EPA-821-R-01-005
                                        January 2001
                 Method 1686

Nitrate/Nitrite-N in Water and Biosolids by Manual
                 Colorimetry
                     Draft
                 January 2001
     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                Office of Water
       Office of Science and Technology
       Engineering and Analysis Division
          1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW
            Washington, DC 20460

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                                                                                   Method 1686
                                    Acknowledgments

This method was prepared under the direction of William A. Telliard of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's (EPA's) Office of Water. The method was prepared under EPA Contract 68-C-98-139 by
DynCorp Information and Enterprise Technology.
                                         Disclaimer

This draft method has been reviewed and approved for publication by the Analytical Methods Staff within
the Engineering and Analysis Division of EPA. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.  EPA plans further validation of this draft method. The
method may be revised following validation to reflect results of the study.  This method version contains
minor editorial changes to the November 1999 version.

EPA welcomes suggestions for improvement of this method.  Suggestions and questions concerning this
method or its application should be addressed to:

Maria Gomez-Taylor
Engineering and Analysis Division (4303)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW
Washington, D.C. 20460
Phone: (202)260-7134
Fax: (202)260-7185
Draft, January 2001

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                                                                                    Method 1686
Note: This method is performance based. The laboratory is permitted to omit any step or modify
any procedure provided that all performance requirements in this method are met.  The laboratory
may not omit any quality control analyses. The terms "shall," "must," and "may not" define
procedures required for producing reliable results. The terms "should" and "may" indicate optional
steps that may be modified or omitted if the laboratory can demonstrate that the modified method
                                                                              Draft, January 2001

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                                     Method  1686
        Nitrate/Nitrite - N in Water and Biosolids by  Manual
                                      Colorimetry

1.0  Scope and Application

1.1   This method describes procedures for the determination of nitrate/nitrite-nitrogen, or oxidized
      nitrogen, in drinking, ground, and surface water; domestic and industrial waste; and biosolids
      (municipal sewage sludge). Manual colorimetry is used to determine the nitrate/nitrite-N
      concentration. This method is based on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method
      353.3: Nitrogen, Nitrate-Nitrite (Spectrophotometric Cadmium Reduction) (Reference 16.1). This
      method is associated with Method 1691: Municipal Biosolids Sampling Guidance (Reference 16.2).

1.2   This method is for use in EPA's data gathering and monitoring programs under the Clean Water
      Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
      Compensation, and Liability Act, the Solid Waste Disposal Act, and the Safe Drinking Water Act.

1.3   Method detection limits and minimum levels for nitrate/nitrite-nitrogen have not been formally
      established for this draft method.  These values will be determined during the validation of the
      method.

1.4   This method is performance based.  The laboratory is permitted to omit any step or modify any
      procedure, provided that all performance requirements in this method are met.  Requirements for
      establishing method equivalency are given in Section 9.1.2.

1.5   Each laboratory that uses this method must demonstrate the ability to generate  acceptable results
      using the procedures in Section 9.2.

2.0  Summary of Method

2.1   Aqueous samples are filtered then passed through a cadmium-copper reduction column prior to
      analysis.

2.2   The oxidized nitrogen (the sum of nitrite and nitrate) in solid samples is extracted in reagent water,
      filtered, and passed through a cadmium-copper reduction column prior to analysis. The cadmium-
      copper reduction column converts any nitrate present in the samples to nitrite.

2.3   The nitrite concentration of samples (nitrite originally present plus reduced nitrate) is determined by
      diazotizing with sulfanilimide and coupling with N-(l-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride to
      form a highly colored azo dye which is measured colorimetrically.

2.4   Quality is assured through calibration and testing of the sample preparation and analytical
      instruments.

3.0  Definitions

      Definitions for terms used in this method are given in Section 18.
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                                                                                     Method 1686
4.0  Interferences

4.1   Large concentrations of fat, oil and grease (FOG) will coat the cadmium particles used for reduction
      of nitrate to nitrite. FOG should be removed by sample extraction with hexane or a 80%/20%
      hexane/methyl ^-butyl ether mixture prior to passing the sample through the reduction column
      (Section 11.2.3).

4.2   Residual chlorine, if present, must be removed by pretreatment of the sample with sodium thiosulfate
      before digestion/distillation.  Typically, this will be necessary if the sample contains free water or is
      aqueous.

4.3   Color present in the sample that absorbs at about 540 nm interferes with the photometry.

4.4   Certain metal ions can interfere with the colorimetry. An ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA)
      solution is added to the sample extract to remove these potential interferences.

5.0  Safety

5.1   The toxicity or carcinogenicity of reagents used in this method has not been fully established. Each
      chemical and environmental sample should be regarded as a potential health hazard and exposure
      should be minimized. Each laboratory is responsible for maintaining a current awareness file of
      OSFiA regulations regarding the safe handling of the chemicals specified in this method. A reference
      file of material safety data sheets  (MSDS) should be available to all personnel involved in the
      chemical analysis. Additional information on laboratory safety can be found in Reference 16.3.

5.2   If samples originate from a highly contaminated area, appropriate sample handling procedures must
      be followed to minimize worker exposure.

5.3   All personnel handling environmental samples known to contain or to have been in contact with
      human waste should be immunized against known disease causative agents.

6.0  Equipment and Supplies

      NOTE: Brand names, suppliers, and part numbers are for illustration only, and no endorsement
      is implied. Equivalent performance may be achieved using apparatus and materials other than
      those specified here.  Meeting the performance requirements of this method is the responsibility of
	the sampling team and laboratory.	

6.1   Equipment for Extraction

      6.1.1 Erlenmeyer flasks, 500 mL.

      6.1.2 Wrist shaker or orbital shaker capable of holding 500 mL flasks.

      6.1.3 Syringe filters—0.45(jm pore diameter. These filters should be rinsed with a dilute sulfuric
            acid solution before use.
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Method 1686
6.2   Equipment for Analysis

      6.2.1 Chromatographic column—3.5 mm inside diameter, with a packing tube length of 20 cm and
            a liquid reservoir capacity of 85 mL.

      6.2.2 Photometer—Capable of analysis at 540 nm wavelength, and recorder or data system.

6.3   General equipment

      6.3.1 Drying oven-Capable of maintaining a constant temperature in the range of 103-105°C.

      6.3.2 Analytical balance-Capable of weighing to 0.001 g (1 mg).

      6.3.3 Glass wool.

      6.3.4 PTFE thread sealing tape.

7.0  Reagents and Standards

7.1   Use deionized or distilled water, shown to be free of nitrate and nitrite, for all solutions and reagents
      used in this method.

7.2   6N Hydrochloric acid (HC1)—50 mL of concentrated HC1, diluted to 100 mL with distilled water.

