United States Air and Radiation EPA420-P-00-004
Environmental Protection July 2000
Agency
vxEPA Acceleration Simulation
Mode Test Procedures,
Emission Standards,
Quality Control
Requirements, and
Equipment Specifications
Technical
DRAFT
> Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
EPA420-P-00-004
July 2000
DRAFT
Transportation and Regional Programs Division
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
NOTICE
This technical report does not necessarily represent final EPA decisions or positions.
It is intended to present technical analysis of issues using data that are currently available.
The purpose in the release of such reports is to facilitate the exchange of
technical information and to inform the public of technical developments which
may form the basis for a final EPA decision, position, or regulatory action.
-------
§85.1
TECHNICAL GUIDANCE 1
§85.1 TEST STANDARDS AND CALCULATIONS 3
(a) EMISSIONS STANDARDS 3
(b) TEST SCORE CALCULATION 12
§85.2 TEST PROCEDURES 15
(a) GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 15
(b) VEHICLE PRE-INSPECTION AND PREPARATION 15
(c) EQUIPMENT PREPARATION AND SETTINGS 17
(d) TEST PROCEDURES 19
(e) SECOND CHANCE TESTS 23
§85.3 TEST EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS 27
(a) DYNAMOMETER SPECIFICATIONS 27
(b) EMISSION SAMPLING SYSTEM 33
(c) ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS 35
(d) AUTOMATED TEST PROCESS SOFTWARE AND DISPLAYS 39
§85.4 QUALITY CONTROL REQUIREMENTS 41
(a) GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 41
(b) DYNAMOMETER 41
(c) EMISSION SAMPLING SYSTEM 46
(d) ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS 47
§85.5 TEST RECORD INFORMATION 56
(a) GENERAL INFORMATION 56
(b) AMBIENT TEST CONDITIONS 56
(c) ASM MODE OR MODES 56
(d) DIAGNOSTIC/QUALITY ASSURANCE INFORMATION 56
Page 2 Test Standards and Calculations
-------
§85.1
§85.1 Test Standards and Calculations
(a)
Emissions Standards
(1) Start-up ASM Standards.
Start-up standards should be used during the first cycle of the program. The exhaust
emissions standards for the following model years and vehicle types are cross-
referenced by the number in the column in §85. l(a)(3), as noted in the column
headings:
(i)
Light Duty Vehicles.
Model Years
Hydrocarbons
Carbon Monoxide
Oxides of Nitrogen
.
1991-1995
1983-1990
1981-1982
1980
1977-1979
1975-1976
1973-1974
1968-1972
Table §85. 1 (a)(3)(i)
r 1 1
2
4
4
4
11
11
13
13
(10 Hi gh- Altitude Li ght Duty
Model Years
1983-1984
1982
(iii) Light
Model Years
I QQA_j_/|_j_ y
<3750 LVW
1 CfCff^-i-A-L. y
>3750 LVW
1991-1995
1988-1990
1984-1987
1979-1983
1975-1978
Hydrocarbons
Table §85. 1 (a)(3)(i)
4
4
Duty Trucks 1 (less
Hydrocarbons
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(i)
i
1
1
~r
2
5
7
7
11
12
Table §85. 1 (a)(3)(ii)
91
z, i
22
23
26
26
30
30
34
34
Vehicles.
Carbon Monoxide
Table §85. 1 (a)(3)(ii)
26
29
Table §85. 1 (a)(3)(iii)
41
T- i
42
43
43
48
48
50
50
51
Oxides of Nitrogen
Table §85. 1 (a)(3)(iii)
43
43
than 6000 pounds GVWR).
Carbon Monoxide
Table §85. 1 (a)(3)(ii)
21
22
26
29
29
31
32
Oxides of Nitrogen
Table §85. 1 (a)(3)(iii)
41
42
43
44
49
49
50
Page 3
Test Standards and Calculations
-------
§85.1
1973-1974 13 34 50
1968-1972 13 34 51
(iv) High-Altitude Light Duty Trucks 1 (less than 6000 pounds GVWR).
Model Years Hydrocarbons Carbon Monoxide Oxides of Nitrogen
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(i) Table §85.1 (a)(3)(ii) Table §85.1 (a)(3)(iii)
1991+ 6 28 43
1988-1990 9 30 44
1984-1987 9 30 49
1982-1983 12 33 49
(v) Light Duty Trucks 2 (greater than 6000 pounds GVWR).
Model Years Hydrocarbons Carbon Monoxide Oxides of Nitrogen
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(i) Table §85.1 (a)(3)(ii) Table §85.1 (a)(3)(iii)
1996+
1+Tierl<5750LVW 2 22 42
1996+1+Tier 1
>5750LVW 5 26 45
1991-1995 5 26 46
1988-1990 7 29 47
1984-1987 7 29 49
1979-1983 11 31 49
1975-1978 12 32 50
1973-1974 13 34 50
1968-1972 13 34 51
(vi) High-Altitude Light Duty Trucks 2 (greater than 6000 pounds GVWR).
Model Years Hydrocarbons Carbon Monoxide Oxides of Nitrogen
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(i) Table §85.1 (a)(3)(ii) Table §85.1 (a)(3)(iii)
1991+ 6 28 46
1988-1990 9 30 47
1984-1987 9 30 49
1982-1983 12 33 49
(2) Final ASM Standards.
At this time, EPA recommends programs implement Final Standards cautiously and
monitor the failure rate closely to ensure excessive failure rates do not negatively
impact the program.
The following exhaust emissions standards are designed to achieve the emission
reduction credits issued by EPA. They should only be used after at least one cycle of
operation using the start-up standards in §85. l(a)(l). The exhaust emissions standards
for the following model years and vehicle types are cross-referenced by the number in
the column in §85.1(a)(3), as noted in the column headings:
Page 4 Test Standards and Calculations
-------
§85.1
(i)
Light Duty Vehicles.
Model Years
1996+1+Tier 1
1983-1995
1981-1982
1980
1977-1979
1975-1976
1973-1974
1968-1972
Hydrocarbons
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(i)
1
1
1
1
6
6
10
10
Carbon Monoxide
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(ii)
21
21
23
23
27
27
32
32
(ii) High-Altitude Light Duty Vehicles.
Model Years
1983-1984
1982
Hydrocarbons
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(i)
2
2
Carbon Monoxide
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(ii)
23
23
Oxides of Nitrogen
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(iii)
41
41
41
45
45
48
48
49
Oxides of Nitrogen
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(iii)
41
41
(iii) Light Duty Trucks 1 (less than 6000 pounds GVWR).
Model Years
1996+1+Tier 1
1988-1995
1984-1987
1979-1983
1975-1978
1973-1974
1968-1972
Hydrocarbons
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(i)
1
3
O
8
9
10
10
Carbon Monoxide
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(ii)
21
24
24
28
29
32
32
Oxides of Nitrogen
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(iii)
41
42
46
46
48
48
49
(iv) High-Altitude Light Duty Trucks 1 (less than 6000 pounds GVWR).
Model Years
1988+
1984-1987
1982-1983
Hydrocarbons
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(i)
4
4
9
Carbon Monoxide Oxides of Nitrogen
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(ii) Table §85.1 (a)(3)(iii)
26
26
30
42
46
46
(v) Light Duty Trucks 2 (greater than 6000 pounds GVWR).
Model Years
1996+1+Tier 1
1988-1995
Hydrocarbons
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(i)
1
3
Carbon Monoxide Oxides of Nitrogen
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(ii) Table §85.1 (a)(3)(iii)
21
24
41
44
Page 5
Test Standards and Calculations
-------
§85.1
1984-1987 3 24 46
1979-1983 8 28 46
1975-1978 9 29 48
1973-1974 10 32 48
1968-1972 10 32 49
(vi) High-Altitude Light Duty Trucks 2 (greater than 6000 pounds GVWR).
Model Years Hydrocarbons Carbon Monoxide Oxides of Nitrogen
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(i) Table §85.1 (a)(3)(ii) Table §85.1 (a)(3)(iii)
1988+ 4 26 44
1984-1987 4 26 46
1982-1983 9 30 46
Page 6 Test Standards and Calculations
-------
§85.1
(3) ASM 2525 and 5015 Concentration Tables
(i) ASM2525 and ASM5015 Hydrocarbon (ppm C6) Table
Column #
ETW
1750
1875
2000
2125
2250
2375
2500
2625
2750
2875
3000
3125
3250
3375
3500
3625
3750
3875
4000
4125
4250
4375
4500
4625
4750
4875
5000
5125
5250
5375
5500
5625
5750
5875
6000
6125
6250
6375
6500
6625
6750
6875
7000
7125
1
5015
142
134
127
121
115
109
105
100
96
92
89
86
83
81
78
76
74
72
71
69
67
66
65
63
62
61
60
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
50
49
48
48
47
47
47
47
1
2525
136
129
123
116
111
106
101
97
93
89
86
83
80
78
76
74
72
70
68
67
65
64
63
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
48
47
46
46
46
46
46
2
5015
224
212
201
191
182
173
166
159
152
146
141
136
132
128
124
120
117
114
112
109
107
104
102
100
98
96
94
93
91
89
87
86
84
83
81
80
79
77
76
76
75
75
74
74
2
2525
216
205
194
184
175
167
160
153
147
141
136
132
127
123
120
117
114
111
108
106
103
101
99
97
95
93
92
90
88
86
85
83
82
80
79
78
76
75
74
74
73
73
72
72
3
5015
257
243
230
219
208
198
189
181
173
167
160
155
149
145
140
136
133
129
126
123
120
118
115
113
110
108
106
104
102
100
98
96
94
92
90
89
87
86
85
84
83
83
83
82
3
2525
249
236
223
212
201
192
183
175
168
161
155
150
145
140
136
132
129
125
122
119
117
114
112
109
107
105
103
101
99
97
95
93
91
90
88
86
85
84
83
82
81
81
80
80
4
5015
291
275
260
246
234
223
212
203
194
187
180
173
167
162
157
152
148
144
140
137
134
131
128
125
122
120
117
115
112
110
108
106
104
102
100
98
96
95
93
92
91
91
91
90
4
2525
282
266
252
239
227
216
206
197
189
181
174
168
162
157
152
148
144
140
137
133
130
127
124
122
119
117
114
112
110
107
105
103
101
99
97
95
94
92
91
90
89
89
88
88
5
5015
324
306
289
274
260
247
236
225
216
207
199
191
185
179
173
168
163
159
155
151
147
144
141
137
134
132
129
126
123
121
118
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
102
101
100
99
99
98
5
2525
315
297
281
267
253
241
230
219
210
201
194
186
180
174
169
164
159
155
151
147
143
140
137
134
131
128
126
123
120
118
115
113
111
108
106
104
102
101
99
98
97
97
96
96
6
5015
374
353
333
316
299
284
271
259
247
237
228
219
211
204
198
192
186
181
176
172
167
164
160
156
153
149
146
143
140
137
134
131
128
125
123
120
118
116
114
113
112
111
111
111
6
2525
364
344
325
308
292
277
264
252
241
231
222
214
206
199
193
187
182
177
172
168
164
160
156
152
149
146
143
139
136
133
130
128
125
122
120
118
115
113
112
110
109
109
108
108
7
5015
390
368
348
329
312
297
283
270
258
247
237
228
220
213
206
200
194
188
183
179
174
170
166
162
159
155
152
148
145
142
139
136
133
130
127
125
123
120
119
117
116
115
115
115
7
2525
381
359
339
321
305
290
276
263
252
241
232
223
215
208
201
195
189
184
179
175
170
166
162
159
155
152
148
145
142
139
136
133
130
127
124
122
120
118
116
114
113
113
112
112
8
5015
407
384
363
343
325
309
294
281
269
257
247
238
229
221
214
207
201
196
191
186
181
177
172
169
165
161
157
154
150
147
144
141
138
135
132
129
127
125
123
121
120
119
119
119
8
2525
397
375
354
335
318
302
288
274
262
251
241
232
224
216
209
203
197
191
186
181
177
173
169
165
161
157
154
150
147
144
141
138
135
132
129
126
124
122
120
119
117
117
116
116
9
5015
457
431
407
385
365
346
329
314
300
287
276
265
256
247
239
231
224
218
212
206
201
196
192
187
183
179
175
171
167
163
159
156
152
149
146
143
140
138
136
134
132
132
131
131
9
2525
447
421
398
376
357
339
322
307
294
281
270
260
250
241
234
226
220
213
208
202
197
192
188
183
179
175
171
167
163
159
156
152
149
146
143
140
137
135
133
131
129
129
128
128
10
5015
706
665
627
592
560
531
505
481
459
439
420
404
388
374
362
350
339
329
320
311
303
295
287
280
273
267
260
254
248
242
236
231
225
220
215
210
206
202
199
196
194
193
192
192
10
2525
694
653
616
582
551
522
496
472
451
431
413
397
382
368
355
344
333
323
314
305
297
290
282
275
269
262
256
250
244
238
232
226
221
216
211
206
202
198
195
192
190
189
188
188
11
5015
774
729
688
650
615
583
554
528
503
481
461
443
426
411
397
384
372
361
351
341
332
323
315
308
300
293
286
279
272
266
259
253
247
241
236
231
226
222
218
215
213
211
211
211
11
2525
761
717
676
638
604
573
544
518
495
473
453
435
419
404
390
377
365
355
345
335
326
318
310
302
295
288
281
274
267
261
255
248
243
237
232
227
222
218
214
211
209
207
207
206
12
5015
843
794
749
707
669
635
603
574
548
524
502
482
464
447
432
418
405
393
382
371
361
352
343
335
327
319
311
304
296
289
282
276
269
263
257
251
246
242
238
234
232
230
229
229
12
2525
828
780
736
695
658
624
593
564
539
515
493
474
456
440
424
411
398
386
375
365
355
346
337
329
321
313
305
298
291
284
277
271
264
258
252
247
242
237
233
230
227
225
225
225
13
5015
1118
1052
992
938
887
841
800
761
726
695
666
639
615
593
573
554
537
521
506
492
479
467
455
444
433
423
412
402
393
383
374
365
357
348
341
333
326
320
315
310
307
305
304
304
13
^525
1098
1034
975
921
872
827
786
748
714
683
654
628
604
583
563
544
527
512
497
484
471
459
447
436
425
415
405
395
386
376
367
359
350
342
334
327
320
314
309
304
301
299
298
298
Page 7
Test Standards and Calculations
-------
§85.1
7250
7375
7500
47
47
47
46
46
46
74
74
74
72
72
72
82
82
82
80
80
80
90
90
90
88
88
88
98
98
98
96
96
96
111
111
111
108
108
108
115
115
115
112
112
112
119
119
119
116
116
116
131
131
131
128
128
128
192
192
192
188
188
188
211
211
211
206
206
206
229
229
229
225
225
225
304
304
304
298
298
298
PageS
Test Standards and Calculations
-------
§85.1
(ii) ASM2525 and ASM5015 Carbon Monoxide (%CO) Table
Column #
ETW
1750
1875
2000
2125
2250
2375
2500
2625
2750
2875
3000
3125
3250
3375
3500
3625
3750
3875
4000
4125
4250
4375
4500
4625
4750
4875
5000
5125
5250
5375
5500
5625
5750
5875
6000
6125
6250
6375
6500
6625
