United States Air and Radiation EPA420-R-02-007
Environmental Protection February 2002
Agency M6.FLT.008a
&EPA Emission Control
Technology Distribution
Used in MOBILE6
$5b Printed on Recycled
Paper
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EPA420-R-02-007
February 2002
Control Technology
in
R. A. Giannelli
Assessment and Standards Division
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
NOTICE
This technical report does not necessarily represent final EPA decisions or positions.
It is intended to present technical analysis of issues using data that are currently available.
The purpose in the release of such reports is to facilitate the exchange of
technical information and to inform the public of technical developments which
may form the basis for a final EPA decision, position, or regulatory action.
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11
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Abstract
The "Emission Control Technology Distribution" report (M6.FLT.008) submitted by Pechan and
Associates lists percentages of vehicles which have been equipped with emission control devices
and fuel delivery systems for model years of 1990 and beyond. This report, M6.FLT.008a,
summarizes the vehicles fractions from the report, M6.FLT.008, which are used in MOBILE6.
in
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF TABLES v
Section
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. LIGHT DUTY GASOLINE CARS WITH SPECIFIC EMISSION CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY 2
3. LIGHT DUTY GASOLINE TRUCKS WITH SPECIFIC EMISSION CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY 3
4. LIGHT DUTY GASOLINE CARS AND TRUCKS WITH SPECIFIC FUEL
DELIVERY SYSTEMS 4
5. LIGHT HEAVY DUTY GASOLINE TRUCKS (GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT
BETWEEN 8501 POUNDS AND 14000 POUNDS) 5
6. HEAVY DUTY GASOLINE TRUCKS (GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT GREATER
THAN 14000 POUNDS) 6
7. SUMMARY 8
IV
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1. Fractions of light duty gasoline cars equipped with pollution control devices 3
2. Fractions of light duty gasoline trucks equipped with pollution control devices 4
3. Fractions of light duty gasoline cars and trucks equipped with different fuel
delivery systems 5
4. Fractions of light heavy duty gasoline trucks (GVW between 8500 Ibs. and
140001bs.) equipped with pollution control devices
5. Fractions of heavy duty gasoline trucks (GVW greater than!40001bs.) equipped
with pollution control devices 7
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INTRODUCTION
The "Emission Control Technology Distribution" report (M6.FLT.008) prepared by Energy and
Environmental Analysis, Inc. and submitted by E.H. Pechan and Associates, Inc. lists the
percentages of vehicles which have been equipped with emission control devices and fuel
delivery systems for model years of 1990 and beyond. These vehicle fractions are indexed by
vehicle type and model year and have been gathered from meetings with automobile and heavy
duty truck engine manufacturers. MOBILE6 estimates the effects that these pollution control
devices and fuel delivery systems which are placed on light duty gasoline vehicles, light duty
gasoline trucks, and heavy duty gasoline vehicles have on exhaust and evaporative emissions.
Percentages listed in Tables 3-1 and 3-2 (from M6.FLT.008) were used to update the fraction of
light duty cars and trucks, respectively, which have the different types of pollution control
devices and fuel delivery systems installed. Also, the percentages listed in Tables 4-2 and 4-4
(from M6.FLT.008) were used for heavy duty gasoline vehicles and buses. However, some of the
results from the Pechan report for exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) equipped light heavy duty
vehicles have typographical errors and inconsistencies between what is reported in the text and
the numbers which are in the tables. (For example, note the model year ranges 1996-1999, 2000-
2004, and 2005-2009 in Table 4 on page 5; Tables 4-2 and 4-4 on pages 4-6 and 4-13,
respectively, of M6.FLT.008.) These numbers are under review and may be changed if found
inconsistent with an EPA maintained database of vehicles, Certification and Fuel Economy
Information System (CFEIS)1.
In MOBILE6 these vehicle fractions are used in determining correction factors for fuel sulfur
content, temperature, and different fuel effects on emissions. Furthermore, effects on emissions
due to emission controls which have been tampered and/or disabled are determined using these
vehicle fractions. The fuel delivery system fractions are also used in the evaporative emissions
determination.
