EPA 903/B/00/02
CBP/TRS 244/00
August 2000
Pollution Prevention
Workbook
A Waste Reduction Guide for Facilities in the
Chesapeake Bay Watershed
BUSINESSES
111 BAY
Chesapeake Bay Program
A Wntit^hf-ti f'cift
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Businesses for the Say thanks the Elizabeth River Project for granting
permission to modify their "River Stars P2 Workbook". Their hard work and
dedication to protecting and restoring the Chesapeake Bay is greatly
appreciated.
Businesses for the Bay also thanks the Chesapeake Bay Program's Pollution
Prevention Workgroup for their assistance in preparing this document.
BUSINESSES
Businesses for the Bay is the Chesapeake Bay Program's voluntary pollution prevention
program for businesses, industries, government facilities, and other organizations within
the Chesapeake Bay watershed.
The Chesapeake Bay Program is a unique regional partnership that has been directing and
conducting the restoration of the Chesapeake Bay since the signing of the historic 1983
Chesapeake Bay Agreement. The Chesapeake Bay Program partners include the states of
Maryland, Pennsylvania and Virginia; the District of Columbia; the Chesapeake Bay
Commission, a tri-state legislative body; the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
representing the federal government; and participating advisory groups.
Printed by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency for the Chesapeake Bay Program
V Printed with Vegetable Oil Based Inks on Recycled Paper 30% Postconsumer
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Table of Contents
Introduction 3
What is Pollution Prevention (P2)? 3
How Can You Help? 3
Businesses for the Bay 3
Getting Started 4
Developing a Pollution Prevention Plan 6
How to Do Pollution Prevention 9
Facility Operations 10
Reducing at the Source 10
New Technology 10
Process Re-Design 10
Product Substitution 11
Energy Efficiencyl 1
Washing Facilities, Vehicles and Equipmentl2
Outdoor Pressure Washing 12
Vehicle Fuelingl3
Pesticide Use 13
Landscaping for Water Quality 14
Landscape Installation and Maintenance 15
Keeping a Clean Work Site 15
Waste and Materials Storage 16
Spill Prevention and Clean-Upl7
Reuse19
Recycling 19
Waste Disposal20
Purchasing and Accounting Practices22
Track Costs by Process or Activity22
Inventory Control22
Damaged Material s23
Recycled Materials23
Packaging24
Printed Materials24
Alternative Fuel Vehicles24
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Employee Awareness & Involvement25
Employee Involvement25
Employee Recognition26
Employee Commuting26
Public Relations & Community Involvement27
Product Promotion27
Sharing Experiences-Be a Mentor27
Awards and Incentive Programs28
Community Outreach Programs28
Area Clean-Ups28
Appendix A - Environmental Contact Information29
Appendix B - Pollution Prevention Internet Resources33
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Introduction
The Chesapeake Bay watershed is one of our most important natural resources. The
64,000 square mile area that drains to the Chesapeake Bay, called the watershed, is home
to a wide variety of organisms, including birds, shellfish, trees, fish, and humans. With so
many dependent upon the Bay watershed, it is critical to protect and restore it.
What is Pollution Prevention (P2)?
One of the best ways to protect the Bay is to prevent pollution and waste from entering
the waterways. Pollution prevention (P2) is a hierarchy of activities that eliminate or
reduce the amount of chemical contaminants or other wastes at the source of production.
Source reduction is the preferred method to addressing waste issues, followed by
reuse/recycling, then energy recovery. Treatment, followed by safe disposal, should be
used as a last alternative.
How Can You Help?
There are a number of ways you can prevent pollution and waste at the source. This
workbook outlines more than 30 different strategies that your facility can implement to
help protect the Chesapeake Bay. Not only can these strategies be good for the
environment, they can be good for your facility's bottom line. In many instances,
preventing pollution can be less costly than treatment or disposal. Use this P2 Workbook
to guide you in selecting those P2 strategies that make the most sense for your facility to
implement.
Businesses for the Bay
Another way to help is by joining Businesses for the Bay. Businesses for the Bay is the
Chesapeake Bay Program's voluntary pollution prevention program for businesses,
industries, government facilities, and other organizations located throughout the
Chesapeake Bay watershed. More than 270 facilities have joined Businesses for the Bay
since the program began in 1996. These forward-looking facilities have all committed to
help protect the Chesapeake Bay watershed by preventing pollution and waste. In 1998
alone, Businesses for the Bay participants prevented or reduced more than 877 million
pounds of waste while saving more than $3.9 million. That's good for the Bay and good
for business!
By joining Businesses for the Bay, your facility gets the recognition it deserves for
implementing P2 activities to protect the Bay. In addition, you will be eligible for the
prestigious Businesses for the Bay Excellence Awards, given annually to those facilities
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that have made great progress in achieving their P2 goals. Businesses for the Bay also
hosts various technical assistance workshops to help its participants learn more about P2
and new ways that they can prevent pollution at their facilities. As a participant, you will
also have access to the Businesses for the Bay Mentors, volunteers who can help you with
your pollution prevention needs. With so many benefits to your facility and the Bay, it
makes sense to join today!
Getting Started
It's easier than you may think to get started preventing pollution and waste at your
facility. Begin by following these steps:
*Step 1 - Read this Pollution Prevention Workbook
Use the strategies outlined in this workbook to identify pollution prevention and waste
reduction opportunities at your facility.
*Step 2 - Conduct a Self-Evaluation
Take a look around your facility and get an idea of how you're doing with your pollution
prevention and waste reduction activities. By assessing where you are now, you'll be able
to quickly identify new opportunities to reduce your wastes and save money. Businesses
for the Bay and your state/district pollution prevention coordinators are available to help
you with this process.
*Step 3 - Set Your Goals
Once you've identified the opportunities that exist at your facility, you can begin to set
pollution prevention goals. Effective goals are achievable, measurable, observable, flexible
and demanding.
*Step 4 - Take Advantage of Free Services Available to You
Businesses for the Bay Mentors are just one of many free resources that exist to help you
implement your P2 activities. On-site advice, access to P2 literature, help with
presentations, identifying funding opportunities, and referrals to other local, regional or
national assistance providers are just a few of the services that you can take advantage of
to help you achieve your goals.
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*Step 5 - Document Your Success
Be sure to document your progress along the way. Keeping records will help you to see
your successes in achieving your P2 goals and will help you when seeking recognition
through the Businesses for the Bay Excellence Awards program. Be specific in recording
when your goals are reached, amounts of waste reduced, and any cost savings or other
tangible benefits.
*Step 6 - Bask in the Recognition
Let others know of your successes and accomplishments. Businesses for the Bay will help
to promote the good P2 work you're doing at your facility.