7.3   2% Copper sulfate (CuSO4) solution—20 g CuSO4-5H2O in 1 L reagent water.

7.4   Cadmium granules

      7.4.1 Rinse 25 g cadmium granules, 20-100 mesh, with 6N HC1 followed by a rinse with reagent
            water.  The  cadmium should have a silver color.

      7.4.2 Add 100 mL of 2% CuSO4 solution and swirl the mixture for 5 minutes or until the blue color
            fades noticeably.  Decant the liquid, and repeat with fresh CuSO4 until a brown colloidal
            precipitate begins to form.

      7.4.3 Rinse the granules with reagent water until the brown copper precipitate is removed.  The
            cadmium should now have a black color.

7.5   85% Phosphoric acid.

7.6   Sulfanilimide (CAS # 63-74-1), suitable for diazotization titration.

7.7   N-(l-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (CAS # 1465-25-4).

7.8   Color Reagent

      7.8.1 Add 100 mL 85% phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and 10 g sulfanilimide to about 800 mL reagent
            water and mix to completely dissolve the sulfanilimide.



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	Method 1686

      7.8.2 Add 1 g N-(l-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride and mix to dissolve. Dilute to 1 L
            with reagent water. Store the solution refrigerated in an amber glass container.

      7.8.3 This reagent is stable for about one month. Remake if the solution is older than a month.

7.9   Ammonium chloride (NH4C1)

7.10 Concentrated ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH)

7.11 Potassium nitrate (KNO3)

7.12 Sodium nitrite (NaNO2)

7.13 Dechlorinating reagent—Dissolve 0.35 g sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3»5H2O) in reagent water and
      dilute to 100 mL.  One mL of this reagent will neutralize 1 mg/L of residual chlorine in a 500 mL
      sample aliquot.

7.14 Ammonium chloride—EDTA solutions

      7.14.1      Stock solution

            7.14.1.1   Dissolve 13 g NH4C1 in about 900 mL reagent water.

            7.14.1.2   Add 0.1 g disodium EDTA and dilute to 1 L.

            7.14.1.3   Adjust the pH to 8.5 with cone. NH4OH.

      7.14.2     Dilute solution—Dilute 300 mL of stock NH4C1-EDTA solution to 500 mL in reagent
                  water.

7.15 Blank sand—Bake 500 g of clean sand or diatomaceous earth at 400°C for eight hours. Cool and
      store in a glass container with a sealing lid.

7.16 Chloroform (CHC13)

7.17 Oxidized nitrogen standards

      7.17.1      Nitrate stock solution—1000 mg/L NO3-N.

            7.17.1.1   Dry several grams of potassium nitrate (KNO3) in an oven at 105 ° C for 24
                       hours. Cool in a dessicator.

            7.17.1.2   Dissolve 0.7218 g KNO3 in reagent water  and dilute to 100 mL in a volumetric
                       flask.  Preserve with 0.2 mL chloroform (CHC13).

      7.17.2     Nitrate working standard—10 mg/L NO3-N.  Dilute 10 mL of nitrate stock solution
                  (Section 7.16.1) to 1 L in reagent water in a volumetric flask.

      7.17.3     Nitrite (NO2) stock solution—1000 mg/L NO2-N.


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Method 1686
            7.17.3.1    Because nitrite is oxidized rapidly in the presence of moisture, use a fresh
                        unopened bottle of sodium nitrite (NaNO2) for preparing the stock solution.

            7.17.3.2    Dissolve 0.4928 g NaNO2 in reagent water and dilute to 100 mL in a volumetric
                        flask.  Preserve with 0.2 mL CHC13.

      7.17.4     Nitrite working standard—10 mg/L NO2-N. Dilute 10 mL of nitrite stock solution
                  (Section 7.17.3) to 1 L in reagent water in a volumetric flask.

7.18 Quality control sample (QCS)—A prepared quality control sample from a standards vendor (ERA
      catalog # 545, or equivalent).

8.0  Sample Collection, Preservation, and Storage

8.1   A sufficient volume of sample for analysis must be collected using the procedures found in
      Reference 16.2 for biosolids samples and Reference 16.4 for water and wastewater samples.
      Samples should be collected in wide mouth jars with a minimum of air space above the biosolids
      sample. Minimize exposure of samples to air and intense light as much as possible.

8.2  Nitrate can be formed or lost during storage due to biological activity or lost by oxidation. The
      following preservation procedures will help prevent significant changes in the analyte concentration.

      8.2.1 If the sample contains free water or is aqueous:

            8.2.1.1     Samples should be checked for residual chlorine and treated with sodium
                        thiosulfate, if necessary, during collection.

            8.2.1.2     Samples should be preserved with 2 mL concentrated H2SO4 and cooled to 4°C
                        as soon as possible after collection.  The holding time for samples  should not
                        exceed 28 days from sampling.

      8.2.2 If the sample contains no free water or is solid, the sample should be cooled to 4°C as soon as
            possible after collection.  The holding time for samples should not exceed 28 days from
            sampling.

8.3  Collect a separate sample for total solids determination  (Appendix A). The holding time for total
      solids determination is seven days.

9.0  Quality Control

9.1   Each laboratory using this method is required to operate a formal quality  control (QC) program.
      The minimum requirements  of this program consist of an initial demonstration of laboratory
      capability, the ongoing analysis of laboratory reagent blanks, precision and recovery standards, and
      matrix-spiked samples as a continuing  check on performance.  The laboratory is required to maintain
      performance records that define the quality of data thus generated. Laboratory performance is
      compared to established performance criteria to determine if the results of analyses meet the
      performance characteristics of the method.

      9.1.1 The analyst shall make an initial demonstration of the ability to generate acceptable accuracy
            and precision with this method.  This ability is established as described in Section 9.2.

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                                                                                  Method 1686
9.1.2 In recognition of advances that are occurring in analytical technology, the analyst is permitted
      certain options to improve separations or lower the costs of measurements, provided that all
      performance specifications are met.  Changes that degrade method performance are not
      allowed. If an analytical technique other than the techniques specified in this method is used,
      that technique must have a specificity equal to or better than the specificity of the techniques
      in this method for nitrate/nitrite-N in the sample of interest.  Specificity is defined as
      producing results equivalent to the results produced by this method for analytical standards
      (Section 9.4) and, where applicable, environmental samples (Section 9.5), and as meeting all
      of the QC criteria stated in this method.

      9.1.2.1    Each time a modification is made to this method, the analyst is required to repeat
                  the IPRtest in Section  9.2.2 to demonstrate that the modification produces
                  results equivalent to or better than results produced by this  method. If the detec-
                  tion limit of the method will be affected by the modification, the analyst must
                  demonstrate that the MDL (40 CFR part 136, appendix B) is less than or equal
                  to the MDL in this method or one-third the regulatory compliance level, which-
                  ever is higher. The tests required for this equivalency demonstration are given in
                  Section 9.1.2.2.4.

