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United States
Environmental Protection
Agency New England
EPA 901 K 06 002
March 2006
CHANGEFORTHE
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ENERGY STAR
O We encourage, when possible, sharing this guide with a friend and
viewing it online.
www.
.epa.gov/ne/greenbuildings j
This guide was...
• Printed on 100% recycled paper made with 100% post-consumer waste
• Manufactured with environmentally-sound dyes
• 100% Non-deinked pulp
• Acid-free and processed chlorine-free
• Soy or vegetable based inks used on press
• Printed in limited quantity
Residential Green
Building Guide:
A Web Source Book
for New England
www.epa.gov/ne/greenbuildings
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THE
March 2006
EPA New England is pleased to present A Guide to 'Residential Green building in New
England. This green building guide provides information and resources to homeowners,
contractors, or any New England resident interested in environmentally responsible
residential renovation and construction.
Environmentally responsible or "green" construction has gained popularity as New
Englanders are increasingly concerned with energy efficiency and proper maintenance
of the natural environment. The guide contains information and resources on topics
ranging from roofing, siding and paint to stormwater management, furnishings and
indoor air quality. It also provides resources about other household topics and is
designed to allow readers to pick and choose from the variety of construction/renovation
options presented.
We encourage you to look at EPA New England's Green Building website
(www.epa.gov/ne/greenbuildings), where you will find this and a variety of other
information, including a description of our own green building—the New England
Regional Laboratory in Chelmsford, MA.
At EPA New England, we strive to give citizens the most up-to-date information and
resources and we hope that you will find this guide useful to achieve environmental
stewardship in your home projects.
Robert W. Varney
Regional Administrator
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Buildings and the Environment
Why Build Green Homes
About the Guide
Purpose of this Guide
Site Considerations
Location
Size
Solar Gain
Reuse
Construction and Demolition
Donations/ Reused Goods
and Materials
Exterior Building Materials
Color
Decking
Foundation
Flyash
Drainage
Radon Resistance
Roofing
Siding Options
Certified Wood
Wood Alternatives
6 Interior Building Materials 21
Flooring
Carpet
Hardwood
Cork
Bamboo
Reclaimed Wood
Q
' Natural Linoleum
Recycled Glass
Recycled Rubber
Stone
11 Coatings 24
Paints and Primers
Latex/Water-based Paint
Lead-based Paint
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
14 Wallpaper
Heating and Cooling 27
Alternative Fuels and Sources of
Electricity
Biodiesel
Fuel Pellets
Geothermal Energy
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Equipment
Heating, Ventilating and
Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems
Heating
Ventilating
Air Conditioning
Thermostats
Water Heaters
Insulation
Local Energy Efficiency Programs
Windows
Window Technologies
Lighting
Efficiency And Placement
Daylighting
Light Pollution
Plumbing
Flow Efficiency
Piping
39
41
43
45
Furnishings
Carpet
Carpet Pads
Materials
Indoor Environment.
Mold
Radon
Other Resources
Landscaping 49
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Irrigation
Natural Shade
Specialized Techniques
Greenscapes
Organic Gardening
Xeriscaping
Stormwater Management ...
Erosion And Sediment Control
Surface Water Management
Pavement
Rain Gardens
Water Collection Systems
54
Communications
Finding an Architect/Contractor
Knowing Your Rights
Talking to Your Contractor
Green Building Resources.
National
Regional
Additional Resources
Certification Programs
Online Tools/Advisors
Green Building Examples .
Acronyms And Definitions
58
61
68
70
71
72
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INTRODUCTION TO GREEN
BUILDING
Buildings and the Environment
In 2002, buildings accounted for nearly 40% of total U.S. energy consumption.
Residential buildings accounted for 54.6% of that total. U.S. buildings are responsible
for 38.1% of the nation's carbon dioxide emissions, 20.8% of which is emitted from
the residential sector. Building occupants use 12.2% of the total water consumed in the
U.S. per day, 74.4% of which is used for residential needs. Building-related construction and
demolition debris totals approximately 136 million tons peryear, 43% of which is generated
from residential sources. (Facts from: www.epa.gov/opptintr/greenbuilding/pubs/
gbstats/gbstats.pdf)
The "built" environment has a vast impact on the natural environment, human health,
and the economy. By adopting green building strategies, we can maximize both
economic and environmental performance. Green construction methods can be
integrated into buildings at any stage, from design and construction, to renovation and
deconstruction. However, the most significant benefits can be obtained if those involved
in the design and construction of the building work together from the earliest stages
of a building project.
Saves Homeowners Money and Creates Business Opportunities
By minimizing energy and water use, green homes have reduced operating costs. They
also create, expand, and shape markets for green products and services by increasing
demand for these products. Improved indoor environmental quality can cut costs by
improving health . Green homes can also reduce costs to society that would otherwise
have to be borne for raw material extraction and manufacturing, energy development
and distribution, and pollution cleanup.
Provides Residents with Better Indoor Air and Higher Quality of Life
Because green homes can have better air and water quality, include more natural light,
and reduce the presence of harmful chemicals, they can enhance occupant comfort and
health and improve the overall quality of life for their residents. Because these homes
are often landscaped with natural vegetation and use local resources, they can be more
aesthetically pleasing.
Produces Less Air and Water Pollution
Homes can be built to consume less energy, be water-efficient, have increased indoor air
quality, and constructed with reused and recycled content materials. Energy efficiency is
closely tied to reduced water and air pollution, while reused construction materials
conserve raw materials, natural resources, and reduce waste streams. Green homes that
include stormwater management and native landscaping enhance and protect local
biodiversity.
the
This Guide is set up in paragraph form; it is not meant to be exhaustive on the topics,
but will give the reader resources to find more information. Readers will find each
resource option indented with a title followed by either a website or search terms and
a description of the resource or product. References are provided at the end of the
Guide such as Green Building Organizations and Resources - both national and
regional, Certification Programs, Online Tools and Advisors, as well as Acronyms and
Definitions, and green building examples. While EPA cannot promote or endorse
specific companies, services, or products, we can and have described the options currently
available. To facilitate your searching for specific products or companies, the Guide has
been organized in alphabetical order and we have included helpful search terms that can
be used for internet research. The Guide does, however, endorse EPA programs such
as Energy Star for Homes and Indoor Air Quality for New or Existing Homes. Please
refer to the Indoor Environment section of this Guide for more information on
these specific programs.
The Guide presents environmentally preferable options, but readers should think
about life-cycle considerations such as the durability of products, the length of time
before replacement is required, and the environmental impact of the transportation of
products, which includes distance from manufacturer, when selecting materials to
purchase for their home. The Guide gives a range of product options and does not
distinguish cost as a factor. Although some environmental construction materials and
products mentioned in this Guide have a higher up front cost, they may have lower
operating costs. Some are more expensive because of the environmental considerations,
and it is up to the reader whether or not to consider this a factor when making choices
for their home. Payback on these products may be short, but sometimes can be long.
Product life-cycle, as discussed above, durability, and potential savings will determine
the length of time needed for complete payback.
It is important that readers of the Guide understand that there are always trade-offs to
be made. While one product, material, or technology may be green in one way, it may be
lacking in another. None of the products or strategies discussed here are silver bullets,
but many can be components in an overall thoughtful and integrated approach to
home construction and renovation.
The Guide is current as of publication and some references may have changed after
publication. Readers are encouraged to do further research on specific topics of their
interest to be sure they have the most up-to-date information. We expect to periodically
update the Guide, and encourage readers to submit appropriate updates as technology
and information become more widely available.
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of this
The purpose of the Residential Green Building Guide for New England is to provide a
resource to homeowners and contractors in the New England area who are interested in
constructing and/or renovating their homes to be more environmentally friendly. It is
intended as a primer and cannot answer all questions, but describes the resources that we
are aware of to find more information. The Guide contains listings for information on
green construction and renovation, where and how to find green products, and serves
those in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and
Vermont. This Guide features organizations that are governmental or not-for-profit
corporations. The Guide focuses solely on construction and renovation products and
does not discuss maintenance or operation of products and references described herein.
The non-EPA websites provided in this Guide contain additional information that
may be useful or interesting and are being provided consistent with the Guide's intended
purpose. However, EPA cannot attest to the accuracy of information provided by these
non-EPA websites. Providing references to non-EPA websites does not constitute an
endorsement by EPA or any of its employees of the sponsors of the site or the
information or products presented on the site. Also, be aware that the privacy protection
provided on the EPA.gov domain may not be available on non-EPA websites.
SITE CONSIDERATIONS
After choosing a location to build your home, there are some factors homeowners
should consider before laying the foundation. Below, some site considerations are
outlined. Visit www.epa.gov/smartgrowth for more information on Smart Growth
and Low Impact Development.
Location
Homeowners can proactively minimize their home's impact on the natural environment
when they choose an appropriate location to build. Buyers can consider the following
factors when they seek to purchase the land to construct a new home.
Endangered or Threatened Habitat/Species: Homes should not be sited where
endangered species or threatened habitat is located. If you suspect that there is or
might be endangered or threatened habitat/species on your property, contact your state
and local municipality for more information.
Connecticut — CT's Endangered Species (www.ct.gov/dep)
Massachusetts - Rare Plants and Animals (www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/
nhesp/nhspecies.htm)
Maine - Endangered Species Program (www.maine.gov/ifw/wildlife/etweb/)
Rhode Island - RI Natural Heritage Program (www.dem.ri.gov/programs/
bpoladm/plandev/heritage/)
Vermont -Wildlife Programs (www.anr.state.vt.us/fw/fwhome/wildlife_
nongame.cfm)
Flood lines: Homeowners should avoid constructing their homes at elevations lower
than 5 feet above the 100-year flood plain to avoid flooding. To find flood maps in
your area, contact the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Map Assistance
Center at 1-877-FEMA-MAP to find the local "Map Repository" or order maps from
their website (www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/fhm/hm_main).
Infrastructure: When possible, it is recommended that new homes be constructed
where connection to local infrastructure (sewer, water, etc.) is possible or already present.
Legacy Landscaping: If building on a lot that has existing trees and shrubbery, talk to
the architect and/or construction company about which trees might be kept. This is an
easy way to increase property value and shade the home in the summer, improving
energy efficiency.
Previous use: When possible, homeowners should consider constructing new homes
on previously used land. By leaving virgin lands untouched, impact on the environment
is minimized. Home sites with higher development densities often require less
transportation and already have local infrastructure.
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Transportation: Green builders recommend siting new homes in close proximity to
public transportation, jobs, retail, and services. By doing so, residents will reduce their
need to travel, reducing traffic thus minimizing air pollution.
Wetlands: In general it is recommended that homes not be built within 100 feet of any
wetland. These aquatic habitats and their adjacent upland buffers are vital to ecosystem
function, biological diversity, and storm water management. If your home is in
Connecticut or Massachusetts, contact your local municipality to learn more about
wetland statutes in your area. If your home is in Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode
Island, or Vermont, check with your state to find out about state run wetland programs.
Size
Smaller homes have a reduced affect on the environment and consume fewer resources
during construction and operation. Constructing a home to suit your needs without
adding additional unused rooms will reduce the affect your home has on the
environment.
Footprint: Your home's footprint is the total area of land that it covers. Instead of
clearing much of a site, consider siting and constructing your home in a way that
minimizes impacts on natural vegetation and allows for wildlife corridors to connect
with neighboring properties. Homes with smaller footprints also have less impervious
land cover, such as paving and roofing, which reduces overall stormwater runoff.
Energy Efficiency: Smaller homes have less surface area from which they can lose heat
to the outside. In smaller homes, the distance heat must heat travel from the furnace to
rooms is minimized and there is less overall space to heat and cool (see the Heating
and Cooling section of this guide for more information), which reduces heat loss
from ducts. Smaller dwellings are more energy efficient overall.
The orientation of your home can maximize solar gain — whether active or passive.
Although two theories on this topic are presented here, proper orientation ultimately
depends on geography and the direction of prevailing winds. When making this
decision, check with your contractor for a professional opinion. For more information
on natural shading see the Landscaping section.
North-South: To maximize active solar gain through photovoltaic panels, the long
axis of your home should be aligned north to south. East and west facing windows
should be covered using natural shade and awnings in the summer to reduce unwanted
heat gain.
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REUSE
EPA urges consumers to "Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle." When the opportunity exists,
it is environmentally preferable for products to be reused, and only disposed once their
usable life has concluded. Using the resources here, consumers can learn how to reduce
construction and demolition debris, donate their own goods and materials for reuse,
as well as where they can find reused goods and materials for use in their homes.
and
Construction and Demolition (C&D) debris accounts for more than one-third of all
residential and commercial solid waste generated in Massachusetts and similar amounts
in the other New England states. C&D debris and waste reduction plans are typically
set up before construction begins. Please use the resources listed here to find further
information on debris reduction for your project.
For interior upgrades, let the architect know that reuse is a priority. Many designers can
update an interior look using an approach that keeps the fundamental structure intact,
minimizing waste. For updates-on-a-shoestring, visit your local reuse outlet to consider
reusing'retro' fixtures and other materials.
The Forest Products Laboratory - Directory of Wood-Framed Building
Deconstruction and Reused Building Materials Companies, 2004
Website: www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fpl_gtrl50.pdf
Description: This directory lists companies involved in wood-framed building
deconstruction and dismantling and reused building materials. It emphasizes companies
that use, resell, or remanufacture salvaged wood. Consumers can use the directory to
find salvaged wood for architectural items and flooring, construction and framing, or
to find deconstruction services.
greenGoat Home-to-Home Program
Website: www.greengoat.org
Description: This non-profit organization can coordinate donation of gently used
building materials, fixtures, and appliances to needy families and deliver a tax benefit to
the donating homeowner. They can also provide a list of environmentally responsible
building materials and finishes for the construction phase of renovation as well as
other resources for all areas of green building. The web site lists project tips within the
case studies linked to the greenGoat home page.
The Institution Recycling Network — Waste Miser
Website: www.wastemiser.com/resources.html
Description: Homeowners can download the "Construction and Demolition Recycling
Guide" for their contractors and architects. The guide is considered a "how to" for job
site recycling and discusses how construction and demolition work in practice. It outlines
a comprehensive management plan and provides case studies of successful projects.
