This
Smart
   Growth

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Acknowledgements
This is a Smart Growth Network publication, pro-
duced under a cooperative agreement between
the International City/County Management
Association (ICMA) and the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA). The writing team
included: ICMA—Dan Emerine, Christine Shenot;
EPA—Mary Kay Bailey, Lee Sobel, and Megan
Susman. Research assistance  was provided  by
Reginald LaFond and Sheritha  Wright. Thanks
to Jane Cotnoir for her editing and to Will Kemp
for the graphic design. Special thanks to ICMA's
Nadejda Mishkovsky and EPA's Geoff Anderson
for their guidance and leadership.

ICMA would also like to thank the Smart Growth
Network working group for shaping the publica-
tion, providing essential ideas, and reviewing
the text for accuracy. Members of ICMA's Smart
Growth Advisory Group and colleagues, friends,
and family of the writing team also reviewed
early drafts of the document and provided helpful
comments.
SMART GROWTH
About the Smart Growth Network
The Smart Growth Network (SGN) is a network
of private, public, and non-governmental partner
organizations seeking to improve development
practices in neighborhoods, communities, and
regions across the United States. The network
was formed in response to increasing community
concerns about the need for new ways to grow
that boost the economy, protect the environment
and public health, and enhance community vital-
ity. SGN partners include environmental groups,
historic preservation organizations, professional
organizations, developers, real estate interests,
and local and state government entities.
SGN works to encourage development that
serves the economy, community, public health,
and the environment. It is a forum for:
 • Raising public awareness of how growth can
  improve quality of life;
 -> Promoting smart growth best practices;
 -> Developing and sharing information, innovative
  policies, tools, and ideas; and
 • Cultivating strategies to address barriers to and
  advance opportunities for smart growth.
 For more information about SGN and its partners,
visit www.smartgrowth.org.

Join the Smart Growth Network
Any individual or organization interested in find-
 ing innovative tools and strategies for community
 development can become a member of the Smart
 Growth Network. As an SGN member, you will be
 part of a diverse network of private, public, and
 nonprofit partners seeking to encourage better
 development decisions, and you'll gain informa-
tion to help implement smart growth principles in
your own community. Membership is free! To join,
visitwww.smartgrowth.org/sgn/join.asp, or send
an e-mail to smartgrowth@icma.org. You can also
 contact SGN by calling 202/962-3623.

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Contents
Introduction: What Is Smart Growth?	
 1 A Shot at the American Dream of Opportunity for All	
 2 Safe, Convenient Neighborhoods With Homes That People Can Afford
 3 Development Decisions That Are Fair to Everyone	
 4 Investing Taxpayer Money Wisely in Our Communities	
 5 Protecting and Preserving Our Natural Heritage and Working Lands..
 6 Freedom to Choose How We Get Around	
 7 Healthy Communities for All Ages	
 8 Places Designed for People	
 9 A Lasting Legacy in Our Communities	
10 Growth and Development That Improves Our Communities	
A Better Future for Everyone	
Resource Guide	
Endnotes and Photo Credits	

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Smart  Growth
       Principles
Mix land uses
Take advantage of compact building design
Create a range of housing opportunities and
choices
Create walkable neighborhoods
Foster distinctive, attractive communities with
a strong sense of place
Preserve open space, farmland, natural beauty,
and critical environmental areas
Strengthen and direct development towards
existing communities
Provide a variety of transportation choices
Make development decisions predictable, fair,
and cost effective
Encourage community and stakeholder
collaboration in development decisions

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What Is  Smart  Growth?
Health, schools, taxes, traffic, the environment, economic growth, fairness, opportu-
nity—many of the things we care about—are all affected by development decisions. From
the length of our daily commute to the price of a new home to the safety of our neighbor-
hoods—what, where, and how we build have major impacts on our personal lives, our com-
munities, and our nation.

Growth presents a tremendous opportunity for progress. Communities around the country
are looking for ways to get the most out of new development and to maximize their invest-
ments. Frustrated by development that requires residents to drive long distances between
jobs and homes, many communities are challenging rules that make it impossible to put
workplaces, homes,  and services closer together. Many communities are questioning the
fiscal wisdom of neglecting existing infrastructure while expanding new sewers, roads, and
services into the fringe. And in many communities where development has improved daily
life, the economy, and the environment, smart growth principles (see facing page) have
been key to that success.

When communities choose smart growth strategies, they can create new neighborhoods
and maintain existing ones that are attractive, convenient, safe, and healthy. They can foster
design that encourages social, civic, and physical activity. They can protect the environment
while stimulating economic growth. Most of all, they can create more choices for residents,
workers, visitors, children, families, single people, and older adults—choices in where to
live, how to get around, and how to interact with the people around them. When commu-
nities do this kind of planning, they preserve the best of their past while creating a bright
future for generations to come.

If you've heard the term smart growth and  want to know what it actually looks like, this
publication is a good starting point. If you're already familiar with smart growth ideas, this
publication can help you educate others. It  contains many examples of how smart growth
principles have been applied in cities, suburbs, small towns, and rural areas; some of these
examples may look much like your own community.

Thirty-two national organizations that work on community design and development, envi-
ronmental protection, and  public health have approved or endorsed this booklet. These
organizations have many resources, some of which are listed in the Resources section, to
help you learn more about smart growth techniques and apply them in your community.

Growth is smart when it gives us great communities, with more choices and personal
freedom, good return on public investment, greater opportunity across the community,
a thriving natural environment, and a legacy we can be proud to leave our children and
grandchildren.
              This  is  smart  growth.

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              A  Shot  at  the  American
              Dream  of Opportunity
              for  All
         When you think of the American Dream, what
         comes to mind? Maybe it's owning a home
         or running your own business. It could be
graduating from college, raising a child, serving your
country, owning a boat, or writing a novel. It could be
something else  entirely. The American Dream celebrates
that we are a free nation, built on opportunity and
choices. Whatever we choose, we have a decent shot at
making our dreams a reality if we work hard.
   In neighborhoods where services and jobs are lack-
ing, development can bring them. In neighborhoods
where housing  is unaffordable, development can supply
new options nearby. Of course, everyone can think of a
situation where development contributed to the opposite
effect: a neighborhood school closed, jobs moved away,
housing prices rose, or transportation options were lim-
ited. But when  development is based on smart growth
principles, it increases opportunities and the chance to
achieve the American Dream.
   For instance, Americans have a long history of start-
ing their own businesses at home. Small businesses  are
the principal source of new jobs in the United States,
and they often start in inexpensive spaces that people
supply for themselves. However, zoning and hom-
eowners' association rules these days often prohibit
home-based businesses. As a solution to this problem,
developments designed with  smart growth principles are
providing new opportunity with "live/work" units. Buy-
ers benefit because their monthly mortgage payments
cover their business rent, typically one of the biggest
expenses for small-business owners. Main Street in the
Kentlands, a development in Gaithersburg, Maryland,
includes 62 live/work units alongside townhouses,
detached homes, and an apartment building for seniors.
In this neighborhood, you can own a home and a busi-
ness at the same address.
   Vasilis and Julie Hristopoulos were looking for an
opportunity like this when they moved to the Kentlands'
Main Street. They were the first to build a restaurant
there and live  in a three-bedroom home upstairs. "My
husband always wanted this kind of arrangement,"
Julie says. It makes life easier for two people who spend
much of their time running a restaurant. When busi-
ness is slow, they can take care  of household chores
like laundry, and they appreciate having more time with
their children. "We didn't want  them far away from us,"
Julie says. "This is a wonderful  concept. I would recom-
mend it to any family." Of course, not all families would
choose to live  this way. But they should have the choice
if they want it.
   Expanding options in new developments like the
Kentlands is important, but it is also critical to restore
opportunity to cities and older suburbs. As stores and
other businesses have moved to the suburbs over the
past 50 years,  many older, downtown neighborhoods
have lost jobs, amenities, and investment. Residents
of these areas  lack the basics that many of us take for
granted, such as a neighborhood grocery store, and even
 RURAL
               The Kentlands
    Location: Gaithersburg, Md.—Population: 58,091
                                                                                     The Kentlands
                                                                                          T
                    East Liberty
        Location: Pittsburgh, Pa.—Population: 322,450
The Kentlands is a Traditional Neighborhood Development,
27 miles northwest of the nation's capital. Besides live/work
units, the Kentlands includes houses, cottages, townhouses,
apartments, and a town center.
A new grocery store and other businesses are key parts of
East Liberty's revival, bringing jobs and vital services back to
this neighborhood.

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   Live/work units are designed to provide for both resi-
   dential and commercial uses. Live/work owners conduct
   business on the first floor while living upstairs. Busi-
   nesses you might see in live/work units include restau-
   rants, stores, law offices, real estate brokers, nail salons,
   and other neighborhood services.
those willing to work hard may face significant barriers
to personal achievement.
   Restoring economic vitality to these neglected areas
takes a concerted community effort, but it can be done.
East Liberty, a declining neighborhood in Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, reversed its fortunes by working with
national retailers, local activists, and government and
nonprofit agencies to bring back stores, jobs, services,
and well-built affordable homes. The stores and con-
struction companies made commitments to hire people
from the neighborhood for decent-paying jobs. Following
closely behind the revitalization of the neighborhood
were new and renovated houses and apartments afford-
able to the current residents, along with market-rate
homes.
   Access to a good education is a key part of many
Americans' dreams. Where kids live can play a strong
role in determining the quality of their education. By
investing money for schools in communities where
families already live and by creating neighborhoods that
have a diversity of housing types and  income levels,
smart growth approaches can make good educational
opportunities accessible to more children.
   To put these opportunities within reach, the  Wake
County, North Carolina, school  system has invested in
a new middle school in  a downtown Raleigh neighbor-
hood. In addition to helping revitalize and diversify
the neighborhood, the Moore Square Museums Mag-
net Middle School takes advantage of  the city's nearby
museums to give  students unique learning opportunities.
                  The live/work units in the Kentlands allowed the Hristopouloses
                  to fulfill their dream of owning a business and a home.
                     Our communities are full of resources that we can
                  use to create new opportunities, as the Moore Square
                  school did. In the Garfield Park neighborhood of Chi-
                  cago, many residents rely on public transportation to
                  reach jobs and services downtown. When the transit
                  authority planned to close the Green Line in the early
                  1990s, a group of churches and neighborhood organiza-
                  tions worked together to keep it open. Led by Bethel
                  New Life, a faith-based community development cor-
                  poration, the community got the transit authority to
                  upgrade the station and train service. Next to the  sta-
                  tion, Bethel built Bethel Center, with stores and services,
                  and Parkside Estates' custom-built yet affordable homes.
                  The new homes and Bethel Center give residents more
                  options in their neighborhood; the train station makes
                  it easier for them to reach jobs and other opportunities
                  farther away.
                     The American Dream can mean something different
                  to everyone. Smart growth isn't a magic bullet, but com-
                  munities can use it to create new choices and opportuni-
                  ties to help people achieve their goals. •
                           East Liberty
                               T
 Moore Square
Museums School
       T
Garfield Park   URBAN
     T
   Moore Square Museums Magnet Middle School
      Location: Raleigh, N.C.—Population: 326,653
                                         Garfield Park
                            Location: Chicago, III.—Population: 2,862,244
More than a dozen museums and theaters near the Moore
Square School serve as extended classrooms. The school also
works with local businesses to expose students to career
options.
                  Bethel Center houses a bank. Head Start classes, day-care and
                  employment services, a dry cleaners, and a sandwich shop in a
                  convenient location next to the rail station.