The emissions estimations in MOBILE6 do not, however, use the fractions as they are listed in
the aforementioned tables. The Pechan report has the fractions divided according to the type of
fuel delivery system, catalytic converter type, and whether the vehicle is equipped with EGR
and/or a secondary air supply to the exhaust. Whereas in MOBILE6 the fractions have been
subdivided according to the fuel delivery system type and according to the type of pollution
control technology. In particular, the pollution control technologies are divided into two
categories each with three subcategories. The first category distinguishes between vehicles with
and without secondary air supplies (air pumps) and catalysts, i.e., air pump only, air pump with a
catalyst, and catalyst equipped without an air pump. The second category distinguishes between
vehicles with and without EGR and catalysts, i.e., EGR only, EGR with a catalyst, and catalyst
Je.g., "Certification and Fuel Economy Information System Manufacturers' User Guide",
United States Environmental Protection Agency, Sep. 1999
1
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equipped without EGR. The fuel delivery systems have three categories, i.e., multi-port fuel
injection (MPFI; ported fuel injection or PFI in MOBILE6 documentation), single-port fuel
injection (SPFI; throttle body fuel injection or TBI in MOBILE6 documentation), and
carburetion.
Below are equations for each of the gasoline fueled vehicles which explicitly illustrate how the
fractions are determined for use in MOBILE6. In the tables that are directly below each set of
equations the fractions which are used in MOBILE6 are listed according to the above fuel
delivery, pollution control categories, and the vehicle model year. (Although the fractions have
been determined for a particular model year, model year ranges are used in MOBILE6. So, the
vehicle fractions reported here have model year ranges associated with them.)
LIGHT DUTY GASOLINE CARS WITH SPECIFIC EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
Table 3-1 on page 3-6 of M6.FLT.008 lists emission control technology vehicle fractions for
light duty vehicles which are categorized by fuel delivery system and pollution control
technology. These fractions are distinguished according to whether the vehicle has a secondary
air supply to the catalyst and whether the vehicle is equipped with an EGR system. Using the
notation from Table 3-1, the following sums are used to determine the fraction of light duty
vehicles which are used in MOBILE6. The resulting vehicle fractions are displayed in Table 1.
(AP. l)air pump without catalyst =0.0
(AP.2)air pump with catalyst = MPFI/3CL/AIR/EGR + MPFI/3CL&OXD/AIR/EGR -
SPFI/3CL/AIR/EGR + SPFI/3CL&OXD/AIR/EGR +
C ARB/3 CL&OXD/AIR/EGR
(AP.3)catalyst without air pump = MPFI/3CL + MPFI/3CL/EGR + SPFI/3CL +
SPFI/3CL/EGR + OTHER
(EGR. 1 )EGR without catalyst = OTHER
(EGR.2)EGR with 3-way catalyst = MPFI/3CL/EGR + MPFI/3CL/AIR/EGR +
MPFI/3 CL&OXD/AIR/EGR + SPFI/3 CL/EGR +
SPFI/3 CL/AIR/EGR + SPFI/3 CL&OXD/AIR/EGR +
C ARB/3 CL&OXD/AIR/EGR
(EGR.3)3-way catalyst without EGR = MPFI/3CL + SPFI/3CL
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vehicle model year range
(light duty cars)
(AP.l)air pump only
(AP.2)air pump with catalyst
(AP.S)catalyst with no air pump
(EGR. 1)EGR without 3 -way catalyst
(EGR.2)EGR with 3 -way catalyst
(EGR. 3)3 -way catalyst with no EGR
1990
0.0
0.2720
0.278
0.0041
0.7538
0.2421
1991
0.0
0.2272
0.7728
0.0021
0.7494
0.2485
1992
0.0
0.1786
0.8214
0.0029
0.6344
0.3627
1993
0.0
0.092
0.908
0.0
0.7825
0.2175
1994
0.0
0.0752
0.9248
0.0
0.8152
0.1848
post
1995
0.0
0.0586
0.9414
0.0
0.9082
0.0918
Table 1. Fractions of light duty gasoline cars equipped with pollution control devices used
in MOBILE6
LIGHT DUTY GASOLINE TRUCKS WITH SPECIFIC EMISSION CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY
Table 3-2 from the report M6.FLT.008 lists the vehicle fractions for light duty trucks. The
fractions used in MOBILE6 are determined from the following list of six equations, AP.4, AP.5,
AP.6, EGR.4, EGR.5, and EGR.6, and are displayed numerically in Table 2. The notation
follows the notation of the report.
