r/EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
                          Storm Water Technology Fact Sheet
                          Sorbent Materials in Storm Water Applications
DESCRIPTION
Sorbent materials  (which include  absorbents and
adsorbents) have specific physical and/or chemical
properties that allow them to attract specific types of
liquids and/or gases.  Absorbents  and adsorbents
function in  different ways.   In general, absorbent
materials attract compounds into their pore spaces;
adsorbents attract materials to their surfaces but do
not allow them to  penetrate into their pore spaces
(U.S. EPA, accessed 2000). The American Society of
Testing and Materials (ASTM) has defined absorption
by  absorbent materials  as  "a process where the
material taken is distributed throughout the body of the
absorbing material." Adsorption is  "a process where
the material taken is distributed over the surface of the
adsorbing material." Both processes can essentially
"capture" sorbed materials, concentrating them  or
removing them from solution.  Thus, either process
allows captured materials to be more easily removed
from a media.

Recent research has shown that sorbent materials can
be used in storm water applications to remove oil and
grease (O&G).   High concentrations of O&G can
cause toxicity in receiving waters, and most discharge
regulations require that there be no discharge of oily
wastes that produce a sheen on the surface of the
receiving water.

Sources of oil and grease in storm water include O&G
sorbed to trash and other debris;  O&G sorbed  to
particulates;   emulsified  oils  (small drops  of oil
suspended in storm water);  free floating oil; and
suspended oil (CDS Technologies, 2000,  literature
provided by  manufacturer).   Research shows that
between 83 and 98 percent of total hydrocarbons in
storm water runoff are associated with paniculate
matter, and evidence suggests that a significant portion
of these particles  are settleable  solids,  such  as
sediments (Hoffman, et. al, 1982).  Therefore, storm
                         water Best Management Practices (BMPs) designed to
                         remove sediments may also remove some oil and
                         grease associated with the sediments.

                         Typically, only  free-floating oil concentrations  are
                         measured and reported in storm water studies (CDS
                         Technologies, Inc., 2000).  Concentrations of free
                         floating oil and grease typically range between 10-35
                         mg/L for urban storm water runoff (U. S. EPA, 1999a),
                         although concentrations can vary  widely and  are
                         dependent on catchment characteristics (Hoffman, et
                         al., 1982; and Stenstrom, etal., 1984).

                         Because the specific gravity of free floating O&G is
                         lower than that of O&G sorbed to sediments, it can be
                         difficult to remove through traditional gravity separation
                         BMPs.   Storm water BMPs such as  oil/water
                         separators are designed to reduce influent flow rates,
                         which enhances gravity separation of oil and water
                         over the length of the unit. The use of coalescing plates
                         may further enhance oil/water  separation. However,
                         these systems must retain relatively large volumes of
                         storm water in order  to function effectively,  and
                         therefore they may not be practical where space is
                         limited.   Therefore,  many  BMPs  are  designed
                         specifically to remove these hydrocarbons through
                         higher-rate physical interactions.

                         One method for removing free floating oils and grease
                         from storm water  is through the use  of sorbent
                         materials. Sorbent materials have traditionally been
                         used to clean up spills, such as for soaking up fuel
                         spilled on a roadway.   More recently, however,
                         sorbent materials have been incorporated into storm
                         water BMPs to improve water quality from storm
                         water runoff.  Sorbent materials are currently being
                         utilized within  BMPs placed  in storm  water catch
                         basins, sumps, or other parts of a storm sewer system
                         to capture hydrocarbons and other toxic chemicals and
                         prevent them from being carried through the storm
                         water system.

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APPLICABILITY

Sorbent materials  are usually used in areas where
storm water runoffis likely to have a high amount of oil
and grease.  Because much of the oil and grease in
urban storm water originates from motor vehicles,
through engine drippings, exhaust, and  maintenance
activities,  most storm  water BMPs using sorbent
materials are placed near roadways, parking areas, and
service stations (Hoffman, etal., 1982; and Stenstrom,
etal., 1984).

Sorbent materials  are diverse, allowing them to be
utilized in several different types of BMP applications,
including new and retrofit applications.  While many
vendors market sorbent materials,  relatively  few
sorbent manufacturers have  developed and marketed
materials to remove oil and grease from storm water.
This Fact Sheet discusses only those sorbents currently
used in storm water BMPs.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Listed  below are  some  of the  advantages  and
disadvantages of using sorbent materials to remove oil
and grease in storm water BMPs.