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MA Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) -Recycling: Construction
and Demolition
Website: www.mass.gov/dep/recycle/reduce/managing.htm
Description: This site maintained by Massachusetts DEP provides readers with sample
construction and demolition waste plans, cost calculations, and bid specifications. The
site also gives information on how to prepare for waste reduction, making your construction
and demolition project successful, and case studies from local projects. Readers will also
find links to additional references and specific information on materials that require
special handling like asbestos, pressure treated wood, and wood with lead paint.
ReCycle North
Website: www.recyclenorth.org
Description: Consumers can learn more about the services offered by ReCycle North.
This organization offers job skill training pro grams, poverty relief though household
donations, a home goods reuse store, a building materials center, deconstruction services,
and in home repairs.
and
Reused goods and materials are available throughout New England in local reuse
shops or through reuse vendors. The resources listed below will help homeowners
find reused materials for their projects as well as offer information on donation locations
where homeowners can take their previously used goods and materials for resale.
Architectural Salvage
Search Terms: architectural salvage New England
Description: At architectural salvage centers and antique shops throughout New
England, homeowners can find home furnishings such as doors, tiles, flooring,
bathroom and light fixtures, furniture, or structural materials to fit their needs, budget,
or home style.
Building Materials Reuse Association (BMRA)
Website: www.ubma.org
Description: BMRA is a non-profit, membership organization that represents
companies and organizations involved in the acquisition and/or redistribution of
used building materials. From their website, readers can find links to other reuse
directories as well as information about BMRA.
The Forest Products Laboratory - Directory of Wood-Framed Building
Deconstruction and Reused Building Materials Companies, 2004
Website: www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fpl_gtrl50.pdf
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Description: This directory lists companies involved in wood-framed building
deconstruction and dismantling and reused building materials. It emphasizes companies
that use, resell, or remanufacture salvaged wood. Consumers can use the directory to
find salvaged wood for architectural items and flooring, construction and framing, or
to find deconstruction services.
Northeast Recycling Council (NERC) - End Users, Manufacturers, and
Suppliers
Website: www.nerc.org/documents/mrktresources.html
Description: This website lists end users, manufacturers, and suppliers, of recycled
and used goods. Readers can use the information found here to acquire reused
construction or renovation materials.
ReCycle North
Website: www.recyclenorth.org
Description: Consumers can learn more about the services offered by ReCycle North.
This organization offers job skill training pro grams, poverty relief though household
donations, a home goods reuse store, a building materials center, deconstruction services,
and in home repairs.
ReDo
Website: www.redo.org/FindReuse.html
Description: This directory lists reuse centers in each of the US states as well as DC,
Guam, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands.
Reuse Centers
Search Terms: reuse center New England
Description: Materials found at reuse centers are often over-stock from contractors
and other home improvement stores or are refurbished materials from deconstructed
area homes. Check your local directory or the mentioned web directories for information
on reuse centers in your area. Also, EPA New England offers guidance on New England
reuse centers in the Reuse Guide.
Visit (www.epa.gov/ne/assistance/reuse/bldg.html) for more information.
US EPA - Reuse in New England
Website: www.epa.gov/ne/assistance/reuse/
Description: The Reuse Guide offers New Englanders reuse options for goods and
materials in their possession that still have a "use." This guide may also provide
interested parties information on where to go if they are in need of used goods and
materials.
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EXTERIOR BUILDING MATERIALS
The exterior of a home is in direct contact with the natural world—from the earth
beneath its foundation to the sun and precipitation that strike its roof and walls.
When looking to minimize a home's impact on the environment, one should give
consideration to the materials used to construct its exterior and guard it from the
elements. The resources cited below give information about environmentally preferred
materials and techniques for the construction and renovation of a home's exterior.
Many of these materials can be found in reuse centers throughout New England.
Please visit the Reuse section of this guide for more information on salvaged materials.
Color
The exterior color of a house can affect the home's overall heat retention. Using a
lighter color with a higher albedo, or the ability to reflect light, reduces the heat-island
effect, a phenomenon where homes and other buildings absorb the sun's light leading
to an "island" of increased heat. Although this is more of an issue in warm climates,
it can minimize the energy needed to cool a home during the heat of the summer. For
information about eco-friendly paints and stains, please see the Coatings section.
Untreated natural wood can rot and become infested with pests, but pressure-treated
lumber can be harmful to the environment and your family. Certain species of wood
are naturally rot-resistant, such as mahogany and cedar. Cost effective alternatives to
wood exist and should be considered for all outdoor wood uses. Use the resources
below to find decking material for your home.
Chromated Copper Arsenic (CCA) treated lumber is used where pres sure treating and
pest management is necessary. It has been banned from use in most residential settings
since December 31,2003. By choosing species like Forest Stewardship Council (FSQ
certified redwood and cedar that are naturally durable and pest resistant, or non-wood
alternatives, you'll minimize the need for chemically treated lumber. More information
on CCA lumber is provided in this section.
Composite Wood
Search Terms: composite wood, engineered wood, composite lumber, engineered
lumber
Description: Ideal for decking and railings, composite wood looks like real wood.
Made out of reclaimed sawdust and plastic, these products are durable, can withstand
New England climates, and are environmentally responsible. Although some products
are made with problematic chemicals such as formaldehyde, a carcinogen, other non-
toxic options are available. The plastic stabilizes the boards while sawdust protects the
plastic from UV radiation. It is guaranteed not to warp, crack, or splinter and is pest
resistant.
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Composite Wood Council's 2005 Buyers & Specifiers Guide
Website: www.pbmdf.com/AboutCPA/SSGuide.asp
Description: This resource describes various types of composite wood, their uses,
and how they are made. Sales information is listed at the end as well. At the Council's
homepage, readers can also find a members list, council publications, and other
information.
EPA Pesticides - Chromated Copper Ar senate (CCA)
Website: www.epa.gov/oppad001/reregistration/cca/index.htm
Description: Consumers can find general information about pressure treated wood,
some alternatives to CCA, the risks of using treated products, and consumer safety
reports. Because CCA treated wood is treated with inorganic arsenic, a human toxin, it
is important to only use it where pesticide protection is necessary.
Healthy Buildings Network-A Guide to Plastic Lumber
Website: www.healthybuilding.net/pdf/gtpl/guide_to_plastic_lumber.pdf
Description: This document ranks plastic lumber from "Very Environmentally
Preferable" to 'Not Environmentally Preferable: AVOID." They also use rating criteria
based on materials used, recycled content, end-of-life recyclability, and structural lumber
to evaluate different types of plastic lumber. Readers should consult this guide before
using plastic lumber in or around their home.
Foundation
Before pouring a foundation, homeowners can explore the use of eco-friendly options,
such as concrete with recycled flyash content. They can also minimize health concerns by
ensuring that their foundation is laid with drainage and radon resistant features. Talk
to your contractor about reusable forms, another way to conserve waste.
Energy and Environmental Building Association (EEBA) —Foundations
Website: www.eeba.org/resources/consumer/new/foundations.htm
Description: The links promoted by EEBA give general foundation information,
tips on how to avoid mold and moisture, and insulation technologies.
Flyash
The use of flyash, a coal-fired power plant waste product, in concrete diverts waste
from disposal while saving virgin materials from the production lines. Using 15 to
50% flyash in cement can increase the strength, water resistance, and durability of
the concrete. For more information on the use of flyash in concrete, visit EPA's
Coal Combustion Products Partnership (C2P2) website (www.epa.gov/c2p2).
15
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A Sourcebook for Green and Sustainable Building - Flyash Concrete
Website: www.greenbuilder.com/sourcebook/Flyash.html
Description: This website describes the history and uses of flyash — from the
origin of flyash to how it s aves the environment and how the public feels about its
use. At the bottom of the page, contractors and suppliers from throughout the
country are listed.
Rock Products - Flyash Faces a Concrete Challenge
Website: http://ro ckproducts.com/mag/ rock_flyash_faces_concrete/
Description: This news article from 2002 discusses the heat saving qualities of
using recycled flyash in concrete foundations. Read for more information.
Drainage
Proper drainage of home foundations is vital to the prevention of mold, mildew,
rot, and foundation decay. To achieve effective rainwater drainage, and integrated
moisture control strategy is required, including management of water drainage
from the roof, exterior walls, and foundation. Good details on hoe to do this in
various climates and construction types are available in the EEBA guides
(www.eeba.org/resources) In addition, the EPA Energy Star Indoor Air Package
pilot program draft specifications include comprehensive guidance for water
management and are available on the internet atwww.energystar.gov/ia/partners/
bldrs_lenders_raters/downloads/IAQ_Specification_093005.pdf.
Many contractors use damp proofing techniques to reduce moisture from entering
the home. Damp proofing can be effective when applied as part of an integrated
moisture control strategy. Furthermore, in very wet environments, waterproofing
may be required. However, waterproofing is considered unnecessary and too
expensive for most home sites. Refer to the Indoor Air section of this guide for
more information on mold prevention.
Rubber or cement-based Damp Proofing
Search Terms: damp proofing
Description: These products protect your foundations from water invasion by
applying negative hydrostatic pressure to the outer foundation walls. Because they
are made from rubber or cement, they do not leach harmful chemicals into the soil
and ground water.
In New England, radon resistance is an important consideration during the
foundation phase of a construction project. Please see the Indoor Air section of
this guide for more information.
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There are many environmental issues to consider when replacing or constructing a new
roof including energy efficiency, heat island reduction, stormwater runoff, use of recycled
content materials, mold and moisture prevention, and durability. A number of options
deal with one or more of these issues. Use the information and resources below to
choose the right materials for your home.
Energy and Environmental Building Association (EEBA) - Roofs
Website: www.eeba.org/resources/professional/new/roofs.htm
Description: EEBA offers links to information about roof construction, insulation,
and the use of radiant barriers to reduce heat loss and air conditioning loads.
Clay
Search Terms: clay roofing, clay tiles
Description: Clay tiles are a good choice in cold climates because they do not absorb
water easily. Clay is also durable, and fire-resistant, but it is heavy. Rafters may need
reinforcement before the tiles can be installed.
Concrete Tiles
Search Terms: concrete roof tiles, concrete roofing
Description: Concrete roof tiles get harder with age and often require little maintenance.
They are durable, fire-resistant, and pose no human health effects. The tiles are heavy
and may require rafter reinforcement.
Green Roof
Search Terms: green roof, vegetated roof
Description: Ideal in any climate, green, or vegetated, roofs bring nature from the
ground to the rooftop. They retain storm water, reduce heat island effect, and mitigate
air pollution. Green roofs can be heavy because of their components (insulation, soil,
vegetation, etc.) and require structural reinforcements to support the increased load.
Green roofs have been used on residential buildings in Germany and other European
countries for over 5 decades.
Metal
Search Terms: metal roofing, metal roof tiles
Description: Metal roofing works well in cold climates because snow tends to slide
off reducing the development of ice dams. These roofs cannot hold much heat and
therefore radiate less into the attic space.
They are fireproof, lightweight, and long-lasting
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Photovoltaic Shingles
Search Terms: photovoltaic shingles
Description: These shingles can be used in combination with slate or asphalt shingles
to bring energy generation capability to southern-exposure roofs with access to sunlight.
Check with the Audubon Center in Boston, which successfully incorporated PV shingles
into their roofing system.
Recycled Plastic/Rubber
Search Terms: recycled plastic roofing, recycled plastic roof tiles
Description: Plastic or rubber shingles can be made from recycled tires or plastic and
they are recyclable at the end of their life. Long-term UV effects are unknown, but these
tiles are sound and hail proof.
Recycled Asphalt Shingles
Search Terms: recycled asphalt roof shingles, recycled asphalt roofing
Description: By using recycled materials in their production, these shingles reduce the
use of raw materials and keep used shingles from entering the waste stream. They have
similar UV and durability properties to conventional asphalt shingles.
Slate
Search Terms: slate roofing, slate roof tiles New England
Description: Slate roofs are durable and fire-resistant, and the tiles can be reused or
reclaimed. This material is heavy and may require rafter reinforcement.
The materials used on the exterior of the home -wood, siding, aluminum, brick, etc.
- can all have an effect on the environment. The information and resources below are
provided to help sort through the options you have for your home.
Certified Wood
For the homeowner that does not want to use reclaimed wood and wants the look
and feel of real wood, certified wood proves an option. Certifying organizations,
such as the Forest Stewardship Council and others, certify companies and forest
managers for investing in environmentally sound management and harvesting
practices. This wood is available in New England.
Chromated Copper Arsenic (CCA) treated lumber is used where pressure treating
and pest management is necessary. It has been banned from use in most residential
settings since December 31, 2003. By choosing species like Forest Stewardship
Council (FSC) certified Redwood and Cedar that are naturally durable and pest
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resistant, or non-wood alternatives, you'll minimize the need for chemically treated
lumber. More information on CCA lumber is provided in this section.
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) - Certificate Holder Database
Website: fsc-info.org/english/dbcoce.asp
Description: The chain of command (COG) database on this site lists processing
and trade companies that handle, label, and advertise certified products and includes
New England sources.
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) - Designing and Building with FSC
Web site: www. fscus.org/green_building/designing_building.php
Description: This guide was designed by FSC in partnership with Forest Products
Solutions for architects and other buildingprofessionals. It offers readers a single
source to learn about, specify, build, and account for the use of FSC-certified
products. It is available for download at the website listed here.
Rainforest Alliance - SmartWood Program
Website: www.rainforest-alliance.org/programs/forestry/smartwood/
Description: The SmartWood Program is accredited by the Forest Stewardship
Council, and has been established since 1993. From their website, consumers can
find certified products and companies around the globe as well as certified reused,
reclaimed, recycled, and salvaged wood products.
EPA Pesticides - Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)
Website: www.epa.gov/oppad001/reregistration/cca/index.htm
Description: Consumers can find general information about pressure treated wood,
some alternatives to CCA, the risks of using treated products, and consumer safety
reports. Because CCA treated wood is treated with inorganic arsenic, a human
toxin, it is important to only use it where pesticide protection is necessary.
There are many wood siding alternatives for the home. The information and
resources below have been provided to help you make the right siding choices for
your home.
Brick and Stone
Search Terms: brick exteriors, brick siding, stone exteriors
Description: Brick and stone exteriors offer fire resistance and can be found locally in
the northeast thus reducing environmental impacts of transportation. Molded
cementitious stone, a less expensive alternative, offers similar benefits without the
need for quarrying natural stone. See the Reuse section of this guide for information
on reclaimed stone.