6750
6875
21
5015
0.80
0.75
0.71
0.68
0.64
0.61
0.59
0.56
0.54
0.52
0.50
0.48
0.46
0.45
0.44
0.42
0.41
0.40
0.39
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.36
0.35
0.34
0.34
0.33
0.32
0.32
0.31
0.30
0.30
0.29
0.29
0.28
0.28
0.27
0.27
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
11
2525
0.77
0.73
0.69
0.66
0.62
0.59
0.57
0.54
0.52
0.50
0.48
0.46
0.45
0.43
0.42
0.41
0.40
0.39
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.35
0.35
0.34
0.33
0.33
0.32
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.30
0.29
0.29
0.28
0.28
0.27
0.27
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.25
22
5015
1.26
1.19
1.13
1.07
1.02
0.97
0.93
0.89
0.85
0.82
0.79
0.76
0.73
0.71
0.69
0.67
0.65
0.63
0.62
0.60
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.55
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.51
0.50
0.49
0.48
0.47
0.46
0.45
0.44
0.44
0.43
0.42
0.42
0.41
0.41
0.40
2525
1.22
1.16
1.09
1.04
0.99
0.94
0.90
0.86
0.82
0.79
0.76
0.73
0.71
0.69
0.67
0.65
0.63
0.61
0.60
0.58
0.57
0.56
0.55
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.51
0.50
0.49
0.48
0.47
0.46
0.45
0.44
0.44
0.43
0.42
0.42
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.40
23
5015
1.64
1.55
1.47
1.39
1.32
1.26
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.01
0.98
0.94
0.91
0.88
0.86
0.83
0.81
0.79
0.77
0.75
0.74
0.72
0.70
0.69
0.67
0.66
0.65
0.63
0.62
0.61
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56
0.55
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.52
0.51
0.51
23
2525
1.83
1.72
1.63
1.54
1.47
1.39
1.33
1.27
1.21
1.16
1.12
1.08
1.04
1.00
0.97
0.94
0.92
0.89
0.87
0.85
0.83
0.81
0.79
0.77
0.76
0.74
0.73
0.71
0.70
0.68
0.67
0.65
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61
0.60
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.57
0.56
24
5015
2.02
1.91
1.81
1.71
1.62
1.54
1.47
1.41
1.34
1.29
1.24
1.19
1.15
1.11
1.08
1.05
1.02
0.99
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.89
0.87
0.85
0.84
0.82
0.80
0.78
0.77
0.75
0.73
0.72
0.70
0.69
0.67
0.66
0.65
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61
0.61
24
2525
2.43
2.29
2.17
2.05
1.94
1.85
1.76
1.68
1.60
1.54
1.48
1.42
1.37
1.32
1.28
1.24
1.20
1.17
1.14
1.11
1.08
1.06
1.03
1.01
0.99
0.97
0.95
0.92
0.90
0.89
0.87
0.85
0.83
0.81
0.80
0.78
0.77
0.76
0.74
0.73
0.73
0.72
25
5015
2.21
2.09
1.97
1.87
1.77
1.69
1.61
1.53
1.47
1.41
1.35
1.30
1.26
1.21
1.17
1.14
1.11
1.08
1.05
1.02
1.00
0.97
0.95
0.93
0.91
0.89
0.87
0.85
0.83
0.81
0.80
0.78
0.76
0.75
0.73
0.72
0.71
0.69
0.68
0.67
0.67
0.66
25
2525
2.73
2.58
2.43
2.30
2.18
2.07
1.97
1.88
1.80
1.72
1.66
1.59
1.53
1.48
1.43
1.39
1.35
1.31
1.28
1.24
1.21
1.18
1.16
1.13
1.10
1.08
1.05
1.03
1.01
0.99
0.97
0.94
0.92
0.91
0.89
0.87
0.85
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81
0.80
26
5015
2.78
2.63
2.48
2.35
2.23
2.12
2.02
1.92
1.84
1.76
1.69
1.63
1.57
1.52
1.47
1.42
1.38
1.34
1.31
1.27
1.24
1.21
1.18
1.15
1.13
1.10
1.08
1.05
1.03
1.01
0.99
0.97
0.94
0.92
0.91
0.89
0.87
0.86
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.82
26
2525
3.64
3.43
3.24
3.06
2.90
2.76
2.62
2.50
2.39
2.29
2.19
2.11
2.03
1.96
1.89
1.84
1.78
1.73
1.68
1.64
1.60
1.56
1.52
1.48
1.45
1.42
1.38
1.35
1.32
1.29
1.26
1.24
1.21
1.18
1.16
1.13
1.11
1.09
1.08
1.06
1.05
1.04
27
5015
2.97
2.81
2.65
2.51
2.38
2.26
2.15
2.05
1.96
1 .88
1.80
1.74
1.67
1.62
1.56
1.52
1.47
1.43
1.39
1.36
1.32
1.29
1.26
1.23
1.20
1.17
1.15
1.12
1.10
1.07
1.05
1.03
1.01
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.93
0.91
0.90
0.88
0.88
0.87
2525
3.94
3.71
3.51
3.32
3.14
2.98
2.84
2.70
2.58
2.47
2.37
2.28
2.20
2.12
2.05
1.98
1.92
1.87
1.82
1.77
1.72
1.68
1.64
1.60
1.57
1.53
1.49
1.46
1.43
1.39
1.36
1.33
1.30
1.27
1.25
1.22
1.20
1.18
1.16
1.14
1.13
1.12
28
5015
3.16
2.98
2.82
2.67
2.53
2.40
2.29
2.18
2.09
2.00
1.92
1.84
1.78
1.72
1.66
1.61
1.56
1.52
1.48
1.44
1.40
1.37
1.34
1.30
1.28
1.25
1.22
1.19
1.16
1.14
1.11
1.09
1.07
1.04
1.02
1.00
0.98
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
28
2525
4.24
4.00
3.77
3.57
3.38
3.21
3.05
2.91
2.78
2.66
2.55
2.45
2.36
2.28
2.20
2.13
2.07
2.01
1.95
1.90
1.85
1.81
1.76
1.72
1.68
1.64
1.60
1.57
1.53
1.50
1.46
1.43
1.40
1.37
1.34
1.31
1.28
1.26
1.24
1.23
1.21
1.20
29
5015
3.54
3.34
3.16
2.99
2.83
2.69
2.56
2.44
2.33
2.23
2.14
2.06
1.99
1.92
1.86
1.80
1.74
1.69
1.65
1.61
1.56
1.53
1.49
1.46
1.42
1.39
1.36
1.33
1.30
1.27
1.24
1.21
1.19
1.16
1.14
1.11
1.09
1.07
1.06
1.04
1.03
1.02
19
2525
4.85
4.57
4.31
4.08
3.86
3.66
3.48
3.32
3.17
3.03
2.91
2.79
2.69
2.60
2.51
2.43
2.36
2.29
2.22
2.16
2.11
2.06
2.01
1.96
1.91
1.87
1.82
1.78
1.74
1.70
1.66
1.62
1.59
1.55
1.52
1.49
1.46
1.43
1.41
1.39
1.37
1.36
30
5015
3.92
3.70
3.49
3.31
3.13
2.98
2.83
2.70
2.58
2.47
2.37
2.28
2.20
2.12
2.05
1.99
1.93
1.87
1.82
1.77
1.73
1.68
1.64
1.61
1.57
1.53
1.50
1.46
1.43
1.40
1.37
1.34
1.31
1.28
1.25
1.23
1.20
1.18
1.16
1.15
1.14
1.13
30
2525
5.45
5.14
4.85
4.58
4.34
4.12
3.91
3.73
3.56
3.41
3.27
3.14
3.02
2.91
2.82
2.73
2.64
2.57
2.49
2.43
2.36
2.31
2.25
2.19
2.14
2.09
2.04
2.00
1.95
1.90
1.86
1.82
1.78
1.74
1.70
1.66
1.63
1.60
1.57
1.55
1.54
1.52
31
5015
4.31
4.06
3.83
3.63
3.44
3.26
3.10
2.96
2.83
2.71
2.60
2.50
2.40
2.32
2.24
2.17
2.11
2.05
1.99
1.94
1.89
1.84
1.80
1.76
1.72
1.68
1.64
1.60
1.56
1.53
1.49
1.46
1.43
1.40
1.37
1.34
1.31
1.29
1.27
1.25
1.24
1.23
31
2525
6.06
5.70
5.38
5.09
4.82
4.57
4.35
4.14
3.95
3.78
3.62
3.48
3.35
3.23
3.12
3.02
2.93
2.85
2.77
2.69
2.62
2.55
2.49
2.43
2.37
2.32
2.26
2.21
2.16
2.11
2.06
2.01
1.96
1.92
1.88
1.84
1.80
1.77
1.74
1.72
1.70
1.68
32
5015
5.07
4.78
4.51
4.26
4.04
3.83
3.65
3.48
3.32
3.18
3.05
2.93
2.82
2.72
2.63
2.55
2.47
2.40
2.33
2.27
2.21
2.16
2.11
2.06
2.01
1.96
1.92
1.87
1.83
1.79
1.75
1.71
1.67
1.63
1.60
1.57
1.54
1.51
1.48
1.46
1.45
1.44
32
2525
7.26
6.84
6.45
6.10
5.78
5.48
5.21
4.96
4.73
4.53
4.34
4.17
4.01
3.87
3.74
3.62
3.51
3.40
3.31
3.22
3.13
3.05
2.98
2.90
2.83
2.77
2.70
2.64
2.58
2.51
2.46
2.40
2.34
2.29
2.24
2.19
2.15
2.11
2.07
2.04
2.02
2.00
33
5015
5.26
4.96
4.68
4.43
4.20
3.98
3.79
3.61
3.45
3.30
3.17
3.04
2.93
2.83
2.73
2.65
2.57
2.49
2.43
2.36
2.30
2.24
2.19
2.14
2.09
2.04
1.99
1.95
1.90
1.86
1.82
1.77
1.74
1.70
1.66
1.63
1.60
1.57
1.54
1.52
1.50
1.49
33
2525
7.44
7.05
6.68
6.34
6.00
5.69
5.41
5.15
4.92
4.70
4.51
4.33
4.17
4.02
3.88
3.76
3.64
3.54
3.44
3.34
3.25
3.17
3.09
3.02
2.95
2.87
2.81
2.74
2.68
2.61
2.55
2.49
2.43
2.38
2.33
2.28
2.23
2.19
2.15
2.12
2.10
2.08
34
5015
8.02
7.56
7.14
6.75
6.40
6.07
5.78
5.51
5.26
5.03
4.83
4.64
4.47
4.31
4.17
4.04
3.91
3.80
3.70
3.60
3.51
3.42
3.34
3.26
3.18
3.11
3.03
2.97
2.90
2.83
2.77
2.70
2.64
2.59
2.53
2.48
2.43
2.39
2.35
2.32
2.29
2.28
34
2525
9.90
9.90
9.90
9.66
9.14
8.67
8.25
7.85
7.50
7.17
6.87
6.60
6.35
6.13
5.92
5.73
5.55
5.39
5.24
5.09
4.96
4.83
4.71
4.60
4.49
4.38
4.28
4.18
4.08
3.98
3.89
3.80
3.71
3.62
3.54
3.47
3.40
3.34
3.28
3.23
3.20
3.17
Page 9
Test Standards and Calculations
-------
§85.1
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.66
0.66
0.66
0.66
0.66
0.82
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.81
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
0.87
0.87
0.86
0.86
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.36
1.36
1.36
1.36
1.36
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.23
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
Page 10
Test Standards and Calculations
-------
§85.1
(iii) ASM2525 and ASM5015 Nitric Oxide (ppm NO) Table
Column #
ETW
1750
1875
2000
2125
2250
2375
2500
2625
2750
2875
3000
3125
3250
3375
3500
3625
3750
3875
4000
4125
4250
4375
4500
4625
4750
4875
5000
5125
5250
5375
5500
5625
5750
5875
6000
6125
6250
6375
6500
6625
6750
6875
7000
7125
41
5015
1212
1142
1077
1018
964
915
869
828
791
756
725
696
670
647
625
605
586
569
553
538
524
510
498
486
474
463
452
441
431
420
410
401
391
383
374
366
359
352
346
341
338
335
335
335
41
2525
1095
1031
973
920
871
827
786
749
715
684
656
630
607
585
566
547
531
515
501
487
475
463
451
440
430
420
410
400
391
382
373
364
356
348
340
333
326
320
315
311
307
305
305
305
42
5015
1819
1713
1616
1527
1446
1372
1304
1242
1186
1134
1088
1045
1006
970
937
907
879
853
829
807
786
766
747
728
711
694
677
661
646
631
616
601
587
574
561
549
538
528
519
512
507
503
502
502
42
2525
1642
1547
1460
1380
1307
1240
1179
1123
1072
1026
984
945
910
878
848
821
796
773
751
731
712
694
677
661
645
630
615
600
586
573
559
546
534
522
510
499
489
480
473
466
461
458
457
457
43
5015
2272
2181
2058
1944
1839
1744
1657
1577
1504
1438
1378
1323
1273
1227
1184
1146
1110
1077
1046
1017
990
964
939
916
893
872
850
830
810
790
771
752
734
717
701
685
671
658
647
638
631
626
624
625
43
2525
2114
1991
1877
1774
1678
1592
1512
1440
1374
1313
1258
1208
1163
1121
1082
1047
1014
984
956
930
905
882
859
838
818
798
778
760
741
723
706
689
673
657
642
628
615
604
593
585
578
574
573
573
44
5015
2725
2649
2499
2360
2232
2115
2009
1912
1823
1742
1668
1601
1539
1483
1432
1384
1340
1300
1262
1227
1194
1162
1132
1104
1076
1049
1023
998
974
950
926
904
882
860
840
822
804
788
775
763
755
749
747
747
44
2525
2587
2435
2295
2167
2050
1943
1845
1756
1675
1601
1533
1471
1415
1363
1316
1273
1233
1195
1161
1128
1098
1069
1042
1015
990
966
942
919
896
874
853
832
812
793
774
757
741
727
714
704
696
691
689
689
45
5015
3178
3117
2941
2776
2625
2487
2361
2246
2142
2046
1959
1879
1806
1740
1679
1623
1571
1523
1479
1437
1398
1360
1325
1291
1259
1227
1196
1167
1138
1109
1082
1055
1029
1004
980
958
937
919
902
889
879
872
870
870
45
2525
3060
2879
2713
2561
2422
2295
2179
2073
1976
1888
1808
1734
1667
1606
1550
1498
1451
1407
1365
1327
1291
1257
1224
1193
1163
1134
1106
1078
1051
1025
1000
975
951
928
906
886
867
850
835
823
813
807
805
805
46
5015
3631
3586
3383
3192
3018
2859
2714
2581
2460
2350
2249
2157
2073
1997
1926
1862
1802
1747
1695
1647
1602
1559
1518
1479
1441
1405
1369
1335
1301
1269
1237
1206
1176
1147
1120
1094
1070
1049
1030
1014
1003
995
992
992
46
2525
3532
3323
3131
2955
2794
2646
2512
2389
2277
2175
2082
1997
1920
1849
1784
1724
1669
1618
1570
1526
1484
1444
1406
1370
1336
1302
1269
1237
1206
1176
1147
1118
1090
1064
1039
1015
993
973
956
941
931
924
921
921
47
5015
4084
4054
3824
3609
3411
3231
3066
2916
2779
2654
2539
2435
2340
2253
2174
2100
2033
1970
1912
1857
1806
1757
1711
1666
1624
1583
1542
1503
1465
1428
1392
1357
1323
1290
1259
1230
1203
1179
1158
1140
1127
1118
1115
1115
47
2525
4005
3767
3548
3348
3165
2998
2845
2706
2579
2463
2357
2260
2172
2092
2018
1950
1887
1829
1775
1724
1677
1632
1589
1548
1508
1470
1433
1397
1362
1327
1294
1261
1230
1199
1171
1144
1119
1096
1077
1060
1048
1040
1037
1037
48
5015
4990
4990
4707
4441
4197
3974
3771
3585
3416
3261
3120
2992
2874
2767
2668
2578
2494
2417
2345
2277
2214
2154
2096
2042
1989
1938
1889
1840
1793
1747
1703
1659
1617
1577
1539
1503
1469
1439
1413
1391
1374
1364
1360
1360
48
2525
4950
4655
4384
4136
3909
3701
3512
3339
3181
3037
2906
2787
2677
2577
2486
2401
2323
2251
2184
2122
2063
2007
1953
1903
1854
1806
1760
1715
1672
1629
1587
1547
1508
1471
1435
1401
1371
1343
1318
1298
1283
1273
1269
1269
49
5015
4990
4990
4778
4578
4395
4228
4076
3936
3809
3669
3510
3366
3234
3113
3002
2900
2806
2719
2638
2562
2490
2423
2359
2297
2238
2180
2125
2070
2017
1966
1916
1867
1820
1774
1731
1690
1653
1619
1590
1565
1546
1534
1530
1531
49
2525
4960
4738
4535
4349
4179
4024
3881
3752
3579
3417
3270
3135
3012
2899
2796
2701
2614
2533
2457
2387
2320
2258
2198
2140
2085
2032
1980
1930
1881
1833
1786
1740
1697
1654
1614
1577
1542
1510
1483
1460
1443
1432
1428
1428
50
5015
4990
4990
4919
4853
4792
4736
4685
4639
4596
4484
4290
4114
3952
3804
3669
3544
3429
3323
3224
3131
3044
2961
2883
2807
2735
2665
2597
2530
2466
2403
2341
2282
2224
2168
2116
2066
2020
1979
1943
1913
1890
1875
1870
1874
50
2525
4980
4906
4838
4776
4720
4668
4620
4577
4374
4176
3996
3832
3681
3544
3418
3302
3195
3096
3003
2917
2836
2759
2686
2616
2549
2483
2420
2359
2298
2240
2183
2127
2074
2022
1973
1927
1884
1846
1813
1785
1764
1750
1745
1745
51
5015
4990
4990
4990
4990
4990
4990
4990
4990
4990
4892
4680
4488
4311
4150
4002
3867
3741
3625
3517
3416
3321
3230
3145
3063
2983
2907
2833
2760
2690
2621
2554
2489
2426
2366
2308
2254
2204
2159
2119
2087
2062
2046
2040
2045
51
2525
4990
4990
4990
4990
4990
4990
4990
4990
4772
4556
4359
4180
4016
3866
3728
3602
3485
3377
3276
3182
3094
3010
2930
2854
2780
2709
2640
2573
2507
2443
2381
2321
2262
2206
2152
2102
2056
2014
1977
1947
1924
1909
1904
1904
Page 11
Test Standards and Calculations
-------
§85.1
7250
7375
7500
335
335
335
305
305
305
502
502
502
457
457
457
625
625
625
573
573
573
747
747
747
689
689
689
870
870
870
805
805
805
992
992
992
921
921
921
1115
1115
1115
1037
1037
1037
1360
1360
1360
1269
1269
1269
1531
1531
1531
1428
1428
1428
1874
1874
1874
1745
1745
1745
2045
2045
2045
1904
1904
1904
(b) Test Score Calculation
(1) Exhaust Gas Measurement Calculation.