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             Safe,  Convenient  Neigh-
             borhoods With  Homes
             That People  Can  Afford
     Finding a good home in a safe neighborhood,
     convenient to jobs, good schools, and other daily
     needs, can be difficult. More often than not,
neighborhoods with lots of amenities, such as public
transit, shops, restaurants, parks, churches, and schools,
are expensive because more people want to live there.
As a result, people who can't afford to live in these
neighborhoods often find themselves either moving far
from their jobs or living in areas where they might not
always feel safe. But no one should have to sacrifice
safety or convenience for affordability. Communities
should strive to provide decent homes  in safe neighbor-
hoods for people of all incomes.
  When plans were being created to redevelop Den-
ver's old Stapleton Airport into a neighborhood with
homes, offices, schools, and shops, citizens wanted it
to include housing in every price range. The Stapleton
neighborhood has a wide variety of homes at different
prices, so that everyone from a receptionist to a CEO can
live in the same neighborhood. There are apartments for
retirees and people with lower incomes, as well as town-
houses and single-family homes. Some residents live
close enough to their jobs to walk to work, and many
children can walk to school.
  Stapleton illustrates a range of choices that's miss-
ing in a lot of new developments. Have you ever driven
through a new community and seen signs advertising
homes in the "low 300's" in one direction and "high
  400's" in another, while "luxury homes starting in the
  900's" are in a different subdivision—and homes for
  anyone of more modest means are somewhere else
  entirely? That's not the way neighborhoods used to be
  built.
    Middleton Hills, in Middleton, Wisconsin, is trying
  to create more choices by bringing back the traditional
  neighborhood with its blend of residents with different
  incomes and at different stages of life. Built in 1995,
  Middleton Hills resembles many older Midwestern
  neighborhoods. Its wide range of home sizes and prices
  has made it a place many people can afford. "I really
  sense it's a good, diverse neighborhood," says Susan
  West, a member of the neighborhood association. "We
  have retired couples, young couples, and new couples."1
Stapleton
 RURAL
         Wellington
            T
               Wellington
   Location: Breckenridge, Colo.—Population: 2,663
      Middleton Hills
          T
                  Middleton Hills
         Location: Middleton, Wis.—Population: 15,956
Breckenridge workers can afford to live close to their jobs,
thanks to the partnership that created the Wellington neigh-
borhood.
  Middleton Hills' pleasant streets offer the feel of a traditional
  neighborhood, with a variety of house styles to attract diverse
  residents.

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          Middleton Hills is
   designed to make it easy
     for residents to walk to
          stores and parks.

   Safety, like price, is important when choosing a place
to live. Careful planning and hard work can make a
neighborhood safer, and even a dangerous neighborhood
can be brought back.
   Look at Fall Creek Place, a formerly distressed
neighborhood on the north side of Indianapolis. Things
started to improve in the late 1990s, when public and
private investment began flowing into the neighborhood.
Market-rate homes and homes for low- and middle-
income families were built side by side, with similar
style and quality, without displacing any of the existing
homeowners. Now there are  "women joggers,  dog walk-
ers, and couples  pushing baby strollers out as  late as ten
o'clock at night," says Chris Palladino, the developer.
"You never would've seen people out at night  a few
years ago." The neighborhood saw  an 80 percent drop in
major crimes from 2000  to 2004.2
   In some communities that are already thriving and
safe, a different problem has arisen: police officers,
firefighters, teachers, and other essential workers can't
afford to live  anywhere near their jobs. Breckenridge,
Colorado, a historic resort town, faced this problem.
Rising home prices were pushing workers farther and
farther out, forcing some  to brave a 45-minute commute
over often-snowy mountain passes. To give Breckenridge
residents more choices, the town government, citizens,
and property owners worked together with state and fed-
eral officials to support the construction of Wellington,
a neighborhood of more than 100 homes. Eighty percent
of the homes are reserved for purchase by people who
work in the county,  who get them for about one-third
(or less) of the median home price in Breckenridge.
   "You've got to find ways to keep the police officers,
the teachers, the managers in the community," says Sam
Mamula, who was mayor of Breckenridge when the Wel-
lington neighborhood was built. "These people are both
the economic engine and  the soul of the town."3
   Places like Stapleton, Middleton Hills, Fall Creek
Place, and Wellington are still the exception rather than
the rule. Making communities like these more common
gives people the opportunity to live near jobs and ame-
nities in neighborhoods that are safe and affordable.  •
                                                       Stapleton
                                                           T
                       Fall Creek Place
                             T
                                                                                                       URBAN
                    Stapleton
      Location: Denver, Colo.—Population: 556,835
                     Fall Creek Place
         Location: Indianapolis, Ind.—Population: 784,242

The many home choices in Stapleton's neighborhoods mean
that singles, families, and empty-nesters can all find a place
they can afford.
This revitalized neighborhood has become an award-winning
community. People of various incomes live in its new and
renovated homes and enjoy its parks, shops, and churches.

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              Development  Decisions
              That Are  Fair to  Everyone
      Any new development brings change. It can mean
      new economic opportunities, changes in traffic,
      more homes, or loss of farmland. Property own-
ers, neighbors, renters, developers, businesses, schools,
governments, and taxpayers all feel the effects, and they
all have rights and responsibilities that must be fairly
balanced.
  Developers expect a timely and predictable approval
process, and citizens expect that new development will
not harm them and will be consistent with the commu-
nity's vision. Both groups should work constructively
with local government and each other on development
proposals. Local officials should establish development
policies and priorities that use tax dollars wisely, protect
public health and welfare, balance the needs  of residents
and developers, include citizens in the decision-making
process, and plan for the long term.
  Thinking about the long term prompted steel indus-
try CEO Robert Grow to wonder, "What are the choices
we're leaving our children and grandchildren about
how they're going to live? Are we actually robbing them
of opportunities and choices we had ourselves?"1 To
answer these questions, Grow and other leaders in the
Salt Lake City area formed Envision Utah, a partnership
of business and civic leaders and policy makers, which
engaged thousands of residents to discuss their vision
for growth in the region. In essence, Envision Utah gave
the people who would be affected by future decisions a
 RURAL
New Jersey
 Pinelands
   T
            New Jersey Pinelands
         Location: Southern New Jersey—
  Size: 1 million acres, 40,000 permanently protected
                                        fair chance to influence those decisions, ensuring that
                                        everyone had a stake in the outcome. The resulting
                                        vision was a future that conserved more land, provided
                                        transportation and housing choices, and invested public
                                        money wisely—all crucial components of a smart growth
                                        approach to development.
                                           Another region found a way to fairly compensate
                                        property owners who own land that the community
                                        wants to preserve because of its agricultural, aesthetic,
                                        environmental, or cultural value. The New Jersey
                                        Pinelands is an ecologically unique and sensitive area
                                        surrounded by encroaching development. To satisfy the
                                        interests of landowners, developers, and the community,
                                        the federal and state governments worked with seven
                                        counties and 53 municipalities to develop a regional,

                                     Barracks Row
                                                             Davidson
                                               Location: Near Charlotte, N.C.—Population: 8,343
Over the past 20 years, the New Jersey Pinelands TDK program
has permanently conserved more than 40,000 acres of farms
and forests in the nation's most densely populated state.3
                                         Davidson preserves its small-town feel through careful, inclu-
                                         sive planning. Everyone in the community has a chance to help
                                         shape development proposals to meet the town's goals.

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market-based transfer of development rights (TDK) pro-
gram. Property owners get money from selling develop-
ment rights that are tied to their land. Developers can
buy these rights to build in areas designated for growth.
And  the community knows that the green space will be
protected.
   Balancing interests fairly is important, and a clear,
predictable, timely, and participatory process helps to
ensure fair results. One such process  is  a "charrette,"
a series of workshops in which community members
discuss their concerns, ideas,  and goals for develop-
ment; developers  explain their proposals; and profes-
sional designers illustrate these ideas and suggest ways
to fulfill the community's vision. In Davidson, North
Carolina, every new development proposal must go
through a charrette. Developer Frank Jacobus says that
the charrette helped him "come up with a new plan that
was better than the original."2 The collaboration gives
residents a fair chance to express their concerns and
goals. Developers benefit because the process is predict-
able  and  enables them to line up public support so that
their projects can move forward smoothly.
   When neglected communities revitalize, longtime
residents and business owners who suffered through
the bad times should be able to share in the good times.
However,  as these communities attract more investment,
they often become more expensive, making it harder for
existing residents and business owners  to stay.  Barracks
Row, a historic Main Street in southeast Washington,
D.C., is experiencing a renaissance. As  new shops  and
restaurants fill the once-vacant commercial buildings,
the local Main Street organization encourages new busi-
nesses to hire nearby residents. The  organization also
Public transit is a key component of Envision Utah's plan for growth.
    has provided loans to established businesses for facade
    improvements and has brought in consultants and other
    resources to help those businesses adapt to changes.
       "There's always a danger, when you go into a  com-
    munity and start to revitalize it, that it will run  out the
    people who live there and work there," says Denise
    D'Amour, who co-owns a bike shop and a specialty
    shop selling hand-crafted gifts and home furnishings.
    "Barracks Row Main Street has really made an effort
    not to let that happen." The partnerships in Barracks
    Row have helped ensure that businesses, residents, and
    other members of the community are responsible  to one
    another for the neighborhood's success.
       Ultimately, "fair" does not mean that everyone will
    agree with the result. What it does mean, at a minimum,
    is that a community should engage the public in devel-
    opment decisions in good faith. This means involving
    citizens early enough for their input to be effective, let-
    ting people air their concerns openly, assessing  impacts,
    addressing undue hardships,  and providing developers
    with a more predictable process.  •
                  Barracks Row
    Location: Washington, D.C.—Population: 553,523
                                                                 Barracks Row
                                                                      T
                           Envision Utah
                                 T
                                                                                                       URBAN
                          Envision Utah
                Location: Greater Wasatch Area, Utah—
       Population: 1.6 million in 1995,2.7 million projected by 2020
Careful economic planning helped revitalize Barracks Row, but
not at the expense of older businesses and longtime residents.
    Salt Lake City's Gateway Plaza is one result of towns and
    citizens coming together and planning for the future they
    want for the region.

