SEPA
 Off ice of Water
 www.epa.gov
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
  September 2000
   Method 1656, Revision A:
   Organo-Halide Pesticides in
   Wastewater, Soil, Sludge,
   Sediment, and Tissue by GC/HSD

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                                      EPA-821-R-00-017
                                      September 2000
                 METHOD 1656
ORGANO-HALIDE PESTICIDES IN WASTEWATER, SOIL,
    SLUDGE, SEDIMENT, AND TISSUE BY GC/HSD
                   Revision A

                 September 2000

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Method 1656, Revision A
                                     Acknowledgments

This method was developed under the direction of William A. Telliard of the Engineering and Analysis
Division (BAD) within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Office of Science and
Technology (OST) by DynCorp Environmental under EPA Contract 68-C-98-139 with assistance from
Interface, Inc.

                                         Disclaimer

This Method has been reviewed and approved for publication by the Analytical Methods Staff within
EPA's Engineering and Analysis Division. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
                                        Introduction

Method 1656 was developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Office of Science and
Technology for measurement of organo-halide (O-C) pesticides in wastewater, soil, sludge, and sediment.
EPA Method 1656 has been expanded through revision A to include measurement of O-C pesticides in fish
to support EPA's National Fish Survey.

                                     Further Information

Questions concerning this Method or its application should be addressed to:

W.A. Telliard, Director
Analytical Methods Staff (4303)
Office of Science and Technology
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Ariel Rios Building
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C.  20460
Phone: 202/260-7134
Fax:   202/260-7185

Requests for copies of this Method should be addressed to:

EPA Sample Control Center
c/o DynCorp Environmental
6101 Stevenson Avenue
Alexandria, VA 22314
Phone: 703-461-2100
Fax:   703-461-8056
E-mail: SCC^DYNCORP.COM
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                                                                           Method 1656. Revision A
    Note: This method is performance based. The laboratory is permitted to omit any step or modify any
    procedure provided that all performance requirements in this method are met. The laboratory may not
    omit any quality control analyses. The terms "shall," "must," and "may not" define procedures required
    for producing reliable results.  The terms "should" and  "may" indicate optional steps that may be
    modified  or omitted if the laboratory can demonstrate that the modified method produces results
    equivalent or superior to results produced by this method.
September 2000                                                                                  Hi

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                                                                      Method 1656. Revision A
                          Method 1656,  Revision A


   Organo-Halide  Pesticides in Wastewater, Soil, Sludge,

                   Sediment, and Tissue by  GC/HSD


1.0   Scope and Application

1.1   Method 1656, Revision A (Method 1656A; the "Method") is for determination of organo-halide
      pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and other analytes amenable to extraction and analysis
      by wide-bore capillary column gas chromatography (GC) with a halogen-specific detector (HSD).
      The Method is for use in EPA's data gathering and monitoring programs associated with the Clean
      Water Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Comprehensive Environmental
      Response, Compensation and Liability Act, and the Safe Drinking Water Act.

1.2   The analytes listed in Table 1 may be determined in wastewater, soil, sludge, sediment, and tissue by
      this Method. The Method is a consolidation of EPA Methods 608, 608.1, 608.2, and 617.  The
      sample extraction and concentration steps given in these methods have been extended to other sample
      matrices in this Method.

      This Method is applicable to a large number of analytes.  Calibrating the GC systems for all
      analytes is time-consuming.  If only a single analyte or small number of analytes are to be
      determined, it is necessary to calibrate the GC systems and meet the performance specifications in
      this Method for these analytes only. In addition, the GC conditions can  be optimized for these
      analytes provided that all performance specifications in this Method are met.

1.3   This Method may be applicable to analytes other than those listed in Table 1. The quality control
      requirements in this Method give the steps necessary to determine this applicability. Not all analytes
      listed in Table 1 have corresponding calibration data in Table  3 and quality control (QC) acceptance
      criteria in Table 4. Calibration data for additional analytes may be found in other EPA methods
      (References 1  - 3).

1.4   When this Method is applied to analysis of unfamiliar samples, analyte identity must be supported
      by at least one additional qualitative technique.  This Method gives analytical conditions for a second
      gas chromatographic column that can be used to confirm measurements made with the primary
      column.  Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) can be used to confirm analytes in
      extracts produced by this Method when analyte levels are sufficient.

1.5   The method detection limits (MDLs) and minimum levels of quantitation (MLs) for the analytes in
      this Method are usually dependent on the level of interferences rather than instrumental limitations.
      The MDLs (40 CFR 136, Appendix B) and estimated MDLs in Table 2 typify the minimum
      quantities that can be detected when no interferences are present.  MLs have been established as the
      lowest calibration points in Table 3.
September 2000

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Method 1656. Revision A
1.6   This Method is for use by or under the supervision of analysts experienced in the use of a gas
      chromatography and in the interpretation of gas chromatographic data. Each laboratory that uses
      this Method must demonstrate the ability to generate acceptable results using the procedure in
      Section 9.2.

2.0   Summary of Method

2.1   Extraction—The extraction technique depends on the nature and solids content of the sample

      2.1.1 Samples containing less than 1% solids are extracted with methylene chloride using
            continuous liquid-liquid extraction techniques.

      2.1.2 Samples containing greater than 1% solids are extracted using techniques dependent on the
            nature of the matrix.

        2.1.2.1    Non-sludge samples—If the solids content is 1 to 30%, the sample is diluted to 1%
                  solids with reagent water, homogenized ultrasonically, and extracted with methylene
                  chloride using continuous liquid-liquid extraction techniques. If the solids content is
                  greater than 30%, the sample is extracted ultrasonically with methylene
                  chloride: acetone.

        2.1.2.2    Municipal sludge samples and other intractable sample types—If the solids content is
                  less than 30%, the sample is diluted to 1% solids and extracted with methylene chloride
                  using continuous extraction techniques.  If the solids content is greater than 30%, the
                  sample is extracted with acetonitrile and then methylene chloride using ultrasonic
                  techniques. The extract is back-extracted with 2% (w/v) sodium sulfate in reagent
                  water to remove water-soluble interferences and residual acetonitrile.

      2.1.3 Fish and other tissue samples are homogenized and dried with sodium sulfate, then extracted
            using methylene  chloride :hexane (1:1) in a Soxhlet extractor.

2.2   Concentration—The extract is dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated using a Kuderna-Danish
      evaporator.

2.3   Cleanup—Cleanup procedures include gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Florisil and alumina
      column chromatography, solid-phase cartridge,  and sulfur removal. After cleanup, the extract is
      concentrated to  1.0 mL (0.5 mL if GPC has been used).

2.4   Gas chromatography—A \-\\L aliquot of the extract is injected into the gas chromatography (GC).
      The analytes are separated on a wide-bore, fused-silica capillary column. The analytes are detected
      by an electron capture, microcoulometric, or electrolytic conductivity detector. For analyte
      confirmation, a  1-jwL aliquot of the  extract is injected into a column containing a dissimilar liquid
      phase.
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                                                                            Method 1656. Revision A
2.5   Identification of an analyte (qualitative analysis) is performed by comparing the GC retention times
      of the analyte on two dissimilar columns with the respective retention times of an authentic standard.
      Analyte identity is confirmed when the retention times agree within their respective windows.

2.6   Quantitative analysis is performed using an authentic standard to produce a calibration factor or
      calibration curve, and using the calibration data to determine the concentration of a pollutant in the
      extract. The concentration in the sample is calculated using the sample weight or volume and the
      extract volume.

2.7   Quality is assured through reproducible calibration and testing of the extraction and GC  systems.

3.0  Definitions

      Definitions are given in the glossary at the end of this Method.

4.0  Contamination and Interferences

4.1   Solvents, reagents, glassware, and other sample-processing hardware may yield artifacts and/or
      elevated baselines causing misinterpretation of chromatograms. All materials used in the analysis
      shall be demonstrated to be free from interferences under the conditions of analysis by running
      method blanks as described in Section  9.5.

4.2   Glassware and, where possible, reagents are cleaned by solvent rinse and baking at 450 °C for a
      minimum of 1 hour in a muffle furnace or kiln. Some thermally stable materials, such as PCBs, may
      not be eliminated by this treatment, and thorough rinsing with acetone and pesticide-quality hexane
      may be required.

4.3   Specific selection of reagents and purification of solvents by distillation in all-glass systems may be
      required.

4.4   Interference by phthalate esters can pose a major problem in pesticide analysis when using the
      electron capture detector (BCD).  Phthalates usually appear in the  chromatogram as large,
      late-eluting peaks.  Phthalates may be leached from common flexible plastic tubing and other plastic
      materials during the extraction and cleanup processes. Cross contamination of clean glassware
      routinely occurs when plastics are handled during extraction, especially when solvent-wetted
      surfaces are handled. Interferences from phthalates can best be minimized by avoiding the use of
      plastics in the laboratory, or by using a microcoulometric or electrolytic conductivity detector.

4.5   Interferences coextracted from  samples will vary considerably from source to source. The cleanup
      procedures given in this Method can be used to overcome many of these interferences, but unique
      samples may require additional cleanups to achieve the MDLs in Table 2.

4.6   Cleanup of tissue—The natural lipid content of tissue can interfere in the analysis of tissue samples.
      The lipid contents of different species and portions of tissue can vary widely.  Lipids are  soluble to
      varying degrees in various organic solvents and may be present in sufficient quantity to overwhelm

September 2000                                                                                   3

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Method 1656. Revision A
      the column chromatographic purification procedures used for sample extracts. Lipids are removed
      by the GPC procedure in Section 13.2.

5.0   Safety

5.1   The toxicity or carcinogenicity of each analyte or reagent used in this Method has not been precisely
      determined; however, each analyte or reagent should be treated as a potential health hazard.
      Exposure to these substances should be reduced to the lowest possible level.

5.2   This Method does not address all safety issues associated with its use.  The laboratory is responsible
      for maintaining a current awareness file of OSHA regulations for the safe handling of the chemicals
      specified in this Method. OSHA rules require that a reference file of material safety data sheets
      (MSDSs) must be made available to all personnel involved in these analyses (29 CFR 1917.28,
      appendix E). It is also suggested that the laboratory perform personal hygiene monitoring of each
      analyst who uses this Method and that the results of this monitoring be made available to the analyst.
      Personnel hygiene monitoring should  be performed using OSHA or NIOSH approved personal
      hygiene monitoring methods. Additional information on laboratory safety can be found in
      References 4-6.

5.3   The following analytes covered by this Method have been tentatively classified as known or
      suspected human or mammalian carcinogens: 4,4'-DDD, 4,4'-DDT, the BHCs and the PCBs.
      Primary standards of these analytes shall be prepared in a hood, and a NIOSH/MESA-approved
      toxic gas respirator  should be worn when high concentrations are handled.

5.4   Mercury vapor is highly toxic.  If mercury is used for sulfur removal, all operations involving
      mercury shall be performed in a hood.

5.5   Unknown samples may contain high concentrations of volatile toxic substances.  Sample containers
      should be opened in a hood and handled with gloves that will  prevent exposure.  The oven used for
      sample drying to determine percent moisture should be located in a hood so that vapors from
      samples do not create a  health hazard in the laboratory.

6.0   Apparatus and Materials

      Note:    The mention of trade names or commercial products  in this Method is for
      illustrative purposes only and  does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for  use
      by the Environmental Protection Agency. Equivalent performance may be achievable using
      apparatus, materials, or cleaning procedures other than those  suggested here.  The
	laboratory is responsible for demonstrating equivalent performance.	

6.1   Sampling equipment for discrete or composite sampling.

      6.1.1  Sample bottles and caps.
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                                                                           Method 1656. Revision A
       6.1.1.1    Liquid samples (waters, sludges, and similar materials that contain less than 5%
                  solids)—Sample bottle, amber glass, 1.1-L or 1-quart, with screw-cap.

       6.1.1.2    Solid samples (soils, sediments, tissues, sludges, filter cake, compost, and similar
                  materials that contain >5% solids)—Sample bottle, wide mouth, amber glass, volume
                  as required for the amount of samples to be tested.

       6.1.1.3    If amber bottles are not available, samples shall be protected from light.

       6.1.1.4    Bottle caps—Threaded to fit sample bottles. Caps shall be lined with fluoropolymer.

       6.1.1.5    Cleaning.

            6.1.1.5.1  Bottles are detergent-water washed, then rinsed with solvent or baked at >450 °C
                      for a minimum of 1 hour before use.

            6.1.1.5.2  Liners are detergent-water washed, then rinsed with reagent water and solvent, and
                      baked at approximately 200 °C for a minimum of 1 hour prior to use.

      6.1.2 Compositing equipment—Automatic or manual compositing system incorporating glass
            containers cleaned per bottle-cleaning procedure above. Sample containers are kept at 0 to 4
            °C during sampling. Glass or fluoropolymer tubing only shall be used. If the sampler uses a
            peristaltic pump, a minimum length of compressible silicone rubber tubing may be used in the
            pump  only.  Before use, the tubing shall be thoroughly rinsed with methanol,  followed by
            repeated rinses with reagent water to minimize sample contamination.  An integrating flow
            meter  is used to collect proportional composite samples.

6.2   Equipment for glassware cleaning—Laboratory sink with overhead fume hood.

6.3   Equipment for sample preparation

      6.3.1 Laboratory fume hood of sufficient size to contain the  sample preparation equipment listed
            below.

      6.3.2 Glove box (optional).

      6.3.3 Tissue homogenizer—VirTis Model 45 Macro homogenizer (American Scientific Products
            H-3515, or equivalent) with stainless steel Macro-shaft and Turbo-shear blade.

      6.3.4 Meat grinder—Hobart, or  equivalent, with 3-5 mm holes in inner plate.

      6.3.5 Equipment for determining percent moisture.

       6.3.5.1    Oven—Capable of maintaining a temperature of 110 ± 5 °C.
September 2000

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Method 1656. Revision A
        6.3.5.2   Desiccator.

        6.3.5.3   Crucibles, porcelain.

        6.3.5.4   Weighing pans, aluminum.

      6.3.6 Balances.

        6.3.6.1   Analytical—Capable of weighing 0.1 mg.

        6.3.6.2   Top loading—Capable of weighing 10 mg.

6.4   Extraction equipment.

      6.4.1 Equipment for liquid-liquid extraction.

        6.4.1.1   Continuous liquid-liquid extractor—Fluoropolymer or glass connecting joints and
                  stopcocks without lubrication,  1.5-2 L capacity (Hershberg-Wolf Extractor, Cal-Glass,
                  Costa Mesa, California, 1000 mL or 2000 mL, or equivalent).

        6.4.1.2   Round-bottom flask, 500-mL, with heating mantle.

        6.4.1.3   Condenser, Graham, to fit extractor.

        6.4.1.4   pH meter, with combination glass electrode.

        6.4.1.5   pH paper, wide range (Hydrion Papers, or equivalent).