(i) Measurement Start. The analysis and recording of exhaust gas concentrations
shall begin 15 seconds after the applicable test mode begins, or sooner if the
system response time (to 100%) is less than 15 seconds. The analysis and
recording of exhaust gas concentrations shall not begin sooner than the time
period equivalent to the response time of the slowest transducer.
(ii) Sample Rate. Exhaust gas concentrations shall be analyzed at a minimum rate
of once per second.
(iii) Negative Values. Negative gram per second readings shall be integrated as zero
and recorded as such.
(iv) Emission Measurement Calculations. Partial stream (concentration) emissions
shall be calculated based on a running 10 second average. The values used for
HC(j), CO(j), and NO(j) are the raw (uncorrected) tailpipe concentrations.
10
(A)
(B)
AvgHC = -
10
10
]TCOG)*DCFG)
AvgCO =
10
11J
£NO(j)*DCF(j)
(C)
AvgNO = •
10
Page 12
(v) Dilution Correction Factor. The analyzer software shall multiply the raw
emissions values by the Dilution Correction Factor (DCF) during any valid
ASM emissions test. The DCF accounts for exhaust sample dilution (either
intentional or unintentional) during an emissions test. The analyzer software
shall calculate the DCF using the following procedure, and shall select the
appropriate vehicle fuel formula. If the calculated DCF exceeds 3.0 then a
default value of 3.0 shall be used.
Test Standards and Calculations
-------
§85.1
/ A \ V _ _ L 2 J measured _
I.CO2J measured + L^^J measured
Where [CO2]measured and [CO]measured are the instantaneous ASM
emissions test readings.
(B) Calculate [CO2]adjusted using the following formulas.
(1) For Gasoline:
(2) For Methanol or Ethanol:
(3) For Compressed Natural Gas (CNG):
(4) For Liquid Propane Gas (LPG):
[C02]ad|usted = - - - *100
2Jadjusted
(C) Calculate the DCF using the following formula:
2 J adjusted
DCF =
Jmeasu
ired
(vi) NO Humidity Correction Factor. The NO measurement shall be adjusted based
on relative humidity using a correction factor Kh, calculated as follows:
(A) Standard Method
1
1.0-0.0047(H-75)
(B) H = Absolute humidity in grains of water per pound of dry air.
= (43.478)Ra*Pd
PB-(Pd*Ra/100)
Page 13 Test Standards and Calculations
-------
§85.1
(C) Ra = Relative humidity of the ambient air, percent.
(D) Pd = Saturated vapor pressure, mm Hg at the ambient dry bulb
temperature. If the temperature is above 86°F, then it shall
be used in lieu of the higher temperature, until EPA
supplies final correction factors.
(E) PB = Barometric pressure, mm Hg.(F)
(F) Revised method1
TT _ [0.004977(H-75)-0.004447(1-75)]
(G) H = Absolute humidity in grains of water per pound of dry
air.
(H) T = Temperature in °F.
NOTE: If the calculated KH using either method of calculation is greater
than 2.19, the value of KH shall be set at 2.19.
(2) Pass/Fail Determination.
A pass or fail determination shall be made for each applicable test mode based on a
comparison of the applicable test standards and the measured value for HC, CO, and
NO as described in §85. l(b)(l)(iv). A vehicle shall pass the test mode if the emission
values for HC, CO, and NO are simultaneously below or equal to the applicable short
test standards for all three pollutants. A vehicle shall fail the test mode if the values for
HC, CO, or NO, or any combination of the three, are above the applicable standards at
the expiration of the test time.
1 This revised method for calculating KH as a function of both T and H is based on work performed by Sierra Research under
contract 68-C4-0056, Work Assignment 2-04. If the calculated value of KH exceeds 2.19, the value of KH shall be set to 2.19.
This analysis used the same MY69, 5-vehicle sample employed for the original KH factor study that resulted in the current
CFR standard KH calculation method (listed in (vi)(F) above). However, in many cases IM testing occurs outside the
temperature limits set by the CFR for the standard method; therefore, at this time EPA recommends using the revised method
when testing above 86 °F.
Page 14 Test Standards and Calculations
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§85.2
§85.2 Test Procedures
(a) General Requirements.
(1) Vehicle Characterization. The following information shall be determined for the vehicle
being tested and used to automatically select the dynamometer power absorption
settings:
(i) Vehicle type: LDGV, LDGT1, LDGT2, HDGT, and others as needed
(ii) Chassis model year
(iii) Make
(iv) Model
(v) Number of cylinders
(vi) Cubic inch or liters displacement of the engine
(vii) Transmission type
(viii) Equivalent Test Weight.
(2) Ambient Conditions. The ambient temperature, absolute humidity, and barometric
pressure shall be recorded continuously during the test cycle or as a single set of
readings up to 4 minutes before the start of the driving cycle.
(3) Restart. If shut off, the vehicle shall be restarted as soon as possible before the test and
shall be running for at least 30 seconds prior to the start of the ASM driving cycle.
(4) Void Test Conditions. The test shall immediately end and any exhaust gas
measurements shall be voided if the instantaneous measured concentration of CO plus
CO2 falls below six percent or the vehicle's engine stalls at any time during the test
sequence.
(5) Vehicle Brakes. The vehicle's brakes shall not be applied during the test modes. If the
vehicles brakes are applied during testing the mode timer shall be reset to zero (tt = 0).
(6) Test Termination. The test shall be aborted or terminated upon reaching the overall
maximum test time.
(b) Vehicle Pre-inspection and Preparation.
(1) Accessories. All accessories (air conditioning, heat, defogger, radio, automatic traction
control if switchable, etc.) shall be turned off (if necessary, by the inspector).
(2) Traction Control and Four-Wheel Drive (4WD). Vehicles with traction control systems
that cannot be turned off shall not be tested on two wheel drive dynamometers.
Vehicles with 4WD that cannot be turned off shall only be tested on 4WD
dynamometers. If the 4WD function can be disabled, then 4WD vehicles may be tested
on two wheel drive dynamometers.
Page 15 Test Procedures
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§85.2
It is the responsibility of all vehicle OEMs to notify TRPD of any vehicles that can't be
tested on 2WD dynamometers.
(4) Exhaust Leaks. The vehicle shall be inspected for exhaust leaks. Audio assessment
while blocking exhaust flow, or gas measurement of carbon dioxide or other gases shall
be acceptable. Vehicles with leaking exhaust systems shall be rejected from testing.
(5) Fluid Leaks. The vehicle shall be inspected for fluid leaks. Vehicles with leaking
engine oil, transmission fluid, or coolant shall be rejected from testing.
(6) Mechanical Condition. Vehicles with obvious mechanical problems (engine,
transmission, brakes, or exhaust) that either create a safety hazard or could bias test
results shall be rejected from testing.
(7) Operating Temperature. The vehicle shall be at normal operating temperature prior to
the start of the test. The vehicle temperature gauge, if equipped and operating, shall be
checked to assess temperature. Vehicles in overheated condition shall be rejected from
testing.
(8) Tire Condition. Vehicles shall be rejected from testing if tread indicators, tire cords,
bubbles, cuts, or other damage are visible. Vehicles shall be rejected from testing if
they have space-saver spare tires or if they do not have reasonably sized tires on the
drive axle or axles. Vehicles may be rejected if they have different sized tires on the
drive axle or axles. In test-and-repair facilities, drive wheel tires shall be checked with
a gauge for adequate tire pressure. In test-only facilities, drive wheel tires shall be
visually checked for adequate pressure level. Drive wheel tires that appear low shall be
inflated to approximately 30 psi, or to tire side wall pressure, or vehicle manufacturer's
recommendation. Alternatively, vehicles with apparent low tire pressure may be
rejected from testing.
(9) Gear Selection. The vehicle shall be operated during each mode of the test with the
gear selector in drive for automatic transmissions and in second (or third if more
appropriate) for manual transmissions for the loaded modes.
(10) Roll Rotation. The vehicle shall be maneuvered onto the dynamometer with the drive
wheels positioned on the dynamometer rolls. Prior to test initiation, the rolls shall be
rotated until the vehicle laterally stabilizes on the dynamometer. Vehicles that cannot
be stabilized on the dynamometer shall be rejected from testing. Drive wheel tires shall
be dried if necessary to prevent slippage.
(11) Vehicle Restraint. Testing shall not begin until the vehicle is restrained. Any restraint
system shall meet the requirements of §85.3(a)(5)(ii). In addition, the parking brake
shall be set for front wheel drive vehicles prior to the start of the test, unless parking
brake functions on front axle or if is automatically disengaged when in gear.
(12) Vehicle Conditioning.
(i) Queuing Time. When a vehicle waits in a queue more than 20 minutes or when
a vehicle is shut-off for more than 5 minutes prior to the test, vehicle
Page 16 Test Procedures
-------
§85.2
conditioning shall be performed for 60 seconds, as specified in
§85.2(b)(12)(ii)(C) below. This 60 second period is in addition to the test times
described in 85.2(d). Emissions may be monitiored during this cycle and if
passing readings are obtained, as specified for the ASM cycle in §85.2(d), then
the cycle may be terminated and the respective ASM mode skipped.
(ii) Discretionary Preconditioning. At the program's discretion, any vehicle may be
preconditioned using any of the following methods:
(A) Non-loaded Preconditioning. Increase engine speed to approximately
2500 RPM, for up to 4 minutes, with or without a tachometer.
(B) Loaded Preconditioning. Drive the vehicle on the dynamometer at 30
miles per hour for up to 240 seconds at road-load.
(C) ASM Preconditioning. Drive the vehicle on the dynamometer using
either mode of the ASM test as specified in §85.2(d).
(D) Transient Preconditioning. After maneuvering the vehicle onto the
dynamometer, drive a transient cycle consisting of speed, time,
acceleration, and load relationships such as the IM240.
(c) Equipment Preparation and Settings.
(1) Analyzer Warm-Up. Emission testing shall be locked out until the analyzer is warmed-
up and stable. The analyzer shall reach stability within 30 minutes from startup. If an
analyzer does not achieve stability within the allotted time frame, it shall remain locked
out from testing. The instrument shall be considered "warmed-up" when the zero and
span readings for HC, CO, NO, and CO2 have stabilized within the accuracy values
specified in §85.3(c)(3)(vi) for five minutes without adjustment, (this does not require
span gas verification of warm up, but provides a quality assurance method for
chocking).
(2) Emission Sample System Purge. While a lane is in operation, the sample system shall
be continuously purged after each test for at least 15 minutes if not taking
measurements. The system purge should consist of flowing fresh air through the
complete system for 5 minutes or until the HC reading is less than 15 ppm C6.
(3) Probe Insertion. The sample probe shall be inserted into the vehicle's tailpipe to a
minimum depth of 10 inches. If the vehicle's exhaust system prevents insertion to this
depth, a tailpipe extension shall be used.
(4) Multiple exhaust pipes. Exhaust gas concentrations from vehicle engines equipped
with functionally independent multiple exhaust pipes shall be sampled simultaneously.
(5) Analyzer Preparation. The analyzer shall perform an automatic zero, an ambient air
reading, and an HC hang-up check prior to each test. This process shall occur within
two minutes of the start of the test.
Page 17 Test Procedures
-------
§85.2
(i) Automatic Gas Zero. The analyzer shall conduct automatic zero adjustments
using the zero gas specified in §85.4(d)(2)(iii). The zero adjustment shall
include the HC, CO, CO2, and NO channels. Bottled or generated zero air may
be used.
(ii) Ambient Air Reading. Filtered ambient air shall be introduced to the analyzer
before the sample pump, but after the sample probe, hose, and filter/water trap.
The analyzer shall record the concentrations of the four measured gases, but
shall make no adjustments.
(iv) HC Hang-up Determination. The analyzer shall sample ambient air through the
probe to determine background pollution levels and HC hang-up. The analyzer
shall be locked out from testing until:
(1) The sample through probe has less than 15 ppm HC, 0.02% CO, and
25 ppm NO; and,
(2) The residual HC in the sampling system (probe sample - ambient air
reading) is less than 7 12 ppm.