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                 Investing  Taxpayer
                 Money Wisely  in
                 Our  Communities
            When our tax dollars are invested in growth
            and development, we expect that our lives
            and the community as a whole will improve.
  We want to get the most out of investments we've
  already made and use our current resources wisely,
  building where it makes sense to build and not duplicat-
  ing or undermining previous expenditures.
     Studies have shown, and communities are discover-
  ing, that more compact development makes tax dol-
  lars go farther because it reduces the cost of providing
  services and infrastructure.1 The Minneapolis-St. Paul
  Metropolitan Council found that by using smart growth
  techniques, "the region overall could save $3 billion...,
  94 percent [of which] would come from local commu-
  nities saving money on roads and sewers. These local
  savings could be even far greater by including lower
  spending on school construction  and other services
  such as health care, public safety, libraries, etc."2 The
  Metropolitan Council helps its member governments
  generate these savings by investing in projects in estab-
  lished cities and suburbs. In St. Louis Park, a suburb
  of Minneapolis, public funding helped get the Excelsior
  and Grand project off the ground. While the project was
  mainly funded by private investment, the public con-
  tribution was around 20 percent of the total cost. The
  development has created a downtown for St. Louis Park
  and sparked a residential building boom.
     As the Metropolitan Council's efforts show, it is up
  to state and municipal governments to direct public and
   private investment to areas where they want growth or
   revitalization. Paying for new infrastructure for develop-
   ment on the fringes of a community—while neglecting
   buildings and infrastructure in which the community
   has already invested—is not fiscally prudent, but it is
   often how communities grow. Increasingly, however,
   communities are realizing that this approach under-
   mines their efforts to strengthen downtowns and
   improve existing infrastructure.
     In Florence, Alabama, city leaders struggled with an
   aging downtown that was losing stores and residents.
   To make the most of investments in the area, Florence
   made a bold decision to build a state-of-the-art library
   in the heart of town. This investment reassured citizens
   and businesses that additional private dollars invested in
   the area would not be wasted, and now it is paying off:
   nearly 95 percent of downtown buildings are occupied.3
   By working with what it already had to revive the down-
   town, Florence has given new meaning to its nickname,
   "The Renaissance City."
     The Mefford family played a role in the city's recent
   turnaround.  "We really wanted to stay downtown," says
   Olin Mefford, whose grandfather opened a jewelry store
   there in 1945. Encouraged by the visible public invest-
   ment and the commitment of business owners like the
   Meffords, other businesses have moved downtown,
   bringing hundreds of jobs.4 "I feel better now than at
   any time in the last 20 years," Mefford says, pointing
   to new restaurants and increased foot traffic. "Even the
   RURAL
                        Carroll County
                             T
Burlington
   T
Florence
   T
                 Carroll County
Location: West of Atlanta, Ga.—Population (entire county): 87,268
                       Burlington
          Location: Southeastern Iowa—Population: 25,579
  The Carroll County Board of Commissioners responded to area
  residents' desire for clean water and scenic beauty by purchas-
  ing wetlands and other sensitive lands.
   Public investment in Burlington's Main Street has brought
   people to other downtown events, like this farmers' market.

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  When you hear the word infrastructure, you probably
  think of roads, sewers, or utility lines. But the term can
  also include hospitals, schools, emergency services
  like firefighters and police, sidewalks, or ponds to hold
  stormwater. Infrastructure generally means any per-
  manent resources that serve the community and are
  publicly funded.
old stinky pool hall has been remodeled. They have live
music on the weekends now. There's just a lot going on."
   One way to make the most of public investment is
to reuse an old structure in a new way. In Burlington,
Iowa, residents worried that shopping malls outside
of town were drawing business and vitality away from
downtown. The closing of the historic Hotel Burlington,
once considered the finest hotel in the Midwest, was a
particularly painful blow. In 1985, Burlington started a
Main Street program, spawning local partnerships that
created a start-up center for new businesses, expanded
the local farmers' market, and turned the old Hotel
Burlington into the Burlington Apartments, where senior
citizens of varying incomes can live close to shopping,
parks,  and other downtown amenities. Other projects
include a new grocery store and the recent redevelop-
ment of a  downtown department store, which is now
home to a coffee and sandwich shop, a bridal shop,
offices, and apartments. Val Giannettino, the Main Street
program director,  hopes that the new stores and services
will bring  in more residents. "Nobody would have ever
thought of living downtown until very recently," she
says. "I think we're very similar to many of these other
towns  that have reinvented themselves."
   As Florence and Burlington have shown, strategic
public investments can deliver multiple benefits. Not
only did these towns get new  or renovated buildings,
but they also got the  added benefits of new amenities,
an increased tax base, and a lively downtown to attract
        Excelsior & Grand
               T
visitors and residents.
   In Carroll County, Georgia, where development pres-
sure from fast-growing Atlanta is mounting, investments
to protect water quality are also protecting the scenic
landscapes that residents love. Robert Barr, a lifelong
resident and chairman of the Carroll County Board of
Commissioners, notes that the county's water supply
comes almost entirely from surface water. He and others
decided that the best way to protect water quality was
by acquiring land in sensitive environmental areas and
wetlands along rivers and streams. At the same time,
in countywide listening sessions, Barr heard repeatedly
that  citizens valued their quality of life, which "centered
on the rural nature, the beauty of the county." With this
input, the county has succeeded in protecting critical
environmental areas while preserving its treasured rural
scenery.
   Public investments in communities should be wise
and  enduring. Communities have to balance their lim-
ited  resources between taking care of what they have
and  building new places. Thoughtful  public investments
based on smart growth principles can accomplish both
of these goals. •
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                    Florence
  Location: Northwestern Alabama—Population: 36,258
                     Excelsior & Grand
        Location: St. Louis Park, Minn.—Population: 43,607
Florence's public investment in the downtown sparked a
revival along its main street.
Strategic public investment helped to create this walkable
town center for St. Louis Park, adding stores, housing, services,
and a new town green.

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                Protecting  and  Preserving
                Our  Natural  Heritage  and
                Working Lands
       From "amber waves of grain" to "purple moun-
       tains' majesty," natural landscapes help define
       the character of our nation and our communities.
  Whether it's a community garden in a busy neighbor-
  hood; a scenic river where people fish, kayak, or hike
  along the banks; or a "pick your own strawberries"
  farm, people care about conserving recreational, scenic,
  working, and environmentally valuable lands. Between
  1994 and 2005, citizens in 45 states voted to finance
  more than $30 billion worth of conservation measures.1
  Communities around the country are buying land or
  directing development toward areas better suited for
  building. This tremendous public support for conser-
  vation reflects how strongly people feel about natural
  places.
     Parks, natural areas, and scenic landscapes also have
  great economic value. Protected open space increases
  the property values of nearby homes and attracts
  tourism and recreation. Working lands like farms and
  ranches support local economies, strengthen the tax
  base, and provide food. Preserving and restoring envi-
  ronmentally important areas such as wetlands helps
  protect drinking water from pollution, reducing the need
  for costly water treatment infrastructure.
     Coffee Creek Center in Chesterton, Indiana, is capi-
  talizing on many of these values. By restoring nearly 170
  acres of land that naturally manages stormwater, devel-
  opers reduced the need to build expensive infrastructure.
  Conserving this land also protects the beauty of the
   prairies, woods, and wetlands for visitors and residents
   of this traditional, walkable neighborhood, which has
   five miles of trails and other outdoor amenities. "This is
   a preserve they can enjoy and see every day," says Kelle
   Anne Mobley, the development company's director of
   operations. "If you design [the community] properly,
   when you have all these natural areas to enjoy, you're
   more likely to be outside and walking to the store or
   walking with friends. It just lends itself to connecting
   with your fellow neighbors."
      A distinctive landscape can make a community a
   great place to live, and local residents want to preserve
   that character. Skagit County, Washington, midway
   between Seattle and Vancouver,  relies economically on
   agriculture and doesn't want to lose its farming heritage
   and culture to the area's rapid growth. To protect both
   farmland and the local way of life, the county's Farm-
   land Legacy Program buys development rights from
   interested farmers so that they can keep farming, and it
   directs development to more suitable areas. In this way
   the county is able to grow while protecting the agricul-
   ture that means so much economically and culturally.
      Buying land or development  rights is one way to
   protect our working  and natural lands; another is to
   make it easy and attractive to live in more developed
   areas, reducing the demand for development on green
   space. Cuyahoga County, Ohio, home to Cleveland and
   its inner suburbs, had lost more  than 300,000 residents
   from the 1970s through the late  1990s. Families who
   RURAL
            Skagit County
                 T
                 Skagit County
        Location: Northwest Washington State—
          Population (entire county): 111,064
 Coffee Creek Center
        T
                   Coffee Creek Center
           Location: Chesterton, Ind.—Population: 11,570
  Skagit County's fertile river valley produces more than 90 dif-
  ferent crops and more tulip, daffodil, and iris bulbs than any
  other county in the United States.
In addition to restoring natural lands. Coffee Creek Center encourages
walking and bicycling to reduce pollution from cars, builds homes with
environmentally friendly materials, and uses energy-saving measures
to conserve resources and protect the environment.
10

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    Coffee Creek Center
    were looking for larger or newer homes unavailable in
    the urban county moved out to previously undeveloped
    areas. Now the county offers an innovative, low-interest,
    home-improvement loan program that makes it easier
    and less expensive for residents to repair, renovate, or
    improve their homes—and that is keeping people in
    the county. According to County Treasurer Jim Rokakis,
    "Eighty percent [of the loan applicants] said they will
    stay in the home longer since they were able to do their
    improvements."2
       At the same time,  preserving green space in urban
    areas is critical for residents' quality of life. City parks
    and community gardens offer recreation and respite
    from the urban bustle. With the support of local resi-
    dents, the East Bay Regional Park District in the popu-
    lous San Francisco-Oakland metropolitan area has
    preserved historic farms, woodlands and grasslands, and
    significant portions of the San Francisco Bay coastline.
    The park system comprises roughly 85,000 acres in
    Alameda and Contra Costa counties where, a short dis-
    tance from their homes, residents can swim, hike, fish,
    picnic, and enjoy natural beauty.
       Robert Pike, who lives about 20 miles south of
    Oakland, notes that within the huge park system  "are
    literally thousands of hiking trails," ranging from  easy,
    flat paths to steep mountain trails where "you might
    not see anyone for hours." Pike volunteers in the  Sunol
    Regional Wilderness,  where students learn about  nature
    and the traditions of Native Americans who first settled
    the area. "These kids are brought here from Oakland,
    and they're in an environment they've never seen before
    in their lives," Pike says. "There are snakes and spiders
    and bobcats. There are all these trees. And they don't
    know where all the houses have gone."
       In the past, development that brought new jobs,
    stores, and homes often meant giving up the farms,
    streams, and culture that people had known all their
    lives. Now, local governments, developers, and citizens
    are finding smarter ways to grow—bringing economic
    opportunity while preserving our landscapes for the
    future. •

One of the East Bay Regional Park District's 65 parks
                                                                  Cuyahoga County
                                                                         T
                           East Bay Regional
                             Park District
                                  T
                                                                                                           URBAN
                    Cuyahoga County
Location: Northeastern Ohio—Population (entire county): 1,393,978
                   East Bay Regional Park District
          Location: Alameda and Contra Costa Counties, Calif. -
                       Population: 2.5 million
    The county's low-interest, home-improvement loan program
    "came at a very good time for us. Our family's funds were low,"
    says Edward Caraszi, a loan recipient. "We will be staying in
    this house longer as a result."3
    The park system includes wilderness areas; shorelines; camp-
    ing sites; places to swim, boat, or fish; and more than 1,000
    miles of trails. Some parks are accessible by public transit.
                                                                                                                     11

