United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Pollution Prevention EPA742-F-00-C
and Toxics September 2C _
(7409) www.epa.gov/oppt/epp
v>EPA Federal Pioneers:
Environmentally Preferable
Purchasing Success Stories
From the Federal Government
> Printed on paper that contains at least 30 percent postconsumer fiber.
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We, as government employees,
have a responsibility to the
best interest
stodians of their in
des makini
decisions in our procurement practices about what products and
practices reduce impacts on the environment and human
health....The entire environmentally-preferable purchasing
process has been an epiphany for me. I am much more sensi-
tive about how my individual decisions effect the environment.
so a much more informed consumer
We bought a large, complex product composed of many comp<
nents—a new facility. Rather than just looking at individual pah
we also considered the environmental performance of the total
package In many cases, we found
that greener approaches could
actually save money ikemakngconcrete
at the site, saving
lions or fuel
construction. In other instances, we paid for environmental fea-
tures by limiting costs in other areas—like eliminating extra doors
to pay for daylight dimmers and motion sensors for lights. I have
found that green building products, with recycled content
or low toxicity, are readily available. Often, there is no dif-
2rence in cost and its simply a matter of asking.
Facilities Developine
U.S. Environrr
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Introduction
The federal government purchases more than $200 billion worth
of goods and services each year. Recognizing that purchasing
decisions can have important environmental consequences, fed-
eral agencies are considering some environmental impacts when buying
goods and services. As mandated
in Executive Order (EO) 13101,
Greening the Government Through
Waste Prevention, Recycling, and
Federal Acquisition, the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) has developed guidance on
environmentally preferable pur-
chasing (EPP), outlining principles
federal agencies should use to
identify products and services
that have a reduced effect on
human health and the environ-
ment. This guidance is available at
< http './/www. e pa.gov/o p pt/e p p/
finalguidance.html>.
Environmentally
preferable products are
"products and services [that]
have a lesser or reduced
effect on human health and
the environment when com-
pared to other products and
services that serve the same
purpose." This comparison
may consider raw materials
acquisition, production, man-
ufacturing, packaging, distri-
bution, reuse, operation,
maintenance, or disposal of
the product or service.
—Executive Order 13101,
Greening the Government
Through Waste Prevention,
Recycling and Federal Acquisition
EO 13101 and EPAs EPP guid-
ance are making a difference.
Environmental performance of
products and services is increasing-
ly important to federal purchasers
when they decide what to buy.
As EPAs guidance notes, there is no "cookie cutter" formula for suc-
cessfully applying EPP principles. To demonstrate some of the different
ways EPP is being incorporated and to provide models for other federal
purchasers, EPA has documented pilot procurement projects undertaken
by federal agencies, state and local governments, and the private sector.
Included in this booklet are federal government EPP highlights.
Each day federal government agencies and their employees have oppor-
tunities to make EPP decisions, big and small. The pioneering projects
described here are just a subset of the EPP activities occurring throughout
the federal government. Web site addresses are provided for additional
information on each project. Please also visit the EPP Web site at
for additional case studies and EPP
resources.
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Cleaners and Paints
U.S. Department of the
Interior
Custodial Services at the
Department of the Interior's
Washington, DC, Offices
In November 1998, the U.S.
Department of Interior (DOI) issued a
request for proposals for custodial
services (e.g., window washing, floor
stripping, maintaining restroom sup-
plies) in its Washington, DC, headquar-
ters that incorporated "green" language
into the scope of services. The 5-year,
$6.28 million contract covers the clean-
ing of 1.4 million square feet of office
space. DOI evaluated the environmen-
tal characteristics (e.g., chemical make-
up, recycled content) of five categories
of cleaning products and recycled-
content products such as bathroom tis-
sue, paper towels, toilet seat covers,
and trash bags. The contract also
addressed health and safety concerns
for DOI workers and other building
occupants by requiring the cleaning
products and supplies to be low
toxicity noncarcinogenic, and
biodegradable; to reduce skin, eye, and
respiratory irritability; and to contain no
unnecessary dyes or fragrances.
Environmental preferability considera-
tions accounted for 30 percent of the
evaluation score when selecting the
new contractor. The solicitation process
produced a winning bid that not only
was the most environmentally prefer-
able and least expensive of the bids
submitted, but came in under the price
of the current contract.
