EPA 542-R-06-003
August 2006
www.epa.gov/tio
www.cluin.org
REPORT OF THE PILOT STUDY MEETING
PREVENTION AND REMEDIATION IN
SELECTED INDUSTRIAL SECTORS
Small Sites in Urban Areas
Athens, Greece
June 5-7, 2006
Report No. 277
This activity is supported by
NATO Programme on Science for Peace and Security (SPS)
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REPORT OF THE PILOT STUDY MEETING
PREVENTION AND REMEDIATION IN
SELECTED INDUSTRIAL SECTORS
Small Sites in Urban Areas
Athens, Greece
June 5-7, 2006
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NOTICE
This Annual Report was prepared under the auspices of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's
Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (NATO/CCMS) as a service to the technical
community by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). The report was funded
by U.S. EPA's Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation. The report was produced
by Environmental Management Support, Inc., of Silver Spring, Maryland, under U.S. EPA contract
68-W-03-038. Mention of trade names or specific applications does not imply endorsement or
acceptance by U.S. EPA.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
CONTENTS
Introduction 1
Opening Presentations 3
1. Soil Rehabilitation in the Municipality of Lavrion: A Case Study-
Alecos Demetriades, Greece 4
2. State Coalition for Remediation of Dry Cleaners (SCRD): National Overview of
Cleanup Strategies in the United States-William J. Linn, United States 6
Small Sites With Petroleum HC Contamination 7
3. Urban Gasoline Stations: New Technologies for Early Detection of Leakages from USTs
and Removal of Pollutants at Low Concentration in Groundwater-,Sa/vafc>re Contarini, Italy 8
4. Investigation and Remediation of Sites Contaminated with Petroleum Hydrocarbons in
Lithuania-Ramune Seckuviene, Lithuania 9
5. The Influence of Time on the Design of a Remediation Strategy for Small Sites -
A Comparison of Two Case Studies-Paul Garrett, United Kingdom 10
Risk Assessment and Follow on for Small Sites 11
6. Barriers and Bridges to Risk Assessment and Management of Contaminated Sites in
Urban Areas: Upper Silesia Case Study-Janusz Kupanek, Poland 12
7. Brownfields Redevelopment in Ontario, Canada: Two Case Studies-Steven V. Rose, Canada ... 13
8. Examples of Health Risk Assessment Application for Contaminated Sites in the
Upper Silesia, Poland-Eleonora Wcislo, Poland 14
9. An Environmental Management System Based on Risk Assessment for Petroleum
Retail Stores-Cerซ Avci, Turkey 15
10. Diffuse Pollution of Groundwater in Urban Areas-David N. Lerner, United Kingdom 17
Small Sites in Unique Settings/Multiple Contaminants 19
11. Remediation of the Hazardous Waste Landfill in Kolliken, Switzerland-
Jean-Louis Tardent, Switzerland 20
12. Environmental Remediation Techniques in a Heavily Congested Urban Site-
JeffWesteinde, Canada 21
13. Environmental Management of Soil and Groundwater in Regions Under Development:
Implementation in Future Residential Area at Municipality of Evosmos, Thessaloniki-
Stylianos Papadopoulos, Greece 22
Small Sites With Organic Contaminants (Non Petroleum) 23
14. Example of Dealing with the Past Environmental Burdens in Small Site in Czech Republic-
Kvetoslav Vlkand Vjtech Zikmund, Czech Republic 24
15. Technical Approaches to Rapid Site Assessment and Cleanup of Dry Cleaner Sites:
Florida Case Studies-William J. Linn, United States 25
16. Institutional and Technological Approaches on Clearing of Polluted Territories from
Obsolete Pesticides as an Element of Persistent Organic Pollutants-Serge/' Tikhonov, Russia 26
17. Site Remediation Using Chemical Oxidation Techniques-Robert L. Siegrist, United States 28
18. Clustered" Remediation of Dry cleaning Sites in Flanders-Zeeซ Bastiaens, Belgium 29
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
19. Cleanup of a Small Dry Cleaner Using Multiple Technologies: Sages Dry Cleaners-
Guy W. Sewell, United States 30
20. Soil Management Facility - An Effective Tool for the Remediation of Small Urban
Contaminated Sites-Gullaume Bedard, Canada 31
21. In Situ Thermal Remediation of Soil Contaminated with Organic Chemicals-
Ralph Baker, United States 33
Country Representatives 35
Attendees List 39
Pilot Study Mission 43
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
INTRODUCTION
The Council of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) established the Committee on the
Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS) in 1969. CCMS was charged with developing meaningful
programs to share information among countries on environmental and societal issues that complement
other international endeavors and to provide leadership in solving specific problems of the human
environment. A fundamental precept of CCMS involves the transfer of technological and scientific
solutions among nations with similar environmental challenges.
This document reports on the fourth meeting of the Pilot Study on Prevention and Remediation Issues in
Selected Industrial Sectors. The purpose of the pilot study is to define and explore best practices for
reducing the health and environmental impact on soil and groundwater from industrial sectors of interest
(e.g., metals mining, organic chemical production, gasworks, and fertilizer manufacturing) as well as
other unique site "types" (e.g., old landfills, privatization sites [i.e., facilities transitioning from former
state ownership in certain categories], mega-sites [i.e., large scale former industrial and mining facilities],
and shoreline sediment sites). The pilot study will explore the techniques and technologies for preventing
and avoiding discharge to soil and groundwater as well as measurement and remediation for that industry
sector or site type. It seeks to engage industry and other private sector organizations at the transnational
level in sharing and evaluating technical information. In reviewing case studies as well as experience
from the previous CCMS pilot study on contaminated land and other sources, the proposed pilot study
may be able to assess or benchmark "what is easy to clean," "what is difficult to clean," and "what is
impossible, at reasonable cost, to clean." The unique contribution of the pilot study would be measured by
its ability to synthesize information regarding best practices, successes and failures, and uncertainties for
the sectors of interest.
The fourth meeting of the Pilot Study was held in Athens, Greece from June 5-9, 2006. This meeting dealt
with the issues small (contaminated) sites in urban areas. Twenty-one technical papers fell under the
broad topics of small sites with petroleum hydrocarbon contamination, small sites with other organics,
risk assessment at small sites, and sites in unique settings (i.e. residential or congested urban areas). Six
countries gave Tour de Table presentations-summaries of the state of the development of waste and/or
contaminated land programs in their respective countries. The United States is the lead country for the
Pilot Study, and 20 other countries participated in the meeting. This report is a set of abstracts of the
presentations at the meeting. In addition, a CD containing all presentation materials (e.g. power point
slides) from this meeting and the three previous meetings is available.
This report is available online at http://www.nato.int/ccms/ and http://www.cluin.org/athens. CD ordering
information can be found at the latter web site. General information on the NATO/CCMS Pilot Study
may be obtained from the country representatives listed at the end of the report. Further information on
the presentations in this document should be obtained from the identified presenters.
Walter W. Kovalick, Jr., Ph.D.
Director
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
OPENING PRESENTATIONS
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
SOIL REHABILITATION IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF LAVRION: A CASE STUDY
Alecos Demetriades
Greece
1. ABSTRACT
The Lavrion urban area in Greece is about 55 km to the south-east of Athens, and is part of the Lavreotiki
peninsula in Attiki Prefecture. The intense mining and metallurgical activities since 3500 BC to the end of
the 20th century caused the contamination of soil with Pb, As, Sb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, Hg, Zn, etc.
The health related problems and effects of contamination in Lavrion were detected to begin with by cross-
sectional epidemiological studies in the 1980's. Their conclusion was that children of nursery and primary
school age had a severe problem of lead-poisoning (plumbosis). The last cross-sectional epidemiological
study, which was carried out in 1988 on 235 children from Lavrion, showed the seriousness of
environmental contamination on the health of children, i.e., (a) 90% of the children had more than 100
micrograms of Pb per litre of blood, the limit set by the World Health Organisation, and (b) 8.4% had
more than 20 micrograms of arsenic in 24-hour urine.
Soil geochemistry carried out by the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration on approximately 170
km2 of the Lavreotiki peninsula has shown that about 75% of the area (-130 km2) is contaminated by
toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn). The subsequent detailed mapping and chemical
characterisation of metallurgical wastes, together with the geochemistry of soil cover and house dust,
have shown that the whole Lavrion urban area (7 km2) is seriously contaminated with respect to As, Ba,
Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V and Zn. The geochemistry of parent rocks defined the natural background
concentrations, before human activities began to contaminate the whole area.
The National Technical University of Athens carried out the chemical characterisation of mining wastes
(flotation tailings and pyrite), and tested different rehabilitation technologies in the laboratory, and
afterwards applied them on a demonstration scale in Lavrion. The sandy-silty flotation tailings from ore
beneficiation were thoroughly mixed with five different mixtures of organic and inorganic stabilisers: (1)
phosphate fertiliser and compost, (2) fly ash and compost, (3) biological sludge and fly ash, (4) biological
sludge and phosphate fertiliser, (5) biological sludge, and sowed by a mixture of seeds; the same mixture
of seeds was planted also in a control section. The plants grew in all five stabilised sections, and the
vegetation is successfully being reproduced, thus creating the necessary protective cover for reducing the
aerial transportation of material. Whereas the control section remains completely bare. The pyritiferous
tailings were encapsulated by (1) synthetic geomembrane, (2) compacted clay, and (3) carbonate material,
and subsequently covered by clean soil; a control section was covered only by clean soil. Appropriate
lysimeters were constructed below each section to measure the amount, and control the quality, of
percolated water. From 1996 to 2001 infiltration of water in the three sections was essentially nil.
However, all three methods failed after the fifth year.