Advantages

       Sorbent materials can be applied to a variety
       of storm  water  applications.    There  are
       numerous types of natural and manufactured
       sorbents and a wide range of BMPs that use
       them, including catch basin  and curb inlet
       inserts, skimmers, and filters.  These BMPs
       can be applied at almost any point in a storm
       system,  and can be retrofitted into an existing
       system or installed into a new system.

•      Many units are easily installed because they do
       not  require  specialized equipment.    For
       example, the OARS® Passive Skimmer is hung
       on  hooks  from    a   manhole   cover;
       DrainGuard™ products are suspended from a
       geotextile   fabric  that   can  be  stretched
       underneath a grate over a catch basin or a curb
       inlet.
       Storm water BMPs using sorbent materials are
       relatively easy to operate and maintain. Many
       sorbent materials change colors when they
       need  to be  replaced;  others  use  pop-up
       indicators that extrude through the grate when
       capacity is reached.

       These BMPs are passive structures with no
       moving parts, and thus they are not susceptible
       to mechanical failure or breakdown.

       Most synthetic sorbents retain their shape and
       will not break down under field conditions.
       Some sorbents are enclosed in polypropylene
       encasements   to  prevent  damage  from
       ultraviolet exposure.   Others, such as the
       DrainGuard™ catch basin and curb opening
       systems, are held  within  a polypropylene
       "sock" that is supported by a rigid frame which
       ensures that the insert maintains its shape as
       storm water flows through it.

       These sorbents are designed to retain sorbed
       contaminants  and minimize the potential for
       leaching. Most sorbents discussed in this Fact
       Sheet meet RCRA requirements prohibiting the
       release  of  sorbed  liquids,  making  them
       acceptable at RCRA Subtitle D landfills.
Disadvantages
       Sorbent materials require frequent inspection
       to ensure that the sorbent material is not fully
       used or "spent". Each type of sorbent material
       has a maximum sorbent capacity based on its
       chemical composition and volume. When this
       capacity is reached, the sorbent will no longer
       capture oil  and grease and must be replaced.

       Sorbent material can capture only the free oil
       and grease present in the  water column.  It
       cannot capture emulsified oils.

       A California Department of Transportation
       (CalTrans)  study  involving drain inlet inserts
       with sorbent materials found that units clogged
       frequently, causing flow bypass and ponding
       (Othmer, et.  al., 2001).   Large litter  and

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       debris,  such as  leaves, clogged the inserts,
       decreasing  the   system's  hydraulics  and
       reducing sorting capability.

       Mostlocal jurisdictions require proper disposal
       of used sorbent,  either through landfilling or
       incineration. Proper handling and disposal of
       used  sorbent material  is discussed in more
       detail in the Operation and Maintenance
       section of this Fact Sheet.

MEDIA CHARACTERISTICS

Sorbents can be divided into three basic categories:
natural organic,  natural inorganic, and synthetic. Table
1 describes the three  materials and their sorbent
capacities.   This Fact  Sheet  focuses on synthetic
sorbents; however, many BMPs can be fitted with
natural organic or inorganic sorbents to help absorb oil
and grease.

PERFORMANCE
                                                 Fact Sheet on Hydrodynamic Separators, EPA 832-F-
                                                 99-017).  The researchers floated sorbents on the
                                                 surface of an unmodified CDS unit, introducing free oil
                                                 at an approximate rate of 25 mg/L. This concentration
                                                 is within the range of 10 to 35 mg/L which has been
                                                 reported as the average storm water oil and grease
                                                 concentration in urban runoff (U. S. EPA 1999a). The
                                                 researchers measured concentrations of oil and grease
                                                 in  the effluent to  determine  removal efficiencies.
                                                 Removal efficiencies for the different sorbents ranged
                                                 from 41 to 87 percent at a flow rate of 8 L/s (125
                                                 gpm). All but one of the tested sorbents removed at
                                                 least 77 percent of the oil and grease.  The removal
                                                 rates  appeared to  depend on the flow rate of the
                                                 influent. OARS® sorbent material was tested at three
                                                 flow rates, ranging from 5 to 12 L/s (75 to 190 gpm).
                                                 This flow rate is within a range of 30 to 75 percent of
                                                 the  design flow of the  CDS device used in the
                                                 experiments. Analysis of the removal rates from these
                                                 experiments showed that, in general, the lower the flow
                                                 rate, the higher the removal rate. Table 2 summarizes
                                                 the results.
Stenstrom  and  Lau  (1998) tested five different
sorbents, includingRubberizer® and OARS® media, in
a Continuous Deflection Separation (CDS) device for
their ability to remove free oil and grease.  A CDS
device is an on-line hydrodynamic separator (see EPA
                             TABLE 1  MEDIA CHARACTERISTICS
                                                 The Rubberizer® and OARS® sorbents showed similar
                                                 levels of performance in these tests. Both were denser
                                                 than the influent, causing them to float just below the
                                                 circulation pattern that allowed them to achieve high
                                                 removal efficiencies for surface oil and some emulsified
 Type of Media1
                      Description
 Sorbent Capacity
 1. Organic