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strategy 7 Developing a Pollution Prevention Plan
DuPont set a
corporate-
wide goal of
zero waste
and emissions.
The company
•works with all
employees to
implement
pollution
prevention
strategies
throughout its
operations.
Pollution prevention (P2) should be a facility-wide effort, supported by all
workers. It is important to write down your company's policies or goals
regarding pollution prevention and to share it with all company employees.
A P2 plan should outline the strategies your facility will take to eliminate
wastes and the steps needed to implement those strategies. It is important to
have a plan written down so that all employees can refer to it and have a clear
understanding of the facility's goals and objectives.
To be effective, a pollution prevention plan should include:
company pollution prevention policy. It is important to encourage all
employees to read and adopt this policy in their everyday activities.
4 Pollution prevention goals. You may want to include specific goals in your
P2 plan, or just a process by which goals will be identified. If you develop
specific goals, be sure to include target dates for achieving the goals and make
sure they are part of the formal plan. Or, because the goals are likely to
change and be enhanced over time, you may want to have a separate document
for recording goals and progress. Goals should be achievable, measurable,
observable, flexible and demanding, and should incorporate the following
aspects:
4 steps on how to implement the P2 plan
4 facility operations
4 environmental management systems
^purchasing and accounting practices
4 employee awareness and training
^public relations/community involvement
4 A P2 Leader. Identify one person who takes the lead on P2 efforts.
Typically, this is the environmental manager, but could also be the facility
owner/operator or an employee that has volunteered his/her time. The leader
should be able to track progress on the goals and report the results to the
group.
+A process for employees to participate in on a day-to-day level. For
instance, employees could form a Pollution Prevention Team that identifies and
evaluates potential pollution prevention opportunities. It is advantageous to
make this team "cross functional", incorporating people from different areas of
the company (engineering, accounting, etc.). Training may be necessary for
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participation in this team and when/if new pollution prevention strategies are
implemented (such as the purchase of new equipment or when processes
change).
+A process for assessing the waste streams at your facility. This is commonly
referred to as a Pollution Prevention Opportunity Assessment. Waste types,
volumes/amounts, impacts, and costs should be documented for each process
that creates waste. This should cover wastes for all media: solid waste, water
waste streams and air. Make sure to identify the true costs of waste generation
- including costs associated with regulatory compliance, paperwork and
reporting, loss of production potential, materials in waste stream, storage,
transportation, treatment, disposal, employee exposure risks and health care,
and future liability. These costs should be allocated by waste stream or
process type, not buried in overhead costs. For more information on how to
conduct a pollution prevention opportunity assessment and on environmental
cost accounting for your waste streams, contact the Businesses for the Bay
Coordinator at 1-800 YOUR BAY. Once you go through this process, it
becomes apparent that using fewer resources and preventing pollution at the
source can be less costly in the end. In other words, pollution prevention pays!
+A method to track progress. Good record keeping is essential to measuring
your progress and showing your results. It is important to document specific
information about waste elimination, reduction, recycling, re-use, and
treatment, including types, volumes/amounts, and impacts. This information
should be as detailed as possible and should be divided by process. The
tracking method should be identified in the plan. However, you may want to
track the actual progress as a separate document. Once goals are selected,
measure baseline performance for the item so that progress can be measured.
For instance, if you decide to recycle a material, measure how much material
is currently recycled and how much was disposed as waste before you
implemented the recycling program. Then, after the recycling has been
implemented, measure the amount that each of those categories has changed.
Other measurements to consider include disposal cost avoided, number of
employee hours required to implement, and training cost for implementation.
+A recognition or award program for employees. A great place to get P2
ideas is from your employees. It is important to recognize and reward
employees who identify P2 opportunities and promote environmental
awareness. By recognizing employee efforts, you encourage them to continue
looking for P2 opportunities and boost their moral.
4Information for Awards and Mentoring Efforts. You may want to include
information in your P2 plan for any awards or recognition you receive for your
Warner-Lambert
Company
developed an
environmental
management
plan, which
includes
objectives and
targets for the
many projects
conducted at this
pharmaceutical
manufacturing
facility. The
plan is reviewed
regularly by
management.
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P2 efforts. The Businesses for the Bay Excellence Awards are just one way to
gain recognition. Do not hesitate to publicize your efforts or any events you
host to celebrate successes. The public really wants to hear about positive
environmental efforts, especially when they are voluntary! It is also a good idea
to record participation in community events and other community awareness
efforts such as helping another organization with P2 issues. Share information
and technology with other companies that have operations similar to yours.
They may have ideas you haven't considered.
Once your P2 plan is in place, periodically evaluate it and update it as needed.
Ask yourself if it still meets your facility's needs. Has the company's policy
changed? Does the P2 plan still reflect the company policy? Do we need to
appoint another P2 leader? Should we change the format of our P2 team? Are
we tracking our progress accurately and with enough detail? What is our
progress? Do we need to do another assessment to look for additional P2
opportunities? Do we need to update our goals? Are there any strategies that
we have overlooked for obtaining more employee support and participation?
It is important to ask these questions regularly so that you can always stay
ahead with your goals and progress.
If you need any assistance along the way, Businesses for the Bay is here to
help.
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How to Do Pollution Prevention
Once you have established the plan, you are ready to start preventing pollution
to meet your goals.
If you want to reduce or eliminate your wastes, it is very important to know
what they are, how much you are producing and where they are coming from.
Waste manifests, invoices for disposal, reports to regulatory agencies, sampling
programs and purchase orders, are all good sources of information about your
wastes. If you do not have this type of information, you can go "Dumpster
Diving." This technique is very simple: go out to your dumpster or other
waste storage area and inventory the types and amounts of waste you see.
You can do this process once, or, in order to get more accurate
information, repeat the process at different times over a period of a month or
two. Don't forget to include releases to other areas, such as water or air.
Make sure to inventory the waste from each process (each individual process
may have independent waste storage areas). Ask yourself these questions:
4 What is the main component of our waste? Chemicals? Solvents? Paints?
Nutrients? VOCs? Paper?
4Can we make our processes more efficient (or fine tune them) to reduce the
waste?
4 Are there any hazardous wastes that we could minimize by substituting
another, less toxic material somewhere in the process or by changing the
process?
4 What can we do about our purchasing or inventory procedures to reduce the
waste?
4 Is there anything in our waste that we could reuse or recycle?
4Is there anything in our waste that someone else may be able to reuse?
As you ask these questions, use the information in the following strategies to
come up with ways to reduce the wastes your facility produces. Minimizing
waste should be a top management priority. By reducing waste at the source
your company can save money and time and can become more efficient.