Taking into account all available results (geochemical distribution maps of toxic elements, metallurgical
processing wastes map, land use map, hazard and child exposure assessment maps, pilot project
rehabilitation techniques, etc.) an integrated environmental management scheme for the Lavrion urban
area was developed on blocks of 50 x 50 m to facilitate the soil cover rehabilitation with different cost-
effective techniques. The cost for rehabilitating 7 km2 has been estimated at about 42 million Euro, if the
Municipality does the work with its own employees.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
2. CONTACT
Alecos Demetriades
Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration
70, Mesogion str.
115 27 Athens
Greece
tel: +30-210-7750101(123)
fax:+30-210-7752211
email: ademetriades@igme.gr
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
STATE COALITION FOR REMEDIATION OF DRY CLEANERS (SCRD): NATIONAL
OVERVIEW OF CLEANUP STRATEGIES IN THE UNITED STATES
William J. Linn
United States
1. ABSTRACT
The State Coalition for Remediation of Dry Cleaners (SCRD) was established in 1998 with support from
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Superfund Remediation Technology Innovation Office. The
mission of SCRD is to provide a forum for states to share programmatic, technical and environmental
information to improve the remediation of dry cleaner sites. Currently there are thirteen member states
with dry cleaning solvent cleanup programs. SCRD holds an annual meeting and conducts
teleconferences periodically. The SCRD website at http://www.drycleancoalition.org features technical
and administrative papers and reference materials on drycleaning site assessment and remediation,
including profiles on over 100 sites where remediation has been conducted.
Annual funding for the state programs ranges from $650,000 to $10,000,000 and is generated by gross
receipt taxes, registration fees, solvent taxes, deductible payments, license fees, and non-compliance
penalties. There are two types of programs: reimbursement funds and state lead funds.
Resource allocation is the single greatest challenge facing the state programs. Chlorinated solvent
contamination is widespread and difficult and expensive to remediate. There is pressure from businesses,
bankers and real estate developers to rapidly remediate sites. Remediation is complicated by the presence
of active businesses, buried utilities, site access and ongoing compliance issues with active drycleaning
businesses.
The state programs include over 3,400 sites. Assessment work has been initiated on over 1,300 sites and
over 300 remedial systems have been installed. Over 200 sites have been closed. Besides the more
conventional remedial technologies, the following technologies have been utilized at state coalition
drycleaning sites: chemical oxidation (using potassium permanganate, sodium permanganate, Fenton's
reagent, and ozone), diffusive oxygen emitters, co-solvent flushing, in-well stripping, zero-valent iron,
biostimulation (using potassium lactate, ethyl lactate, molasses, dextrose, emulsified soy bean oil, HRCฎ,
and ORCฎ) and bioaugmentation.
2. CONTACT
William Linn
Florida Department of Environmental Protection
2600 Blair Stone Road (MS4520)
32399-2400 Tallahassee, Florida
United States
tel: +1-850 245-8939
fax: +1-850 245-8976
email: william.linn@dep.state.fl.us
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
SMALL SITES WITH PETROLEUM HC CONTAMINATION
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
URBAN GASOLINE STATIONS: NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR EARLY DETECTION
OF LEAKAGES FROM USTS AND REMOVAL OF POLLUTANTS AT LOW
CONCENTRATION IN GROUND WATER
Salvatore Contarini
Italy
1. ABSTRACT
Enitecnologie is active in the area of pollution prevention and remediation of soils and groundwater. In
the recent years, particular attention has been devoted to the environmental protection of urban gasoline
stations. For this purpose an early leak detection system, combined with an innovative pump&treat
apparatus has been designed.
The system is based on two patented technologies which are currently running in pilot plant and
demonstration units:
A. A device for hydrocarbon detection in soil named SOIL ALERT for the monitoring of USTs
(Underground Storage Tanks), based on hydrocarbon selective gas sensors;
B. An innovative "pump & treat" system named EN-Z-LITE, for the treatment of contaminated
groundwater, based on synthetic zeolites, selective to a number of organic pollutants such as
aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated compounds, and methyl-tert-butyl-ether (MtBE).
The SOIL ALERT probe, based on a tin oxide semiconductor, allows even small leaks of hydrocarbons to
be detected. In fact an underground leak will produce a large increase in interstitial vapor concentration,
through soil porosity, long before the spill reaches appreciable amounts. A network of probes, adequately
positioned in the surroundings of USTs, can be remotely controlled to provide early detection alerts.
The pump and treat system works by absorption in shape selective zeolites which remove pollutants like
hydrocarbons and gasoline oxygenated additives by tailoring adsorbent channel dimensions and
hydrophobicity. According to the Enitecnologie patent, the process has been applied to real MtBE
pollution cases where different input concentrations were steadily reduced to the < 10 |ig L"1 level.
2. CONTACT
Salvatore Contarini
Enitecnologie
32,via Ramarini
00016Monteotondo
Italy
tel: +39 06 90673 230
fax: +39 06 90673 263
email: salvatore.contarini@enitecnologie.eni .it
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF SITES CONTAMINATED WITH
PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN LITHUANIA
Ramune Seckuviene
Lithuania
1. ABSTRACT
Lithuania exclusively uses only groundwater for potable water resources.
Petroleum is not only the main source of energy at present-day, however it is considered to be the main
source of groundwater contamination in Lithuania. Therefore, the total area contaminated with petroleum
hydrocarbons exceeds 3-5 million m2 and the total area of oil business objects makes up to 6-7 million m2.
The pollution state of investigated sites is being evaluated by distinguishing the background - "clean
area" - and four pollution levels: low, medium, high and very high. From all potential contamination
sources, 59% are polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons.
Several methods are used for the treatment of territories contaminated with hydrocarbons in Lithuania.
We use in situ methods for subsurface and shallow groundwater treatment in such territories, where oil
products have reached the shallow groundwater and a free phase oil layer has been detected on it.
Hydrogeological Company "Grota" is probably the one who has the biggest experience using the in situ
site remediation methodology. The most popular and cost-effective method is called "pump and treat",
when the free phase oil layer from the shallow aquifer is being pumped out. In Lithuania this method was
used in about 10 hard-contaminated sites and is being used nowadays. Another method is vacuum
extraction. It is used usually in clayey and small grained sandy deposits where hydrocarbons are adsorbed
into the soil. Nowadays, in Lithuania we still have such areas where the free phase oil layer appears. So
this is the reason why the "pump and treat" method is more popular.
Ex situ method used in Lithuania is usually for quick topsoil treatment after accidents related with
accident spillage of petroleum hydrocarbons.
Requirement for remediation of the territories contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons depends on the
risk to the clean nature and human health.
2. CONTACT
Ramune Seckuviene
Hydrogeological Company "GROTA"
Eisiskiu PL.26
LT-02184 Vilnius
Lithuania
tel: +370 521 33623; +370 656 15331
fax:+370 52164185
email: ramune@grota.lt
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
THE INFLUENCE OF TIME ON THE DESIGN OF A REMEDIATION STRATEGY
FOR SMALL SITES - A COMPARISON OF TWO CASE STUDIES
Paul Garrett
United Kingdom
1. ABSTRACT
Churngold Remediation Limited is a UK specialist remediation contractor who provides 'design and
build' turnkey solutions for a diverse range of clients. They are currently undertaking two projects on
former Petrol Filling Stations, which are both situated within urban areas. The sites share other
similarities, including geological and contaminant characteristics and 'risk based' clean-up objectives. The
main difference between the two projects is the timeframe, one needs to be remediated within 3 to 4
months, while the other doesn't need to be remediated for a period of 5 years. This presentation explores
the differences in methodology and economics, highlighting specific issues to maintain safe operations
and the anticipated performances of each system.
2. CONTACT
Paul Garrett
Churngold Remediation Ltd
Network House, Bradfield Close
GU22 7RE Woking, Surrey
United Kingdom
tel: +44 1483 206936
fax: +44 1483 206937
email: paul.garrett@churngold.com
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RISK ASSESSMENT AND FOLLOW ON FOR SMALL SITES
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
BARRIERS AND BRIDGES TO RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF
CONTAMINATED SITES IN URBAN AREAS: UPPER SILESIA CASE STUDY
Janusz Krupanek
Poland
1. ABSTRACT
The Upper Silesia is a densely populated, urbanized and industrialized area with a long history of
environmentally harmful activities. There is located around 1 thousand large sites which are suspected or
confirmed as degraded and 5 thousand medium and small sites recognized as potentially contaminated, or
as potential sources of contamination. They vary in magnitude, type of contamination, relation to
receptors and risks posed. Persistent environmental contamination is caused by production facilities,
transportation, building activities, communal and commercial services and individual consumption. The
facilities are often located within urbanized areas and the risk for receptors comes from interrelated
sources and pathways.
In 2005, there were initiated, by regional and local administration, actions aimed at establishing a system
of contaminated land management. Solutions are sought up to effectively assess and manage the problem
on regional scale. Initial inventories were carried out by the Upper Silesia regional administration. They
are accompanied by international efforts carried out in the context of European Union new legislation
concerning mining wastes, soil and groundwater. Pilot studies on regional risk assessment were
undertaken to identify and prioritize the following:
contaminated sites and land,
problem areas,
potential sources of contamination.
The preliminary evaluation of these activities shows, that there is a need for a comprehensive approach
integrating various aspects of assessment and management of contaminated sites and commercial
activities with regard to the past industrial degradation. The integration should take into account: existing
knowledge, availability of information, organizational and administrative solutions, assessment and
decision support tools, strategic management approaches and operational practices.
