collect  a premium price from their customers. However, the general public is less familiar with
LFGE than other sources of renewable energy; support from LMOP can  help ensure the success of early
LFGE green marketing efforts.

1.2.4  Mississippi Department of Transportation (MOOT)

If LFGE  projects are to impinge upon a state of Mississippi right-of-way, a permit from the Mississippi
Department of Transportation (MOOT) must be obtained. There are some restrictions as to where utilities
can be located. In order to obtain a permit for locating utilities within the right-of-way, you should contact
the MOOT District Office that coincides with the proposed project/utility  location.  The District Office will
coordinate the permit application with the appropriate  parties within the  MOOT. Contact the District Utility
Coordinator and/or District Permit Officer for specific permitting requirements. The following list provides
contacts within MOOT District Offices who can help with the permitting process.

District 1                                        District 2
1909 N.  Gloster Street                              150 Highway 51 N
Tupelo, MS 38803                                  Batesville, MS 38606
Phone: (662) 842-1122                              Phone: (662) 563-4541
Fax: (662) 844-5731                                 Fax: (662) 563-0138
Contacts:  Fred Gaines, District  Utility Representative     Contacts: Kelly Standard, District Utilities Coordinator
          Wendell Dixon, Permit Officer                         Robert L. Tamboli, Permit Officer
                                                           William T. Wilson, Permit Officer
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District 3                                        District 6
1240 Highway 49 West                              6356 Highway 49N
Yazoo City, MS 39194                               Hattiesburg, MS 39401
Phone: (662) 746-2513                              Phone: (601) 544-9321
Fax: (662) 746-9344                                Fax: (601) 544-0227
Contacts: Sidney Hollowell, District Utilities Coordinator   Contacts: Gordon Bass, District Utilities Coordinator
         John R. McDonald, Permit Officer                     Monnie McCraney, Permit Officer


District 5                                        District 7
7759 Highway SOW                                 Mail code 27-01
Newton, MS 39345                                 P.O. Box 627
Phone: (601) 683-3341                              McComb, MS 39648
Fax: (601) 683-7030                                Phone: (601) 684-2111
Contacts: Hanna J. Watson, District Utility Coordinator   Fax: (601) 684-7358
         Samuel G. Everett, Permit Officer             Contact: Alice Barnes, District Utilities Coordinator
       Overview of Local  Regulations and  Permits
Within the framework of federal and state regulations, local governments may have some jurisdiction over
LFGE development in certain cases. Typically, local permits address issues that affect the surrounding
community. These permits generally fall under the categories of construction, environment and health,
land use, and water quality/use. It should be noted, however, that some local standards and regulations
are stricter than state or federal regulations.

Steps to Successful Approval of Local Permits

The following six steps will assist LFGE project developers in achieving successful local permits approval:

      Step 1.  Determine which local authorities have jurisdiction over the project on the project site(s).

      Step 2.  Contact the local, city, and/or county planning  and public works departments to obtain
              information about applicable permits and to discuss your plans. Meeting with agency staff to
              discuss the LFGE project and required permits often helps to expedite the permitting process.
      Step 3.  Obtain essential information regarding each permit, including:

              • What information is required
              • The permitting process that should be followed
              • Time frames (including submittal, hearing, and decision dates)

      Step 4.  Obtain copies of the regulations to compare  and verify what  is required in the permit appli-
              cations. If they differ, contact the appropriate permitting agency.

      Step 5.  Submit a complete application. Incomplete applications typically result in processing delays.
      Step 6.  Attend meetings or hearing(s) where the application will be discussed to respond to any
              questions that are raised. Failure to do so could result in delays.

Typical Local Permits

Table 1.3.1 on the next page lists typical local permits and approvals that may be required for LFGE projects.

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Table 1.3.1
                  Local Regulations and Permits
 Permit
                             Description
 Building Permit               Many county/local governments require building permits for construction, which entail
                              compliance with several types of building codes, such as plumbing and electrical. A typi-
                              cal building permit application may require detailed final plans for structures, including
                              electrical and plumbing plans, floor layout, sewage facilities, storm water drainage plan,
                              size and shape of lot and buildings, setback of buildings from property lines and drain
                              field, access, size and shape  of foundation walls, air vents, window access, and heating
                              or cooling plants (if included in the design).

 Zoning/Land Use             Some communities have a zoning and land use plan that identifies where different types
                              of development are allowed (i.e.,  residential, commercial, and industrial). The local zoning
                              board determines whether a particular project meets local land use criteria and can grant
                              variances if conditions warrant. A LFGE project may require an industrial zoning classifi-
                              cation.