 2. Inorganic

 3. Synthetic

   3a. Rubberizer®
    3b. OARS® Smart
    Sponge
                      Leaf compost, peat moss, straw, hay, sawdust, ground
                      corncobs, feathers, and other readily available carbon-based
                      products.

                      Clay, perlite, vermiculite, glass wool, sand or volcanic ash.
                      Man-made materials similarto plastics, such as polyurethane,
                      polyethylene, and nylon fibers.

                      Non-toxic, non-hazardous polymers
                      Combination of petroleum derived co-polymers

3c. Imbiber Beads™     Solid, spherical plastic particles
  3 to 15 times their
     weight in oil


  4 to 20 times their
     weight in oil

  Up 70 times their
     weight in oil

 1 Ib material adsorbs
1.9 to 2.5 L (0.5 to 0.67
      gal) of oil

  2-14.5 times its
     weight in oil

Each bead absorbs up
to 27 times its own vol.
 1 For more detailed information visit http://www.epa.qov/oilspill/sorbents.htm
 Source: EPA, 2000; Abtech Industries, 2000; Haz-Mat Response Technologies, 2000; and IMTECH, 2000.

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   TABLE 2  OIL & GREASE REMOVAL IN
   A CDS UNIT USING SORBENT MEDIA
Sorbent
Type
Nanofiber
OARS®
OARS®
OARS®
Rubberizer®
Sponge Rok
Xsorb
No Sorbent
Flow
(GPM)
125
75
125
190
125
125
125
125
Percent Removal of 25
mg/L Oil and Grease
87
94
86
82
86
41
79
77








  Source: Stenstrom and Lau, 1998.
oils.
The researchers also measured oil and grease effluent
concentrations 30 minutes after oil and grease pumping
was stopped to determine whether oils leached out of
the sorbents. Effluent oil and grease concentrations
were generally less than 1 mg/L for all trials, indicating
that most sorbents retained oil and grease. The only
sorbent with a residual oil and grease concentration
greater than 1.0 mg/L was Rubberizer®, which had a
1.96 mg/L oil and grease concentration in the effluent
30 minutes after oil and  grease pumping had been
stopped.  The researchers speculate that this increased
leaching rate may be the result of Rubberizer's® high Q
value, which is a measure of the ratio of the oil and
grease absorbed per mass of sorbent (Stenstrom and
Lau, 1998).

Few other studies have directly tested the oil sorption
efficiencies of sorbent materials, but several studies do
compare the efficiencies of different BMPs that use oil
sorbent materials. While these studies do not provide
specific comparisons of sorbent materials because of
the confounding effects of the types of BMPs utilized,
they  do illustrate the effectiveness  of different BMPs
that use sorbent materials in storm water applications.

The   Rouge  River   National   Wet  Weather
Demonstration Project monitored four on-line media
filter  devices  (Hydrocartridge®,  alternately  using
Rubberizer® and Woolzorb® media; StreamGuard™,
using Rubberizer®  media;  Gullywasher™,  using
cellulose media; and the grate inlet skimmer box, which
also used cellulose media) for a 19 month period at
two gas station sites in southeast Michigan. The study
found that all  four  units removed  some  debris,
sediment,  and oil; however, the Hydrocartridge®
retained almost twice the amount of oil as the next most
effective device (Alsaigh, et. al., 1999, see Table 3).
The authors concluded that the Hydrocartridge®  and
the StreamGuard™ devices absorbed more oils  and
grease than the skimmer box and the Gullywasher™,
and pose two potential explanations for the observed
differences:

•      The Hydrocartridge® and StreamGuard™ may
       have been better able to retain water, thereby
       slowing the flow and allowing the media to
       absorb oil; or

       The absorbents used by the Hydrocartridge®
       and the StreamGuard™ were more effective at
       removing oils than the  cellulose media used by
       the skimmer box and the Gullywasher™ .