      6.4.2 Equipment for ultrasonic extraction.

        6.4.2.1   Sonic disrupter—375 watt with pulsing capability and 1A or %" disrupter horn
                  (Ultrasonics, Inc, Model 375C, or equivalent).

        6.4.2.2   Sonabox (or equivalent), for use with disrupter.

      6.4.3    Equipment for Soxhlet extraction.

        6.4.3.1   Soxhlet—50-mm  ID, 200-mL capacity with 500-mL flask (Cal-Glass LG-6900, or
                  equivalent, except substitute 500-mL round-bottom flask for 300-mL flat-bottom
                  flask).

        6.4.3.2   Thimble—43 x 123 to fit Soxhlet (Cal-Glass LG-6901-122, or equivalent).

        6.4.3.3   Moisture trap—Dean Stark or Barret with fluoropolymer stopcock, to fit Soxhlet.



~6September 2000

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                                                                          Method 1656. Revision A
       6.4.3.4    Heating mantle—Hemispherical, to fit 500-mL round-bottom flask (Cal-Glass LG-
                  8801-112, or equivalent).

       6.4.3.5    Variable transformer—Powerstat (or equivalent), 110-volt, 10-amp.

      6.4.4 Separatory runnels—250-, 500-, 1000-, and 2000-mL, with fluoropolymer stopcocks.

      6.4.5 Filtration apparatus.

       6.4.5.1    Glass powder funnels—125- to 250- mL.

       6.4.5.2    Filter paper for above (Whitman 41, or equivalent).

      6.4.6 Beakers.

       6.4.6.1    1.5- to 2-L, calibrated to 1 L.

       6.4.6.2    400-to 500-mL.

      6.4.7 Spatulas—Stainless steel or fluoropolymer.

      6.4.8 Drying column—400 mm long x 15 to 20 mm ID Pyrex chromatographic column equipped
            with coarse glass frit or glass wool plug.

       6.4.8.1    Pyrex glass wool—Extracted with solvent or baked at 450 °C for a minimum of 1
                  hour.

      6.4.9 Evaporation/concentration apparatus.

       6.4.9.1    Kuderna-Danish (K-D) apparatus.

            6.4.9.1.1  Evaporation flask—500-mL (Kontes K-570001-0500, or equivalent), attached to
                      concentrator tube with springs (Kontes K-662750-0012).

            6.4.9.1.2 Concentrator tube—10-mL, graduated (Kontes K-570050-1025, or equivalent)
                      with calibration verified. Ground-glass stopper (size 19/22 joint) is used to
                      prevent evaporation of extracts.

            6.4.9.1.3 Snyder column—Three-ball macro (Kontes K-503000-0232, or equivalent).

            6.4.9.1.4 Snyder column—Two-ball micro (Kontes K-469002-0219, or equivalent).

            6.4.9.1.5 Boiling chips.
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Method 1656. Revision A
               6.4.9.1.5.1    Glass or silicon carbide—Approximately 10/40 mesh, extracted with
                             methylene chloride and baked at 450 °C for a minimum of 1 hour.

               6.4.9.1.5.2    Fluoropolymer (optional)—Extracted with methylene chloride.

       6.4.9.2   Water bath—Heated, with concentric ring cover, capable of temperature control (± 5
                  °C), installed in a fume hood.

       6.4.9.3   Nitrogen evaporation device—Equipped with heated bath that can be maintained at
                 35-60 °C (N-Evap, Organomation Associates, Inc., or equivalent).

       6.4.9.4   Sample vials—Amber glass,  1- to 5-mL with fluoropolymer-lined screw- or crimp-cap,
                 to fit GC autosampler.

6.5   Apparatus for sample cleanup.

      6.5.1  Gel permeation chromatography.

       6.5.1.1   Automated gel permeation chromatograph (O.I. Analytical Inc., Columbia, MO, Model
                 AP 1000, or equivalent).

       6.5.1.2   Column—600 to 700 mm long x 25 mm ID.

       6.5.1.3   Syringe, 10-mL, with Luer fitting.

       6.5.1.4   Syringe-filter holder, stainless steel, and glass fiber or fluoropolymer filters (Gelman
                 Acrodisc-CR, 1 to 5 (am, or equivalent).

       6.5.1.5   UV detector—254-nm, preparative or semi-prep flow cell:  (Isco, Inc., Type  6;
                 Schmadzu, 5 mm path length; Beckman-Altex 152W, 8 \)L micro-prep flow cell, 2 mm
                 path; Pharmacia UV-1, 3 mm flow cell; LDC Milton-Roy UV-3, monitor #1203; or
                 equivalent).

      6.5.2 Oven—For baking and storage of adsorbents, capable of maintaining a constant temperature
            (± 5 °C) in the range of 105-250 °C.

      6.5.3 Vacuum system and cartridges for solid-phase extraction (SPE).

       6.5.3.1   Vacuum system—Capable of achieving 0.1 bar (house vacuum, vacuum pump, or
                 water aspirator), with vacuum gauge.

       6.5.3.2   VacElute Manifold (Analytichem International, or equivalent).

       6.5.3.3   Vacuum trap—Made from 500-mL sidearm flask fitted with single-hole rubber stopper
                 and glass tubing.
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                                                                           Method 1656. Revision A
       6.5.3.4    Rack for holding 50-mL volumetric flasks in the manifold.

       6.5.3.5    Column—Mega Bond Elut, Non-polar, CIS Octadecyl, 10 g/60 mL (Analytichem
                  International Cat. No. 607H060, or equivalent).

      6.5.4 Chromatographic column—400 mm long x 22 mm ID, with fluoropolymer stopcock and
            coarse frit (Kontes K-42054, or equivalent).

      6.5.5 Sulfur removal tubes—40- to 50-mL bottle or test tube with fluoropolymer-lined screw-cap.

6.6   Centrifuge apparatus

      6.6.1 Centrifuge—Capable of rotating 500-mL centrifuge bottles or 15-mL centrifuge tubes at
            5,000 rpm minimum.

      6.6.2 Centrifuge bottles—500-mL, with screw-caps, to fit the centrifuge.

      6.6.3 Centrifuge tubes—12- to 15-mL, with screw-caps, to fit the centrifuge.

      6.6.4 Funnel, Buchner, 15 cm.

       6.6.4.1    Flask, filter, for use with Buchner funnel.

       6.6.4.2    Filter paper,  15 cm (Whatman #41, or equivalent).

6.7   Miscellaneous glassware.

      6.7.1 Pipettes, glass - volumetric, 1.00-, 5.00-, and 10.0-mL.

      6.7.2 Syringes, glass -  with Luerlok tip, 0.1-, 1.0-, and 5.0-mL.  Needles for syringes, 2",
            22-gauge.

      6.7.3 Volumetric flasks - 10.0-, 25.0-, and 50.0-mL.

      6.7.4 Scintillation vials - glass, 20- to 50-mL, with fluoropolymer-lined screw-caps.

      6.7.5 Glass funnel—125-250 mL.

      6.7.6 Glass-fiber filter paper—Whatman GF/D (or equivalent), to fit glass funnel in Section 6.5.2.

6.8   Gas chromatography —Shall have splitless or on-column simultaneous automated injection into
      separate capillary columns with a halide-specific detector at the end of each column, temperature
      program with isothermal holds, data system capable of recording simultaneous signals from the two
      detectors, and shall meet all of the performance specifications in Section 15.



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Method 1656. Revision A
      6.8.1 GC columns—Bonded-phase, fused-silica capillary.

        6.8.1.1    Primary—30 m (±3 m) long x 0.5 mm (±0.05 mm) ID DB-608 (or equivalent).

        6.8.1.2    Confirmatory—DB-1701, or equivalent, with same dimensions as primary column.

      6.8.2 Data system—Shall collect and record GC data, store runs on magnetic media, process GC
            data, compute peak areas, store calibration data including retention times and calibration
            factors, identify GC peaks through retention times, compute concentrations, and generate
            reports.

        6.8.2.1    Data acquisition—GC data shall be collected continuously throughout the analysis and
                  stored on a mass storage device.

        6.8.2.2    Calibration factors and calibration curves—The data system shall be used to record
                  and maintain lists of calibration factors, and multipoint calibration curves (Section 10).
                  Computations of relative standard deviation (coefficient of variation) are used for
                  testing calibration linearity.  Statistics on initial (Section 9.2) and ongoing (Section
                  15.6) performance may be computed and maintained, if desired.

        6.8.2.3    Data processing—The data system shall be used to search, locate, identify, and
                  quantify the analytes of interest in each GC run. Software routines shall be employed
                  to compute and record retention times and peak areas. Displays of chromatograms and
                  library comparisons are required to  verify results.

      6.8.3 Halide-specific detector—Electron capture or electrolytic conductivity (Micoulometric, Hall,
            O.I., or equivalent), capable of detecting 8 pg of aldrin under the analysis conditions given in
            Table 2.

7.0  Reagents and  Standards.

7.1   Sodium thiosulfate (ACS), granular.

7.2   pH adjustment.

      7.2.1 Sodium hydroxide—Reagent grade

        7.2.1.1    Concentrated solution (10 N)—Dissolve 40 g NaOH in 100 mL reagent water.

        7.2.1.2    Dilute solution (0.1 M)—Dissolve 4 g NaOH in 1  L of reagent water.

      7.2.2 Sulftiric acid (1+1)—Reagent grade, 6 N in reagent water. Slowly add 50 mL concentrated
            H2SO4 (specific gravity 1.84) to 50 mL reagent water.

      7.2.3 Potassium hydroxide—37 w/v percent.  Dissolve 37 g KOH in 100 mL reagent water.


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                                                                             Method 1656. Revision A
7.3   Sample and solution drying and back-extraction

      7.3.1 Sodium sulfate, reagent grade, granular anhydrous (Baker 3375, or equivalent), rinsed with
            methylene chloride (20 mL/g), baked at 450 °C for a minimum of 1 hour, cooled in a
            desiccator, and stored in a pre-cleaned glass bottle with screw-cap that will prevent moisture
            from entering.

      7.3.2 Sodium sulfate, reagent grade, powdered, treated as in Section 7.3.1—Used for drying solids
            and tissue samples.

      7.3.3 Sodium sulfate solution—2% (w/v) in reagent water, pH-adjusted to 8.5 to 9.0 with KOH or
            H2SO4.

      7.3.4 Activated silica gel—100-200 mesh, Supelco 1-3651 (or equivalent), rinsed with methylene
            chloride, baked at 180° C for a minimum of 1 hour, cooled in a desiccator, and stored in a pre-
            cleaned glass bottle with screw-cap that will prevent moisture from entering.

      7.3.5 Prepurified nitrogen

7.4   Solvents—Methylene chloride, hexane, ethyl ether, acetone, acetonitrile, isooctane, and methanol;
      pesticide-quality; lot-certified to be free of interferences.

      7.4.1 Ethyl ether must be shown to be free of peroxides before it is used, as indicated by EM
            Laboratories Quant Test Strips (Scientific Products PI 126-8, or equivalent).

      7.4.2 Procedures recommended for removal of peroxides are provided with the test strips.  After the
            cleanup, 20 mL of ethyl alcohol is added to each liter of ether as a preservative.

7.5   GPC calibration solution—Solution containing 300 mg/mL corn oil, 15  mg/mL bis (2-ethylhexyl)
      phthalate, 1.4 mg/mL pentachlorophenol, 0.1 mg/mL perylene, and 0.5 mg/mL sulfur.

7.6   Sample cleanup.

      7.6.1 Florisil—PR grade, 60/100 mesh, activated at 650 to 700  °C, stored in the dark in glass
            container with fluoropolymer-lined screw-cap. Activate at 130 °C for 16 hours minimum
            immediately prior to use. Standardize with lauric acid (see Section 10.5 and Reference 7).
            Alternatively, 500-mg cartridges (J.T. Baker, or  equivalent) may be used.

      7.6.2 Solid-phase extraction.

        7.6.2.1    SPE cartridge calibration solution—2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 0.1 (jg/mL in acetone.

        7.6.2.2   SPE elution solvent—Methylene chloride:acetonitrile:hexane (50:3:47).
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Method 1656. Revision A
      7.6.3 Alumina, neutral, Brockman Activity I, 80-200 mesh (Fisher Scientific Certified, or
            equivalent).  Heat for 16 hours at 400 to 450 °C. Seal and cool to room temperature. Add
            7% (WAV) reagent water and mix for 10 to 2 hours. Keep bottle tightly sealed.

      7.6.4 Silicic acid, 100 mesh.

      7.6.5 Sulfur removal—Copper powder (bright, non-oxidized), or TEA sodium sulfite.  If mercury is
            used, observe the handling precautions in Section 5.

      7.6.6 GPC column packing—Bio-beads, SX-3, (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Richmond, CA, or
            equivalent).

7.7   Reference matrices.

      7.7.1 Reagent water—Water in which the analytes of interest and interfering substances are not
            detected by this Method.

      7.7.2 High-solids reference matrix—Playground sand or similar material in which the analytes of
            interest and interfering substances are not detected by this Method. May be prepared by
            extraction with methylene chloride and/or baking at 450 °C for four hours minimum.

      7.7.3 Tissue reference matrix—Corn or other vegetable oil. Fish oil may be used provided it is
            demonstrated to be free of the  analytes of interest and interfering substances at the detection
            limit of this Method.

7.8   Standard solutions—Purchased as  solutions or mixtures with certification to their purity,
      concentration, and authenticity, or  prepared from materials of known purity and composition.  If
      analyte purity is 96% or greater, the weight may be used without correction to compute the
      concentration of the standard. When not being used, standards are stored in the dark at -20 to  -10
      °C in screw-capped vials with fluoropolymer-lined lids. A mark is placed on the vial at the level of
      the solution so that solvent evaporation loss can be detected.  The vials are brought to room
      temperature prior to use. Any precipitate is redissolved and solvent is added if solvent loss has
      occurred.

7.9   Preparation of stock solutions—Prepare in isooctane per the steps below. Observe the safety
      precautions in Section 5.

      7.9.1 Dissolve an appropriate amount of assayed reference material in solvent.  For example, weigh
            10 mg aldrin in a 10-mL ground-glass stoppered volumetric flask and fill to the mark with
            isooctane. After the aldrin is completely dissolved, transfer the solution to a 15-mL vial with
            fluoropolymer-lined cap.

      7.9.2 Stock solutions should be checked for signs of degradation prior to the preparation of
            calibration or performance test standards.
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                                                                            Method 1656. Revision A
      7.9.3 Stock solutions shall be replaced after 6 months, or sooner if comparison with quality control
            check standards indicates a change in concentration.

7.10  Secondary mixtures—Using stock solutions (Section 7.9), prepare mixtures at the levels shown in
      Table 3 for calibration and calibration verification (Sections 10.3 and 15.5), for initial and ongoing
      precision and recovery (Sections 9.2.1 and  15.6), and for spiking into the sample matrix (Section
      9.4).