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                 Freedom to  Choose
                 How We  Get  Around
        Think about the choices you have for getting
        around town. In many places in this country, you
        must use a car, because other options are not
   safe, practical, or even possible. But when snow, sleet, or
   construction snarl traffic, can you ride a train or bus to
   work instead? If you're in the middle of baking cookies
   and you run out of butter, can you safely send your child
   to a corner market? As  you grow older, will you be able
   to go to the store, a doctor's appointment, or a  friend's
   house on your own if you can no longer drive?  Com-
   munities need to provide options for those who can't or
   choose not to  own a car, for children and seniors who
   want more independence, and for people who might
   want to drive  to work one day and bike the next.
     The key to efficient transportation is to have multiple
   routes and types of transportation. In many places, we
   rely on highways and busy arterial streets to get from
   one place to another because there are few alternate
   routes. Then,  when there's traffic or an accident, we're
   stuck. But when our streets are connected in a  complete
   network, we can choose from many different routes to
   get from point A to point B. Streets should be designed
   not only to move cars but also to be safe and inviting
   for pedestrians, cyclists, and transit users. Such design
   means appropriate speeds, widths, and sidewalks, as
   well as buildings, trees, and even benches. Often, com-
   munities already have the basic infrastructure for people
   to get around  without a car; they just need to make a few
   improvements so that it's easier and more comfortable.
   Arlington County, Virginia, just across the Potomac
River from Washington, B.C., gives its residents a wealth
of options for getting around. Walking is easy because
homes, offices, stores, and civic buildings are grouped
near subway stations and in close proximity to each
other. Forty percent of the people who live in the coun-
ty's subway corridors commute by public transit,1 com-
pared with a national average of about 5 percent.2 For
A Metro station in Arlington
    RURAL
                    Missoula
      Location: Western Montana—Population: 57,053
       Location: Northern California—Population: 60,308
   To make people feel more comfortable commuting by bus, van-
   or carpool, bicycle, or foot, the Missoula in Motion partnership
   offers commuters a free, guaranteed ride home in the event of
   an emergency or unexpected overtime.
Tim Bustos, Davis' pedestrian and bicycling coordinator, notes,
"The city's extensive network of greenbelts is critical, because
it makes parents comfortable with their children cycling. They
don't have to worry about their kids interacting with traffic."5
12

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   For people who need cars only occasionally, car sharing
   is a popular concept. Typically, a company or organiza-
   tion owns a fleet of cars that can be reserved  by the
   hour. They are parked at strategic locations around a city.
   Members pay a fee to join and are charged an hourly
   rate to use the vehicle without having to pay separately
   for gas, maintenance, and insurance.
areas not served by the subway, the county has tailored
bus routes to key corridors. It also has partnered with
car-sharing companies to provide vehicles for residents
to rent, making it easier for citizens to choose to own
one car instead of two or three  or not to own a  car at all.
Arlington's comprehensive approach to transportation
ensures that its residents, whatever their age, ability, or
preference, have many options  for getting around.
   Subways or other rail systems may not work for
smaller communities, but transit still plays an important
role. Many communities use bus systems to supplement
transportation choices. In Missoula, Montana, bus lines
take people almost anywhere in the city.  Students at the
University of Montana ride for free, and businesses can
arrange for employee  discounts. While cars are  still an
important part of most Missoulians' lives, the bus helps
ensure that when people can't or don't want to drive,
they can still get where they need to go.
   Bikes are another option, especially for the roughly
60 percent of all daily trips in the United States that are
    under five miles.3 Using bicycles to get around requires
    safe streets, bike routes and trails, and adequate bike
    parking. Davis, California, instituted strong policies to
    support biking and has one of the highest levels of bicy-
    cle commuting in the country—17 percent.4 Davis has
    more than 100 miles of bike lanes and trails and thou-
    sands of bike parking spaces.  The city has a good bus
    system, too, giving residents other transportation options.
       Then, there's walking. In Providence, Rhode
    Island, South Providence Neighborhood Ministries has
    mapped a two-and-a-half mile pedestrian route along
    the neighborhood's main thoroughfare, Broad Street.
    The nonprofit group has linked a host of health-related
    programs and activities to what it calls the Broad Street
    "Path to Health," which is lined with mom-and-pop
    shops and restaurants. Walkers can track their mileage
    on the path by checking signs marking every half mile in
    four languages. And along the route, South Providence
    Neighborhood Ministries offers various services to low-
    income residents, including exercise and stress  manage-
    ment classes, health screenings,  and food distribution
    programs. Bobbi Houllahan, the  nonprofit group's health
    coordinator, notes that Broad  Street also is the route of a
    bus line that is heavily used by residents. "We have a lot
    of refugees and immigrants,"  Houllahan says. "People
    can't afford cars."
       People want more  transportation choices, whether
    it's to save money on gas, to get  into shape by walking
    or biking to their destinations, or to have a more relax-
    ing commute. Communities can provide these choices by
    making it easy for residents and visitors to drive, walk,
    bike, or take transit. Large or  small, every community
    can use smart growth  techniques to give people the free-
    dom to choose how they get around. •
                            South Providence
                                   T
                     Arlington County
                            T
                                                                                                         URBAN
                 South Providence
      Location: Rhode Island—Population: 173,618
                         Arlington County
      Location: Northern Virginia—Population (entire county): 189,453
South Providence's "Path to Health" encourages residents of
this low-income neighborhood to bike and walk for exercise,
for fun, and to get to where they need to go.
Arlington's range of transportation choices has made it one of the few
places in the country that's managed to grow without significantly
increasing traffic, benefiting not only the people who choose to walk,
bike, or take transit, but also those who choose to drive.
                                                          13

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                  Healthy  Communities
                  for  All  Ages
         The way we design, live in, and get around our
         communities directly affects our health. Many
         of the techniques that make communities more
   attractive and affordable places to live also make them
   healthier places. Streets that are safe and comfortable for
   walkers and bikers encourage people to get more exer-
   cise as part of their daily routines. Having transportation
   options besides cars helps reduce traffic  and air pollu-
   tion. And preserving green space helps protect water
   quality while making communities more attractive.
      Research shows that while daily physical activity is
   vital for keeping fit and healthy, most people don't get
   the exercise they need. When a community is designed
   to be easier to get around, people can more easily incor-
   porate physical activity into their daily lives.
      Children can get daily exercise by walking or bik-
   ing to school, but many parents are concerned about
   safety. Many communities have come up with innova-
   tive solutions, like the "walking school bus," in which
   adult volunteers walk groups of children to school. The
   Broadway-Slavic Village neighborhood in Cleveland,
   Ohio, instituted such a program to encourage children
   to walk to school. In another effort, local teenagers got
   training on bicycle safety and repairs and received free
   refurbished bicycles; the kids then toured every street in
   Slavic Village to map safe bicycling and walking routes.
      Our youngest and oldest  community  members are
   typically the most vulnerable to health problems from
   air and water pollution. Children are especially suscep-
    RURAL
                         Edwards Aquifer
                               T
    tible to respiratory problems like asthma, which can
    be worsened by air pollution. People in many large
    metropolitan regions know about "code red" days,
    when the air quality is so poor that even healthy people
    are advised not to exercise outdoors, and children,
    the elderly, and individuals with respiratory and heart
    problems are advised to spend as little time outside as
    possible. Atlanta, Georgia, offers a dramatic example of
    the effects of air  pollution on asthma. During the 1996
:    Olympic Games,  when the city discouraged driving
    and increased public transportation, rush-hour traffic
    decreased  substantially and ozone levels fell sharply.
    During the same period, the number of asthma-related
    medical emergencies in Atlanta fell by 42 percent.1
       Reducing air pollution from driving was a key goal for
    Atlantic Station, a new neighborhood built on the site of

Slavic Village
                      Saratoga Springs
                            T
                  Edwards Aquifer
      Location: Central Texas—Size: 4,400 square miles
                      Saratoga Springs
           Location: Upstate New York—Population: 27,686
   Protecting undeveloped land around San Antonio and Austin
   will mean safe, clean drinking water for generations to come.
   With homes, shops, the senior center, doctors' offices, a library,
   and more, downtown Saratoga Springs has everything seniors
   need to feel safe, welcome, and active in their retirement
   years.
14

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a former steel mill in Atlanta.2 Most growth in Atlanta is
expected to occur outside the city, increasing commut-
ing times. By contrast, Atlantic Station is near Midtown
Atlanta and close to public transportation. It has homes,
shops, offices, and parks close enough together that
residents, workers, and visitors can walk to their desti-
nations. Atlantic Station meets other community health
goals as well. The redevelopment cleaned up a contami-
nated site, and the parks and pedestrian-friendly design
of the neighborhood encourage people to be active.
    Places designed  for people to be active are also
places that enable people to stay in the same  neighbor-
hood as they grow older, a concept embraced by many
of the nation's baby boomers. Saratoga Springs, New
York, where approximately 18 percent of the popula-
tion is more than 60 years old, is one such place where
homes, stores, and services are close together and
served by public transit.
    Older residents don't have to move out of town as
their needs change.  Homes and apartments are close to
the Saratoga Springs Senior Center, a library, stores,  and
medical services. Besides being able to walk or drive,
older adults can use free downtown transportation and
the local Amtrak station.
    Designing communities that make it easy for older
residents to stay in their homes lets them remain active
and continue to enjoy the companionship of neighbors
of all ages. Most of us don't want to think about it, but
there will come a day when we can no longer drive. The
question is, when that day arrives, do you want to live
in a neighborhood where you can walk or take transit
to a coffee shop, a doctor's office, a friend's house, or a
pharmacy? Or do you want to rely on finding someone
to drive you everywhere you need to go?
Atlantic Station

       Another health-related goal that smart development
    strategies can help us achieve is good water quality.
    Many communities around the country are protecting
    their water supplies by directing growth away from areas
    near drinking water sources or by preserving undevel-
    oped land around those sources to protect them from
    pollution. The preserved land not only protects water
    quality, it also gives people valued places to play, relax,
    and connect with nature. Voters in San Antonio and
    Austin, Texas,  have approved tax increases and bonds to
    buy land over  the Edwards Aquifer, which supplies both
    cities with drinking water. The cities and their partners
    buy only from willing sellers and pay fair market value
    for the land. By preserving it as parkland, they spend
    less than they  would to build water-treatment facili-
    ties, and they protect beautiful and culturally important
    natural places.
       Places designed with smart growth principles—such
    as making walking and bicycling safe and attractive,
    protecting natural resources vital to our health, and
    supporting communities where people of all ages can
    live comfortably—help  everyone  in the  community
    lead healthier lives. Making the healthy choice the
    easy choice can encourage physical activity and reduce
    pollution.  •
                                               Slavic Village
                                                     T
                         Atlantic Station
                                T
                                                                                                        URBAN
                   Slavic Village
     Location: Cleveland, Ohio—Population: 458,684
                         Atlantic Station
               Location: Atlanta, Ga.—Population: 349,555
Slavic Village is encouraging kids to be active by making walking
and biking in the neighborhood safer.
    Atlantic Station's in-town location and proximity to public
    transportation, new jobs, and stores mean residents don't
    have to drive as much to meet their daily needs, helping to
    reduce air pollution from cars.
                                                                                                                  15

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                  Places  Designed
                  for  People
         The physical design of a community affects our
         lives every time we step out our doors. Places
         that are designed with people in mind show
   careful attention to the experience each person will
   have with the street, the sidewalk, the buildings, and
   the surrounding environment. Buildings and routes are
   close together so that people can stroll from one place to
   another. Sidewalks have benches where weary walkers
   can rest or just people-watch. The buildings along the
   street are eye-catching, and shop windows facing the
   street encourage browsers to look inside the stores. Cars
   park by the curb, or in secure parking lots behind the
   building, to present a more welcoming and safer front
   entrance for pedestrians. Trees, squares, and "pocket
   parks" offer shade, beauty,  and peace.