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Facility Operations
Reducing at the Source
Reducing pollution at the source, also called "source reduction", is the most
effective way to prevent pollution and waste from being created during your
operations. By going to the starting points of your operations, you can identify
opportunities to fine tune your systems. Use the source reduction strategies
(Strategy 2 - 14) to learn how prevention can be the best medicine!
Proctor & Gamble
Cosmetics
changed their
process to run
batches of
cosmetics starting
•with light colors
and progressing to
dark colors. They
use fewer raw
materials, create
less -waste, and
increased
Strategy 2 New Technology
Investigate technologies that can help you eliminate or reduce your wastes or
emissions. Although purchasing new equipment may be costly, through the
use of environmental accounting one can see the long-term benefits and can
determine the payback for the equipment. Examples of new technology
include:
4 Aqueous parts washers which can remove oil and grease from metal parts as
well as or better than solvent parts washers
4Wet cleaning techniques for dry cleaning, which eliminates the use of some
solvents
+Recovery systems for hazardous material used in processes
4 Efficient high volume, low pressure spray guns
^Distillation units to recover solvents
4 Compact fluorescent lighting to reduce energy demands and costs
+Energy efficient products such as appliances, parts, engines or motors, and
vehicles
Strategy 3 Process Re-Design
It is not always necessary to change your equipment to improve your results.
Process re-design involves changing the process in order to reduce generated
waste. Examples include:
4Using a physical means for paint removal (closed blasting facility) instead of
solvent based paint strippers
4Using less packaging for the product (redesign product)
^Finding ways to extend the life of hazardous materials which will in turn
minimize the amount of waste produced
4Capturing process water for re-use
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4Using smaller quality control samples and returning them back into the
process
4 Running batch processes
Strategy 4 Product Substitution
Substituting a less toxic material is an effective P2 technique. There are many
solvents and coatings that may be substituted with less hazardous ones. Many
times water can be used just as effectively. (Appendix B includes some
Internet sites that discuss alternatives to solvents and coatings.) It is
important to realize that product substitution may require some re-training of
staff on the procedures for use of the new product. When substituting
products, consider the following:
4 Rather than detergents, use hot water/steam-cleaning methods for washing
oil off metal parts such as engines, tools and equipment.
4Use non-solvent cleaners. You can also reduce pollution by using a solvent
parts washer with a recycling service or filtration unit.
4Use non-chlorinated compounds rather than chlorinated ones; they are less
toxic.
4Use waterless hand cleaners.
4 Try using safe cleaning alternatives such as baking soda and vinegar.
CustomPrint,
Inc. switched to
soy-based inks,
alcohol-free
fountain
solutions and
low VOC
blanket washes
for its printing
operations.
The result is a
quality
Strategy 5 Energy Efficiency
Reducing energy consumption can save money and helps to reduce pollution
associated with power generation (carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
oxides). Educate your employees about switching off lights and equipment
when not in use. Look for office equipment and other products with the
ENERGY STAR logo on them. Purchase energy efficient lighting, such as
compact fluorescent bulbs, or use sensors that turn lights on only when a room
is in use. Install temperature control devices on air conditioning or heating
units. You could even use the money saved with energy reduction initiatives to
have a party for employees that will increase employee morale and educate
them about efforts they can make at home.
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Strategy 6 Washing Facilities, Vehicles and Equipment
Prevent oil and grease, suspended solids, nutrients, heavy metals, toxics and
other contaminants entering the drainage system when washing equipment or
vehicles.
Select a proper location for washing. Wash vehicles and equipment at a
facility (on or off site) that drains to a sanitary sewer. Options include using
commercial washing facilities or inside your building with drainage to the
sanitary sewer.
Properly design any unenclosed wash area. If you plan to wash vehicles or
equipment outdoors, then the wash area must:
4 drain to an oil/water separator and then to the sanitary sewer
covered and/or bermed so that an area no bigger than 200 square feet
drains to the sanitary sewer
4be paved
well marked as a wash area and posted with signs prohibiting oil changes
and washing with solvents.
Use other options as a last resort. If it is not possible to connect a wash
area to the sanitary sewer, collect the water in a dead-end sump, tank, or other
device for transport to the sanitary system for proper disposal. Alternatively,
place a temporary plug over the storm drain and pump the accumulated water
to the nearest sanitary sewer. Call the local public works office for permission
to temporarily block a city-owned storm drain.
Strategy 7 Outdoor Pressure Washing
Pressure washing buildings, roofs, and pavement dislodges pollutants such as
oil, paint chips, and sealants. Allowing dirty or debris-laden wash water to
enter the storm drainage system violates local and state law.
Avoid pressure washing if possible. Use mechanical cleaning methods such as
brooms and wire brushes as much as possible.
Manage the waste water appropriately. If you can't avoid pressure washing,
use sandbags or other materials to divert the flow of waste to a grassy or
vegetated area which does not directly discharge to a storm drain. (NOTE:
This method should not be used if the water contains any hazardous
substances.) If such a vegetated area is not available, divert the waste water to
a temporary basin or other material or to a storm drain catch basin which is not
in the public right-of-way and which you have temporarily blocked. Then,
pump the water to a containment vehicle and decant it at an appropriate
disposal site. Alternatively, the runoff may be diverted to the sanitary sewer
system at the wash location if it meets your locality's discharge guidelines.
Dispose of solids. Solids remaining after the water has been removed need to
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be cleaned up and properly disposed.
Strategy 8 Vehicle Fueling
Gas and diesel spills are common when vehicles are fueled. Fuels contain
organic compounds and metals that are harmful to aquatic life. If the fueling
area is improperly designed, oil and grease, metals, and toxics can be washed
to the drainage system in violation of state and local law. To minimize
pollution, take the following steps:
4Do not top-off vehicles during fueling. Overfilling causes spillage and vents
gas fumes to the air. Make sure automatic shutoff valves on the gas nozzles
work.
4Know the size of the tank you are filling and carefully watch the gauges to
avoid overfilling and spills.
4Post signs that instruct fuel pump operators not to overfill gas tanks.
Overfilling causes spillage and vents gas fumes to the air.
4Pave the fueling area with cement concrete. Fuel deteriorates asphalt.
^Design the fueling area as a spill containment pad. In other words, design it
so that any spills are contained and storm water runoff from adjacent areas
can't enter it.
4Cover the fueling area. This keeps rain from hitting the ground and washing
away any spilled materials. Ideally, the cover should extend several feet
beyond the spill containment pad.
4Keep suitable clean-up materials on-site to allow prompt clean-up of any
spill. See Strategy 14 regarding spill prevention and clean-up.
Strategy 9 Pesticide Use
Pesticide misuse or misapplication can be a human health hazard. It can also
lead to ground and surface water pollution and can be harmful to birds, fish
and other animals.