      9.1.2.2    The laboratory is required to maintain records of modifications made to this
                  method.  These records include the following, at a minimum:

                  9.1.2.2.1   The names, titles, addresses, and telephone numbers of the
                               analyst(s) who performed  the analyses and modification, and of the
                               quality control officer who witnessed and will verify the  analyses
                               and modification.

                  9.1.2.2.2   A listing of pollutant(s) measured (nitrate/nitrite-N).

                  9.1.2.2.3   A narrative stating reason(s) for the modification.

                  9.1.2.2.4   Results from all quality control (QC) tests comparing the modified
                               method to this method, including:

                                    (a)    Calibration (Section 10).
                                    (b)    Calibration verification (Section 9.6).
                                    (c)    Initial precision and recovery (Section 9.2.2).
                                    (d)    Analysis of blanks (Section 9.3).
                                    (e)    Accuracy assessment (Sections 9.5 and 9.7).
                                    (f)     Ongoing precision and recovery (Section 9.4).
                                    (g)    Method detection limit (Section  9.2.1)
                                    (h)    Nitrate Reduction Efficiency (Section 9.8)

                  9.1.2.2.5   Data that will allow an independent reviewer to validate  each deter-
                               mination by tracing the instrument output (weight, absorbance, or
                               other signal) to the final result. These data are to include:

                                    (a)    Sample numbers and other identifiers.
                                    (b)    Sample preparation dates.
                                    (c)    Analysis dates and times.
                                    (d)    Analysis sequence/run chronology.

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Method 1686
                                          (e)   Sample weight or volume.
                                          (f)   Dry weight ratio (solid and semi-solid samples only;
                                                Appendix A).
                                          (g)   Distillate solution volume.
                                          (h)   Make and model of analytical balance and weights
                                                traceable to NIST.
                                          (i)   Copies of logbooks, printer tapes, and other
                                                recordings of raw data.
                                          (j)   Data system outputs, and other data to link the raw
                                                data to the results reported.

      9.1.3 Analyses of laboratory blanks are required to demonstrate freedom from contamination.  The
            procedures and criteria for blank analyses are described in Section 9.3

      9.1.4 Analyses of ongoing precision and recovery samples are required to demonstrate that the
            sample preparation and analysis are within the specified limitations.  The procedure and
            criteria for OPR sample analysis are described in Section 9.4.

      9.1.5 Analyses of matrix spike and matrix spike duplicate samples are required to demonstrate
            method accuracy and precision, and to monitor interferences caused by the  sample matrix.
            The procedure and criteria for spiking are described in Section 9.5.

      9.1.6 Analyses of calibration verification standards are required to demonstrate accuracy and
            stability of the initial calibration. The procedure and criteria for calibration verification
            analyses are described in Section 9.6.

      9.1.7 Analyses of quality control samples (QCS) are required to demonstrate the  accuracy of the
            calibration standards and the analytical system. The procedure and criteria for the  QCS
            sample analyses are described in Section 9.7.

9.2  Initial demonstration of laboratory capability—The initial demonstration of laboratory capability is
      used to characterize laboratory performance and method detection limits. The MDL and IPR for
      solid samples should be determined using blank  sand as a reference matrix.  The MDL and IPR for
      aqueous samples should be determined using reagent water as a reference matrix.

      9.2.1 Method detection limit (MDL)—The MDL should be  established for nitrate/nitrite-N
            according to the procedures at 40 CFR Part 136, Appendix B (Reference 16.5).  First, spike a
            reference matrix with nitrate working standard (Section 7.17.2) to produce  a concentration
            one to five times the estimated detection limit.  To determine the MDL, take seven replicate
            aliquots of the spiked  reference matrix and process each aliquot through each step of the
            analytical method.  Perform all calculations and report the concentration values in the
            appropriate units. Aqueous and/or solid method detection limits should be determined every
            year or whenever a modification to the method or analytical system is made that will affect the
            MDL.

      9.2.2 Initial precision and recovery (IPR)—To establish the ability to generate acceptable precision
            and accuracy, the analyst shall perform the following operations:

            9.2.2.1     Prepare four spiked samples as detailed in Section 9.4.  Using the procedures in
                        Section 11, prepare and analyze these spiked samples for nitrate/nitrite-N.
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                                                                                       Method 1686
            9.2.2.2    Using the results of the set of four analyses, compute the average percent recov-
                        ery (X) and the standard deviation (s) of the percent recovery for nitrate/nitrite-
                        N.

            9.2.2.3    Compare s and X with the corresponding limits for initial precision and recovery
                        in Table  1.  If s and X meet the acceptance criteria, system performance is
                        acceptable and analysis of samples may begin.  If, however, s exceeds the
                        precision limit or X falls outside the range for recovery, system performance is
                        unacceptable.  In this event, correct the problem, and repeat the test.

9.3   Laboratory blanks—Laboratory blanks are analyzed to demonstrate freedom from contamination.
      Aqueous samples should be run with an aqueous blank, and solid samples should be run with a solid
      blank.

      9.3.1 Prepare and analyze a laboratory blank initially (i.e., with the tests in Section 9.2) and with
            each analytical batch.  The blank must be subjected to the  same procedural steps as  a sample,
            and will consist of 250 mL of nitrate/nitrite-free reagent water (aqueous blank) or 5  g aliquot
            of blank sand in 250 mL of nitrate/nitrite-free reagent water (solid blank).

      9.3.2 If material is detected in the blank at a concentration greater than the MDL (Section 1.3),
            analysis of samples is halted until the source of contamination is eliminated and a blank shows
            no evidence of contamination. All samples must be associated with an uncontaminated
            laboratory blank before the results may be reported for regulatory compliance purposes.

9.4   Ongoing precision and recovery (OPR)—The laboratory must analyze at least one ongoing precision
      and recovery sample with each analytical batch.  A solid OPR should be run with solid samples, and
      an aqueous OPR should be run with aqueous samples. An aqueous OPR is prepared by spiking
      reagent water with nitrate working standard (Section 7.17.2) so that the  concentration of
      nitrate/nitrite-N in the OPR is one to five times the ML.  A solid OPR is prepared by mixing 5 g of
      blank sand with 250 mL reagent water and spiking with nitrate working standard (Section  7.17.2) so
      that the concentration of nitrate/nitrite-N in the OPR is one to five times the ML. The spiked aliquot
      is carried through the entire analytical process (Section 11). Calculate accuracy as percent recovery.
      If the recovery of the analyte falls outside the control limits in Table 1, the system performance is
      unacceptable, and the source of the problem should be identified and resolved before continuing
      analyses.