   Cotton District
    RURAL
                          Traverse City
                               T
   The organization Project for Public Spaces points out
that "activities are the building blocks of a place. They
are the reasons people come the first time and why they
return."1 Traverse City, Michigan, long a favorite tourist
site for its natural beauty and annual Cherry Festival,
has made its downtown a destination for both visitors
and residents. In 1997, following citizens' wishes, the
city rewrote its master plan to replace its downtown
parking lots with homes, shops, and businesses. Today,
its historic buildings are interspersed with attractive
new ones; a trout stream runs through the middle of
downtown; and tree-lined sidewalks go past parks,
restaurants, shops, and offices. As in all successful town
centers, the wide variety of activities piques visitors'
interest and brings residents back again and again.
   Many people enjoy neighborhoods where they can
get to  know and chat with  their neighbors. Places that
are designed for people recognize the  importance  of this
kind of personal interaction. Well-designed neighbor-
hoods with attractive sidewalks, small parks, and  shops
and restaurants that serve the community lend them-
selves to chance encounters with friends and neighbors.
This is what Dan Camp had in mind when he developed
the Cotton District in Starkville, Mississippi, a sociable,
walkable neighborhood where artfully crafted homes
are linked with brick walkways and narrow, landscaped
streets. "People like the intimacy we can offer them,"
Camp says. "When you live in the Cotton District, you
feel like you live in a neighborhood."2 Even though the
Cotton District
     T
                   Traverse City
      Location: Northern Michigan—Population: 14,532
                    Cotton District
         Location: Starkville, Miss.—Population: 21,869
   The citizen-inspired master plan helped make downtown
   Traverse City an interesting, engaging place to stroll, shop, or
   just relax.
Brick sidewalks, lush landscaping, and homes and shops close
together give this neighborhood a "historic" character that
attracts residents and visitors alike.
16

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                                                                                                              Portland
   Cotton District is only a couple of decades old, visitors
   often believe it is one of Starkville's most beautiful "his-
   toric neighborhoods."3
      Designing for people can create value that lasts
   for generations.  Haile Village Center, just outside of
   Gainesville, Florida, is a new neighborhood of homes
   and small commercial buildings set around a village
   green. Throughout its development, many old trees
   were preserved,  and homes and shops were  constructed
   in the elegant building styles found in the small towns
   of north-central  Florida. The developer wasn't trying
   to return to the past; rather, he was using time-tested
   characteristics that Floridians have long embraced. Haile
   Traverse City
Village Center's delightful public squares and plazas
host neighborhood celebrations and farmers' markets.
Although it is just a small part of the 2,000-acre master-
planned Haile Plantation, the Village Center has become
the focal point for the entire community.
   Attorney David Coffey, a former Gainesville mayor
and commissioner, has lived and worked in the Vil-
lage Center for more than eight years. "When I walk to
work it takes five minutes," Coffey says. "When I drive
it takes one minute, and I barely have to put my foot
on the accelerator. I can go home for lunch whenever I
want. But it isn't  just going to work. Many things I have
to do on a daily basis, I can do right here in the Village
Center."4
   Portland, Oregon, demonstrates this idea on a larger
scale. The city's streets, which feature fountains, art,
and short city blocks, have made Portland one of the
nation's most walkable cities. This quality is enhanced
by the city's vibrant mix  of shops, cafes, and galleries.
The pedestrian is the primary beneficiary of all this care-
ful planning, but  businesses benefit as well: the short
blocks create more valuable corner locations, and more
pedestrian traffic  means more shoppers.
   Walkability, beauty, sociability,  and access to activi-
ties are critical ingredients in designing for people.
When these elements are brought together through
careful, smart design, our communities become timeless
places for people  who want safety, convenience,  and
choices in how they get around and where they go. •
                               Haile Village Center
                                      T
                                                                                                            URBAN
                   Haile Village Center
Location: Near Gainesville, Fla.—Population of Gainesville: 108,856
                         Portland
       Location: Northwestern Oregon—Population: 533,492
   Charming homes, mature live oaks, and narrow streets lead to
   a central green that's lined with small commercial buildings in
   the tradition of a small village.
Portland's streets and blocks are designed to make pedestri-
ans feel comfortable in this large city built at a human scale.
                                                                                                                     17

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                  A  Lasting  Legacy
                  in  Our  Communities
        Every structure we build, every street we pave,
        every tree we plant, and every public square
        we shape contributes to the legacy we leave to
   those who will live in or visit our community after us.
   We all want to hand down strong, healthy, beautiful
   places where neighbors know one another; job oppor-
   tunities are abundant; and people of all races, incomes,
   and backgrounds are welcome. But how do we plan to
   achieve this?
      Imagine how confusing and inefficient it would be if
   you didn't plan ahead for a journey. You'd have to keep
   stopping, changing direction, backtracking, trying to fig-
   ure out if you were on the right track or if you needed to
   find a new way. It would be just  as difficult and ineffec-
   tive for a community to plan its development solely on
   the basis of what it sees coming in the next five years.
   Planning for 50 or even 100 years into the future helps
   a community articulate the legacy it wants, set goals to
   achieve it, and create benchmarks it can use to check its
   progress and make necessary changes along the way.
      Charleston, South  Carolina, has taken this long-term
   view, preserving its legacy from years gone by, but also
   enriching that legacy for future residents and visitors.
   Its cobblestone streets, gardens tended for decades,
   moss-covered oak trees, and elegant churches make
   Charleston the distinctive place it is today. Proud of this
   heritage, Charlestonians have taken the responsibility
   not only to pass on what they've inherited, but also to
   honor the past by building new structures—whether
    RURAL
Konza
Prairie
  T
                                           parking garages or public libraries—that fit gracefully
                                           into the community's aesthetics. "There's no excuse
                                           to build anything that doesn't add to the beauty of a
                                           city," says Mayor Joseph Riley. "Humans and cities need
                                           memories."1
                                              Like Charleston, many communities around the
                                           nation have beautiful homes, historic churches, main
                                           streets, and grand civic structures that give them their
                                           identity. These historic structures enrich our lives aes-
                                           thetically and link us to our history. At the same time,
                                           well-built buildings and civic spaces are durable and
                                           flexible enough to adapt as needs, customs, and tech-
                                           nologies change. The town of Lowell, Massachusetts,
                                           grew up around textile mills that were revolutionary in
                                           both their manufacturing methods and the progressive
 Southlake
Town Square
    T
                   Konza Prairie
           Location: Near Manhattan, Kansas—
          Population: 200+ bison on 8,600 acres
                                                           Southlake Town Square
                                                   Location: Southlake, Texas—Population: 24,490
   Bison still graze Konza Prairie, an important ecosystem that
   has remained intact for thousands of years.
                                           Although it was designed in the late 1990s, Southlake Town
                                           Square is built on centuries-old historic traditions.
18

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                                                                                                        Charleston
living conditions they provided for workers from diverse
backgrounds. The Victorian-era mill buildings now serve
a variety of modern uses, including offices, homes,
and museums, while their legacy of improving life for
blue-collar workers is echoed in the day-care center and
the apartments reserved for lower-income residents and
seniors.
   Newly established communities can also build on
the past to create a lasting legacy. In Southlake, Texas,
a growing suburb between Dallas and Fort Worth, the
town square revives the old-time courthouse square
pattern, the first time in a century that a Texas town
has been built in this historic manner. As  in traditional
towns, Southlake Town Square incorporates stores, a
park, homes, and such civic uses as the town hall, a
library, and the county commission's office, all in one
central place. Residents enjoy this new town square: as
many as 20,000 people attend the annual  Fourth of July
celebrations, and twice that many come to arts festivals
and other events that are held there.2
   Sometimes our responsibility is  simply to be good
stewards of what we've inherited: rivers that provide
clean water, forests with wildlife habitat and recreational
space, scenic mountain views, and other precious
natural resources. The Midwest's tallgrass prairies  are
thousands of years old, ecologically unique, and histori-
cally significant for their contributions to the livelihoods
of Native Americans and early settlers. Yet less than 1
percent of the original tallgrass prairie remains.3
   Konza Prairie, near Manhattan, Kansas, is part  of
the state's Flint Hills region, where the tallgrass prairie
remains relatively intact after years of good stewardship
of the land by ranchers. Although Konza is an important
research site, with scientists studying the roles of fire,
grazing and climate in maintaining the tallgrass prairie
ecosystem, the public is still allowed to hike in parts of
the reserve. Cattle and bison still graze the land, which,
in conjunction with periodic, controlled burning, helps
keep the prairie healthy.
   By preserving tangible links with our history, we
honor our past. By planning new development that we
can be proud of, we honor our future. With  thought-
ful planning, we can pass on a legacy of beautiful  and
vibrant communities for generations to come.  •
                                          Lowell
                                            T
    Charleston
        T
                                                                                                         URBAN
                      Lowell
 Location: Northern Massachusetts—Population: 103,655
                        Charleston
      Location: Coastal South Carolina—Population: 104,883
Yesterday's textile mill is today's civic, business, and housing
center. Reusing these old buildings links Lowell to its history
while providing valuable services for the future.
Long-term planning, respect for history, and attention to detail
give Charleston its unique character, attract tourists, and gen-
erate civic pride.
                                                                                                                   19