Yellowstone National Park and
Grand Teton National Park-
Environmentally Preferable
Cleaning Project
The goal of this project was to assist
janitorial staff and supervisors in switch-
ing to environmentally preferable clean-
ing products at Yellowstone and Grand
Teton National Parks. The EPA Region 8
Pollution Prevention Program, the
Wyoming Department of
Environmental
Quality, and the
parks hired a
contractor to
provide leader-
ship, training for
the staff, and
oversight of the
project. The
environmentally
preferable
cleaning products were tested in a pilot
project at Yellowstone, including park
facilities at Mammoth and Old Faithful.
As the pilot was ending, the project
expanded to include all Yellowstone
and Grand Teton facilities. With sensi-
tive natural surroundings, reducing toxi-
city and increasing biodegradability was
an important project benefit.
Yellowstone succeeded in decreasing
the number of cleaning products it uses
from 130 to 15, plus a few additional
products for specialized or site-specific
needs. While cost savings have not
been quantified, supervisors and budget
managers believe they are spending less
thanks to the simplified procurement
process. Supervisors have also noted
less sick leave, heightened productivity,
and increased morale among cleaning
staff thanks to the green products.
Products used at the parks also meet
the bid specifications for environmental-
ly preferable cleaning products devel-
oped and used by the city of Santa
Monica, California.
U.S. General Services
Administration
Cleaning Products Pilot Project
and
The Cleaning Products Pilot Project
was a cooperative interagency effort
between the U.S. General Services
Administration (GSA) and EPA to
establish a framework for identifying
and comparing commercial cleaning
products based on their environmental
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attributes. GSA and EPA iden-
tified cleaning products with
reduced human health and
safety impacts for use in feder-
al buildings. As a result of this project, EPA
developed a Web-based tool in which the
user decides which attributes are most
important and an online "purchasing wiz-
ard" identifies products matching the given
criteria. This was the first environmentally
preferable product pilot project under
Executive Order (EO) 12873, a precursor
to EO 13101. It demonstrated the feasibility
of creating interagency partnerships to
green the procurement process.
U.S. Department of Defense
Painting the Town Green—The
Aberdeen Proving Ground Paint
Pilot Project
Aberdeen Proving Ground, a
Department of Defense installation in
Maryland, initiated a pilot project to reduce
the number, volume, and environmental
effects of the paints it uses—in particular,
their potential for contributing to air pollu-
tion. Aberdeen contracted with Green Seal,
a nonprofit environmental standards organi-
zation, to help identify the relevant environ-
mental attributes. Aberdeen then
established environmentally preferable paint
standards for the installation, focusing par-
ticularly on lower levels of volatile organic
compounds and reduced toxicity Through
this project, Aberdeen discovered signifi-
cant, growing competition in the market for
environmentally preferable paints, resulting
in a cost savings of $ 1.78 per gallon. Added
to the avoided hazardous waste disposal
costs, Aberdeen is saving $60,000 annually
Environmentally Preferable
Degreasers
Aberdeen Proving Ground also is work-
ing with Green Seal to develop standards
for degreasers the installation can consider
environmentally preferable. The installa-
tion's management strategies encourage
purchasers to consider not only hazardous
materials and recycled content, but the
entire lifecycle impacts of products. When
finalized, Aberdeen will use the standards
to develop a list of products approved for
use on the installation.
Construction
U.S. Department of Defense
Defending the Environment at the
Department of Defense
More than 35,000 employees work at
the Department of Defense's (DOD's)
Washington, DC, facilities, including the
Pentagon. Routine office repairs and reno-
vations are a big undertaking—and a prime
opportunity to put EPP principles to work.
A 5-year, $10 million per year contract
awarded in 1997 requires the DOD con-
struction contractor to use construction
materials and practices DOD considers
environmentally preferable. Specifically, the
contractor must use products with minimal
or recycled-content packaging, water-saving
plumbing fixtures, recycled-content steel
rods and masonry units, paint with low
amounts of volatile organic compounds, and
recycled-content building insulation that is
manufactured with-
out ozone-depleting
blowing agents. The
contract did not
require changing the
traditional purchasing
process or perform-
ance requirements,
which allowed DOD
to remain within
traditional price and
time parameters. The contractor has com-
pleted hundreds of jobs, all of which use
products meeting DOD's environmental
and performance criteria.