The presentation comprises the following:
1. Overview of the Upper Silesia contaminated sites in urban areas,
2. inventory, assessment and understanding of the problem,
3. legal, institutional, environmental, social and economical aspects,
4. management options and approaches.
2. CONTACT
Janujsz Krjupanek
Instytut Ekologii Terenow
Uprzemslowionych
Kossutha 6
40-873 Katowice
Poland
tel:+48 32 24 60 3 lint 284
email: krupanek@ietu.katowice.pl
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BROWNFIELDS REDEVELOPMENT IN ONTARIO, CANADA: TWO CASE STUDIES
Steven V. Rose
Canada
1. ABSTRACT
In 2004, the Province of Ontario enacted legislation to encourage the cleanup and redevelopment of
former industrial/commercial lands (Brownfields). New provisions within environmental legislation
provide general protection for municipalities, creditors, and others against environmental cleanup orders
for historic contamination, as well as protection for owners after they have appropriately remediated a
site. Within the Ontario Planning Act, municipalities may designate "Community Improvement Project
Areas" that further encourage brownfields development by way of financial incentives in the form of
study grants and tax exemption programs. One such program is in active use by the City of Kingston.
Ontario's Record of Site Condition Regulation has created a public registry and regulatory standards
which replace former guidelines for environmental quality of soils, groundwater, and sediment. Both the
current Standards and the former Guidelines recognize the importance and value of completing a Site
Specific Risk Assessment to support actual site remediation targets when a particular site does not meet
the inherent assumptions upon which generic cleanup values are based.
Case Study 1 outlines the use of a Site Specific Risk Assessment (SSRA) for the decommissioning of a
former food processing facility situated in an area of shallow soil overburden over bedrock at the
waterfront of Lake Ontario. Application of an SSRA to this demolition and remediation project identified
the actual risk levels posed by petroleum contamination in the subsurface, and was used to develop
supporting cleanup targets that were protective of aquatic organisms in the receiving environment.
Case Study 2 identifies the cleanup and redevelopment of a small (0.7 hectare) commercial property
located adjacent to a former scrap metal / battery recycling facility with documented contamination by
toxic metals and PCBs. Clean up of this property has been completed under the new Ontario regulations
and included delineation and remediation of metals-contaminated soils. Redevelopment included
registering this property on the provincial Brownfields Environmental Site Registry, a public reference
system for environmental records that is parallel to the existing provincial land registry system for land
ownership records. Residential construction at this property is in progress.
2. CONTACT
Rose Steven
Melroz Engineering Inc.
168 Montreal Street
K7K 3G4 Kingston, Ontario
Canada
tel:+1-613 548-3446 ext. 22
fax: +1 613 548-7975
email: rose@malroz.com
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
EXAMPLES OF HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT APPLICATION FOR CONTAMINATED
SITES IN THE UPPER SILESIA, POLAND
Eleonora Wcislo
Poland
1. ABSTRACT
Risk-based approach to contaminated land assessment and remediation in Poland has been proposed by
the Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas in recent years but it has not been included into any legal
regulation. A legal instrument for contaminated land assessment is still soil quality standards. When the
concentration of at least one substance exceeds the standards, land is regarded as contaminated.
However, risk assessment was applied in three demonstration projects for guiding remediation or
revitalisation activities at contaminated sites in the Upper Silesia, Poland.
For these risk assessments, the general U.S. EPA site-specific human health risk assessment methodology
used for Superfund sites was applied.
Two of these projects were performed within the joint projects of the Institute for Ecology of Industrial
Areas, the U.S. Department of Energy and the Florida State University, concerning the development of
technologies (bioremediation, phytoremediation) for the environmental clean-up of contaminated sites
(Czechowice Oil Refinery Project and Phytoremediation Project). The third one - the Warynski
Brownfields Project - was funded by the Voivodeship Fund of Environmental Protection and Water
Management in Katowice, Poland. Consultancy on the project was provided by experts from U.S. EPA,
Region III, Philadelphia, the U.S.
These risk assessments included the baseline risk assessment and the development of risk-based
concentrations as remedial goals.
The above-presented demonstration projects were attempts to apply the general U.S. risk-based approach
to remediation or revitalisation of contaminated sites in Poland. However, this approach was modified in
order to include exposure aspects that were considered unique in this country.
2. CONTACT
Eleonora Wcislo
Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas (IETU)
6 Kossutha St.
40-844 Katowice
Poland
tel: (+48-32) 254 60 31
fax: (+48-32) 254 17 17
email: wci@ietu.katowice.pl
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
AN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM BASED ON RISK ASSESSMENT
FOR PETROLEUM RETAIL STORES
Cem Avci
Turkey
1. ABSTRACT
An environmental risk occurs when a hazard (e.g. process, activity or substance) has the potential to cause
a deleterious impact on the environment surrounding it. That part of the environment which is, or could
be affected is known as a receptor. Receptors include humans, flora and fauna, the built environment and
water resources. An Environmental Management System (EMS) applied for a facility is one of the major
planning tools that may prevent unacceptable operational risks associated with the activities undertaken at
the site. The idea behind developing an EMS for gasoline retail stores is to have a system in place that
would provide compliance with environmental regulations, development of an effective waste
management system, improved management of natural resources, identification of environmental risks
associated with facility operations and development of mitigation procedures to prevent potential risks
For this purpose a prototype EMS for a petroleum retail store has been developed. The components of
EMS have been developed based on the source-pathway-receptor point of view. The present work
incorporates the general concepts of an EMS, prototype EMS for a retail store and sample risk assessment
application to an existing retail store
The ideal approach is to keep under control the risks that are associated with potentially unwanted events
that may arise in the retail store operations. At the heart of controlling risk approach is the environmental
risk assessment (ERA) which should be undertaken to understand the implications for soil, ground water,
surface water and air quality of operating a petroleum retail store. The purpose is to identify parts of the
operations (forecourt area, underground storage tank area, etc.) that could cause emissions of
hydrocarbons and assess the likelihood and the consequences of the release. Some unwanted emission
examples are leakage of tanks, leakage from lines, accidental spills from road tankers. The ERA takes
into account that despite rigorous operating procedures and mechanical integrity of equipment some
product may escape from containment to the media during normal site operations. Effective control and
limitation of these releases is a second line of defense after containment. A likelihood of occurrence is
attached to the potential spill scenario based on the control mechanisms present at the site.
A detailed assessment of the potential pathways for each unwanted event is subsequently evaluated. The
migration pathways for each event were identified using a modified version of the flowchart of ASTM E
1739-95 "Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied to Petroleum Release Sites". A
ranking of the receptor impacts is developed for each potential pathway associated with potential
unwanted events. For the proposed ERA, the risk impact classifications have been developed as follows:
a) Confirmed Impact (Identified Immediate Acute Risk), b) High Risk Impact (Potentially Immediate
Acute Risk Potential Short Term Threat (0-2 years and/or acute to Human Health, Safety or Sensitive
Environmental Receptors)), c) Medium Risk Impact (Potentially Long Term Risk- Long Term Threat (> 2
years and or/toxic) to Human Health, Safety or Sensitive Environmental Receptors) and d) Low Risk
Impact (Potentially No Risk): No Demonstrable Long Term Threat to Human Health, Safety or Sensitive
Environmental Receptors.
A risk matrix is identified with each unwanted event for each operational area in the retail store and its
potential impact based on the risk based corrective action approach. The decision makers are given a
ranking for unwanted events in order to set goals in developing preventative measures for lowering the
risks associated with the events.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
2. CONTACT
Cem Bekir Avci
Bosphorus University
Civil Engineering Dept. Bebek
34342 Istanbul
Turkey
tel:+90 212 359 6410
fax:+90 212 287 2463
email: avci@boun.edu.tr
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
DIFFUSE POLLUTION OF GROUNDWATER IN URBAN AREAS
David N Lerner
United Kingdom
1. ABSTRACT
With the intensity of human activities in cities, their pattern of landuse is complex and ever changing.
There are many small sites which can release pollutants to groundwater, and they usually do. This is
because, on average, the management of chemicals on small sites is worse and less regulated than on sites
owned by large, sometimes multinational, companies. Even though the sites are small, they are in large
numbers. Their distributed nature, and the additive effects of their chemical releases, means that the load
of pollutants is diffuse and large.
The impact of multiple small sources on groundwater is illustrated by a range of analyses which have
been carried out on the city of Nottingham, UK, including the first validated estimates of groundwater
recharge for a city. These are mostly based on BOS, a probabilistic, GIS tool for estimating the risk of
pollution of groundwater which can arise from urban landuse. BOS includes (i) a groundwater flow of the
aquifer in order to quantify recharge and delineate flow paths and catchments, (ii) a landuse database with
details of all parcels of land for dates throughout the 20th century, and (iii) a probabilistic fate and
transport model for the behaviour of the pollutants as they move through the unsaturated and saturated
zones.
Results are presented for the organic pollutants PCE (tetrachloroethene) a common chlorinated solvents
and degreasing agent, and MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether) an octane enhancing additive to petrol. The
risk analysis shows that both pollutants are expected to be widely distributed in the urban groundwater,
although with wide ranges of concentrations depending on the local density of sources.
A separate analysis of nitrate loads to Nottingham's groundwater has identified a wide range of non-
agricultural sources including leaking sewers, landfills and industrially contaminated land. Through the
use of groundwater and solute modelling tools, the total N load to Nottingham's groundwater was
estimated to be 21 kg/ha/y, which is of the same order of magnitude to rural loads under farmland.
Overall, it is clear that the multiplicity of small and large sources in urban areas act as diffuse sources of
groundwater pollution.