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                           Growth  and  Develop-
                           ment  That  Improves
                           Our  Communities
     In many places, developers, environmental organiza-
     tions, and smart growth groups are working together
     to support development projects that meet economic,
   environmental,  and community goals. In fact, across the
   country, communities are using development to solve a
   variety of local problems. In the process, they are revital-
   izing vacant buildings and properties, creating housing
   choices, and bringing new amenities to neighborhoods.
     In Lakewood, Colorado, an aging, half-vacant shop-
   ping mall became an award-winning new neighborhood
   called Belmar. The developer worked with residents,
   many of whom  felt attached to the old mall and were
   worried about losing it, to develop a plan that incor-
   porated citizens' desires and needs. Now Belmar is the
   walkable downtown that this Denver inner suburb had
   lacked.  It has brought residents new stores, meeting
   places, and housing options, and it's creating jobs and
   bringing new revenue to the community. "Everything
   about it is just fabulous," says Samantha Bales, a Belmar
   homeowner. "The whole design, the concept, the whole
   look of the area. It's the new downtown Lakewood."1
     All around us, we see places that have been
   improved by new development like Belmar. Communi-
   ties that once lacked a decent grocery store now have
   places to buy fresh fruit and vegetables. Old factories,
   industrial areas, and parking lots are being cleaned of
   pollution and turned into vibrant neighborhoods where
   people can live, shop, and work. Orlando, Florida, met
   the challenge of losing a military base by transforming
    RURAL
            Littleton
              T
                   Littleton
    Location: Northern New Hampshire—Population: 6,116

the property into a new community, Baldwin Park. The
neighborhood has hundreds of acres of parks; several
different housing types, from apartments to townhouses
to high-end homes; shops; offices; and more than 50
miles of walking trails and sidewalks. Bob Giguere, a
television producer who lives two blocks away, runs and
bikes in Baldwin Park. He can do his grocery shopping,
go out to eat, or get a haircut without getting in his car
and dealing with traffic. "For me, all of that is attrac-
tive," he says. "I don't have to go as far. I'm surrounded
by all of the things I actually need."
   Baldwin Park illustrates how the trauma of losing a
major employer can sometimes turn into an opportunity
to start anew with  development that offers something
for the whole community. With the loss of hundreds of
manufacturing jobs, Littleton, New Hampshire, looked
to its Main Street to revitalize the economy, encouraging

Affordable homes at Cowart Place, a mixed-income
development built in downtown Chattanooga by CNE
                     Belmar
       Location: Lakewood, Colo.—Population: 141,301

   Littleton made sure that its revival met multiple community
   goals, including economic growth, educational opportunities,
   and attractive buildings and streets.
Lakewood adapted its aging mall into a lively new town center.
Belmar has an ice-skating rink, shops, restaurants, offices,
live/work units, and other housing options.
20

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Bel mar

unique shops to move into the street's empty storefronts.
Ruth Taylor, executive director of Littleton's Main Street
program, explains, "We want to  give shoppers some-
thing different. Instead of wondering what mall they are
in, we want them to enjoy a unique experience in down-
town Littleton."2 The effort paid off in new businesses,
jobs, and investment. Littleton used the revitalization of
its downtown to improve other aspects of the commu-
nity, including education. The local high school created
"Main Street Academies" to give students real-world
experience working with downtown businesses and the
town government. The town of Littleton has succeeded
in using development to revitalize the economy and
make downtown a jobs center, a shopping destination,
and a learning experience.
   Not everyone in the community will agree that
development is going to help,  and when they don't, they
have both the right and the responsibility to speak up
and work with the local government,  developers, and
other residents to address their concerns. For example,
residents might fear that new development will end up
making their neighborhood unaffordable.
   Chattanooga, Tennessee, addressed that issue head-
on when it embarked on a revitalization effort in the
mid-1980s. During the previous  two decades, the city,
like many other manufacturing-intensive towns, suf-
fered from severe  air pollution, pockets  of concentrated
poverty, and disinvestment. Thousands  of citizens came
together to turn Chattanooga around, starting with a
                                        Chattanooga
                                            T
    visioning process in 1984 that produced two catalysts
    for revitalization. One was turning the riverfront into a
    destination for residents  and tourists—building attrac-
    tions such as the popular Tennessee Aquarium and the
    Hunter Museum of American Art, connecting the river-
    front to the city with pedestrian bridges, and making the
    waterfront a pleasant, inviting place to visit with public
    art, picnic areas, greenery, and cultural attractions. The
    other spark from the visioning process was Chattanooga
    Neighborhood Enterprise (CNE), a nonprofit founded to
    be the city's partner in keeping neighborhoods afford-
    able, safe, and pleasant for its residents. CNE helps
    elderly and low-income residents fix up or buy homes,
    and it develops housing at a blend of prices to encour-
    age economically diverse neighborhoods. The riverfront
    revitalization has brought new prosperity and activity
    to Chattanooga, and CNE helps ensure that everyone
    shares in the improvements that growth has brought.
       It makes sense that each new development project
    should improve the entire community. We have to work
    with local governments and developers to achieve this
    standard  and use our power as citizens to ensure that as
    our communities grow, they grow smarter. •

Baldwin Park
  Baldwin Park
       T
                                                                                                      URBAN
                  Chattanooga
 Location: Southeastern Tennessee—Population: 154,853
                          Baldwin Park
              Location: Orlando, Fla.—Population: 205,648
Riverfront cleanup and revitalization, along with a concerted
effort to keep neighborhoods affordable for residents, has
improved Chattanooga's prospects for the future.
    Baldwin Park developed from a closed military base into an
    attractive neighborhood with new jobs, homes, and parks.
                                                                                                                21

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A Better Future  for
Everyone
Development touches every part of our lives, so we should make sure we get the develop-
ment we want. Sometimes people worry that development might degrade the quality of
life in their community. It doesn't have to be that way. What if, rather than traffic problems,
a new development near you meant new walking and biking paths? What if, rather than
higher taxes, development meant new friends for your kids? What if, rather than more pollu-
tion, development meant a new neighborhood park? In short, what if development created
great new places that made your community a better place to live?

As you have seen from the examples here, it can be done. Communities around the nation
are developing in ways that offer more choices, protect natural resources, honor shared
culture and heritage, use resources wisely, and improve the economy. They're building safe
and affordable  homes, making it easier to get around, protecting health, and creating more
opportunities for everyone. And a growing number of developers are responding to con-
sumers' desire for places like these.
Smart growth strategies are helping these communities create a better future. They can
help your community, too.

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Here are some of the many resources that can help you improve
the quality of development in the place where you live.

General Smart Growth Resources
Smart Growth Online, www.smartgrowth.org. Provides compre-
hensive information about smart growth and lists publications
produced by Smart Growth Network partners. You can also
become a member of the Smart Growth Network at this site.
EPA's Smart Growth Program, www.epa.gov/smartgrowth.
Tools, publications, and resources to help communities create
great places.
Benfield,  F. Raid, Matthew D. Raimi, and Donald D. T. Chen.
Once There Were Greenfields. New York: Natural Resources
Defense Council and Surface Transportation Policy Project,
1999. Describes the impacts of development patterns on the
environment, economy, and social fabric of the United States.
Duany, Andres, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, and Jeff Speck. Subur-
ban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the Ameri-
can Dream. New York: North Point Press, 2000. Describes the
practices shaping conventional development and provides
alternative models.
Jackson, Kenneth T. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization
of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Traces the factors that led to the growth of the American suburbs.
Jacobs, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities.
New York: Vintage Books, 1961. Examines the elements  of a
functioning city and the practices that can improve or hinder
its function.
Leccese, Michael, and Kathleen McCormick, eds. Charter of the
New Urbanism. McGraw Hill, 2000. Sets out the principles of
new urbanism, and illustrates key concepts with essays and
case studies.
Smart Growth Network. Getting to Smart Growth: 100 Policies
for Implementation. 2002. www.smartgrowth.org. Provides 100
policies to implement smart growth principles.
	Getting to Smart Growth Volume II: 100 More Policies
for Implementation. 2003. www.smartgrowth.org. Provides 100
additional policies to implement  smart growth principles.
	. Why Smart Growth: A  Primer. 1998.
www.smartgrowth.org. Explores  the reasons communities are
choosing to follow smart growth principles.
Smart Growth Shareware: A Library of Smart Growth Resources.
Smart Growth America, 2006. www.smartgrowthamerica.org.
Includes hundreds of smart growth resources.

Resources for Chapter 1
Beaumont,  Constance, et al. Why Johnny Can't Walk to School:
Historic Neighborhood Schools in the Age of Sprawl.  National
Trust for Historic Preservation. 2002. www.nationaltrust.org.
Describes the loss  of neighborhood schools and illustrates
places that  are trying to save historic schools.
Beyard, Michael D., Michael Pawlukiewicz, and Alex Bond.
Ten Principles for Rebuilding Neighborhood Retail. Washington,
D.C.: Urban Land Institute, 2003. www.uli.org. Illustrates prin-
ciples for reinvesting in retail in urban neighborhoods.
Fox, Radhika. Shared Prosperity, Stronger Regions: An Agenda
for Rebuilding America's Older Core Cities. PolicyLink. 2005.
www.policylink.org. Examines how innovative transportation,
neighborhood revitalization, and housing policies can bring
about economic and social revitalization.
Council of Educational Facility Planners International and
EPA. Schools for Successful Communities: An Element of Smart
Growth. 2004. www.cefpi.org. Describes how communities can
employ smart growth planning principles to build schools.
National Association of Realtors®. On Common Ground: Smart
Growth for Better Schools. Winter 2005. www.realtors.org.
Examines the links between smart growth and schools.
For more information about:
• The Kentlands, see: www.kentlandsusa.com.
• Live/work units, see: www.live-work.com.
• East Liberty, see: www.eastliberty.org.
• Moore Square Museums Magnet Middle School, see:
  mooresquarems.wcpss.net/application.htm and
  www.smartgrowth.org/library/articles.asp?art= 1820&res = 800.
• Bethel New Life, see: www.bethelnewlife.org.

Resources for Chapter 2
Local Government Commission. Creating Great Neighborhoods:
Density in Your Community. 2003. www.smartgrowth.org.
Describes how well-designed, compact development provides
housing and transportation options, greater economic develop-
ment, and a chance to preserve land for recreation and open
space.
Local Initiatives Support Corporation, www.lisc.org. Hosts a
library with resources on community development.
Smart Growth Network and the National Neighborhood
Coalition. Affordable Housing and Smart Growth: Making the
Connection. 2001. w ww. sm artgro wth. org. Describes how to
provide affordable housing through smart growth.
Urban Land Institute, National Multi Housing Council, and
Sierra Club. Higher-Density Development: Myth and Fact. 2005.
www.nmhc.org. Dispels myths about higher-density develop-
ment and gives examples of high-quality developments.
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Why
Not in Our Community? Removing Barriers to Affordable
Housing. 2005. www.huduser.org/publications/affhsg/
whynotourComm.html. Reviews efforts by communities to
reduce barriers to providing affordable housing.
For more information about:
• Stapleton, see: www.stapletondenver.com.
• Middleton Hills, see: www.middletonhills.com and
  www.asu.edu/caed/proceedings01/GRAMILL/gramill.htm.
• Fall Creek Place, see: www.fallcreekplace.com.
• Wellington, see: www.poplarhouse.com.
• Neighborhood organizations and smart growth, see:
  www.neighborhoodcoalition.org.

Resources for Chapter 3
American Farmland Trust. Fact Sheet: Transfer of Development
Rights (TDR). 2001. www.farmlandinfo.org/documents/27746/
FS TDR l-01.pdf.
Enterprise Foundation. Enterprise Resource Database™.
www.practitionerresources.org. Online collection of tools and
resources to assist community development practitioners.
Fannie Mae Foundation. Building Blocks. Volume 4 Issue 1.
Summer 2003. www.fanniemaefoundation.org/programs/bb/
v4il-index.shtml. Describes how to use charrettes and stake-
holder  analysis to improve public  participation processes.
                                                                                                                          23

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   Goldberg, David. Choosing Our Community's Future: A
   Citizen's Guide to Getting the Most Out of New Development.
   Smart Growth America. 2005. www.smartgrowthamerica.org.
   Provides information on key terms, procedures, and issues in
   development so that citizens can be active participants in the
   development process.
   For more information about:
   •  Charrettes, see: www.charretteinstitute.org.
   •  Scenario planning, see:
      www.fhwa.dot.gov/Planning/scenplan/index.htm.
   •  Envision Utah, see: www.envisionutah.org.
   •  Davidson, see: www.smartgrowth.org/library/articles.
      asp?art=1816.
   •  Barracks Row, see: www.barracksrow.org.
   •  New Jersey TDK programs, see:
      www.state.ni.us/dca/osg/resources/tdr/index.shtml.