Paving the Road to Success-The
Department of Defense's Parking Lot
Repair and Maintenance Contract
The Pentagon's parking lots are turning
"green" thanks to an innovative EPP pilot
project. In June 1997, DOD awarded a 5-
year, $ I million per year contract to main-
tain and repair the parking lots and access
roads at four Washington, DC, facilities—
the Pentagon, the Military Court of
Appeals, the Navy Annex, and the Hybla
Valley Federal Building. In addition to stipu-
lating that the work must meet price and
performance requirements, the contract
also promotes the use of products with
positive environmental attributes (e.g.,
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recycled-content, including recycling old
asphalt into new; low levels of volatile
organic compounds; limited or restricted
use of chemicals). This is done by providing
opportunities for the contractor to earn a
price differential for identifying and using
such products. Price differentials allow the
contractor to earn additional money by
locating and proposing products with mini-
mal environmental impacts that meet or
exceed the baseline environmental attrib-
utes identified by DOD. The price differen-
tial helps promote the use of products with
multiple environmental attributes.
Navy at the Leading Edge of
Green Design
The Department of the Navy is the first
federal agency to require that all facility and
infrastructure-related designs incorporate
sustainable design principles. The Navy's
definition of sustainable design includes
increasing energy conservation and efficien-
cy, increasing use of renewable energy
resources, reducing or eliminating toxic and
harmful substances, utilizing efficient
resources and materials, selecting materials
and products based on their lifecycle
impacts, increasing use of materials and
products with recycled content, and recy-
cling construction waste and building mate-
rials. At the Washington Navy Yard,
sustainable design measures resulted in
annual energy savings of $ 130,000 and at a
bachelor enlisted quarters complex in
Illinois, the Navy estimates an annual ener-
gy savings of $110,000.
U.S. Department of Interior
Exterior Lumber Testing in Western
National Parks
The National Park Service (NPS) Inter-
Mountain Region, U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, and EPA's Region 8 EPP
Program office are working together to
increase NPS's use of products with envi-
ronmentally preferable attributes. NPS and
EPA will test and evaluate products using
the principles and concepts contained in
EPA's EPP guidance. The first pilot under
the partnership will test the performance
of recycled-content plastic lumber in varied
climates in western national parks, including
Dinosaur National Monument in Utah. For
some uses, NPS considers recycled-content
plastic lumber to be environmentally
preferable because it is made from post-
consumer plastic and lasts longer than
some alternative materials. For other uses,
NPS prefers pressure-treated wood. To
help NPS employees decide which type of
lumber to purchase, the project team is
developing a purchasing toolkit. To address
concerns about the toxicity of pressure-
treated wood (one common preservative
in pressure-treated wood is arsenic-based),
NPS is investigating the use of wood treat-
ed with oil- and water-borne preservatives.
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
EPA's Region 10 Remodels With EPP
and
In April I999, EPA Region 10 put the fin-
ishing touches on the 2,085-square-foot
executive office space for its offices in
Seattle, Washington, which included
remodeling the Regional Administrator's
office. With its wide variety of green fea-
tures—from sustainably harvested wood
products to carpeting designed to be
renewed (supercleaned, retextured, and
recolored)—the project serves as an inno-
vative model for others in both the public
and private sector. The $ 137,000 contract
included $81,000 of products with positive
environmental attributes.
EPA Builds Lab With Green Rider
In March 2001, EPA's Region 7 plans to
break ground on a 37000-square foot labo-
ratory in Kansas City, Kansas. The region
issued a "Green Lease Rider" (or "Green
Rider") in July 1999, specifying a comprehen-
sive set of environmental design considera-
tions for the new laboratory When
potential construction contractors submit
bids to build the new laboratory, they are
required to address the Green Rider as part
of the proposal process. The contract is
expected to be awarded in Summer 2000.