Integrated pest management (or IPM) is preferred method to controlling pests
in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. IPM is a pro-active approach where the
best available pest management methods to prevent pest damage are used and
the hazards to humans and the environment are minimized. Use of pesticides
can be reduced dramatically by using IPM methods. Examples of IPM
techniques include striking a natural balance by letting natural predators such
as birds, bats or toads eat your insect pests and using hand removal, traps or
diatomaceous earth (a dust that kills insects such as aphids) in place of
pesticides. Contact your state Cooperate Extension Service for ideas
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controlling unwanted pests and to learn more about IPM.
Pesticides should only be used when less toxic options are not available. If you
must use pesticides, use the least toxic type and use only as directed. Avoid
broad-spectrum insecticides which are generally, more toxic to non-target
organisms such as birds. Take care to follow directions for proper use and
disposal of the product. Be careful with leftover pesticides and their containers
- they could be hazardous waste. Always read labels. Contact your local
public works or environmental agency for information on proper disposal.
Never pour excess pesticides on the ground into a storm drain, sink drain, or
ditch.
Strategy 70 Landscape Designs for Water Quality
Plant selection and landscape design can significantly affect water quality
through their effects on water infiltration, storm water runoff, pest control, and
maintenance needs. Using native plants can help to eliminate or reduce the
need for pesticides and maintenance (such as watering or mowing). Planting
native species to help improve water quality is commonly referred to in the
Chesapeake Bay watershed as "Bayscaping". When turf is necessary, choose
seed varieties recommended for your region. Techniques for protecting water
quality include:
4 Collecting runoff in bioretention areas to treat and slow water runoff before it
enters the storm drains or waterways.
+Reducing high maintenance turf by planting perennial gardens, wooded
groves, hedgerows, beds of flowering and fruiting shrubs, or wildflower
meadows.
4 Reducing or eliminating impervious surfaces (the paved surfaces which do
not allow water to penetrate into the soil). Replace pavement with stones or
pavers set in sand, or with mulched pathways.
^Create no-mow zones by planting natural buffers of trees, shrubs, flowers or
ground cover to protect sensitive areas like streams and drainage areas.
For additional information about Bayscaping and landscape designs, contact
the Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay at 410-377-6270 or your state
Cooperative Extension Service.
Strategy 7 7 Landscape Installation and Maintenance
Landscape installation and maintenance methods affect both the amount of
runoff and the pollutants potentially washed into our waterways. Choose
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planting sites based on soil, slope, moisture and light conditions. Be sure to
use native plant species (i.e., Bayscaping). Test the soil before you amend or
fertilize it and reseed as needed. Review your application schedules for
eliminating or reducing fertilizer, herbicides and pesticides. Follow state
Cooperative Extension Service guidelines and keep records.
When installing new plant material, do not bury the roots too shallow or too
deeply. Apply a layer of mulch no more than 3 inches deep and avoid
mounding around trunks of trees and shrubs. When possible, leave existing
trees and shrubs in place. Maintenance equipment and ground disturbance in
the root zone can harm trees and shrubs.
Strategy 12 Keeping a Clean Work Site
Why is it important to keep a clean work site? Any residue (such as paint
chips, metal shavings, or grease) on a surface that drains to a storm drain can
be washed to waterways. Disorganized work places also increase the chance
of spills. Keep surfaces that drain to the drainage system clean and organized.
Remember to:
4Keep toxic materials separated from non-toxic materials.
^Organize the work place to avoid clutter. This can help you to easily find
products, will help reduce the chance of spills and can help you identify leaks
immediately.
4 When transferring or diluting chemicals, use a funnel and place a tray
underneath to catch spills. Place drip pans under the spouts of liquid storage
containers.
+Regularly sweep or mechanically remove outside wastes such as those found
around the dumpster or on the parking lot.
iPlace a tarp on the ground during remodeling, painting preparation work,
sandblasting, or other operations that can create dust or debris.
iDrain fluids such as unused gas, transmission and hydraulic oil, brake fluid,
and radiator fluid from vehicles or parts kept in storage. Recycle, reuse or
dispose of these fluids properly (see Strategies 5,6 and 18).
4Fix leaks on equipment and vehicles. Maintain equipment properly and
develop a system to report leaks promptly.
4Cover exposed soils with plants, gravel, or pavement depending on the use of
the area.
4Don't hose down your shop floor if the water can enter a storm drain. It's
best to sweep it.
Strategy 73Waste and Materials Storage
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Proper storage of materials and wastes is very important. If materials and
wastes aren't properly stored, pollutants can leak or be washed out by rain
water and carried into waterways and lakes. Consider the following options:
4Clearly label the contents of all containers.
4Don't mix different types of hazardous waste in a single container.
4Use suitable storage containers for your materials and wastes and store them
in an appropriate location.
4Make sure that your storage containers are in good condition and lined with a
material that won't react with the product or waste. Outdoor storage
containers should be rigid, durable, water tight, and rodent-proof.
4 Handle containers in ways that won't cause ruptures or leaks, and keep them
tightly closed except when you're adding or removing the contents.
4 Check with the fire department for containment requirements for reactive or
ignitable waste.
4 Place re-usable plastic sheeting over stockpiles of substances such as sand,
gravel, soil, and lumber. Secure the cover with weighted objects such as sand
bags or old tires. This will prevent sediments and nutrients from washing into
the waterways. Better yet, build a covered areas for stockpiles. (Be sure it
conforms to local and state regulations.)
+Inspect your dumpster area regularly and avoid placing liquids in the
dumpster. Spills and leaks from dumpsters are a common source of pollutants,
especially from facilities producing damp or oily wastes that are compacted. If
the dumpster leaks, it should be replaced. Alternatively, you can isolate the
area around the dumpster and drain it to the sanitary sewer system.
4 Keep the dumpster lid tightly closed to keep the rain out and prevent leakage.
A more foolproof approach is to build a cover over the dumpster. The
dumpster should also be locked to prevent others from using it to dispose of
hazardous products.
4Pave the storage area, install a drainage system, and treat the storm water
runoff.
4Dike and drain liquid storage areas. For liquid products or wastes stored
outdoors, surround the storage area with a curb or dike to provide volume to
contain 10 percent of the volume of all the containers or 110 percent of the
volume of the largest container, whichever is greater. If the storage area is
permanent, install a drain. For used oil, hazardous waste, or materials
controlled by the Fire Code, the liquid should drain to a dead-end sump;
otherwise, connect it to the sanitary sewer, after checking with your locality
for regulations.
^Obtain storage permits if needed. Businesses that accumulate or generate
more than 220 pounds of hazardous waste per month (or 2.2 pounds if
extremely hazardous) may also need a storage permit from the state/district
environmental department. Also, check with your municipality if you plan to
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construct a storage area (or structurally modify the one you have).