7.11  Combined QC standard—Mix equal volumes of the high concentration calibration solutions (Table
      3) to produce this standard. It is used for calibration (Section 10.4), calibration verification (Section
      15.5), and for initial (Section 9.2.1) and ongoing (Section 15.6) demonstrations of method
      performance.

7.12  Surrogate spiking solution—Prepare tetrachloro-m-xylene or decachlorobiphenyl at a concentration
      of 2 (jg/mL in acetone.

7.13  DDT and endrin decomposition solution—Prepare a solution containing endrin at a concentration of
      1 (jg/mL and DDT at a concentration  of 2 (jg/mL.

7.14  Stability of solutions—All standard solutions (Sections 7.9 through 7.13) shall be analyzed within
      48 hours of preparation and on a monthly basis thereafter for signs of degradation.  Standards will
      remain acceptable if the concentration remains within ±15% of the concentration obtained in the
      initial analysis of the standard.

8.0   Sample Preservation

8.1   Collect aqueous samples in glass containers following conventional sampling  practices (Reference
      8), except that the bottle shall not be prerinsed with  sample before collection.

      8.1.1 Aqueous samples that flow freely are collected in refrigerated bottles using automatic
            sampling equipment. Collect a volume as close to 1.00 L as possible, but in no case less than
            0.9 or more than 1.1 L.

      8.1.2 Solid samples are collected as grab samples using wide-mouth jars. Collect a minimum of 50
            g.

      8.1.3 Tissue samples may be collected in jars or wrapped in aluminum foil. Collect a minimum of
            50 g of the tissue to be analyzed.  For example, if only the fillet will be analyzed, a minimum
            amount of tissue necessary to yield 50 g of filet is required.

8.2   Storage temperature

      8.2.1 Aqueous samples—Maintain at 0 - 4 °C from the time of collection until extraction.
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Method 1656. Revision A
      8.2.2 Solid samples — Maintain at 0 - 4 °C from time of collection until extraction, or freeze at <-10
      8.2.3 Tissue samples — Freeze at <-10 °C upon collection unless the sample will be extracted within
            12 hours, in which case maintain at 0 - 4 °C from the time of collection until extraction.

8.3   Aqueous sample preservation

      8.3.1 If the sample will not be extracted within 72 hours of collection, adjust the sample to a pH of
            5.0 to 9.0 using sodium hydroxide or sulfuric acid solution. Record the volume of acid or
            base used.

      8.3.2 If residual chlorine is present in an aqueous sample, add 80 mg sodium thiosulfate per liter of
            water. EPA Methods 330.4 and 330.5 may be used to measure residual chlorine (Reference
            9).

8.4   Holding times

      8.4.1 Aqueous and unfrozen  solid samples — Begin sample extraction within 7 days of collection

      8.4.2 Frozen solid and tissue samples — If stored in the dark at <-10°C, solid, semi-solid, multi-
            phase, and tissue samples may be stored for up to one year prior to extraction.

      8.4.3 Analyze all extracts within 40 days of extraction.

9.0  Quality Control

9.1   Each laboratory that uses this Method is required to operate a formal quality control (QC) program
      (Reference 10). The minimum requirements  of this program consist of an initial demonstration of
      laboratory capability, an ongoing analysis of standards and blanks as tests of continued
      performance, and analysis of matrix spike samples to assess accuracy and precision.  Laboratory
      performance is compared to established performance criteria to determine if the results of analyses
      meet the performance characteristics of the Method.  For performance tests, a reference matrix is
      used that most closely simulates the matrix of interest. For aqueous, solid, and tissue samples,
      reference matrices of reagent water (Section 7.7.1), playground sand (Section 7.7.2), or corn oil
      (Section 7.7.3) are suggested to simulate waters, soils, and tissue, respectively.

      9.1 .1 The laboratory shall make an initial demonstration of the ability to generate acceptable
            precision and recovery with this Method.  This ability is established as described in Section
            9.2.

      9.1 .2 In recognition of advances that are  occurring in analytical  technology, the laboratory is
            permitted certain options to improve results or lower the cost of measurements. These options
            include use of alternate extraction techniques such as solid-phase extraction and accelerated
            solvent extraction, alternate concentration techniques such as rotary evaporation, and alternate


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                                                                            Method 1656. Revision A
            cleanup techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography. Changes in the
            principle of the determinative technique, such as the use of colorimetry, are not allowed.

        9.1.2.1    Each time a modification is made to the Method, the laboratory is required to repeat the
                  procedure in Section 9.2 to demonstrate method performance. If a detection limit will
                  be affected by the modification, the laboratory is required to demonstrate that the MDL
                  (40 CFR Part 136, Appendix B) is less than or equal to the MDL in this Method for the
                  analyte(s)  of interest.  If the Method will be used for compliance monitoring, the MDL
                  for the modified method must be less than or equal to the MDL of this Method or one-
                  third the regulatory compliance limit, whichever is greater.  If the change will affect
                  calibration, the instrument must be recalibrated according to Section 10.

        9.1.2.2    The  laboratory is required to maintain records of modifications made to this Method.
                  These records include  the following, at a minimum:

            9.1.2.2.1  The names, titles, addresses, and telephone numbers of the analyst(s) who
                       performed the analyses and modification, and the quality control officer who
                       witnessed and will verify the analyses and modification

            9.1.2.2.2  A narrative stating the  reason(s) for the modification(s)

            9.1.2.2.3  Results from all quality control (QC) tests comparing the modified method to this
                       Method, including the following:

               (a)     Calibration (Section 10)
               (b)     Initial precision and recovery (Section 9.2)
               (c)     Analysis of blanks (Section 9.5)
               (d)     Matrix spike analysis (Section 9.4)
               (e)     Ongoing precision and recovery (Section 15.6)
               (f)      Surrogate recovery (Section 9.3)
               (g)     Method detection limit (Section 9.1.2.1)

            9.1.2.2.4  Data that will allow an independent reviewer to validate each determination by
                       tracking the instrument output to the final result.  These data are to include the
                       following:

               (a)     Sample numbers  and other identifiers
               (b)     Processing dates
               (c)     Analysis dates
               (d)     Analysis sequence/run  chronology
               (e)     Sample weight or volume
               (f)      Copies of logbooks, recorder charts, or other raw data output
               (g)     Calculations linking raw data to the results reported

      9.1.3 The laboratory shall spike all samples with at least one surrogate compound to monitor
            method performance.  This test is described in Section 9.3. When results of these spikes

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Method 1656. Revision A
            indicate atypical method performance for samples, the samples are diluted to bring method
            performance within acceptable limits (Section 18).

      9.1.4 Analyses of matrix spike (MS) samples are required to demonstrate the recovery and to
            monitor matrix interferences.  Section 9.4 describes the procedure and QC criteria for spiking.

      9.1.5 The laboratory shall, on an ongoing basis, demonstrate through calibration verification and
            the analysis of the combined QC standard (Section 7.11) that the analysis system is in control.
            These procedures are described in Sections 15.1,  15.5, and 15.6.

      9.1.6 The laboratory should maintain records to define the quality of data that is generated.
            Development of accuracy statements is described in Section 9.4.4 and 15.6.4

      9.1.7 Analyses of blanks are required to demonstrate freedom from contamination.  The procedures
            and criteria for analysis of a blank are described in Section 9.5.

      9.1.8 Other analytes may be determined by this Method. The procedure for establishing a
            preliminary quality control limit for a new analyte is given in Section 9.6.

      9.1.9 QC using this Method is controlled by an analytical batch. An analytical batch is a set of
            samples started through the extraction process during a given 12-hour shift, to a maximum of
            20. A batch may be from 1 to as many as 20 samples. Each batch must be accompanied by a
            blank, OPR, and MS.

9.2   Initial demonstration of laboratory capability

      9.2.1 Method detection limit—To establish the ability to detect the analytes of interest in this
            Method, the laboratory shall achieve MDLs that are less than or equal to the MDLs listed in
            Table 2 or one-third the regulatory compliance limit, whichever is greater. The MDLs shall
            be determined according to the procedure at 40 CFR 136, Appendix B using the apparatus,
            reagents, and standards that will be used in the practice of this Method. These MDLs shall  be
            used for determination of laboratory  capability only, and should be determined when  a new
            operator begins work or whenever, in the judgment of the laboratory, a change in instrument
            hardware or operating conditions would dictate reevaluation of capability.

      9.2.2 Initial precision and recovery—To establish the ability to generate acceptable precision and
            recovery, the laboratory  shall perform the following operations.

        9.2.2.1    For aqueous samples, extract, concentrate,  and analyze one set of four 1-L aliquots of
                  reagent water spiked with the  combined QC standard (Section 7.11) according to the
                  procedure in Section 11. Alternatively, sets of four replicates of the individual
                  calibration groups (Table  3) may be used.  For samples containing high solids, a set of
                  four 30-g aliquots of the high-solids reference matrix (Section 7.7.2) are used. For
                  tissue samples, a set of four 10-g aliquots of the tissue reference matrix (Section 7.7.3)
                  are used.
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                                                                            Method 1656. Revision A
        9.2.2.2   Using results of the set of four analyses, compute the average percent recovery (X) and
                  the relative standard deviation (RSD) of percent recovery for each analyte.

        9.2.2.3   For each analyte, compare RSD and X with the corresponding limits for initial
                  precision and recovery in Table 4. For coeluting analytes, use the coeluted compound
                  with the least restrictive  specification (largest RSD and widest range). If RSD and X
                  for all analytes meet the  acceptance criteria, system performance is acceptable and
                  analysis of blanks and samples may begin.  If, however, any  individual RSD exceeds
                  the precision limit or any individual X falls outside the range for accuracy, system
                  performance is unacceptable for that analyte.  In this case, correct the problem and
                  repeat the test.

9.3   Surrogates - The laboratory shall spike all samples with at least one surrogate analyte to assess
      method performance on the sample  matrix.

      9.3.1 Analyze each sample according to the Method beginning in Section 11.

      9.3.2 Compute the percent recovery (P) of the surrogate.

      9.3.3 The surrogate recovery shall  be 40 to 120%.  If the recovery of the  surrogate falls outside of
            these limits, method performance is unacceptable for that sample. Water samples are diluted,
            and smaller amounts of soils, sludges, sediments,  and tissues are reanalyzed per Section 18.

9.4   Matrix spike—The laboratory shall spike (matrix spike) at least 5% of the samples from a given
      matrix type (e.g., influent to treatment, treated effluent, produced water, river sediment).  If only one
      sample from a given matrix type is  analyzed, a separate aliquot of that sample shall be spiked.

      9.4.1 The concentration of the matrix spike shall be determined as follows:

        9.4.1.1    If, as in compliance monitoring, the concentration of a specific analyte in the sample is
                  being checked against a regulatory concentration limit, the MS shall be at that limit or
                  at 1 to 5 times higher than the background concentration determined in Section 9.4.2,
                  whichever concentration is greater.

        9.4.1.2   If the concentration of an analyte in the sample is not being checked against a limit
                  specific to the analyte, the MS shall be at the concentration of the combined QC
                  standard (Section 7.11) or at 1 to 5 times higher than the background  concentration,
                  whichever concentration is greater.

        9.4.1.3   If it is impractical to determine the background concentration before spiking (e.g.,
                  maximum holding times will be  exceeded), the matrix spike concentration shall be the
                  regulatory concentration limit, if any; otherwise, the larger of either 5  times the
                  expected background concentration or at the concentration of the combined QC
                  standard (Section 7.11).
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Method 1656. Revision A
      9.4.2 Analyze one sample aliquot to determine the background concentration (B) of each analyte. If
            necessary, prepare a standard solution appropriate to produce a level in the sample 1 to 5
            times the background concentration.  Spike a second sample aliquot with the standard solution
            and analyze it to determine the concentration after spiking (A) of each analyte.  Calculate the
            percent recovery (P) of each analyte:

                                           Equation 1

                                        P = [100(A-B)/T]
       where
	T = True value of the spike	

      9.4.3 The matrix spike recoveries in sample should be 25-150%. For the OPR, compare the percent
            recovery for each analyte with the corresponding QC acceptance criteria in Table 4.

       9.4.3.1    If the results of both the MS and the OPR test fall outside the acceptance criteria, the
                  analytical system is judged to be not in control, and the results may not be reported or
                  used for permitting or regulatory compliance purposes.  The laboratory must identify
                  and correct the problem and reanalyze all samples in the sample batch.

       9.4.3.2    If results for the MS fail the acceptance criteria, and recovery for the OPR standard for
                  the analytical batch is within the acceptance criteria in Table 4,  an interference is
                  present and the results may not be reported or otherwise used for permitting or
                  regulatory compliance purposes. If the interference can be attributed to sampling, the
                  site or discharge should be resampled. If the interference can be attributed to a method
                  deficiency, the laboratory must modify the Method, repeat the test required in Section
                  9.1.2, and repeat analysis of the sample and MS.

       9.4.3.3    If the interference  cannot be overcome after the Method has been modified, the sample
                  is complex and must be diluted and reanalyzed per Section 18.

      9.4.4 As part of the QC program for the laboratory, it is suggested but not required that method
            precision and recovery be assessed and records be maintained. After the analysis of five
            spiked samples of a given matrix type (water, soil, sludge, sediment, tissue) in which the
            analytes pass the tests in Section 9.4.3, compute the average percent recovery (P) and the
            relative standard deviation of the percent recovery (RSDp) for each analyte (or coeluting
            analyte group).  Express  the accuracy assessment as a percent recovery interval from P -
            2RSDp to P + 2RSDp for each matrix.  For example, if P=90% and RSDp=10% for five
            analyses of compost, the accuracy interval is expressed as 70 to 110%. Update the accuracy
            assessment for each analyte in each matrix on a regular basis (e.g., after each 5 to 10 new
            accuracy measurements).

9.5   Blanks—Reference matrix blanks are analyzed to demonstrate freedom from contamination.
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                                                                            Method 1656. Revision A
      9.5.1 Extract and concentrate a 1-L reagent water blank, a 30-g high-solids reference matrix blank,
            or a 10-g tissue matrix blank (whichever is appropriate) with each sample batch (Section
            9.1.9). Analyze the blank immediately after analysis of the combined QC standard (Section
            15.6) to demonstrate freedom from contamination.

      9.5.2 If any of the analytes of interest (Table 1) or any potentially interfering substance is found in
            a blank at a concentration greater than the concentration of the low concentration calibration
            solution in Table 3 (assuming the same calibration factor as aldrin for analytes not listed in
            Table 1), analysis of samples is halted until the source of contamination is eliminated and a
            blank shows no evidence of contamination at this level.

9.6   Other analytes may be determined by this Method.

      9.6.1 To establish a quality control limit for an analyte, determine the precision and accuracy by
            analyzing four replicates of the analyte along with the combined QC standard per the
            procedure in Section 9.2.  If the analyte coelutes with an analyte in the  QC standard, prepare
            a new QC standard without the coeluting component(s).