(6) Cooling System. The use of a cooling system is optional when testing at temperatures
below 50°F. Furthermore, the hood may be opened at the state's discretion. If a
cooling system is in use, testing shall not begin until the cooling system is positioned
and activated. The cooling system shall be positioned to direct air to the vehicle
cooling system, but shall not be directed at the catalytic converter.
Cooling System. When ambient temperatures exceed 72°F, testing shall not begin until
the cooling system blower is positioned and activated. The cooling system blower shall
be positioned to direct air to the vehicle cooling system, but shall not be directed at the
catalytic converter.
(7) Dynamometer Warm-Up. Dynamometers that do not have temperature compensation
shall be automatically warmed-up prior to official testing and shall be locked out until it
is warmed-up. Dynamometers resting (not operated for at least 30 seconds and at least
15 mph) for more than 30 minutes shall pass the coast-down check specified in
§85.4(b)(l) prior to use in testing. As specified in §85.4(a)(2), control charts may be
used to demonstrate allowing a longer duration of inactivity before a required warm-up.
Dynamometers with temperature compensation may be warmed-up per the
manufacturers recommendation.
(8) Dynamometer Settings. Dynamometer power absorption and inertia weight settings
shall be automatically chosen from an EPA-supplied electronic look-up table which will
be referenced based upon the vehicle identification information obtained in §85.2(a)(l).
Vehicles not listed shall be tested using default power absorption and inertia settings in
the latest version of the EPA I/M Look-up Table, as posted on EPA's web site:
www.epa.gov/orcdizux/im.htm. At a minimum the look-up table on the ASM host
computer should be updated once per year.
Page 18 Test Procedures
-------
§85.2
Load Sotting. Prior to each mode, tho system shall automatically select tho load sotting
of tho dynamometer from a look up table supplied by EPA or tho state.
(9) Engine Speed. Engine speed measurement equipment shall be attached on all 1996 and
newer light duty vehicles and trucks, and in test-and-repair programs, engine speed
shall also be monitored on all pre-1996 vehicles. Starting in 1998, the SAE-
standardized OBD plug shall be used on 1996 and newer vehicles. Engine speed
measurement equipment shall meet the requirements of §85.3(c)(5).
(d) Test Procedures.
The test sequence shall consist of either a single ASM mode or both ASM modes described in
§85.2(d)(l) and (2), and may be performed in either order (with appropriate change in
transition requirements in §85.2(d)(l)(iv)). Vehicles that fail the first-chance test described in
§85.2(d) shall receive a second-chance test if the conditions in §85.2(e) apply. The test timer
shall start (tt=0) when the conditions specified in §85.2(b) and §85.2(c) are met and the mode
timer initiates as specified in §85.2(d)(l) or §85.2(d)(2). Tho tost sequence shall have an
overall maximum tost time of 290 seconds (tt~290). Approximate test times for various test
scenarios are described in §85.2 (e)(2)(v) below. The test shall be immediately terminated or
aborted upon reaching the overall maximum test time.
(1) ASM5015Mode.
(vi) The mode timer shall start (mt=0) when the dynamometer speed (and
corresponding power) is maintained within 15±1.0 miles per hour for 5
continuous seconds. If the inertia simulation error exceeds the tolerance
specified in §85.3(a)(3)(ii)(A) (or §85.3(a)(3)(ii)(B) if used) for more than 3
consecutive seconds after the mode timer is started, the test mode timer shall be
set to mt=0. Should this happen a second time, the test shall be aborted. The
dynamometer shall apply the correct torque for 15.0 mph for the torque at any
testing speed within the tolerance of 15±1.0 miles per hour (i.e., constant torque
load over speed range). The torque tolerance shall be ± 5% of the correct torque
at 15 mph.
NOTE: Some comments suggested widening the speed tolerance to ±1.5 mph.
However, other studies have shown that a ±0.5 mph tolerance is possible.
Therefore, we have kept the original ±1.0 mph tolerance.
(vii) The dynamometer power shall be automatically selected from an EPA-supplied
or EPA-approved look-up table, based upon the vehicle identification
information described in §85.2(a)(l). Vehicles not listed in the look-up table
and for which ETW is not available shall be tested using the following default
settings:
Page 19 Test Procedures
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§85.2
Default ASM5015 Actual Horsepower Settings
For 8.6" Dynamometers HP50158
Vehicle Type
Sedans
Station Wagons
Mini-vans
Pickup Trucks
Sport/Utility
Full Vans
Number of Cylinders
O
7.9
8.1
10.2
9.6
10.1
10.3
4
11.4
11.7
14.1
13.1
13.4
13.9
5&6
13.8
13.8
15.8
16.4
15.5
17.7
8
16.4
16.1
17.9
19.2
19.4
19.6
>8
16.0
16.1
18.2
21.1
21.1
20.5
Default ASM5015 Actual Horsepower Settings
For 20" Dynamometers HP501520
Vehicle Type
Sedans
Station Wagons
Mini-vans
Pickup Trucks
Sport/Utility
Full Vans
Number of Cylinders
3
8.1
8.3
10.4
9.8
10.5
10.8
4
11.8
12.1
14.5
13.4
13.8
14.4
5&6
14.3
14.2
16.3
16.8
15.9
18.2
8
16.9
16.6
18.5
19.8
19.9
20.2
>8
16.6
16.6
18.7
21.7
21.7
21.1
If the dynamometer speed or torque falls outside the speed or torque tolerance
for more than 2 consecutive seconds, or for more than 5 seconds total, the mode
timer shall reset to zero and resume timing. The minimum mode length shall be
determined as described in §85.2(d)(iii). The maximum mode length shall be 90
seconds elapsed time (mt=90).
During the 10 second period used for the pass decision, the dynamometer speed
shall not fall more than QrS-l.O mph (absolute drop, not cumulative). If the speed
at the end of the 10 second period is more than OrSl.O mph less than the speed at
the start of the 10 second period, testing shall continue until the speed stabilizes
enough to meet this criterion.
The ten second emissions window shall be matched to the corresponding vehicle
speed trace time window. This shall be performed by subtracting the nominal
Page 20
Test Procedures
-------
§85.2
response time for the analyzers from the mode time to determine the time for the
corresponding vehicle speed.
(iii) The pass/fail analysis shall begin after an elapsed time of 25 seconds (mt=25). A
pass/fail determination shall be made for the vehicle and the mode shall be
terminated as follows:
(A) The vehicle shall pass the ASM5015 mode and the mode shall be
immediately terminated if, at any point between an elapsed time of 25
seconds (mt=25) and 90 seconds (mt=90), the 10 second running average
measured values for each pollutant are simultaneously less than or equal to
the applicable test standards described in §85.1(a).
(B) Pass/Fail determinations may be made at mt=15 seconds if a 50% safety
margin in cutpoints is applied from mt=15 to mt=25 second, i.e. emissions
for all pollutants are 50% below the appropriate ASM standards.
(C) The vehicle shall fail the ASM5015 mode and the mode shall be
terminated if the requirements of §85.2(d)(l)(iii)(A) are not satisfied by an
elapsed time of 90 seconds (mt=90).
Failing vehicles shall undergo a speed variation consisting of an
acceleration to 20 mph in approximately 2-4 seconds, a deceleration with
braking to 10 mph in approximately 4-6 seconds, and a final acceleration
to 15 mph in approximately 4-8 seconds. The times here should be taken
as general guidelines as all vehicles will respond differently to this
procedure. This procedure is performed to reduce pattern failures in
vehicles with emission control systems that
(iv) Upon termination of the ASM5015 mode, the vehicle shall immediately begin
accelerating to the speed required for the ASM2525 mode. The dynamometer
torque shall smoothly transition during the acceleration period and shall
automatically reset to the load required for the ASM2525 mode as specified in
§85.2(d)(2)(i) once the roll speed specified in §85.2(d)(2)(i) is achieved.
(2) ASM2525 Mode.
(i) The mode timer shall start (mt=0) when the dynamometer speed (and
corresponding power) are maintained within 25±1.0 miles per hour for 5
continuous seconds. If the inertia simulation error exceeds the tolerance
specified in §85.3(a)(3)(ii)(A) (or §85.3(a)(3)(ii)(B) if used) for more than 3
consecutive seconds after the mode timer is started, the test mode timer shall be
set to mt=0. Should this happen a second time, the test shall be aborted. The
dynamometer shall apply the correct torque for 25.0 mph for the torque at any
testing speed within the tolerance of 25±1.0 miles per hour (i.e., constant torque
load over speed range). The torque tolerance shall be ± 5% of the correct torque
at 25 mph.
Page 21 Test Procedures
-------
§85.2
(ii) The dynamometer power shall be automatically selected from an EPA-supplied
or EPA-approved look-up table, based upon the vehicle identification
information described in §85.2(a)(l). Vehicles not listed in the look-up table
and for which ETW is not available shall be tested using the following default
settings:
Default ASM2525 Actual Horsepower Settings
For 8.6" Dynamometers HP25258
Vehicle Type
Sedans
Station Wagons
Mini-vans
Pickup Trucks
Sport/Utility
Full Vans
Number of Cylinders
O
6.7
6.8
8.8
8.0
8.8
9.0
4
9.5
9.7
11.7
10.9
11.2
11.6
5&6
11.5
11.5
13.2
13.6
12.9
14.7
8
13.7
13.4
14.9
16.0
16.1
16.3
>8
13.3
13.3
15.3
17.8
17.8
17.2
Default ASM2525 Actual Horsepower Settings
For 20" Dynamometers HP252520
Vehicle Type
Sedans
Station Wagons
Mini-vans
Pickup Trucks
Sport/Utility
Full Vans
Number of Cylinders
O
6.9
7.0
8.9
8.1
8.9
9.1
4
10.1
10.4
12.5
11.4
11.8
12.5
5&6
12.3
12.2
14.0
14.4
13.6
15.5
8
14.5
14.2
15.9
16.9
17.1
17.3
>8
14.3
14.4
16.3
18.8
18.8
18.3
If the dynamometer speed or torque falls outside the speed or torque tolerance
for more than two consecutive seconds, or for more than 5 seconds total, the
mode timer shall reset to zero and resume timing. The minimum mode length
shall be determined as described in §85.2(d)(2)(iii). The maximum mode length
shall be 90 seconds elapsed time (mt=90).
During the 10 second period used for the pass decision, the dynamometer speed
shall not fall more than QrS-l.O mph (absolute drop, not cumulative). If the speed
at the end of the 10 second period is more than QrS-1.0 mph less than the speed at
the start of the 10 second period, testing shall continue until the speed stabilizes
enough to meet this criterion.
Page 22
Test Procedures
-------
§85.2
(iii) The pass/fail analysis shall begin after an elapsed time of 25 seconds (mt=25).
A pass or fail determination shall be made for the vehicle and the mode shall be
terminated as follows:
(A) The vehicle shall pass the ASM2525 mode if, at any point between an
elapsed time of 25 seconds (mt=25) and 90 seconds (mt=90), the 10-
second running average measured values for each pollutant are
simultaneously less than or equal to the applicable test standards
described in §85.1(a). If the vehicle passed the ASM5015 mode, as
described in §85.2(d)(l)(iii), the ASM2525 mode shall be terminated
upon obtaining passing scores for all three pollutants. If the vehicle failed
the ASM5015 mode, the ASM2525 mode shall continue for an elapsed
time of 90 seconds (mt=90).
(B) Pass/Fail determinations may be made at mt=15 seconds if a 50% safety
margin in cutpoints is applied from mt=15 to mt=25 second, i.e.
emissions for all pollutants are 50% below the appropriate ASM
standards.
(C) The vehicle shall fail the ASM2525 mode and the mode shall be
terminated if the requirements of §85.2(d)(2)(iii)(A) are not satisfied by
an elapsed time of 90 seconds (mt=90).
(e) Second Chance Tests.
(1) If the vehicle fails the first-chance test, the test timer shall reset to zero (tt=0) and a
second-chance test shall be performed, except as noted below. If the vehicle is not
tested within 20 minutes of failing the test it shall be preconditioned for an additional
60 seconds prior to the start of the retest. The second-chance test shall be of the same
maximum duration as the first chance test, an overall maximum tost time of 115
seconds (tt~H5) if ono mode is repeated, an overall maximum time of 290 seconds
(tt~290) if two modes are repeated.
(2) Repetition or extension of failed modes for two mode ASM tests. Except in the case of
vehicles subject to preconditioning specified in §85.2(b)(12)(i), if at least 90 seconds of
loaded preconditioning is performed, as specified in §85.2(b)(12)(ii), then the second-
chance test may be omitted.
(i) If the vehicle failed only the first mode (ASM5015) of the first chance test, then
that mode shall be repeated upon completion of the second mode (ASM2525).
The repeated mode shall be performed as described in §85.2(d)(l) except that
the provisions of §85.2(d)(l)(iv) shall be omitted. The test will terminate when
the mode ends or when the vehicle passes, whichever occurs first.
(ii) If the vehicle is failing only the second mode (ASM2525) of the first chance
test, then the second mode shall not end at 90 seconds but shall continue for up
to 180 seconds. Mode and test timers shall not reset but rather continue up to
180 seconds. The provisions of §85.2(d)(2) shall continue to apply throughout
the 180 second test period.
Page 23 Test Procedures
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§85.2
(iii) If the vehicle failed both modes (ASM5015 and ASM2525) of the first chance
test, then the vehicle shall receive a second-chance test for the ASM5015. If the
vehicle fails the second-chance ASM5015, then the vehicle shall fail the test.
Otherwise, the vehicle shall also receive a second-chance ASM2525.
Page 24 Test Procedures
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§85.2
(iv) The four possible outcomes described above are illustrated below for an ASM2
test procedure. Each testing mode, which excludes preconditioning, has a
maximum time of 90 seconds.
Outcome 1- Vehicle Passes Both Modes (Total Max Time Approximately 180s)
End
Pass 5015 Mode
Pass 2525 Mode
Outcome 2- Vehicle Fails 5015, Passes 2525 (Total Max Time Approximately 270s)
Fail 50 15 Mode
'ly
Pass 2525 Mode
Speed Variation
\)
w til id
2nd Chance 50 15
Speed Variation
Outcome 3- Vehicle Passes 5015, Fails 2525 (Total Max Time Approximately 270s)
Pass 5015 Mode
Fail 2525 Mode
2nd Chance 2525
Speed Variation
Outcome 4- Vehicle Fails Both Modes 5015 (Total Max Time Approximately 360s)
End
Fail 50 15
Mode
\)
Speed
Variation
Fail 2525
Mode
2nd Chance
5015
V
2nd Chance
2525
Speed
Variation
NOTE: It has been recommended that Outcome 4 be made optional since if a vehicle
fails both modes of the ASM test, additional testing will not likely improve emissions
performance. It was also suggested that a Two Speed Idle test be added after the ASM
mode testing is completed as some states have found vehicles to fail an idle test
although they passed the ASM test. EPA is seeking comments on these options from the
state programs.
Page 25
Test Procedures
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§85.2
(3) Repetition of failed modes for single mode ASM tests.
(i) If the vehicle is failing at the end of the mode then the test mode shall not end at
90 seconds but shall continue for up to 180 seconds, following a speed variation
phase described in §85.2(d)(l)(iii)(C). Mode and test timers shall not reset but
rather continue up to 180 seconds. The provisions of §85.2(d)(l) or §85.2(d)(2)
shall continue to apply throughout the 180 second test period. The figure below
illustrates the test sequence.
