SunWise
Meteorologist
Tool Kit
a partnership
between the
I
I.S. Environmental National Weather
Protection Agency Service *ป
and the f/ป
American Meteorological
-------
www.epa.gov/sunwise
INTRODUCTION 1
How to Use the Sun Wise Meteorologist Tool Kit 2
Why Sun Safety Education? 3
Becoming a Sun Wise School or Partner 4
Tools Available to Sun Wise Schools and Partners 4
ON-AIR TALKING POINTS 5
ACTIVITIES 9
Engagement Activity (15-25 minutes) 10
Student interaction/class discussion/information sharing
* This activity can be the engagement/introduction activity or can be used as the entire Sun Wise presentation.
Scavenger Hunt (10-15 minutes) 13
Student interaction/class discussion
* Use graphic transparency to identify Sun Wise and SunFoolish behaviors.
Watch Your Shadow (10-15 minutes) 15
Student interaction/information sharing
* Use graphic transparency to discuss shadows and the rule: "Short shadow, seek shade!"
UV Index (Tools of a Meteorologist) (10-15 minutes) 17
Information sharing
* Use the graphic transparency and Sun Wisdom sheets on the UV Index and UV Radiation to inform students
about the specifics of the UV Index and UV Radiation.
A SunWise Weathercast (Role Play for Students) (15-20 minutes) 19
Student role play
* Students use this activity to demonstrate an understanding of the UV Index and other tools used by
a meteorologist to inform the public about weather and action steps for sun-safe behavior.
Why Worry About Too Much Sun? (UV Frisbeeฎ Fun) (15-30 minutes) 20
Student interaction (outside activity)
* Students use the UV-sensitive Frisbee to test various SPF sunblocks, sunglasses, and clothing for UV
blocking ability.
-------
sw
CONTEN"
www.epa.gov/sunwise
Speedy Sun Relay Race (20-30 minutes) 21
Student interaction/class discussion (may take place outside)
* Students use this activity to demonstrate their understanding of appropriate action steps for sun safety.
SunWise Riddles (Time varies) 22
Share with students
Sun Scoop (Follow-up activity for teacher to use) 24
UV METER (OPTIONAL) 25
Hand-Held UV Meter: Device Operating Instructions 27
UV Meter Activities 29
SUNWISDOM 33
Action Steps for Sun Protection 34
Health Effects of Sun Overexposure 35
Ozone Depletion 37
UV Radiation 38
What Is the UV Index? 40
RESOURCES 42
CONTACT INFORMATION 48
CERTIFICATE OF SUNWISDOM 50
-------
-------
www.epa.gov/sunwise
How to Use the SunWise Meteorologist Tool Kit
The SunWise Program is designed to help meteorologists
raise sun safety awareness by addressing the science of
the sun, the risk of overexposure to its ultraviolet (UV)
radiation, and what students and their families can do to
protect themselves from overexposure. This Tool Kit has
been designed for use all over the United States and its
territories. As such, it will be used in schools with diverse
requirements, curricula, and student bodies. In addition,
across our nation, seasons, climate, and geography can
differ dramatically. With so many variables, SunWise
recognizes the need for maximum flexibility and
encourages users to adapt the Tool Kit components to meet
their specific needs.
Tool Kit Organization
The Tool Kit is divided into the following sections:
Introduction
On-Air Talking Points
Activities
UV Meter Activities (optional)
SunWisdom
Resources
Contact Information
Certificate of SunWisdom
Some of the activities contain classroom Discussion Points.
As an integral part of the learning process, these discussion
points will help you focus students on the lessons' messages,
which will assist them in relating what they have learned in
the classroom to their behavior outside the classroom.
The SunWisdom section contains fact sheets and other
materials that will provide you with background
information necessary to easily and thoroughly implement
the SunWise Program.
Resources are an indispensable part of any program and are
provided to help you enrich the SunWise activities.
Contact Information is provided to help with any questions
about the SunWise Program.