 Storm Water                 Some local  public works departments require a permit for discharges during construction
                              and operation of a LFGE project. Good facility design that maintains the pre-develop-
                              ment runoff characteristics of the site will typically enable the project to meet permitting
                              requirements easily.
 Solid Waste Disposal
 Fire Hazards and
 Precautions
                             A LFGE project may generate solid wastes, such as packaging material, cleaning sol-
                             vents, and equipment fluids. These solid wastes may need to be disposed of at an
                             appropriate authorized disposal facility.
 Wastewater                  The primary types of wastewater likely to be generated by a LFGE project include main-
                              tenance wastewater and cooling tower blow down. The local public works department
                              may need to be contacted to provide information about available wastewater handling
                              capacity and any unique condensate treatment requirements or permits for landfills.
                             The mix of gases in LFG has a moderate to high explosion potential. Methane is explo-
                             sive in concentrations of 5 to 15 percent in air. Because methane has the potential to
                             migrate from the landfill to on-site or off-site structures,  it poses a significant public safe-
                             ty hazard. EPA requires that methane concentrations be less than 5 percent at a landfill
                             property line and less than 25 percent of the lower explosive limit (LEL) in a facility's
                             structures. County or city fire codes may call for even stricter standards to be observed
                             at the landfill.

Noise                        Most local zoning ordinances stipulate the maximum allowable decibel levels from noise
                             sources. These levels vary depending on the location of the site. For example, LFG
                             recovery projects located near residential areas will likely have to comply with stricter
                             noise level standards than projects located in non-populated areas.
14
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Part 2m InconllvB Programs
       Overview of Federal Incentive Programs
There are several federal incentive programs that have traditionally applied to LFGE projects: the Section
29 Tax Credit, the Renewable Energy Production Incentive (REPI), and the Qualifying Facilities (QF)
Certification. In October 2004, the U.S. Congress extended and amended the Section 45 Production Tax
Credit to include LFGE projects for generating electricity. Projects that have already qualified for Section
29 tax credits are eligible to receive the Section 29 tax credit through December 31, 2007. Information
about the QF Certification, Section 29, and Section 45 credits is provided below.
Listed below are some federal resources for funding LFGE projects:
          • Incentives Through the Energy Policy Act of 2005
            - Renewable Electricity Production Credit
            - Revision: Credit for Producing Fuel from  a Nonconventional Source
            - Renewable Energy Production Incentive
            - Federal Purchase Requirement
            - Rural and Remote Communities Electrification Grants
            - Loan Guarantees
          • U.S. Department of Agriculture Renewable Energy Loan Program
          • U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Business Opportunity Grants
          • U.S. Department of Commerce Economic Development Administration Public Works
            Program
          • U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Regional
            Biomass Energy Program
          • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics Pollution
            Prevention (P2) Grants Program
For the latest updates on federal and state incentives, please refer to the following sources:
          • LMOP Federal Funding Resources - http://www.epa.gov/lmop/res/guide/federal.htm
          • LMOP State Funding Resources - http://www.epa.gov/lmop/res/guide/state_resources.htm

2.1.1  Renewable Energy Production Incentive (REPI)
The Renewable Energy Production Incentive (REPI), mandated under the Energy Policy Act of 2005,
includes the use of electricity production. The Act extends the eligibility period to October 1, 2016, which
means that a facility generating electricity from LFG:
          • Must be operational by October 1, 2016
          • Can receive  payments for the first 10 years of operation, until 2026, if federal funds are
            available
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Appropriations are extended for fiscal year 2006 through 2026, although no annual amount is set forth in
the Act. If appropriated funds are insufficient to make full payments, 60 percent of funds will be assigned
to facilities that use solar, wind, ocean, geothermal, or closed-loop biomass technologies, and the remain-
ing 40 percent will be assigned to other projects, including those that use LFG. REPI payments are subject
to adjustment because they are appropriated by Congress each year.
2.1.2  Qualifying Facilities Certification
Landfill gas energy projects that generate electricity will benefit from the Qualifying Facilities (QF) certifica-
tion, which is granted through the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). The following
information describes the benefits of QF status and the steps for applying for such status.

The Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA)—one of five parts of the National Energy Act of 1978—
was designed to promote conservation of energy and energy security by removing  barriers to the
development of cogeneration facilities and facilities that employ waste or renewable fuels. Such facilities
are called Qualifying Facilities or QFs. Under PURPA, utilities are required to purchase electricity from QFs
at each utility's avoided cost of generating power. PURPA provides that  a small power production facility,
such as a LFGE project that meets FERC standards, can become a QF.

In order to apply for QF status, applicants must prepare either (1) a  Notice of Self-Certification, which
asserts compliance with FERC's technical and ownership criteria, or (2) an Application for Commission
Certification of Qualifying Status, which requires  a draft Federal Register notice and which provides actual
FERC approval of QF status. In either case, the applicant must also file Form 565, which is a list of ques-
tions about the project, and must pay any filing fees associated with certifications,  exemptions, and other
activities.  FERC will provide the QF "Info Packet" that describes the necessary steps, requirements, and
background  information. After submittal of the initial application, further  justifications and submittal of
information may be required.