End
Fail 50 15 or
2525 Mode
17
Speed Variation
2nd Chance 50 15
or 2525 Mode
Page 26
Test Procedures
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§85.3 Test Equipment Specifications
(These sections have been re-ordered to match the order used in the IM240 Guidance. Any
actual changes to the text are highlighted in red.)
(a) Dynamometer Specifications.
(1) General Requirements
(i) Only one diameter of dynamometer shall be used in a program.
(ii) The dynamometer structure (e.g., bearings, rollers, pit plates, etc.) shall
accommodate all light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks up to 8500 pounds
GVWR.
(iii) Dynamometer ASM load horsepower (HP5015 or HP2525) shall be
automatically selected based on the vehicle parameters in the test record.
(iv) All dynamometers shall have an identification plate permanently affixed
showing at a minimum, the dynamometer manufacturers name, the system
provider's name, production date, model number, serial number, dynamometer
type, maximum axle weight, maximum HP absorbed, roll diameter, roll width,
base inertia weight, and electrical requirements.
(v) The dynamometer shall be designed to meet specifications at an ambient
temperature range of 35 to 1 10°F, and at absolute humidity values representative
of the testing location. A wider range of operating temperatures shall be used to
reflect local operating conditions if applicable.
(vi) Alternative dynamometer specifications, designs or error checking may be
allowed if proposed by a state and upon a determination by the Administrator
that, for the purpose of properly conducting an approved short test, the evidence
supporting such deviations show that proper vehicle loading will be applied.
(2) Power Absorption.
(i) Vehicle Loading. The vehicle loading used during the ASM driving cycles shall
follow the equation in §85.3(a)(2)(ii) at 15 and 25 mph. Unless otherwise
noted, any horsepower displayed during testing shall be expressed as HP.
(ii) IHP - THP PLHP GTRL
HP ~ IHP + PLHP
HP - = — Tho actual Horsepower value contained in tho look up table for a
vehicle being tested (using tho ASM5015 or 2525) on a
dynamometer with tho specified diameter rollers. Tho actual
horsepower is tho sum of tho indicated horsepower and tho
parasitic losses (PLHP)
Page 2 7 Test Equipment Specifications
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§85.3
fflP =—Indicated Horsepower value sot on tho dynamometer.
THP—=—Total Horsepower for an ASM test includes indicated, tire losses,
and parasitics. This value is independent of roll size.
GTRL ~—Generic Tiro/Roll Interface Losses at tho specified speed (15 or 25
mph) on a dynamometer with tho specified diameter rollers.
PLHP ~—Parasitic Losses Horsepower due to internal dynamometer friction.
A value is specific to each individual dynamometer and speed.
Indicated Horsepower. At constant velocity, the power absorber shall load the
vehicle according the following equations:
fflP = TRLHP - PLHP - GTRL
Where: IHP is the dynamometer indicated, or set, horsepower.
TRLHP is the track, or total, horsepower for a particular vehicle.
PLHP is the dynamometer parasitic loss horsepower.
GTRL is the generic tire/roll loss of a vehicle on the
dynamometer.
TRLHP, PLHP, GTRL, and therefore IHP, are all expressed as three term
polynomials of the type:
HP = A*Obmph + B*Obmph2 + C*Obmph3
Where: HP represents individual expressions relating IHP, TRLHP,
PLHP, or GTRL as a function of velocity.
A, B, or C represent horsepower coefficients for the individual
expressions relating IHP, TRLHP, PLHP, or GTRL as a function
of velocity.
Obmph is the velocity in miles per hour.
Expressions for TRLHP, and GTRL are found in Appendices H and I of the
EVI240 Guidance
(iii) Range of Power Absorber. The range of the power absorber shall be sufficient
to simulate the load required to perform an ASM5015 and an ASM2525 on all
light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks up to 8500 pounds GVWR. The power
absorber shall absorb, at 14 mph and above, a minimum of 25 horsepower
continuously for a steady-state test of at least 5 minutes, with 3 minutes between
each test.
(iv) Power Absorber. Only electric power absorbers shall be used unless alternatives
are proposed by the state and approved by the Administrator. The power
Page 28 Test Equipment Specifications
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§85.3
absorber shall be adjustable in 0.1 hp increments at both 15 MPH and 25 MPH.
The accuracy of the power absorber (PAU + parasitic losses) shall be ±0.25
horsepower or ±3% 3% of required power, whichever is greater, in either
direction of rotation. For field auditing the accuracy shall be ±0.5 horsepower.
(v) Accuracy Over the Operating Range. The dynamometer's accuracy when warm
shall not deviate more than ±0.5 horsepower over the full ambient operating
range of 35°F to 110°F. This may be accomplished by intrinsic design or by
software correction techniques. At any constant temperature, the dynamometer
shall have an accuracy of ±0.5 horsepower within 15 seconds of the start of the
test, and shall have an accuracy of ±0.25 horsepower within 30 seconds of the
start of the test. For temperatures outside the specified range, the dynamometer
shall provide correction or proceed with a manufacturer warm-up sequence until
full warm condition has been reached.
(3) Inertia.
(i) Base Inertia. The dynamometer shall be equipped with mechanical flywheel(s)
or with full inertia simulation providing a total base inertia weight of 2000
pounds ±40 pounds. Any deviation from the 2000 pound base inertia shall be
quantified and the coast-down time shall be corrected accordingly. Any
deviation from the stated inertia shall be quantified and the inertia simulation
shall be corrected accordingly. The actual inertia weight shall be marked on the
ID plate required in §85.3(a)(l)(iv).
(ii) Inertia/Inertia Simulation. The dynamometer shall be capable of conducting, at
a minimum, diagnostic level transient inertia simulations with an acceleration
rate between 0 and 3.3 miles per hour per second with a minimum load (power)
of 25 horsepower at 14 mph over the inertia weight range of 2000 pounds to
6000 pounds. For the diagnostic level inertia simulation, the 25 horsepower
criterion is a requirement on acceleration only, while for the full inertia
simulation option, the requirement is for both acceleration and deceleration.
Mechanical inertia simulation shall be provided in 500 pound increments;
electric inertia simulation shall be provided in 1 pound increments. Any
deviation from the stated inertia shall be quantified and the inertia simulation
shall be corrected accordingly. Mechanical or electrical inertia simulation, or a
combination of both, may be used, subject to review and approval by the state.
(A) Diagnostic Level Simulation.
1. System Response. The torque response to a step change shall be at
least 90% of the requested change within 300 milliseconds.
2. Simulation Error. An inertia simulation error (ISE) shall be
continuously calculated any time the actual dynamometer speed is
between 10 MPH and 60 MPH. The ISE shall be calculated by the
Page 29 Test Equipment Specifications
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§85.3
equation in §85.3(a)(3)(ii)(C), and shall not exceed 3% of the inertia
weight selected (IWS) for the vehicle under test.
(B) Full Inertia Simulation. (Recommended Option)
1. System Response. The torque response to a step change shall be at
least 90% of the requested change within -W)Q 200 milliseconds after
a step change is commanded by the dynamometer control system,
and shall be within 2% of the commanded torque by 300
milliseconds after the command is issued. Any overshoot of the
commanded torque value shall not exceed 25% of the torque value.
2. Simulation Error. An inertia simulation error (ISE) shall be
continuously calculated any time the actual dynamometer speed is
between 10 MPH and 60 MPH. The ISE shall be calculated by the
equation in §85.3(a)(3)(ii)(C), and shall not exceed 4% 2% of the
inertia weight selected (IWS) for the vehicle under test.
(C) Inertia Simulation Error Calculation.
ISE = [(IWS - It) / (IWS)] * 100
Where:
ISE = Inertia Simulation Error
IWS = Inertia Weight Selected
It = Total inertia being simulated by the dynamometer (kg)
It (Ib force) = It (kg) * 2.2046
Im = Base (mechanical inertia of the dynamometer (kg)
V = Measured roll speed (m/s)
Fm = Force measured by the load cell (translated to the roll
surface) (N)
Fri = Road load force (N) required by IHP at the measure roll
speed (V)
t = Time (sec)
(4) Parasitic Losses.
(i) The parasitic losses (PLHP) in each dynamometer system (including but not
limited to windage, bearing friction, and system drive friction) shall be
characterized at 15 and 25 mph upon initial acceptance, and during each
Page 30 Test Equipment Specifications
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§85.3
dynamometer calibration. The parasitic power losses shall be determined as
indicated in §85.4(b)(2).
Refer
Size and Typo. Tho dynamometer shall bo equipped with twin rolls. Tho rolls
shall bo electrically or mechanically coupled side to side and front to roar. Tho
dynamometer roll diameter shall bo botwoon 8.5 and 21.0 inches. Tho spacing
botwoon tho roll centers shall comply with tho equation in §85.3(a)(3)(ii) to
within 0.5 inches and 0.25 inches of tho calculated value. Fixed dynamomotor
rolls shall have an inside track width of no more than 30 inches and outside
track width of at least 100 inches. Rolls movoablo from side to side may bo
used if adequate measures arc taken to prevent tiro damage from lateral vehicle
movement and tho dynamometer sufficiently accommodates track widths of tho
full range of vehicles to bo tested on tho dynamomotor. Alternative track
widths, roll sizes, and number of rolls may bo used if approved by tho state and
tho Administrator and if adequate measures aro taken to prevent tiro damage
from lateral vehicle movement and tho dynamomotor sufficiently accommodates
track widths of tho full range of vehicles to bo tested on tho dynamomotor.
Roll Spacing -(21.375+D) * Sin 31.5153
D ~ dynamomotor roll diamotor.
Roll spacing and roll diameter aro expressed in inches.
Design. Tho roll size, surface Finish, and hardness shall bo such that tiro
slippage is minimized under all weather conditions; that water removal is
maximized; that tho specified accuracy of tho distance and speed moasuromonts
aro maintained; and that tiro wear and noiso aro minimizod.
(5) Rolls.
(i) Size and Type. The dynamometer shall be equipped with twin rolls. The rolls
shall be coupled side to side. In addition, the front and rear rolls shall be
coupled. The dynamometer roll diameter shall be between 8.5 and 21.0 inches.
The spacing between the roll centers shall comply with the equation in
§85.3(a)(5)(iii). The dynamometer rolls shall accommodate an inside track
width of 30 inches and an outside track width of at least 100 inches.
(ii) Roll Installation. Rolls shall be installed in the floor such that vehicles will be
within ±-5- 8 degrees of horizontal.
(iii) Roll Spacing. The spacing between the roll centers shall comply with the
following equation to within +0.5 inches and -0.25 inches.
Page 31 Test Equipment Specifications
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Roll Spacing = (24.375 + D) * Sin 31.5°
Where:Roll Spacing is the distance between the roll centerlines in inches.
D = Roll diameter in inches
(iv) Roll Surface. The surface finish and hardness shall be such that tire slippage is
minimized when testing vehicles using the inertia weight and horsepower
settings found in the EPA I/M Look-up Table while following the driving
schedule, and that tire wear and noise are minimized. Knurled roll surfaces are
acceptable.
(v) Vehicle Lift. A vehicle lift system located between the dynamometer rolls shall
be provided to facilitate drive axle positioning and vehicle egress from the
dynamometer.
(vi) Vehicle Restraint System. The system shall include a system of safely
restraining the forward and side-to-side motion of front wheel drive vehicles,
and the forward motion of rear wheel drive vehicles during the driving schedule,
while allowing unobstructed ingress and egress from the dynamometer.
(6) Load Cell (if equipped)
(i) Torque Measurement. The dynamometer shall have a torque measurement
system accurate to within ±2% of full scale.
(ii) Dead Weights. Dead weights used to calibrate a torque meter or load cell shall
be traceable to NIST and be accurate to within ±0.5%. Dead weights traceable
to standards other than NIST may be used upon approval of the Administrator.
(iii) Dynamic Calibrations. Designs using an F = MA method for calibrating the
load cell are also acceptable.
(7) Other Requirements.
(i) Vehicle Speed. The measurement of roll speed shall be accurate within 0.1 mph
over the full operating range. The dynamometer shall accommodate vehicle
speeds of up to 60 mph.
(ii) Vehicle Restraint. The vehicle shall be restrained during the driving cycle. The
restraint system shall be designed to insure that vertical and horizontal force on
the drive wheels does not significantly affect emission levels. The restraint
system shall allow unobstructed vehicle ingress and egress and shall be capable
of safely restraining the vehicle under all reasonable operating conditions
without damaging the suspension system.
Page 32 Test Equipment Specifications
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§85.3
(iii) Vehicle Cooling. Tho tost system shall provide for a method to prevent
overheating of the vehicle. The tost shall bo conducted with the hood open and
the cooling system activated when ambient temperature oxcoods 72°F. Tho
cooling method used shall direct air to tho tost vehicle's cooling system. Tho
cooling system capacity shall bo at least 3000 SCFM within 12 inches of tho
intake to tho vehicle's cooling system. Tho cooling system shall avoid improper
cooling of tho catalytic converter. In 85.2(c)(6).
(iv) Four-Wheel Drive. If used, four-wheel drive dynamometers shall insure the
application of correct vehicle loading as defined in §85.3(a)(2), shall not
damage the four wheel drive system of the vehicle, and shall accommodate
vehicles equipped with anti-lock brakes and/or traction control. Front and rear
wheel rolls shall maintain speed synchronization within 0.2 mph.
(v) Installation. Either in floor or above ground installations of tho dynamometer
arc acceptable. In all cases, installation must bo performed so that tho tost
vehicle is approximately level (±5°) while on tho dynamomotor during testing.
In 85.3(a)(5)(ii).
(vi) Augmented Braking. Dynamometers shall apply augmented braking on major
decelerations during transient drive cycles, if such cycles are used in the
program. The dynamometer software shall provide a signal output to inform the
operator when augmented braking is activated.
(b) Emission Sampling System.
(1) The sampling system shall be designed to insure durable, leak free operation and be
easily maintained. Materials that are in contact with the gases sampled shall not
contaminate or change the character of the gases to be analyzed, including gases from
vehicles not fueled by gasoline (except diesels). The system shall be designed to be
corrosion-resistant and be able to withstand typical vehicle exhaust temperatures when
the vehicle is driven through the ASM test cycle for 290 seconds.
(2) The sampling system shall draw exhaust gas from the vehicle, shall remove particulate
matter and aerosols from the sampled gas, shall drain condensed water from the sample
if necessary, and shall deliver the resultant gas sample to the analyzers/sensors for
analysis and then deliver the analyzed sample directly outside the building or to an
appropriately ventilated area in compliance with Occupational Safety and Health
Regulations. The sampling system shall, at a minimum, consist of a tailpipe probe,
flexible sample line, water removal system, a particulate trap, sample pump, and flow
control components.
(3) Sample Probe.
(i) Insertion. The sample probe shall allow at least a 16 inch insertion depth of the
sample point into the vehicle's exhaust. In addition, the probe shall be inserted
at least 10 inches into the vehicle's exhaust. Use of a tailpipe extension is
permitted as long as the extension does not change the exhaust back pressure by
more than ±1.0 inch of water pressure.
Page 33 Test Equipment Specifications
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§85.3
(ii) Retention. The probe shall incorporate a positive means of retention to
prevent it from slipping out of the tailpipe during use. High through-put test
systems may use alternative means to insure probe retention.