      9.6.2 Compute the average percent recovery (A) and the RSD of percent recovery (RSDn) for the
            new analyte, and measure the percent recovery and RSD of percent recovery for the other
            analytes. The data for the new  analyte is assumed to be valid if the precision and recovery
            specifications for the other analytes are met; otherwise, the analytical problem is  corrected
            and the test is repeated. Establish a preliminary QC limit for precision of 2RSDn and a QC
            limit for recovery of A ± 2RSDn for the new analyte and add the limit to Table 4.

9.7   The specifications contained in this Method can be met if the apparatus used is calibrated properly,
      then maintained in a calibrated state.  The standards used for calibration (Sections 7.10 and 7.11),
      calibration verification (Section 15.5), and for initial (Section 9.2) and ongoing (Section 15.6)
      precision and recovery should be identical, so that the most precise results will be obtained.  The GC
      instruments will provide the most reproducible results if dedicated to the settings and conditions
      required for the analyses of the analytes given in this Method.

9.8   Depending on specific program requirements, field replicates and field spikes of the analytes of
      interest into samples may be required to assess the precision and accuracy of the sampling and
      sample transporting techniques.

10.0 Setup and Calibration.

10.1  Configure the GC system as given in Section 6.8 and establish the operating conditions  in Table 2.

10.2  Attainment of method detection limit (MDL) and DDT/Endrin decomposition
      requirements—Determine that each column/detector system meets the MDLs (Table 2), and the
      DDT and endrin decomposition test (Section 15.4).

10.3  Calibration.
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Method 1656. Revision A
      10.3.1   Inj action of calibration solutions.

        10.3.1.1  Analytes with calibration data in Table 3—The analytes in each calibration group in
                  Table 3 were chosen so that each analyte would be separated from the others by
                  approximately 1 minute on the primary column. The concentrations were chosen to
                  bracket the working range of either the BCD or the ELCD. However, because the
                  response of the ELCD is less for some analytes than that of the ECD, it may be
                  necessary to inject a larger volume of calibration solution when the ELCD is used.

        10.3.1.2  Analytes without calibration data in Table 3—Prepare calibration standards at a
                  minimum of three concentration levels.  One of these concentrations should be near, but
                  above, the MDL (Table 2) and the other concentrations should define the working
                  range of the detectors.

        10.3.1.3  Set the automatic inj ector to inj ect a constant volume in the range of 0.5 to 5.0 (iL of
                  each calibration solution into the GC column/detector pairs, beginning with the lowest
                  level mixture and proceeding to  the highest. For each analyte, compute, record, and
                  store, as a function of the concentration injected, the retention time  and peak area on
                  each column/detector system (primary and confirmatory).  For the multi-component
                  analytes (PCBs, toxaphene), store the retention time and peak area for the five largest
                  peaks.

      10.3.2   Retention time—The polar nature of some analytes causes the retention time to decrease as
               the quantity injected  increases. To compensate this effect, the retention time for analyte
               identification is correlated with the analyte level.

        10.3.2.1  If the difference between the maximum and minimum retention times for any analyte is
                  less than 5 seconds over the calibration range, the retention time for that analyte can be
                  considered constant and an average retention time may be  used for analyte
                  identification.

        10.3.2.2  Retention time calibration curve (retention time vs. amount)—If the retention time for a
                  analyte in the lowest level standard is more than 5 seconds greater than the retention
                  time for the analyte in the highest level standard, a retention time calibration curve shall
                  be used for identification of that analyte.

      10.3.3   Calibration factor (ratio of area to amount injected).

        10.3.3.1  Compute the relative standard deviation of the calibration  factor over the calibration
                  range for each analyte on each column/detector system.

        10.3.3.2  Linearity—If the  calibration factor for any analyte is constant (RSD <20%) over the
                  calibration range, an average calibration factor may be used for that analyte; otherwise,
                  the complete calibration curve (area vs.  amount) for that analyte shall be used.
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                                                                           Method 1656. Revision A
10.4  Combined QC standard—To preclude periodic analysis of all of the individual calibration groups of
      analytes (Table 3), the GC systems are calibrated with the combined QC standard (Section 7.11) as
      a final step. Not all of the analytes in these standards will be separated by the GC columns used in
      this Method. Retention times and calibration factors are verified for the analytes that are resolved,
      and calibration factors are obtained for the unresolved peaks.

      10.4.1   Analyze the combined QC  standard on each column/detector pair.

        10.4.1.1   For those analytes that exhibit a single, resolved GC peak, the retention time shall be
                  within ±5 seconds of the retention time of the peak in the medium level calibration
                  standard (Table 3), and the calibration factor using the primary column shall be within
                  ±20% of the calibration factor in the medium level standard (Table 3).

        10.4.1.2  For the peaks containing two or more analytes, compute and store the retention times at
                  the peak maxima on both columns (primary and confirmatory), and also compute and
                  store the calibration factors on both columns.  These results will be used for calibration
                  verification (Section 15.5) and for precision and recovery studies (Sections 9.2 and
                  15.6).

10.5  Florisil calibration—The cleanup procedure in Section 13.4 utilizes Florisil column chromatography.
      Florisil from different batches or sources may vary  in adsorptive capacity. To standardize the
      amount of Florisil that is used, the use of the lauric  acid value (Reference 7)  is suggested. The
      referenced procedure determines the adsorption of lauric acid (in milligrams  per gram of Florisil)
      from hexane solution.  The amount of Florisil to be  used for each column is calculated by dividing
      110 by this ratio and multiplying by 20 g.

11.0 Sample Preparation.

11.1  Determination of percent solids (for non-tissue samples expected or known to contain >1% solids).

      11.1.1   Weigh 5 to 10 g of sample  into a tared beaker.  Record the weight  to three significant
               figures.

      11.1.2   Dry overnight (12 hours minimum) at 110 ±5 °C and cool in a desiccator.

      11.1.3   Determine percent solids as follows:

                                           Equation  2

	% solids = 100 (weight of dry sample)/(weight of wet sample)	

11.2  Preparation of samples for extraction.

      11.2.1   Samples containing 0-30% solids.
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Method 1656. Revision A
        11.2.1.1   Samples containing less than 1% solids—Extract the sample directly using continuous
                  liquid-liquid extraction techniques.

            11.2.1.1.1  Allow the sample to come to room temperature. Dry the exterior of the sample
                        container. Weigh the sample bottle.  Pour the entire volume of sample (Section
                        8.1.1) into a clean 1.5 to 2.0-L beaker.

            11.2.1.1.2  Spike 1.0 mL of the surrogate  spiking solution  (Section 7.12) into the sample in
                        the beaker.  Proceed to preparation of the QC aliquots for low solids samples
                        (Section  11.2.1.3).

        11.2.1.2  Samples containing 1 to 30% solids.

            11.2.1.2.1  Mix sample thoroughly.

            11.2.1.2.2  Using the percent solids found in Section 11.1.3, determine the weight of sample
                        required to produce 1 L of solution containing 1% solids as follows:

                                            Equation 3

       	sample weight = (1000 g)/(% solids)	

            11.2.1.2.3  Place the weight determined in Section 11.2.1.2.2 in a clean 1.5- to 2.0-L beaker.
                        Discard all  sticks, rocks, leaves, and other foreign material prior to weighing.

            11.2.1.2.4  Bring the sample volume 100 - 200 mL with reagent water.

            11.2.1.2.5  Spike 1.0 mL of the surrogate  spiking solution  (Section 7.12) into each sample
                        aliquot.

            11.2.1.2.6  Using a clean metal spatula, break any solid portions of the sample into small
                        pieces.

            11.2.1.2.7  Place the %" horn on the ultrasonic probe approximately V" below the surface of
                        each sample aliquot and pulse  at 50% for 3 minutes at full power. If necessary,
                        remove the probe from the solution and break any large pieces using the metal
                        spatula or a stirring rod and repeat the sonication. Clean the probe with
                        methylene chloride:acetone (1:1) between samples to preclude
                        cross-contamination.

            11.2.1.2.8  Bring the sample volume to 1.0 L (±0.1 L) with reagent water.

        11.2.1.3  Preparation of QC aliquots for samples containing 0 - 30% solids
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                                                                            Method 1656. Revision A
            11.2.1.3.1  For each sample or sample batch (Section 9.1.9), place two 1.0-L (±0.1 L)
                        aliquots of reagent water in clean 1.5- to 2.0-L beakers.

            11.2.1.3.2  Blank—Spike 1.0 mL of the surrogate spiking solution (Section 7.12) into the
                        aliquots.

            11.2.1.3.3  OPR—Spike the combined QC standard (Section 7.11) into one of the aliquots.

            11.2.1.3.4  MS—Prepare an aliquot at the concentrations specified in Section 9.4.

            11.2.1.3.5  Stir and equilibrate all sample and QC solutions for one to two hours. Extract
                        the samples and QC aliquots per Section 12.1.

      11.2.2   Samples containing >30% solids.

       11.2.2.1   Mix the sample thoroughly.

       11.2.2.2  Weigh 30 g (±0.3 g) into a clean 400- to 500-mL beaker.  Discard all sticks, rocks,
                  leaves, and other foreign material prior to weighing.

       11.2.2.3  Spike 1.0 mL of the surrogate spiking solution (Section 7.12) into the sample.

       11.2.2.4  Preparation of QC aliquots for samples containing high solids (>30%).

            11.2.2.4.1  For each sample or sample batch (Section 9.1.9), weigh two 30-g (±3 g) aliquots
                        of the high solids reference matrix (Section 7.7.2) into clean 400- to 500-mL
                        beakers.  One aliquot will serve  as the blank, the other as the OPR.

            11.2.2.4.2  Spike 1.0 mL of the surrogate spiking solution (Section 7.12) into each aliquot.

            11.2.2.4.3  OPR—Spike the combined QC standard (Section 7.11) into one of the aliquots.

            11.2.2.4.4  MS—Prepare an aliquot at the concentration specified in Section 9.4.

       11.2.2.5  Extract the high-solids samples per Section 12.2.

      11.2.3   Tissue samples

       11.2.3.1   Prior to processing tissue samples, the laboratory must determine the exact tissue to be
                  analyzed. Common requests for analysis offish tissue include whole fish-skin on,
                  whole fish-skin removed, edible  fish fillets (filleted in the field or by the laboratory),
                  specific organs, and other portions.  Once the appropriate tissue has been determined,
                  the sample must be homogenized.

       11.2.3.2  Homogenization


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Method 1656. Revision A
            11.2.3.2.1  Samples are homogenized while still frozen, where practical. If the laboratory
                        must dissect the whole fish to obtain the appropriate tissue for analysis, the
                        unused tissues may be rapidly refrozen and stored in a clean glass jar for
                        subsequent use.

            11.2.3.2.2  Each analysis requires 10 g of tissue (wet weight).  Therefore, homogenize at
                        least 30 g of tissue to allow for the MS and for re-extraction of a second aliquot
                        of the same homogenized sample, if re-analysis is required.  When whole fish
                        analysis is required, the entire fish is homogenized.

            11.2.3.2.3  Homogenize the sample in a tissue homogenizer (Section 6.3.3) or grind in a
                        meat grinder (Section 6.3.4). Cut tissue too large to feed into the grinder into
                        smaller pieces.  To assure homogeneity, grind three times.

            11.2.3.2.4  Transfer approximately 10 g (wet weight) of homogenized tissue to a clean,
                        tared, 400- to 500-mL beaker.  Record the weight to 3 significant figures.

            11.2.3.2.5  Spike 1.0 mL of the surrogate spiking solution (Section 7.12) into the sample.

            11.2.3.2.6  Transfer the remaining homogenized tissue to a clean jar with a fluoropolymer-
                        lined lid.  Seal the jar and  store the tissue at <-10 °C.  Return any tissue that
                        was not homogenized to its original container and store at <-10 °C.

        11.2.3.3  Preparation of QC aliquots.

            11.2.3.3.1  For each sample or sample batch (Section 9.1.9), weigh two 10-g (± 1 g)
                        aliquots of the tissue reference matrix (Section 7.7.3) into clean 400- to 500-mL
                        beakers. One aliquot will  serve as the  blank and the other as the  OPR.

            11.2.2.3.2  Spike 1.0 mL of the surrogate spiking solution (Section 7.12) into each aliquot.

            11.2.2.3.4  OPR—Spike the combined QC  standard (Section 7.11) into one of the  aliquots.

            11.2.2.3.5  MS—Prepare an aliquot at the concentrations specified in Section 9.4.

12.0 Extraction and Concentration.

12.1  Continuous extraction of samples containing 0-30% solids.

      12.1.1   Place 100-150 mL of methylene chloride in each continuous extractor and 200 to 300 mL
               in each distilling flask.

      12.1.2   Pour the sample(s), blank, OPR, and MS aliquots into their respective extractors.
24                                                                                 September 2000

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                                                                           Method 1656. Revision A
        12.1.2.1   For each sample, rinse the sample container then the beaker that contained the sample
                  with 20-30 mL of methylene chloride and add to the respective extractor. Repeat the
                  rinsing twice. Include all solids in the extraction process.

        12.1.2.2   For samples containing <1% solids, dry and weigh the sample container and cap and
                  determined the sample volume using the weight determined in Section 11.2.1.1.1,
                  assuming a density of 1.00 g/mL.

        12.1.2.3   For the blank, OPR, and MS, rinse the beakers that contained these aliquots with 20-30
                  mL of methylene chloride and add to the respective extractors.  Repeat the rinsing
                  twice.

      12.1.3   Adjust the pH of the waters in the extractors to 5 - 9 with NaOH or H2SO4 while
               monitoring with a pH meter.

      Note:    Some samples require acidification in a hood because of the potential for
	generating hydrogen sulfide.	

      12.1.4   Begin the extraction by heating the flask until the methylene chloride is boiling.  When
               properly adjusted, 1 to 2 drops of methylene chloride per second will fall from the
               condenser tip into the water.  Test and adjust the pH of the waters during the first 1 to 2
               hours and between the 3rd and 5th hours of extraction. Extract for 18-24 hours.

      12.1.5   Remove the distilling flask, estimate and record the volume of extract (to the nearest 100
               mL), and pour the contents through a prerinsed drying column containing 7 to 10 cm of
               granular anhydrous sodium sulfate.  Rinse the distilling flask with 30 to 50 mL of
               methylene chloride and pour through the drying column. Collect the solution in a 500-mL
               K-D evaporator flask equipped with a 10-mL concentrator tube.  Seal, label, and
               concentrate per Sections  12.4 to  12.5.

12.2  Ultrasonic extraction of high solids samples—Procedures are provided for extraction of
      non-municipal sludge (Section 12.2.1) and municipal sludge samples (Section 12.2.2).