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Fiber Cement Siding
Search Terms: fiber cement siding
Description: Fiber cement siding is made from cement, sand, cellulose, silica, and
other additives. The finished product is durable, flame, weather, pest, and rot resistant.
It can be painted any color, but can be heavy to install.
Metal Siding
Search Terms: metal siding, aluminum siding, steel siding
Description: Steel or aluminum siding offer increased energy efficiency, fire resistance,
and protection in colder climates.
Papercrete
Search Terms: papercrete, fibrous cement
Description: Made with Portland cement, sand, and recycled paper or cardboard, this
substance looks like stucco or clapboard wood siding. It won't twist, warp, burn, or
melt and holds paint well and resists pests. It can be found as siding planks or in brick
form.
Stucco
Search Terms: stucco, stucco exteriors
Description: Genuine stucco is effective in wet areas — the cement mixture absorbs
water, but it dries easily leaving the main structure dry. Stucco needs a heavy and solid
background to give it strength.
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INTERIOR BUILDING MATERIALS
While a home's exterior materials interact directly with the natural environment, interior
materials are in direct contact with home dwellers. The resources below explore sources
and alternatives to conventional interior building materials. Many of these materials
can be found in reuse centers throughout New England. Please visit the Reuse section
of this guide for more information on salvaged materials.
Flooring
For those who enjoy the look of hardwood, eco-friendly options include cork and
bamboo—two fast growing materials that can be made to look like traditional hardwood
floors. Reclaimed wood is another option available in New England. Recycled glass,
rubber, natural linoleum, and stone are materials that homeowners can also look into.
Use the following links to find the kind of flooring is right for you.
Carpet
For information on carpets, please see "Carpet" in the Furnishings section.
Hardwood
Hardwood has been the leader in flooring for centuries because of its look, feel,
and durability. While the use of wood flooring is still common, it has come
under scrutiny because of harvesting practices and deforestation. There are many
wood or wood-like options available for eco-conscious homeowners. Use the
information below to learn more.
Cork
Search Terms: cork floors
Description: Harvested from the bark of a cork oak tree, cork floors are naturally
insulative and resist mold, mildew, rot, and insects. Typically, cork floors have a
vinyl or water-based coating that makes them easy to clean. They are also often
sold in tile form so that homeowners can install them easily.
Bamboo
Search Terms: bamboo floors
Description: Bamboo floors look almost exactly like traditional hardwood,
yet are harder and more durable. Bamboo is a fast growing grass that is golden
in color but also come in other shades. These floors are often sold as pre-
finished planks and can be installed like conventional hardwood floors.
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) - Certificate Holder Database
Website: fsc-info.org/english/dbcoce.asp
Description: The chain of command (COC) database on this site lists
processing and trade companies that handle, label, and advertise certified products
and includes New England sources.
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Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) - Designing and Building with FSC
Web site: www. fscus.org/green_building/designing_building.php
Description: This guide was designed by FSC in partnership with Forest
Products Solutions for architects and other building professionals. It offers
readers a single source to learn about, specify, build, and account for the use of
FSC-certified products. It is available for download at the website listed here.
Rainforest Alliance - SmartWood Program
Website: www.rainforest-alliance.org/prograrns/forestry/srnartwood/
Description: The SmartWood Program is accredited by the Forest Stewardship
Council, and has been established since 1993. From their website, consumers
can find certified products and companies around the globe as well as certified
reused, reclaimed, recycled, and salvaged wood products.
Reclaimed Wood
Search Terms: reclaimed wood, reused wood
Description: In New England, there are a number of local resale shops where
consumers can purchase vintage and reclaimed wood for flooring and other
housing needs. See the Reuse section of this guide for more information on
reclaimed and reused wood.
Search terms: natural linoleum, marmoleum
Description: Made with natural raw materials such as linseed oil, pine resins, and
cork, natural linoleum is durable and environmentally responsible throughout its
life — its production produces little to no scraps, it has a long life-span, and
theoretically it could be composted after use.
Build It Green - Natural Linoleum
Website: www.builditgreen.org
Description: Although it is written for citizens of the state of California, this website
gives consumers background information about using considering natural linoleum in
the home.
Search Terms: recycled glass flooring
Description: Recycled glass can be found in the form of tiles, mosaics, and terrazzo.
Usually made from 100% post-consumer waste, recycled glass surfaces save glass
from going to disposal.
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Search Terms: residential recycled rubber floors, residential rubber floors
Description: Made from recycled tire rubber, these floors are extremely durable,
fire, weather, and sound proof. The tiles or sheets are produced through low-
energy and emissions procedures making them a green alternative to traditional
rubber floors.
Stone
Search Terms: eco-friendly stone floors, stone flooring, reclaimed stone
Description: Natural stone, if quarried locally, can be extremely durable and
environmentally friendly. Tile options include limestone, slate, and sandstone.
Reclaimed stone floors can be found and are another environmentally friendly
flooring option. (See the Reuse section for information on reclaimed stone.)
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COATINGS
Coatings are used throughout the house — paints, stains, varnishes, wallpapers, etc.
Using the resources below, you can find environmentally preferable coatings for your home.
and
Paints and primers contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) — some of which can
be toxic, are flammable, and may contain heavy metals that are toxic to humans,
animals, and the environment. When using these products, it is important for handlers
to always read the labels and conform to safety and disposal guidelines. The tools/
links listed below provide both the environmental concerns and environmentally friendly
options for both inside and outside your home.
Paint Consumers should be aware of the following:
• Reuse Cans of reused paints and primers can sometimes be found at local reuse
centers. (See the Reuse section of this guide for more information on reused paints
in your area.)
• Quantities Your paint retailer can help calculate the amount of paint necessary for a
project. Leftovers should be disposed of properly, and occasionally reuse centers will
accept leftover paints.
Latex and water-based paints have a water base while alkyd paints have an oil base.
In general, water-based paints produce less VOCs than solvent-based paints (alkyd),
but may produce them over a longer period of time. Note that latex paints are not
made with natural rubber—the term "latex" is a misnomer and therefore will not
aggravate consumers with latex allergies. Latex paint is readily available; visit your
local hardware store or anywhere where paint can be purchased for this product.
Lead is a highly toxic metal that was used for many years in products found in and
around the home—including paint. Exposure to deteriorating lead-based paint,
lead contaminated dust (particularly from renovations), and lead-contaminated
residential soil may cause a range of health effects for young children such as
behavioral problems, learning disabilities, seizures, and death. Children under 6
and pregnant women are especially susceptible to lead risks. If you're planning to
renovate your pre-1978 home, take necessary precautions before you or your
contractor begin working. For more information on lead-safe renovation, please
visit: www.epa.gov/ne/eco/ne_lead/keep_it_clean.html#lrt
If you're planning to buy a pre-1978 home, be aware that the seller must disclose to
you all information he/she has about the property related to lead-based paint, so
as a buyer, you are aware of your lead risks prior to sale. As a buyer, you also will
have an opportunity to pay for a risk assessor or lead inspector to assess/inspect
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the property for lead risks prior to your buying. For more information on the
Federal Lead Disclosure Rule, please visit www.epa.gov/ne/enforcement/
leadpaint.
(VOC)
VOCs are organic (carbon containing) chemicals that evaporate readily at room
temperature. Some associate them with strong odors, but they may not have an
odor. Regardless, exposure to some VOCs can be harmful to human health and
may cause eye, nose, and throat irritation, headaches, and nausea. Chronic exposure
to these chemicals has been linked to cancer, liver and kidney damage, and can harm
the central nervous system (SOURCE: www.epa.gov/iaq/homes/hip-
painting.html). By making informed coating choices, consumers can avoid or
reduce their exposure to VOCs.
Consumers can avoid or reduce their exposure to VOCs by using good practices
while applying coatings to interior spaces. Good practices include:
• Ventilation of indoor spaces to remove any VOCs to the outside;
• Application of coatings before installation of materials that may absorb or trap the
VOCs and emit them at a later time (such as carpet, padding, fabric wall covering,
acoustic tiles, and upholstered furniture);
• Reading and following all instructions to reduce the risk of exposure to chemicals;
• Consideration of when people (workers or occupants) will be in the home; and
• Evaluation of the coating that you choose.
For more information see Healthy Indoor Painting Practices (EPA and Consumer
Product Safety Council, 2000) at www.epa.gov/opptintr/exposure/docs/
inpaint5.pdf and Painting and IAQ — Addressing Indoor Environmental
Concerns During Remodeling (www.epa.gov/iaq/homes/hip-painting.html).
The Coatings Guide
Website: www.cage.rti.org
Description: The Coatings Guide offers a series of tools that help paint and
coatings users identify low-VOC/hazardous air pollutant coatings that serve as
replacements for existing coatingneeds. Visitthe Coatings Guide for user-friendly
tools for any home renovation project.
The National Paint and Coatings Association
Website: www.paint.org
Description: This non-profit organization works with law makers and paint
manufacturers. For consumers, their website has painting information—FAQ
sheets, how-to brochures, information on latex, leftover, and lead paints.
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Paint Calculators
Search Terms: paint calculator
Description: Because paint can't always be disposed of easily, it is better to not
over-buy. Before you purchase paint for a home project, get a paint quantity estimate
by referring to an online paint calculator or discussing your needs with a painting
professional at your local paint shop—this will not only save you from storing
unused paints, but it will save money as well.
Wallpaper
Traditional wallpaper is often made with synthetic non-permeable substances.
Alternatives made from natural fibers such as wood pulp, cotton, silk, etc. are available
for purchase and may reduce health and environmental concerns. Consumers can also
look for low-VOC wallpaper adhesives to further enhance indoor air quality. Some
wallpapers have been linked to mold issues. For more information on wallpaper and
mold, see the Indoor Environment section.
Dextrine/Starch-based Wallpaper Adhesives
Search Terms: starch based adhesives
Description: These adhesives are made from roots of tubers such as maize, potatoes,
wheat, rice, and tapioca. They are often cold or hot water soluble. Although used for
envelope sealing, they can also be used for hanging wallpaper.
Natural Fiber Wallpaper
Search Terms: natural fiber wallpaper, natural fiber wallcoverings
Description: Natural fiber wall coverings are often made from wood pulp and other
recycled and reclaimed materials such as gypsum, latex, and cellulose or cotton and silk.
These wallpapers/wallcoverings pose no health threats and are environmentally friendly.
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HEATING AND COOLING
Home heating and cooling account for roughly 44%, the largest portion, of household
energy costs. Updating and periodic maintenance of heating and cooling equipment
can save homeowners money and energy. Additionally, appropriate insulation,
windows, and thermostats are other methods to decrease your energy consumption.
US Department of Energy - Energy Savers
Website: www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/tips/
Description: This site describes the heating and cooling components (ducts, heat
pumps, solar heating, fireplaces, gas and oil heating systems, air conditioners, and
thermostats) and has links to tips that will improve the efficiency of each element.
US Department of Energy—Your Home's Energy Use
Website: www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/tips/
Description: The purpose of this website is to allow homeowners to determine
which part of their home uses the most energy. This information is then used to plan
the approach used to upgrade your home to be more energy-efficient.
and of
The following fuel source alternatives to natural gas, oil, and conventional electricity
have become more common because of their reduced effect on the environment and
human health. Some alternatives are more easily adapted for use in new homes and
renovations, whereas it is more difficult to include others. Use the resources below to
determine if an alternative fuel source is right for you.
Biodiesel
Search Terms: biodiesel
Description: Biodiesel is made from domestic renewable resources and when
used in low concentrations can be mixed with traditional diesel fuel to power
vehicles or with heating oil for home heating. In New England, it can be blended
with traditional No. 2 heating oil at 10-20% concentrations without performance
loss. Biodiesel has been linked with increases in some air pollutants when compared
to regular diesel when used in vehicles, but these increases have not been
substantiated in home heating. Consumers looking to mix biodiesel with traditional
heating oil should ensure that their furnace/boiler can accommodate the
concentration before use.
Fuel
Search Terms: fuel pellet
Description: Fuel pellets are typically made from sawdust and ground wood chips that
would normally be disposed. Pellets can be stored easily and conveniently and burn
readily with high heat output and very little emissions. Total heating costs are may be
less than the cost of electric heat, but competitive with average costs of other fuels.
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Search Terms: geothermal energy
Description: Geothermal energy, or heat from the earth, is a renewable fuel source
that is gaining popularity in residential markets. Geothermal heat pumps are able
extract heat from ground water for direct home heating. In the summer months,
these same systems are able to release excess heat through a reversed process. They
are not effective in very cold climates and may require backup heat sources. Although
there is no cost in the fuel, these systems can be expensive to install and are only
available to customers with appropriate home sites. Minimal electricity is needed to
run the system.
Hydroelectric Energy
Search Terms: hydroelectric power
Description: Hydroelectric power is derived from the energy in flowing water. If
you have water flowing through your property, you might be able to set up a small
hydroelectric power station for your home's electricity. If this is not feasible for you,
you may be able to purchase electricity from a hydroelectric plant in your area.
Search Terms: solar power, solar energy, photovoltaic cells, solar cells
Description: Solar energy is power harvested from the sun and can be used for
passive home heating, and water heatingpurposes. There are several technologies
associated with solar power — photovoltaic cells and panels, solar power plants,
passive solar heating and daylighting (see the Lighting section), and solar water
heating. While solar energy is free and renewable, the cost of the systems and
retrofitting older homes can be costly. The federal government's latest energy bill
has added a solar tax credit that will allow homeowners to redeem up to 30% of
the cost of purchase, assembly, and installation when they add photovoltaic
equipment and solar hot water heaters to their home. This solar credit is capped at $2,000
per year and cannot be obtained if the solar system is used to heat a swimming pool.
Search Terms: wind energy, wind turbines, wind farms
Description: Wind turbines and wind farms are increasing in popularity as wind
energy becomes the world's fastest growing renewable energy source. Wind energy
is environmentally clean, can be used as a source of home electricity, and is readily
available for purchase from some utility companies. Contact your local power
provider to see if wind energy is available in your area.
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Well-maintained thermostats, water heaters, and HVAC systems are all vital to the
energy-efficiency of a home. Below, each is outlined with resources homeowners can
use to upgrade or maintain their equipment for long-lasting performance.
and Air (HVAC)
In cold regions, like New England, heating your home can account for up to two-
thirds of your utility bill. Efficient HVAC upgrades are often possible, but can be
costly. HVAC systems also have a very important impact on indoor environmental
quality and are necessary to maintain fresh air and exhaust indoor pollutants. Using
the HVAC system resources described here, homeowners can choose the appropriate
system for their home and family.