The authors did not directly test these possibilities, and
therefore they make no conclusions as to which of them
caused the Hydrocartridge® and the StreamGuard™
devices  to absorb more oils and grease than  the
skimmer box and the Gullywasher™ (Alsaigh, et. al.,
1999).
        TABLE 3 OIL ABSORPTION
     EFFICIENCIES OF FOUR STORM
   WATER BMPS UTILIZING SORBENT
                 MATERIALS
 Device
     Average Oil
   Captured/Gallon
Filtered ((mg/kg)/1,000
        gal)
 Hydrocartridge®

 StreamGuard™

 Gullywasher™

 Grate Inlet Skimmer Box
        9,700

        5,000

        2,100

         700
 Source: Alsaigh, et. al., 1999.

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The   results   allow  some  comparison  between
Rubberizer®, a synthetic polymer, and Woolzorb®, a
natural wool fiber product.  Both of these sorbent
materials were used in the Hydrocartridge® BMP over
the course of this project - Rubberizer®  during six
observation periods and Woolzorb®  during two
observation periods.  The efficiency of Rubberizer®
media ranged from a low of 200 mg/kg of oil captured
per 1,000  gallons of storm water filtered to a high of
46,700 mg/kg of oil captured per 1,000 gallons of
storm water filtered.   The efficiency range of the
Woolzorb® media overlaps that of the  Rubberizer®
media.  The Woolzorb® media absorbed 11,500
mg/kg oil  per  1,000 gallons of storm water filtered
during the first observation period, and 2,600 mg/kg oil
per 1,000  gallons of storm water filtered during the
second period  observed (Alsaigh, et. al., 1999).

The   California  Department   of  Transportation
conducted a comprehensive study to evaluate two
drain inlet  inserts for their suitability for retrofitting into
existing highway infrastructure.  As part of this  study,
CalTrans estimated the pollutant removal efficiencies of
three Fossil Filter™ units containing Fossil Rock, an
amorphous alumina silicate, and three DrainGuard™
units containing Rubberizer® media, installed at sites in
District 7 (Los Angeles County) maintenance stations
(Othmer Jr. et.  al., 2001). These maintenance stations
were ideal for  testing the units' hydrocarbon removal
capabilities because they are used for vehicle storage,
fueling, and/or maintenance operations.  One  Fossil
Filter™ and one StreamGuard™ unit were installed at
each site to allow within-site comparisons.  The units
were monitored from September 1999 through May
2000, with routine maintenance conducted according
to the  manufacturer's  recommended  schedule  to
reduce the likelihood of clogging.  When it became
apparent that the systems  clogged at a  much higher
than  expected rate, maintenance schedules were
increased.  However, even the increased maintenance
schedules did not prevent clogging during storms and
resulting system bypass.

The  authors   concluded that  both  units  reduced
hydrocarbons  in storm water,  but that site-specific
conditions,  such   as   flow  rates,   dictated  the
effectiveness of the unit.  The mass balances were
calculated, then converted to percent removal values to
determine hydrocarbon  removal efficiencies.   The
authors noted that removal efficiencies may be low
because bypass occurred frequently for both types of
units.  In addition, they note that the Fossil Filter™ unit
often  became  clogged,  further reducing  removal
efficiency. Hydrocarbon removal ranged from 5 to 7
percent for the Fossil Filter™ and from 2 to 31 percent
for the StreamGuard™.   StreamGuard™ achieved
higher hydrocarbon removal efficiency at two of three
sites studied.  The authors also emphasize that the
units'  intensive maintenance requirements are a factor
to be considered  when determining which BMP is
appropriate for a specific application.

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

The basic  operations  and  maintenance  (O&M)
requirements for  sorbent materials include  periodic
checks to ensure that they  have  not reached their
sorbing capacity or become clogged. The frequency of
visits and cleaning of sediment and debris from BMPs
using  sorbent materials depends on the type of BMP
and the area in which it is located.  In general, all
BMPs using oil sorbent materials should be inspected
at least monthly.  If the material is placed in an area
where it is susceptible to a high oil loading rate, the
BMP  should  be inspected  and  serviced  more
frequently. BMPS should be checked immediately in
the event of an oil  spill.

