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Office of Transportation
and Air Quality
EPA420-F-04-031
August 2004
Regulatory
Update
Overview of EPA's Emission
Standards for Marine Engines
The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) emission control
program for marine engines consists of several of standards which
vary based on the type of engine (gasoline or diesel powered) and
engine size. These standards apply to newly manufactured products
produced after the effective of the standards.
This fact sheet gives an overview of the final and proposed rules for
marine engines and vessels as of July 2004. Refer to our Web site for
additional information about the standards and the certification and
compliance programs, as well as for regulatory updates.
What are the compression-ignition (diesei) marine
engine standards?
Marine diesel engines are grouped into the five categories shown in
Table 1. Each of these are subject to different standards.
Acronyms Used in This Fact Sheet
kW = kilowatts
g/kW-hr = grams per kilowatt-hour
rpm = revolutions per minute
HC + NOx = hydrocarbons plus nitrogen oxides
PM = paniculate matter
CO = carbon monoxide
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Table 1: Marine Diesel Engine Categories
Category
Small
Commercial C1
C2
C3
Recreational C1
Rated Power
<37kW
>37kW
>37kW
Displacement per Cylinder
any
<5 liters
>5 liters and < 30 liters
>30 liters
<5 liters
Final Rule Publication
1998
1999
2003
2002
SsnaSS Marine Diesel Engines (<37 kW)
Small marine diesel engines were included in our Tier 1 and Tier 2 nonroad diesel engine
rules and are subject to the same emission limits as their land-based counterparts, as
shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Small Marine Diesel Engines3
See: www.epa.gov/nonroad-diesel
Tier
Tierl
Tier 2
Rule ma king
Control of Emissions of Air Pollution from Nonroad
Diesel Engines (published October 23, 1998, 63 FR
56968)
CFR
40CFR89
Effective
Dates
1999 or 2000,
depending on
engine size
2004 or 2005,
depending on
engine size
The emission limits are set out in Tables 6 and 7.
Category 1 Commercial and Category 2 Marine Diesel Engines
Category 1 marine diesel engines are similar to land-based nonroad diesel engines. Most
Category 2 marine diesel engines are similar to locomotive engines.
The Tier 1 standards for these engines are equivalent to the nitrogen oxides (NOx) limits
adopted by the Annex VI to the International Convention on the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships, 1973, as Modified by the Protocol of 1978 Relating Thereto (this convention
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is also known as MARPOL 73/78).l The Annex VI standards apply to engines over 130
kW installed on vessels constructed on or after January 1, 2000, or engines that undergo
a major conversion on or after January 1, 2000. However, those standards are not en-
forceable until the Annex goes into effect in May 2005.2 In the meantime, we adopted
these standards into our federal emission control program as Tier 1 standards. The Tier 1
standards are voluntary for all Category 1 and Category 2 engines through 2003. Begin-
ning in 2004, they will be mandatory for engines >2.5 1/cyl installed on U.S. vessels. For
all engines subject to the Tier 1 standards, EPA's Tier 2 standards supersede the Annex
VI limits by 2007 (or 2009 for recreational engines above 2.5 1/cyl).
Table 3: Category 1 (Commercial only) and Category 2 Marine Diesel Engines3
See: www.epa.gov/otaq/marine.htm
Tier
TieM
Tier 2
Ruiemaking
Control of Emissions from New Marine
Compression-ignition Engines at or
Above 30 Liters per Cylinder
(published February 28, 2003, 68 FR
9746)
Control of Emissions of Air Pollution
from New Marine Compression-Ignition
Engines at or Above 37 kW (published
December 29, 1999, 64 FR 73300)
CFR
40CFR94
Effective Dates
Voluntary
through 2003;
mandatory for
engines >2.5
l/cyl beginning
in 2004b
2004 to 2007,
depending on
engine size
a The emission limits are set out in Tables 6 and 7.
b MARPOL Annex VI applies these standards to any engine >130 kW installed on a vessel constructed
on or after 1/1/2000 and any engine that undergoes a major conversion on or after 1/1/2000. However,
those requirements are not enforceable until the Annex goes into effect in May 2005. Annex VI limits are
superseded by the Tier 2 standards for these engines.
Category 3 Marine Diesel Engines
Category 3 marine diesel engines are very large engines used for propulsion power on
ocean-going vessels. The EPA standards for these engines are equivalent to the Annex
VI standards.
1 Copies of the conference versions of the Annex and the NOx Technical Code can be found in Docket A-
97-50, Document II.B.01 or at www.epa.gov/otaq/marine.htm. Copies of the updated versions can be
obtained from the International Maritime Organization (www.imo.org).