2. CONTACT
David Lerner
Catchment Science Centre
University of Sheffield
Kroto Research Institute, Broad Lane
S7 3HQ Sheffield
United Kingdom
tel:+44 1142225743
fax:+44 1142225701
email: d.n.lerner@shef.ac.uk
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
SMALL SITES IN UNIQUE SETTINGS/MULTIPLE CONTAMINANTS
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
REMEDIATION OF THE HAZARDOUS WASTE LANDFILL IN KOLLIKEN, SWITZERLAND
Jean-Louis Tardent
Switzerland
1. ABSTRACT
Since 1978, about 250,000 m3 of hazardous waste (loose deposits, barrels and bags) has been deposited in
a disused clay quarry in Kolliken, Switzerland. The responsible operator is a Consortium which has a
local government participation of 91%. As a result of repeated complaints from the neighbourhood about
unpleasant odours and dust emission, the local municipal council ordered the closure of the landfill in
1985.
The effluent contamination from the landfill presented a threat for an important drinking water source in
the region. Since then intensive containment measures have been taken to protect the drinking water from
contamination.
Containment methods show reasonable costs for the construction of the systems but will have high
consumer costs for the long-term operation. For the Kolliken site such systems have to be maintained for
many hundred years, therefore the only solution for a long-term successfully and economically
remediation would be a total decontamination. In 2003 the authorities decreed the complete excavation of
the landfill by 2012.
For the excavation of the hazardous waste landfill due to commence in 2006, three large halls will be
erected: an excavation hall, a manipulation hall for sorting and packing, and a storage hall for the
intermediate storage of hazardous waste. All halls will be under-pressurised so that the population living
in the immediate vicinity of the landfill site will not be disturbed by emissions. Excavation will thus take
place in small areas step by step from top to bottom in the reverse way the landfill was previously filled.
A total of 450,0001 of hazardous waste must be excavated and transported to external facilities for
treatment.
2. CONTACT
Jean Louis Tardent
Sondermulldeponie Kolliken SMDK
Safenwilestr 27
CH 5742 Kolliken
Switzerland
tel:+4162 737 8010
fax:+4162 737 8020
email: tardent@smdk.ch
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES IN A
HEAVILY CONGESTED URBAN SITE
JeffWesteinde
Canada
1. ABSTRACT
Remediation of contaminated sites in heavily congested urban areas poses unique challenges. This paper
will illustrate several innovative techniques utilized on a highly contaminated urban site in downtown
Toronto, Ontario, Canada and provide a detailed technical explanation of each methodology.
The site was a former gasoline service station with soil and groundwater contamination to depths of up to
14 meters below grade. The site has approximately 12 different major utilities running in both adjacent
roadways at depths of up to 7 meters below grade including water, sewer, gas, cable, fiber optics etc. A
fourteen (14) story building and underground parking structure and a 2 story building border the other two
property boundaries.
To allow for expedient re-development of the site, an excavation program in conjunction with on site water
treatment was selected to remediate the hydrocarbon contaminated site; however, the excavation and remedial
methodology had to allow for variable depths and concentrations of contaminated soils. The scope of work
also included the installation of an impermeable barrier wall below the water table (at a depth of 11 meters
below grade) to ensure the site was not re-contaminated by the surrounding contaminated soils and
groundwater present on adjacent sites.
This paper will examine a variety of environmental and geotechnical techniques used on the site to facilitate
the safe and efficient removal of contaminates soils from the site including:
Design and installation of 3,500 m2 of soldier pile and lagging shoring and 120 m2 of continuous
caisson shoring;
Design and execute a slot trench program, using a bentonite slurry to facilitate the excavation below water
table into a flowing sand formation;
Installation of an impermeable concrete barrier around the perimeter of the site to eliminate the pathway
between off-site impacts and on-site receptors, thus allowing the site to be developed for residential use;
Excavation, and off-site transportation, of 7,500 m3 of hydrocarbon contaminated soil to a depth of 11.0
meters. The final three meters of excavation into the water table was achieved without dewatering, by
excavating in small manageable cells and backfilling with blast rock, which required no compaction.
2. CONTACT
JeffWesteinde
Quantum Environmental Group
200-15 Fitzgerald Road
K2H 9G1 Ottawa, ON
Canada
tel:+1-613 8209622
fax:+1-6138209623
email: jeffw@quantumgroup.ca
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER IN REGIONS UNDER
DEVELOPMENT: IMPLEMENTATION IN FUTURE RESIDENTIAL AREA AT
MUNICIPALITY OF EVOSMOS, THESSALONIKI
Stylianos Papadopoulos
Greece
1. ABSTRACT
An environmental management model for soil and groundwater in regions under development has been
developed and implemented in the frame of an EC program (LIFE97 ENV/GR/000380). An
environmental soil and groundwater investigation took place within an extended area of the municipality
of Evosmos, Thessaloniki. The aim of the project was the environmental upgrade of the industrial and
professional-use facilities region within the frame of residential development in Evosmos area. The
investigation included a multilevel sampling of the subsoil, soil-gas and groundwater. The main soil
contaminants were petroleum hydrocarbons.
The performed actions were:
Monitoring of the contaminated soil by applying biological and physicochemical decontamination
methods.
Monitoring of the contaminated groundwater by applying biological and physicochemical
decontamination methods.
Monitoring of the contaminated surface water by applying biological and physicochemical
decontamination methods.
The post remediation monitoring of the environmental condition of subsoil, surface water and
groundwater.
Based on these results the design and the implementation of the appropriate decontamination for the soil
took place. The most appropriate decontamination measures for the indicated soil contamination proved
to be the in situ and on site treatment of the soil with an enhanced bioremediation method. The applied
technique of Bio-Venting was proved very effective.
2. CONTACT
Stylianos Papadopoulos
INTERGEO Environmental Technology Ltd.
Industrial Area of Thermi
570 01 Thessaloniki
Greece
tel:+30-2310-478147
fax:+30-2310-478149
email: thessaloniki@intergeo-consulting.com
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
SMALL SITES WITH ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS (NON PETROLEUM)
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
EXAMPLE OF DEALING WITH THE PAST ENVIRONMENTAL BURDENS
IN SMALL SITE IN CZECH REPUBLIC
Kvetoslav Vlk and Vojtech Zikmund
Czech Republic
1. ABSTRACT
As an example of a small site, we chose a case of a relatively small pollution spot, the Coking plant of a
huge steel factory - the Vitkovice Steel Works in Ostrava. Vitkovice is a steel plant that was founded in
the beginning of 19th century. The location is given by the vicinity of high quality black coal mines of the
Ostrava coal basin. The choice has been made so because of an interesting feature. This spot represents ca
1% of the area of the factory, but in the course of investigation it proved to be the most polluted sub-area,
representing in the same time the only serious environmental risk.
Therefore the decision has been taken to dismantle the technology by safe methods (naturally - no
welding, cutting only by high pressure water jet), to clean all the construction parts on site and to remove
by excavation the worst polluted soil around the former basements to prevent possible spreading. This
work took place in the period 2001 - 2003. A final study from 2003 confirmed the achievement of these
main goals of the remediation.
Remediating the worst spot immediately after the recognition of the high risk it represented, it became
possible to shift the rest of the remediation into the future without danger of spreading the pollution. The
isolated pollution spots, left on the site, will then be excavated and the whole area turned into a zone of
free time, business and light industry by covering most of the surface with fertile soil and vegetation.
This final remedy work will nevertheless be executed in the moment of the building of this new
infrastructure and not necessarily now. In this way, i.e. by solving imminent problems in time, it is
possible, in some cases, to treat huge problems with relatively small means.
The necessary procedure is represented by thorough investigation, good knowledge of geology and
hydrogeology, by modelling the propagation of the pollution plume and by finding the really dangerous
pollution sources and their fast elimination. On our case-story we show, that early elimination of the
source and time of remediation, is the necessary and right way to minimize environmental risks, costs
Generally said, by early measures it is sometimes possible to prevent small areas from growing to the
scale of mega-sites and on the other hand, to treat huge brownfields like small sites.
2. CONTACT
Dr. Kvetoslav Vlk Dr. Vojtech Zikmund
Ministry of Environment (MoE) Geo-Group a.s.
Section of Technical Protection of Environment Masna 1
Old Environmental Damages Department Ostrava
Remediation Unit Czech Republic
Prague, Czech Republic tel: +420222 516 024
tel: +420 267 122 765 fax: +420222 521 027
mobile: +420 606 934 043 email: zikmund@geo-praha.cz
fax: +420 267 126 765
email: kvetoslav vlk(S>env.cz
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
TECHNICAL APPROACHES TO RAPID SITE ASSESSMENT AND CLEANUP OF
DRY CLEANER SITES: FLORIDA CASE STUDIES
William J. Linn
United States
1. ABSTRACT
In 1994, the Florida legislature established a state-funded program for the identification and remediation
of sites contaminated by dry cleaning solvent, the first such program in the United States. The
Drycleaning Solvent Cleanup Program is administered by the Bureau of Waste Cleanup of the Florida
Department of Environmental Protection. The Program is funded by gross receipts tax, a tax on
perchloroethylene dry cleaning solvent, a deductible fee and a registration fee. The annual cleanup budget
is approximately $10 million. A total of 1,423 sites are eligible for state-funded cleanup.
Site assessment and remediation are conducted by eleven private-sector contractors. In a typical site
assessment, soil and groundwater samples are collected using direct push technology and are analyzed on
site using a mobile laboratory. The scope of the assessment is changed based on data analysis in the field.
Data needed for remedial design is generally collected during site assessment. Most monitor wells are
installed during the initial assessment mobilization and consist of small-diameter direct-push installed
wells (microwells). Other technologies used in site assessment work include roto-sonic drilling and the
membrane interface probe. Assessment work has been completed at approximately 280 drycleaning sites.