   Resources for Chapter 4
   Burchell, Robert, et al. Sprawl Costs: Economic Impacts of
   Unchecked Development. Washington, D.C.:  Island Press, 2005.
   Analyzes the costs and benefits  of different approaches to
   growth and examines various policy options.
   EPA. Growing Toward More Efficient Water Use: Linking
   Development, Infrastructure and Drinking Water Policies. 2006.
   www.epa.gov/smartgrowth. Focuses on the nexus between the
   supply of drinking water, its costs, and growth patterns.
   	Parking Spaces/Community Places: Finding the
   Balance through Smart Growth Solutions. 2006. www.epa.gov/
   smartgrowth. Describes how communities balance parking and
   other goals to create compact, walkable places.
   For more information about:
   •  Main Street communities, see: www.mainstreet.org.
   •  Excelsior and Grand, see: www.excelsiorandgrand.com.
   •  Burlington,  see: www.downtownpartnersinc.com.
   •  Florence, see: www.florencemainstreet.org.
   •  Carroll County, see: www.tpl.org/tier3 cd.cfm?content
      item id = 15776&folder id = 249.

   Resources for Chapter 5
   American Farmland Trust and the U.S. Conference of Mayors.
   Town Meets Country: Farm-City Forums on Land and Com-
   munity. 2002.  www.farmland.org. Looks at growth issues  and
   solutions for areas that are growing toward their rural lands.
   Conservation Fund, www.conservationfund.org. Has informa-
   tion on gateway communities, greenways, green infrastructure,
   and the nexus between conservation and development.
   EPA. Protecting Water Resources  with Smart Growth. 2004.
   www.epa.gov/smartgrowth. Documents 75 policies that can be
   used to protect water quality through smart growth practices.
   National Association of Local Government Environmental
   Professionals.  Smart Growth for  Clean Water. 2003.
   www.nalgep.org. Discusses the links between  clean water and
   smart growth.
   Trust for Public Land. Local Greenprinting for Growth.  2003.
   www.tpl.org. Gives communities the tools they need to craft
   a conservation program consistent with the goals  of smart
   growth.
   For more information about:
   •  Coffee Creek Center, see: www.coffeecreekcenter.com.
   •  Skagit County Farmland Legacy Program, see:
      www.skagitcounty.net.
   •  East Bay Regional Park District, see: www.ebparks.org.
   •  Cuyahoga County Housing Enhancement Loan Program, see:
      www.cuvahogacountv.us/treasurer/homeimprove/default.htm.
Resources for Chapter 6
Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations.
www.ampo.org. Provides resources about integrating transpor-
tation and land use planning at the regional level.
Context Sensitive Solutions, www.contextsensitivesolutions.org.
Includes hundreds of resources  about designing transportation
projects in a way that fits the physical setting and preserves
scenic, aesthetic, historic, and environmental resources, while
maintaining safety and mobility.
Dittmar, Hank and Gloria Ohland.  The New Transit Town: Best
Practices in Transit-Oriented Development. Washington, D.C.:
Island Press, 2004. Describes localities throughout the U.S. that
are leading the way in transit-oriented development.
Ewing, Reid. Pedestrian- and Transit-Friendly Design:
A Primer for Smart Growth. Smart  Growth Network. 1999.
www.smartgrowth.org. Illustrates techniques to design places
so that they are pedestrian- and transit-friendly.
Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) and the  Congress
for the New Urbanism.  Context Sensitive Solutions in Designing
Major Urban Thoroughfares for Walkable Communities. 2006.
www.ite.org. Provides engineers and planners guidance on
designing major urban streets in a  way that supports walkabil-
ity and livability.
ITE. Guidelines for Neighborhood Street Design. 2001. Provides
traffic engineers with information on how to build more
neighborhood-scaled streets.
National Center for Biking and Walking, www.bikewalk.org.
Resources to make communities more walkable  and bikeable.
Reconnecting America,  www.reconnectingamerica.org. Focuses
on integrating all modes of transportation and has a Center for
Transit Oriented Development.
Transportation Research Board. Transit-Oriented Development
(TOD)  in the United States: Experiences, Challenges, and
Prospects. 2004. trb.org/news/blurb detail.asp?id = 4060.
Provides a comprehensive assessment of the state of the
practice and the benefits of TOD throughout the U.S.
Walkable Communities, Inc. www.walkable.org. Offers a
variety of photos and publications.
For more information about:
• South Providence  "Path to Health" program, see:
  www.spnm.org/about/services/healthpromotion.shtml.
• Arlington County, see: www.CommuterPage.com.
  www.BikeArlington.com. and www.WALKArlington.com.
• Carsharing, see: www.carsharing.net.
• Missoula, see: www.mountainline.com.
• Davis, see: www.city.davis.ca.us/topic/bicycles.cfm.

Resources for Chapter 7
AARP. www.aarp.org. Includes information on livable commu-
nities, transportation options, walking, and housing, focused
on senior citizens but applicable to everyone.
Bailey, Linda. Aging Americans: Stranded Without Options.
Surface Transportation Policy Project. 2004. www.transact.org.
Addresses the transportation needs of older Americans.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Designing
and Building Healthy Places, www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces.
Describes health issues related to land use and development
and links to  resources.
McCann, Barbara, and Reid Ewing. Measuring the Health
Effects of Sprawl. Smart Growth America  and Surface Trans-
portation Policy Project. 2003. www.smartgrowthamerica.org.
A national analysis of the impacts  of development patterns on
physical activity,  obesity, and chronic disease.
24

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Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center, www.pedbikeinfo.
org. A clearinghouse for information about health and safety,
engineering, advocacy, education, enforcement, and access
and mobility. Includes affiliated sites focusing on walking,
bicycling, and safe routes to school.
The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation supports several
programs to address physical activity and community develop-
ment, including:
• Active Living Leadership: www.activelivingleadership.org.
  Works with government leaders to create and promote active
  communities.
• Active Living Network: www.activeliving.org. Promotes
  active, healthy environments by building a national  coali-
  tion of professional leaders who have a stake in the  health
  impacts of how places are designed and built.
• Aging Blueprint: www.agingblueprint.org. Develops strate-
  gies to increase physical activity among adults age 50 and
  older.
For more information about:
• Broadway-Slavic Village, see: www.slavicvillage.org.
• Atlantic Station, see: www.atlanticstation.com and
  www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/topics/atlantic steel.htm.
• Saratoga Springs, see: www.saratoga-springs.org.
• Edwards Aquifer, see: www.edwardsaquifer.org.
• Safe Routes to School programs, see: www.
  saferoutestoschool.org and safety.fhwa.dot.gov/saferoutes.

Resources for Chapter 8
American Institute of Architects. LivabiUty 101  for Communi-
ties. 2005. www.aia.org/liv livlOl. Provides resources  to com-
munities looking to create a vision for the future.
Bohl, Charles. Place Making: Developing Town  Centers, Main
Streets, and Urban Villages. Washington, D.C.:  Urban Land
Institute, 2002. Defines design and development elements for
place-making.
Congress for the New Urbanism. www.cnu.org. Contains
reports, bibliographies, and an image bank of projects.
Gindroz, Ray. The Urban Design Handbook: Techniques and
Working Methods. New York: W.W. Norton and Company,
2003. Uses  case studies and illustrations to discuss how to
design attractive, functional places.
New Urban News. New Urbanism: Comprehensive Report &
Best Practices Guide, 3rd Edition. New York: New Urban News,
2003. Comprehensive review of cutting-edge tools, policies,
and practices shaping new urbanist development.
Project for Public Spaces, www.pps.org. Provides resources on
how to design good public places.
The Town Paper. List of Traditional Neighborhood Develop-
ments. www.tndtownpaper.com/neighborhoods.htm. Contains
an updated list of planned and completed projects designed
using traditional neighborhood development techniques.
For more information about:
• Traverse City, see: www.tcchamber.org/newdesigns.php.
• Cotton District, see: www.thecottondistrict.net.
• Haile  Village Center, see: www.hailevillagecenter.com and
  www.ntba.net/towns haile.html.
• Portland, see: www.portlandonline.com/planning.
Resources for Chapter 9
American Planning Association, www.planning.org. Thou-
sands of resources and references on all aspects of planning.
Morrish, William and Catherine R. Brown. Planning to Stay.
Minneapolis: Milkweed Editions, 1994. A guide for citizens to
assess their neighborhoods and create development that sup-
ports community goals.
National Trust for Historic Preservation, www.nationaltrust.org.
Includes information on preservation, redeveloping Main
Streets,  and restoring significant structures.
Parzen, Julia. Foundations and Real Estate: A Guide for Funders
Interested in Building Better Communities. The Funders'
Network for Smart Growth. 2004. www.fundersnetwork.org.
Presents examples where foundations have made strategic
investments to spur more smart growth real estate investment.
Scenic America, www.scenic.org. Includes tools and resources
focused on protecting natural beauty and distinctive commu-
nity character in the U.S.
For more information about:
• Charleston, see: www.ci.Charleston.sc.us/dept/?nid = 336
  and www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/Charleston/preservation.htm.
• Lowell, see: www.lowellma.gov.
• Southlake Town Square, see: www.southlaketownsquare.com
  and www.pps.org/gps/onelpublic place id = 842.
• Konza Prairie, see: climate.konza.ksu.edu.

Resources for Chapter 10
Benfield, Raid, et al. Solving Sprawl: Models of Smart Growth
in Communities Across America. Washington, D.C.: Island
Press, 2001. Provides 35 examples of how citizens in cities,
suburbs, and rural areas have created places that support com-
munity goals.
Booth, Geoffrey, et al. Ten Principles for Reinventing Suburban
Business Districts. Washington, D.C.: Urban Land Institute,
2002. www.smartgrowth.org/pdf/uli Ten Principles.pdf.
Describes ways  that suburban business districts can be revital-
ized to become  more compact, mixed-use, walkable areas.
National Vacant  Properties Campaign, www.vacantproperties.org.
Provides resources for communities dealing with vacant and
abandoned properties.
Oregon Department  of Transportation. Main Street... When a
Highway Runs Through It: A Handbook for Oregon Communi-
ties. 1999. www.oregon.gov/ODOT/HWY/BIKEPED/docs/
mainstreethandbook.pdf. Provides techniques for dealing with
state highways in downtown areas,  using Oregon examples.
Sobel, Lee. Greyfields into Goldfields: Dead Malls Become
Living Neighborhoods. San Francisco: Congress for the New
Urbanism, 2002. Highlights communities that have turned fail-
ing malls into vibrant, new neighborhoods.
For more information about:
• Belmar, see: www.belmarcolorado.com and
  www.tndtownpaper.com/Volume7/belmar colorado.htm.
• Baldwin Park, see: www.baldwinparkfl.com.
• Littleton, see: www.golittleton.com.
• Chattanooga, see: www.waterfrontchattanooga.com and
  www.nextstep.state.mn.us/casestudy.cfm?id = 74.
                                                                                                                           25

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    Endnotes
    Population Figures
    All population figures are taken from either
    2000 or 2004 Census data.