9.5   Matrix spike and matrix spike duplicates (MS/MSD)—To assess the performance of the method on
      a given sample matrix, the laboratory must spike, in duplicate, a minimum of 10% (one sample in
      10) of the samples from a given sampling site or, if for compliance monitoring, from a given
      discharge. Blanks may not be used for MS/MSD analysis.

      9.5.1 The concentration of the MS and MSB shall be determined as follows:

            9.5.1.1    If, as in compliance monitoring, the concentration of analytes in the sample is
                        being checked against a regulatory concentration limit, the spiking level shall be
                        at that limit or at 1-5 times the background concentration of the sample,
                        whichever is greater.

            9.5.1.2    If the concentration of nitrate/nitrite-N in a sample is not being checked against a
                        regulatory concentration limit, the  spike shall be at 1-5 times the background
                        concentration.

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Method 1686
            9.5.1 .3    For solid and biosolids samples, the concentration added should be expressed as
                       mg/kg and is calculated for a one gram aliquot by multiplying the added analyte
                       concentration (mg/L) in solution by the conversion factor 100 (mg/L x
                       0.1L/0.001kg= 100).

      9.5.2 Assessing spike recovery

            9.5.2.1    To determine the background concentration, analyze one sample aliquot from
                       each set of 10 samples from each site or discharge according to the procedure in
                       Section 11.  If the expected background concentration is known from previous
                       experience or other knowledge, the spiking level may be established a priori.

            9.5.2.2    Prepare the MS/MSD samples by spiking two sample aliquots with nitrate
                       working standard (Section 7.17.2). Analyze the MS/MSD aliquots as described
                       in Section 11 to determine the concentration of the samples after spiking.

      9.5.3 Calculate the percent recovery (P) and relative percent difference  (RPD) of the two matrix
            spike samples  for the analyte, corrected for the background concentration measured in the
            sample, and compare these values to the control limits given in Table 1.  Percent recovery is
            calculated in units appropriate to the matrix, using Equation 1 . RPD is calculated using
            Equation 2.

                                          Equation 1

                                                  (c -c]
                           percent recovery^-1 - — * 100


            where:      Cs = Measured sample concentration after spiking
                       Cb = Measured sample background concentration
                       S = known concentration of the spike

                                          Equation 2
                                          (A+A)
                                                        200
            where:     D1 = concentration nitrate/nitrite-N of MS sample
                       D2 = concentration nitrate/nitrite-N ofMSD sample
      9.5.4 If the percent recovery or the RPD of the analyte in the MS/MSD samples falls outside the
            designated range, and the laboratory performance on the OPR for the analyte is within the
            specified limits (Section 9.4), the recovery problem encountered with the MS/MSD sample is
           judged to be matrix-related instead of method-related.

      9.5.5 Recovery for samples should be assessed and records maintained.
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                                                                                      Method 1686
            9.5.5.1     After the analysis of five samples of a given matrix type (wastewater, heat-dried
                        biosolids, etc.) for which the results pass the tests in Section 9.5.3, compute the
                        average percent recovery (R) and the standard deviation of the percent recovery
                        (SR) for the analyte(s).  Express the accuracy assessment as a percent recovery
                        interval from R - 2SR to R + 2SR for each matrix. For example, if R=90% and
                        SR = 10% for five analyses of wastewater, the accuracy interval is  expressed as
                        70-110%.

            9.5.5.2     Update the accuracy assessment for each matrix regularly  (e.g., after each five to
                        ten new measurements).

9.6   Calibration verification (CV)—The laboratory must analyze a calibration verification standard
      before running any samples and once per  ten analyses thereafter. The CV should be prepared at a
      concentration that is at or near the midpoint of the calibration curve.  The source of the CV standard
      should be different from the source used to prepare  the calibration standards. If a different nitrate
      compound is used for the CV stock, the amount weighed will have to be adjusted according to the
      ratio of nitrate atomic weight to the molecular weight.  Results of the CV analysis should be
      evaluated according to the specifications in Table 1. If the CV does not meet acceptance criteria, the
      problem must be identified and corrected, including possible recalibration of the instrument.

9.7   Quality control sample (QCS)—It is suggested that the laboratory analyze a QCS with  each day's
      distillations, or every twelve hours, whichever is more frequent. The results of the QCS analysis
      should be evaluated according to the manufacturer's specifications.

9.8   Nitrate Reduction Efficiency Standard—Prepare a nitrite standard at the same concentration as the
      CV nitrate standard (Section 9.6). Analyze these standards together and compare the recoveries of
      each. If the recovery of the nitrate standard falls below 80% of the nitrite standard's recovery,
      replace the cadmium reduction column with a fresh  column.  The cadmium granules can be
      reactivated by following the procedure in  Section 11.1.4.

10.0 Calibration  and Standardization

10.1  Calibrate the photometer with a minimum of five standards and a blank that cover the expected
      range of the samples. Develop a weighted linear regression formula from the calibration data using
      concentration versus response. If the correlation coefficient falls below 0.995, check the system for
      faults, correct them if found, and reanalyze the calibration standards.

10.2  Preparation of calibration curve—Table 2 gives the  volume of nitrate working standard (Section
      7.17.2) to make the calibration standards in  100-mL volumetric flasks. Analyze the standards
      according to the procedure  in Section 11,  beginning with the lowest concentration standard.

10.3  Balance calibration—Calibrate the analytical balance at 2 mg and 1000 mg using class "S" weights.
      Calibration shall  be within  ± 10 % at 2 mg and ± 0.5% at 1000 mg.  If values are not within these
      limits, recalibrate the balance.
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Method 1686
11.0 Procedure

11.1  Preparation of reduction column

      11.1.1      Insert a glass wool plug in the end of the chromatographic column (Section 6.2.1).
                  Then, close the stopcock and fill the tube with reagent water to prevent entrapment of
                  air bubbles during filling.

      11.1.2      Pour the copper-cadmium granules into the column until a column height of 18.5 cm is
                  created.  Tap the sides of the column gently to release any trapped air bubbles.

      11.1.3      Wash the column with about 200 mL of dilute ammonium chloride-EDTA solution.
                  (Section 7.14.2) Do not allow any air to enter the column.

      11.1.4      Before using the column for analysis, activate by passing through the column 100 mL
                  of a solution consisting of 25 mL of 1.0 mg/L nitrate (NO3) standard and 75 mL dilute
                  ammonium chloride-EDTA solution (Section 7.14.2) at a flow rate of 7-10 mL/min.

11.2 Sample Preparation

      11.2.1      Aqueous samples—Mix the sample thoroughly.  Using a 0.45 (jm membrane filter,
                  filter up to 25 mL of the sample into a volumetric flask.  Record the amount collected.

      11.2.2      Solid samples—Thoroughly homogenize the sample. Weigh 5 g into a 500 mL
                  Erlenmeyer flask. Add 100 mL reagent water.