In keeping with the intent of making these lessons hands-on
and fun, additional SunWise materials are available, such as
the UV-sensitive Frisbeeฎ. Other EPA publications are also
available. Pay special attention to the videos and PowerPoint
lessons available online, as these can serve as good
introductory teaching tools.
The activities are designed to engage students while
ensuring that a sun safety message is being transmitted in
a manner suitable to their skills and abilities.
The activities are simple and fun; they range in length of time
and complexity, stimulating student interest while conveying
the appropriate sun safety messages.
-------
Why Sun Safety Education?
www.epa.gov/sunwise
To help educators raise sun safety
awareness, the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) has
developed the Sun Wise Program for
grades K-8. Sun Wise Partners
sponsor activities that raise
children's awareness of stratospheric
ozone depletion, UV radiation, and
simple sun safety practices. Sun Wise
is a collaborative effort between:
Schools
Communities
Teachers
Parents
Health professionals
Environmental groups
Meteorologists
Education organizations
Informal educational groups
Sun Wise is intended to actively
engage children in the learning
process. Its dual focus on health and
the environment will help children
develop the skills necessary for
sustained Sun Wise behavior and an
appreciation for the environment
around them.
The program's learning components
build on a solid combination of
traditional and innovative education
practices already in use in many U.S.
schools. Through the program,
students and teachers will increase
their awareness of simple steps they
can take to protect themselves from
overexposure to the sun. Students
will:
Demonstrate the ability to
reduce health risks by
practicing health-enhancing
behaviors.
Acquire scientific knowledge
and develop an understanding
of the environmental concepts
related to sun protection and
ozone depletion.
Enhance critical thinking, data
collection, reading, problem
solving, decision-making, and
communication skills.
The program also encourages schools
to promote sun protection policies
(e.g., using hats, sunscreen,
sunglasses) and to provide a sun-safe
infrastructure, including shade
structures (e.g., canopies, trees).
Sun Wise also supports community
partnerships, such as inviting guest
speakers to school assemblies.
Recognizing the many issues schools
are asked to address daily, Sun Wise
has been developed with the needs of
schools and educators in mind. The
program is designed to provide
maximum flexibilityelements can
be used as stand-alone teaching tools
or to complement existing school
curricula.
The time commitment necessary to
implement Sun Wise is minimal,
while the potential payoff in lower
skin cancer ratesand other health
benefits in the futureis high.
Through the use of classroom-, school-,
and community-based components,
SunWise seeks to develop sustained
sun-safe behaviors. To learn more
about how you can become involved,
visit www.epa.gov/sunwise.
-------
www.epa.gov/sunwise
Becoming a SunWise School or Partner
Becoming a SunWise School or Partner
is easy! Any elementary or middle school
or non-profit organization that reaches
children may participate.
To become a SunWise School or Partner:
1. Complete the registration form
located on the SunWise Web site,
www.epa.gov/sunwise. Look for the
"Join Now" link in the "Schools" or
"Communities" sections of the site.
EPA knows the registration form
requires a substantial amount of
information and appreciates your
efforts to fill it out as completely as
possible.
2. A random sample of participants will
be asked to complete the SunWise
Student Survey before and after
implementation of SunWise
activities. This simple, 10-minute
questionnaire, developed by Boston
University's Skin Cancer Prevention
Team, elicits basic information on
attitudes and practices of children
relating to sun exposure. This survey
will provide information for
evaluation purposes only. All
personal information will remain
confidential.
3. Adopt at least one of the following
SunWise activities:
Cross-curricular, standards-based
classroom activities.
UV measurement and posting on
the Internet or in your school.
School infrastructure
enhancements (school policy
changes and/or sun protection
structures).
Community outreach (inviting
guest speakers and forming
business partnerships).
Tools Available to SunWise Schools and Partners
Based on the activities you choose, you
will receive, free of charge, materials and
tools to help you implement SunWise in
your school, camp, museum, club, or
community organization:
The SunWise Tool Kit containing
cross-curricular activities and
background information for K-8
learning levels. The kit also
contains a UV-sensitive Frisbee for
hands-on experiments and fun.