Inspections depend on the individual unit and vary from
monthly to quarterly. For example, the Ultra-Urban™
Filter   should  be serviced  quarterly   to  remove
accumulated sediment and debris and to check the
sorbent. The manufacturer recommends that OARS®
Passive Skimmer systems be inspected at least once a
month to check the position of the skimmer and ensure
that it remains on top of the water for maximum oil
removal efficiency. The unit should be changed when
the sorbent material has turned from its  original light
color to a dark color, indicating that it has reached its
maximum oil  sorbing  capacity.   This  changeout
schedule depends on the specific application.  AbTech
estimates  that a  skimmer installed in  an oil/water
separator lasts between two weeks and three months,
while a skimmer installed in a hydrodynamic separator
will last two months to one year. Changeout involves
removing the skimmer and replacing it with a new unit.

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Foss Environmental recommends monthly inspections
of its StreamGuard™  catch basin insert until the
operator becomes familiar with how often the system
needs to be cleaned of grit and sediment. The filter
pack  should be  visually  inspected  and sediment
removed,  if necessary.    To  maximize  removal
efficiency,  the catch basin insert system should be
emptied and cleaned when it has accumulated 30 cm
(12 inches) of sediment.

Disposal/Recycling

A sorbent must be replaced once it is spent or has
reached its maximum sorting capacity.  Most of the
sorbents discussed in this Fact Sheet can be removed
and replaced easily by the user once they are spent.
Depending on the type of sorbent, there are four
different options for disposal: recycle, waste-to-energy
(WTE), cement kilns and landfills.

Recycling offers an alternative to disposing of used oil
sorbent  materials.  For  example, CRT Recycling
Service, Inc., recycles many types of used  sorbent
using  a  patent pending technology  that effectively
removes contaminants from both inorganic absorbent
materials, such as clay and diatomaceous earth, and
most synthetic absorbent materials, such as mats, pads,
socks, and rolls.  These absorbent materials can be
reused after processing, with little change  in their
overall appearance or absorptive capacity. CRI has
had success recycling both generic and proprietary
sorbents.

WTE facilities utilize  spent  products  to produce
electricity as an alternative energy source.  Cement
kilns also utilize used products as an alternative fuel to
produce Portland cement.  The last option for disposal
is landfilling the material. Most of the spent media has
passed the  EPA Toxicity  Characteristic Leachate
Procedures and the Paint Filter Test,  qualifying it for
acceptance at RCRA Subtitle D Landfills (i.e., most
municipal landfills).

COSTS

AbTech Industries markets several storm water BMPs
that use the  OARS®  Smart  Sponge  technology,
including the OARS® Passive Skimmer,  the OARS®
Ultra-Urban™ Filter curb opening  insert, and  the
OARS®  Ultra-Urban™ Filter  catch  basin  insert.
Skimmer prices range from $18-$72, and skimmers
are usually replaced when their sorbent capacity  has
been reached. AbTech's curb opening inserts cost
$250, while catch basin inserts cost between $400 and
$600. These units are used until their sorbent capacity
is reached, and then the entire unit is replaced.  Under
normal operating conditions, the entire recyclable filter
units should be replaced at least every three years.

Foss Environmental StreamGuard™ catch basin inserts
(using the sorbent filter pack consisting of Rubberizer®
media) sell for $93 each, with multiple packs available
at a reduced cost. These inserts can be installed by
the user, minimizing installation costs.

Imbiber Beads® Absorbent Pillows, which can be used
in several different types of storm water BMPs,  are
sold in 18-pillow packs for approximately $275.

REFERENCES

Other Related Fact Sheets

Catch Basin Cleaning
EPA832-F-99-011
September 1999

Handling and Disposal of Residuals
EPA832-F-99-015
September 1999

Hydrodynamic Separators
EPA 832-F-99-017
September 1999

Water Quality Inlets
EPA 832-F-99-029
September 1999

Other EPA Fact Sheets can be found at the following
web address:

http://www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/mtbfact.htm

1.      AbTech Industries, 2000. Literature provided
       by manufacturer.

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2.
9.
10.
11.
Alsaigh, R, J. Boerma, A. Ploof,  and L.
Regenmorter, 1999.  Rouge River National
Wet  Weather  Demonstration   Project,
Nonpoint Work Plan No. URBSW5, Task
No. 3, Evaluation of On-Line Media Filters in
the Rouge River Watershed.

American Society  of Testing and Materials,
1993.   Standard Methods  of Testing
Sorbent Performance  of Absorbents.  F
716-82 (Reapproved 1993).