To date, remedial systems have been installed at over 120 sites. In addition to the conventional remedial
technologies, a number of so-called innovative remedial technologies have been employed at sites
including: co-solvent flushing, diffusive oxygen emitters, chemical oxidation (potassium permanganate,
Fenton's reagent and ozone), biostimulation (using the following nutrients: potassium lactate, ethyl
lactate, HRCฎ, dextrose, ORCฎ, vegetable oil, and molasses), bioaugmentation, zero-valent iron, and in-
well stripping. Over 100 sites have been closed to date.
2. CONTACT
William Linn
Florida Department of Environmental Protection
2600 Blair Stone Road (MS4520)
32399-2400 Tallahassee, Florida
United States
tel: +1-850 245-8939
fax: +1-850 245 8976
email: william.linn@dep.state.fl.us
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES ON CLEARING OF
POLLUTED TERRITORIES FROM OBSOLETE PESTICIDES AS
AN ELEMENT OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
Sergei Tikhonov
Russian Federation
1. ABSTRACT
Pesticide impact on health is a serious problem requiring attention of International Community as
nowadays amount of pesticides exceeded 1500 names.
Up to date management of pesticides (including stocks of obsolete and unfit chemicals) is regulated by
international environmental agreements: the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
(POPs), the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous
Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade, the Basel Convention on Transboundary Movements of
Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, the International Code of Conduct on the distribution and use of
pesticides.
For the practical solution of problem connected with withdrawal from use and liquidation of obsolete
pesticides as a part of POPS it is necessary to develop institutional measures including economic, legal
and administrative mechanisms as well as technologies allowing to choose the most safe and
economically sound method of their disposal.
A. Institutional approaches
Legal regulation of management of wastes of production and consumption
Main principles of state policy in the sphere of management of wastes is adjusted by the Federal Law
Nฐ89-FZ from June 24, 1998 "On Wastes of Production and Consumption".
Legal regulation of management of chemicals and their storage.
Federal Law "On Industrial Safety for Hazardous Production Units,"
National standards (GOST) 12.1.007-76, 50587-93;
General Safety Rules for Explosive and Flammable Chemical, Petrochemical, and Oil-Refining
B. Technological approaches
Size of territory;
Pollution level of territory;
Ground and surface water;
Human factor;
Potential hazard for ecological systems;
Environment conditions which can strengthen or weaken the influence of pesticides on polluted
territory.
Identification and definition of sequence of disinfection of the territories polluted with pesticides:
Receiving of information concerning the statistical data on dynamics of mortality
Characteristic of the polluted territory, source and level of pollution, size of territory
Assessment of danger of the identified territories polluted with pesticides
Monitoring of polluted territories and its technical assistance
Creation of the Register on territories polluted with pesticides
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
Development of list of ecologically sound technologies and methods of deactivation of soil
containing pesticides
Deactivation of soil polluted with pesticides
List of advanced technologies on rehabilitation of territories polluted with pesticides.
Soil treatment directly on site without its movement "in situ ": liquid-phase sintering; biological
treatment; chemical treatment
Collection of soil and its movement with further disinfection using special equipment "ex situ "
Biological treatment of polluted soil: landfill; chemical treatment using "solvated electron"
technology; extraction per solvent; high-temperature technology
Using methods of "ex situ " disposal of the wastes
The main ecological parameter for landfill of wastes should be an assessment of opportunity of
pollution of drinking water and their influence on the population health.
Underground landfill
Storage
Landfill
C. Existing and Perspective Technologies for Destruction of POPs (Pesticides)
New Technologies
Gas-cycle hydrogenation
Electrochemical oxidation
Molten metal
Fused salt
Process of electronic solvation
Plasmochemical deactivetion
Hypercritical water oxidation
Plasma arc
Underground landfills
Deep injection
For recovery of soil from obsolete pesticides the following methods are successfully used:
Anaerobic Bioremediation Using Blood Meal
Bioremediation Using ซDARAMENDป
In Situ Thermal Desorbtion
2. CONTACT
Sergei Tikhonov
Centre for International Projects
Pervomaiskaya Street, 58b, room 106
105043 Moscow
Russian Federation
tel: +7 495 165 05 62
fax: +7 495 165 08 90
email: tse@eco-cip.ru
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
SITE REMEDIATION USING CHEMICAL OXIDATION TECHNIQUES
Robert L. Siegrist
United States
1. ABSTRACT
In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) is a rapidly evolving site remediation technology for depletion of
organic contaminant mass in source areas as well as for control and treatment of plumes. The choice of
ISCO over other remediation methods has been motivated by the ability of chemical oxidation to be
engineered to accommodate site specific conditions, to be implemented quickly with commercially
available equipment and materials, and to yield measurable results in weeks to a few months. Oxidants
such as catalyzed hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 with natural or supplemental Fe+2), sodium persulfate
(Na2S2O8) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) are capable of achieving high destruction efficiencies
for prevalent organic contaminants such as chlorinated solvents, petroleum products, pesticides, and
explosives. Oxidant delivery into contaminated soil and groundwater can be accomplished using wells,
probes, fracturing, and mixing systems. A body of research and development work combined with
experiences gained from field applications of ISCO at well over 100 contaminated sites in the U.S. have
enhanced the understanding of ISCO and how it can be implemented alone or used in combination with
other remedial technologies (e.g., with surfactant flushing or bioremediation). It is clear that achieving
performance objectives at a particular site requires careful selection of a chemical oxidant and delivery
system based on the target contaminants and site conditions. During this presentation, highlights of
relevant theory, experimental results, and field observations will be given concerning the effective
application of ISCO for remediation at contaminated sites.
2. CONTACT
Robert L. Siegrist, Ph.D., P.E.
Professor and Division Director
Environmental Science and Engineering Division
Colorado School of Mines, 206 Coolbaugh Hall
Golden, Colorado 80401-1887
United States
tel: +1-303.384.2158
mobile: +1-303.359.8427
fax: +1-303.273.3413
email: siegrist@mines.edu
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
"CLUSTERED" REMEDIATION OF DRYCLEANING SITES IN FLANDERS
Leen Bastiaens
Belgium
1. ABSTRACT
On the one hand, drycleaners are typically Small and Medium size Enterprises (SME's) with huge soil
and groundwater pollution problems (mainly chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons - CAHs) but limited
financial means for remediation. They are located in urban areas, often as 'houses in the row' on a small
piece of land. On the other hand, the Flemish soil remediation legislation (Vlarebo) describes 'the polluter
pays' principle and low target concentrations (sanitation limits PCE, TCE, DCEs and VC are respectively
40; 70; 50 and 5 (ig/1). In addition, remediation of CAHs with classical technologies such as pump & treat
often fail due to the presence of free phase product (DNAPL). The combination of all these factors leads
to enormous problems for the dry-cleaning sector in Flanders.
To prevent the imminent bankruptcy for the sector, efforts have been made to find a solution. On request
of OVAM (Flemish Public Waste Agency) a study was performed by Vito (2002-2004) to develop a cost-
effective remediation approach for dry-cleaning sites, and the establishment of a fund is ongoing. To goal
of the Vita-study was to work out possibilities for a 'standardized' procedure for such sites, including
both site characterization and remediation. With the City of Antwerp (Belgium) as example, a demo-
project was executed.
During the first step of the project, an inventory of dry cleaner locations and the regional
geology/hydrogeology was made, as well as an overview of existing consultant's soil investigation
reports, and existing and innovative remediation technologies. At least 104 sites were identified in
Antwerp, including at least 40 sites where PCE had been used in large quantities.
In the second step, the applicability of three innovative technologies was evaluated for 2 drycleaner sites
based on lab scale feasibility testing. Chemical oxidation was not optimal, as very high matrix demands
were observed. Soil flushing with solvents (ethanol) or detergents (Faliten), and also anaerobic
biodegradation offer interesting possibilities. To realise a fast biodegradation of the CAHs, the addition of
a carbon source was required, as well as the addition of a CAH-degrading bacterial inoculum. The
naturally present microbial population was only able to convert PCE to cDCE.
Protocols for common site investigation and remediation strategies for dry cleaner's sites in a city such as
Antwerp were proposed in the third phase of the project. A clustering of 4 to 6 neighbouring drycleaner
sites with comparable soil/groundwater geochemistry was proposed. The site investigation, feasibility
testings, remediation plan and execution of the sanitation should be performed per cluster, involving one
coordinator, one consultant (or consortium) and one contractor (or consortium). A good planning will be
essential for such approach, but will lead to a more cost-effective remediation of dry cleaning sites in
urban areas.
2. CONTACT
Leen Bastiaens
Vito
Boeretang 200
2400 Mol
Belgium
tel:+32 14335179
fax: +32 14 58 05 23
email: leen.bastiaensfohdto.be
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
CLEANUP OF A SMALL DRY CLEANER USING MULTIPLE TECHNOLOGIES:
SAGES DRY CLEANERS
Guy W. Sewell
United States
1. ABSTRACT
Environmental contamination associated with the current or historical operations at Small and Medium-
size Enterprises (SMEs) represent a unique set of remedial challenges and clean-up goals for the involved
parties. Dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) formed from chlorinated solvent releases are one of
the most common and challenging environmental problems associated with SMEs. Approaches using
combined remedial technologies may hold the best opportunity for SME site management and restoration.