(iii) Flexibility. The probe shall be designed so that the tip extends 16 inches into
the tailpipe. The probe tip shall be shielded so that debris is not scooped up by
the probe when it is inserted into the tailpipe. High through-put test systems
may use alternative means to insure adequate probe insertion.
(iv) Probe Tip. Probe tips shall be designed and constructed to prevent sample
dilution.
(v) Materials. All materials in contact with exhaust gas prior to and throughout
the measurement portion of the system shall be unaffected by and shall not
affect the sample (i.e., the materials shall not react with the sample, and they
shall not taint the sample). Acceptable materials include stainless steel, Teflon,
silicon rubber, and Tedlar. Dissimilar metals with thermal expansion factors of
more than 5% shall not be used in either the construction of probes or
connectors. The sample probe shall be constructed of stainless steel or other
non-corrosive, non-reactive material which can withstand exhaust gas
temperatures at the probe tip of up to 1,1 OOT for 10 minutes.
(vi) System Hoses and Connections. Hoses and all other sample handling
components must be constructed of, or plated with a non-reactive, non-
corrosive, high temperature material which will not affect, or be affected by, the
exhaust constituents and tracer gases.
(vii) Dual Exhaust. The sample system shall provide for the testing of dual exhaust
equipped vehicles. When testing a vehicle with functional dual exhaust pipes, a
dual sample probe of a design certified by the analyzer manufacturer to provide
equal flow in each leg shall be used. The equal flow requirement is considered
to be met if the flow rate in each leg of the probe has been measured under two
sample pump flow rates (the normal rate and a rate equal to the onset of low
flow), and if the flow rates in each of the legs are found to be equal to each other
(within 15% of the flow rate in the leg having lower flow).
(4) Particulate Filter. The particulate filter shall be capable of trapping 97% of all
particulate and aerosols 5 microns or larger. The filter element shall not absorb or
adsorb hydrocarbons. The filter housing shall be transparent or translucent to allow the
operator to observe the filter element's condition without removing the housing. The
filter element shall be easily replaceable and shall provide for reliable sealing after filter
element changes.
(5) Water Trap. The water trap shall be sized to remove exhaust sample water from
vehicles fueled with gasoline, propane, compressed natural gas, reformulated gasoline,
alcohol blends or neat, and oxygenated fuels. The filter element, bowl and housing
shall be inert to these fuels as well as to the exhaust gases from vehicles burning these
fuels. The condensed water shall be drained from the water trap's bowl either
continuously or automatically on a periodic basis such that the following performance
Page 34 Test Equipment Specifications
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§85.3
requirement is maintained. Sufficient water shall be trapped, regardless of fuel, to
prevent condensation in the sample system or in the optical bench's sample cell.
(6) Low Flow Indication. The analyzer shall lock out official testing when the sample flow
is below the acceptable level. The sampling system shall be equipped with a flow meter
(or equivalent) that shall indicate sample flow degradation when measurement error
exceeds 3% of the gas value used for checking, or causes the system response time to
exceed 13 seconds to 90 percent of a step change in input (excluding NO), whichever is
less. Alternatively, the sample vacuum may be continuously monitored to detect a low
flow condition.
(7) Exhaust Ventilation System. The high quantities of vehicle emissions generated during
loaded mode testing shall be properly vented to prevent buildup of hazardous
concentrations of HC, CO, CO2 and NOx. Sufficient ventilation shall be provided in
the station to maintain HC, CO, CO2 and NO levels below OSHA standards.
(i) The ventilation system shall discharge the vehicle exhaust outside the building.
(ii) The flow of the exhaust collection system shall not cause dilution of the exhaust
at the sample point in the probe.
(iii) The flow of the exhaust collection system shall not cause a change of more than
±1.0 inches of water pressure in the vehicle's exhaust system at the exhaust
system outlet.
(c) Analytical Instruments.
(1) General Requirements.
(i) Measured Gases. The analyzer system shall consist of analyzers for HC, CO,
NO, and CO2, (62 optional) and digital displays for exhaust concentrations of
HC, CO, NO, and CO2, and for vehicle speed.
(ii) Emission Accuracy. The system shall ensure that the analytical system provides
an accurate accounting of the actual exhaust emissions produced during the test,
taking into consideration the individual channel accuracies, repeatabilities,
interference effects, sample transport times, and analyzer response times.
(iii) Sample Rate. The analyzer shall be capable of measuring exhaust
concentrations of the gases specified in §85.3(c)(l)(i) at a minimum rate of once
per second.
(iv) Alternative Equipment. Alternative analytic equipment specification, materials,
designs, or detection methods may be allowed if proposed by a state and upon a
determination by the Administrator, that for the purpose of properly conducting
a test, the evidence supporting such deviations will not significantly affect the
proper measurement of emissions.
(2) Performance Requirements.
Page 35 Test Equipment Specifications
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(i) Temperature Operating Range. The analyzer system and all associated hardware
shall operate within the performance specifications described in §85.3(c)(3) at
ambient air temperatures ranging from 35°F to HOT. Analyzers shall be
designed so that adequate air flow is provided around critical components to
prevent overheating (and automatic shutdown) and to prevent the condensation
of water vapor which could reduce the reliability and durability of the analyzer.
The analyzer system shall otherwise include necessary features to keep the
sampling system within the specified range.
(ii) Humidity Operating Range. The analyzer system and all associated hardware
shall operate within the performance specifications described in §85.3(c)(3) at a
minimum of 85% relative humidity throughout the required temperature range.
(iii) Interference Effects. The interference effects for non-interest gases shall not
exceed ±4 ppm for hydrocarbons, ±0.02% for carbon monoxide, ±0.20% for
carbon dioxide, and ±20 ppm for nitric oxide when using the procedure
specified in §85.4(d)(5)(iv). Corrections for collision-broadening effects of
combined high CO and CC>2 concentrations shall be taken into account in
developing the factory calibration curves, and are included in the accuracy
specifications.
(iv) Barometric Pressure Compensation. Barometric pressure compensation shall be
provided. Compensation shall be made for elevations up to 6000 feet (above
mean sea level). At any given altitude and ambient conditions specified in
§85.3(c)(2)(i) and (ii), errors due to barometric pressure changes of ±2 inches of
mercury shall not exceed the accuracy limits specified in §85.3(c)(3).
(v) System Lockout During Warm-up. Functional operation of the gas sampling
unit shall remain disabled through a system lockout until the instrument meets
stability and warm-up requirements. The instrument shall be considered "warm"
when the zero and span readings for HC, CO, NO, and CO2 have stabilized,
within the accuracy values specified in §85.3(c)(3) for five minutes without
adjustment.
(vi) Zero Drift Lockout. If zero or span drift cause the optical bench signal levels to
move beyond the adjustment range of the analyzer, the system shall be locked
out from testing.
(vii) Electromagnetic Isolation and Interference. Electromagnetic signals found in an
automotive service environment shall not cause malfunctions or changes in the
accuracy in the electronics of the analyzer system. The instrument design shall
ensure that readings do not vary as a result of electromagnetic radiation and
induction devices normally found in the automotive service environment,
including high energy vehicle ignition systems, radio frequency transmission
radiation sources, and building electrical systems.
(v) Vibration and Shock Protection. System operation shall be unaffected by the
vibration and shock encountered under the normal operating conditions
encountered in an automotive service environment.
Page 36 Test Equipment Specifications
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§85.3
(vi) Propane Equivalency Factor. The nominal PEF range shall be between 0.490
and 0.540. For each audit/calibration point, the nominal PEF shall be
conveniently displayed for the quality assurance inspector and other authorized
personnel. If an optical bench must be replaced in the field, any external labels
shall be changed to correspond to the nominal PEF of the new bench. The
analyzer shall incorporate an algorithm relating PEF to HC concentration.
Corrections shall be made automatically. The corrected PEF value may cover
the range of 0.470 to 0.560
NOTE: It has been suggested that today's analyzers use variable PEF values that
make this requirement unnecessary and it should be removed.
(x) System Response Requirements. The response time from the probe to the
display for HC, CO, and CO2 analyzers shall not exceed 8 seconds for 90% of a
step change in input, nor shall it exceed 12 seconds to 95% of a step change in
input. The response time for a step change in O2 from 20.9% O2 to 0.1% O2
shall be no longer than 40 seconds. For NO analyzers, the response time shall
not exceed 12 seconds for 90% of a step change in input. The response time for
a step change in NO from a stabilized reading to 10% of that reading shall be no
longer than 12 seconds.
(3) Detection Methods, Instrument Ranges, Accuracy, and Repeatability.
(i) Hydrocarbon Analysis. Hydrocarbon analysis shall be determined by non-
dispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzer. The analyzer shall cover at least the range
of 0 ppm HC to 9999 ppm HC, where ppm HC is parts per million of
hydrocarbon volume as hexane. The accuracy of the instrument from 0-2000
ppm HC shall be ±3% of point or 4 ppm C6, whichever is greater. The accuracy
of the instrument between 2001 ppm HC and 5000 ppm HC shall be at least
±5% of point. The accuracy of the instrument between 5001 ppm HC and 9999
ppm HC shall be at least ±10% of point. The instrument shall comply with the
quality control specifications in §85.4(d). Note: It has been suggested that the
HC range be changed to 0-2000 ppm hexane minimum.
(ii) Carbon Monoxide Analysis. Carbon monoxide analysis shall be determined by
non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzer. The analyzer shall cover at least the
range of 0.00 % CO to 14.00% CO, where % CO is % volume CO. The
accuracy of the instrument between 0.01% and 10.00% CO shall be ±3% of
point or 0.02% CO, whichever is greater. The accuracy of the instrument
between 10.01% and 14.00% shall be at least ±5% of point. The instrument
shall comply with the quality control specifications in §85.4(d). Note: It has
been suggested that the CO range be changed to 0-10%.
(iii) Carbon Dioxide Analysis. Carbon dioxide analysis shall be determined by non-
dispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzer. The analyzer shall cover at least the range
of 0.0 % CO2 to 18.0% CO2. The accuracy of the instrument between 0.01%
and 16.00% CO2 shall be ±3% of point or 0.3% CO2, whichever is greater. The
accuracy of the instrument between 16.01% and 18.00% shall be at least ±5% of
Page 3 7 Test Equipment Specifications
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§85.3
point. The instrument shall comply with the quality control specifications in
§85.4(d).
(iv) Nitric Oxide Analysis. The analyzer shall cover at least the range of 0 ppm NO
to 5000 ppm NO, where ppm NO is parts per million nitric oxide. The accuracy
of the instrument between 0 and 4000 ppm shall be at least ±4% of point or 25
ppm NO, whichever is greater. The accuracy of the instrument between 4001
and 5000 ppm shall be at least ±8% of point. The instrument shall comply with
the quality control specifications in §85.4(d).
(v) Oxygen Analysis, (optional) If an oxygen analyzer is included, the analyzer
shall cover at least the range of 0.0% O2 to 25.0% O2. The accuracy of the
instrument over this range shall be at least 5% of point or ±0.1% O2, whichever
is greater. The instrument shall comply with the quality control specifications in
§85.4(d).
(vi) Repeatability. The repeatability for the HC analyzer in the range of 0-1400 ppm
HC shall be 2% of point or 3 ppm HC absolute, whichever is greater. In the
range of 1400-2000 ppm HC, the repeatability shall be 3% of point. The
repeatability for the CO analyzer in the range of 0-7.00% CO shall be 2% of
point or 0.02% CO absolute, whichever is greater. In the range of 7.00% to
10.00% CO, the repeatability shall be 3% of point. The repeatability for the CO2
analyzer in the range of 0-10.0% CO2 shall be 2% of point or 0.1% CO2
absolute, whichever is greater. In the range of 10.0% to 16.0% CO2, the
repeatability shall be 3% of point. The repeatability of the NO analyzer shall be
3% of point or 20 ppm NO, whichever is greater. The repeatability of the O2
analyzer shall be 3% of point or 0.1% O2, whichever is greater.
(vii) Rounding Rule. Rounding beyond the decimal places shown in §85.3(c)(3)
shall follow the standard mathematical practice of going to the next higher
number for any numerical value of five or more. This shall also hold true for
pass/fail decisions. For example, if 2.00% CO passes and 2.01% CO fails, and
the reading is 2.0049%, the value shall be rounded down and the decision shall
be a pass. If the reading is 2.0050, the value shall be rounded up and the
decision shall be a fail. The value displayed and printed on the test report shall
be consistent with the value used for the pass/fail decision.
(4) Ambient Conditions. The current relative humidity, dry-bulb temperature, and
barometric pressure shall be measured and recorded prior to the start of every inspection
in order to calculate Kh (nitric oxide correction factor §85.1(b)(l)(vi)).
(i) Relative Humidity. The relative humidity measurement device shall cover the
range from 5% to 95% RH, between 35°F - HOT, with a minimum accuracy of
±3% RH. Wet bulb thermometers shall not be used.
(ii) Dry-bulb Temperature. The dry-bulb temperature device shall cover the range
from 0°F - 140T with a minimum accuracy of 3°F.
Page 38 Test Equipment Specifications
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(iii) Barometric Pressure. The barometric pressure measurement device shall cover
the range from 610 mm Hg - 810 mm Hg absolute (24-32 inches), and 35°F -
HOT, with a minimum accuracy of ±3% of point or better.
(5) Engine Speed Detection. The analyzer shall utilize a tachometer capable of detecting
engine speed in revolutions per minute (RPM) with a 0.5 second response time and an
accuracy of ±3% of the true RPM. Starting in 1998, on vehicles equipped with onboard
diagnostic (OBD) systems, it is recommended that the engine speed be taken by
connecting to the SAE standardized OBD link on 1996 and newer vehicles. RPM
readings shall be recorded on a second-by-second basis for the 10 second period upon
which the pass/fail basis is based.
(6) OBD Fault Code Retrieval. Starting in 49982001 the system shall include the hardware
and software necessary to access the onboard computer systems on 1996 and newer
vehicles, determine OBD readiness, and recover stored fault codes using the SAE
standardized link.
(d) Automated Test Process Software and Displays.
(1) Software. The testing process, data collection, and quality control features of the
analyzer system shall be automated to the greatest degree possible. The software shall
automatically select the emission standards and set the vehicle load based on an EPA-
provided or approved look-up table. Vehicle identification information shall be derived
from a database accessed over a real-time data system to a host computer system. Entry
of license plate and all or part of the VIN shall be sufficient to access the vehicle record.
Provision shall be made for manual entry of data for vehicles not in the host computer
system.
(2) Test and mode timers. The analyzer shall be capable of simultaneously determining the
amount of time elapsed in a test (overall test time), and in a mode within that test (mode
time).
(3) Clocks and Timers. The clock used to check the coast-down time shall be accurate to
within 0.1% of reading between 0.5 and 100 seconds, with a resolution of 0.001
seconds. The test mode timers used shall be accurate to within 0.1% of reading
between 10 and 1000 seconds with a resolution of 0.1 seconds.
(4) Driver's Aid. The system shall be equipped with a driver's aid that shall be clearly
visible to the driver as the test is performed. The aid shall continuously display the
required speed, the number of seconds into the test mode, the driver's actual speed/time
performance (a display showing the deviation between set-point and actual driving
trace), engine RPM, the use of augmented braking, and necessary prompts and alerts. It
is recommended that an analog speed display be used as this has been demonstrated to
improve a driver's ability to maintain the ±1.0 mph tolerance. The driver's aid shall also
be capable of displaying test and equipment status and other messages as required.