      12.2.1   Ultrasonic extraction of non-municipal sludge high-solids aliquots.

        12.2.1.1   Add 60 to 70 g of powdered anhydrous sodium sulfate (Section 7.3.2) to the sample
                  and QC aliquots. Mix each aliquot thoroughly. Some wet samples may require more
                  than 70 g for complete removal of water. All water must be removed prior to addition
                  of organic solvent so that the  extraction process is efficient.

        12.2.1.2   Add 100± 10 mL of acetone methylene chloride (1:1) to each of the aliquots and mix
                  thoroughly.

        12.2.1.3   Place the  %" horn on the ultrasonic probe approximately V" below the surface of the
                  solvent but above the  solids layer and pulse at 50% for 3 minutes at full power. If


September 2000                                                                                 25

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Method 1656. Revision A
                  necessary, remove the probe from the solution and break any large pieces using a metal
                  spatula or a stirring rod and repeat the sonication.

        12.2.1.4  Decant the extract through a prerinsed drying column containing 7 to 10 cm of granular
                  anhydrous sodium sulfate into a 500-mL K-D evaporator flask.

        12.2.1.5  Repeat the extraction steps (Sections 12.2.1.2 to 12.2.1.4) twice more for each sample
                  and QC aliquot. On the final extraction, swirl the sample  or QC aliquot, pour into its
                  respective drying column, and rinse with acetone:methylene  chloride. If necessary,
                  transfer the extract to a centrifuge tube and centrifuge for  10 minutes to settle fine
                  particles. Record the approximate extract volume.  Concentrate the extract per
                  Sections 12.4 to 12.5.

      12.2.2   Ultrasonic extraction of high-solids municipal sludge aliquots.

        12.2.2.1  Add 100 ± 10 mL of acetonitrile to each of the aliquots and mix thoroughly.

        12.2.2.2  Place the %" horn on the ultrasonic probe approximately 1A" below the surface of the
                  solvent but above the solids layer and pulse at 50% for 3 minutes at full power.  If
                  necessary, remove the probe from the solution and break any large pieces using a metal
                  spatula or a stirring rod and repeat the sonication.

        12.2.2.3  Decant the extract through filter paper into a 1000- to 2000-mL separatory funnel.

        12.2.2.4  Repeat the extraction and filtration steps (Sections  12.2.2.2 to 12.2.2.3) using a second
                  100 mL of acetonitrile.

        12.2.2.5  Repeat the  extraction step (Section 12.2.2.2) using 100 ± 10 mL of methylene chloride.
                  On this final extraction, swirl the sample or QC aliquot, pour into its respective filter
                  paper, and rinse with methylene chloride. Record the total extract volume.

        12.2.2.6  Back-extract each extract three times sequentially with 500 mL of the aqueous sodium
                  sulfate solution (Section 7.3.3), returning the bottom (organic) layer to the separatory
                  funnel the first two times while discarding the top (aqueous) layer. On the final back
                  extraction, filter each extract through a prerinsed drying column containing 7 - 10 cm
                  granular anhydrous sodium sulfate (Section 7.3.2) into a 500-mL K-D evaporator
                  flask.  Record the approximate final extract volume. Concentrate the extract per
                  Sections 12.4 and 12.5.

12.3  Tissue extraction and determination of lipid content.

      12.3.1   Pre-extraction of the apparatus.

        12.3.1.1  Charge a clean  extraction thimble (Section 6.4.3.2) with 5.0 g of silica (Section 7.3.4).
26                                                                                   September 2000

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                                                                            Method 1656. Revision A
        12.3.1.2  Place the thimble in a clean extractor. Place 30 to 40 mL of methylene chloride:hexane
                  (1:1) mixture in the receiver and 200 to 250 mL of methylene chloride :hexane (1:1)
                  mixture in the flask.

        12.3.1.3  Pre-extract by heating the flask until the methylene chloride:hexane (1:1) mixture is
                  boiling. When properly adjusted, one to two drops of methylene chloride :hexane (1:1)
                  mixture will fall per second from the condenser tip into the receiver. Extract the
                  apparatus for a minimum of three hours.

        12.3.1.4  After pre-extraction, cool and disassemble the apparatus. Rinse the thimble with
                  methylene chloride :hexane (1:1) mixture and allow to air dry.

      12.3.2   Sample extraction.

        12.3.2.1  Add 30 to 40 g of powdered anhydrous sodium sulfate (Section 7.3.2) to each of the
                  sample and QC aliquots (Sections 11.2.3.2 and 11.2.3.3) and mix thoroughly. Cover
                  the beakers with aluminum foil and allow to equilibrate for 12-24 hours. Remix prior
                  to extraction to prevent clumping.

        12.3.2.2  Reassemble the pre-extracted Soxhlet apparatus and add a fresh charge of methylene
                  chloride:hexane to the reflux flask.

        12.3.2.3  Transfer the sample/sodium sulfate mixture (Section 12.3.2.1) to the Soxhlet thimble,
                  and install the thimble in the Soxhlet apparatus.

        12.3.2.4  Rinse the beaker with several portions of solvent mixture and add to the thimble. Fill
                  the thimble/receiver with solvent.  Extract for  18 to 24 hours.

        12.3.2.5  After extraction, cool and disassemble the apparatus. Filter each extract through
                  Whatman #41 paper into a 500-mL K-D evaporator flask equipped with a 10-mL
                  concentrator tube.  Rinse the extraction apparatus with 30 to 50 mL of methylene
                  chloride and add to the  K-D flask.

      12.3.3   Percent lipid determination—The lipid content is determined by extraction of tissue with
               the same solvent system (methylene chloride :hexane) that was used in EPA's National
               Dioxin Study so that lipid contents are consistent with that study.

        12.3.3.1  Concentrate the tissue extract to near dryness using the macro concentration procedure
                  in Section 12.4.

        12.3.3.2  Complete the removal of the solvent using the  nitrogen blowdown procedure (Section
                  12.5) and a water bath temperature of approximately 60 °C. Weigh the receiver,
                  record  the weight, and return the receiver to the blowdown apparatus, concentrating the
                  residue until a constant weight is obtained.  Record the weight of the receiver, boiling
                  chips, and residue.
September 2000                                                                                  27

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Method 1656. Revision A
        12.3.3.3  Redissolve the residue in methylene chloride and quantitatively transfer to a vial for
                  GPC cleanup (Section 13.2), retaining the boiling chips in the receiver.

        12.3.3.4  Allow the receiver and chips to dry and weigh the receiver (including the boiling chips).

        12.3.3.5  Calculate the lipid content of the sample, blank, and OPR to the nearest three
                  significant figures as follows:
                                          Equation 4

                         „      . ,. . ,    Weight of residue (g)  v  ,„„
                        Percent lipid =  	^	^	^  x 100
                                           Weight of tissue  (g)
12.4  Macro concentration.

      12.4.1   Concentrate the extracts in separate 500-mL K-D flasks equipped with 10-mL
               concentrator tubes. Add one to two clean boiling chips to the flask and attach a three-ball
               macro Snyder column. Prewet the column by adding approximately 1 mL of methylene
               chloride through the top. Place the K-D apparatus in a hot water bath so that the entire
               lower rounded surface of the flask is bathed with steam. Adjust the vertical position of the
               apparatus and the water temperature as required to complete the concentration in 15 to 20
               minutes. At the proper rate of distillation, the balls of the column will actively chatter but
               the chambers will not flood.

      12.4.2   When the liquid has reached an apparent volume of 1 mL, remove the K-D apparatus from
               the bath and allow the solvent to drain and cool for at least 10 minutes.

      12.4.3   If the extract is to be cleaned up using GPC, remove the Snyder column and  rinse the flask
               and its lower joint into the concentrator tube with  1 to 2 mL of methylene chloride.  A
               5-mL syringe is recommended for this operation.  Adjust the final volume to  10 mL and
               proceed to GPC cleanup in Section 13.2.  If the extract is to be cleanup up by SPE or
               injected into the GC, proceed per Section 12.5.

12.5  Hexane exchange

      12.5.1   Remove the Snyder column, add approximately 50 mL of hexane and a clean boiling chip,
               and reattach the Snyder column.  Concentrate the extract as in Section 12.4 except use
               hexane to prewet the column. The elapsed time of the concentration should be 5 to 10
               minutes.

      12.5.2   Remove the Snyder column and rinse the flask and its lower joint into the concentrator
               tube with 1 to 2 mL of hexane. Proceed to micro  concentration and solvent exchange
28                                                                                 September 2000

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                                                                            Method 1656. Revision A
               (Section 12.6). After the clean up, adjust the final volume of extract with hexane to 10
               mL, 5.0 mL if the cleaned up were done by GPC.

12.6  Micro-concentration and solvent exchange—Extracts to be cleaned up using SPE are exchanged into
      1.0 mL of SPE elution solvent (Section 7.6.2.2).  Extracts to be cleaned up using Florisil or alumina
      are exchanged into 1.0 mL of hexane. Extracts that have been cleaned up and are ready for GC
      analysis are exchanged into hexane.

      12.6.1   Transfer the vial  containing the sample extract to the nitrogen blowdown device (Section
               6.4.9.3). Adjust the flow of nitrogen so that the surface of the solvent is just visibly
               disturbed.  A large vortex in the solvent may cause analyte loss.

      12.6.2   Lower the vial into a 45 °C water bath and continue concentrating.

       12.6.2.1   If the extract is to be concentrated to dryness for weight determination (Section
                  12.3.3.2), blow dry at 60 °C until a constant weight is obtained.

       12.6.2.2  If the extract is to be concentrated for injection into the GC or the solvent is to be
                  exchanged for extract cleanup, proceed as follows:

      12.6.3   When the volume of the liquid is approximately 200 \\L, add 2 to 3 mL of the desired
               solvent (acetone for alumina or hexane for the other cleanups) and continue concentrating
               to approximately 100 \\L.  Repeat the addition of solvent and concentrate once more.

      12.6.4   Adjust the volume of an extract to be cleaned up by  SPE, Florisil, alumina, or sulfur
               removal to 1.0 mL. Proceed to extract cleanup (Section 13).

      12.6.5   For an extract that was cleaned up and is ready for GC analysis, adjust the volume as
               follows:

       12.6.5.1   Aqueous samples containing <1% solids—Adjust the final extract volume to be
                  consistent with the volume extracted.

            12.6.5.1.1  For extracts that have been cleaned up using GPC, adjust the final extract
                        volume to 1/200 of the volume extracted. For example if the volume extracted is
                        950 mL, adjust the final extract volume to 4.8 mL.

            12.6.5.1.2  For extracts that have not been cleaned up using GPC, adjust the final extract
                        volume to 1/100 of the volume extracted. For example if the volume extracted is
                        1000 mL, adjust the final extract volume to 10 mL
September 2000                                                                                 29

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Method 1656. Revision A
      Note:   The difference in volume fractions (1/200 or 1/100) accounts for the 50% loss in
      the GPC cleanup. Also, by preserving the ratio between the volume extracted and the final
      extract volume, the concentrations,  detection limits,  and minimum levels of quantitation do
      not need to be adjusted for differences in the volume extracted.

        12.6.5.2  For aqueous samples containing >1% solids, soil, sludge, and tissue samples, adjust the
                  final extract volume to 5 mL if the extract was cleaned up by GPC; otherwise, adjust
                  the volume to 10 mL (the difference accounts for the 50% loss in the GPC cleanup).

      12.6.6   Transfer the concentrated extract to a vial with fluoropolymer-lined cap.  Seal the vial and
               label with the sample number. Store in the dark at room temperature until ready for GC
               analysis. If GC analysis will not be performed on the same day, store the vial in the dark
               at <-10  °C. Analyze the extract by GC per the procedure in Section 14.

13.0 Extract Cleanup

13.1  Except for tissues, cleanup procedures may not be necessary.  If particular circumstances require the
      use of a cleanup procedure, the laboratory may use any or all of the procedures below or any other
      appropriate procedure. However, the laboratory shall first repeat the tests in Section 9.2 to
      demonstrate that the requirements of Section 9.2 can  be met using the cleanup procedure(s) as an
      integral part of this Method. Figure 1 outlines the cleanup steps.

      13.1.1   Gel permeation chromatography (Section 13.2) removes many high  molecular weight
               interferences that cause GC column performance to degrade. It is used for all soil,
               sediment, and tissue extracts and may be used for water extracts that are expected to
               contain high molecular weight organic substances (e.g., polymeric materials, humic acids).

      13.1.2   The solid-phase extraction cartridge (Section 13.3) removes polar organic compounds such
               as phenols.

      13.1.3   The Florisil column (Section 13.4) allows for selected fractionation  of the organo-chlorine
               compounds and will also eliminate polar interferences.

      13.1.4   Alumina column cleanup (Section 13.5) also removes polar materials.

      13.1.5   Elemental sulfur, which interferes with the  electron capture gas chromatography of some
               of the pesticides, is removed using GPC, mercury, or activated copper.  Sulfur removal
               (Section 13.6) is required when sulfur is known or suspected to be present.

13.2  Gel permeation chromatography (GPC).

      13.2.1   Column packing.

        13.2.1.1  Place 70 to 75 g of SX-3 Bio-beads  (Section 7.6.6) in a 400- to 500-mL beaker.

JdSeptember 2000

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                                                                            Method 1656. Revision A
        13.2.1.2  Cover the beads with methylene chloride and allow to swell overnight (12 hours
                  minimum).

        13.2.1.3  Transfer the swelled beads to the column and pump solvent through the column, from
                  bottom to top, at 4.5 to 5.5 mL/min prior to connecting the column to the detector.

        13.2.1.4  After purging the column with solvent for one to two hours, adjust the column head
                  pressure to 7 to 10 psig, and purge for 4 to 5 hours to remove air.  Maintain a head
                  pressure of 7 to 10 psig. Connect the column to the detector.

      13.2.2   Column calibration.

        13.2.2.1  Load 5 mL of the calibration solution (Section 7.5) into the sample loop.

        13.2.2.2  Inject the calibration solution and record the signal from the detector. The elution
                  pattern will be corn oil, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, pentachlorophenol, perylene, and
                  sulfur.

        13.2.2.3  Set the "dump time" to allow greater than 85% removal of the corn oil and greater than
                  85% collection of the phthalate.

        13.2.2.4  Set the "collect time" to the peak minimum between perylene and sulfur.

        13.2.2.5  Verify the calibration with the calibration solution after every 20 extracts. Calibration
                  is verified if the recovery of the pentachlorophenol is greater than 85%. If calibration
                  is not verified, the system shall be recalibrated using the calibration solution, and the
                  sample batch (those samples affected by the calibration) shall be re-extracted and
                  cleaned up using a calibrated GPC system.