For the QF information and application packet, contact:

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
Qualifying Facilities Division
825 North Capitol Street, N.E.
Washington, DC 20426
Phone: (202) 208-0577
http://www.ferc.fed.us


2.1.3 Section 29 Tax Credit

Developers of LFGE projects who sell LFG to an unrelated third party may qualify for a tax credit under
Section 29 of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) tax code. In order to take advantage of the credits, project
developers may bring in an outside party when developing power projects. The Section 29 tax credit was
established in 1979 to encourage development of unconventional gas resources, such as LFG. Section 29
tax credits are available through December 31, 2007 to LFGE projects that had a gas sales agreement in
place by December 31, 1996 and were placed in  service by June 30, 1998. The credit has been extended
several times by the U.S. Congress. The credit is  worth $3.00 per barrel of oil-equivalent (on a MMBtu basis)
and is adjusted annually for inflation. Currently it is worth $0.979 per MMBtu, which is approximately 1.2
cents/kilowatt-hour (kWh) for a typical LFG electricity project. This credit  applies to existing projects only.
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2.1.4 Section  45 Tax Credit

The Section 45 Renewable Electricity Production Credit (REPC), commonly referred to as the Production
Tax Credit, is a federal tax credit for projects generating electricity from qualified energy resources. The
current list of resources includes LFG, wind, solar energy, geothermal energy, biomass, poultry waste,
small irrigation power, MSW combustion, refined coal, certain hydropower facilities, and Indian coal.

The REPC provides a tax credit of 1.5 cents/kWh, adjusted annually for inflation, for wind, solar, closed-
loop biomass, and geothermal resources. Electricity from open-loop biomass, LFG, small irrigation
hydroelectric,  MSW resources, and hydropower receive half that rate, which the IRS June 19, 2006
Bulletin reported as 1.0 cents/kWh for 2006.

Facilities producing electricity from LFG had to be placed in service by the end  of 2005 to qualify for the
tax credit. The new law extends the placed-in-service window through December 31, 2008. The credit
period was also extended to 10 years for facilities placed in service after August 8, 2005. The length  of
time the credit can be claimed depends on when the  facility is placed in service. For LFG facilities placed
into service:

          • After October 22, 2004 and before August 8, 2005, the credit period is 5 years.

          • After August 8, 2005 and before January 1, 2009, the credit period is 10 years.

The Section 45 credit is eliminated if the facility produces electricity from LFG and has already received a
credit under Section 29 for the taxable year or for any prior taxable year.
       State Incentive Programs
The state of Mississippi does not currently provide any tax incentives for LFGE projects. However, as
State Partners in the EPA Landfill Methane Outreach Program, the Mississippi Department of
Environmental Quality (MDEQ) and the Mississippi Development Authority (MDA) will continue to evaluate
the creation of further incentives within Mississippi for this purpose. Other financial incentives that are
currently available in Mississippi include:


2.2.1  Capital Improvements Revolving Loan  Program (CAP)

The Mississippi  Development Authority (MDA) Capital Improvements Revolving Loan Program (CAP) is
designed for making loans to counties or municipalities (Applicant) to finance capital improvements in
Mississippi. Counties and municipalities are encouraged to use these loans in connection with state and
federal programs.  Funding for loans to applicants is derived from issuance of state bonds. Eligible pro-
jects include:

           • Construction or repair of water and sewer facilities

           • Construction or repair of drainage systems for industrial development

           • Improvements in fire protection

           • Construction of new buildings for economic  development purposes

           • Renovation or repair of existing buildings for economic development purposes

           • Construction or repair of access roads for industrial development
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Loan Terms

The cumulative maximum loan amount for any eligible local unit of government during a calendar year is
$1 million. The term of any loan shall not exceed 20 years. The loan amount will be limited by the appli-
cant's ability to repay the loan within acceptable terms. The rate of interest on loans which qualify for tax
exempt status shall be at three percent per annum, calculated according to the actuarial method  at the
time of loan approval. Taxable CAP loans shall be at the true interest cost on the most recent issue of 20-
year state general obligation bonds occurring prior to the date such loan is made.


2.2.2 Energy Investment Program

Through the Energy Investment Program, the Mississippi Development Authority (MDA) provides financial
assistance to individuals, partnerships or corporations making energy conserving capital improvements or
designing and developing energy conservation processes. This program offers low interest loans of up to
$300,000, with maximum terms of seven years. Each loan may be secured by a lien on the measures
installed, other business assets,  personal guarantees of the owners or officers, performance  bonds, or a
combination of these.

The Energy Investment Program offers loans at a rate of three percent below the Prime Interest rate pre-
vailing at the time of closing, in amounts up to $300,000, which can be amortized over a period of time
not to exceed seven years. Loans are secured by a lien or liens on either the measures installed and/or
other unencumbered  business assets, personal guarantees by the firm's or organization's owner or offi-
cers, surety bonds, or a combination of these.

Eligibility

Applicants may be sole proprietors,  partnerships, corporations, or non-profit organizations. Loan proceeds
may only be utilized by facilities  located in the state of Mississippi.

A technical analysis must  be performed on each project. This analysis must be conducted by a licensed
architect  or engineer  chosen by the  applicant. The technical analysis evaluates the ability of the business
to conserve energy or improve the efficiency of an industrial process through the installation of energy
saving  measures or the use of an alternate energy source. The analysis must clearly explain the measures
to be undertaken and detail the energy savings and other revenue benefits attributable to the project. Only
these projects recommended by the technical analysis will be considered for funding.