                  11.2.2.1    Seal the flask with a stopper, secured with a small portion of PTFE thread
                              sealing tape, and place in the shaker.

                  11.2.2.2    Shake the samples for 4 hours. Once the shaking is complete, remove the
                              flasks from the assembly and allow any suspended sediment to settle out.

                  11.2.2.3    Using a 0.45 (jm membrane filter, filter up to 25 mL of the extracted
                              sample into a volumetric flask.  Record the amount of filtered extract
                              collected.

      11.2.3      If FOG removal is necessary, adjust the pH of the extract to 2 by addition of
                  concentrated HC1. Remove the FOG by serial extraction with hexane or a 80%/20%
                  hexane/methyl ^-butyl ether mixture in a separatory funnel. Proceed with filtration.

11.3 Reduction of nitrate to nitrite

      11.3.1      Check the pH of the filtrates. If any are above 9 or below 5, adjust to between 5 and 9
                  with concentrated HC1 or concentrated NH4OH.

      11.3.2      Add 75 mL of dilute ammonium chloride-EDTA solution (Section 7.14.2) to 25 mL of
                  sample extract or sample extract diluted to 25 mL.
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                                                                                      Method 1686
      11.3.3     Pass the sample through the reduction column at a rate of 7-10 mL/min. Discard the
                  first 25 mL of eluent, then collect the rest in the sample flask. Do not allow the reduced
                  samples to sit for more than 15 minutes before analysis.

11.4 Analysis

      11.4.1     Add 2 mL of color reagent (Section 7.8) to 50.0 mL of sample.

      11.4.2     Allow ten minutes for the color to develop, then measure the absorbance of the sample
                  at 540 nm. Developed color is accurate for two hours afer the reagent addition.

      11.4.3     Generate a calibration curve as detailed in Section 10. Once a curve meeting the
                  requirements in Section 10 is created, set up the samples so that every tenth sample
                  measured is a calibration verification standard.

      11.4.4     Compare the sample absorbance to the calibration curve.  If the absorbance exceeds
                  that of the highest concentration standard, use the remaining reduced filtrate to prepare
                  a dilution of the sample extract, and re-run the diluted sample.

11.5 The solid sample dry weight/wet weight ratio must be determined separately (Appendix A).

12.0 Data Analysis  and Calculations

12.1 Aqueous samples—Compare the absorbance reading for each sample to the calibration curve and
      determine the sample concentration using Equation 3. Report all values in mg/L to three significant
      figures.
12.2 Solid samples—Compare the absorbance reading for each  sample to the calibration curve and
      determine the sample concentration using Equations 3 and  4. Report all values in mg/kg to three
      significant figures.
                                           Equation 3


                                ^  _ \^ extract )\ sample )\  volj^dil)
                                             1000 mL/L

            where:      Cs = Oxidized nitrogen in the sample (mg/L)
                        C extract = Concentration of oxidized nitrogen in extract, mg/L
                        V°lsample = Volume of sample, mL (100 mL)
                        FM = Dilution factor of extract, if any
                        Rvol = ratio of initial sample volume to volume of filtrate collected (100/25, or
                        4 for a typical sample)

For solid samples,  oxidized nitrogen, mg/kg = the above equation multiplied by: 1000 (g/kg) /weight of
biosolids extracted, g.
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Method 1686
                                          Equation 4
                                                     c
                                      N (mg /kg) = —
                                         ^        '
                  where:      N = Oxidized nitrogen in solid sample (mg/kg)
                             Cs = Oxidized nitrogen in sample (Equation 3, mg/L)
                             W = Dry weight ratio (Appendix A)
12.3 Report all results below the ML as "less than the ML."

12.4 The QC data obtained during the analysis provides an indication of the quality of the sample data
      and should be provided with the sample results.

13.0 Method  Performance

This is a draft method, and is currently undergoing validation.  Method performance criteria will be set
following the validation of the method.

14.0 Pollution Prevention

14.1 Pollution prevention encompasses any technique that reduces or eliminates the quantity or toxicity of
      waste at the point of generation. Many opportunities for pollution prevention exist in laboratory
      operation. The EPA has established a preferred hierarchy of environmental management techniques
      that places pollution prevention as the management option of first choice. Whenever feasible,
      laboratory personnel should use pollution prevention techniques to address their waste generation.
      When wastes cannot be feasibly reduced at the source, EPA recommends recycling as the next best
      option. The acids used in this method should be reused as practicable by purifying by
      electrochemical techniques. Most other chemicals used in this method are the neat materials used in
      preparing standards. These standards are used in extremely small amounts and pose little threat to
      the environment when managed properly.  Standards should be prepared in volumes consistent with
      laboratory use to minimize the volume of expired standards to be disposed.

14.2 For information about pollution prevention that may be applicable to laboratories and research
      institutions, consult "Less is Better: Laboratory Chemical Management for Waste Reduction",
      available from the American Chemical Society's Office of Society Services, 1155 16th Street NW,
      Washington DC 20036, 202-872-4600.

15.0 Waste Management

15.1 The laboratory is responsible for complying with all Federal, State, and local regulations governing
      waste management, particularly hazardous waste identification rules and land disposal  restrictions,
      and for protecting the air, water, and land by minimizing and controlling all releases from fume
      hoods and bench operations. Compliance with all sewage discharge permits and regulations is also
      required. An overview of requirements can be found in Environmental Management Guide for
      Small Laboratories (EPA 233-B-98-001).

15.2 Samples containing strong acids or bases are hazardous and must be neutralized before being
      disposed, or must be handled as hazardous waste. For further information on waste management,

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                                                                                 Method 1686
      consult, "The Waste Management Manual for Laboratory Personnel" and "Less is Better:
      Laboratory Chemical Management for Waste Reduction", both available from the American
      Chemical Society's Department of Government Relations and Science Policy, 1155 16th Street,
      N.W., Washington, DC 20036.
16.0 References
16.1  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1979. Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes.
      Publ. 600/4-79-020, rev. March 1983. Environmental Monitoring and Support Lab., U.S.
      Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.
16.2  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1998. Method 1691: Municipal Biosolids Sampling
      Guidance. Draft, September 1998. Office of Water, Washington, DC.
16.3  Sax, N.I. and R.I. Lewis, Sr. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 5th. ed.. Van Nostrand
      Reinhold, New York, 1989.
16.4  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1982. Handbook for Sampling and Sample Preservation of
      Water and Wastewater. Publ. 600/4-82-029, Environmental Monitoring and Support Lab., U.S.
      Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.
16.5  Code of Federal Regulations 40, Ch.  1, Part 136, Appendix B.
17.0 Tables,  Diagrams, Flowcharts, and Validation Data
         Table 1.    QC Sample Acceptance Criteria (to be established from validation study)
Analyte
Oxidized nitrogen
Blank
limit

IPR recovery
(x) limit

IPR precision
(s) limit

OPR
recovery limit

CV recovery
limit

QCS recovery
limit

   Table 2.   The volume of working standard necessary to make the calibration standards in 100-mL
                                      volumetric flasks
                 Volume of standard (7.17.2) added,
                            (mL)
                             0.1
                             0.2
                             0.5
                             1.0
                             2.0
Concentration of calibration
    standard ( mg/L)
         0.01
         0.02
         0.05
         0.10
         0.20
18.0 Glossary, Acronyms, and Abbreviations
      The definitions and purposes below are specific to this method, but conform to common usage as
      much as possible.
14
                          Draft, January 2001

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Method 1686
18.1    Analyte—A compound or element tested for by the methods referenced in this method.