Strategy 14 Spill Prevention and Clean-Up
If you use paints, solvents, oils, gasoline, pesticides, or other materials that can
spill, your facility needs a spill control plan. This is true even if you handle
materials that are normally considered harmless (such as food), because only
clean water belongs down a storm drain.
Take steps to prevent spills. Examine your activities for ways to reduce the
chance of spills. For instance:
4Organize the delivery and unloading areas. Ideally, loading or unloading
docks should have overhangs or door skirts which enclose the trailer end, and
should be designed to prevent run-off of storm water (e.g., by being
surrounded by a low berm).
4Use a funnel to transfer liquids from one container to another.
4Keep trays on hand to catch spills from leaking or overheating cars.
4 Store materials where they won't be knocked over.
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Consider installing a spill control oil/water separator to prevent
contamination if a spill does occur.
Prepare a clean-up plan. Any facility that uses oils, gasoline, pesticides, or
even bulk food products should prepare for and know how to handle possible
spills. Generally, a clean-up plan includes a description of the facility, contact
people to be notified and specific clean-up instructions. Certain laws require
facilities that generate or store regulated amounts of hazardous waste to have a
spill clean-up plan. All facilities should have basic procedures to follow during
a spill and these procedures should be made clear to employees.
Clean up spills immediately. If a spill occurs, respond immediately and follow
your clean-up plan. Protect your safety and the safety of others. Do not enter
an area with spilled toxic materials without proper clothing and gear. Be sure
to:
4 Stop the source of the spill.
4 Contain the spill. If the spill involves a liquid, block the flow by placing
absorbent materials along the edge of the spill. If there is a chance the spill
could enter the storm drain or sewer, cover the drain inlet (such as with a
rubber mat). If a spilled powder could blow away, contain it by covering it
with plastic or, if it won't react with water, by dampening it with wet towels or
a light water spray.
4Cover liquid spills with absorbent material. Use materials that can be swept
or picked up such as kitty litter, shop rags, sawdust, or vermiculite. The idea is
to contain - not disperse - the spill, so don't use emulsifiers or dispersants. For
solids such as powders, sweep or wipe up the material.
4 Report the spill to the appropriate authorities and call for help as needed. If
the spill presents a hazard to public health or safety, call 911 immediately.
4For large spills, consider using the services of a private clean-up firm.
+Properly dispose of clean-up materials. Never wash spilled materials down a
sanitary sewer or storm drain. Cleaning products used to absorb a hazardous
waste (such as vermiculite used to soak up spilled degreasers) cannot be put in
the garbage. They may be considered hazardous waste and should be disposed
of accordingly. Contact your local authority for disposal requirements.
Strategy 75 Re-Use
If you still have pollution and waste after implementing the source reduction
strategies described above, there are still options for preventing those wastes
from being disposed. See if others can use your leftovers. Many times, there
are other uses for those things that are considered waste. For example, used
motor oil can be burned for heat in certain types of space heating equipment, a
neighboring facility may be able to use leftover paint or other materials, dirty
solvent from one process may be clean enough to use in another process, scrap
Canon
Virginia,
Inc.
encourages
customers to
return their
spent toner
cartridges
for reuse at
18
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wood may be turned into mulch, or used furniture can be given to a charity or
to employees.
Consider using a waste exchange service. A waste exchange service helps
those looking for raw materials find them from the wastes of others. These
types of services, usually operated through the Internet, will post descriptions
of your wastes for others to see so that they may "shop" for their raw
materials. In other words, your "trash" may be another person's "treasure".
Fees may be associated with waste exchange services, but they should be
weighed against all of the costs associated with treatment and disposal. See
Appendix B for a list of waste exchanges and their web site addresses.
strategy 16 Recycling
If you still have wastes after exploring source reduction and re-use
opportunities, then consider recycling. Take advantage of opportunities to
recycle whenever you can. Here's how to make recycling work:
Separate wastes. Keep your wastes in separate containers according to the
type of product, and keep records of the container contents (if possible, keep
materials in the original container). Combining different types of waste can
prevent recycling and greatly increase disposal costs. For example,
uncontaminated waste oil can be recycled, whereas waste oil mixed with
solvents requires a much more costly and complicated disposal process.
Use recyclable materials. The following materials are potentially recyclable:
iused antifreeze
4used tires
iused car batteries
4 engine and lubricating oil
iuncontaminated gasoline and brake fluid
4 some solvents such as degreasing agents and paint solvents
^building materials such as concrete, asphalt or drywall
4metal scraps
4 latex paint
4cooking oil, fats and greases
ipaper and cardboard
4container glass, aluminum and tin
Check the Internet sites listed in Appendix B to learn more about using and
purchasing recycled products.
Keep receipts. For documentation purposes, always keep receipts from the
recycling vendor showing the amount and specific types of wastes recycled.
Compost landscaping waste. Consider installing a compost facility at your
own site and, encourage clients and customers to compost, too. Be sure to
R.R.
Donnelley &
Sons
Company, a
commercial
printer,
recycles spent
aluminum
printing
plates, film,
fiber cores
from paper
rolls, and
scrap metal
among other
19
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locate your compost area so that it doesn't leach into a waterway or storm
drain. Leave grass clippings to decompose on the lawn. Leaves (ideally
shredded first) can be used as mulch on flower beds or composted. Similarly,
woody waste can be shredded for mulch. If you can't compost on-site, call
your locality to find out about yard waste collection and disposal opportunities.
Strategy 77 WdSte Disposal
Disposal should be a last option. If it is not possible to completely eliminate all
waste produced, proper waste disposal is extremely important to avoid both
environmental and legal problems. Remember: businesses may be financially
and legally responsible for their waste disposal even if it is handled by a waste
contractor. Although the business owner has ultimate responsibility for the
proper disposal of hazardous and solid waste, employees may also be legally
liable. When disposing of waste, follow these steps:
Identify whether your waste is considered hazardous. Proper waste disposal
depends on the chemical properties of the waste. A hazardous waste is a solid,
liquid, or gas that could pose dangers to human health, property, or the
environment and can no longer be used for its intended purpose. Likely
hazardous wastes include:
4 paints, thinners and solvents
4cleaning and polishing fluids
4 cool ants
^pesticides
^petroleum products
4rags completely saturated with gasoline or other hazardous materials.
Other materials that burn or itch on contact with skin, dissolve metals, wood,
paper, or clothing, or bubble or fume upon contact with water are also likely to
be hazardous. If you don't know whether a product or waste is hazardous,
check shipping papers, material safety data sheets (MSDS) and product labels.