Use of Proceeds

Two categories of energy efficiency projects may be eligible for funding as defined below:

Retrofit Projects: Improvements made to a building or modifications to equipment not used in a manu-
facturing  process that will reduce utility costs or allow for the use of an alternative energy source.
Examples of such projects include:

           •  Heating and cooling systems                 • Cogeneration systems

           •  Lighting fixtures                             • Furnaces, burners, boilers, waste recovery
                ,  „                                       systems, ignition systems
           •  Insulation
                                                       • Automatic energy management control
                                                         systems
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Energy Efficient Process: Includes the implementation of equipment that enhances the efficiency of any
industrial process by reducing energy consumption or allowing for the use of alternative energy sources.
Examples of such projects include:
          • Kilns
          • Boilers: natural gas or wood
          • Billet ovens
          • Optimizing saws
          • Refrigeration systems
          • Variable steam and hydraulic equipment

Loan Amounts and Terms
          • Interest Rate: three percent below prime
          • Minimum Loan: $15,000
          • Maximum Loan: $300,000
          • Loan Term: Up to seven years
          • Fully collateralized
          • Personal guarantees of all principals owning 20 percent or more of the business

Application Process
Applications are available from the Energy Division of the Mississippi Development Authority (MDA) and
will be provided to businesses upon request.

Associated Costs
          • One percent origination fee
          • Filing fees

2.2.3 Economic Development—Public Improvements

Purpose
The purpose of the Mississippi Development Authority (MDA) Community Development Block Grant
(CDBG) Economic Development Public Improvements category is to assist units of local government to
fund eligible infrastructure improvements in the support of manufacturing, retail, commercial, industrial,
and other business endeavors. The use of these funds is directly associated with the creation or retention
of jobs of which at least 51 percent must be low- and moderate-income. Each project will be reviewed for
eligibility on a case-by-case basis.
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Available Funds
The state will set aside $18.5 million to provide funding for eligible CDBG economic development activities.

Grant Size
A maximum grant size of $650,000 and a minimum of $100,000 will apply to all applicants. There will be
no increase of grant size for involvement by joint applicants.

2.2.4 Public  Facilities—Regular and Small Government

Purpose
To assist communities which demonstrate a need for assistance in support of eligible CDBG activities
(e.g., water, wastewater, flood improvements, certain public buildings, etc.).

Available Funds
Approximately $9.6 million is set aside for Regular competition and $7.5 million for the Small Government
competition. Small Governments are those with a population of 3,500 or less.

Grant Size
Minimum grant size  is $100,000. Maximum grant size is $450,000 for Regular competition and $300,000
for Small Government competition.

Threshold Requirements
In order to apply, applicants must have no open Public Facilities, Urgent Needs/Emergencies, or CDBG
Housing grant unless the project area is in an Empowerment Zone or Enterprise community, in which
case, an application may be submitted with one open grant in Public Facilities,  if that one open grant is at
least 50 percent expended.
Proposed activities must benefit a minimum of 51 percent of persons of low- and moderate-income.

Submission Dates
Submission dates for the 2002 program have passed.

Documented Need for the Project
The state will review each applicant's explanation as to the need for the project and shall measure the
impact of the program on the identifiable needs in relation to the amount of funds requested.
Consideration will be given to:
          • Extent and seriousness of the identifiable needs
          • Impact of the proposed  activities on the environment
          • Local efforts taken to resolve the problem
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           • Results to be achieved by the project

           • Number of persons to benefit, given the type of project


2.2.5 Advantage Mississippi Initiative

Advantage Mississippi brings together in a unified manner a powerful set of tools, the vision, and the
drive for Mississippi to become a major competitor in economic development. The comprehensive pack-
age includes significant tax credit incentives giving Mississippi a competitive edge.

The Initiative places a priority on access to technology, the support of community and rural development,
and programs for existing business and industry. The program capitalizes on Mississippi's leading edge
university-based research in polymer science, engineering, acoustics, and other areas to assist related
business development.

The following programs are funded under the Initiative:

           • Small Municipalities and Limited Population Counties Grant Program

           • Growth and Prosperity Program (GAP)

           • Mississippi Advantage Jobs Incentive Program

           • Mississippi Regional Alliance Development Program

           • Mississippi ACE Fund

2.2.5.1 Small Municipalities and Limited Population Counties Grant Program

The Mississippi Small Municipalities and Limited Population Counties Grant Program, administered by the
Mississippi Development Authority  (MDA), is designed for making grants to small municipalities and limit-
ed population counties or natural gas districts (Local Sponsors) to finance projects to promote economic
growth in the state of Mississippi. Funding for grants to Local Sponsors is derived from appropriations or
funds otherwise made available by the State Legislature.

Eligibility

Local Sponsors (Applicant)

Small municipalities or a limited population county must submit an application to the MDA. An eligible
municipality and county are defined as follows:

           Small Municipality—a municipality with a population of 10,000 or less, according to the most
           recent federal decennial census, at the time the application is submitted by the municipality.

           Limited Population County—a county with a population of 30,000 or less, according to the
           most recent federal decennial census, at the time the application is submitted by the county.