Some tips to remember when choosing an HVAC System:
• Bigger is not always better;
• Locating your furnace in the center of your home reduces duct runs which improves
efficiency;
• Efficient ventilation systems reduce moisture buildup while allowing fresh-air to
enter the home.
Energy and Environmental Building Association (EEBA) — General HVAC
Website: www.eeba.org/resources/consumer/existing/hvac_general.htm
Description: The links promoted by EEBA give information about energy-
efficient home heating and cooling strategies, maintenance checklists, system
selection, and more.
Energy Star - Duct Sealing
Website: www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=home_improvement.hm
_improvement_ducts
Description: Duct sealing and maintenance is as important as maintenance of the
furnace itself. Without well-sealed ducts and maintained ducts, heated and cooled
air cannot make it from the furnace into the rooms of the house. At this website,
readers can find fact sheets and other important duct information.
PATH - Energy Efficient Rehab Advisor (HVAC Systems)
Website: http://rehabadvisor.pathnet.org/sp.asp?id=9731
Description: This website, maintained by A Public-Private Partnership for
Advancing Housing Technology (PATH), provides links to resources and home
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energy saving tips. PATH focuses on all aspects of green housing — browse the
entire page for information that goes beyond HVAC systems.
Heating
Heating homes during New England winters can be quite costly. Most homes
are equipped with gas or oil furnaces or boilers that generate heat for the entire
home by burning fuel. Some homes have electric heat, which produces heat
directly from electricity, but can be inefficient and expensive. Wood is a reliable
source of heat and is less expensive than oil and gas, but can exhaust unsafe
emissions. To reduce cost and conserve resources, homeowners should consider
elements before choosing a heater for their home.
•Size A system that is too large will only work at peak efficiency part of the time.
Choose a properly sized furnace that will effectively heat your home without
wasting energy and money by having your contractor perform a Manual "J"
heat loss analysis.
•Fuel There are several conventional and alternative fuel options for homeowners
(see Alternative Fuels section). If possible, choose a renewable fuel option
like solar power, geothermal energy, or wood pellets to heat your home.
•Efficiency Heating systems that are more efficient will save both money and
environmental resources.
• Durability Choose a heating system with a long life-span.
Energy Star—Heat and Cool Smartly
Website: wwwenergystar.gov/index.cfm?c=heat_cool.pr_hvac
Description: This website gives readers information about HVAC systems.
By choosing the appropriate link on the left, consumers can find further
information about particular heating and cooling systems.
US DOE - Heat Pump Fact Sheets
Website: www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/renewable_energy/geothermal/
index.cfin/mytopic=50004
Description: Consumers will find links to fact sheets with information about
heat pumps. By choosing particular fact sheets, readers will find a wealth of
information about heat pumps for the home.
US DOE - Information Resources: Comparing Heating Fuels
Website: www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_home/space_heating_
cooliiig/index.cfin/mytopic=12330
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Description: There is a vast difference among traditional heating fuels such as
electricity, gas, kerosene, propane, oil, and wood. At this DOE website, readers can
find information about each source, its efficiency (BTU value), and its heating value.
Ventilating
Ventilation is extremely important to achieve good indoor air quality. Ventilations
systems bringin and circulate fresh air and exhaust stale or polluted air, reducing
moisture buildup which can lead to mold (see the Indoor Air section) and
removing odors or pollutants generated from indoor sources. Most older homes
have no ventilation system installed and rely on "natural ventilation" (ie. open
windows and doors) and/or air infiltration through unintended leaks in the
exterior shell of the home.
Homeowners should inquire with their contractors or HVAC professionals
regarding compliance with professional standards around ventilation in homes.
The ASI1RAE 62.2-2(1)4 standard can be found at http://resourcecenter.ashrae.org/
store/ashrac/ (and use the search term" 62.2-2004") and is available forpurchasc.
It states that Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise
Residential Buildings (including homes) requires controlled mechanical
ventilation, since infiltration and natural ventilation are unreliable and
inconsistent methods for achieving adequate fresh air ventilation. The most
basic approach to meeting the ventilation requirement is through continuous,
low-level operation of bathroom and/or kitchen fans — referred to as "exhaust
only" ventilation. If designed and installed properly, exhaust only ventilation
can be very effective in the New England climate. "Balanced ventilation" is
more advanced and supplies fresh air through intakes while it exhausts humid,
polluted air from kitchen and bathroom fans. "Central ventilation," the most
advanced form of ventilation, exhausts old air while taking in fresh outdoor air
through a balanced central ventilation system, either integrated into the HVAC
system or through an independently ducted standalone ventilation system.
Some central ventilation systems also include heat recovery or energy recovery,
which can save energy while supplying a continuous flow of fresh outside air.
Air Conditioning
Air conditioning does more than just cool the air. It also removes moisture
and humidity from the inside air. Rocky Mountain Institute estimated that
during summer months, 50% of all energy used in the US is for air conditioning
purposes. There are three types of conventional air conditioners: room units,
central air conditioners, and electric heat pumps.
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During construction or renovation, homeowners should consider incorporating
the following to reduce the need for air conditioners in the home:
' Natural shade (see the Landscaping section); • Natural ventilation;
• Thermal mass; • and fans.
But, if air conditioning is needed, there are some energy efficient options for
you to choose from:
Energy Star - Central Air Conditioning
Website: wwwenergystar.gov/index.cfm?c=cac.pr_central_ac
Description: Energy Star certified central air conditioning units are 25% more
efficient than conventional products. At this site, readers will find links to the
Consortium of Energy Efficiency (GEE) and American Refrigeration Institute's
database where Energy Star certified central AC units are listed.
Energy Star - Room Air Conditioning
Website: www.energys tar.gov/index.cfin?c=roomac.pr_room_ac
Description: This website discusses energy efficient room air conditioners and
their estimated annual savings when compared to conventional units. By using
the "Find a Store" link on the right consumers will be able to locate these air
conditioners in their area. Energy Star also provides a link to tools that ensure
you are using an AC unit that is properly sized (www.energystar.gov/
index.cfm?c=roomac.pr_properly_sized).
Thermostats
By regulating your thermostat closely or installing programmable setting
thermostats, homeowners can drastically reduce their heating and cooling costs
with little effort. Thermostats come in many varieties, but consumers should
avoid purchasing those containing mercury because of the chemical's toxicity to the
environment and human health. As many states are banning the sale of mercury
products, mercury-free alternatives have become available and readers should
consider these products when planning to purchase a new thermostat for their
home.
Energy Star - Programmable Thermostats
Website: www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=thermostats.pr_thermostats
Description: Programmable thermostats and savings associated with these
thermostats are described. Using the "Find a Store" link to the right, consumers
can find out where they can purchase Energy Star products in their area.
US Department of Energy - Information Resources
Website: www.eere.eiiergy.gov/consumer/tips/thermostats.html
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Description: This site starts with the basics and discusses general thermostat
operation, automatic thermostat operation, and programmable thermostats.
Consumers can use this site to learn more about the various types of programmable
thermostats—such as electromechanical, digital, hybrid, occupancy, and light sensing
—and how to choose the right one for their home.
Zoning
Search Terms: thermostat zoning, home zoning
Description: By zoning your home, you can group rooms that have similar heating
and cooling needs and link each group to a single thermostat. If used in conjunction
with programmable thermostats, a zoning system will automatically adjust room
temperatures based upon occupancy and activity levels.
Water heating accounts for up to 14% of your utility bill and is the third largest
energy expense in the home after 1) heating and cooling (44%) and 2) lighting,
cooking, and other appliances (33%). Homeowners can reduce their water heating
bills by using these four easy tips:
• Use less hot water;
• Turn down the Water Heater Thermostat;
• Insulate your Water Heater, hot, and cold water pipes;
• Upgrade your Water Heater.
Also, by installing low-flow shower heads and faucets (see the Plumbing section),
consumers can minimize hot water usage in the home.
Energy and Environmental Building Association (EEBA) -Water Heating
Website: www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/tips/water_heating.html
Description: The links promoted by EEBA give information about energy-efficient
home water heating strategies and high-performance home water heating.
Heat Pump Water Heaters
Search Terms: heat pump water heaters
Description: When electricity is the only source of energy, heat pumps are the
most economical water heating system. They pump heat from air into water and
often have backup systems for when demand outruns supply. Pumps use one-
third to one-half as much electricity as a conventional electric water heater.
Indirect Fired Hot Water Heater
Search Terms: combined water heaters, combined water and heat
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Description: In indirect hot water and heat systems, water is heated as a separate
zone off of the furnace of boiler. There is no burner on the water heater, and the
system reuses heat waste from the furnace or boiler to heat water for tap use. The
hot water is stored in an insulated storage tank and always ready for use—keeping
the boiler from having to turn on frequently.
Solar Hot Water
Search Terms: solar hot water, solar water heating
Description: Solar water heaters use the sun's energy to heat water by passing
water through solar collectors. The hot water is stored in a tank similar to that of
conventional systems. Solar water heaters can be used in all climates, but back up
systems are often recommended, if not required by your building code.
Storage Water Heaters
Search Terms: storage water heaters
Description: Storage water heaters have a ready supply of hot water at all times,
but when hot water is not being used heat is lost through the walls of the tank.
These losses can account for 10-20% of household annual water heating costs.
More efficient models are available, such as those that have higher levels of insulation
around the tank to reduce standby losses.
Tankless Water Heaters
Search Terms: tankless water heaters
Description: These water heaters heat water only when a hot faucet is open, thus
reducing losses during stand-by. Tankless water heaters reduce energy consumption
by 20-30% and often have longer life-spans than storage water heater models.
US Department of Energy-Water Heating
Website: www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/energy_savers/waterheat.html
Description: Consumers can find additional tips on how to reduce hot water
usage in the home and save money on water heating bills as well as learn about
solar water heaters. DOE provides a link to additional information on residential
water heating.
Insulation
Insulation lessens heat transfer through walls, ceilings, and floors. The "R-value"
associated with insulation refers to it's effectiveness in blocking the transfer of heat -
the higher the R-value, the more effective the insulation. Traditionally, homeowners
have used conventional fiberglass as insulation, but more environmentally friendly
options are now available. Use the resources below to determine what type of insulation
and R-value is right for your home and your construction/renovation project.
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Cellulose Insulation
Search Terms: cellulose insulation
Description: Cellulose insulation is made from recycled newspapers and is often
treated with borate for added fire and pest proofing. It can be applied as insulation
almost anywhere in the home, but it shouldn't be installed in wet months and should
be tested for moisture before installing drywall.
Cotton
Search Terms: cotton insulation
Description: Cotton insulation is typically made from recycled cotton and other natural
fibers that would otherwise be disposed. It is often treated for fire-resistance, but lacks
toxic and carcinogenic chemicals found in conventional insulation. Cotton batts are
similar in energy efficiency and ease of installation to traditional fiberglass insulation.
North American Insulation Manufacturer's Association (NAIMA)
Website: www.naima.otg
Description: At the NAIMA website, readers will find a library of informational
articles on energy efficiency and the environmental aspects of insulation materials.
There are fact sheets available that describe the U.S. federal tax credits for residential
and commertcal building insulation as well as information on upcoming
workshops.
Recycled Content, Formaldehyde-free Fiberglass
Search Terms: recycled fiberglass insulation
Description: This fiberglass insulation consists of recycled materials. While it provides
similar insulation properties to conventional fiberglass, the recycled content version can add
LEED Energy & Atmosphere or Materials & Resources credits to your construction project.
Spray-foam
Search Terms: spray-foam insulation
Description: This insulation is growing in popularity because of its ability to block all
creases and crevices during expansion, but,itshould be installed by a professional. Be
sure to avoid CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) and HCFC (hydrochlorofluorocarbon) versions
because of their ozone depleting characteristics.
US Department of Energy's Insulation Fact Sheet
Website: www.ornl.gov/sci/roofs +walls/insulation/ins_01.html
Description: This website discusses insulation basics. Under the link "R-value
Recommendations" (www.ornl.gov/sci/roofs+walls/insulation/ins_16.html),
homeowners can find out what level of insulation is necessary in their home based
upon their zip code and furnace type.
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US EPA Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines — Building Insulation
Website: www.epa.gov/cpg/products/building.htm
Description: At this EPA site, readers can find information on environmentally
responsible insulation as well as manufacturers and suppliers. Use these resources to
make insulation choices for your home.
The programs listed here are for homeowners and tenants in the six New England
states. Homeowners can visit these resources to find out more about energy programs
in their state as well as tips and fact sheets regarding energy efficiency in the home.
Energy Star - Home Performance
Website:www.energys tar.gov/index.cfin?c=home_improvement.hm_improvement_
hpwes_partners
Description: Under this program, local contractors will visit your home to assess your
energy consumption and recommend improvements (insulation, lighting, heating/
cooling equipment, thermostats, windows, etc.) that could save homeowners up to
30% in energy costs/year. The energy audits are free of charge and there are rebate
programs offered should homeowners decide to upgrade to more energy efficient
appliances and fixtures. This program is not nation-wide, so check the listings to find
out if Home Performance is available in your area — at the time of publication, this was
available in Massachusetts.
Northeast Home Energy Rating System Alliance - State Programs
Website: www.energyratings.org/states.htm
Description: At this website, homeowners click on their Northeast state and are
linked to a page detailing home energy programs in that state. In Massachusetts, for
example, readers are brought to the Massachusetts Division of Energy Resources'
Home Energy Service page where more links detail energy saving techniques and programs
in that state.
PATH - Energy Efficient Rehab Advisor
Website: rehabadvisor.pathnet.org
Description: This website could serve as 'one-stop' shopping for green building.
Using the green building tools, homeowners can find up-to-date energy advisors and
building technology evaluations.
US Department of Energy-Weatherization Assistance Program
Website: www.eere.energy.gov/weatherization/doe_fact.html
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Description: At this website, homeowners can find DOE fact sheets about energy
efficiency in the home. Topics covered here include home energy audits, insulation,
finances, and water heating. Also, at this site, DOE provides links to other useful
energy tools such as "Tips for Saving Energy and Money at Home" and "Home
Energy Saver."