Assume a substance is hazardous until you find out otherwise. Prior to safe
disposal, place the substance in a sealed container, label it, and store it in a safe
place.
If wastes are hazardous, determine the quantity. Is less than 220 pounds
produced per month or batch (2.2 pounds if the waste is extremely hazardous)
or accumulated at any time? Businesses that generate more than this amount
have greater disposal requirements and may be considered a small-quantity
generator (SQG). You may be required to dispose or recycle your wastes
through a recycling firm, treat them on-site or have them treated through a
treatment, storage and disposal (TSD) facility. Be sure to consult federal,
state, and local regulations for specific requirements.
Determine the best disposal method. Recycling or finding someone who can
20
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use the waste are preferred over disposal. Read the disposal section of the
material safety data sheet (MSDS) to determine the proper disposal of a
specific product. The fact that a waste isn't hazardous doesn't automatically
mean it can go into your dumpster or down your drains. There are limits on
what can go down the sanitary sewer. Call your local authority for details.
Never dump wastes down a storm drain or onto the ground.
21
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Purchasing & Accounting Practices
Purchasing and accounting practices are important to the waste reduction
process. By taking a close look at your inventory purchasing and control
practices, you may be able to identify additional source reduction
opportunities. And, when you start to look at the costs of prevention verus the
costs of treatment and disposal, you will probably see that preventing pollution
pays!
Strategy 18 Track Costs by Process or Activity
Until the all the costs for a particular process or activity are clearly attributed
to that process or activity, it will be difficult to know what the true cost of that
activity is and how much the initiation of a pollution prevention strategy in that
process will save. For example, if a particular process generates hazardous
waste, the waste disposal costs, regulatory compliance costs, sampling and
analysis costs, reporting costs, insurance costs, worker health costs,
environmental liability costs, as well as other expenses should all be attributed
directly to that process when examining cost savings.
Sometimes costs can be hidden. It is important to look at all departments that
may be involved in the activity or process you are examining. Be sure to work
with your accounting department to obtain accurate information about costs
and expenses. There are several computer programs available including P2
Finance and E2 Finance (both available on-line from Tellus Institute), that will
help you to identify cost savings and costs savings opportunities. Once you
can look at the whole picture, you are likely to see that the P2 activity you are
considering will pay off in the long-run.
Strategy 19 Inventory Control
Use the following tips to control your inventory to prevent waste and save
money.
Buy only what you need. Purchase products in amounts that can be used
completely within a given period of time. Maintain a good inventory control
system to prevent unnecessary purchases.
Purchase products that are durable. Products that will last longer are a good
investment. Recommend them to your customers. Maintain equipment and
products so they last as long as possible.
Buy the least toxic products available. Where possible, select those materials
White Oak
Semiconductor
worked with
their supplier to
develop a "just-
in-time "
inventory system
to reduce their
expired chemical
wastes.
22
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that do not contain toxic ingredients. Be sure to read labels and look for terms
such as "non-toxic". Review Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) prior to
purchasing materials.
Limit or eliminate outdated materials. Make sure all inventory is dated and
that there is a procedure in place to use older materials first. Consider working
with your suppliers to develop a "just-in-time" delivery system, where the
materials you need are delivered to you shortly before you need them. This
will help you to reduce the amount of expired materials on your shelves, and
your risk in handling and shoring those materials.
Strategy 20 Damaged Materials
If materials arrive damaged, request your supplier take them back. These
materials should not become part of your waste stream. Contact your supplier
to make sure they will take back damaged materials. Work with your receiving
department to develop a system to return damaged materials.
Materials or supplies that become damaged in the course of your operations
might be usable in another application. Be sure to consider all re-use and
recycling options before throwing the material away. If materials damaged
during operations are a big part of your waste stream, consider implementing
an employee training program or examining the handling process/procedures to
decrease the opportunity for damage to occur.
Strategy 21 Recycled Materials
Purchase products made from recycled materials. Look for those products
with the highest post-consumer content. Purchasing of recycled products is
necessary to close the recycling loop. Markets for the recycled materials
collected from your business will develop only when you buy back the
recyclables in the form of new products. Buying recycled products also
encourages energy and resource conservation. To find out more about buying
products made from recycled materials, contact your vendors or your state's
pollution prevention office and visit the web sites listed in Appendix B.
23
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Strategy 22 Packaging
Evaluate the amount of packaging materials used in the items you purchase. If
you are generating a lot of waste as a result of over-packaged raw materials,
work with your supplier to reduce these wastes. One option is to purchase
items in bulk, as longs as you can utilize the supply before it may expire (See
Strategy 19). Another option is to work with your supplier to use reusable
containers that can be sent back to the supplier for refills. Examine the amount
of packaging you use in the products you make. Reduce packaging materials
where feasible.
Strategy 23 Printed Materials
When you send off materials to be printed, support the cause of pollution
prevention elsewhere by having them printed with soy-based inks on recycled
paper. Encourage your customers, suppliers, and vendors to do the same.
Strategy 24 Alternative Fueled Vehicles
When purchasing vehicles for your facility's fleet, consider using alternative
fueled vehicles. Alternative fuel vehicles use clean-burning fuels such as
compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), methanol,
ethanol, and electricity. They may be built by the original manufacturer or
traditional vehicles may be converted to use alternative fuels. Alternative fueled
vehicles include dedicated vehicles which use only one fuel, bifuel vehicles
which use two different fuels at different times, or flex-fuel vehicles which can
use two or more fuels (usually gasoline and methanol or ethanol)
simultaneously. Financial incentives may exist in your area to encourage the
purchase of these types of vehicles. For more information about incentives and
alternative fueled vehicles, contact your state/district energy office or pollution
prevention coordinator.
24
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Employee Awareness & Involvement
Keeping your employees informed about pollution prevention issues and
opportunities is critical to reducing your pollution and wastes. Use these
strategies to engage employees and get them involved in the P2 process.
Strategy 25 Employee Involvement
Many of the steps you can take to prevent pollution need to be followed on a
daily basis. Therefore, employee education is key to success.
"In-house" training. All employees should be aware of those practices that
can prevent pollution as well as those that may create potential pollution
problems. You may want to incorporate pollution prevention training into
another training program you conduct on a regular basis. Remember to budget
for this training. Consider incorporating the following into an "in-house"
training program:
4 Incorporate the strategies in this workbook into your training sessions. Be
sure to provide new training when a procedure changes or when new
equipment is purchased.
+Explain your company's P2 strategies and goals with employees so they
understand why certain procedures must be followed. Post your goals for all to
see.
4 Include P2 concerns in new employee orientations and in written procedures.
+Provide employees with proper disposal guidelines.