The Solvent Extraction Residual Biotreatment (SERB) technology was demonstrated at the former Sage's
Dry Cleaner site in Jacksonville, FL where an area of tetrachloroethene (PCE) contamination was
identified. The SERB technology is a treatment train approach, which combines, co-solvent extraction,
with microbially mediated enhanced in situ reductive dechlorination. During the co-solvent extraction, 34
kL of ethanol, approximately 2.5 pore volumes, were flushed through the contaminated zone, which
removed approximately 70% of the estimated 44 L PCE mass. Approximately 2.72 kL of ethanol were
left in the subsurface, which acted as a biologically available electron donor. Quarterly ground water
monitoring for over three years showed decreasing concentrations of PCE along with the formation of
dechlorination daughter products (cis-DCE, vinyl chloride, ethene). The observed formation and removal
rates, extrapolated to a multi-step concurrent dechlorination process, predict that the dissolved phase
chloroethene concentrations could meet regulatory limits in 3 to 30 years, and that the total residual
source zone PCE could be biodegraded in 24 to 240 years. Modification to operational design could
greatly improve system performance.
2. CONTACT
Guy Sewell
East Central University
1100E. 14th Street
74820 Ada
United States
tel:+1-580-310-5547
fax:+1-580310-5606
email: guy_sewell@cs.ecok.edu
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
SOIL MANAGEMENT FACILITY - AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR THE REMEDIATION
OF SMALL URBAN CONTAMINATED SITES
Gullaume Bedard
Canada
1. ABSTRACT
The remediation of small urban contaminated sites has always been a challenge for municipalities,
developers, local regulators and remediation consultants and contractors. While wanting to stimulate the
redevelopment of Brownfield sites in urban areas and limit the expensive option of using municipal
landfills that are already overcrowded with domestic waste, the different parties involved in the
environmental industry had to find tools and services to facilitate the recycling, treatment and re-use of
soil impacted with different contaminants of concern.
Soil Management Facility (SMF) has been proven an effective answer to this challenge. By applying state
of the art ex-situ treatment technologies to treat an array of organic and inorganic contaminants, the SMF
contribute to facilitate the remediation of numerous small contaminated sites in urban areas. By
encouraging the treatment of contaminated soil to applicable re-use clean-up criteria, local regulators,
municipalities and developers were able to reach economies of scale by centralizing the waste
management and offset the prohibitive cost of land filling contaminated soil. This approach also
contributes to stimulate the development and application of treatment technologies to eliminate the
contaminants from the environment and the related future liability related to the direct disposal of
contaminated soil into landfills. This approach contributes to offset some of the major concerns that were
identified has slowing down the redevelopment process of small urban sites in municipalities in North
America and Western Europe. This approach also embraces the global trend in many countries has to
limit the use of landfill has a mean to the remediation of contaminated sites.
This paper/presentation will first cover the SMF application and the related ex-situ technologies utilized
to treat contaminated soils such as biotreament, soil washing, chemical oxidation, etc. Each SMF operates
under strict regulations and requirements for air, water and soil specified by the different government
agencies. Our sound environmental approach and design to the treatment of contaminated soil using
different ex-situ technologies has led us to have successfully obtained proper certification in many
jurisdictions in North America and Western Europe. To this date, SMFs were certified to treat hazardous
and non-hazardous soils, sludge and sediments contaminated with organic and inorganic compounds,
including:
Volatile petroleum hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX));
Petroleum hydrocarbons (Oil and Grease);
Poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs);
Chlorinated compounds (pentachlorophenol - PCP, PCE, TCE, etc.);
Creosote;
Energetic compounds (TNT, HMX and RDX);
Poly chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs);
Sodium and Chloride (Salinity); and
Heavy Metals (Mercury).
The second part of the paper/presentation will outline several specific case studies of SMF applications in
different urban centers in North America and Western Europe and show the benefits of such application
for the environmental industry. The implementation and easy accessibility of SMF in urban centers have
also contributed to support the implementation of new funding programs by local governments and
municipalities to stimulate the clean-up of Brownfield sites. A brief summary of a Canadian initiative, the
Revi-Sols Program in Quebec with the collaboration of the City of Montreal, contributed to inject over
$75 Million for Brownfield redevelopment. A strong emphasis was given to the program to fund project
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
that currently recycled and treated contaminated soil. This program clearly demonstrates the value of
SMF for the environmental industry.
2. CONTACT
Guillaume Bedard
Biogenie S.R.D.C. Inc
#702 - 1209 14 Avenue S.W.
T3C OV9 Calgary
Canada
tel: +1-403-699-9990
fax: +1-403-699-9993
email: gbedard@biogenie-env.com
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
IN SITU THERMAL REMEDIATION OF SOIL CONTAMINATED
WITH ORGANIC CHEMICALS
Ralph Baker
United States
1. ABSTRACT
In Situ Thermal Remediation (ISTR) refers to a suite of rapidly emerging technologies including Steam
Enhanced Extraction, Thermal Conduction Heating (TCH), and Electrical Resistance Heating that have
been demonstrated at well over 50 sites to be effective options for difficult-to-treat source zones
contaminated with organic chemicals. They are particularly well suited to redevelopment and remediation
of sites associated with small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in urban areas, because they afford the
ability to treat source zones in settings with access limitations, such as adjacent to or beneath buildings, at
depth, and in heterogeneous soil, and do so rapidly and completely, without excavation.
At the Terminal One Site in Richmond, California, TerraTherm recently completed a full-scale field
application of In Situ Thermal Desorption (ISTD) - a combination of TCH and vacuum - for treatment of
chlorinated volatile organic compounds in saturated low permeability soils (i.e., 10~4 m/d). An array of
thermal wells heated the 5400 m3, 6.1-m deep target treatment zone (TTZ), which was located both inside
and outside a warehouse building, to 100ฐC in 100 days. Even though the permeability of the clay soil
was very low, steam stripping was the dominant contaminant removal mechanism. Approximately 30% of
the pore water present in the TTZ was boiled off and 500 pore volumes of steam were generated and
removed over the duration of heating/treatment. This resulted in very high removal rates (e.g., >99%
reduction in concentration) and achievement of very low, residential soil cleanup concentrations of < 100
|ig/kg tetrachlorethene. Extensive post-treatment soil sampling indicated that there was no evidence of
translocation of contaminants or downward mobilization of dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL)
during remediation. The site was successfully and cost-effectively remediated within a 9 month period
(including construction, operation, and demobilization), and is now being redeveloped as 300 high-value
residential units.
2. CONTACT
Ralph Baker
TerraTherm, Inc
356 Broad Street
FitchburgmMA01420
tel: +1-978 343 0300
fax: +1 978 343 2727
email: rbaker(3>terratherm.com
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas
August 2006
COUNTRY REPRESENTATIVES
Pilot Study Director
Walter W. Kovalick, Jr., Ph.D.
U.S. EPA
Director
Office of Superfund Remediation and
Technology Innovation
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (5203P)
Washington, DC 20460
United States
tel: 703-603-9910
fax: 703-603-9135
email: kovalick.walter@epa.gov
Country Representatives
Barry Reville
Assisant Secretary
Environment Protection Branch
Department of Environment and Heritage
GPO Box 787
Canberra ACT 2601
Australia
tel:+612 6274 1622
fax:+612 6274 1164
Harald Kasamas
BULFUW
Stubenbastei 5
1010 Vienna
Austria
tel:+431 515223449
fax:+4315131679 1567
email: harald.kasamas(S>lebensministerium.at
Lisa Keller
Environment Canada
70 Rue Cremazie, 6th Floor
KIA OH3/ Gatineau, Quebec
Canada
tel: 819-953-9370
fax: 819-994-0502
email: lisa.keller@ec.gc.ca
Kvetoslav Vlk
Ministry of the Environment of the Czech
Republic
Vrsovicka 65
CZ lOOlOPrauge 10
Czech Republic
tel: +420 267 122 765; mob: +420 606 934 043
fax: +420 267 126 765
email: kvetoslav vlk(3>env.cz
Ludo Diels
Flemish Institute for Technological Reseach
(VITO)
Boerefang 200, B - 2400 Mol
Belgium
tel: + 32 14 33 69 24
fax: +32 14 32 65 86
email: ludo.diels(3>vito.be
Nadine Dueso
ADEME
2 Lafayette Square BP406
F-49004 Angers Cedex 01
France
tel:+33 241 91 40 53
fax: +33 241 91 40 03
email: nadine.dueso@ademe.fr
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas
August 2006
Irma Gurguliani
Ministry of Environment Protection and Natural
Resources
6 Gulua str.
0114 Tbilisi
Georgia
tel : +99532 275723
fax: +99532 275706
email: gurguliani@yahoo.com
Andreas Bieber
Federal Ministry for the Environment
Bernkasteler Str. 8
53175 Bonn
Germany
tel: 49/01888-305-3431
fax: 49/018888-305-2396
email: bieber.andreas@bmu.de
Anthimos Xenidis
National Technical University of Athens 9,
Iroon Polytechneiou str
15780 Athens
Greece
tel: 30/210-772-2300
fax: 30/210-772-2168
email: axen@central.ntua.gr
Rita Balogh
Hungarian Ministry of Defence, Defence
Estates Authority, Environmental Section
PO Box : 246
H-1476 Budapest
Hungary
tel: +36-1-358-6120
fax: +36-1-358-6134
email: hmikh@ikhfoig.axelero.net
Eamonn Merriman
Environmental Protection Agency
Dublin Regional Inspectorate
Richview,
Clonskeagh,
Dublin 14
Republic of Ireland
tel: 353 1 2680103
fax: 353 1 2680199
email: e.merriman@epa.ie
Francesca Quercia
APAT
dell' Ambiente
Via V. Brancati 48
1-00144 Rome
Italy
tel: 39/6-5007-4472
fax: 39/6-4465 159
email: quercia@anpa.it
Masaaki Hosomi
Tokyo University of Agriculture and
Technology
2-24-26 Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588
Japan
tel:+81423 88 7070
fax:+ 81 423 887693
email: hosomi@cc.tuat.ac.jp
Ilgonis Strauss
State Hazardous Waste Management Agency
31 Miera Street,
Salaspils-1
LV-2169
Republic of Latvia
tel: +371 9289498 ; 371 7901212
fax:+3717901211
email: ilgonis.strauss@bapa.gov.lv
Kestutis Kadunas
Geological Survey of Lithuania
S. Konarskio Str 35,
LT-03123 Vilnius
Lithuania
tel: +370 521 362 72.