           Natural Gas Districts—districts created by law and meeting the same requirements as small
           municipalities.
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Eligible Projects

Eligible projects financed with Mississippi Small Municipalities and Limited Population Counties Grant
Program funds must be publicly owned. Eligible projects include but are not limited to:

           • Drainage systems                    • Transportation facilities directly affecting the
            	      ,              ,            site, including roads, bridges, rail lines, or
           • Utilities such as water supply sys-        ...
                                   1              pipelines
            terns and gas supply systems
                                                • Land purchases and improvements
           • Sewer systems (pipe treatment)
            .,  .                                • Airfields and Airports
           • Marine structures
                                                • Equipment (no rolling stock)

Eligible projects shall serve an economic purpose or aid in the creation of jobs. Mississippi Small
Municipalities and Limited Population Counties Grant Program funds may not be used for working capital.

Applications Requirements

Local Sponsor Application

The application that is submitted by a Local  Sponsor must include:

           • Purpose of the proposed grant including a list of eligible items and the cost of each.

           • The estimated cost of the total project, a description of the Local Sponsor's investment in
            the project, and all public or private sources of funding that have been secured and that will
            be  utilized exclusively for the project.

           • Time schedule for implementation and completion of the project, evidencing an expeditious
            completion of the project.

           • A statement that the specific improvements are necessary for economic development or job
            creation.

           • Engineering documentation.

           • Current employment levels at the project site and estimated increase, if any,  as a result of
            financing the project.

Two copies of the application must be submitted to MDA. MDA will evaluate the application to determine
if the project meets the program criteria.

Grants

General Grant Terms

The program intent is to stimulate growth and economic development in small communities in  the state.
Therefore, the amount of each grant will be based on population, ability of the community to participate in
the project, and amount of funds available at the time of the application. Each application  will be evaluat-
ed on its own merit to meet the intent of the program.
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2.2.5.2 Growth and Prosperity Program
The Growth and Prosperity (GAP) Program, administered by the Mississippi Development Authority (MDA),
is a program designed for designating certain counties as GAP counties and making incentives available
to private companies that locate or expand in those economically challenged areas of the state. An
updated map for GAP areas in Mississippi is shown in Figure 3 on page 24.

Eligibility
Eligible Counties and Other Eligible Entities
A county or entity must fall into one or more of the following categories to qualify under the GAP Program:
Counties
           • Counties which have an annualized unemployment rate that is at least 200 percent of the
            state's unemployment rate as of December 31 of any year from 2000 through 2005, as
            determined by the Mississippi Employment Security Commission's (MESC's) most recently
            published data, and/or;
           • Counties that apply before December 31, 2002 are eligible if 30 percent or more of the pop-
            ulation of the county is at or below the federal poverty level. Eligibility will be based on the
            official data compiled by the United States Census Bureau as of August 30, 2000.
           • Counties that apply after December 31,  2002 are eligible if 30 percent or more of the popu-
            lation of the county is at or below the federal poverty level according to the most recent
            official data compiled by the United States Census Bureau.
Supervisors Districts (as they exist on January 1, 2001)
           • Districts are eligible if 30 percent or more of the population is at or below the federal poverty
            level according to the official data compiled  by the United States Census Bureau as of June
            30, 2000, or the official 1990 census poverty rate data. The official 1990 census poverty rate
            data shall not be used to make determination after December 31, 2002.
           • Must be contiguous to a county that has been certified a GAP county by MDA. To receive
            the incentive(s) offered by GAP, an approved business enterprise must be located within
            eight miles of the boundary of a certified GAP county.
Municipality
           • Any municipality within a certified GAP county.
Eligible Business Enterprises
The following types of new or expanding businesses are eligible to participate under the GAP Program:
           • Manufacturing, processing, assembling, storing, warehousing, servicing, distributing, or sell-
            ing of any products or goods, including  products of agriculture.
           • Enterprises for research and development, including, but not limited to, scientific laboratories.
           • Other businesses or industries that will further the public purposes of the GAP Act as deter-
            mined on a case-by-case basis by MDA, and that create a minimum of 10 jobs.
Retail or gaming businesses or electrical generation facilities are not considered eligible business enterprises.
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                       Figure 3: Illustration showing Growth and Prosperity
                                (GAP) Program Areas in Mississippi
            LEGEND
            ^B GAP Cities and Towns
            |   | GAP County Partial Areas
            1=1 GAP Counties
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Application Requirements

Government Entity Application Information

There is no separate application form.

Two copies of the application information must be submitted to MDA. MDA will evaluate this information
to determine if the government entity meets the program criteria. The application presented by a county
or other entity must include:

           • A statement indicating which criteria the county is using to be deemed qualified.

           • A supervisor's district must use the  poverty level criteria and should include a map showing
            the GAP county with which they are associated and the basis for the districts' eligibility.

           • A certified copy of an order or resolution of the Board of Supervisors consenting to the des-
            ignation of the county or a supervisor's district as a GAP entity. The order or resolution
            should also contain  language that the  Board of Supervisors understands, that once desig-
            nated a GAP county, any and all MDA approved business enterprise will receive up to a
            10-year ad valorem tax exemption. Such exemption does not include the school tax or
            taxes imposed to pay the cost of providing fire and police protection.