2 The IMO Web site, www.imo.org, contains the latest information on the status of this convention.
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Table 4: Category 3 Marine Diesel Engines3
See www.epa.gov/otaq/marine.htm
Her
Her 1
Ruiemaking
Control of Emissions from
New Marine Compression-
ignition Engines at or Above
30 Liters per Cylinder
(published February 28,
2003, 68 FR 9746)
CFR
40 CFR 94
Effective Dates
Voluntary
through 2003;
mandatory
2004b
a The emission limits are set out in Tables 6 and 7.
b MARPOL Annex VI applies these standards to any engine >130 kW installed on a vessel constructed on
or after 1/1/2000 and any engine that undergoes a major conversion on or after 1/1/2000. However, those
requirements are not enforceable until the Annex goes into effect in May 2005.
Recreational Marine Diesel Engines
Recreational marine diesel engines are those that will be installed on vessels used for
recreational purposes. They must be at or above 37 kW and less than 5 liters per cylinder
displacement to be considered recreational for the purposes of our standards. The Tier 1
standards for engines >2.5 liters/cylinder displacement are equivalent to the MARPOL
standards (described above). Once the MARPOL standards take effect, they will apply to
recreational engines >130 kW. The more stringent Tier 2 standards will supersede the
Tier 1 and MARPOL NOx limits.
Table 5: Recreational Marine Diesel Engines3
See www.epa.gov/otaq/marine.htm
Tier
•fieri
Tier 2
Ruiemaking
Control of Emissions from New Marine
Compression-Ignition Engines at or
Above 30 Liters per Cylinder
(published February 28, 2003, 68 FR
9746)
Control of Emissions from Nonroad
Large Spark-Ignition Engines, and
Recreational Engines (Marine and
Land-Based) (published November 8,
2002, 67 FR 68242)
CFR
40 CFR 94
Effective
Dates
Voluntary
through 2003;
mandatory for
engines >2.5
l/cyl beginning
in 2004b
2006 to 2009,
depending on
engine size
11 The emission limits are set out in Tables 6 and 7.
b MARPOL Annex VI applies these standards to any engine >130 kW installed on a vessel constructed on or after
1/1/2000 and any engine that undergoes a major conversion on or after 1/1/2000. However, those requirements are
not enforceable until the Annex goes into effect in May 2005. Annex VI limits are superseded by the Tier 2
standards for these engines.
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Tables 6 and 7 present the emission standards for marine diesel engines. These standards
are for hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and particulate matter (PM) and
are expressed in units of grams per kilowatt-hour (g/kW-hr).
Table 6: Tier 1 Standards for Marine Diesel Engines
Category
Small
1,2,3,
including
Recreational
Power (kW) &
Displacement
(liter/cylinder)
<8kW
837 kW &
>2.5 l/cyla
Speed (rpm)
_
-
-
rpm >2000
1302.5 1/cyl
beginning in 2004. For Category 1 and Category 2 engines, they will remain mandatory through 2006;
beginning in 2007 for commercial and 2009 for recreational, EPA standards supersede the Annex VI
limits for these engines.
Table 7: Tier 2 Standards for Marine Diesel Engines
Category3
Small
Commercial C1
C2
Recreational C1
Displacement
(liter/cylinder)
„
-
-
disp. <0.9
0.937kW
;
-
_
<3300kW
>3300kW
-
-
>37kW
>37kW
>37kW
>37kW
Tier 2
Model
Year
2005
2005
2004
2005
2004
2004
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2006
2006
2009
HC+NOx
(g/kW-hr)
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.8
8.7
9.8
9.8
11.0
7.5
7.2
7.2
7.2
PM
(g/kW-hr)
0.80
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.20
0.27
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.20
CO
(g/kW-hr)
8.0
6.6
5.5
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
There are no Tier 2 standards for Category 3 marine engines.
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What emissions apply to spark-ignition (gasoline)
marine engines?
We also have several sets of standards for gasoline marine engines. For these engines we
distinguish between:
* Outboards and personal watercraft
* Sterndrive and inboard engines
* Gasoline auxiliary engines
Outboards and Personal Watercraft Exhaust Standards
The outboard and personal watercraft exhaust standards phase in over nine years from
1998 to 2006. Because it is an averaging standard,3 manufacturers are typically offering a
mix of new and old technology throughout the phase-in period. The standard is based on
a curve function that is intended to represent the relationship between rated power and
brake-specific emissions. In addition, California has two additional tiers of standards that
are more stringent than the EPA standards (see www.arb.ca.gov).