 American Society of Testing and Materials,
1996. Standard Guide for Containment by
Emergency  Response   Personnel   of
Hazardous Materials Spills.  F 1127-88
(Reapproved 1996).

American Society  of Testing and Materials,
1999.  Standard Test Method for Sorbent
Performance of Adsorbents.  F 726-99
(Reapproved 1993).

Caltrans-C SUS-UCD Stormwater Unit (study
conducted by California DOT), August 2000.
Brian  Currier,     Caltrans-CSUS-UCD
Storm water Unit, personal communication with
Parsons, Inc.
12.
       CDS Technology, Inc., 2000.
       provided by manufacturer.
                              Literature
CRI Recycling Service Inc., 2000. Literature
provided by manufacturer.

CRI Recycling Service Inc., 2000.   John
Summerfield,  CRI Recycling Service, Inc.,
personal communication with Parsons, Inc.

Haz-Mat Response Technologies, Inc., 2000.
Literature provided by manufacturer.

Haz-Mat Response Technologies, Inc., 2000.
Shirley  Washum,   Haz-Mat   Response
Technologies, Inc., personal  communication
with Parsons Engineering Science, Inc.
                                                  13.
                                                  14.
                                                  15.
                                                  16.
                                                  17.
                                                  18.
                                                  19.
                                                  20.
Hoffman, E.J.,  J. Latimer, G. Mills, and J.
Quinn,  1982.  "Petroleum Hydrocarbons in
Urban Runoff from a Commerical Land Use
Area."   Journal  of the  Water Pollution
Control Federation 54, No. 11, pp. 1517-
1525.
       IMTECH 2000.
       manufacturer.
                  Literature  provided  by
       Katers, J.F., and J. Summerfield, 2000.  "Oil
       Recovery from Absorbent Materials."

       Othmer Jr., E.F, G. Friedman, J.S. Borroum,
       and B.K.  Currier, 2001.   "Performance
       Evaluation of Structural  BMPs:  Drain  Inlet
       Inserts (Fossil Filter™ and StreamGuard™)
       and Oil  Water  Separator."   Submitted  to
       American Society of Civil  Engineers annual
       conference.

       Stenstrom,  M.K.,  G.  Silverman,  and  T.
       Bursztynsky, 1984. "Oil and Grease in Urban
       Stormwaters."   Journal of  Environmental
       Engineering 110, No. 1, pp. 58-72.

       Stenstrom, M. K. and Sim-Lin Lau, 1998.
       Oil and Grease  Removal  by Floating
       Sorbent  in a CDS Device.   Los Angeles.
       Prepared for CDS Technologies.

       Stenstrom, M.K., 2001.  M.K.  Stenstrom,
       personal  communication with Parsons, Inc.

       U.S. EPA, 1999a.  "Evaluating Simple,  Cost
       Effective Solutions for Reducing Storm Water
       and Urban Runoff Pollution:  Santa Monica Bay
       Restoration  Project."     Coastlines,
       January/February 1999.   Internet  site  at
       http://epa.gov/owow/estuaries/
       coastlines/janfeb99/center/insert.html,
       accessed August 2000.

       U.S. EPA, 1999b.  Sorbents. Internet site at
       http://epa.gov/oilspill/sorbents.htm. accessed
       July 2000.

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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
AbTech Industries
Robert Liguori
41 10 N. Scottsdale Road, Suite 235
Scottsdale, AZ 85251

CDS Technologies, Inc.
Robert Howard
16360 South Monterey Road, Suite 250
Morgan Hill, CA 95037

CRI Recycling Service
John Summerfield
101 Hagen Drive
Woodville, WI 54028

Foss Environmental
Bill Pola
P.O. Box 80327
Seattle, WA 98 108

Haz-Mat Response Technologies, Inc.
Shirley Washum
4626 Santa Fe Street
San Diego, CA 92 109

The mention of trade names or commercial products
does not constitute endorsement or recommendation
for use by the U. S . Environmental Protection Agency.
For more information contact:

Municipal Technology Branch
U.S. EPA
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Mail Code 4204M
Washington, D.C. 20460
               Office of Water
             EPA 832-F-02-020
               September 2002
                                                                   2002
                                                                 THE YEAR OF
                                                                 QJ5AN WATER
                                                        IMTB
                                                        Excellence in compliance through optimal technical^ sotuttons
                                                        MUNICIPAL TECHNOLOGY BRANCH

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