Leading by Example: How EPA
Incorporated Environmental
Features into New Buildings
EPA's new headquarters facility in
Washington, DC, and its new I million-
square-foot, $250 million research facility in
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,
both include features designed to protect
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indoor air quality, maximize
energy efficiency, reduce
water consumption, encour-
age alternative forms of
transportation, and promote
pollution prevention
throughout the construction
process. Design teams for
both facilities also examined
the environmental impacts
of selected materials and furnishings from a
lifecycle perspective to select those with
minimal adverse effects to human health
and the environment.
United States Postal Service
Fort Worth Post Office Showcases
Green Building
and
The 8th Avenue Station of the United
States Postal Service (USPS) in Fort
Worth, Texas, assembled a task force with
the sole purpose of "greening" the organi-
zation's current design criteria, which are
the key elements of USPS's Building Design
Standards. The task force identified
approximately 120 environmental attrib-
utes that were incorporated into the orga-
nization's building design standards. The
materials and systems used to construct
the 8th Avenue USPS office building were
selected to promote a healthy indoor
environment and water and energy effi-
ciency and to maintain the environmental
integrity of the local ecosystem. USPS was
able to incorporate a significant number of
environmental attributes into the new
post office without
compromising its
budget. Opened in
January 1999, the
26,000-square-foot,
$2.5 million post
office serves as the
showcase of the
USPS Green
Buildings Program
and demonstrates
its commitment to EPP. Anticipated annual
savings include $1,100 in energy costs and
I million gallons—or at current prices,
$2,800—of water.
and Printing
U.S. Department of Defense
Fort Bragg Solves a Pressing Dilemma
A mix of creativity and technology
helped the U.S. Army's Fort Bragg purchase
new digital printing equipment that is pre-
venting pollution and saving money As a
result of this EPP-based decision, Fort Bragg,
located in Fayetteville, North Carolina, has
eliminated 1,500 gallons of hazardous waste
from its printing operations and slashed its
chemical purchasing and disposal costs by
more than $ 100,000 a year.
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
EPA Sets the Standard for Copiers
As part of its 1999 photocopier pilot
project, ERA's EPP Program reviewed
green copier purchasing standards adopted
by several different countries. It also
reviewed standards developed by ERA's
ENERGY STAR® Program and organizations
such as Green Seal, an environmental stan-
dards organization. Based on its review, the
EPP Program identified mandatory and
preferred environmental attributes, such as
energy efficiency and low emissions of dust
and ozone, which were incorporated into
two recent photocopier solicitations. The
solicitations garnered a small response from
photocopier vendors, which the EPP
Program attributes to the small size of the
purchase requests—one small copier for
each solicitation. Bulk or cooperative pur-
chases are expected to generate higher
interest from vendors.
Paper Pilot Projects
Beginning in March I999, ERA's EPP
Program began printing its newsletter, the
EPP Update, on different kinds of paper
selected for their positive environmental
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attributes. The Update has featured kenaf
paper, which comes from the kenaf plant
and requires less energy and fewer chemi-
cals to convert to pulp than wood-based
paper, as well as a 100-percent postcon-
sumer paper that is not chemically de-inked
and is process chlorine free. The EPP
Update is published two to three times per
year and has a circulation of about 3,000
readers. Whether printing is done in-house
by the government or contracted to other
printers offsite, the goal of the pilot is to
encourage the use of more environmentally
preferable papers. EPA's EPP Program also
is involved in a paper pilot project involving
the Government Printing Office and a
number of other federal agencies. Initially,
this project aims to identify, procure, and
pilot test environmentally preferable copier
paper. As this project evolves, environmen-
tal considerations could be applied to gov-
ernment purchase of envelopes, stationery,
and other types of paper.
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
NASA's Environmental Copiers
The National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) has approximately
2,000 copy machines throughout its 14
nationwide facilities. Thanks to the agency's
innovative leasing practices, NASA saved
$4.5 million dollars during a 5-year photo-
copying service contract. NASA's "cost per
copy" contract, which means the agency
leases copy services rather than purchasing
copiers, includes several environmental
features important to NASA, such as
recycled-content paper and energy
efficiency requirements.