18.2    Apparatus—The sample container and other containers, filters, filter holders, labware, tubing,
         pipets, and other materials and devices used for sample collection or sample preparation, and that
         will contact samples, blanks, or analytical standards.

18.3    Biosolids—The treated residuals from wastewater treatment that can be used beneficially.

18.4    Calibration Standard—A solution prepared from a dilute mixed standard and/or stock solution
         and used to calibrate the response of the  instrument with respect to analyte concentration.

18.5    Calibration Verification Standard (CV)—A solution prepared from a different source than the
         calibration standards that is used to confirm the accuracy of the instrument's calibration.

18.6    Initial Precision and Recovery (IPR)—Four aliquots of the OPR standard analyzed to establish
         the ability to generate acceptable precision and accuracy. IPRs are performed before a method is
         used for the first time and any time the method or instrumentation is modified.

18.7    Laboratory Blank— An aliquot of reagent water that is treated exactly as a sample including
         exposure to all glassware, equipment, solvents, reagents, internal standards, and surrogates that
         are used with samples.  The laboratory blank is used to determine if method analytes or
         interferences are present in the laboratory environment, the reagents, or the apparatus (Section
         9.3).

18.8    Matrix Spike (MS) and Matrix Spike Duplicate (MSD)—Aliquots of an environmental sample
         to which known quantities of the method analytes are  added in the laboratory. The MS and MSD
         are analyzed exactly like a sample. Their purpose is to quantify the bias and precision caused by
         the sample matrix.  The background concentrations of the analytes in the sample matrix must be
         determined in a separate aliquot and the measured values in the MS and MSD corrected for
         background concentrations (Section 9.5).

18.9    May—This action, activity, or procedural step is optional.

18.10   May Not—This action, activity, or procedural step is prohibited.

18.11   Method Detection Limit (MDL)—The  minimum concentration of an analyte that can be
         identified, measured, and reported with 99% confidence that the analyte concentration is greater
         than zero (Section 9.2.1).

18.12   Minimum Level (ML)—The lowest level at which the entire analytical system gives a
         recognizable signal and acceptable calibration point.

18.13   Must—This action, activity, or procedural step is required.

18.14   Ongoing Precision and Recovery (OPR) Standard—A laboratory blank spiked with known
         quantities of the method analytes. The OPR is analyzed exactly like a sample.  Its purpose is to
         determine whether the methodology is in control and to assure that the results produced by the
         laboratory remain within the method-specified limits for precision and accuracy (Section 9.4).

18.15   Oxidized Nitrogen—The sum of nitrate- and nitrite-nitrogen.


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                                                                                     Method 1686
18.16  Reagent Water—Water demonstrated to be free from the method analytes and potentially
        interfering substances at the MDL for the method.

18.17  Reduction Efficiency Standard—A nitrate standard analyzed to verify the completeness of
        reduction of the copper-cadmium column.

18.18  Sewage Sludge—Sewage sludge is solid, semi-solid, or liquid residue generated during the
        treatment process of domestic sewage in a treatment works.  Sewage sludge includes but is not
        limited to, domestic septage; scum or solids removed in primary, secondary, or advanced
        wastewater treatment processes; and a material derived from sewage sludge.  Sewage sludge does
        not include ash generated during the firing of sewage sludge in a sewage sludge incinerator or grit
        and screenings generated during preliminary treatment of domestic sewage in a treatment works.

18.19  Shall—This action, activity, or procedural step is required

18.20  Should—This action, activity, or procedural step is suggested but not required.

18.21  Stock Standard Solution—A solution containing one or more method analytes that is prepared
        using a reference material traceable to EPA, NIST, or a source that will attest to the purity and
        authenticity of the reference material.
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Method 1686
               Appendix A: Total Solids in Solids and Biosolids

1.0  Scope and Application

1.1   This procedure is applicable to the determination of total solids in such solid and semisolid samples
      as soils, sediments, biosolids (municipal sewage sludge) separated from water and wastewater
      treatment processes, and biosolids cakes from vacuum filtration, centrifugation, or other biosolids
      dewatering processes.

1.2   This procedure is taken from EPA Method 1684: Total, Fixed, and Volatile Solids in Solids and
      Semisolid Matrices.

1.3   Method detection limits (MDLs) and minimum levels (MLs) have not been formally established for
      this draft procedure. These values will be determined during the validation of Method 1684.

1.4   This procedure is performance based. The laboratory is permitted to omit any step or modify any
      procedure (e.g. to overcome interferences, to lower the cost of measurement), provided that all
      performance requirements in this procedure are met.  Requirements for establishing equivalency are
      given in Section 9.1.2 of Method 1686.

1.5   Each laboratory that uses this procedure must demonstrate the ability to generate acceptable results
      using the procedure in Section 9.2 of this appendix.

2.0  Summary of  Method

2.1   Sample aliquots of 25-50 g are dried at 103 °C to 105 °C to drive off water in the sample.

2.2   The mass of total solids in the sample is determined by comparing the mass of the sample before and
      after each drying step.

3.0  Definitions

3.1   Analytical batch-The set of samples analyzed at the same time, to a maximum of 10 samples.  Each
      analytical batch of 10 or fewer samples must be accompanied by a laboratory blank, an ongoing
      precision and recovery sample, and a set of MS/MSD, resulting in a minimum of five analyses  (1
      sample, 1 blank, 1 OPR, and 2 matrix spike samples) and a maximum of 14 samples.

3.2   Total Solids-The residue left in the vessel after evaporation of liquid from a sample and subsequent
      drying in an oven at 103°C to 105 °C.