Any municipality within a certified GAP county must apply to MDA to be certified as a GAP community.
The municipality must be located  in  a certified GAP county  and must provide a certified order or resolu-
tion containing the same information as required above for county Board of Supervisors. Counties  or
other entities have until December 31, 2005 to become eligible and submit applications.
2.2.5.3 Mississippi Advantage Jobs Incentive Program

The Mississippi Advantage Jobs Incentive Program (Advantage Jobs), administered by the Mississippi
Development Authority (MDA) and the Mississippi State Tax Commission, is a program designed to pro-
vide incentives to qualified companies that promise significant development of the economy of the state
of Mississippi through the creation of quality jobs. Companies that are eligible to receive this incentive
must be directly related to job creation and must provide a direct benefit to the state.

Eligible Company

In order to receive benefits under the Advantage Jobs program a company must meet the following
requirements at the time an application is submitted:

           • It must be a corporation, limited  liability company, partnership, sole proprietorship, business
            trust, or other legal entity authorized to do business in the state.

           • It must provide an annual salary  (excluding benefits which are not subject to income tax) to
            its employees of at least 125 percent of the most recent state average annual wage or the
            most recent average annual wage of the county in which the business is located, whichever
            is less.

           • It must create and maintain a minimum of 10 full-time jobs if the company is locating in a
            county that has an average unemployment rate, over the previous 12 month period, which is
            150 percent of the state unemployment rate or in a Tier Three County, as established under
            Mississippi Code Section 57-73-21. In other counties the business must create and maintain
                        A Primer for Developing Landfill Gas Energy Projects in the State of Mississippi     25

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            a minimum of 25 full-time jobs. The job creation requirement must be met within 24 months
            of the issuance of an Advantage Jobs Application Certificate.

           • Provide or plan to provide to any new employees a basic health benefit plan. Such plan
            must be in effect within 180 days of receiving any incentives.

Ineligible Company

The following types of companies are not eligible to apply for Advantage Jobs Benefits:

           • Gaming Industry—any gaming company which is regulated and/or subject to regulation by
            the State Gaming Commission.

           • Retail and Service Industry—A business or industry which buys a product and resells it with-
            out changing the form of the product is considered a retail or service businesses. These
            types of businesses are ineligible and include all professional service companies and finan-
            cial institutions except for financial institutions relocating a regional or national headquarters
            into the state from outside the state.

           • Telecommunications Enterprises—Companies organized to do  business as commercial
            broadcast radio stations, television stations, or new organizations primarily serving in-state
            markets are not qualified to participate.

Advantage Jobs Incentive Payment

The amount of payment will  be determined by the  MDA but may not exceed the estimated net direct state
benefit. For the purpose of this determination the following factors will be used:

           • New Direct Job—full-time employment at a qualified company which employment did not
            exist in the state before the application is approved. These job  figures will be verified by the
            Mississippi Employment Security Commission (MESC).

           • Full-Time Job—a job of at least 35 hours per week.

           • Estimated  Direct State Benefit—tax revenue projected by MDA to accrue to the state as a
            result of the qualified company.

           • Estimated  Direct State Cost—the cost projected by MDA to accrue to the state as a result
            of the qualified company.

           • Estimated  Net Direct State Benefit—the estimated direct state benefits less the estimated
            direct state costs.

           • Net Benefit Rate—the estimated net direct state benefits computed as a percentage of
            gross payroll. The net benefit rate may be variable and shall not exceed four percent of the
            gross payroll. (Cannot exceed the estimated net direct state benefit.)

           • Gross Payroll—wages for new direct jobs of the qualified company.

           • Average Wage

            - For the application process, the gross wages paid to an employee.

            - For the determination of the benefit to be paid, the amount of wages which are subject to
              State  Income Tax.
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            - A substantial number of employees must receive wages above this wage rate to be estab-
              lished as the average wage rate.

          • Employee Increments—for companies with over 200 employees, the project can be
            defined in 200 employee increments.

          • Lease Employee—are eligible to be included in the average wage and number of jobs cal-
            culations. The lease company will have to provide all  information on the wages actual  paid
            to an employee. The information will be the company's responsibility to obtain and provide
            in the application.

Acquisition of Facilities

In connection with the  acquisition of assets or facilities existing within the state at or prior to the acquisi-
tion date, no benefit under the Advantage Jobs program will be available, except under the following
circumstances:

           1.  A formal decision to close the existing facility by the seller must have been announced by
              means of a notice (WARN Notice) delivered in the manner prescribed in the Workers
              Adjustment and Relocation Act, 29 U.S.C. Section 2101 and following, or some other sub-
              stantially similar formal, verifiable evidence must be available to confirm that a decision to
              close the existing facility has been made.

          2.  The purchaser must provide a letter to the MDA stating that without the benefits available
              under and  pursuant to the Advantage Jobs program, the purchaser would be unwilling to
              purchase the facility or assets.