(AP.4)air pump without catalyst
(AP.5)air pump/catalyst
(AP.6)no air pump/catalyst
= 0.0
= MPFI/3CL/AIR/EGR + MPFI/3CL&OXD/AIR/EGR
SPFI/3CL/AIR/EGR + SPFI/3CL&OXD/AIR/EGR +
C ARB/3 CL&OXD/AIR/EGR
= MPFI/3CL + MPFI/3CL/EGR + SPFI/3CL +
SPFI/3CL/EGR + CARB/OPLP + OTHER
(EGR.4)EGR without 3-way catalyst = CARB/OPLP + OTHER
(EGR. 5)EGR with 3-way catalyst = MPFI/3CL/EGR + MPFI/3CL/AIR/EGR +
MPFI/3 CL&OXD/AIR/EGR + SPFI/3 CL/EGR +
SPFI/3 CL/AIR/EGR + SPFI/3 CL&OXD/AIR/EGR +
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C ARB/3 CL&OXD/AIR/EGR
(EGR.6)3-way catalyst without EGR = MPFI/3CL + SPFI/3CL
vehicle model year range
(light duty trucks)
(AP.4)air pump only
(AP.S)air pump with catalyst
(AP.6)catalyst with no air pump
(EGR.4)EGR without 3 -way catalyst
(EGR.S)EGR with 3 -way catalyst
(EGR. 6)3 -way catalyst with no EGR
1990
0.0
0.5317
0.4683
0.0314
0.6947
0.2739
1991
0.0
0.336
0.6640
0.0105
0.7022
0.2873
1992
0.0
0.2461
0.7539
0.0135
0.6437
0.3428
1993
0.0
0.2394
0.7606
0.0
0.7630
0.2370
1994
0.0
0.1841
0.8159
0.0
0.9167
0.0833
post
1995
0.0
0.1587
0.8413
0.0
0.8904
0.1096
Table 2. Fractions of light duty gasoline trucks equipped with pollution control devices
used in MOBILE6
LIGHT DUTY GASOLINE CARS AND TRUCKS WITH SPECIFIC FUEL DELIVERY
SYSTEMS
Similarly, the percentage of light duty gas cars and light duty gas trucks with the two different
types of fuel injection systems used in MOBILE6 were determined from Tables 3-1 and 3-2,
respectively. Equations FI.l and FI.2 explicate the sums and they are listed numerically in
Table3.
MOBILE6 documentation typically uses a different notation for the multi-port fuel injection
(MPFI) and the single-port fuel injection (SPFI). The single-port fuel injection acronym more
commonly used in MOBILE6 documentation is TBI. Likewise, the MOBILE6 documentation
multi-port acronym is PFI rather than MPFI.
(FI. 1) % MPFI = MPFI/3CL + MPFI/3CL/EGR + MPFI/3CL/AIR/EGR +
MPFI/3 CL&OXD/AIR/EGR
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(FI.2) % SPFI = SPFI/3CL + SPFI/3CL/EGR + SPFI/3CL/AIR/EGR +
SPFI/3 CL&OXD/AIR/EGR
vehicle model year range
(light duty cars and trucks)
light duty cars MPFI (or PFI)
light duty cars SPFI (or TBI)
light duty trucks MPFI (or PFI)
light duty trucks SPFI (or TBI)
1990
0.7933
0.1882
0.552
0.3944
1991
0.7898
0.2078
0.4837
0.4945
1992
0.9007
0.0956
0.6601
0.3188
1993
0.8906
0.1094
0.6882
0.3008
1994
0.9612
0.0388
0.7279
0.2721
1995-
2003
0.988
0.012
0.7463
0.2536
post
2003
1.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
Table:
Fractions of light duty gasoline cars and trucks equipped with different fuel
delivery systems which are used in MOBILE6. Note that most MOBILE6
documentation refers to MPFI as PFI and SPFI as TBI (throttle body fuel
injection).
LIGHT HEAVY DUTY GASOLINE TRUCKS (GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT BETWEEN 8501
POUNDS AND 14000 POUNDS)
From Tables 4-2 and 4-4 the fractions of vehicles with particular types of emission control
devices used in MOBILE6 for light heavy duty gasoline vehicles with gross vehicle weight
(GVW) between 8501 pounds and 14000 pounds were determined from the following sums
(equations AP.7, AP.8, AP.9, EGR.7, EGR.8, and EGR.9 ). The notation is from M6.FLT.008
and the fractions are listed in Table 4.