Once a training program is in place, monitor workers to determine the
effectiveness of the training. Remember to provide daily feedback on observed
behavior to encourage P2.
Solicit employee ideas. Ask your employees to identify pollution prevention
opportunities. One easy way to do this is to post a "P2 Suggestion Box"
where all employees have access to it (such as the lunchroom). Another is to
develop employee teams and give them the responsibility of identifying
opportunities at your facility.
Participate in other educational opportunities. Encourage employees to
attend workshops and read educational materials to learn more about P2.
Attend relevant conferences or courses such as those sponsored by your trade
association or community college.
Visual Reminders. Post an explanation of your P2 policies and strategies in
Parker's
Exxon, a small
automotive
service
station, trains
all of its
•workers and
asks them to
sign a
contract
stating they
recognize
their role in
Siemens
Automotive
uses
employee
teams to
identify? 2
opportunities
throughout
it's facility.
One team
saved the
company
$93,000!
25
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areas where employees will see them. Display signs or posters with P2 tips to
keep employees involved. Include P2 issues or articles in staff minutes or a
company newsletter.
NORSHIPCO
awards its
"Environmental
Star of the
Month " with
$50, a good
parking space
and recognition
in the
company's
Strategy 26 Employee Recognition
It is important to offer positive recognition to employees who are preventing
pollution at your facility. Recognition not only awards those who are actually
"living" your company policy, but encourages others to follow their example.
It also helps to boost employee morale.
Create incentives for developing or implementing P2. Incentives help to
encourage employees to prevent pollution and to get involved. Employees that
identify P2 opportunities deserve special recognition. Some examples of
incentives include:
4 Naming an "Environmental Employee of the Month." Post their picture and
story in an employee newsletter.
4 Providing a gift certificate, cash awards, pais time off from work, or special
parking space for employees that identify a new P2 opportunity.
4Offering an employee who contributes a pollution prevention idea a
percentage of cost savings resulting from that idea.
Make pollution prevention apart of job performance. Make it known how
committed your organization is to pollution prevention by incorporating
contributions to your pollution prevention efforts into performance
evaluations.
Strategy 27 Employee Commuting
Reducing the number of miles your employees commute each day is important
to improving the air quality in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Encourage
employees to carpool, use mass transit or walk to work. Install a bike rack to
encourage cycling to work (it's good exercise, too). Offering employees the
option of telecommuting is another valued employee benefit. Contact your
state/district transit authority to learn about incentives such as commuter tax
credits or making mass transit tickets available for sale at your business.
26
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Public Relations & Community
Involvement
Showing clients and your community what you are doing to protect the
Chesapeake Bay and its rivers is good public relations. Getting your neighbors
to do their part can also be good for business and the Bay.
Strategy 28 Product Promotion
Provide educational materials to customers. Why not share your values and
pollution prevention policies or mission with your customers? You may find
that many customers are glad to know that they are supporting a company that
promotes pollution prevention and other environmental initiatives. If you
produce a product and it is now cleaner or more "environmentally friendly" due
to a product substitution or process change, let your customers know. If you
recycle and use non-toxic cleaning products in your office, or use energy
efficient equipment, tell your customers and patrons. Not only can pollution
prevention save you money, it can improve your image and increase patronage.
Strategy 29 Sharing Experiences-Be a Mentor
Help other facilities learn about pollution prevention and your P2 experiences.
The only way pollution prevention is going to have a significant impact on the
Chesapeake Bay is if more and more facilities get involved. An excellent way
to make sure participation increases is to mentor another facility. Ways you
can share your expertise include:
^Become a Businesses for the Bay Mentor! Contact the Businesses for the
Bay Coordinator at 1-800-YOUR BAY to learn how.
4Give a presentation at another local business.
4 Share your pollution prevention success stories with others.
4Help another facility develop their own pollution prevention goals.
4 Assist another facility with setting up an employee recognition program or
other P2 strategy.
4 Sponsor a workshop on pollution prevention or good management practices.
Need help
with your P2
strategies?
Contact one
of more than
100 of our
Businesses for
the Bay
Mentors.
27
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Are you doing
great P2 -work?
Contact the
Businesses for
the Bay
Coordinator
for an
Excellence
Awards
application!
Strategy 30 Awards and Incentive Programs
Consider applying for the Businesses for the Bay Excellence Awards, or other
local or national environmental awards. Receiving an award for your P2
initiatives can:
^promote these initiatives within your organization
4 improve employee awareness
4 improve your company image
4make your company more viable as a mentor to other facilities.
Contact the Businesses for the Bay coordinator for information ion how to
apply for Excellence Awards. The Businesses for the Bay Excellence Awards
are presented annually to those facilities that have implemented outstanding
pollution prevention activities and have achieved significant progress toward
their P2 goals.
Hercules, Inc.,
a manufacturer
of cellulose
derivatives,
participates in
a local
Community
and Industrial
Panel.
Strategy 31 Community Outreach Programs
In addition to sharing your pollution prevention strategies with other
businesses, help educate the community about P2. Put up a display at a local
environmental event or give a tour of your facility to your residential
neighbors. Talk to children at a local school about pollution prevention or
recycling. Start a Community Advisory Panel to share facility news with the
surrounding community. By getting the community involved, you help raise
awareness about the benefits of P2.
Strategy 32 Area Clean-Ups
Host a "Clean the Bay Day" or other community clean-up event. This is an
excellent way to market your company's P2 efforts while encouraging others
to appreciate their natural surroundings. Partner with community
organizations and volunteer groups to help organize the event.
28
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Appendix A
Environmental Contact Information
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
General Information
D.C. Department of Health
Environmental Health Administration
51 N Street, NE, 6th Floor
Washington, DC 20002
(202)535-2500
www.dchealth.com
Pollution Prevention Information
Pollution Prevention & Waste Minimization Officer
Office of Special Programs and Compliance Assistance
(202)535-2500
Small Business Assistance
Ombudsman for Small Business Assistance
D.C. Environmental Health Administration
(202)535-2500
Reporting Spills
Contact the Mayor's Command Center to report any spills. Note the date,
time and location.
(202) 727-6161
29
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MARYLAND
General Information
Maryland Department of the Environment
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, MD 21224
(410) 631-3000 or (800) 633-6101
Pollution Prevention Information
Pollution Prevention Coordinator
MDE Pollution Prevention Program
(410)631-4119
Small Business Assistance
Small Business Assistance Program
(410)631-4158
Reporting Spills
To report spills or other problems causing pollution or damaging wildlife
habitat, note the location, time of day, and other pertinent information and
report the problem immediately.