fax:+370 523 36156
email: Kestutis.Kadunas@lgt.lt
Johan Van Veen
TNO
PO Box 342, 7300 AH Apeldoorn
Netherlands
tel:+31 555493922
fax:+3155 5493523
email: johan.vanveen@tno.nl
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas
August 2006
Janusz J. Krupanek
Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas
6 Kossutha Street
40-844 Katowice
Poland
tel:+48 32 254 60 3 lint 284
fax: +48 32 254 17 17
email: krupanek@ietu.katowice.pl
Eleonora B. Wcislo
Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas
6 Kossutha Street
40-844 Katowice
Poland
tel:+48 32 254 60 31
fax: +48 32 254 17 17
email: wci@ietu.katowice.pl
loan Gherhes
National Environmental Protection Agency
151, Aleea Lacul Morii, sector VI
Romania
tel: +40-21-4934237
fax: +40-21-4934237
email: ioan.gherhes@anpm.ro
Sergey Tikhonov
Centre for International Projects
Pervomaiskaya str. 58B, room 106
105043 Moscow
Russian Federation
tel:+7 (095) 165 05 62/165 08 90
fax: +7 (095) 165 08 90
email: cip.tse@g23.relcom.ru ortse@eco-cip.ru
Branko Druzina
University College of Health, University of
Ljublana
Polyanska 26a, 1000 Lubjljana
Slovenia
tel:+00386 1 300 11 15
fax:+00386 1300 11 19
email: branko.druzina@vsz.uni-lj.si or
branko .druzina@ivz-rs .si
Bernhard Hammer
Federal Office of the Environment FOEN
Worblentalstrasse 68
3003 Bern
Switzerland
tel:+ 0041 31 3229307
fax:+0041 31323 03 07
email: bernhard .hammer(S>buwal. admin. ch
Kahraman Unlii
Middle East Technical University
Environmental Engineering Department
ANKARA 065 31
Turkey
tel:+(90) 312 210 58 69
fax:+(90) 312 210 2646
email: kunlu@metu.edu.tr
Petro Nakhaba
All-Ukrainian Public Organization "Chysta
Khvylya"
55B, Oles Honchar St., KYIV, 01054
Ukraine
tel: +380 44 463 7980
fax: +380 44 462 5789
email: nakhaba@cleanwave.org
Brian Bone
Environment Agency
Olton Court, 10 Warwick Road, Olton
B92 7HX Solihull
United Kingdom
tel: 44/121-708-4620
fax: 44/121-708-4637
email: brian.bone@environment-agency.gov.uk
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas
August 2006
ATTENDEES LIST
Avci Cem Bekir
Bosphorus University
Civil Engineering Dept. Bebek
34342 Istanbul
Turkey
tel:+90 212 359 6410
fax:+90 212 287 2463
email: avci@boun.edu.tr
Baker Ralph
TerraTherm, Inc.
356 Broad St.
Fitchburg, MA01420
United States
tel: +1-978 343 0300
fax: +1-978 343 2727
email: rbaker@terratherm.com
Balogh Rita
Hungarian Ministry of Defence, Defence Estates
Authority, Environmental Section
PO BOX: 246
H-1476 Budapest
Hungary
tel: +36-1-358-6120
fax: +36-1-358-6134
email: hmikh@ikhfoig.axelero.net
Bastiaens Leen
Vito
Boeretang 200
2400 Mol
Belgium
tel:+32 14335179
fax: +32 14 58 05 23
email:
leen.bastiaens@vito.be
Bedard Guillaume
Biogenie S.R.D.C. Inc
#702 - 1208 14 Avenue S.W.
T3C OV9 Calgary
Canada
tel: +1-403-699-9990
fax: +1-403-699-9993
email: gbedard@biogenie-env.com
Bieber Andreas
Federal Ministry for Environment
Robert-Schuman-Platz 3
53175 Bonn
Germany
tel:+49 18883053431
fax:+49 1888 103053431
email: andreas.bieber@bmu.bund.de
Bone Brian
Environment Agency
Olton Court, 10 Warwick Road, Olton
B92 7HX SOLIHULL
United Kingdom
tel: +44 121 708 4620
fax:+44 1217084637
email: brian.bone@environment-agency.gov.uk
Boura Fotini
Hellenic Ministry for the Environment, Physical
Planning and Public Works
147, Patision str.
11251 Athens
Greece
tel: +30-210-8653328
email: f.boura@dpers.minenv.gr
Contarini Salvatore
Enitecnologie
32, via Ramarini
00016 Monterotondo
Italy
tel: +39 06 90673 230
fax: +39 06 90673 263
email: salvatore.contarini@enitecnologie.eni .it
Demetriades Alecos
Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration
70, Mesogion str.
115 27 Athens
Greece
tel: +30-210-7750101(123)
fax:+30-210-7752211
email: ademetriades@igme.gr
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas
August 2006
Druzina Branko
University College of Healthcare
University of Ljubljana
Poljanska 26a
1000 Ljubljana
Slovenia
tel:+386 1300 11 15
fax:+386 1 300 11 19
email: branko.druzina@vsz.uni-lj .si
Dueso Nadine
ADEME
2 Square La Fayette BP 90406
49004 ANGERS Cedex 01
France
tel:+33 2 41 91 40 53
fax:+33 2 41 91 40 03
email: nadine.dueso@ademe.fr
Garrett Paul
Churngold Remediation Ltd
Network House, Bradfield Close
GU22 7RE Woking, Surrey
United Kingdom
tel: +44 1483 206936
fax : +44 1483 206937
email: paul.garrett@churngold.com
Grillia Artemis
Hellenic Ministry for the Environment, Physical
Planning and Public Works
147, Patision str.
11251 Athens
Greece
tel: +30-210-8646065
email: a.grillia@dpers.minenv.gr
Gurguliani Irma
Ministry of Environment Protection and Natural
Resources
6 Gulua str.
0114 Tbilisi
Georgia
tel: +99532 275723
fax: +99532 275706
email: gurguliani@yahoo.com
Hammer Bernhard
Federal Office for the Environment FOEN
Worblentalstrasse 68
3003 Bern
Switzerland
tel:+41 313229307
fax:+41 31323 03 70
email: bernhard.hammer(3>bafu.admin.ch
Hosomi Masaaki
Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei,
Tokyo 184-8588
Japan
tel:+81423 88 70 70
fax:+81423 8 8 7693
email: hosomi@cc.tuat.ac.jp
Kapantaidakis Giorgos
Ministry of Development
119, Mesogion Str.
101 92 Athens
Greece
tel: +30-210-6965961
email: kapantaidakisg@ypan.gr
Kasamas Harald
BMLFUW
Stubenbastei 5
1010 Vienna
Austria
tel:+43151522 3449
fax:+4315131679 1567
email: harald.hasamas@lebensministerium.at
Keller Lisa
ENVIRONMENT CANADA
70 RUE CREMAZIE, 6th FLOOR
K1A OH3 GATINEAU, QUEBEC
Canada
tel:+819 953 9370
fax:+819 994 05 02
email: lisa.keller@ec.gc.ca
Kestutis Kadunas
Geological Survey of Lithuania
S. Konarskio str. 35
LT-03123 Vilnius
Lithuania
tel: +370 5 2136272
fax:+370 5 2336156
email: kestutis.kadunas@lgt.lt
Kovalick Walter
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1200 Pennsylvania Ave. N.W. (5102P)
20460 Washington D.C.
United States
tel: +1-703 603 9910
fax: +1-703 603 9135
email: kovalick.walter@epa.gov
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas
August 2006
Krupanek Janusz
Instytut Ekologii Terenow Uprzemyslowionych
Kossutha 6
40-873 Katowice
Poland
tel:+48 32 254 60 3 lint 284
fax: +48 32 254 17 17
email: krupanek@ietu.katowice.pl
Lerner David
Catchment Science Centre, University of
Sheffield
Kroto Research Institute, Broad Lane
S7 3HQ Sheffield
United Kingdom
tel:+44 1142225743
fax:+44 1142225701
email: d.n.lerner@shef.ac.uk
Linn William
Florida Department of Environmental
Protection
2600 Blair Stone Road (MS4520)
32399-2400 Tallahassee, Florida
United States
tel: +1-850 245-8939
fax: +1-850 245-8976
email: william.linn@dep.state.fl.us
Nels Christian
Federal Environment Agency
Worlitzer Platz 1
06844 Dessau
Germany
tel:+49 340 2103 2314
fax:+49 340 2104 2314
email: christian.nels@uba.de
Papadopoulos Stylianos
INTERGEO Environmental Technology Ltd.
Industrial Area of Thermi
57001Thessaloniki
Greece
tel:+30-2310-478147
fax:+30-2310-478149
email: thessaloniki@intergeo-consulting.com
Papassiopi Nymfodora
National Technical University of Athens
9, Iroon Polytechniou str./Zografou
157 80 Athens
Greece
tel: +30-210-7722298
fax: +30-210-7722168
email: papasiop@metal.ntua.gr
Quercia Francesca
APAT
Via V. Brancati 48
00144 Rome
Italy
tel: +39 06 5007 4472
fax: +39 06 4465 159
email: quercia@apat.it
Rezepov Vyalit
Centre for International Projects
Pervomaiskaya Street, 58 b, room 103.