Windows
In New England, windows not only add to the aesthetics of a home. They also account for
heat gain in the summer and heat loss in the winter. By choosing the right windows for
your home and climate, homeowners can save on cooling and heating costs. The resources
below provide readers with energy saving tips and information on the latest window
technologies.
Energy and Environmental Building Association (EEBA) - Windows and Doors
Website: www.eeba.org/resources/consumer/new/wndows_doors.htm
Description: The links promoted by EEBA give general information regarding
windows and doors, window selection, window terminology, and high-performance
windows.
Energy Star - Residential Windows, Doors, and Skylights
Website: www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=windows_doors.pr_windows
Description: At this Energy Star website, homeowners can find basic information
about window replacement and window technology. Homeowners can learn everything
they need to know about how to purchase efficient windows by using the "Buy with
Confidence" link (www.energystar.gov/index.cfinPc =windows_doors.pr_ind_tested).
Energy Star - U-Factor for the Northeast
Website: www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=windows_doors.pr_crit_windows
Description: This website outlines the Energy Star criteria for windows, doors, and
skylights in different areas of the country. In the Northeast, windows should be "mostly
heating" and have a U-Factor (a measure of the rate of heat transfer ranging from 0.25 —
1.25; the lower the U-Factor, the better the window insulates) less than or equal to 0.35.
US Department of Energy - Energy Savers
Website: www.eere.energy.gov/consunier/tips/windows.html
Description: At this website, homeowners will find window tips for cold climates
such as installing storm windows, closing drapes and curtains at night, and maximizing
solar gain during the day. Information on window technologies, and links to purchase
new windows are also provided here.
For information on Daylighting, please see the Lighting section of this guide.
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There are several new as well as old window technologies that help save energy. The
resources below will help you choose the right window options for your home.
Double-Paned Windows
Search Terms: double-paned windows
Description: Typically, the more panes your windows have, the better they will be
at insulating your home. Replacing single-paned windows with double-paned
windows throughout the home can save up to 15% on heating costs and add to
the value of your home.
Gas-Filled Windows
Search Terms: argon-filled windows, krypton-filled windows, gas-filled windows
Description: The space between panes in multi-paned windows can be filled with
inert and safe gases such as argon or krypton which slows heat transport from the
inside to the outside. When gas is added to these windows, their insulation qualities
are increased.
Historic Window Repair
Search Terms: historic window repair, historic window rehabilitation
Description: Homeowners with historic or old double-hung sash windows might
consider window refurbishment and rehabilitation instead of replacement. Window
repair companies claim that they can make your historic windows as air tight and
energy efficient as newer models. Using the search terms above, you can find
information on window repair in your area.
Low-Emissivity (Low-E) Windows
Search Terms: Low-E Glazing, Low-E Windows, Low-Emissivity Glazing, Low-
Emissivity Windows
Description: Low-E windows have a glazed metal or plastic coating that reduces
heat transfer and lowers the window's U-Factor. Low-E windows typically cost 10-
15% more than conventional windows, but can reduce energy loss by 30-50%.
Superwindows
Search Terms: superwindows
Description: Superwindows have plastic sheets suspended between panes in multi-
paned windows making them triple or quadruple glazed windows and reducing
the U-Factor to 0.15-0.30. They also minimize UV rays that can fade home
furnishings.
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LIGHTING
Because home lighting accounts for 5-10% of energy usage, even the simplest
renovations that include lighting changes can reap the benefits of energy efficiency.
Bulb and appliance choices, lighting and window locations, and light timing devices
throughout a home can significantly reduce energy use from 50-75%. There are many
options with home lighting and the resources listed below will explore several topics.
Please read on to learn more.
and
Energy-efficient light bulbs and fixtures have been cited to use up to 2/3 less energy and
last 6-10 times longer than conventional bulbs/fixtures. Homeowners that change five
light fixtures/bulbs in their home to more efficient options can save up to $60 in energy
costs per year and reduce green house gas emissions from local power sources. Making
these changes not only saves you money and time, but reduces air pollution as well.
When renovating or building a new home, it is important to consider location when
planning a lighting strategy. Rather than lighting entire rooms, homeowners should
think about where work will most likely be done and where artificial light is necessary.
By maintaining light in specific areas, homeowners will s ave energy and money.
Energy Star -Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFL)
Website: wwwenergystar.gov/index.cfin?c=cfls.pr_cfls
Description: When a conventional incandescent 100W light bulb is replaced with a
32W CFL, homeowners can save up to $30 over the life of the new bulb. This website
discusses CFLs, energy efficiency, and why consumers should make the change.
Energy Star Light Buyers Guide
Website: www.energystar.gov/index.cfin?c=buyers_guide.pr_lighting_guide
Description: This website is a great tool for homeowners looking to learn more
about energy-efficient lighting options. Filled with detailed information, readers will
easily find everything they're looking for to make simple lighting changes in their
home. Energy Star examines bulbs, fixtures, and ceiling fans in this user-friendly web
guide.
National Lighting Product Information Program (NLPIP)
Website: www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/nlpip/index.asp
Description: NLPIP disseminates objective manufacturer-specific information about
energy-efficient lighting products. Homeowners can visit their website and search
through publications, an extensive FAQs section, as well as some research information
about lighting, energy, and the environment.
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Search Terms: daylighting, skylights, solar tubes
Description: Daylighting is simply the use of natural light in place of bulbs and
fixtures. Through skylights and window placement, homeowners can bring enough
natural light into a room that the lights need only be used after sundown. Daylighting
not only saves energy by reducing bulb usage, it also saves on heating costs in the
winter and can benefit human health.
DOE Building Technologies Program: Daylighting
Website: www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/info/design/integratedbuilding/
passivedaylighting.html
Description: This website discusses the daylighting concept and why it is beneficial in
many homes. Here, readers can also learn about design and installation of daylights for
their homes.
Light pollution occurs when outdoor lights meant to illuminate the ground - for
walking and driving-is poorly directed resulting in light sent overhead, which causes
glare and wastes energy. Additionally, the resulting glare blocks views of the night sky
and can adversely affect wildlife. To avoid causing light pollution, outdoor lights should
be energy-efficient and well-directed to the ground. Homeowners should limit the use
of outdoor lights except when necessary. Some towns in New England have set night
light guidelines. Check with your local town hall or city hall to see if there are set
guidelines you should follow.
New England Light Pollution Advisory Group (NELPAG)
Website: http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/cfa/ps/nelpag.html
Description: NELPAG has been providing information about light pollution and its
impact on night views since 1995. Through their website and meetings, NELPAG
strives to spread the word about low-lumen and glare-free outdoor night lighting.
40
PLUMBING
Clean water is necessary for sustaining human life and a healthy environment. Although
75% of our planet is covered by water, it is not an abundant resource and should be
protected. The resources given here provide readers with the information needed to
renovate and construct homes that conserve and protect water.
Because only 1% of the earth's water supply is usable for human activity, consideration
of your home's water usage is important when planning to renovate or build a new
home. Homeowners can consider the following easy upgrades when exploring how to
minimize their home's water usage:
• Low flow toilets, sinks, dishwashers, and washing machines;
• Shower head and sink aerators;
• Running only full dishwashers and cleaning only full loads of laundry.
For more ways to save water in your home, please visit www.epa.gov/Watersense/
tips/cons.htm.
Composting Toilets
Search Terms: composting toilets
Description: Composting toilets often use little to no water. Through a combination
of evaporation and natural decomposition, they convert human waste into useful
fertilizer. Composting toilets are optimal in areas without septic systems or access to
plumbing.
Energy Star -Appliances
Website: wwwenergys tar.gov/index.cfm?c=appliances.pr_appliances
Description: At this website, readers can find links to energy star certified clothes
washers and dishwashers. These appliances not only save on electricity, but they also
have reduced water consumption and may be eligible for utility rebates in your area (see
"Local Efficiency Programs" in the Heating and Cooling section of this guide for
more information). Use the links provided to find retailers in your area.
Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA) - Water-Efficient
Appliances and Fixtures
Website: www.mwra.com/04water/html/lctoilet.htm
Description: This locally sponsored website provides information about why readers
should consider these options and how they might go about doing it.
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Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA) -The Operation WaterSense
Program
Website: www.mwra.state.ma.us/04water/html/watsense.htm
Description: Through this program, MWRA communities are eligible to receive free
water saver kits including low flow showerheads, faucet aerators, toilet tank dams, and
leak detection equipment. Free kits are still available; please use the link to request one
for your home.
PATH - Energy Efficient Rehab Advisor (Water)
Website: wwwrehabadvisor.pathnet.org/sp.asp?id=10744
Description: This website, maintained by A Public-Private Partnership for Advancing
Housing Technology (PATH), provides links to resources and home water saving tips.
Waterless Urinals
Search Terms: waterless urinals
Description: Waterless urinals do not use water at all, leading to an overall 100% water
savings. They require little maintenance and are comparable in cost to conventional urinals.
Although a drinking water source maybe clean, residents need to consider the age and
quality of infrastructure bringing water to their tap. Through corrosion and leaching,
lead and other contaminants can find their way into drinking water. The resources
listed below give renovation and construction suggestions that can minimize this risk.
Greenpeace - PVC Alternatives database
Website: archive.greenpeace.org/toxics/pvcdatabase/
Description: Building on the PVC-free Sydney Olympics, Greenpeace provides a
database providing PVC-free information to homeowners throughout the world.
US EPA - Lead in Drinking Water
Website: www.epa.gov/safewater/lead/index.html
Description: Sponsored by EPA, this website focuses on giving the reader as much
information as possible about lead and drinking water. Here, fact sheets tell why lead
might be a problem and how it can be reduced. There are links to regulatory information
and local drinking water quality reports.
42
FURNISHINGS
There are many furnishing options when constructing or renovating your home. New
and reused furnishings, as well as those constructed from reused, sustainable, and/or
durable materials are available to consumers. The resources listed here suggest 'green'
furnishing options that homeowners can consider.
Carpet
Search Terms: environmental carpet, environmental rugs
Description: Consumers can consider choosing carpets made from natural materials
like wool and cotton or those made with recycled content. Note that carpet dyes, glues,
fire retardants, and backing materials can be made with and often off-gas chemicals.
Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) -Green Label
Website: http://www.carpet-rug.com/drill_down_2.cfm?page=8&sub=3
Description: The Carpet and Rug Institute's Green Label Plus is built upon their
original Green Label and is used on carpets and rugs that meet indoor air quality criteria
having low emissions. This label can be found on carpets in a showroom, and many
of the "labeled" carpets are listed at this website.
Search Terms: environmental carpet pads
Description: Conventional carpet padding is often made with plastic or synthetic
rubber and contains petroleum products. At end use, these pads are not recycled and
are not biodegradable. Consumers can consider carpet pads with recycled content,
minimal petroleum content, or low-VOC emissions.
Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) -Green Label
Website: www.carpet-rug.org/drill_down_2.cfm?page=8&sub=6
Description: The Carpet and Rug Institute also labels carpet pads. On this website,
consumers can find 'labeled" products that have been tested for and meet CRI's criteria.
Materials
When furnishing a renovation or newly constructed home, look for products that are
made with recycled or refurbished materials, free from harmful and toxic chemicals,
and those that will not require quick replacement. By choosing environmentally
preferable products, homeowners reduce the amount of waste to be disposed and can
keep their family free from toxins.
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Things to look for when purchasing furnishings for your home:
•ChemicalFree
These products generally have lower-VOC emissions, and are not made with or
require adhesives that contain formaldehyde and other carcinogens that may cause
harm to homeowners and their families.
•Durability
The need to replace is reduced when consumers purchase products that hold up to
normal wear and tear. This keeps materials out of the waste stream and reduces
production of new products that use virgin materials.
•Locally-Made
Furnishings that are made locally not only support the local economy, but expend
lower pollution because they tend to use local materials and minimize pollution
caused by shipping (of raw materials and of product-to-market).
• Recycled Content
By purchasing products that have recycled content or are refurbished, consumers
reduce strain on the waste stream and put materials to use when they are still viable.
• Recyclability
If the item is easy to disassemble, it will be easier to recycle when its useful life is
done. Furniture that is owner-assembled or made of a single material has a higher
rate of recycling potential.
Vermont Sustainable Jobs Fund - Vermont Wood Products Resource Manual
Website:www.vs jf.org/resources/documents/Pages l-38.pdf
Description: This publication is a collaboration of the Vermont Sustainable Jobs
Fund and Vermont Wood Manufacturers Association. It provides information on
sustainable furniture dealers and other wood products companies in Vermont.
44
INDOOR ENVIRONMENT
Because the average American spends up to 90% of their time indoors, the green
building community has put significant emphasis on greening indoor environments
- specifically cleaning the air we breathe. Asthma, a serious life-threatening respiratory
disease affecting over 20 million Americans, is triggered by indoor allergens and can
be controlled once triggers are recognized. While the information presented below
does not cover every indoor air issue, it provides readers with information and tools
to further glean understanding of many indoor air quality issues. Visit Visit
www.epa.gov/iaq/homes more information on indoor air quality issues in homes
not mentioned here.
Please visit www.epa.gov/asthma/programs.html to learn more about EPAs national
asthma program and how to limit exposure to indoor asthma triggers.
Indoor Air Quality for New Homes
EPA has also developed specifications to recognize homes equipped with a
comprehensive set of indoor air quality (IAQ) measures. Homes that comply with
these specifications can use the "Indoor Air Package" as a complementary label to
Energy Star for Homes. As a prerequisite for this label, a home must first be Energy
Star qualified. These specifications are being released as a pilot program to only a
limited number of markets identified by EPA to allow for a comprehensive evaluation
of the pilot program and to make refinements to the specifications. Visit
www.energystar.gov/homes to view the draft specifications.
These draft IAQ specifications address moisture control, pest control, radon, HVAC
and ventilation, combustion systems, building materials, and commissioning.
Indoor Air Quality for Existing Homes
For existing homes, a number of actions can be taken to improve IAQ. Visit the
following links to find more information:
• Home Improvements with Energy Star (including Home Performance with Energy Star)
(www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=home_improvement.hm_improvement
_index)
• Remodeling for Indoor Air Quality (www.epa.gov/iaq/homes/hip-front.html)
Mold
Indoor mold is most often found on bathroom tile, basement walls, areas around
windows where moisture condenses, and near leaky sinks. Uncontrolled humidity or
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water leaks lead to mold growth, particularly in hot, humid climates. During renovations
or construction, there are steps homeowners can take to reduce the risk of mold—
please use the resources below to learn more about what you can do to minimize the
chance of mold growth in your home.