          3.  The equity owners of the seller may not have effective voting control, directly or indirectly,
              of the purchaser for a period of not less than 10 years,  and under no circumstances may
              the equity owners of the seller during such period own  more than 25 percent of the equity
              interest of the purchaser.

The Advantage Jobs benefits  offered, if  any: (a) shall be based on the facts and circumstance of each
case; (b) shall  be subject  to review and approval by the Executive Director of MDA; and (c) shall be
subject to any conditions imposed by the Executive Director  in addition to or in lieu  of the conditions
stated above.

2.2.5.4 Mississippi Regional Alliance Development Program

The Mississippi Regional Alliance Development Program, administered by the Mississippi Development
Authority (MDA), is a program designed to permit  local government units of  the state of Mississippi to
make the most efficient use of their powers and resources. The Mississippi Regional Alliance
Development Program  promotes development of regional alliances between government units, including
government units from another state. Mississippi Regional Alliance Development Program authorizes local
government units to issue bonds for the purpose of sharing in  the costs and the revenues connected with
projects.

Local Government  Units

Any county, municipality, town, or village in the state may participate in a regional economic development
Alliance. An Alliance may be formed  between local government units and Foreign Government Units.
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Foreign Government Units consist of any county, parish, utility district, school district, community college,
institution of higher learning, airport or port authority, or any political subdivision of another state.

Eligible Projects
Projects, which are eligible for assistance under the Mississippi Regional Alliance Development Program,
include but are not limited to:
           • Acquisition, construction, repair, renovation, demolition or removal of:
              • Buildings and site improvements (including fixtures)
              • Potable and nonpotable water supply systems
              • Sewage and water disposal systems
              • Drainage systems
              • Energy facilities (power generation and distribution)
              • Highways, streets, and other roadways
              • Utility distribution systems:
               - Water, electricity, natural gas, telephone, and other telecommunication facilities
               - Systems which are a part of the project and connecting to an existing utility system
              • Business, industrial, and technology parks (including land acquisition)
              • County purposes authorized by Sections 17-5-3 (waterworks and sewage systems for
               military camps) and  Sections 19-9-1 (uniform system for issuance of bonds except for
               construction of school buildings)
              • Municipal purposes  authorized by Section 17-5-3,  17-17-301 et seq. (regional solid waste
               authority), and 21-27-23 (municipal borrowing powers)
              • Refunding bonds as authorized by 21-27-1
Such projects  do not have to be directly related to a business or industry locating or expanding in the
state but must have a direct benefit to economic development.

Alliance
To form an Alliance, local government units must apply to the MDA for a certificate of public convenience
and  necessity  (Alliance Certificate). The application for the Alliance Certificate may be obtained from MDA.
The  MDA will issue or refuse to issue an Alliance Certificate within six months of receipt. When an Alliance
Certificate is issued it shall authorize the local government unit to create and operate an Alliance. The
Certificate shall expire within 12 months unless the Alliance is created within that time.
In the Alliance Certificate, the MDA shall fix and determine:
           • The extent and amount to which the local government units may issue bonds or make
            expenditures for such Alliance.
           • The extent and amount that the revenues derived from the project shall be shared by the
            local  government unit with other members of the Alliance.
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           • The extent and amount that the revenues derived from the project may be pledged to
            secure payment of the bonds issued to finance the project.

           • The property that may be acquired and terms upon which such acquisition may occur.

           • The expenditures that may be made.

           • The buildings that will be constructed.

           • The equipment that may be acquired.

An Alliance has identical powers and authority as the government units that are members of such
Alliance. All laws in regard to purchasing, auditing, depositories, and expenditures that apply to the local
government units will also apply to the Alliance.

Alliance Agreement

After receiving an Alliance Certificate, the local  government units shall have the authority to enter into an
agreement (Alliance Agreement). The Alliance Agreement must specify the duration of the agreement, its
purposes, and a number of provisions relating to the organizations and staffing, as well as conditions for
termination. Any government unit may sell, lease, grant, or otherwise supply goods and services to anoth-
er government unit, which is a party to the Alliance Agreement. All agreements between or among
members of an Alliance must be submitted to and approved by the Attorney General of the state before
becoming effective.

2.2.5,5 Mississippi ACE Fund

The Mississippi ACE Fund, administered by the Mississippi Development Authority (MDA) is a program
designed for making grants to Economic Development Entities (Local Sponsors) to assist in funding extra-
ordinary economic  development opportunities to promote economic growth in the state of Mississippi.
Local Sponsors are encouraged to use these grants in connection with other state and federal programs.
Funding for grants to Local Sponsors is derived from monies contributed to the ACE Fund by private and
public sources.

Eligibility

Local Sponsors (Applicant)

Applications for assistance must be submitted  by public or private nonprofit local economic development
entities, including, but not limited to,  chambers of commerce, local authorities, commissions, or other
entities created by  local and private legislation or districts created pursuant to Section 19-5-99.

Eligible Projects

Projects, which are eligible for assistance, must be related to the construction, renovation, or expansion
of a new or expanded industry. Examples include construction of infrastructure, moving costs, and other
transitional  costs.