      13.2.3   Extract cleanup—GPC requires that the column not be overloaded. The column specified
               in this Method is designed to handle a maximum of 0.5 g of high molecular weight material
               in a 5-mL extract. If the extract is known or expected to contain more than 0.5  g, the
               extract is split into fractions for GPC and the fractions are combined after elution from the
               column.  The solids content of the extract may be obtained gravimetrically by evaporating
               the solvent from a 50-(iL aliquot.

        13.2.3.1  Filter the extract or load through the filter holder to remove particulates.  Load the
                  extract onto the column.

        13.2.3.2  Elute the extract using the calibration data determined in Section 13.2.2.  Collect the
                  eluate in a clean 400- to 500-mL beaker.

        13.2.3.3  Rinse the sample loading tube thoroughly with methylene chloride between extracts to
                  prepare for the next sample.
September 2000                                                                                  31

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Method 1656. Revision A
        13.2.3.4  If a particularly dirty extract is encountered, a 5.0-mL methylene chloride blank must
                  be run through the system to check for carry-over.

        13.2.3.5  Concentrate the extract and exchange into hexane per Sections 12.4 and 12.5.

13.3  Solid-phase extraction (SPE).

      13.3.1   Setup.

        13.3.1.1  Attach the Vac-elute Manifold (Section 6.5.4.2) to a water aspirator or vacuum pump
                  with the trap and gauge installed between the manifold and vacuum source.

        13.3.1.2  Place the SPE cartridges in the manifold, turn on the vacuum source, and adjust the
                  vacuum to 5 to  10 psi.

      13.3.2   Cartridge washing—Pre-elute each cartridge prior to use sequentially with 10-mL portions
               each of hexane, methanol, and water using vacuum for 30 seconds after each eluant.
               Follow this pre-elution with 1 mL methylene chloride and three  10-mL portions of the
               elution solvent (Section 7.6.2.2) using vacuum for  5 minutes after each eluant.  Tap the
               cartridge lightly while under vacuum to dry between eluants. The three portions of elution
               solvent may be  collected and used as a blank if desired. Finally, elute the cartridge with 10
               mL each of methanol and water, using the vacuum for 30 seconds after each eluant.

      13.3.3   Cartridge certification—Each cartridge lot must be certified to ensure recovery of the
               analytes of interest and removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol.

        13.3.3.1  To make the test mixture, add the trichlorophenol solution (Section 7.6.2.1) to the
                  combined QC standard (Section 7.11). Elute the mixture using the procedure in
                  Section 13.3.4.

        13.3.3.2  Concentrate the eluant to 1.0 mL and inject 1.0  \\L of the concentrated eluant into the
                  GC using the procedure in Section 14. The recovery of all analytes (including the
                  unresolved GC peaks) shall be within the ranges for recovery specified in Table 4, and
                  the peak for trichlorophenol shall not be detectable; otherwise the SPE cartridge is not
                  performing properly and the cartridge lot shall be  rejected.

      13.3.4   Extract cleanup.

        13.3.4.1  After cartridge washing (Section 13.3.2), release the vacuum and place the rack
                  containing the 50-mL volumetric flasks (Section 6.5.3.4) in the vacuum manifold.
                  Re-establish the vacuum at 5 to  10 psi.

        13.3.4.2  Using a pipette  or a 1-mL syringe, transfer 1.0 mL of extract to the SPE cartridge.
                  Apply vacuum for five minutes to dry the cartridge. Tap gently to aid in drying.
32                                                                                  September 2000

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                                                                           Method 1656. Revision A
        13.3.4.3  Elute each cartridge into its volumetric flask sequentially with three 10 mL portions of
                  the elution solvent (Section 7.6.2.2), using vacuum for five minutes after each portion.
                  Collect the eluants in the 50-mL volumetric flasks.

        13.3.4.4  Release the vacuum and remove the 50-mL volumetric flasks.

        13.3.4.5  Concentrate the eluted extracts per Sections 12.4 and 12.5.

13.4  Florisil column.

      13.4.1   Place a weight of Florisil (nominally 20 g) predetermined by calibration (Section 10.5) in a
               chromatographic column. Tap the column to settle the Florisil and add 1 to 2 cm of
               granular anhydrous sodium sulfate to the top.

      13.4.2   Add 60 mL of hexane to wet and rinse the sodium sulfate and Florisil. Just prior to
               exposure of the sodium sulfate layer to the air, stop the elution of the hexane by closing the
               stopcock on the chromatographic column. Discard the eluate.

      13.4.3   Transfer the concentrated extract (Section 12.5) onto the column.  Complete the transfer
               with two 1-mL hexane rinses.

      13.4.4   Place a clean 500-mL K-D flask and concentrator tube under the column. Drain the
               column into the flask until the sodium sulfate layer is nearly exposed. Elute Fraction 1
               with 200 mL of 6% (v/v) ethyl ether in hexane at a rate of approximately 5 mL/min.
               Remove the K-D flask. Elute Fraction 2 with 200 mL of 15% (v/v) ethyl ether in hexane
               into a second K-D flask.  Elute Fraction 3 with 200 mL of 50% (v/v) ethyl ether in hexane
               into a third K-D flask.

      13.4.5   Concentrate the extracts per Sections 12.4 and 12.5.

13.5  Alumina column.

      13.5.1   Add 3 g of activity III neutral alumina to a 10-mL chromatographic column.  Tap the
               column to  settle the alumina.

      13.5.2   Transfer the extract to the top of the column and collect the eluate in a clean 10 mL
               concentrator tube. Rinse the extract container with 1-2 mL portions of hexane (to a total
               volume of 9 mL) and add to the alumina column.  Do not allow the column to go dry.

      13.5.3   Concentrate the extract per Sections 12.4 and 12.5.

13.6  Sulfur removal—Elemental sulfur will usually elute entirely in Fraction 1 of the Florisil  column
      cleanup.
September 2000                                                                                 33

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Method 1656. Revision A
      13.6.1   Transfer the concentrated extract into a clean concentrator tube or fluoropolymer-sealed
               vial.  Add 1 to 2 drops of mercury or 100 mg of activated copper powder and seal
               (Reference 11).  If TEA sulfite is used, add 1 mL of the TEA sulfite reagent and 2 mL of
               isopropanol.

      13.6.2   Agitate the contents of the vial for 1 to 2 hours on a reciprocal shaker.  If the mercury or
               copper appears shiny, or if precipitated sodium sulfite crystals from the TEA sulfite
               reagent are present, and if the color remains unchanged, all sulfur has been removed; if
               not, repeat the addition and shaking.

       13.6.2.1   If mercury or copper is used, centrifuge and filter the extract to remove all residual
                  mercury or copper. Dispose of the mercury waste properly. Bring the final volume to
                  1.0 mL and analyze by gas chromatography per the procedure in Section 14.

       13.6.2.2   If TEA sulfite is used, add 5 mL of reagent water and shake for 1 to 2 minutes.
                  Centrifuge and filter the extract to remove all precipitate. Transfer the hexane (top)
                  layer to aK-D concentrator tube (Section 6.4.9.1.2) and concentrate per Section 12.5.

14.0 Gas Chromatography.

      Note:   Table 2 shows the retention times andMDLs that can be achieved. Examples of
	the separations achieved by the primary and confirmatory columns are shown in Figure 2.	

14.1  Calibrate the system as described in Section 10.

14.2  Set the auto-sampler to inject the same volume that was chosen for calibration (Section 10.3.1.3) for
      all standards and extracts of blanks and samples.

14.3  Set the data system or GC control to start the temperature program upon sample injection, and begin
      data collection after the solvent peak elutes.  Set the data system to stop data collection after the last
      analyte is expected to elute and to return the column to the initial temperature.

15.0 System and Laboratory Performance.

15.1  At the beginning of each 12-hour shift during which analyses are performed, GC system
      performance and calibration are verified for all pollutants and surrogates on both column/detector
      systems.  For these tests, analysis of the combined QC standard (Section 7.11) shall be used to
      verify all performance criteria. Adjustment and/or recalibration (per Section 10) shall be performed
      until all performance criteria are met.  Only after all performance criteria are met may samples,
      blanks, and precision and recovery standards be analyzed.

15.2  Retention times—The absolute retention times of the peak maxima shall be within ±10 seconds of
      the retention times in the initial calibration (Section  10.4.1).
34                                                                                September 2000

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                                                                           Method 1656. Revision A
15.3  GC resolution—Resolution is acceptable if the valley height between two peaks (as measured from
      the baseline) is less than 40% of the shorter of the two peaks.

      15.3.1   Primary column (DB-608)—DDT and endrin aldehyde.

      15.3.2   Confirmatory column (DB-1701)—Alpha and gamma chlordane.

15.4  Decomposition of DDT and endrin.

      15.4.1   Analyze 1 f^L of the DDT and endrin decomposition solution (Section 7.13).

      15.4.2   Measure the total area of all peaks in the chromatogram.

      15.4.3   The area of peaks other than the sum of the areas of the DDT and endrin peaks shall be
               less than 20% the  sum of the areas of these two peaks.  If the area is greater than this sum,
               the system is not performing acceptably for DDT and endrin. In this case, the GC column
               system that failed shall be repaired and the performance tests (Sections  15.1 to 15.4) shall
               be repeated until the specification is met.

      Note:   DDT and endrin decomposition are usually caused by accumulations of
      particulates in the injector and in  the front end of the column.  Cleaning and silanizing the
      injection port liner, and breaking off a short section of the front end of the column will
	usually eliminate the decomposition problem.	

15.5  Calibration verification—Calibration is verified for the combined QC standard only.

      15.5.1   Inject the combined QC standard (Section 7.11).

      15.5.2   Compute the percent recovery of each analyte or coeluting analytes, based on the
               calibration data (Section 10.4).

      15.5.3   For each analyte or coeluted analytes, compare this  calibration verification recovery with
               the corresponding limits for ongoing recovery in Table 4. For coeluting analytes, use the
               coeluted analyte with the least restrictive specification (the widest range).  If the recoveries
               for all analytes meet the acceptance  criteria, system performance  is acceptable and
               analysis of blanks and samples may begin. If, however, any recovery falls outside the
               calibration verification range, system performance is unacceptable for that analyte. In this
               case, correct the problem and repeat the test, or recalibrate (Section 10). If verification
               requirements are met, the calibration is assumed to be valid for the multicomponent
               analytes (PCBs and toxaphene).

15.6  Ongoing precision and recovery.

      15.6.1   Analyze the extract of the combined QC standard (Section 7.11) extracted with each
               sample batch (Sections  11.2.1.3.3, 11.2.2.4.3, and 11.2.3.3.3).


September 2000                                                                                 35

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Method 1656. Revision A
      15.6.2   Compute the percent recovery of each analyte and for coeluting analytes.

      15.6.3   For each analyte or coeluted analytes, compare the percent recovery with the limits for
               ongoing recovery in Table 4. For coeluted analytes, use the coeluted analyte with the least
               restrictive specification (widest range).  If all analytes pass, the extraction, concentration,
               and cleanup processes are in control and analysis of blanks and samples may proceed. If,
               however, any of the analytes fail, these processes are not in control. In this event, correct
               the problem, re-extract the sample batch, and repeat the ongoing precision and recovery
               test.

      15.6.4   It is suggested but not required that the laboratory update statements of laboratory data
               quality. Add results that pass the specifications in Section 15.6.3 to initial and previous
               ongoing data.  Update QC charts to form a graphic representation of continued laboratory
               performance. Develop a statement of laboratory data quality for each analyte by
               calculating the average percent recovery (R) and the standard deviation of percent recovery
               sr. Express the accuracy as  a recovery interval from R - 2sr to R + 2sr. For example, if R
               = 95% and sr = 5%, the accuracy is 85 to 105%.

16.0 Qualitative Determination.

16.1  Qualitative determination is accomplished by comparison of data from analysis of a sample or blank
      with data from analysis of the shift standard (Section 15.1),  and with data stored in the
      retention-time and calibration libraries (Section 10.4.1.2). The pesticide window is defined by the
      CAL data but may be modified by slight changes that will be reflected in calibration verification
      (VER), blank (BLK), ongoing precision and recovery  (OPR), and matrix spike (MS)  data.
      Identification is confirmed when retention time and amounts agree per the criteria below.

16.2  For each analyte on each column/detector system, establish a retention-time window of 3 RSD on
      either side of the average retention time in the calibration data (Section 10.4.1.2).  For analytes that
      have a retention-time curve (Section 10.3.2.2), establish this window as the minimum -10 seconds
      and maximum +10 seconds. For the multi-component analytes, use the retention times of the five
      largest peaks in the chromatogram from the calibration data (Section 10.4.1.2).

      16.2.1   Analytes not requiring a retention-time calibration curve—If a peak representing an
               analyte from the analysis of a sample or blank is within its respective window (as defined
               in Section 16.2), on both column/detector systems, it is considered identified. Identity is
               further confirmed when the computed amounts (Section 17) on both column/detector
               systems agree within a factor of 2.

      16.2.2   Analytes requiring a retention-time calibration curve—If a peak representing an analyte
               from the  analysis of a sample or blank is within ±10 seconds of the retention times for the
               computed amounts (Section 17), as determined by the retention-time calibration curve
               (Section  10.3.2.2), it is considered identified. Identity is further confirmed when the
               computed amounts (Section 17) on both column/detector systems agree within a factor of
               2.
36                                                                                  September 2000

-------
                                                                            Method 1656. Revision A
      1 6.2.3   When the concentration of an analyte is sufficient, it should be further identified by gas
               chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).

      16.2.4   Additional information that may aid the laboratory in the identification of an analyte — The
               occurrence of peaks eluting near the retention time of an analyte of interest increases the
               probability of a false positive for the analyte.  If the concentration is insufficient for
               confirmation by GC/MS, the laboratory must use all of the cleanup procedures in this
               Method (Section 18.2) to attempt to remove the interferent. After all attempts at cleanup
               are exhausted, the following steps may be helpful to assure that the substance that appears
               in the RT windows on both columns is the analyte of interest.

            1 6.2.4.1   Determine the consistency of the RT data for the analyte on each column.  For
                       example, if the RT is very stable (i.e., varies by no more than a few seconds) for
                       the VER, BLK, OPR, and MS, the RT for the analyte of interest in the sample
                       should be within this variation regardless of the window established in Section
                       16.2.  If the analyte is not within this variation on both columns, it is likely not
                       present.

            1 6.2.4.2   The possibility exists that the  RT for the  analyte  in a sample could shift if
                       extraneous materials are present. This possibility can be confirmed or refuted by
                       the behavior of the surrogates in the sample. If the RTs for the surrogates on both
                       columns are consistent with their RTs in the VER, BLK, OPR and MS data, the
                       RT for the analyte of interest cannot shift.

            1 6.2.4.3   If the RT for the analyte is shifted slightly later on one column and earlier on the
                       other, and the  surrogates have not shifted, it is highly unlikely that the pesticide  is
                       present because shifts nearly always occur in the same direction on both columns.