(AP.7)air pump without catalyst
(AP.S)air pump with catalyst
= 0.0
= MPFI/3 CL&OXD/AIR/EGR + MPFI/OXD/AIR/EGR +
MPFI/3CL/AIR
(AP.9)catalyst without air pump = MPFI/OXD/EGR
(EGR.7)EGR without 3-way catalyst = 100%(1990 ONLY)
= 63%(* 1996-1999, see below and pages 4-5 and 4-6)
= 100% - [(EGR.2) + (EGR.3)]
(EGR. 8)EGR with 3 -way catalyst = 0%( 1990 ONLY)
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= 27%(* 1996-1999, see below and pages 4-5 and 4-6)
= MPFI/3CL&OXD/AIR/EGR
(EGR.9)3-way catalyst without EGR = MPFI/3CL/AIR
vehicle model year range
(light heavy duty trucks)
(AP.7)air pump only
(AP.S)air pump with catalyst
(AP.9)catalyst with no air pump
(EGR.7)EGR without 3 -way catalyst
(EGR.S)EGR with 3 -way catalyst
(EGR. 9)3 -way catalyst with no EGR
1990-
1995
0.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
0.0
0.0
1996-
1999
0.0
0.55
0.45
0.73*
0.27*
0.0
2000-
2004
0.0
0.65
0.35
0.7
0.0
0.3
2005-
2009
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.75
0.25
post
2009
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.75
0.25
Table 4. Fractions of light heavy duty gasoline trucks (GVW between 8500 Ibs. and
140001bs.) equipped with pollution control devices used in MOBILE6.
*Note that the Pechan report has inconsistencies between numbers in the text and
the numbers reported in Tables 4-2 and 4-4. For the model years 1996-1999 GM
and Chrysler vehicles are equipped with EGR only and their sales of heavy duty
gasoline vehicles (GVW < 14000) which comprise 47% and 16% of the market,
respectively. So, the fraction of 1996-1999 heavy duty gasoline vehicles (GVW <
14000) which have EGR only(no catalyst) is 0.63 rather than 0.73.
HEAVY DUTY GASOLINE TRUCKS ( GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT GREATER THAN
14000 POUNDS)
The vehicle fractions from Tables 4-2 and 4-4 of the report M6.FLT.008 were used to determine
the MOBILE6 vehicle fractions from the following sums (equations AP. 10, AP. 11, AP. 12,
EGR. 10, EGR. 11, and EGR. 12) for the remaining heavy duty gasoline vehicles. That is, those
heavy duty trucks with gross vehicle weight greater than 14000 pounds. Again, the notation used
in the sums is from M6.FLT.008 together with the following list of four special categories :
In 1990 30% of these vehicles are equipped with fuel injection.
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ii. The 1990 categories are MPFI/OX/AIR/EGR, CARB/AIR/EGR(1990 only).
iii. In years after 1995 100% of vehicles are equipped with fuel injection.
iv. In years after 1995 the categories are MPFI/OX/AIR/EGR, MPFI/AIR/EGR,
and MPFI/3CL&OXD/AIR/EGR.
(AP. 10)air pump without catalyst = CARB/EGR/AIR(1990 only) + MPFI/AIR/EGR
(AP. 1 l)air pump/catalyst = MPFI/OXD/AIR/EGR + MPFI/3CL&OXD/AIR/EGR
(AP. 12)no air pump/catalyst =0.0
(EGR.IO)EGR without 3-way catalyst = CARB/EGR/AIR(1990 only) + MPFI/AIR/EGR
(EGR. 11 )EGR with 3 -way catalyst = MPFI/3 CL&OXD/AIR/EGR
(EGR. 12)3-way catalyst without EGR = 0.0
vehicle model year
(heavy heavy duty trucks)
(AP.lO)air pump without catalyst
(AP. 1 l)air pump with catalyst
(AP.12)catalyst without air pump
(EGR.IO)EGR without 3 -way catalyst
(EGR. 1 1)EGR with 3 -way catalyst
(EGR. 12)3 -way catalyst without EGR
1990-
1995
0.70
0.30
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
1996-
1999
0.60*
0.40*
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
2000-
2004
0.20
0.80
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
2005-
2009
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
post
2009
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
Table 5. Fractions of heavy duty gasoline trucks (GVW greater than!40001bs.) equipped
with pollution control devices used in MOBILE6.
*Note that the 1996 percentages for heavy duty gasoline trucks (GVW greater
than!40001bs.) in Tables 4-4 and 4-2 are different. Moreover, according to the
Pechan report on pages 4-5 and 4-6 the Ford and GM engines comprise 60% and
40% of the market, respectively. The Ford engines are fuel injected, have air
pumps, and EGR. The GM engines are fuel injected, have air pumps, EGR, and
oxidation catalysts. So, the 1996 values in Table 4-4 are not consistent with the
values in the text and the values in Table 4-2.
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SUMMARY
Report M6.FLT.008 describes a set of data for the fractions of vehicles (light duty gasoline cars,
light duty gasoline trucks, and heavy duty gasoline and diesel trucks) which are equipped
different types of pollution controls and fuel delivery systems for model years starting in 1990
through 2020. This report summarizes the data from that report which are used in MOBILE6.
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