ACE funds may not be used for working capital nor to provide funds related to a gaming enterprise.
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Eligible projects should benefit the following types of industries:
           • Manufacturing and processing
           • Large distribution facility
           • Service support to agriculture, aquaculture, and mariculture
           • Service support to manufacturing and processing
           • Telecommunications and data processing
           • Corporate headquarters and operations centers
           • Research and development
           • Tourism

Project Requirements
Extraordinary Economic Development Opportunity
To be eligible for grants through  the ACE Fund, a business or industry project must be classified as an
extraordinary economic development opportunity and demonstrate that the business or industry is at an
economic disadvantage by locating or expanding in the designated location.
An extraordinary economic development opportunity is defined as follows:

                                      New jobs             or          Capital Investment

Tier three counties                         50                                $1,000,000

Tier one and two counties                  100                                $2,000,000

Economic disadvantage may be determined by locating in a tier three county, by proving that capital or
operating expenses are increased by locating or expanding in a particular location, or by proving that
shortages exist in necessary human and physical infrastructure at the location.

Matching Funds
A local public or private fund or in-kind match is strongly encouraged.
Applications Requirements
There is no separate application form. The application submitted by a Local Sponsor must include:
           • The purpose of the proposed grant including a list of proposed expenditures and the cost of
            each.
           • The estimated cost of the total project, a description of the Local Sponsor's investment in
            the project, and all public or private sources of funding.
           • A statement of the number and types of jobs created.
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           • Evidence that economic disadvantage exists for the designated location.

           • The time schedule for implementation and completion of the project.

           • Evidence, if any, of local match.

           • A statement of the efforts that have been made by the business or industry to secure other
            local, state, federal, or private funds for the project.

           • Current employment levels at the project site and estimated increase, if any, as a result of
            financing the project.

Three copies of the application must be submitted  to MDA. MDA will evaluate the application to deter-
mine if the project meets the program criteria.
       Electricity  Restructuring and  Landfill Gas Energy

Electricity Restructuring

Electricity restructuring refers to the introduction of competition into both the wholesale and retail electric-
ity markets. Historically, electric utilities operated as monopolies authorized by federal and state
regulatory authorities as the sole provider of electric service to consumers within a specified service area.
Under restructuring, utilities will lose these monopolies, enabling other energy providers to compete for
their customers. With retail choice, independent power producers (IPP) are allowed to sell energy directly
to retail customers utilizing both the transmission grid  in the region and the distribution system of the
local electric utility. The desired result is more energy options for consumers, lower energy prices, and
greater use of renewable energy sources.

Efforts to restructure the electric utility industry began  in 1978 with passage  of the Public Utilities
Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA), which  required utilities to buy a portion of their power from unregulated
power generators in an effort to encourage the development of smaller generating facilities, new tech-
nologies, and renewable energy sources. The National Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPACT) expanded on
PURPA, allowing more types of unregulated  companies to generate and sell electricity, effectively creating
a more competitive wholesale market for electric power.

Restructuring at the retail level has been a hot issue in many states since the passage of EPACT, which
delegated states the authority to introduce competition among electric utilities  within their borders. As of
February 2003,  24 states and the District of Columbia  have either enacted enabling legislation or issued a
regulatory order to implement some form of  retail access. Retail access in these jurisdictions is either cur-
rently available to all or some customers or will be available. Six states have either passed legislation or
issued regulatory orders  to delay implementing retail access. Twenty-six states, including Mississippi,
have not enacted enabling legislation  to restructure the electric power industry or implement retail access.
After being first to enact  retail choice, California has suspended direct retail  access.

Current Status of Electricity Restructuring in Mississippi

The Mississippi Public Service Commission opened a  generic docket, 96-UA-389, in August 1996 to con-
sider electric restructuring. Hearings covering all the related issues were conducted beginning in 1997 and
concluded in early 2000. By Order dated May 2, 2000, the Commission found that retail  competition in
the provision of electric generation service in Mississippi may not be in the public interest at that time.
Currently, there are no plans to revisit this decision in the foreseeable future.
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Latest Information on Electricity Restructuring

Electricity restructuring is not as hot an issue now as it once was and many Web sites have discontinued
routine status updates. For the latest information on electricity restructuring in Mississippi, visit the U.S.
Department of Energy Web site at http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/fact_sheets/facts.html.
       Voluntary Reporting  of Greenhouse  Gases Program

The Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse  Gases Program, created by Congress under Section 1605(b) of
the Energy Policy Act of 1992, provides  an opportunity for any company, organization, or individual to
establish a public record of their greenhouse gas emissions, reductions, or sequestration achievements in
a national database. The data submitted to the program are made publicly available via CD-ROM and the
Internet. Those who report to 1605(b) can gain recognition for environmental stewardship, demonstrate
support for voluntary approach towards achieving environmental policy goals, support information
exchange, and inform the  public debate about greenhouse gas emissions.

Additional information about the program, as well as reporting forms and technical assistance, are avail-
able through the Energy Information Administration's (ElA's) Communications Center (by calling
202-586-0688 or toll free at 800-803-5182, or via e-mail at infoghg@eia.doe.gov) and on the program's
Web site  at http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/frntvrgg.html.
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