17.0 Quantitative  Determination.

1 7.1  Using the GC data system, compute the concentration of the analyte detected in the extract (in
           L) using the calibration factor or calibration curve (Section 10.3.3.2).
17.2  Liquid samples

      17.2.1   Compute the concentration in the sample using the following equation:
September 2000                                                                                 37

-------
Method 1656. Revision A
                                           Equation 5
       where
       Cs   =  Concentration in the sample, in (jg/L
       10   =  Final extract total volume, in mL
       Cex  =  Concentration in the extract, in (jg/mL
       Vs   =  Sample extracted, in L	
      17.2.2   Samples containing <1% solids - If the final extract volume was adjusted to be consistent
               with the sample volume extracted (Section 12.6.5.1), adjust the concentrations of the
               surrogate and matrix spike compounds for the sample volume (Section 12.6.5.1). For
               example, if the sample volume was 950 mL, adjust the concentration of the surrogates and
               matrix spike compounds by multiplying the concentration by 1000/950.

17.3  Solid samples—Compute the concentration in the solid phase of the sample using the following
      equation:
                                           Equation 6

                                  C={10 CJOOO}/{(Ws)(solids)}

       where
       Cs      =  Concentration in the sample, in (Jg/kg
       10      =  Final extract total volume, in mL
       Cex     =  Concentration in the extract, in (jg/mL
       1000   =  Conversion factor, g to kg
       Ws     =  Sample weight, in g
	solids  =  Percent solids in Section 10.1.3 divided by 100	

17.4  Tissue samples.

      17.4.1   Total sample—calculate the concentration in the total tissue sample using the following
               equation:
38                                                                                 September 2000

-------
                                                                            Method 1656. Revision A
                                           Equation 7

                                           s = (vecj/ws
      where
      Cs    =  Concentration in the sample, in
      Ve    =  Extract volume, in mL
      Cex   =  Concentration in the extract, in //g/rnL
      Ws   =  Sample weight, in g	
1 7.4.2  Concentration in lipid fraction — Calculate the concentration in the lipid fraction using the
_ following equation:

                                           Equation 8

                                        C, = 100C/%lipid

      where
      Q       =  concentration in lipid fraction, in j
      Cs       =  total concentration (from Equation 7)
      %lipid   =  the percent lipid content
1 7.5  If the concentration of any analyte exceeds the calibration range of the system, the extract is diluted
      by a factor of 10, and a 1-yL aliquot of the diluted extract is analyzed.

1 7.6  Two or more PCBs in a given sample are quantitated and reported as total PCB.

1 7.7  Report results for all pollutants found in all standards, blanks, and samples to three significant
      figures. Results for samples that have been diluted are reported at the least dilute level at which the
      concentration is in the calibration range.

1 7.8  The laboratory must report the lower value from the two columns. The laboratory must analyze the
      sample by GC/MS  or on a third column when analytes have co-eluted or interfere with determination
      on one of the two columns used in the analysis.

      Note:    Dichlone and kepone do not elute from the DB-1 701 column and must be
_ confirmed on DB-5. _

17.9  Quantitative information that may aid in the confirmation of the presence of an analyte

      17.9.1   Sections  16.2.1 and 16.2.2 state that if the  amounts on both column/detector systems agree
               within a factor of 2, the pesticide is present. This factor of 2 is generous and allows for
               the pesticide that has the largest measurement error. A better indication of the  actual
               measurement error can be gained from the IPR and VER data.  Using these data, establish

September 2000                                                                                 39

-------
Method 1656. Revision A
               a measurement window ±3 standard deviations (or ±3 RSD) around the mean on one
               column. If the concentration for the pesticide determined on the other column/detector
               system agrees within this window, and the RT data agree (from Section 16), the pesticide
               is definitely confirmed.

      17.9.2   If the amounts do not agree, and the RT data indicate the presence of the analyte (per
               Section 16), it is likely that an interference is present on the column that yielded the highest
               result.  Look for a separate peak for this interference on the other column.  It should be
               near the peak for the analyte of interest, and the area of the peak, when added to the area
               of the peak for the analyte of interest, should provide an  estimate of what the concentration
               would be if the peaks coincided.  This concentration should roughly agree with the
               concentration determined for the analyte on the column on which the suspected interference
               occurred. In this event, the pesticide is confirmed and lowest concentration should be
               reported.

18.0 Analysis of Complex Samples.

18.1  Some samples may contain high levels (greater than 1000 ng/L) of the analytes of interest,
      interfering analytes, and/or polymeric materials. Some samples may not concentrate to 1.0 mL
      (Section 12.5); others may overload the GC column and/or detector.

18.2  The laboratory shall attempt to clean up all samples using GPC (Section 13.2), the SPE cartridge
      (Section 13.3), by Florisil (Section 13.4) or Alumina (Section 13.5), and sulfur removal (Section
      13.6). If these techniques do not remove the interfering analytes, the extract is diluted by a factor of
      10 and reanalyzed (Section 17.5).

18.3  Recovery of surrogate—In most samples, surrogate recoveries will be similar to those from the
      reference matrix. If the surrogate recovery is outside the range specified in Section 9.3.3, the sample
      is re-extracted and re-analyzed. If the surrogate recovery is still outside this range, 1/10 the amount
      of sample is analyzed to overcome any matrix interference problems.

18.4  Recovery of the matrix spike—In most samples, the matrix spike recoveries will be similar to those
      from the reference matrix. If the matrix spike recovery is outside the range  specified in Section
      9.4.3, 1/10 the amount of sample is respiked and reanalyzed.  If the matrix spike recovery is still
      outside the range, the result for the unspiked sample may not be reported or used for permitting or
      regulatory compliance purposes. Poor matrix spike recovery does not relieve a discharger or
      permittee of reporting timely results.

19.0  Method Performance

      Development of this Method is detailed in References 12 and 13.
40                                                                                 September 2000

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                                                                          Method 1656. Revision A
20.0 Pollution Prevention.

20.1  Pollution prevention encompasses any technique that reduces or eliminates the quantity or toxicity of
      waste at the point of generation. Many opportunities for pollution prevention exist in laboratory
      operations.  EPA has established a preferred hierarchy of environmental management techniques that
      places pollution prevention as the management option of first choice. Whenever feasible, laboratory
      personnel should use pollution prevention techniques to address waste generation. When wastes
      cannot be reduced feasiblely at the source, the Agency recommends recycling as the next best option.
      The solvents used in this Method should be reused as practicable by purifying by distillation. The
      only other chemicals used in this Method are the neat materials used in preparing standards.  These
      standards are used in extremely small amounts and pose little threat to the environment when
      managed properly.  Standards should be prepared in volumes consistent with laboratory use to
      minimize the disposal of excess volumes of expired standards.

20.2  For information about pollution prevention that may be applied to laboratories and research
      institutions, consult Less is Better: Laboratory Chemical Management for Waste Reduction,
      available from the American Chemical Society's Department of Governmental Relations and Science
      Policy, 1155 16th Street NW, Washington DC 20036, 202/872-4477.

21.0 Waste Management.

21.1  The laboratory is responsible for complying with all Federal, State,  and local regulations governing
      waste management, particularly hazardous waste identification rules and land disposal  restrictions,
      and for protecting the air, water, and  land by minimizing and controlling all releases from fume
      hoods and bench operations. Compliance with all sewage discharge permits and regulations is also
      required. An overview of requirements can be found in Environmental Management Guide for
      Small Laboratories (EPA 233-B-98-001).

21.2  Acids, bases, and samples at pH <2 must be neutralized before being disposed of, or must be
      handled as hazardous waste.

21.3  For further information on waste management, consult The Waste Management Manual for
      Laboratory Personnel and Less is Better: Laboratory Chemical Management for Waste Reduction,
      both available from the American Chemical Society's Department of Government Relations and
      Science Policy, 1155 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036.

22.0 References

22.1   "Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures for the Analysis of Pollutants under the Clean Water
       Act; Final Rule and Interim Final Rule and Proposed Rule," Federal Register, October 26, 1984
       (49 FR 43234).

22.2   "Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water," U.S. Environmental
       Protection Agency, Environmental  Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio:
       EPA-600/4-88/039, December 1988.

September 2000                                                                              41

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Method 1656. Revision A
22.3   "Methods for the Determination of Nonconventional Pesticides in Municipal and Industrial
       Wastewater," Volume 1 (EPA-821-R-93-010-A) and Volume 2 (EPA-821-R-93-010-B), August
       1993.

22.4   "Carcinogens-Working with Carcinogens." Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public
       Health Service; Center for Disease Control; National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety:
       Publication 77-206, August 1977.

22.5   "OSHA Safety and Health Standards, General Industry" (29 CFR 1910).  Occupational Safety and
       Health Administration:  January 1976.

22.6   "Safety in Academic Chemistry Laboratories," American Chemical Society Committee on
       Chemical Safety:  1979.

22.7   Mills, P. A.  "Variation of Florisil Activity: Simple Method for Measuring Adsorbent Capacity and
       Its Use in Standardizing Florisil Columns," Journal of the Association of Official Analytical
       Chemists, 51,29:  1968.

22.8   "Standard Practice for Sampling Water" (ASTM Annual Book of Standards), American Society
       for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:  76, 1980.

22.9   "Methods 330.4 and 330.5 for Total Residual Chlorine," U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
       Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH: EPA-600/4-70-020, March
       1979.

22.10  "Handbook of Quality Control in Wastewater Laboratories," U.S. Environmental Protection
       Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH: EPA-600/4-79-019,
       March 1979.

22.11  Goerlitz, D.F. and Law, L.M.  "Bulletin for Environmental Contamination and Toxicology": 6,9,
       1971.

22.12  "Consolidated GC Method for the Determination of ITD/RCRA Pesticides using Selective GC
       Detectors,"  S-CUBED, A Division of Maxwell Laboratories, Inc., La Jolla, CA: Ref 32145-01,
       Document R70,  September 1986.

22.13  "Method Development and Validation,  EPA Method  1618, Cleanup Procedures," Pesticide Center,
       Department of Environmental Health, Colorado State University: November 1988 and January
       1989.
42                                                                              September 2000

-------
                                                                            Method 1656. Revision A
23.0 Tables
Organo-Halide Pesticides
EPA EGD

089

102
103
104
105


434
433
441
091
431

094
093
092
432
478

090
095
096
097
098

Table 1.
Determined by Large-Bore, Fused-Silica Capillary
with Halide-Specific Detector
Analyte
Acephate
Alachlor
Aldrin
Atrazine
Benfluralin (Benefin)
cc-BHC
P-BHC
Y-BHC (Lindane)
6-BHC
Bromacil
Bromoxynil octanoate
Butachlor
Captafol
Captan
Carbophenothion (Trithion)
oc-Chlordane (cis-Chlordane)
y-Chlordane (trans-Chlordane)
Chlorobenzilate
Chloroneb (Terraneb)
Chloropropylate (Acaralate)
Chlorothalonil
DBCP (Dibromochloropropane)
DCPA (Dacthal)
4,4 '-ODD (TDE)
4,4 '-DDE
4,4'-DDT
Diallate (Avadex)
Dichlone
Dicofol
Dieldrin
Endosulfan I
Endosulfan II
Endosulfan sulfate
Endrin

Column Gas Chromatography
CAS Registry
30560-19-1
15972-60-8
309-00-2
1912-24-9
1861-40-1
319-84-6
319-85-7
58-89-9
319-86-8
314-40-9
1689-99-2
23184-66-9
2425-06-1
133-06-2
786-19-6
5103-71-9
5566-34-7
510-15-6
2675-77-6
5836-10-2
1897-45-6
96-12-8
1861-32-1
72-54-8
72-55-9
50-29-3
2303-16-4
117-80-6
115-32-2
60-57-1
959-98-8
33213-65-9
1031-07-8
72-20-8
September 2000
43

-------
Method 1656. Revision A
Organo-Halide
EPA EGD
099
435
100
101
437
439
430
438
436
112
108
109
106
110
107
111
440





113
Table 1.
Pesticides Determined by Large-Bore, Fused-Silica Capillary
with Halide-Specific Detector
Analyte
Endrin aldehyde
Endrin ketone
Ethalfluralin (Sonalan)
Etridiazole (Terrazole ®)
Fenarimol (Rubigan)
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide
Isodrin
Isopropalin (Paarlan)
Kepone
Methoxychlor
Metribuzin
Mirex
Nitrofen (TOK)
Norfluorazon
PCB-1016
PCB-1221
PCB-1232
PCB-1242
PCB-1248
PCB-1254
PCB-1260
PCNB (pentachloronitrobenzene)
Pendamethalin (Prowl)
cis-Permethrin
trans-Permethrin
Perthane (Ethylan)
Propachlor
Propanil
Propazine
Simazine
Strobane
Terbacil
Terbuthylazine
Toxaphene
Triadimefon (Bayleton)
Column Gas Chromatography
CAS Registry
7421-93-4
53494-70-5
55283-68-6
2593-15-9
60168-88-9
76-44-8
1024-57-3
465-73-6
33820-53-0
143-50-0
72-43-5
21087-64-9
2385-85-5
1836-75-5
27314-13-2
12674-11-2
11104-28-2
11141-16-5
53469-21-9
12672-29-6
11097-69-1
11096-82-5
82-68-8
40487-42-1
61949-76-6
61949-77-7
72-56-0
1918-16-7
709-98-8
139-40-2
122-34-9
8001-50-1
5902-51-2
5915-41-3
8001-35-2
43121-43-3
44
September 2000

-------
                                                                            Method 1656. Revision A
Table
1.
Organo-Halide Pesticides Determined by Large-Bore, Fused-Silica Capillary Column Gas Chromatography
with Halide-Specific Detector
EPA EGD Analyte
442 Trifluralin
Table
CAS Registry
1582-09-8
2.
Gas Chromatography of Organo-Halide Pesticides
Retention Time (min) 1

EPA EGD Analyte DB-608
Acephate 5.03
442 Trifluralin 5.16
Ethalfluralin 5.28
Benfluralin 5.53
432 Diallate-A 7.15
Diallate-B 7.42
102 cc-BHC 8.14
440 PCNB 9.03
Simazine 9.06
Atrazine 9.12
Terbuthylazine 9.17
104 y-BHC (Lindane) 9.52
103 (3-BHC 9.86
100 Heptachlor 10.66
Chlorothalonil 10.66
478 Dichlone 10.80
Terbacil 11.11
105 6-BHC 11.20
Alachlor 11.57
Propanil 11.60
089 Aldrin 11.84
DCPA 12.18
Metribuzin 12.80
Triadimefon 12.99
Isopropalin 13.06
437 Isodrin 13.47
101 Heptachlor epoxide 13.97
Pendamethalin 14.21
Bromacil 14.39
y-Chlordane 14.63
Butachlor 15.03
091 cc-Chlordane 15.24
Method Detection Limit
DB-1701 (ng/L)
-3 2000 est (BCD)
6.79 50 est
6.49 5 est (BCD)
6.87 20 est (BCD)
6.23 45
6.77 32
7.44 6
7.58 6
9.29 400 est (BCD)
9.12 500 est (BCD)
9.46 300 est (BCD)
9.91 11
11.90 7
10.55 5
10.96 15 est (BCD)
__3 __4
12.63 200 est (BCD)
12.98 5
11.06 20 est (BCD)
14.10
11.46 8
12.09 3 est (BCD)
11.68 5 est (BCD)
13.57 50 est (BCD)
13.37 20 est (BCD)
11.12 13
12.56 12
13.46 30
~3 70 est (BCD)
14.20 9
15.69 30 est (BCD)
14.36 8
September 2000
45