To reduce mold in your home:
• clean up all spills within 48 hours; • install fans in kitchens and bathrooms.
• insulate cold water pipes;
For more moisture and mold control tips, please visit www.epa.gov/mold/
preventionandcontrol.html.
Asthma Regional Council of New England - READ THIS before you Design,
Build, or Renovate
Website: ww\v. as tlirnaregioiialcouncil.org/ about/ docurnents/RKADTl lIS6.07.04.pdf
Description: This document covers a variety of construction and renovation topics,
including pest management and moisture control and gives homeowners tips on how
to reduce the impact of home pollutants on persons with asthma.
Energy and Environmental Building Association (EEBA) - Mold Issues
Website: www.eeba.org/resources/consumer/mold.htm
Description: Homeowners can find links to everything they need to know about
mold—why it grows, where it grows, how it spreads, and how it can be prevented. A
homeowners' guide is posted as well as guides for renovation, building, moving, etc.
Energy Star - Dehumidifiers
Website: wwwenergystar.gov/index.cfm?c=dehumid.pr_dehumidifiers
Description: At this website, consumers can find information to determine if a
dehumidifier is needed in their home as well as dehumidifier basics, placement, and
options. There are also links to Energy Star certified product retailers.
Energy Star - Home Improvement
Website:wwwenergystar.gov/index.cfm?c=home_solutions.hm_improvement_
moldmildew
Description: From Energy Star's Home Improvement page, you can diagnose
household problems ranging from mold, mildew, and musty odors to damp
basements. The links on this page inform homeowners how to reduce moisture and
avoid mold growth in the home.
US EPA Indoor Air - Mold
Website: www.epa.gov/mold
Description: This EPA website discusses the causes of mold growth, ways to avoid
mold, and links for further information. This site is a good background read and should
be used as a starting point from which more in depth information can be found.
46
Radon is a radioactive, colorless, odorless gas occurring naturally in rock, soil, and well
water and is linked to approximately 21,000 lung cancer deaths in the United States per
year. Homeowners are typically exposed to radon through gas diffusing through the
foundations of their homes. Because granite is prevalent in New England, homeowners
in this region should be particular concerned with radon resistant construction.
There are easy and inexpensive techniques that reduce the exposure to radon, whether
constructing a new home or reducing the level of radon in an existing home. To find
out how to detect and fix radon for your home, visit www.epa.gov/radon/
radontest.html for more information.
CT Dept. of Public Health - Radon Construction
Website: www.dph. state.ct.us/BRS/radon/radon_techniques.htm
Description: This site gives state specific radon reducing construction tips. More on
the CT radon program can be found at www.dph.state.ct.us/BRS/radon/
radon_program.htm.
Energy and Environmental Building Association (EEBA) - Radon Issues
Website: www.eeba.org/resources/consumer/radon.htm
Description: Here, like other EEBA resources, consumers can find links to further
information, fact sheets, construction guides, and radon exposure zones.
Local Radon Contacts
Website: www.epa.gov/region01/eco/radon/more.html
Description: Here readers can find EPA New England, EPA national, state, and tribal
contact information.
National Radon Hotline
1-800-SOS-RADON
1-800-767-7236
National Radon Proficiency Program (NRPP)
Website: www.radongas.org
Description: NRPP is a nationally recognized certification program for radon
professionals. From this site consumers can find a checklist for radon testing and how
to find a radon professional. Other radon links are available as well.
US EPA Radon in New England
Website: www.epa.gov/region01/eco/radon
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Description: At this EPA site readers can find extensive information about radon on
their homes. There are links to radon contacts, radon publications, radon testing, and
more. By following the Radon Publications link, readers will be able to download a
number of EPA radon publications including^! Citizens Guide to Radon, Building Radon
Out: A Step-by-Step Guide on how to Build Radon-Resistant Homes, and a Radon Guide for
Tenants.
US EPA Radon Resistant New Construction (RRNC)
Website: www.epa.gov/radon/construc.html
Description: This EPA site focuses on why homeowners should build radon-resistant
construction and how to do so. There are links, diagrams, and contact information that
consumers will find helpful during construction or renovation of their home.
For information on VOCs and Lead-Based Paint, please refer to the Coatings section.
Healthy Indoor Air for America's Homes
Website: www.montana.edu/wwwcxair/
Description: Sponsored by a partnership between EPA, Montana State University,
and USDA, this website covers many indoor air issues.
US EPA - Healthy Homes
Website: www.epa.gov/ne/healthyhomes/iaq.html
Description: Specific to New England, this page covers many topics around household
health. Please visit for more in depth information to keep your family and home
healthier.
US EPA Indoor Air Quality
Website: www.epa.gov/iaq
Description: This is EPA's main indoor air quality page. From this site, users can find
links to many IAQ topics, some of which are not specifically covered in this guide.
48
LANDSCAPING
New Englanders seeking to incorporate 'green' aspects into their home can easily find
landscaping techniques that will reduce the effect of their home on the natural
environment. Whether renovating, constructing, or just fixing up your yard, this topic
is applicable to almost every homeowner. Some things to try when landscaping are:
• minimizing the use of pesticides and other chemicals—they runoff into rivers, lakes,
and streams;
• reducing paved areas—impervious surfaces lead to stormwater runoff;
• reducing lawn size—large lawns require a lot of irrigation and can contribute to
stormwater runoff;
• using native vegetation—prevents the landscape from contributing to the invasive
plant problem that is prominent in New England's natural areas.
Please refer to the links below to find more green landscaping techniques that are right
for your home.
New England Wild Flower Society - Native Plant Nurseries
Website: http://www.newfs.org/nursery.htm
Description: New Englanders can purchase native species for use in their gardens and
find other local nurseries.
US EPA - Green Landscaping with Native Plants
Website: www.epa.gov/glnpo/greenacres/wildones7wo_2004b.pdf
Description: This document was created by EPA Region 5 - the Great Lakes Region,
but it is applicable to green landscaping anywhere. It discusses the history of the
landscape and how homeowners can use sustainable techniques to achieve natural
landscapes for their homes. Woodlands, prairies, wetlands, invasive species, and wildlife
are all topics covered here.
US EPA - Green Landscaping (Region 3)
Website: www.epa.gov/reg3esdl/garden/index.htm
Description: This website was written for US EPA Region 3 (Delaware, DC, Maryland,
Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia), but the information presented is applicable to
New Englanders. Here, readers can find out what green landscaping is, why they
should do it, how they might start, and links to more information.
Search Terms: integrated pest management
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Description: Integrated Pest Management, as defined by EPA, is the coordinated use
of pest and environmental information with available pest control methods to prevent
unacceptable levels of pest damage by the most economical means and with the least
possible hazard to people, property, and the environment. For more information on
controlling pests on you property, use the resources below and speak to yourlandscaper
for their professional opinion.
A Homeowners Guide to Environmentally Sound Lawncare
Website:www.mass.gov/agr/pesticides/publications/IPM%20Lawn%20
Guide%201A.l.pdf
Description: This publication, written by Massachusetts Department of Agricultural
Resources, discusses environmentally responsible lawn care without the use of pesticides
and herbicides.
US EPA- Pesticides and Food: What "Integrated Pest Management" Means
Website: www.epa.gov/pesticides/food/ipm.htm
Description: By using trapping devices and regularly inspecting your plants, you can
keep pest damage to a minimum in your garden without spraying harmful chemicals.
This website leads readers to additional information and discusses the basics of IPM.
Asthma Regional Council of New England - READ THIS before you Design,
Build, or Renovate
Website:wwwas thmaregionalcouncil.org/about/documents/READTHIS6.07.04.pdf
Description: Though this document covers more construction and renovation topics
than just pest management, readers can find good pest guidance in page 46. Construction
and landscaping strategies that minimize pest entry into the home such as keeping
bushes away from the home, minimizing points of entry, reducing moisture, and
many more are discussed.
Irrigation, although important, can be reduced when landscapes are planned to include
native species. Because these plants are accustomed to the New England environment,
they thrive with little maintenance - reducing stress on local water supplies and the
environment. When native species are not available, or cannot be included in your
plans, please use the following tips when irrigating
• position sprinklers so that they only water vegetation and not driveways, sidewalks,
and the street;
• skip watering on weeks where there has been rain;
• use rain barrels to collect water for irrigation;
50
' water lawns and gardens in the morning to reduce evaporation;
' water slowly to avoid run-off.
MA Water Resources Authority (MWRA) - Garden and Landscaping Water
Conservation Tips
Website: www.mwra.state.ma.us/04water/html/gardening.htm
Description: This locally sponsored website provides information about proper irrigation,
water conservation, and landscaping in New England. Readers can find tips on finding
the right automatic sprinkler, flower care, rain barrels, and garden design as well.
Rain Barrels
Search Terms: rain barrels, rain catchment
Description: Rain water is naturally soft and does not contain minerals, chlorine,
fluoride, and other chemicals. Plants tend to respond well to watering with this water.
By collecting rain, homeowners can s ave money on water used for irrigation. Systems
range from simple, such as plain buckets, to advanced with cisterns, pumps, and flow
controls. If the catch bucket you use does not have a lid, consider mosquito control
methods, such as adding goldfish to eat mosquito larvae. The fish will need an air
pump to get oxygen, but provide a 'low tech' way to minimize spread of mosquito-
born disease. Be careful that they don't make their way into the watering can!
Water Saving Tips for your Lawn and Garden
Website: wwwcmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/co/maho/la/la_006.cfin
Description: Although written in Canada, these tips can be applied to lawns and
gardens in New England. This website offers basic information about lawn and garden
irrigation —when to water, how to water — as well as some more advanced suggestions
including rain barrels and tips on aeration. Visit this side for all your irrigation needs.
By providing your home with well-located natural shade, homeowners can save up to
30% on air conditioning costs and 20-50% of the energy used to heat a home. Also,
the USDA Forest Service estimates that healthy, mature trees well planted on a house
lot can add an average of 10% to the property value.
USDA Forest Service - Northeastern Area
Website: www.na.fs.fed.us/resources/homeowners.shtm
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Description: The USDA Forest Service works to educate the public and maintain
healthy forests across the country. On this website, readers are informed how to select,
buy, and care for trees on residential property.
Advanced gardeners might try applying Greenscapes, organic gardening techniques, or
Xeriscaping to their property. The information below will guide homeowners in their
landscaping decisions.
Greenscapes
Search Terms: greenscapes
Description: Greenscape ideas are typically used on commercial property and large
scale landscaping, but the techniques offer homeowners some ideas for
environmentally responsible landscaping. Using Greenscapes ideas such as
purchasing hoses, tubing, trickle irrigation systems, and lawn edging made from
recovered plastic and old tires, New England homeowners can landscape large
yards with minimal environmental impact. Visit www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-
hw/green/index.htm for more information on Greenscapes.
The North and South Rivers Watershed Association (NSRWA) - Greenscapes
Reference Guidebook
Website: www.nsrwa.org/greenscapes/guidebook
Description: This guidebook from NSRWA, an environmental not-for-profit
based in Massachusetts' South Shore, gives readers information about greenscaping
Sections entitled "What are Greenscapes" and "How Do I Greenscape?" are followed
by information on mowing, fertilizing, plants, and watering.
US EPA - "Greenscaping" Your Lawn and Garden
Website: www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/green/pubs/home-gs.pdf
Description: This general guidance on Greenscaping discusses why it's beneficial
to the environment and how homeowners can incorporate it into their yards.
Composting is also discussed.
Search Terms: organic gardening, green gardening
Description: Organic Gardening is the practice of maintaining a garden (food or
plants) or lawn without the use of pesticides and herbicides. By using alternative
maintenance practices, homeowners can successfully garden while reducing their
exposure to potentially harmful chemicals.
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Organic Lawn Care FAQ
Website: http://faq.gardenweb.com/faq/lists/organic/2004020829016580.html
Description: This website focuses on organic lawn care. Information on organic
and natural fertilizers, composting, and pest and weed management can be found here.
Organic Lawn Care Guide
Website: www.immuneweb.org/articles/lawncare.html
Description: This website gives basic information on how to maintain your lawn
organically. Information on fertilizer, watering, weeding, mowing, pests, and pH
can be found here.
Xeriscaping
Search Terms: xeriscaping, xeriscapes
Description: Xeriscaping is a general term that refers to landscaping techniques
known for water conservation and environmental protection. Using specific designs
and planning, plant choice, and irrigation/maintenance techniques homeowners
can apply xeriscaping to their property.
Water-Efficient Landscaping: Preventing Pollution and
Using Resources Wisely
Website: www.epa.gov/watersense/docs/water-efficient_landscaping_508.pdf
Description: This EPA guide discusses why water-efficient landscaping is so
important and how homeowners might apply this technique to their own property.
Please visit to learn more about proper planning, irrigation, and maintenance can
help your property become water-efficient.
Xeriscaping - Establishing a Waste Efficient Landscape
Website: www.ciwmb.ca.gov/organics/Xeriscaping/
Description: This resource was prepared by the State of California and discusses
some xeriscaping basics - like what it is and why homeowners should consider it
- as well as information on landscape design, plant choice, soil preparation, and
irrigation systems.
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STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
Runoff from land and impervious areas such as paved streets, driveways, and rooftops
during rainfall and snow events often contain pollutants that could adversely affect
water quality. In New England, stormwater is controlled by permits that are distributed
at the municipal level. Homeowners can manage stormwater on their property by
minimizing paved areas, capturing rainwater, and consciously preventing stormwater
contamination during construction. Visit http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/
home.cfm?program_id=6 for information on EPA's stormwater program.
The North South Rivers Watershed Association (NSRWA) - Ways to Protect
Your Watershed
Website: www.nsrwa.org/programs/stormwater_toplO.asp
Description: This list from NSRWA gives homeowners simple ways they can protect
their watershed from stormwater pollution. Ideas include greenscaping (see the
Landscaping section of this guide), wash your car over the lawn, pick up after your pets,
and do not pour hazardous waste down the sink or stormdrains.
and
Erosion and sedimentation is harmful to the environment and can disturb local wildlife
habitats. During construction, the land is disturbed and often there are piles of dirt,
steep slopes, and natural habitats that need protection. The resources found below
discuss the harms of erosion and sedimentation while giving homeowners management
strategies for use during construction and renovation.