The SunWise Web site,
www.epa.gov/sunwise, with
information, links, and interactive
activities for educators and
students.
-------
on-air talking points
-------
swl
"ALKING P(
www.epa.gov/sunwise
Use the following talking points
when speaking to your viewers about
sun safety and ozone awareness.
Talking Points
on SunWise
Activities:
Many of the activities in this Tool
Kit can be adapted for short on-air
discussions. For example:
UV Frisbee
Cover the SunWise UV Frisbeeฎ with
a clear shower cap, and apply some
SPF 15 sunscreen to one area.
Take the Frisbee outside. Point out
how the white Frisbee gets darker in
reaction to the sun, but that the area
covered with sunscreen stays white.
Relate this reaction to how our skin is
affected when exposed to the sun.
Briefly discuss the UV Index and how
it can be used to plan outdoor activities
to avoid overexposure to the sun.
See Meteorologist Paul Gross' video
for additional ideas on how to
present the UV Frisbee activity:
www.ametsoc.org/stationscientist/
Paul%20Gross%20UV%20 \
Damage.mov.
SunWise in the Classroom
Visit a local SunWise school where
students are learning about being
SunWise and using some of the
SunWise activities in the Tool Kit.
Record the students with a video
camera.
On a subsequent weather broadcast,
show clips of the students and insert
your own commentary on what they
are doing and learning in the process.
EPA's SunWise Program has B-roll
footage of kids learning about being
SunWise if you are unable to visit a
school yourself.
Student Weather Forecast
Invite students from a local
SunWise school to visit the
television station.
Have the students present part of the
weather forecast, including reporting
what the UV Index is for that day.
Have the students explain what
the UV Index is and what factors
influence it on any particular day
(e.g., cloud cover, reflection off
water or snow, time of day).
Students should discuss
appropriate SunWise Action Steps
for that day, taking into account
the UV Index level.
Alternate Version:
Have a local school hold a contest
between student groups/classes for
presenting the best weather forecast
to the rest of the school (perhaps
over the morning PA system or in
conjunction with an assembly).
The winning group visits the local
television station and presents the
weather forecast with the
meteorologist.
SunWise Riddles
To infuse a bit of humor into your
weather forecast, follow up a
report and discussion of the UV
Index with some of the SunWise
riddles presented in the Activities
section of the Tool Kit.
The riddles could be posed to the
viewing audience, fellow news-
casters on the set, or people out
on the street.
Sun Safety
Talking Points:
There are a number of action steps
you can take to protect yourself
from the sun:
Avoid burning. Five or more
sunburns double your risk of
developing skin cancer. And 5
-------
swl
"ALKING P(
www.epa.gov/sunwise
remember, you can get a burn even
on mostly cloudy or overcast days.
Avoid sun tanning and tanning
beds. Ultraviolet (UV) light from
tanning beds and the sun causes
skin cancer and wrinkling.
Generously apply sunscreen to
all exposed skin using an SPF of
at least 15. Make sure the
sunscreen provides broad-
spectrum protection from both
UVA and UVB rays. Reapply every
two hours, even on cloudy days,
and after swimming or sweating.
Wear protective clothing, such
as a long-sleeved shirt, pants, a
wide-brimmed hat, and sunglasses.
Seek shade. Remember that the
sun's rays are strongest between 10
a.m. and 4 p.m.
Use extra caution near water,
snow, and sand. Water, snow, and
sand reflect the sun's rays and can
increase your chance of sunburn.
Watch for the UV Index. The UV
Index provides a daily forecast of
the expected risk of overexposure to
the sun. It uses a scale of 1 to 11+,
where 1 indicates a low risk of
overexposure and 11+ means an
extreme risk. Use the UV Index to
help you plan your outdoor
activities accordingly.