    Chapter 2
    1 Quoted in: Ann Marie Ames. "The Hills Are
    Alive: Is Middleton Development Working as
    Planned?" The Capital Times. September 26,
    2005.
    2 From application submitted to EPA's National
    Award for Smart Growth Achievement. 2005.
    3 Quoted in: EPA. National Award for Smart
    Growth Achievement. 2002. Available at
    www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/awards 2002.htm
    (accessed April 5, 2006).

    Chapter 3
    1 Center for Transportation and the Environ-
    ment. National Teleconference Series no. 34
    transcript. "Scenario Planning for Better Trans-
    portation Decision Making." March 3, 2005.
    p. 22. Available at itre.ncsu.edu/CTE/
    TechTransfer/Teleconferences/docs/
    TC34transcript.pdf (accessed April 5, 2006).
    2 Quoted in: EPA. National Award for Smart
    Growth Achievement. 2004. Available at
    www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/sg  awards
    publication 2004.htm (accessed April 5, 2006).
    3 State of New Jersey. "The New Jersey
    Pinelands, a Success Story." Available at
    www.state.nj.us/dobi/pinelandssuccess.htm
    (accessed May 18, 2006).

    Chapter 4
    1 See, for example, Robert W. Burchell, William
    R. Dolphin, and Catherine C. Galley, The Costs
    and Benefits of Alternative Growth Patterns: The
    Impact Assessment of the New Jersey State Plan
    (New Brunswick, N.J.: Center for Urban Policy
    Research, Rutgers University, September 2000),
    available at www.state.nj. us/dca/osg/docs/
    iaexecsummOQ0100.pdf: Mark Muro and Robert
    Puentes, Investing in a Better Future: A Review
    of the Fiscal and Competitive Advantages of
    Smarter  Growth Development Patterns (Wash-
    ington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, March
    2004), available at www.brookings.edu/metro/
    publications/200403  smartgrowth.htm: and
    Keith Schneider, Mac McClelland, and Andy
    Guy, Follow the Money: Uncovering and Reform-
    ing Michigan's Sprawl Subsidies (Beulah, Mich.:
    Michigan Land Use Institute, January 2005),
    available at www. mlui. org/growthmanagement/
    fullarticle.asp?fileid= 16785. All Web sites
    accessed April 5, 2006.
2 Metropolitan Council. Directions Newsletter.
May 25, 2002. Available at www.metrocouncil.
org/directions/planning/regional_scenarios.htm
(accessed April 5, 2006).
3 Florence Main  Street Program. Personal
communication, July 12, 2006.
4	www.florencemainstreet.org/pages/
renovation-construction, htm (accessed July 3,
2006).

Chapter 5
1 Trust for Public Land. LandVote data-
base. Available at www.tpl.org/tier3 cdl.
cfm?content item id= 15266&folder id = 2607
(accessed April 5, 2006).
2 Quoted in: Brad Miklosovic. "Residents Get
HELP." West Life. May 30, 2001.
3 Quoted in: EPA. National Award for Smart
Growth Achievement. 2003. Available at
www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/2003  awards.htm
(accessed April 5, 2006).

Chapter 6
1 Arlington County. Master Transportation
Plan: Baseline Conditions Report. September
2005. p. 19.
2 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation
Survey. npts.ornl.gov/npts/1995/Doc/
index.shtml (accessed April 5, 2006).
3 Ibid.
4 League of American Bicyclists. "First
Platinum-level Bicycle Friendly Community
Recognized." May 2005. Available at
www.uicy      iaiycommunity.org/0ctober-
2005award.htm (accessed April  5, 2006).
5 Quoted in Paul Dorn.  "Cycling in Bike-
Friendly Davis." 2001. Available at
www. runmuki. c om/p aul/writing/ davis. ht ml
(accessed July 11, 2006).

Chapter 7
1 Non-asthma medical emergencies did not
decrease during the period. Richard J. Jackson
and Chris Kochtitzky, Creating a Healthy Envi-
ronment: The Impact of the Built Environment
on Public Health  (Atlanta,  Ga.: Sprawl Watch
Clearinghouse Monograph Series, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, 2001). Avail-
able at www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces/articles/
Creating%20A%20Healthy%20Environment.pdf
(accessed April 5, 2006).
2 For more information about the analysis
of Atlantic Steel's effects on air quality, see
www. epa.gov /smart growth/pdf/atlantic_steel_
xl.pdf (accessed April 5, 2006).

Chapter 8
1 Project for Public Spaces, How to Turn a Place
Around: A Handbook for Creating Successful
Public Spaces (New York: Project for Public
Spaces, 2000), p. 19.
2 Quoted in: Ben Alexander. "Cotton Remains
King in Starkville District." East Mississippi
Business Journal, Vol. 4, no. 2. September 2004.
Available at www.thecottondistrict.net/
embj.html (accessed April 5, 2006).
3 Victor Dover. "Peer Review: Dan Camp's
Cotton District." Council Report III. Congress for
the New Urbanism. 2003. Available at
www.thecottondistrict.net/council02.html
(accessed April 5, 2006).
4 Quoted in: Jim Jordan. "Haile: The Real-
ization of a Vision." Gainesville Today.  May
2003. Available at www. gainesv ill el oday. com/
2003/05/haile plantation.html (accessed Mar.
31, 2006).

Chapter 9
1 American Society of Landscape Architects.
"ASLA's 2005 Annual Meeting Breaks Atten-
dance Records." Oct. 10, 2005. Available at
www.asla.org/press/2005/releasel01005.htm
(accessed April 5, 2006).
2 Charles Bohl. Place Making: Developing
Town Centers, Main Streets, and Urban Villages
(Washington, D.C.:  Urban Land Institute, 2002),
p. 263.
3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Northern Tall-
grass Prairie Web page, www.fws.gov/midwest/
NorthernTallgrassPrairie/history.htm (accessed
Aprils, 2006).

Chapter 10
1 Quoted in: EPA. National Award for Smart
Growth Achievement. 2005. Available at
www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/awards/2005
built_lakewood.htm (accessed April  5, 2006).
2 Quoted in: Mamie Marcuss. "Reviving Main
Street: Two New England Case Studies" (Bos-
ton: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 2005),
p. 9, available at www.bos.frb.org/commdev/
c&b/2005/winter/Main.pdf (accessed April 5,
2006).
                                                                                                  Photo  Credits
    Cover/Table of Contents:
    Fall Creek Place: Chris Palladino, Mansur Real
    Estate Services, Inc.

    Smart Growth Principles
    Santana Row  San Jose, Calif.: EPA. Cohassat,
    Mass.: EPA. Stapleton: EPA. Wisconsin Farm:
    Scenics of America/PhotoLink.

    Chapter 1
    Page 2: The Kentlands: EPA. East Liberty:
    Young Preservationists Association of Pittsburgh
    Page 3: The Kentlands, Vasilis Restaurant:
    EPA. Moore Square School: Dana Deaton. Gar-
    field Park: Mary Nelson, Bethel New Life Inc.

    Chapter 2
    Page 4: Stapleton: EPA. Wellington:  Wellington
    Neighborhood. Middleton Hills: Mark Opitz.
    Page 5: Middleton Hills: Mark Opitz. Staple-
    ton: EPA. Fall Creek Place: Chris Palladino,
    Mansur Real Estate Services, Inc.

    Chapter 3
    Page 6: Barracks Row: EPA. New Jersey Pine-
    lands: Joel M. Mott. Davidson: Photo courtesy
    of Town of Davidson.
    Page 7: Barracks Row: EPA. Envision Utah:
    EPA.
Chapter 4
Page 8: Carroll County: Peter P. Debick. Burl-
ington: Downtown Partners, Inc.
Page 9: Florence: David R. Messer. Excelsior &
Grand: Both photos courtesy of the Metropoli-
tan Council.

Chapter 5
Page 10: Skagit County: Dan Berentson. Coffee
Creek Center: Trent Albeit.
Page 11: Coffee Creek Center: Steve Barker.
Cuyahoga County: Cuyahoga County Treasur-
er's Office. East Bay Regional Park District:
both photos by East Bay Regional Park District.

Chapter 6
Page 12: Arlington: EPA. Missoula: Missoula
Urban Transportation District. Davis: Local
Government Commission.
Page 13: Carsharing: EPA. South Providence:
EPA. Arlington: EPA.

Chapter 7
Page 14: Slavic Village: Scott Gerstenberger.
Edwards Aquifer: City of Austin. Saratoga
Springs: John Conners.
Page 15: Atlantic Station: both photos courtesy
of Atlantic Station. Slavic Village: Slavic Village
Development.
Chapter 8
Page 16: Cotton District: both photos by EPA.
Traverse City: EPA
Page 17: Portland (upper right): Office of Con-
gressman Earl Blumenauer. Traverse City: EPA.
Haile Village Center: EPA. Portland (lower
right):  Portland Oregon Visitors Association.

Chapter 9
Page 18: Southlake Town Square: both photos
by Mike Lewis. Konza Prairie: Eva A. Home,
Kansas State University.
Page 19: Charleston: both photos courtesy of
City of  Charleston. Lowell: Jim Higgins.

Chapter 10
Page 20: Cow art Place (Chattanooga): River-
City Company. Littleton: Art Tighe. Belmar:
EPA.
Page 21: Belmar: EPA. Baldwin Park: Baldwin
Park Development Company. Chattanooga:
Todd Stailey, Tennessee Aquarium.

A Better Future for Everyone
Silver Spring, Md.: EPA.
26

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Smart Growth Network
Partner Organizations
American Farmland Trust
    CENTER FOR
    NEIGHBORHOOD TECHNOLOGY
    STRATEGIES FOR LIVABLE COMMUNITIES
          (ATA
           CONGRESS
            FOR THE
             NEW
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                        £k
                        AMPO
            I  I
Enterprise
ENVIRONMENTAL
LAW-INSTITUTE"
     ICMA
Leaders at the Core of Better Communities
     United States
     Environmental Protection
     Agency
   Local
—1 Government
                         use
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              ^^^^Helping neighbors
                    build communities
                      Maryland Department of Planning
      National Association of Counties
 Counties Care for America
                             N A L G E P


                          NATIONAL ASSOCIATION
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         National Multi
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    Scenic America
Smart Growth
  America
  Better Choices For Our Communities
The Conservation FimJ

                         SCN
                   Sustainable
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          S URFACE
          TRANSPORTATION
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              Urban Land
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                       TRUST
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For a complete list of the Smart Growth Network partners, go to www.smartgrowth.org/sgn/partners.asp.

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