3.3   Additional definitions are given in Sections 3.0 and 18.0 of Method 1686.

4.0  Interferences

4.1   Sampling, subsampling, and pipeting multi-phase samples may introduce serious errors (Reference
      16.1).  Make and keep such samples homogeneous during transfer. Use special handling to ensure
      sample integrity when subsampling. Mix small samples with a magnetic stirrer. If visible suspended
      solids are present, pipet with wide-bore pipets. If part of a sample adheres to the sample container,


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                                                                                      Method 1686
      intensive homogenization is required to ensure accurate results. When dried, some samples form a
      crust that prevents evaporation; special handling such as extended drying times are required to deal
      with this. Avoid using a magnetic stirrer with samples containing magnetic particles.

4.2   The temperature and time of residue drying has an important bearing on results (Reference 16.1).
      Problems such as weight losses due to volatilization of organic matter, and evolution of gases from
      heat-induced chemical decomposition, weight gains due to oxidation, and confounding factors like
      mechanical occlusion of water and water of crystallization depend on temperature and time of
      heating. It is therefore essential that samples be dried at a uniform temperature, and for no longer
      than specified. Each sample requires close attention to desiccation after drying. Minimize the time
      the desiccator is open because moist air may enter and be absorbed by the samples.  Some samples
      may be stronger desiccants than those used in the desiccator and may take on water. If uptake of
      water by a sample is suspected, the operator should weigh the sample to see if it gains weight while
      in the desiccator. If the sample is indeed taking on water, then a vacuum desiccator  should be used.

4.3   Residues dried at 103 °C to 105 °C may retain some bound water as  water of crystallization or as
      water occluded in the interstices of crystals. They lose CO2 in the conversion of bicarbonate to
      carbonate. The residues usually lose only slight amounts of organic matter by volatilization at this
      temperature. Because removal of occluded water is marginal at this temperature, attainment of
      constant weight may be very slow.

4.4   Results for residues high in oil or grease may be questionable because of the difficulty of drying to
      constant weight in a reasonable time.

4.5   The determination of total solids is subject to negative error due to loss of ammonium carbonate and
      volatile organic matter during the drying step at 103 °C to  105 °C. Carefully observe specified
      ignition time and temperature to control losses of volatile inorganic salts if these are  a problem.

5.0  Safety

5.1   Refer to Section 5.0 of Method 1686 for safety precautions

6.0  Equipment and  Supplies
      Note: Brand names, suppliers, and part numbers are cited for illustrative purposes only.
      No endorsement is implied.  Equivalent performance may be achieved using equipment and
      materials other than those specified here, but demonstration of equivalent performance that
	meets the requirements of this method is the responsibility of the laboratory.	



6.1   Evaporating Dishes-Dishes of 100-mL capacity.  The dishes may be made of porcelain (90-mm
      diameter), platinum, or high-silica glass.

6.2   Watch glass-Capable of covering the evaporating dishes (Section 6.1).

6.3   Steam bath for evaporation of liquid samples.

6.4   Desiccator-Moisture concentration in the desiccator should be monitored by an instrumental
      indicator or with a color-indicator desiccant.


~                                                                              Draft, January 2001

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Method 1686
6.5   Drying oven-Thermostatically-controlled, capable of maintaining a uniform temperature of 103 °C
      to 105 °C throughout the drying chamber.

6.6   Analytical balance-Capable of weighing to 0.1 mg for samples having a mass up to 200 g.

6.7   Reference weights-2 mg, 1000 mg, and 50 g class "S" weights.

6.8   Container handling apparatus-Gloves, tongs, or a suitable holder for moving and handling hot
      containers after drying.

6.9   Sample handling apparatus-Spatulas, spoonulas, funnels, or other equipment for transfer and
      manipulation of samples.

6.10 Bottles-Glass or plastic bottles of a suitable size for sample collection.

6.11 Rubber gloves (Optional).

6.12 No. 7 Cork borer  (Optional).

6.13 Desiccant (Optional).

7.0  Reagents and Standards

7.1   Reagent water-Deionized, distilled, or otherwise purified water.

7.2   Quality control spiking solution-If a commercially available standard can be purchased that contains
      standard total solids, the laboratory may use that standard.  The laboratory may also prepare a
      spiking solution. One possible recipe is given below for a NaCl-KHP solution.

      7.2.1 Dissolve 0.10 g sodium chloride (NaCl) in 500 mL reagent water. Mix to dissolve.

      7.2.2 Add 0.10 g  potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) to the NaCl solution (Section 7.2.1) and
            mix. If the KHP does not dissolve readily, warm the  solution while mixing. Dilute to 1 L
            with reagent water. Store at 4°C.  Assuming 100% volatility of the acid phthalate  ion, this
            solution contains 200 mg/L total solids, 81.0 mg/L volatile solids, and 119 mg/L fixed solids.
8.0  Sample Collection, Preservation, and Storage

8.1   Use resistant-glass or plastic bottles to collect sample for solids analysis, provided that the material
      in suspension does not adhere to container walls. Sampling  should be done in accordance with
      Reference 16.2. Begin analysis as soon as possible after collection because of the impracticality of
      preserving the sample.  Refrigerate the sample at 4 °C up to  the time of analysis to minimize
      microbiological decomposition of solids.  Preferably do not hold samples more than 24 hours. Under
      no circumstances should the sample be held more than seven days. Bring samples to room
      temperature before analysis.

9.0  Quality Control

9.1   Quality control requirements and requirements for performance-based methods are given in  Section
      9.1 of Method 1686.


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                                                                                        Method 1686
9.2   Initial demonstration of laboratory capability—The initial demonstration of laboratory capability is
      used to characterize laboratory performance and method detection limits.

      9.2.1 Method detection limit (MDL)—The method detection limit should be established for total
            solids using the QC spiking solution (Section 7.2).  To determine MDL values, take seven
            replicate aliquots of the diluted QC spiking solution and process each aliquot through each
            step of the analytical method. Perform all calculations and report the concentration values in
            the appropriate units.  MDLs should be determined every year or whenever a modification to
            the method or analytical system is made that will affect the method detection limit.

      9.2.2 Initial precision and recovery (IPR)—To establish the ability to generate acceptable precision
            and accuracy, the analyst shall perform the following operations:

            9.2.2.1    Prepare four samples by diluting the QC spiking  solution (Section 7.2) to 1 to 5
                        times the MDL.  Using the procedures in Section 11, analyze these samples for
                        total solids.

            9.2.2.2    Using the results of the four analyses, compute the average percent recovery (x)
                        and the standard deviation (s, Equation 1) of the percent recovery for total solids.
                                            Equation 1
                                                  H-l
            Where:
                  n = number of samples
                  x = % recovery in each sample
                  s = standard deviation
            9.2.2.3    Compare s and x with the corresponding limits for initial precision and recovery
                        in Table 2 (to be determined in validation study). If s and x meet the acceptance
                        criteria, system performance is acceptable and analysis of samples may begin.
                        If, however, s exceeds the precision limit or x falls outside the range for
                        recovery, system performance is unacceptable. In this event, correct the
                        problem, and repeat the test.
9.3   Laboratory blanks

      9.3.1 Prepare and analyze a laboratory blank initially (i.e. with the tests in Section 9.2) and with
            each analytical batch. The blank must be subjected to the same procedural steps as a sample,
            and will consist of approximately 25 g of reagent water.