Electric Power
U.S. Department of Interior
Department of Interior—Making EPP
Part of the Mission
The National Park Service has
installed several photovoltaic (PV) sys-
tems throughout its parks, including the
Grand Canyon, Joshua Tree, Isle Royale,
and Glacier National Parks. PV systems
contain solar cells that convert sunlight
into electricity, which is less polluting
than traditional energy sources.
Producing 5 to 20 kilowatts, the PV sys-
tems are used to replace diesel-fueled
generators or to supplement existing
power supplies. Excess power generated
by the PV systems can be sent back into
the power grid.
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
EPA Purchases Renewable Power
Taking advantage of the nationwide
deregulation of the
electric industry,
EPA is now pur-
chasing 100 per-
cent renewable
energy in its
Region 9 labora-
tory in Richmond,
California, and its
Golden, Colorado,
laboratory. EPA's
purchase of 100-percent "green" electric-
ity for the Region 9 laboratory is a coop-
erative effort between Region 9, EPA's
Office of Administration and Resource
Management, EPA's Office of Air and
Radiation, the Department of Energy's
National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
and the General Services Administration
(GSA). The green electricity for the
Region 9 laboratory is obtained from a
nearby landfill gas plant. For Golden,
Colorado, EPA has pledged to purchase
100 percent of its electricity from wind
energy. Since Colorado
is still a fully regulated
market, EPA is buying
green power through a
GSA area-wide con-
tract. EPA is currently pursuing additional
100 percent renewable energy power
purchases in Washington, Massachusetts,
and New Jersey.
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U.S. Department of Defense
Air Force Base, GSA Reduce
Hazardous Purchases
McClellan Air Force Base, located in
Sacramento, California, teamed with the
U.S. General Services Administration
(GSA) and its suppliers to develop new
contracts for unit-of-use purchasing and
just-in-time delivery This was the base's
response to a 1993 U.S. Air Force man-
date that requires all facilities to reduce
hazardous waste generation. By employing
EPP principles, such as purchasing smaller
quantities only when needed, McClellan
reduced its inventory of hazardous prod-
ucts (e.g., paints, primers, epoxies, and
sealants used to maintain and repair air-
craft) from $3.2 million to $414,000 and
significantly reduced hazardous waste gen-
eration and disposal costs.
U.S. Department of Energy
DOE's Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
The Department of Energy's Waste
Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), located 26
miles east of Carlsbad, New Mexico, is
the world's first underground repository
licensed to safely and permanently dis-
pose of transuranic radioactive waste, a
byproduct of nuclear weapon research
and production. In 1993, staff at the plant
developed a green procurement pro-
gram for the purchase of items such as
lamps, exit signs, motors, carpets, paints,
and cleaners. Through this program,
WIPP procurement officials are encour-
aged to buy "green." They receive train-
ing on purchasing products that minimize
energy use, reduce toxicity or are recy-
clable or contain recycled materials. The
plant also has a pollution prevention
committee composed of staff from sev-
eral departments. The committee's pri-
mary goal is to promote awareness
about waste minimization and opportuni-
ties for environmental purchasing. WIPP's
energy manager collaborates with the
committee, as well as engineers, chemical
and lab managers, and construction man-
agers, to research and identify new prod-
ucts for use at WIPP facilities.
U.S. Department of the
Interior
A Shell of Its Former Self
On Earth Day 2000, the Department
of Interior (DOI) concluded a I-year
pilot project that demonstrated the per-
formance of biodegradable plates and
bowls in its Washington, DC, headquar-
ters cafeteria. Each month, the DOI
cafeteria used 6,400 plates and 3,000
bowls made from limestone and renew-
able potato starch. The cafeteriaware,
made by EarthShell® Corporation, is not
only biodegradable in marine and com-
post environments, but also requires less
energy to manufacture than comparable
paper or polystyrene containers.
Another component of the pilot
involved collecting the compostable
plates and bowls along with paper nap-
kins, paper trays, and food waste for use
in a composting research study conduct-
ed by a local U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA) laboratory. USDA
tested three different composting tech-
nologies. Each of them delivered a rich
final product showing the great potential
of a largely compostable cafeteria waste
stream.
Although the
pilot project has
officially ended,
the DOI cafete-
ria continues to
use the
EarthShell plates
and bowls. The
company is
preparing to
make the product commercially avail-
able and DOI continues to search for
other environmentally preferable food
service products.