Kentucky Erosion Prevention and Sediment Control Field Guide
Website: www. tetratech-ffx.com/wstr aining/pdf/esc_guide.pdf
Description: This erosion and sediment control guide is from Kentucky, but is
applicable in New England.
US EPA - Does Your Site Need a Stormwater Permit?
Website: www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/sw_cgp_brochure.pdf
Description: This website outlines the NPDES (National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System) permitting system and alerts homeowners when their contractor
may need to get a storm water permit from EPA or the state.
US EPA - Innovative Uses of Compost
Website: www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/compost/erosion.pdf
Description: This document discusses the use of compost during and after
construction for erosion control, turf remediation, and landscaping. Compost can be
generated from the trees and brush on site during the clearing, stumping, or grubbing
processes.
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US EPA - Stormwater and the Construction Industry
Website: www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/postersidel.pdf
Description: This document, written by EPA, shows some methods you can discuss
with your contractor about how to control stormwater and erosion during construction.
When surface water is appropriately managed, pollution from stormwater can be greatly
reduced. Through minimizing impervious surfaces and incorporating rain gardens
and collection systems, homeowners can control surface water on their property.
Builder's Guide to Low Impact Development
Website: www.mass.gov/envir/lid/pdf/builder_lid.pdf
Description: This short pamphlet focuses on stormwater management and low impact
development. Although it describes larger developments, the information specifically
on stormwater management is applicable to homeowners.
Rivers in Massachusetts
Website: www.mass.gov/dfwele/links/lnkwater.htm
Description: This website lists an index of the watershed associations in MA. The
homeowner or builder's local watershed association is usually interested in stormwater
management and can give advice on landscaping, infiltration and other practical
management techniques.
University of New Hampshire (UNH) Center for Stormwater Technology
Evaluation and Verification
Website: www.unh.edu/erg/cstev/fact_sheets/index.htm
Description: The UNH Center for Stormwater Technology Evaluation and Verification
is testing a variety of storm water handling methods - some of which are appropriate
for residential use under cold climate conditions.
US EPA - Solution to Pollution
Website: www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/solution_to_pollution.pdf
Desciption: This brochure discusses stormwater pollution and why healthy household
habits can beneficially affect the natural environment. Look here for information on
vehicles and garages, lawns and gardens, home repair and improvement, pet care,
swimming pools and spas, and septic system use and maintenance.
US EPA - Ten Things you can do to Prevent Stormwater Runoff Pollution
Website: www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/nps_month_bookmark.pdf
Description: Here homeowners can find 10 easy ways to reduce stormwater pollution.
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Pawement
Paved and other impervious surfaces, such as roofs, do not permit precipitation to
drain into the ground. By minimizing these surfaces by landscaping or other methods,
homeowners reduce the impact of stormwater pollution. Use the resources here to
make pavement/landscaping choices for your home.
Nonpoint Education for Municipal Officials (NEMO) - Porous Pavement
Website: www.nemo.uconn.edu/tools/reducing_runoff/runoff.htm
Description: This website focuses on alternatives to paved surfaces in construction.
Here, readers will find information on pervious construction materials like pavers and
pavement for roofs and driveways.
Recycled Tire Paving
Search Terms: tire sidewalks, recycled tire paving
Description: This paving material can be made from 100% recycled rubber. It is
gaining popularity in the US and is being used predominantly for sidewalks. This
pavement is porous, durable, can withstand tree root growth, and does not become
slippery when wet. It is available for residential uses as well.
Toolbase Services
Website:wwwtoolbase.org/techinv/techDetails.aspx?technologyID=98
Description: Here readers can find porous alternatives to traditional pavement patterns
and materials. Materials, methods, and installation for these materials are given.
Rain gardens look like traditional gardens, but usually consist of deep-rooted native plant
species and have a bowl-shaped dip in the center. They are used to absorb and filter rain as
it runs off paved and other impervious surfaces on a home's landscape. Because they are
typically planted with native species, they require little maintenance once they are set up.
Rain Gardens of West Michigan
Website: www.raingardens.org/Index.php
Description: Rain gardens work by capturing rain water before it runs down the street
into the storm drain. This website gives information on why and how to construct rain
gardens for the home.
By collecting rain in a b asin and either releasing it slowly to recharge groundwater or s aving
it for future irrigation and other non-potable needs, homeowners can reduce pressure on
municipal water supplies and minimize stormwater runoff. The resources listed here give
homeowners information about the water collection systems available.
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Charles River Watershed Association (CRWA) - SmartStorm Rainwater Recovery
System
Website: www.crwa.org
Description: This system, developed by CWRA, is a large partially buried rain barrel able
to capture rainwater off rooftops and store it for irrigation and non-potable uses. Its
incorporation into New England households will reduce pressure on drinking water
sources and pollution from stormwater runoff.
Rain Barrels
Search Terms: rain barrels, rain catchment
Description: Rain water is naturally soft and does not contain minerals, chlorine,
fluoride, and other chemicals. Plants tend to respond well to watering with this water.
By collecting rain, homeowners can s ave money on water used for irrigation. Systems
range from simple, such as plain buckets, to advanced with cisterns, pumps, and flow
controls. For more information on rain barrels see "Irrigation" in the Landscaping
section of this guide.
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COMMUNICATIONS
For homeowners interested in green alternatives when renovating or constructing their
home, the challenges do not always end once a contractor is hired. Oftentimes,
homeowners have a difficult time expressing their interest and recommending products
to contractors, who at times view the project from different perspectives or have little or
no experience with green building methods or products. Below are some resources and
tips homeowners can use when finding an architect and/or contractor and discussing
green products with their contractor.
an
It is important that your architect and contractor understand your wishes and desires.
The resources listed below provide directories of certified professionals in your area
and tips on how to hire the right contractor for the job. Use these resources when
planning your renovation or construction project.
Follow these three steps when finding the architect or contractor that is right for you
(adapted from Green Remodeling: Changing the World One Room at a Time):
•Research
Contact your local home builders association (www.nahb.org) and the Better Business
Bureau (www.bbb.org) to research your potential contractor.
•Certifications
Be sure that your contractor that is licensed, bonded, and registered as regulated by the
law in your local area.
•Referrals
Sometimes the best way to find a contractor that will fit your needs is to ask homeowners
in your neighborhood that have recently had homes built or renovated. Ask them
questions — are they happy with the work? Was the contractor willing to listen?
AIA Architects
Website: www.aia.org/about_doforyou
Description: Readers can find a database of AIA residential architects who are specifically
trained to help homeowners make the most of their budget and space. AIA architects
are familiar with green construction and are able to help homeowners find the contractor
that is right for them.
Boston Society of Architects (BSA) -Architect Directory
Website: www.architects.org/directories/list_firms.cfm?type=res
Description: Homeowners can find a link to a local architect directory as well as The
Residential and Small Commercial Project Handbook. The handbook describes the role of
the architect, the design and construction process, budgets, and schedule. The database
lists several firms in the Greater Boston area and provides links to other AIA chapters.
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The BSA also has a Committee on the Environment (COTE). Their website
(www.architects.org/committees/index.cfm?doc_id=150) has information on
COTE monthly meetings that are open to interested parties and focus on the design,
construction, and operation of sustainable buildings.
The City of Seattle - Green Home Remodel: Hiring a Pro
Website: www.cityofseattle.net/dpd/GreenBuilding/SingleFamilyResidential/
Res ources/RemodelingGuides /
Description: This guide, published by the City of Seattle outlines tips on hiring and
working with design professionals and contractors when working on green remodel projects.
Energy Star Heating and Cooling Contractors
Website: www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=heat_cool.pr_contractors_10tips
Description: Energy Star offers tips on finding the right heating and cooling contractor.
They recommend considering your contractor's certifications, recommendations,
estimations, and more before signing a contract.
Energy Star - Home Performance
Website:www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=home_improvement.hm_improvement
_hp wes_p artners
Description: Under this program, local contractors will visit your home to assess your
energy consumption and recommend improvements that could save homeowners up
to 30% in heating costs/year. This program is not nation-wide, so check the listings to
find out if Home Performance is available in your area — at the time of publication,
this was available in Massachusetts.
Massachusetts General Statutes
Website: www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/142a-2.htm
Description: Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 142A - Regulation of Home
Improvement Contractors details all agreements between homeowners and their
contractors. Section 2 - Residential Contracting Agreements; Requirements, in particular,
is of interest to homeowners. Homeowners in other states should check their local
laws for these regulations.
to
Once you have hired the architect/contractor for your project, it is important that you
express your wishes to them. At times this can be difficult, especially since
environmentally responsible construction has yet to become mainstream. Use the tips
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below to ensure that your finished product is as green as you imagined (Adapted from
Green Remodeling: Changing the World One Room at a Time).
• Communication
Find a contractor who communicates well and that you're comfortable with. You
will have fewer problems if they understand your wishes and want to make your
renovation or construction "your" project.
• Trust
Trust that what your contractor is doing is right. Do not second guess them unless
you are absolutely positive that what they are doing is wrong. If this is the case, ask
your architect to assist approaching your contractor.
• Get Help
If a major problem arises, do not deal with it yourself. Call your architect or
someone who can discuss the problems directly with your contractor.
US EPA — Draft Federal Guide for Green Construction Specifications
Website: www.wbdg.org/design/greenspec.php
Description: This guide was developed by EPA and its partners to help Federal building
project managers meet various green mandates as established by statute and Executive
Orders. It is a good resource for consumers to find contract language for specifying
green building techniques.
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GREEN BUILDING RESOURCES
National
The following organizations are involved in green buildings and have information
that may be helpful to New Englanders. Please peruse the sites and explore any and all
links to get a greater understanding about environmentally responsible construction
and renovation.
Building Science Corporation
Website: www.buildingscience.com
Description: This Boston based architecture and building science consulting firm
provides free information (as well as publications for purchase) in regard to moisture
dynamics, mold, indoor air quality for energy efficient and sustainable homes, and
climate specific best practices. More information can be found at:
www.buildingscience.com/documents/profiles
Department of Energy-Weatherization Assistance Program
Website: www.eere.energy.gov/weatherization
Description: This national program works with low-income families to reduce their
energy bills by permanently making their homes more energy efficient. The fact sheets
can be used by anyone looking for ways to reduce their home's energy consumption.
Energy Star
Website: www.energystar.gov
Description: This site provides residents and businesses with information on energy
efficiency, energy efficient products such as appliances, heating and cooling devices,
home electronics, office equipment, and lighting, and guides on installing energy efficient
features in new homes. There is also information about the voluntary label for Energy
Star Qualified New Homes and information about Indoor Air Quality pilot
specifications.
Energy and Environment Building Association (EEBA)
Website: www.eeba.org
Description: EEBA, an international association of buildingprofessionals, provides
information and educational tools for environmentally responsible construction and
renovation.
The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
Website: www.fscus.org
Description: This website provides information about forest stewardship and FSC
certified wood products. Using the "Chain of Custody" database (www.fscus.org/
certified_companies/?num=20), homeowners can access local companies that sell
FSC certified products.
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National Association of Home Builders (NAHB)
Website: www.nahb.org
Description: An association of local builders, NAHB offers insight on home
construction from the builder's perspective. At the "For Consumers" page
(www.nahb.org/page.aspx/category/sectionID=112), homeowners can learn about
the environmental concerns associated with renovation and new construction. NAHB
also provides search engines that can find builders/remodelers in your area as well as
model green building criteria, which can be found in the Certification Programs
section of this guide.
A Public-Private Partnership for Advancing Housing Technology (PATH)
Website: www.pathnet.org
Description: This website, a Housing and Urban Development (HUD) program,
includes information from green building to energy efficiency, remodeling and buying
a home. From the "Homeowners" link, readers can explore PATH's resources which
aim to make homes healthier and more comfortable places to live.
Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI)
Website: www.rmi.org
Description: The RMI site covers energy efficiency, green development, and home
resource efficiency. From their "Home Resource Efficiency" page (www.rmi.org/
sitepages/pid!67.php) homeowners can find links to specific publications on topics
from home energy efficiency, lighting and appliances, and water efficiency to building
materials and recycling.
Southface - Responsible Solutions for Environmental Living
Website: www.southface.org
Description: This non-profit organization is based in Atlanta, Georgia, but has some
information applicable to New England such as environmental fact sheets, green
building guidelines, and information on zero energy homes.
Sustainable Buildings Industry Council (SBIC)
Website: www.psic.org
Description: SBIC's residential program (www.psic.org/prog_res.htm) offers
seminars and workshops, residential building guidelines, and software tools that
contractors and homeowners can consult.
US Green Building Council (USGBC)
Website: www.usgbc.org
Description: The council is comprised of leaders from across the building industry
and works to promote environmentally responsible buildings that are profitable and
healthy places to live and work. At this site, readers can find information about USGBC's
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new Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) — Homes program
(www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspxPCMSPageID=147) including their just released
certification guidelines.
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - Green Building
Website: www.epa.gov/greenbuilding
Description: EPA's green building website features commercial and residential green
building information. Here, readers can find green building facts, environmental issues
regarding green buildings, as well as links to more information on EPA programs
related to green homes and buildings.
(www.epa.gov/greenbuilding/pubs/buildingtypes.htmfthomes).
These organizations are based within the six New England states and work to serve
the local community. When browsing these websites give special attention to the
information that is specific to the Northeast. While the folio wing list of organizations
may not be complete, exploration of their websites will give the reader an understanding
of the current work in New England and links to other organizations.
Apeiron Institute for Environmental Living
Website: www.apeiron.org
Description: Located in RI, the Apeiron Institute looks to bring methods of
sustainable living from all parts of the world to the Northeast. Their Center is open to
the pubic and showcases built exhibits that explain the green features and how they are
different from conventional systems as well as the economics behind them. The Institute
also hosts events from workshops to festivals.
Building for Social Responsibility (BSR)
Website: www.bsr-vt.org
Description: Made up by a group of professional builders, Vermont BSR hosts
seminars and workshops focusing on building related topics such as Healthy House
Construction, Building the Green Home, Straw Bale Construction, and Environmental
Design for both the public and building professionals. At their website, readers can
learn more about the organization, Vermont Builds Greener (VBG) (see below), as
well as sign up for meeting notices and to view their member list.
Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (CT DEP) — Pollution
Prevention Newsletter
Website: www.ct.gov/dep/cwp/viewasp?a=2708&q=324072
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Description: This newsletter covers pollution prevention activities including those
that relate to green buildings, such as energy and resource efficiency. Read their old
newsletters and subscribe to the listserve to receive up-to-date publications.