Dynamic information being displayed shall be refreshed at a minimum rate of twice per
second. Emissions values shall not be displayed during official testing.
Page 39 Test Equipment Specifications
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(5) Minimum Analyzer Display Resolution. The analyzer electronics shall have sufficient
resolution to achieve the following:
1 ppm HC as hexane
1 ppm NO
0.01 % CO
0.1 %CO2
0.1 % O2 (optional)
10 RPM
0.1 mph
0.1 hp
1 %RH
1 °F
1 mmHG
HC
NO
CO
C02
O2
RPM
Speed
Load
Relative Humidity
Dry Bulb Temperature
Barometric Pressure
Page 40
Test Equipment Specifications
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§85.4
§85.4 Quality Control Requirements
(a) General Requirements
(1) Minimums. The frequency and standards for quality control specified here are
minimum requirements, unless modified as specified in §85.4(a)(2). Greater frequency
or tighter standards may be used as needed.
(2) Statistical Process Control. Reducing the frequency of the quality control checks,
modifying the procedure or specification, or eliminating the quality control checks
altogether may be allowed if the state demonstrates and the Administrator determines,
for the purpose of properly conducting an approved short test, that sufficient Statistical
Process Control (SPC) data exist to make a determination, that the SPC data support
such action, and that taking such action will not significantly reduce the quality of the
emissions measurements. Should emission measurement performance or quality
deteriorate as a result of allowing such actions, the approval shall be suspended and the
frequencies, procedures specifications, or checks specified here or otherwise approved
shall be reinstated, pending further determination by the Administrator.
(b) Dynamometer
(1) Coast Down Check.
(i) The calibration of each dynamometer shall be automatically checked every 72
hours in low volume stations (less than 4000 tests per year) and daily in high
volume stations by a dynamometer coast-down procedure equivalent to 40 CFR
§86.118-78 (for reference see National Vehicle and Fuel Emission Laboratory's
Testing Services Division test procedure TP-302A and TP-202) between the
speeds of 30-20 mph if the ASM2525 is used and 20-10 mph if the ASM5015
is used. All rotating dynamometer components shall be included in the coast-
down check. Speed windows smaller than ± 5 mph may be used provided that
they show the same calibration capabilities.
(ii) The base dynamometer inertia (2000 pounds) shall be checked at two random
horsepower settings for each speed range. The two random horsepower settings
shall be between 8.0 and 18.0 horsepower. A shunt resistor for a load cell
performance check shall not be used.
(iii) The coast-down procedure shall use a vehicle off-dynamometer type method or
equivalent. Using a vehicle to bring the dynamometer up to speed and removing
the vehicle before the coast-down shall not be permitted. If either the measured
30-20 mph coast-down time or 20-10 mph coast-down time is outside the
window bounded by the Calculated Coast-Down Time (CCDT) (seconds) ±7%
then it shall be locked out for official testing purposes until recalibration allows
a passing value.
(A) Randomly select an IHP2525 value that is between 8.0 hp and 18.0 hp and
set dynamometer PAU to this value.
Page 41 Quality Control Requirements
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§85.4
Coast-down dynamometer from 30-20 mph.
0.5*DIW
PfDT —
^^iji25mh ~
32.2
. *cv2 - v2
V v 30 V 20
550*(fflP2525+PLHP25)
Where:
DIW
V30
V20
IHP2525
PLHP25
= Dynamometer Inertia Weight. Total "inertia" weight
of all rotating components in dynamometer.
= Velocity in feet/sec at 30 mph.
= Velocity in feet/sec at 20 mph.
= Randomly selected ASM2525 indicated horsepower.
= Parasitic Horsepower for specific dynamometer at 25
mph.
(B) Randomly select an IHPsois value that is between 8.0 hp and 18.0 hp and
set dynamometer PAU to this value.
Coast-down dynamometer from 20-10 mph.
0.5*DIW
PfDT
^^-^-•-©ISm
32.2
20
-V2}
MO/
550*(fflP5015+PLHP15)
Where:
DIW
V20
Vio
PLHPis
(2) Parasitic Value Calculations.
Dynamometer Inertia Weight. Total "inertia" weight
of all rotating components in dynamometer.
Velocity in feet/sec at 20 mph.
Velocity in feet/sec at 10 mph.
Randomly selected ASM5015 indicated horsepower.
Parasitic Horsepower for specific dynamometer at 15
mph.
(i) Parasitic losses shall be calculated using the following equations at 25 and 15
mph whenever a coast-down check is performed. The indicated horsepower
(THP) shall be set to zero for these tests. This is only necessary if the coast-
down values do not verify in §85.4(b)(l)(iii) above.
Page 42
Quality Control Requirements
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§85.4
(ii) Parasitic losses at 25 mph for a dynamometer with specified diameter rollers.
0.5* DIW.,. _9 ,,
PLHP25 =
32.2
550*(ACDT)
Where:
DIW
V30
V20
ACDT
Dynamometer Inertia Weight. Total "inertia" weight
of all rotating components in dynamometer.
Velocity in feet/sec at 30 mph.
Velocity in feet/sec at 20 mph.
Actual coast-down time required for dynamometer to
coast from 30 to 20 mph.
(iii) Parasitic losses at 15 mph for a dynamometer with specified diameter rollers.
0.5*DIW
PLHP15 =
32.2
. * (\f2 _ V2 N
VV20 MO-
550* (ACDT)
Where:
DIW
V20
Vio
ACDT
Dynamometer Inertia Weight. Total "inertia" weight
of all rotating components in dynamometer.
Velocity in feet/sec at 20 mph.
Velocity in feet/sec at 10 mph.
Actual coast-down time required for dynamometer to
coast from 20 to 10 mph.
(3) Roll Speed. Roll speed and roll counts shall be checked at least once per week by an
independent means (e.g., photo tachometer). Deviations greater than ±0.2 mph or a
comparable tolerance in roll counts shall require corrective action. Alternatively, a
redundant roll speed transducer independent of the primary transducer may be used in
lieu of the weekly comparison. Accuracy of redundant systems shall be checked
bimonthly.
(4) Load Measuring Device. If the dynamometer fails a coast-down check or requires a
recalibration for any other reason, the load measuring device shall be checked using a
dead-weight method or an equivalent procedure proposed by the state and approved by
the Administrator. The check shall cover at least three points over the range of loads
used for vehicle testing. Dead weights shall be traceable to the National Institute of
Standards (NIST) and shall be accurate to within ±0.1%. Dead weights traceable to
standards other than NIST may be used upon approval of the Administrator. The
Page 43
Quality Control Requirements
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§85.4
dynamometer shall provide an automatic load measuring device calibration and
verification feature.
(5) Acceptance Chock Certification Testing.
(i) Load Cell Verification (if equipped). This test confirms the proper operation of
the dynamometer load cell and associated systems. Weights in the proper range
shall be supplied by the system supplier. Weights shall be NIST traceable to
0.1% of point. Dead weights traceable to standards other than NIST may be used
upon approval of the Administrator.
(A) Calibrate the load cell according to the manufacturer's direction.
(B) Using a dead weight method, load the test cell to 20%, 40%, 60%, and
80% (in ascending order) of the range used for ASM testing. Record the
readings for each weight. Remove the weights in the same steps
(descending order) and record the results.
(C) Perform steps A through B two more times (total of three). Calculate the
average value for each weight. Multiply each average weight from E by
the length of the torque arm.
(D) Acceptance Criteria: The difference for each reading from the weight
shall not exceed 1% of full scale.
(ii) Speedometer Verification. This test confirms the accuracy of the
dynamometer's speedometer.
(A) Set dynamometer speed to 15 mph. Independently measure and record
dynamometer speed. Repeat at 25 mph.
(B) Acceptance Criteria: The difference for each reading from set
dynamometer speed shall not exceed 0.2 mph.
(iii) Parasitics Verification. Parasitic losses shall be calculated using the following
equations at 25 and 15 mph . The indicated horsepower (IHP) shall be set to
zero for these tests. Using time versus speed data from the system, calculate
PLHP for 25 mph and 15 mph.
(A) Parasitic losses at 25 mph for a dynamometer with specified diameter
rollers.
PLHP25 =
550*(CDT)
Where:
Page 44 Quality Control Requirements
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§85.4
DIW = Dynamometer Inertia Weight. Total "inertia" weight
of all rotating components in dynamometer.
= Velocity in feet/sec at 30 mph.
= Velocity in feet/sec at 20 mph.
CDT = Coast-down time required for dynamometer to coast
from 30 to 20 mph.
(B) Parasitic losses at 15 mph for a dynamometer with specified diameter
rollers.
2 2
20 V
PLHP15 =
Where:
550* (CDT)
DIW = Dynamometer Inertia Weight. Total "inertia" weight
of all rotating components in dynamometer.
= Velocity in feet/sec at 20 mph.
Vio = Velocity in feet/sec at 10 mph.
CDT = Coast-down time required for dynamometer to coast
from 20 to 10 mph.
(C) Acceptance Criteria: The difference between the externally calculated
value and the machine calculated value shall not exceed 0.25 HP.
(iv) Verify Coast-Down. The coast-down procedure shall use a vehicle off-
dynamometer type method or equivalent. Using a vehicle to bring the
dynamometer up to speed and removing the vehicle before the coast-down shall
not be permitted.
(A) To verify the coast-downs at 25 mph, use the procedure and equations
described in §85.4(b)(l)(iii)(A).
(A) - Randomly select an HTP2525 value that is botwoon 8.0 hp and 18.0 hp and
sot dynamometer PAU to this value.
Coast down dynamometer from 30 20 mph.
r.r.DTg2;mph - F(RRr.((F(n 5 * DTW ^? ?.))
DIW =—Dynamometer Inertia Weight. Total "inertia" weight
of all rotating components in dynamometer.
Page 45 Quality Control Requirements
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§85.4
¥ge _ = — Velocity infocl/soc at30 mph.
¥33 _
THP7575 = — Randomly selected ASM2525 indicated horsepower.
PT HP2s — — Parasitic Horsepower for specific dynamomotor at 25
111 L/ll.
(B) To verify the coast-downs at 15 mph, use the procedure and equations
described in §85.4(b)(l)(iii)(B).
(B) - Randomly select an IHP5015 value that is between 8.0 hp and 18.0 hp and
sot dynamomotor PAU to this value.
Coast down dynamomotor from 20 10 mph.
i5mPh -F(BBC((F(0.5 * DIW,32.2)) * (
DIW - = — Dynamomotor Inertia Weight. Total "inertia" weight
of all rotating components in dynamomotor.
¥33 _ = — Velocity infect/sec at20 mph
_- Vdodtyinfccl/sccat lOmph
THP5015 — — Randomly soloctod ASM5015 indicated horsepower.
PT.HP15 — — Parasitic Horsepower for specific dynamomotor at 15
111 L/ll.
(C) Acceptance Criteria: The measured 30-20 mph coast-down time and the
20-10 mph coast-down time must be inside the window bounded by
CCDT (seconds) ± 7%.
(c) Emission Sampling System.
(1) Leak Check. The entire sample system shall be checked for vacuum leaks on a daily
basis and proper flow on a continuous basis. This may be accomplished using a
vacuum decay method, reading a span gas, or other methods proposed by a state and
approved by the Administrator. The analyzer shall not allow an error of more than 1%
of reading using the high-range span gas described in §85.4(d)(2)(iii)(C). The analyzer
shall be locked out from testing if the leak check is not performed when due or fails to
pass the check.
{2-) - Dilution. The flow rate on the analyzer shall not cause more than 10% dilution during
sampling of exhaust of a 1.6 liter engine a normal idle. Ton percent dilution is defined
as a sample of 90% exhaust and 10% ambient air.
(3) - Dilution Acceptance Tost.
Page 46 Quality Control Requirements
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§85.4
Sot vehicle with 1.6 liter maximum engine displacement at factory
rocommondod idle spood, OEM configuration exhaust system, transmission in
neutral, hood up (a fan to cool tho engine may bo used if noodod). Sot idle spood
not to oxcood 920 RPM. (Sot for 900 RPM with a tolerance ± 20 RPM.)
With a laboratory grade analyzer system, sample tho exhaust at 10 centimeters
depth with a flow sample rate below 320 liters per hour. Allow sufficient time
for this tost. Record all HC, CO, NO, COa, and O3 readings. A chart recorder or
electronically stored data may bo used to detect tho point of stable readings.
While operating tho candidate analyzer system in a mode which has tho same
flow rate as tho official tost mode, record tho levels of HC, CO, NO, COa, and
O3. Ensure that tho probe is installed correctly.
Repeat stop (ii).
{¥) - Acceptance Criteria: If tho difforonco of tho readings between (ii) and (iv)
oxcood five percent of tho average of (ii) and (iv), repeat (ii), (iii), and (iv);
otherwise average (ii) and (iv) and compare with (iii). If (iii) is within 10
percent of tho average of (ii) and (iv), then tho equipment moots tho dilution
specification.
(d) Analytical Instruments.
(1) General Requirements. The analyzer shall, to the extent possible, maintain accuracy
between gas calibrations taking into account all errors, including noise, repeatability,
drift, linearity, temperature, and barometric pressure.
(2) Two-Point Gas Calibration and Low-Range Audit .
(i) Analyzers shall automatically require a zero gas calibration and a high-range gas
calibration for HC, CO, NO, and CO2. The system shall also use a low-range
gas to check the calibration in the range of vehicle emission standards. In high
volume stations (4000 or more tests per year), analyzers shall be calibrated
within four hours before each test. In low volume stations (below 4000 tests per
year), analyzers shall be calibrated within 72 hours before each test. If the
system does not calibrate or is not calibrated, the analyzer shall lock out from
testing until corrective action is taken.
NOTE: It has been suggested that that the low vs high volume criteria be
removed and replaced with requiring a low and high calibration done every 72
hours in all stations. This calibration check would include measuring the NO
cell response to ensure it is < 15 seconds with a warning displayed when the
response exceeds 7 seconds. EPA is requesting comment on this proposed
change.
(ii) Gas Calibration and Check Procedure. Gas calibration shall be accomplished by
introducing span calibration gases that meet the requirements of 85.4(d)(2)(iii)
into the calibration port. The pressure in the sample cell shall be the same with
Page 47 Quality Control Requirements
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§85.4
the calibration gas flowing as with the sample flowing during testing. The
analyzer channels shall be adjusted to the center of the allowable tolerance range
as a result of the calibration. The system shall record the gas reading data from
before the adjustment and other data pertinent to control charting analyzer
performance.
(A) Zero the analyzer and perform a leak check.
(B) Calibrate the analyzer using the low and high-range calibration gas as
specified in §85.4(d)(2)(iii).
(C) Purge the analyzers completely by flowing introduce the low-range chock
calibration gas specified in §85.4(d)(2)(iii) for 60 seconds. If the low-
range chock calibration gas readings differ from the true cylinder value by
more ±3% of point for HC, ±3% of point for CO, ±3% of point for CO2,
or ±25 ppm NO ±2%, the analyzer shall be locked out from testing.
(iii) The following gases shall be used for the 2-point calibration and low-range
audit. The Low- and High-Range Calibration Gases are the same concentrations
and purity as the Low- and High-Range Audit Gases. Audit gas ± tolerances are
also listed. The tolerances are based on a 5% blend tolerance, accurate to 1%. It
is recommended that NIST traceable standards accurate to 1% be used to verify
all bottle names.