Table 8: Outboard and Personal Watercraft Standards3
See www.epa.gov/otaq/marinesi.htm
Tier
1
Rule ma king
Final Rule for New Gasoline Spark-Ignition
Marine Engines; Exemptions for New Nonroad
Compression-Ignition Engines at or Above 37
Kilowatts and New Nonroad Spark-Ignition
Engines at or below 19 Kilowatts (published
October 4, 1996, 61 FR 52088)
CFR
40 CFR 91
Effective Date
1998 to 2006;
standard becomes
more stringent over
time
a The emission limits are set out in Table 11 below.
Gasoline Sterndrive and Inboard Engines
There are currently no federal standards for gasoline Sterndrive and inboard engines.
However, we gave notice of our intent to develop emission standards for these engines
(published August 14, 2002, 67 FR 53050, see www.epa.gov/otaq/marinesi.htm). Al-
though there are no federal requirements for these engines, California has adopted ex-
haust emission standards (see: www.arb.ca.gov).
3 This means that emission credits may be earned for engines certified below the emission standard. These
credits may be used to sell engines certified above the standard provided that, on average, the engines
meet the emission standard.
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Marine Generators
Gasoline auxiliary engines used onboard marine vessels are covered in our gasoline
nonroad engine programs. There are two sets of EPA standards for these engines which
are covered in our programs for land-based spark-ignition engines, as shown in Tables 9
and 10.
Table 9: Spark-Ignition Marine Generators <19 kWa
See www.epa.gov/otaq/equip-ld.htm
Her
Her1
Her2
Rulemaking
Emission Standards for New Nonroad
Spark-ignition Engines at or Below 19
Kilowatts (published July 3, 1995, 60 FR
34581)
Revised Carbon Monoxide (CO) Standard
for Class I and II Nonhandheld New
Nonroad Phase 1 Small Spark-Ignition
Engines (published November 13, 1996,
61 FR 58296)
Phase 2 Emission Standards for New
Nonroad Spark-Ignition Nonhandheld
Engines at or below 1 9 Kilowatts
(published March 30, 1999, 64 FR 15208)
CFR
40CFR90
Effective Dates
1997
2001 to 2007,
depending on
engine size
1 The emission limits are set out in Table 12 below.
Table 10: Spark-Ignition Marine Generators >19 kWa
See www.epa.gov/otaq/largesi.htm
Tier
Her1
Her 2
Rulemaking
Control of Emissions from Nonroad
Large Spark-Ignition Engines, and
Recreational Engines (Marine and
Land-Based) (published Novembers,
2002, 67 FR 68242)
CFR
40 CFR 1048
Effective Dates
2004
2007
The emission limits are set out in Table 13 below.
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Table 11: Standards for Outboard and Personal Watercraft Spark-Ignition Marine Engines
Model
Year
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
HC+NOx (g/kW-hr)
<4.3 kW
278
253
228
204
179
155
130
105
81
>4.3 kW
0.917x(151 + 557/P °-9)+2. 44
0.833x(151 + 557/P °-9)+2.89
0.750x(151 + 557/P °-9)+3.33
0.667x(151 + 557/P °-9)+3. 78
0.583x(151 + 557/P °-9)+4.22
0.500x(151 + 557/P °-9)+4.67
0.417x(151 + 557/P °-9)+5.11
0.333x(151 + 557/P °-9)+5. 56
0.250x(151 + 557/P °-9)+6.00
a For engines over 4.3 kW, the emission standard is a function of rated engine power (P), in
Kilowatts.
Table 12: Standards for Spark-Ignition Marine Generators <19kW
Phase
Phase 1 a
Phase 2
Class
I
II
I-A
I-B
I
II
Total Displacement
(cubic centimeters)
cc <225
cc >225
cc<66
660.225
Model Year
1997
1997
2001
2001
August 2007 b
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
HC+NOx
(g/kW-hr)
16.1
13.4
50
40
16.1
18.0
16.6
15.0
13.6
12.1
CO
(g/kW-hr)
519
519
610
610
610
610
a Zero hour standards (no deterioration considered in standards).
b Effective date. (If a new engine family is introduced after August 1, 2003, it must meet the
Phase 2 standards.)
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Tier
1
2a
Model Year
2004
2007
HC+NOx
(g/kW-hr)
4.0
2.7
CO
(g/kW-hr)
50
4.4
Table 13: Standards for Spark-Ignition Marine Generators >19kW
a Alternatively, can meet standard of (HC+NOx) x CO0-784 <8.57 g/kW-hr.
How can I get more information?
You can access documents on marine engine emission standards from EPA's main non-
road engines, equipment, and vehicles Web page at:
www.epa.gov/nonroad
You can also contact the OTAQ library for document information at:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Transportation and Air Quality Library
2000 Traverwood Drive
Ann Arbor, MI 48105
(734)214-4311 & 214-4434
E-mail: Group_AALibrary@epa.gov
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