Connecticut Green Building Council
Website: www.ctgbc.org
Description: The CTGBC promotes education about and the construction of green
buildings in Connecticut. This independent, non-profit organization hosts regular
meetings, dinners, and other events to teach about various aspects of green design and
construction. There is a web link to local information on green homes.
greenGoat
Website: www.greengoat.org
Description: Although greenGoat began as a resource for demolition debris placement,
it also assembles 'green teams' for an interdisciplinary approach to green building to
design, construction, and maintenance. This non-profit works with architects,
contractors, and homeowners at any stage of the project to lower the environmental
impact of the building process.
Green Homes Northeast (GHNE)
Website: www.ghne.org
Description: GHNE is a residential green building program working proactively to
leverage and transform the marketplace so that healthy, energy and resource-efficient
homes become common practice. At their site, find more information about the
GHNE program as well as regional green building events and seminars.
The Green Roundtable
Website: www.greenroundtable.org
Description: The Green Roundtable, an independent non-profit organization affiliated
with US Green Building Council. It is a forum allowing for interdisciplinary discussion
around design and construction issues is targeted to contractors, engineers, developers,
architects, federal, state, and local governments, building owners, etc. At their website,
you can find out more about their education, technical, and policy programs as well as
link to other active green building initiatives in the Northeast.
Massachusetts Technology Collaborative (MTC)
Website: www.mtpc.org
Description: MTC is Massachusetts' development agency for renewable energy and
the innovation. At their Green Buildings page (www.mtpc.org/cleanenergy/
greenbuilding.htm), homeowners will find green design and construction ideas and
information about MTC programs, and links to other green building initiatives,
resources, and incentives in Massachusetts.
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New England Solar Energy Association (NESEA)
Website: www.nesea.org
Description: NESEA brings together a network of interested parties that collaborate
to promote energy efficient technology. Through the "Green Building" link
(www.nesea.org/buildings/info/), consumers can learn 11 easy steps to improve
energy efficiency at home, what to look for when purchasing a home, how to update a
hot water heating system, how to reduce pollution from household appliances, how
to make solar heating work for them, and tips on energy efficient construction.
Vermont Builds Greener (VBG)
Website: www.vermontbuildsgreener.org
Description: This non-profit organization is an initiative of Building for Social
Responsibility (BSR) and strives to certify residential buildings that are constructed to
sustainable criteria. See VBG in the Certification Programs section of this guide for
information regarding their certification criteria.
Vermont Green Building Network (VGBN)
Website: www.vgbn.org
Description: VGBN is recognized as Vermont's USGBC chapter and promotes resource
conservation, energy efficiency, renewable energy, and water conservation. At their
website, readers can learn about green buildings, why they should consider building
green, as well as get information about VBGN and events they sponsor.
The resources listed here can be used by readers looking for further research and
information on green building.
BuildingGreen.com
Website: www.buildinggreen.com
Description: At this website, subscribers have access to the GreenSpec® Guide and
database, the BuildingGreen Suite, Environmental Building News (EBN) newsletter,
and other BuildingGreen associated publications. Readers will find articles, case studies,
and materials on a variety of green topics.
City of Austin, TX - Green Building Program
Website: www.austinenergy.com/Energy%20Efficiency
Description: At this website, readers will find links to this program's publications
including The Sustainable Building Sourcebook, Seven Steps to Green Building, fact
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sheets, and the Green Building Program Newsletter. Although designed for Austin,
TX, this program has information that is useful throughout the country.
City of Portland, OR - Portland's Green Building Resource: Green/Rated
Website: www.green-rated.org
Description: At the residential page (www.portlandonline.com/osd/
index.cfm?c=41591) homeowners can find basic questions and answers about green
building, case studies, green building strategies, and some financial incentives available.
City of Seattle, WA - Green Home Remodel
Website: www.seattle.gov/dpd/Greenbuilding/Ourprogram/overview
Description: These guides explore green remodeling throughout the house. They
offer guides on bath and laundry, roofing, landscaping, kitchen, painting, and reuse.
They also published a guide that focuses on hiring a pro. The guides are available free
of charge and order information can be found at the website.
Consumer Reports: Greener Choices
Website: www.eco-labels.org/greenconsumers/home.cfm
Description: Here, consumers can find ratings for household products based upon
environmental standards. Look for information on cars, appliances, electronics and
food that affect the environment.
Current Publications
Search Terms: green building, green renovation, green homes, green construction
Description: By using these or similar search terms, readers should be able to access
recent and current green building publications.
Green Building Products: The GreenSpec* Guide to Residential Building
Materials
Search Terms: GreenSpec® Guide
Description: This guide, edited by Alex Wilson and Mark Piepkorn, is organized by
household product and describes green choices that are available to consumers. Each product
is listed with resource information and websites - as well as a description of the product.
US EPA — Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)
Website: www.epa.gov/epp
Description: Environmentally Preferable Purchasing is a federal-wide program that
encourages and assists Executive agencies in the purchasingof environmentally preferable
products and services defined as "...products or services that have a lesser or reduced
effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products
or services that serve the same purpose..." At the product and services page
(www.epa.gov/oppt/epp/pubs/products/products.htm) readers can find
purchasing information for several product categories such as buildings, carpets, and
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cleaners, as well as a database of environmental information for products and services
including product-specific information developed by government programs.
US EPA - Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines (CPG)
Website: www.epa.gov/cpg
Description: Through CPG, EPA designates items that must contain recycled materials
that must be purchased where federal funds are used in federal, state, and local projects.
EPA also issues companion guidance — the Recovered Materials Advisory Notice
(RMAN) — that recommends levels of recycled content for those items. EPA updates
the CPG every two years and adds new products. By visiting their product page
(www.epa.gov/cpg/products.htm), homeowners can find information on particular
products (construction, landscaping, etc.) including RMAN facts, a database of
manufacturers and suppliers, and additional fact sheets.
Vermont Sustainable Jobs Fund - Vermont Wood Products Resource Manual
Website:wwwvs jf.org/resources/documents/Pages l-38.pdf
Description: This publication is a collaboration of the Vermont Sustainable Jobs
Fund and Vermont Wood Manufacturers Association. It provides information on
sustainable furniture dealers and other wood products companies in Vermont.
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CERTIFICATION PROGRAMS
The folio wing local and national organizations provide standards for residential green
buildings. While some publish guidelines for public use, others only allow use upon
the completion of seminar courses or payment of fees. Homeowners can use these
standards as checklists, recommendations, or suggestions for their own projects or can
strictly follow any set and apply for certification.
American Lung Association -Health House
Website: www.healthhouse.org/consumer/Build.asp
Description: This indoor air building program was designed by the American Lung
Association and holds home construction to the most stringent building standards in the
United States. Health Homes are inspected during construction and tested upon completion.
Visit the website to learn more and order a free copy of their building brochure.
EarthCraft House — Responsible Solutions for Environmental Living
Website: www.southface.org/web/earthcraft_house/ech_main/ech_guidelines.htm
Description: This certification program is part of the Greater Atlanta Home Builders
Association. With flexible construction and renovation guidelines, the EarthCraft criteria
adapt to all sorts green building methods allowing for different approaches to green design.
Energy Star Homes - Field Guide to Residential New Construction
Website: www.energystarhomes.com/ESHController.aspx?valuable_documents
Description: This site provides readers with links to Energy Star Homes.com "Valued
Documents." The Field Guides (found here for MA and RI) are available for download
and cover Energy Star, current energy building codes, and improved detailing based on
the latest building science.
Energy Star Qualified New Homes
Website: www.energys tar.gov/index.cfm?c=bldrs_lenders_raters.pt_bldr
Description: This site provides builders, raters, sponsors, and lenders of new homes
with information about the voluntary label for Energy Star Qualified New Homes and
information about Indoor Air Quality pilot specifications.
Green Building Guidelines: Meeting the Demand for Low-Energy, Resource-
Efficient Homes
Website: www. sbicouncil.org/store/index.php#Publications
Description: This guide, a publication of Sustainable Buildings Industry Council,
provides homeowners green building criteria, checklists, and recommendations that
they can share with their contractor. The guide is available online for a fee.
Green Communities Criteria
Website: www.greencommunitiesonline.org/getstarted-request.asp
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Description: The criteria here are focused on creating green affordable housing in
American communities. Although not completely applicable to homeowners, some
of the approaches can be incorporated into renovation and new home construction.
Readers can request the criteria from the above website for free.
Green Points
Website: www.stopwaste.org/home/index.asp?page=469
Description: Although designed for Alameda County, California, the Green Points
system is applicable throughout the country. From this site, homeowners can find
suggestions and guidelines for home remodeling, new construction, and the Green
Points rating tool for evaluation of their home's green characteristics.
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) for Homes (LEED-H)
Website: www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage. aspx?CMSPageID=147
Description: The new LEED-H pilot program, released in August 2005, applies the
US Green Building Council's (USGBC) existing programs to residential construction.
You can find the new checklist, program provider lists, and contact information here.
National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) - Model Green Home
Building
Website: www.nahb.org/publication_details.aspx?publicationID=1994
Description: This set of voluntary guidelines was developed by the NAHB Research
Center in an open, public process with many stakeholder groups from the home
building industry. The guidelines are free and available for download at the website
listed above.
US EPA Office of Compliance - Managing Your Environmental
Responsibilities (MYER): A Planning Guide for Construction and Development
Website: www.cicacenter.org/links/
Description: The MYER Guide contains two different sets of checklists and detailed
discussion/case studies on major environmental areas (including stormwater) affecting
the construction industry. Readers will find answers to many environmental questions
and can conduct self audits by using the self-audit checklists, included in Part II of the
Guide, during the Construction phase.
Vermont Builds Greener (VBG) Scorecard
Website: www.vermontbuildsgreener.org
Description: An initiative of Vermont's Building for Social Responsibility (BSR), the
Scorecard certifies residential green buildings that are constructed to be healthy, durable,
and have reduced impact on the immediate environment and the global resources that
support the built environment.
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ONLINE TOOLS/ADVISORS
The tools and advisors listed below can be used by readers to get information about
green building, energy efficiency, or product reviews. Much of the information below is
found in database form, but some, such as the Energy Star and PATH tools, can be
specific to your home once you've entered certain parameters such as size, number of
rooms, home style, etc.
Energy Efficient Rehab Advisor - PATH
Website: http://rehabadvisor.pathnet.org
Description: Full of useful information and tools, this website provides links for
green building tools, energy advisors, and building technology evaluations.
Energy Star - Home Improvement Tools
Website: http://advisor.lbl.gov/hit/Controller
Description: Energy Star offers two online tools/advisors:
l.The Home Energy Yardstick, which lets users know if they are consuming more than
average energy for their size home; and
2.The Home Energy Advisor, which gives the user a customized list of potential home
energy improvements they could implement.
Energy Star - Store Locator
Website: www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=store.store_locator
Description: This database allows consumers to find local stores that stock Energy
Star products and appliances.
GreenHomeGuide
Website: www.greenhomeguide.com
Description: This website is open to any interested party and lists product reviews,
product information, and stories from members (membership is free) who have already
used green products in their home — their motto is "sharing the passion, experiences,
and expertise of the green building community." From this site, readers can review
many environmentally friendly products related to renovating any room in the house.
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EXAMPLES
The examples described here demonstrate successful residential green building and
residential green building programs. Although, they are not all in the New England
area, they are useful models that readers might further investigate before starting their
green building project.
Apeiron Institute for Environmental Living
Website: www.apeiron.org
Description: Located in RI, the Apeiron Institute looks to bring methods of
sustainable living from all parts of the world to the Northeast. Their Center is open to
the pubic and showcases built exhibits that explain the green features and how they are
different from conventional systems as well as the economics behind them. The Institute
also hosts events from workshops to festivals.
Duke University Smart House
Website: www.smarthome.duke.edu
Description: This house will act as a "living laboratory" for Duke University engineering
students. Their goals are to promote the use of residential green building design,
influence the market demand for green residential technology, foster innovation, and
educate students.
Habitat for Humanity
Website: www.habitat.org/env/materials_conservation.aspx
Description: This organization provides low-income housing while focusing on
reused/recycled materials use and resource efficiency.
Hickory Consortium Projects
Website: www.hickoryconsortium.org/2_projects/projects.htm
Description: These projects — Cambridge CoHousing, Erie Ellington, Reviviendo
Housing, and more — are examples of green construction projects in New England.
Maine Solar House
Website: www.solarhouse.com
Description: This house, built and owned by a Massachusetts couple, derives all of its
energy from the sun. Solar panels on one side of the roof heat water tanks in the
basement, while those on the other side provide electricity to the local grid so they can
borrow from the grid at night when the panels are not active. Visit the site for more
information about site determination, contractors, and other solar resources.
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ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS „„,-«.
NOTES
For the purpose of this guide, the following definitions have been compiled from
various sources:
Albedo: A mathematic ratio that describes a compounds ability to reflect sunlight.
High albedos refer to compounds that reflect more light than they absorb.
Carcinogen: A substance or agent that causes cancer.
Construction: The act of building a residential structure.
Green: A synonym for sustainable, environmentally responsible, or eco-friendly
Heat Island Effect — the reflection of heat from a 'black top' roof, generally associated
with large commercial buildings.
Materials: A synonym for commodities, goods, or products.
Photovoltaic Cell: A panel that converts sunlight directly into electricity.
Recycle: A process of collecting a product or material, separating and processing it and
then returningit to the economic mainstream in the form of raw materials; or remelting
into a new finished good.
Refurbish: A process of making "cosmetic" changes to update the appearance of a
product, such as cleaning, changing fabric, painting, or refmishing. This term is often
associated with used office furniture and differs from remanufacturing in that none of
the structural parts of the product are replaced.
Renovation: The act of remodeling or updating an existing residential structure.
Reuse: The use of a product or material again in its original form or with little
enhancement or change to be utilized again for the same purpose.
Toxic: A synonym for 'poisonous'.
VOC: Volatile Organic Compound — Organic (carbon containing) chemicals that
evaporate readily at room temperature.
DISCLAIMER
Inclusion of information about an organization, a product, or a service does not
represent an endorsement by the United States Environmental Protection Agency; nor
does it represent US EPA opinion, policy, or guidance unless otherwise specifically
indicated.
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