NOTE: Comments were received suggesting expanding the tolerances on the 2
point and 5 point calibrations. However, comments were also received
indicating that a properly functioning analyzer should be able to read a gas
bottle with a 5% blend tolerance accurate to ±1% whose name is verified with a
±1% NIST traceable standard to meet the old tolerances. The tolerances for the
2 point calibration have been expanded from the old ±2%.
(A) Zero Gas
O2 = 20.7%
HC < 1 ppm THC
CO < 1 ppm
CO2 < 400 ppm
NO < 1 ppm
N2 = Balance 99.99 % pure
(B) Low-Range Calibration Gas
HC = 200 ppm ± 8 ppm propane
CO = 0.5 % ± 0.02%
CO2 = 6.0% ± 0.30%
NO =300 ppm ± 25 ppm
N2 = Balance 99.99 % pure
(C) High-Range Calibration Gas
HC = 3200 ppm ± 134 ppm propane
CO = 8.0% ± 0.34%
Page 48 Quality Control Requirements
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§85.4
CO2 = 12.0% ± 0.50%
NO = 3000 ppm ± 158 ppm
N2 = Balance 99.99 % pure
(iv) Traceability. The audit and span gases used for the gas calibration shall be
traceable to National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standards
±1%. Gases shall have a aere 5% blend tolerance. Stations that use largo
capacity gas bottles (size B or larger) and that provide a quality control chock to
insure proper entry of gas values, may use gasos with a blond tolerance of up to
5%. Gasos with a 5% blond tolerance may also bo used by any station if tho
analyzer system roads tho bar coded calibration gas bottle specifications and
adjusts tho calibration accordingly.
(3) Five-Point Calibration Audit.
(i) Analyzers shall automatically require and successfully pass a five point gas
audit for HC, CO, NO, and CO2. For high volume stations, audits shall be
checked monthly. In low volume stations, analyzers shall undergo the audit
procedure every six months.
(ii) Gas Audit Procedure. Calibration auditing shall be accomplished by
introducing audit gas through the probe. The pressure in the sample cell shall be
the same with the audit gas flowing as with the sample flowing during testing.
(A) Zero the analyzer and perform a leak check.
(B) Flow the low range audit gas specified in §85.4(d)(3)(iii) through the
sample probe, ensuring that the tip is equal to ambient barometric pressure
±0.1 inches Hg (a balloon teed into the gas flow line is an acceptable
pressure indicator; the balloon should stand slightly erect).
(C) When the HC, CO, NO, and CO2 gases have been flowing for 60 seconds
readings have stabilized (no loss than 20 seconds of gas flow) record thorn
the readings as well as the PEF value for HC at each audit blend.
(D) Repeat steps B and C for each audit gas specified in §85.4(d)(3)(iii).
(E) Compare the readings with the audit gas values using the equation listed
below. Be sure to divide the HC reading by its PEF if this calculation is
not performed automatically in the analyzer software.
(Reading - True Cylinder Value)
Tolerance % = 100*-
True Cylinder Value
(F) If the tolerance analyzer response when reading any of the Audit Gases
exceeds ±4.0% for HC/PEF, CO, and CO2, or ±5.0% for NO, then the
analyzer shall fail the gas audit and shall be locked out from testing until it
passes.
Page 49 Quality Control Requirements
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§85.4
(iv) The following gases shall be used for the five-point calibration audit. Audit gas
± tolerances are also listed. The tolerances are based on using a 5% blend
tolerance, accurate to ±1%. It is recommended that NIST traceable standards
accurate to ±1% be used to verify all bottle names.
(A) Zero Audit Gas
O2 = 20.7% (if O2 span is desired)
HC < O.lppmTHC
CO < 0.5 ppm
CO2 < 1 ppm
NO < 0.1 ppm
N2 = Balance 99.99 % pure
(B) Low Range Audit Gas
HC = 200 ppm ± 8 ppm propane
CO = 0.5 % ± 0.02%
CO2 = 6.0% ± 0.30%
NO =300 ppm ± 25 ppm
N2 = Balance 99.99 % pure
(C) Low-Middle Range Audit Gas
HC = 960 ppm ± 40 ppm propane
CO = 2.4% ± 0.10%
CO2 = 3.6% ± 0.30%
NO = 900 ppm ± 47 ppm
N2 = Balance 99.99 % pure
(D) High-Middle Range Audit Gas
HC = 1920 ppm ±81 ppm propane
CO = 4.8 % ± 0.20%
CO2 = 7.2% ± 0.30%
NO = 1800 ppm ± 95 ppm
N2 = Balance 99.99 % pure
(E) High Range Audit Gas
HC = 3200 ppm ± 134 ppm propane
CO = 8.0% ± 0.34%
CO2 = 12.0% ± 0.50%
NO = 3000 ppm ± 158 ppm
N2 = Balance 99.99 % pure
(iv) Traceability. These gases shall be traceable to National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST) standards ±1%. Gases shall have a zero 5% blend
tolerance.
(4) Service, Repair and Modification.
(i) Each time an analyzer's emissions measurement system, sensor, or other related
electronic components are repaired or replaced, the five point calibration audit
Page 50 Quality Control Requirements
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§85.4
required in §85.4(d)(3) shall be performed, at a minimum, prior to returning the
unit to service.
(ii) Each time the sample line integrity is broken, a leak check shall be performed
prior to testing.
(5) Acceptance Testing Certification Testing.
NOTE: EPA is requesting comments on the usefulness of this section regarding
acceptance or certification testing. We recognize the need for this procedure but also
believe there may be better procedures available. If there are more appropriate
methods, please provide details so we can consider incorporating them into this
document.
(i) Analyzer accuracy. This test confirms the ability of the candidate instruments to
read various concentrations of gases within the tolerances required by this
specification. The test compares the response of the candidate instrument with
that of standard instruments, and also estimates the uncertainty of the readings.
The analyzer shall be zeroed and gas calibrated using the high-range calibration
gas. The instrument shall be tested using propane, carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, and nitric oxide in nitrogen, with a certified accuracy of ±1%, in the
following concentrations: 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,
90%, and 100% of the high range audit gas full scale for tho analyzers. Full
scale is dofmod in §85.3(c)(3).
(A) Introduce the gases in ascending order of concentrations beginning with
the zero gas. Record the readings of the standard and candidate
instruments to each concentration value. A gas divider may be used to
divide the high range audit gas to the concentrations described in
85.4(d)(5)(i).
(B) After the highest concentration has been introduced and recorded,
introduce the same gases to the standard and candidate analyzers in
descending order, including the zero gas. Record the reading of analyzers
to each gas, including negatives (if any).
(C) Repeat steps A and B for the candidate only, four more times (total of five
times).
(D) Calculations:
1. Calculate the average value of each concentration for the readings
of the standard instruments.
2. Calculate the mean and standard deviation of each candidate's
readings for each concentration. Include both upscale and
downscale readings for the same gas concentration. (All
calculations may not be possible for zero concentrations.)
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§85.4
3. For each concentration, calculate the difference between the
candidate mean and the standard average.
4. For each concentration, compute the following:
(i) Yi=x + Ksd
(ii) Y2 = x-Ksd
Where
Ksd= std dev * 3.5 for zero and the highest concentration value
Ksd= std dev * 2.5 for all other concentration values
x = mean (arithmetic average) of the set of candidate readings.
5. Compute the uncertainty (U) of the calibration curve for each
concentration as follows:
(i) Ui = concentration value - YI
(ii) U2 = concentration value - Y2
6. Acceptance Criteria:
(a) For each concentration, the differences calculated in Step 3
shall be no greater than the accuracy tolerances specified in
§85.3(c)(3) for each instrument.
(b) For each concentration, the uncertainties, (Ui and U2) shall be
no greater than the accuracy tolerances required in
§85.3(c)(3).
(ii) Analyzer System Repeatability. This test characterizes the ability of the
instrument to give consistent readings when repeatedly sampling the same gas
concentration.
(A) Using an 80% full scale the high range span gas, introduce the gas through
the calibration port. Record the readings.
(B) Purge with ambient air for at least 30 seconds but no more than 60
seconds.
(C) Repeat steps A and B above four more times.
(D) Repeat steps A, B, and C, introducing the gas through the sample probe.
(E) Acceptance Criteria: The differences between the highest and lowest
readings from both ports shall not exceed the values specified in
§85.3(c)(3)(vi).
(iii) Analyzer System Response Time. This test determines the speed of response of
the candidate instrument when a sample is introduced at the sample probe.
(A) Gas calibrate the candidate instrument per the manufacturer's instructions.
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§85.4
(B) Using a solenoid valve or equivalent selector system, remotely introduce
an 80% full scale high range span gas to the probe. The gas pressure at the
entrance to the probe shall be equal to room ambient.
(C) Measure the elapsed time required for the instrument display to read 90%
and 95% of the final stabilized reading for HC, CO, CO2 and NO.
(Optional: Also, measure the time required for the O2 analyzer to read
0.1% 02). Alternatively the bench outputs may be recorded against a time
base to determine the response time. Record all times in seconds.
(D) Switch the solenoid valve to purge with zero air for at least 40 seconds but
no more than 60 seconds.
(E) Measure the elapsed time required for the NO instrument display to read
10% of the stabilized reading in Step C.
(F) Repeat steps A, B, and C, two more times (total three times).
(G) Acceptance Criteria: The response (drop time for O2 and NO; rise time
for HC, CO, CO2 and NO) times shall meet the requirement specified in
§85.3(c)(2)(x). The response time shall also be within ±1 second of the
nominal response time supplied by the equipment supplier for use in
§85.5(b)(5). Note: It has been requested that this last sentence be deleted.
(iv) Analyzer Interference Effects. The following acceptance test procedure shall be
performed at 45°F, 75°F, and 105T conditions, except as noted.
(A) Zero and span the instrument.
(B) Sample the following gases for at least one minute. Record the response
of each channel to the presence of these gases.
1. 16% Carbon Dioxide in Nitrogen.
2. 1600 ppm Hexane in Nitrogen.
3. 10% Carbon Monoxide in Nitrogen.
4. 3000 ppm Nitric Oxide in Nitrogen.
5. 75 ppm Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) in Nitrogen.
6. 75 ppm Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) in Nitrogen.
(C) Water-Saturated Hot Air. Water-saturated hot air shall be drawn through
the probe from the top of a sealed vessel partially filled with water through
which ambient air will be bubbled. The water shall be maintained at a
temperature of!22°F±9°F. This test shall be performed at only the 75°F,
and 105T conditions.
(D) Acceptance Criteria: The interference effects shall not exceed the limits
specified in §85.3(c)(2)(iii).
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§85.4
(v) Electromagnetic Isolation and Intorforonco. This tost shall measure tho ability of
tho candidate instrument to withstand electromagnetic fields which could exist
in vehicle testing and repair facilities. For all tests described bolow, sample
"Low Middle Range Audit Gas" specified in §85.1(d)(3)(iii)(C), at atmospheric
pressure, through tho sample probe. Record analyzer reading during tost
periods.
{A) — Radio Frequency Intorforonco Tost.
-lr - Use a tost vehicle with an engine having a high energy ignition
system (or equivalent), a solid core coil wire and a 3/8" air gap.
Leave engine off.
5r. - Locate tho candidate instrument within 5 foot of tho ignition coil.
Gas calibrate tho candidate instrument.
£ - Sample gas specified above. Wait 20 seconds, and record analyzer
readins.
4-. - Start engine. With tho hood open and gas flowing to tho analyzer,
cycle tho engine from idle through 25 mph on tho dynamometer at
ASM loads and record tho analyzer readings.
$-. - Relocate tho instrument to within 6 inches of one side of tho
vehicle near tho engine compartment. Follow procedure described
in stop 1 and record analyzer readings.
€-. - Relocate tho instrument to within 6 inches of tho other side of tho
vehicle near tho engine compartment. Follow procedure described
in stop 1 and record analyzer readings.
3-. - Acceptance Criteria: Tho analyzer readings shall deviate no more
than 0.5% full scale.
Induction Field Tost. Use a variable speed (commutator typo) hand drill
having a plastic housing and rated at 3 amps or more. While tho analyzer
is sampling tho gas, vary tho drill speed from zero to maximum while
moving from tho front to tho sides of tho instrument at various heights.
Acceptance Criteria: Tho analyzer readings shall deviate no more than
0.5% full scale.
(G) — Lino Intorforonco Tost. Plug tho drill used in part B above into one outlet
of a //1 6 3 wire extension cord approximately 20 foot long. Connect tho
instrument into tho other outlet of tho extension cord. Repeat part B
Acceptance Criteria: Tho analyzer readings shall deviate no more than
0.5% full scale.
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§85.4
VHF Band Froquoncy Intorforonco Tost. Locate both a citizens ban radio
(CB), with output equivalent to FCC legal maximum, and a highway
patrol transmitter (or equivalent) within 50 foot of tho instrument. While
tho analyzer is sampling tho gas, press and roloaso transmit button of tho
both radios several times.
Acceptance Criteria: Tho analyzer readings shall deviate no more than
0.5% full scale.
{E)—Ambient Conditions Instruments. Upon installation and every six months
thereafter, tho performance of tho ambient conditions instruments shall bo
cross chocked against a master woathor station.
Acceptance Criteria: Tho individual instruments shall bo within tho
toloranco spocifiod in §85.3(c)(1).
(v) Ambient Conditions Instruments. Upon installation and every six months
thereafter, the performance of the ambient conditions instruments shall be cross
checked against a master weather station.
Acceptance Criteria: The individual instruments shall be within the tolerance
specified in §85.3(c)(4).
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§85.5
§85.5 Test Record Information
The following information shall be collected for each test performed (both passing and failing
tests), recorded in electronic form, and made available to EPA upon request.
(a) General Information.
(1) Test Record Number
(2) Inspection station and inspector numbers
(3) Test system number
(4) Dynamometer site
(5) Date of test
(6) Emission test start time and the time final emission scores are determined.
(7) Vehicle identification number
(8) License plate number
(9) Test certificate number
(10) Vehicle model year, make, and type
(11) Number of cylinders or engine displacement
(12) Transmission type
(13) Odometer reading
(14) Type of test performed (i.e., initial test, first retest, or subsequent retest)
(b) Ambient Test Conditions.
(1) Relative humidity (%)
(2) Dry-bulb temperature (°F).
(3) Atmospheric pressure (mm Hg)
(4) NO correction factor
(5) Nominal response time for each instrument (Transport + T90)
(c) ASM Mode or Modes.
The following information shall be captured separately for each test mode (ASM5015 and/or
ASM2525) performed.
(1) Final HC running average (AvgHC) (ppm)
(2) Final CO running average (AvgCO) (%)
(3) Final NO running average (AvgNO) (ppm)
(4) Total horsepower used to set the dynamometer (THP5015) (hp)
(5) Engine RPM running average corresponding to the final test score
(6) Dilution correction factor (DCF)
(d) Diagnostic/Quality Assurance Information.
(1) Test time (seconds)
(2) Mode time (seconds)
(3) Vehicle speed (mph) for each second of the test
(4) Engine RPM for each second of the test
(5) Dynamometer load (pounds) for each second of the test
(6) HC concentration (ppm) for each second of the test, not corrected for dilution
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§85.5
(7) CO concentration (%) for each second of the test, not corrected for dilution
(8) NO concentration (ppm) corrected for humidity for each second of the test, not
corrected for dilution
(9) CO2 concentration (%) for each second of the test
(10) O2 concentration (%) for each second of the test (optional)
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