      9.3.2 If material is detected in the blank at a concentration greater than the MDL (Section 1.3),
            analysis of samples must be halted until the source of contamination is eliminated and a new

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Method 1686
            blank shows no evidence of contamination. All samples must be associated with an
            uncontaminated laboratory blank before the results may be reported for regulatory compliance
            purposes.

9.4  Ongoing precision and recovery

      9.4.1 Prepare an ongoing precision and recovery (OPR) solution identical to the IPR solution
            described in Section 9.2.2.1.

      9.4.2 An aliquot of the OPR solution must be analyzed with each sample batch (samples started
            through the sample preparation process (Section 11) on the same 12-hour shift, to a maximum
            of 20 samples).

      9.4.3 Compute the percent recovery of total solids in the OPR sample.

      9.4.4 Compare the results to the limits for ongoing recovery in Table 2 (to be determined in
            validation study).  If the results meet the acceptance criteria, system performance is
            acceptable and analysis of blanks and samples may proceed.  If, however, the recovery of
            total solids falls outside of the range given, the analytical processes are not being performed
            properly. Correct the problem, reprepare the sample batch, and repeat the  OPR test.  All
            samples must be associated with an OPR analysis that passes acceptance criteria before the
            sample results can be reported for regulatory compliance purposes.

      9.4.5 Add results that pass the specifications in  Section 9.4.4 to IPR and previous OPR data.
            Update QC charts to form a graphic representation of continued laboratory performance.
            Develop a statement of laboratory accuracy for each analyte by calculating the average
            percent recovery (R) and the standard deviation of percent recovery (SR).  Express the
            accuracy as a recovery interval from R-2SRto R+2SR. For example, if R=05% and SR=5%,
            the accuracy is 85-115%.

9.5  Duplicate analyses

      9.5.1 Ten percent of samples must be analyzed in duplicate. The duplicate analyses must be
            performed within the same sample batch (samples whose analysis is started within the same
            12-hour period).

      9.5.2 The total solids of the duplicate samples must be within 10% of the solids determination.
10.0 Calibration  and Standardization

10.1 Calibrate the analytical balance at 2 mg and 1000 mg using class "S" weights.

10.2 Calibration shall be within ± 10% (i.e. ±0.2 mg) at 2 mg and ± 0.5% (i.e. ±5 mg) at 1000 mg.  If
      values are not within these limits, recalibrate the balance.

10.3 Place a 50 g weight and a 2 mg weight on the balance.  Verify that the balance reads 50.002 ±10%
      (i.e.  ±0.2 mg)
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                                                                                     Method 1686
11.0 Procedure

11.1 Preparation of evaporating dishes-Heat dishes and watch glasses at 103 °C to 105 °C for 1 hour in
      an oven.  Cool and store the dried equipment in a desiccator. Weigh each dish and watch glass prior
      to use (record combined weight as "Wdlsh").

11.2 Preparation of samples

      11.2.1      Fluid samples-If the sample contains enough moisture to flow readily, stir to
                  homogenize, place a 25 to 50 g sample aliquot on the prepared evaporating dish. If the
                  sample is to be analyzed in duplicate, the mass of the two aliquots may not differ by
                  more than 10%.  Spread each sample so that it is evenly distributed over the
                  evaporating dish. Cover each sample with a watch glass, and weigh (record weight as
                  "Wsample").  Evaporate the samples to dryness on a steam bath.

      Note: Weigh wet samples quickly because wet samples tend to lose weight by evaporation.
	Samples should be weighed immediately after aliquots are prepared.	
      11.2.2     Solid samples-If the sample consists of discrete pieces of solid material (dewatered
                  biosolids, for example), take cores from each piece with a No. 7 cork borer or
                  pulverize the entire sample coarsely on a clean surface by hand, using rubber gloves.
                  Place a 25 to 50 g sample aliquot of the pulverized sample on the prepared evaporating
                  dish. If the sample is to be analyzed in duplicate, the mass of the two aliquots may not
                  differ by more than 10%.  Spread each sample so that it is evenly distributed over the
                  evaporating dish. Cover each sample with a watch glass, and weigh (record weight as
                   ^* sample  / •

11.3 Dry the samples at 103 °C to 105 °C for a minimum of 12 hours, cool to balance temperature in an
      individual desiccator containing fresh desiccant, and weigh. Heat the residue again for 1 hour, cool
      it to balance temperature in a desiccator, and weigh. Repeat this heating, cooling, desiccating, and
      weighing procedure until the weight change is less than 5% or 50 mg, whichever is less. Record the
      final weight as "Wtotal."
      Note: It is imperative that dried samples be weighed quickly since residues often are very
      hygroscopic and rapidly absorb moisture from the air. Samples must remain in the
      dessicator until the analyst is ready to weigh them.	
12.0 Data Analysis and Calculations

12.1 Calculate the % solids or the mg solids/kg sample for total solids (Equation 2).
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Method 1686
                                        Equation 2
                             % total solids = W'otal   Wdish * 100
                                          "sample ~ "dish
                             or

                             mg total solids = Wtotd-Wdish +
                               kg sludge     Wsample-Wdish
                 Where:
                       Wdish = Weight of dish (mg)
                       WsampU = Weight of wet sample and dish (mg)
                	Wtotal = Weight of dried residue and dish (mg)
12.2 Sample results should be reported as % solids or mg/kg to three significant figures.  Report results
      below the ML as less than the ML, or as required by the permitting authority or in the permit.

13.0 Method Performance

13.1 Method performance (MDL and quality control acceptance criteria) will be determined during the
      multi-lab validation of this method.

13.2 Total solids duplicate determinations must agree within 10% to be reported for permitting purposes.
      If duplicate samples do not meet this criteria, the problem must be discovered and the sample must
      be run over.

14.0 Pollution Prevention

14.1 Pollution prevention details are given in Section 14 of Method 1686.

15.0 Waste Management

15.1 Waste management details are given in Section 15 of Method 1686.

16.0 References

16.1 "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater," 18th ed. and later revisions,
      American Public Health Association, 1015 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. 2-59: Section
      2540 G (Total, Fixed, and Volatile Solids in Solid and Semisolid Matrices), 1992.

16.2 U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency, 1992. Control of Pathogens and Vector Attraction in
      Sewage Sludges. Publ 625/R-92/013.  Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC.

17.0 Tables,  Diagrams, Flowcharts, and Validation Data

17.1 Tables containing method requirements for QA/QC will be added after the validation study has been
      performed.
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