(410)974-3551 (24 hours)
PENNSYLVANIA
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection
Rachel Carson State Office Building
400 Market Street
P.O. Box 8772
Harrisburg, PA 17105-8772
(717)783-2300
www.dep.state.pa.us
Regional Offices
Northeast Regional Office, Wilkes-Barre(717) 783-9981
Southeast Regional Office, Conshohocken (570) 826-2475
South Central Regional Office, Harrisburg(610) 832-6021
North Central Regional Office, Williamsport(717) 705-4797
Northwest Regional Office, Meadville (814) 332-6816
Southwest Regional Office, Pittsburgh(412) 442-4343
30
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Pollution Prevention Information
Pollution Prevention Coordinator
PA DEP Office of Pollution Prevention & Compliance Assistance
(717) 772-8926
Small Business Assistance
Small Business Assistance Program
(800) 722-4743
Small Business Ombudsman
(717)772-8951
Reporting Spills
When you notice a problem that could be causing pollution or damaging
wildlife habitat, note the location, time of day, and other pertinent information
and report the problem immediately.
(800)541-2050
VIRGINIA
Virginia Department of Environmental Quality
629 East Main Street
P.O. Box 10009
Richmond, VA 23240-0009
(804) 698-4000
Regional Offices
Tidewater Region (757) 518-2007
Southwest and Roanoke Regions(540) 562-5749
Pollution Prevention Information
Pollution Prevention Coordinator
VA DEQ Office of Pollution Prevention
(804) 698-4545
Small Business Assistance
Small Business Assistance Program
(804) 698-4394
31
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U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, REGION III
1650 Arch Street
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2029
(800) 438-2474
www.epa.gov/region03
Pollution Prevention Information
Office of Environmental Innovation (OEI)
(215) 814-2761
Small Business Assistance
Business Assistance Center
(800)228-8711
Small Business Ombudsman
(800)368-5888
32
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APPENDIX B
Pollution Prevention Internet Resources
Lots of great pollution prevention information can be found on the Internet.
Below is just a sampling of the many web sites available to help you implement
the pollution prevention strategies outlined in this workbook. Most have links
to other web sites with additional information. (Sites operational as of
Summer 2000).
Businesses for the Bay
For information about Businesses for the Bay and how to join, go to:
www.chesapeakebay.net/b4bay.htm
Compliance Assistance Centers
Automotive Services and Repair
www.ccar-greenlink.org
Local Government Assistance Network Center
www.lgean.org
Metal Finishing
www.nmfirc.org
National Agriculture Compliance Assistance Center
www.earth2.epa.gov/oeca/ag/aghmpg.html
Painters and Coatings Center
www.paintcenter.org
Printing
www. pneac. org
Printed Wiring Boards
www.pwbrc.org
33
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Transportation Compliance Assistance Center
www.transource.org
Energy & Water Efficiency
Department of Energy-Alternative Fuels Data Center
www.afdc.nrel.gov
Department of Energy-Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Network
www.eren.doe.gov
Solstice Sustainable Energy Information
www.solstice.crest.org
U.S. EPA Energy Star Programs & Products
www. epa. gov/energy star
Water Wiser
www.waterwiser.org
World Energy Efficiency Association
www.weea.org
Environmental Accounting
P2 Finance
www.tellus.org/general/software.html
E2 Finance
www.tellus.org/general/software.html
General P2 Information
Center for Sustainable Systems
www. umi ch.edu/~nppcpub/
Enviro$ense
www.es.epa.gov
Green Hotels Association
34
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www.greenhotels.com
Local Government Environmental Assistance Network
www.lgean.org/
Maryland Center for Environmental Training
www.charles.cc.md.us
National Pollution Prevention Roundtable
www.p2.org
Toxics Use Reduction Institute
www.turi.org
U.S. EPA Office of Pollution Prevention & Toxics
www.epa.gov/p2
Virginia Environmental Services Network
www.vesn.org
Landscaping & Bayscaping
Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay
www.acb-online.org
Maryland Department of Natural Resources
www.dnr.state.md.us/wildlife/habitatfw.html
National Wildlife Federation Backyard Wildlife Habitats
www.nwf. org/habitats/index. html
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Chesapeake Bay Program Field Office
www.fws.gov/r5cbfp/Bayscapes.htm
Virginia Dept. of Conservation & Recreation's Natural Heritage Program
www.state.va.us/~dcr/vaher.html
35
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Product Alternatives
CAGE - Coatings Alternatives Guide
www. cage. rti. org
SAGE - Solvent Alternative Guide
www.clean.rti.org
Waste Reduction Resource Center's Industry Sector Information
wrrc.p2pays.org/indsector.htm
Publications
Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse (PPIC)
www.epa.gov/opptintr/library/libppic.htm
Waste Reduction Resource Center P2 Infohouse
www.wrrc.p2pays.org
Recycling and Buying Recycled
Buy Recycled Information
www. dep. state, pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recy cle/Buy /Buy. htm
The Loading Dock
Northeast Maryland Waste Disposal Authority
www.mdrecycles.org
Recycler's World
www.recycle.net
State/District Pollution Prevention Offices
District of Columbia Dept. of Health's Environmental Health Administration
www. dchealth. com/eha
Maryland Department of the Environment
www.mde.state.md.us/permit/p2prog.html
36
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Pennsylvania Dept. of Environmental Protection's Office of Pollution
Prevention & Compliance Assistance
www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/pollprev/pollution_prevention.html
Virginia Dept. of Environmental Quality's Office of Pollution Prevention
www.deq.state.va.us/opp/opp.html
Sustainable Building, Design, Development and Manufacturing
Maryland Department of Natural Resources Green Buildings Program
www.dnr.state.md.us/programs/greenbuilding
SUNetwork
www.sustainableusa.com
U.S. Green Buildings Council
www.usgbc.org
Virginia Center for Stewardship
www.sustainableusa.com/va
World Business Council for Sustainable Development
www.wbcsd.ch
Technology Resources
Institute for Advanced Manufacturing Sciences
www.iams.org/p2/p2.html
Manufacturing Extension Project
www.mep.nist.gov/indexl .html
National Technical Information Service
www.ntis.gov
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection's TechNotes
www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/pollprev/Technology/TechAlpha/index.htm
University of Maryland at Baltimore, Technical Extension Service
www.erc.umd.edu
37
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Waste Reduction Resource Center
wrrc.p2pays.org
Waste Exchange
Directory of Markets for Recyclable Materials
p2pays.org/dmrm
ISO Central
www.tsdcentral.com
Southern Waste Information Exchange, Inc. (SWIX)
www. wastexchange. org
Waste Minimization
EPA Region 3 Waste Minimization Web Page
www.epa/gov/reg3wcmd/waste_minimization.htm
WasteWi$e
www. epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/reduce/wastewi se/index. htm
38
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