105043 Moscow
Russian Federation
tel: +7 495 165 56 70
fax: +7 495 165 56 70, +7 495 165 08 90
email: vrezepov@eco-cip.ru
Rose Steven
Malroz Engineering Inc.
168 Montreal Street
K7K 3G4 Kingston, Ontario
Canada
tel:+1-613 548-3446 ext. 22
fax: +1 613 548-7975
email: rose@malroz.com
Seckuviene Ramune
Hydrogeological Company "GROTA "
Eisiskiu PL. 26
LT-02184 Vilnius
Lithuania
tel: +370 521 33623; +370 656 15331
fax:+370 52164185
email: ramune@grota.lt
Sewell Guy
East Central University
1100E. 14th St.
74820 Ada
United States
tel:+1-580-310-5547
fax:+1-580-310-5606
email: guy_sewell@cs.ecok.edu
Siegrist Robert L
Colorado School of Mines, Environmental
Science and Engineering
206 Coolbaugh Hall
80401-1887 Golden
United States
tel:+1-303 384 2158
mobile: +1-303 359 8427
fax: +1-303 273 3413
email: siegrist@mines.edu
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas
August 2006
Stouraiti Christina
Hellenic Ministry for the Environment, Physical
Planning and Public Works
147, Patision str.
11251 Athens
Greece
tel: +30-210-8643015
Strauss Ilgonis
Hazardous Waste Management State Agency
31 Miera Street
LV-2169 Salaspils
Latvia
tel: +371 790 12 12, +371 928 94 98 (mob.)
fax:+371790 12 11
email: ilgonis.strauss@bapa.gov.lv
Tardent Jean Louis
Sondermulldeponie Kolliken SMDK
Safenwilerstr 27
CH 5742 Kolliken
Switzerland
tel:+4162 737 8010
fax:+4162 737 8020
email: tardent@smdk.ch
Tikhonov Sergei
Centre for International Projects
Pervomaiskaya Street, 58 b, room 106.
105043 Moscow
Russian Federation
tel: +7 495 165 05 62
fax: +7 495 165 08 90
email: tse@eco-cip.ru
Truax Clayton
Public Works & Government Services Canada
24, Level 8B3
Place du Portage Phase IIII
K2H 6H9 Ottawa
Canada
tel: +1-613 596-9535
fax:+1-819956-1130
email: clayton.truax@pwgsc.gc.ca
Unlii Kahraman
Middle East Technical University
Environmental Engineering Department
06531 Ankara
Turkey
tel:+90-312-210 58 69
fax:+90 312 210 26 46
email: kunlu@metu.edu.tr
Van Veen H. Job an
TNO
P.O. BOX 342
7300 AH Apeldoorn
Netherlands
tel: +31 55 493 922, +31 65 383 3381
email: johan.vanveen@tno.nl
Vlk Kvetoslav
Environment Ministry of Czech Republic
Vrsovicka 65
CZ 10010 Prague 10
Czech Republic
tel: +420 267 122 765
mobile: +420 606 934 043
fax: +420 267 126 765
email: kvetoslav_vlk@env.cz
Wcislo Eleonora
Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas
6 Kossutha St.
40-844 Katowice
Poland
tel:+48-32 254 60 31
fax: +48-32 254 17 17
email: wci@ietu.katowice.pl
Westeinde Jeff
Quantum Environmental Group
200-15 Fitzgerald rd
K2H 9G1 Ottawa, ON
Canada
tel:+1-613 8209622
fax:+1-6138209623
email: jeffw@quantumgroup.ca
Xenidis Anthimos
National Technical University of Athens
9, Iroon Polytechniou str./Zografou
157 80 Athens
Greece
tel: +30-210-7722300
fax: +30-210-7722168
email: axen@central.ntua.gr
Zikmund Vojtech
Geo Group inc. Co
Jana Masaryka 26
120 00 Prague
Czech republic
tel:+420222 516 024
fax:+420222 521027
email: zikmund@geo-praha.cz
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
PILOT STUDY MISSION
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study:
Prevention and Remediation Issues
in Selected Industrial Sectors
1. BACKGROUND TO PROPOSED STUDY
The current NATO Pilot Study on technologies for cleanup of contaminated land was completed in 2002.
The pilot study was concluded for several reasons. The primary reason is that general information on
technologies, processes, and methodologies for the cleanup of contaminated land and groundwater has
been discussed and distributed by the pilot study in its meetings and annual reports. Thus, the goal of the
pilot study has been accomplished. There is ongoing interest by participating countries and countries with
developing contaminated land programs to continue a dialogue, to focus on specific industrial sectors, and
to maintain technical contacts and information flow provided by the current "network" of pilot study
participants. Thus, a new pilot study is proposed to allow this long-standing global network on
contaminated land to continue.
2. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES: NEW PILOT STUDY - SECTORAL APPROACH
Much of the work of the past pilot study on contaminated land has drawn on case studies of technologies
applied to a wide variety of industrial and land contamination settings. While useful for explaining the
basis for the technology, its costs, and applicability, the information available is not focused on certain
problems or site types at a variety of scales, contaminant concentrations, geological conditions, etc. Thus,
the current pilot study is a "technologist's" view of characterization and remediation approaches.
Of more relevance to governments, industry, and the remediation services industry is interpretive
information about the measurement and clean up of certain contaminants in specific industrial sectors in a
variety of hydrogeological settings and levels of severity of risk. In addition, environmental protection has
embraced more holistic concepts of preventing problems as a first priority. Thus, methods for preventing
pollution (both by process changes and by land use and planning initiatives) coupled with remediation
efforts are a priority for new and existing industrial development and for newly industrializing countries.
This "integrated" approach can positively affect land and groundwater contamination as well.
Thus, anew CCMS Pilot Study entitled Prevention and Remediation Issues in Selected Industrial
Sectors is proposed. The purpose of the proposed pilot study would be to define and explore best
practices for reducing the health and environmental impact on soil and groundwater from industrial
sectors of interest (e.g., metals mining, organic chemical production, gasworks, and fertilizer
manufacturing) as well as other unique site "types" (e.g., old landfills, privatization sites [i.e., facilities
transitioning from former state ownership in certain categories], mega-sites [i.e., large-scale former
industrial and mining facilities], and shoreline sediment sites). In reviewing case studies as well as
experience from the current pilot study on contaminated land and other sources, the proposed pilot study
may be able to assess or benchmark "what is easy to clean," "what is difficult to clean," and "what is
impossible, at reasonable cost, to clean."
3. SCOPE OF WORK
The duration of the proposed pilot study is three (3) years. The study would commence by selecting
industrial sectors. The pilot study meetings would be devoted to the techniques and technologies for
preventing and avoiding discharge to soil and groundwater as well as measurement and remediation for
that industry sector or site type. Countries would nominate expert speakers on such topics as industrial
operations; problem definition and risk assessment; measurement and monitoring strategies; and
remediation approaches for both soil and ground water. These speakers could represent many
stakeholders - including industry, government, technologists, and consultants. The pilot study would seek
to engage industry and other private sector organizations at the transnational level in sharing and
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
evaluating technical information. The unique contribution of the pilot study would be measured by its
ability to synthesize information regarding best practices, successes and failures, and uncertainties for the
sectors of interest.
A typical pilot study meeting would explore topics such
as:
Industry overview and assessment including typical waste stream and contamination issues
Risk assessment methodologies
Preparedness and planning issues
Site characterization and monitoring approaches
Prevention and remediation strategies including technologies and methodologies
Institutional, financial, and public participation aspects of prevention and remediation
In addition, countries would be given the opportunity to present a general update of prevention and
remediation activities via a Tour de Table as well as to provide country-specific industrial sector
information. A limited number of countries would be selected to provide these detailed updates at each
meeting.
It is proposed that the industrial sector of interest would be matched to the special interests to the potential
host country for the meeting. Thus, host countries would have primary responsibility for involving
industrial sector representatives and, possibly, developing a field visit to the affected sector.
4. ESTIMATED DURATION
Pilot Study Meetings: September 2003 - September 2005
Completion of Final Report: Spring 2006
5. PRODUCTS
An industrial sector report will be developed after each meeting. These reports will include invited papers
from the industrial sector assessments as well as summary information on the monitoring and evaluation
of risks and strategies for prevention and remediation. Country update reports will also be included.
6. NON-NATO PARTICIPATION: BALKANS, CENTRAL ASIA AND OTHER DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
In 2001, NATO/CCMS identified key objectives that would assist developing countries. These objectives
include:
1. Reducing the impact of military activities
2. Conducting regional studies including cross-border activities
3. Preventing conflicts in relation to scarcity of resources
4. Addressing emerging risks to the environment and society that could cause economic, cultural and
political instability
5. Addressing non-traditional threats to security
The proposed pilot study, Prevention and Remediation Issues in Selected Industrial Sectors, specifically
addresses #4 and also covers aspects of #'s 1, 3, and 5. The proposed pilot study would target specific
industrial sectors based upon interests of countries with newly industrializing and developing economies.
The study would provide these countries with a base of technical information and with a network of
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Small Sites in Urban Areas August 2006
experts from whom to obtain advice. This proposal offers the opportunity for current pilot countries to
continue networking and information sharing, and also provides a focus for discussions driven by partner
country needs.
7. REQUEST FOR PILOT STUDY ESTABLISHMENT
It is requested of the Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society that it approve the establishment of
the Prevention and Remediation Issues in Selected Industrial Sectors Pilot Study.
Pilot Country: United States
Lead Organization: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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