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U.S. Department of
Transportation
Alternative Method for
Aircraft Deicing
The Federal Aviation
Administration has approved the use
of an innovative deicing system for
business and general aviation aircraft,
mitigating the potentially harmful envi-
ronmental
effects of
conventional
chemical
deicing. In the
new deicing
system, the
plane travels
through a
special hangar
where a
series of gas fired heaters emit
infrared energy at wavelengths special-
ly "tuned" to the absorption range of
ice. The aircraft is deiced in minutes
without the use of traditional deicing
chemicals, which have been identified
as potential water pollutants.
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
Green Conferencing Tool
EPA has compiled a comprehensive
list of pollution prevention opportuni-
ties for greening conferences and
meetings. EPA is also developing a
multimedia, Web-based tool for con-
ference planners and service
providers. The "Planner's Track" of
the interactive tool provides meeting
and conference coordinators with a
comprehensive overview of the differ-
ent conference planning stages,
products, and services, and the
opportunities to "green" each. The
"Service Provider's Track" educates
hotels, printers, and caterers about
the environmental opportunities in
their service sectors. In addition, the
site contains sample contract language
for soliciting green conference and
meeting support.
We want to hear from you!
Please tell us about your environmentally preferable purchasing activi-
ties and efforts. We are collecting and sharing information, tools, and
hints about what works and what doesn't as environmentally preferable
purchasing evolves and expands. Please contact the EPP program by
e-mail, regular mail, or fax:
Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Program (7409)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Ariel Rios Building
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20460
E-mail: epp.pilot@epa.gov
Fax: 202 260-0178
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Institutinnali/ing FPP
A few federal agencies are beginning to
integrate EPP activities into everyday
operations and procedures. This move
beyond pilot projects to applying EPP
institutionally not only makes it easier for
agencies to significantly reduce the envi-
ronmental impacts of their purchases, but
also supports a growing competitive
market for green products.
JWOD Organizations Are
Greening Their Products
In the 1930s, the Wagner-O'Day Act
became a law, requiring federal agencies to
purchase products and services from non-
profit agencies employing the blind.
Senator Jacob Javits spearheaded the drive
to amend the act in 1972 to include peo-
ple with other severe disabilities. Today, the
federal government's Javits-Wagner-O'Day
(JWOD) Program is greening products
sold through its program. Some of
JWOD's nonprofit agencies already sell
products with
positive environ-
mental attrib-
utes, such as
biobased cutlery
manufactured
with corn starch
and clipboards
made from recy-
cled plastic.
Other nonprofit
organizations associated with the program
have been examining the environmental
attributes of their products. To help these
organizations, JWOD contracted with
Green Seal, a nonprofit environmental
standards organization, to conduct a pilot
project. Products meeting Green Seal's
standards earn the "Green Seal of
Approval." So far, the seal has been affixed
to calendars produced by the Easter Seals
of Western Pennsylvania; business cards
manufactured by Seattle Lighthouse for
the Blind; and paper towels made by
Signature Works, LC Industries, and New
Orleans Lighthouse for the Blind.
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
Green Tips for Government Credit
Card Purchasing
Credit card purchasing guidelines on the
EPP Web site now make it easier for gov-
ernment credit card holders to ensure that
their purchases comply with environmental
laws and EPA policies. The guidelines identi-
fy specific attributes to look for when
selecting products, including recycled con-
tent, reduced packaging, minimal hazardous
materials or toxic chemicals, and the ENERGY
STAR® label. In addition, the guidelines pro-
vide information on the procurement
process, including specific EPA requirements,
where to find the products (e.g., through
GSA's Environmental Products Guide or
office supply catalogs), and other sources of
information and guidance.
U.S. Department of Interior
Greening the Department of Interior
The Department of Interior developed
a strategic plan to encourage its employees
to purchase products the agency deems
environmentally preferable. A companion
Web site, under development at the time
of publication, will provide information on
energy- and water-efficient products and
environmentally preferable products. In
addition, the site will include a searchable
procurement tracking database, which will
contain recycling coordinator contacts, the
agency's waste prevention and recycling
goals, and green products and practices
already in use. In 200I, a link to this site will
be available at .
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