-------
Me.thnd 1656. Revision A
Table 2.
Gas Chromatography of Organo-Halide Pesticides
Retention Time (min) 1
H/fatlirtfl Tlninfiinm Jjntjt2
EPA EGD
095
093
090
433
431
098
436
439
094
096

092
441
099
097
434

438
430
435



106
109
112
108
110
107
111




113




Notes:
Analyte
Endosulfan I
4,4 '-DDE
Dieldrin
Captan
Chlorobenzilate
Endrin
Nitrofen (TOK)
Kepone
4,4 '-ODD
Endosulfan II
Bromoxynil octanoate
4,4 '-DDT
Carbophenothion
Endrin aldehyde
Endosulfan sulfate
Captafol
Norfluorazon
Mirex
Methoxychlor
Endrin ketone
Fenarimol
cis-Permethrin
trans-Permethrin
PCB-1242
PCB-1232
PCB-1016
PCB-1221
PCB-1248
PCB-1254
PCB-1260




Toxaphene





DB-608
15.25
16.34
16.41
16.83
17.58
17.80
17.86
17.92
18.43
18.45
18.85
19.48
19.65
19.72
20.21
22.51
20.68
22.75
22.80
23.00
24.53
25.00
25.62






15.44
15.73
16.94
17.28
19.17
16.60
17.37
18.11
19.46
19.69

DB-1701
13.87
14.84
15.25
15.43
17.28
15.86
17.47
24.03
17.77
18.57
18.57
18.32
18.21
19.18
20.37
21.22
22.01
19.79
20.68
21.79
23.79
23.59
23.92






14.64
15.36
16.53
18.70
19.92
16.60
17.52
17.92
18.73
19.00

(ng/L)
11
10
6
100
25
4
13
100
5
8
30
12
50
11
7
100
50
4
30
8
20
200
200
150
150
150
150
150
150
140




910









est (BCD)



est (BCD)


est (BCD)




est (BCD)
est (BCD)



est (BCD)
est (BCD)
est (BCD)
est
est
est
est
est
est











46
September 2000

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                                                                          Method 1656. Revision A
1.    Columns:  30 m long x 0.53 mm ID; DB-608: 0.83 \n, DB-1701: 1.0 (i.  Conditions suggested to
      meet retention times shown:  150°C for 0.5 minutes, 150-270° at 5 °C/min, 270°C until
      trans-permethrin elutes. Carrier gas flow rates approximately 7 mL/min.
2.    40 CFR Part 136, Appendix B (49 FR 43234). MDLs were obtained by a single laboratory with an
      electrolytic conductivity detector, except as noted. MDL's for soils (in ng/kg) are estimated to be 30-
      100 times this level.
3.    Does not elute from DB-1701 column at level tested.
4.    Not recovered from water at the levels tested.
5.    Dichlone and kepone do not elute from the DB-1701 column and should be confirmed on DB-5.
September 2000                                                                                47

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Method 1656. Revision A
                                            Table 3.
 Concentrations of Calibration Solutions for Electron Capture Detector and Suggested Calibration Groups
                                                               Concentration (ng/mL)
EPA EGD Analyte 1
Calibration group 1
Acephate
Alachlor
Atrazine
103 P-BHC
Bromoxynil octanoate
434 Captafol
432 Diallate
097 Endosulfan sulfate
098 Endrin
437 Isodrin
Pendimethalin (Prowl)
trans-Permethrin
Calibration group 2
102 cc-BHC
DCPA
093 4,4'-DDE
092 4,4'-DDT
478 Dichlone
Ethalfluralin
Fenarimol
430 Methoxychlor
Metribuzin
Calibration group 3
105 y-BHC (Lindane)
091 y-Chlordane
435 Endrin ketone
101 Heptachlor epoxide
Isopropalin
436 Nitrofen (TOK)
440 PCNB
cis-Permethrin
442 Trifluralin
Calibration group 4
Benfluralin
43 1 Chlorobenzilate
090 Dieldrin
095 Endosulfan I
Low

2000
20
1000
10
50
200
200
10
20
10
50
200

5.0
5.0
10
10
20
10
20
20
10

5
5
10
5
20
20
5
200
10

20
50
5
10
Medium

10000
100
5000
50
250
1000
1000
50
100
50
250
1000

25
25
50
50
100
50
100
100
50

25
25
50
25
100
100
25
1000
50

100
500
20
50
High

40000
400
20000
200
1000
4000
4000
200
400
200
1000
4000

100
100
200
200
400
200
400
400
200

100
100
200
100
400
400
100
4000
200

400
5000
100
200
48
September 2000

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                                                                        Method 1656. Revision A
                                          Table 3.
 Concentrations of Calibration Solutions for Electron Capture Detector and Suggested Calibration Groups
                                                  	Concentration (ng/mL)	
EPA EGD     Analyte1

438           Mirex
              Terbacil
              Terbuthylazine
              Triadimefon

Calibration group 5
              oc-Chlordane
433           Captan
              Chlorothalonil
094           4,4'-ODD
              Norfluorazon
              Simazine

Calibration group 6
089           Aldrin
104           6-BHC
              Bromacil
              Butachlor
096           Endosulfan II
100           Heptachlor
439           Kepone

Calibration group 7
              Carbophenothion
              Chloroneb
              Chloropropylate
              DBCP
              Dicofol
              Endrin aldehyde
              Etridiazole
              Perthane
              Propachlor
              Propanil
              Propazine
Low
    20
   200
   500
   100
    10
   100
    20
    20
   100
   800
    20
     5
   100
    50
    10
    10
   100
    80
   300
   200
    25
   300
    80
    80
  1000
   500
   200
  1000
Medium

     100
   1000
   2500
     500
     50
    500
    100
    100
    500
   4000
     100
     25
     500
     250
     50
     50
     500
    400
    1500
    1000
    125
    1500
    400
    400
    5000
    2500
    1000
    5000
High

   400
  4000
 10000
  2000
   200
  2000
   400
   400
  2000
 20000
   400
   100
  2000
  1000
   200
   200
  2000
  1600
  6000
  4000
   500
  6000
  1600
  1600
 20000
 10000
  4000
 20000
1 For analytes listed in Table 2 that are not listed in this table, determine appropriate ranges for calibration
standards.
September 2000
                                   49

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Method 1656. Revision A
Table 4.
Acceptance Criteria for Performance Tests
Acceptance Criteria
EGD
No.

089


102
103
105
104

434
433
441
091
431


094
093
092
432
478
090
095
096
097
098
Analyte
Acephate
Alachlor
Aldrin
Atrazine
Benfluralin
cc-BHC
P-BHC
6-BHC
Y-BHC (Lindane)
Bromacil
Bromoxynil octanoate
Butachlor
Captafol
Captan
Carbophenothion
Chlordane-oc
Chlordane-y
Chlorobenzilate
Chlorothalonil
DCPA
4,4 '-ODD
4,4 '-DDE
4,4'-DDT
Diallate
Dichlone
Dieldrin
Endosulfan I
Endosulfan II
Endosulfan sulfate
Endrin
Spike
Level in
Extract
(ng/mL)
100000
1000
1000
50000
1000
250
500
250
250
5000
2500
2500
10000
5000
1000
500
250
5000
1000
250
1000
500
500
10000
1000
200
500
500
500
1000
Initial
Precision
and Recovery
Maximum
RSD (%)
94
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
84
40
40
76
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

0-195
26-140
60-140
35-140
45-140
57-140
60-140
60-140
60-140
0-263
31-140
21-140
0-221
28-144
60-141
60-140
32-140
58-140
37-140
57-140
60-140
60-140
60-140
44-140
45-140
60-140
41-140
60-142
50-140
17-149
Calibration
Verification *
(%)
6-194
70-130
70-130
70-130
70-130
69-130
70-130
70-130
70-130
16-184
70-130
68-132
24-176
49-114
70-130
70-130
70-130
54-130
70-130
70-130
70-130
70-130
70-130
70-130
70-130
48-130
70-130
70-130
70-130
5-130
Ongoing
Recovery
R(%)
0-209
23-150
50-150
31-150
42-150
38-154
50-150
45-150
50-150
0-275
27-150
17-150
0-232
24-150
43-161
50-150
4-169
43-150
34-150
50-150
50-150
50-150
50-150
24-150
42-150
48-158
18-156
62-158
31-150
0-182
                                                                                    September 2000

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                                                                            Method 1656. Revision A
Table 4.
Acceptance Criteria for Performance Tests
Acceptance Criteria
EGD
No.
099
435


100
101
437
439
430

438
436
112
108
109
106
110
107
111
440






113
442
*Verified
Analyte
Endrin aldehyde
Endrin ketone
Ethalfluralin
Fenarimol
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide
Isodrin
Isopropalin
Kepone
Methoxychlor
Metribuzin
Mirex
Nitrofen (TOK)
Norfluorazon
PCB-1016
PCB-1221
PCB-1232
PCB-1242
PCB-1248
PCB-1254
PCB-1260
PCNB
Pendimethalin
cis-Permethrin
trans-Permethrin
Simazine
Terbacil
Terbuthylazine
Toxaphene
Triadimefon
Trifluralin
at the level of the median
Spike
Level in
Extract
(ng/mL)
1000
500
500
1000
500
250
500
1000
5000
1000
500
1000
1000
5000






1000
250
2500
10000
10000
40000
10000
25000
5000
5000
Initial
Precision
and Recovery
Maximum
RSD (%)
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
46
40
40
40
40
40






40
40
40
40
40
40
82
40
40
54
500 40
standard in Table 3.

0-149
36-140
46-140
46-140
60-140
60-140
60-140
47-140
31-197
50-140
54-140
25-155
15-140
60-143






60-140
49-140
32-140
45-153
59-140
16-140
0-217
32-140
60-140
32-140
32-148
Calibration
Verification *
70-130
68-135
70-130
70-130
70-130
70-130
70-130
70-130
47-134
47-130
70-130
70-130
59-142
70-130






70-130
70-130
70-130
70-130
70-130
70-130
18-182
70-130
68-134
70-130
47-134
Ongoing
Recovery
0-190
14-150
42-150
42-150
50-150
49-150
45-150
50-150
25-203
28-158
50-155
0-188
0-170
50-150






50-150
29-150
28-150
41-157
50-150
13-150
0-228
29-150
50-150
0-150
3-177
September 2000
51

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Method M.56. Revision A
                                                  Percent Solids
                                < 30% Solids
                                                                    > 30% Solids
                               Oil. To 1% Solids
                                     _L
ACN & CHj,CI2 Sonic
                             CH2 CI2 LiqAiq. Ext.
 H2O Back-Extract
                                                                          I
                                 Concentrate
                                     T
                                                                      Concentrate
        T
                                 To Cleanup                            To Cleanup




                                         Extraction and Concentration Steps






                                                 From Extraction
                                                 Gel Permeation
                                                 Solid Phase Ext.
                                                     Florisil
                                                  Remove Sulfur
                                                    GC/HSD
                                            Cleanup and Analysis Steps
                           Figure 1.   Extraction, Cleanup, Derivatization, and Analysis
                                                                                                      September 2000

-------
                                                                        Method 165fi Revision A
      56   7   8   9  10  11   12  13   14  15  16  17  18  19  20  21   22   23  24  25
                                   Retention Time (minutes)
            Figure 2.   Gas Chromatogram of Selected Organo-Chlorine Compounds
September 2000

-------
Method 1656. Revision A
24.0  Glossary

       The definitions and purposes below are specific to this Method, but have been conformed to
       common usage as much as possible.

24.1   Ambient Water—Waters in the natural environment (e.g., rivers, lakes, streams, and other
       receiving waters), as opposed to effluent discharges.

24.2   Analyte—A substance listed in Table 1 of this Method.

24.3   Analytical Batch—Up to 20 samples started through the extraction process during the same 12-
       hour shift.  Each analytical batch must include an OPR, blank, and MS.

24.4   Matrix Spike (MS)—Aliquots of an environmental sample to which known quantities of the
       analyte(s) of interest is added in the laboratory. The MS is analyzed exactly like a sample. Its
       purpose is to quantify the bias and precision caused by the sample matrix. The background
       concentrations of the analytes in the sample matrix must be determined in a separate aliquot and
       the measured values in the MS corrected for these background concentrations.

24.5   May—This action, activity, or procedural step is allowed but not required.

24.6   May not—This action, activity, or procedural step is prohibited.

24.7   Method blank (laboratory blank)—An aliquot of reagent water that is treated exactly as a sample
       including exposure to all glassware, equipment, solvents, reagents, internal standards, and
       surrogates that are used with samples.  The method blank is used to determine if analytes or inter-
       ferences are present in the laboratory environment, the reagents, or the apparatus.

24.8   Minimum Level (ML)—The lowest level at which the entire analytical system must give a
       recognizable signal and acceptable calibration point for the analyte. It is equivalent to the
       concentration of the lowest calibration standard, assuming that all method-specified sample
       weights, volumes, and cleanup procedures have been employed.  The ML is calculated by
       multiplying the MDL by 3.18 and rounding the result to the number nearest to (1,  2, or 5) x 1 On,
       where n is an integer.

24.9   Must—This action, activity, or procedural step is required.

24.10 Quality Control Sample (QCS)—A sample containing analytes at known concentrations.  The
       QCS is obtained from a source external to the laboratory, or is prepared from a source of
       standards different from the source of calibration standards.  It is used as an independent check  of
       instrument calibration.

24.11 Reagent Water—Water demonstrated to be free of analytes at the MDLs of this Method.  It may
       be prepared by passage of distilled water through activated carbon. Reagent water is used  to wash
       bottles, as trip and field blanks, and in the preparation of standards and reagents.
54                                                                                 September 2000

-------
                                                                             Method 1656. Revision A
24.12  Regulatory Compliance Limit—A limit on the concentration or amount of a pollutant or
        contaminant specified in a nationwide standard, in a permit, or otherwise established by a
        regulatory authority.

24.13  Shall—This action, activity, or procedure is required.

24.14  Should—This action, activity, or procedure is suggested, but not required.

24.15  Stock Solution—A solution containing an analyte that is prepared from a reference material
        traceable to EPA, NIST, or a source that will attest to the purity and authenticity of the reference
        material.
September 2000                                                                                  55

-------