Get Vitamin D safely through a
diet that includes vitamin supple-
ments and foods fortified with
Vitamin D. Don't seek the sun for
your Vitamin D needs.
In addition, consider using EPA's UV
Alert to find out if the level of UV
radiation reaching your local area is
going to be unusually intense for the
time of year. The UV Alert offers
simple steps you can take to protect
you and your family. It is posted by
ZIP Code at www.epa.gov/sunwise/
uvindex.html, and you can sign up to
receive UV Alerts by e-mail.
Many high UV days are also high
ozone days, so take proper
precautions when planning outdoor
activities such as exercising.
Ozone Talking
Points:
Since high levels of ground-level
ozone are frequently an issue when
the UV Index is high, it may be
helpful to talk about ozone with the
viewing audience.
Ozone is a gas that occurs both in
the Earth's upper atmosphere
and at ground level. Ozone can be
good or bad for your health and the
environment, depending on its
location in the atmosphere.
What is "good" ozone?
> "Good" ozone is located in the
stratosphere, which extends
upward from the Earth from
about 6 to 30 miles and protects
us from the sun's harmful rays.
* Ozone consists of three oxygen
atoms and is produced naturally in
the stratosphere. However, much of
this "good" ozone has been
destroyed by man-made chemicals
referred to as ozone-depleting
substances (ODS), including
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
Thinning of the protective ozone
layer can be observed using
satellite measurements, partic-
ularly over the Polar regions.
> Even though we have reduced or
eliminated the use of many
ODSs, their past use can still
affect the protective ozone layer.
> Ozone depletion can cause
increased amounts of UV
radiation to reach the Earth
which can lead to more cases
of skin cancer, cataracts, and
impaired immune systems.
-------
swl
"ALKING P(
www.epa.gov/sunwise
* UV can also damage sensitive
crops, such as soybeans, and
reduce crop yields.
What is "bad" ozone?
ป Ozone that occurs at ground
level is an air pollutant that is
harmful to breathe. It damages
crops, trees, and other vegetation
and is a main ingredient of
urban smog.
> This "bad" ozone forms when
emissions from industrial
facilities and electric utilities,
motor vehicle exhaust, gasoline
vapors, and chemical solvents
react with sunlight.
* Ground-level ozone is a concern
during the summer months
because strong sunlight and hot
weather result in harmful ozone
concentrations in the air we
breathe. Many urban and
suburban areas throughout the
United States have high levels of
bad ozone. Many rural areas of
the country are also subject to
high ozone levels as winds carry
emissions hundreds of miles away
from their original sources.
> Breathing ozone can trigger
a variety of health problems
including chest pain, coughing,
throat irritation, and congestion.
It can also worsen bronchitis,
emphysema, and asthma.
* Healthy people also experience
difficulty breathing when
exposed to ozone pollution.
Because ozone forms in hot
weather, anyone who spends
time outdoors in the summer
may be affected, particularly
children, outdoor workers,
and people exercising.
> You can help prevent bad ozone
from forming by carpooling or
using public transportation to
reduce harmful emissions!
Air Quality
Index (AQI)
Talking Points:
The AQI can also be discussed in
conjunction with the UV Index
and ozone.
The AQI is an index for reporting
daily air quality, focusing on health
effects you may experience within a
few hours or days after breathing
polluted air.
The AQI is reported on a scale of 0
to 500. The higher the AQI value,
the greater the level of air pollution
and the greater the health concern.
EPA calculates the AQI for five
major air pollutants regulated by
the Clean Air Act: ground-level
ozone, particle pollution (also
known as particulate matter),
carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide,
and nitrogen dioxide. For each of
these pollutants, EPA has
established national air quality
standards to protect public health.
Ground-level ozone and airborne
particles are the two pollutants that
pose the greatest threat to human
health in the United States.
For more information on the AQI,
visit http://airnow.gov/.
8
-------
activities
-------
Engagement Activity
www.epa.gov/sunwise
Estimated time
15-25 minutes (can be used as an
introduction or as the entire
Sun Wise presentation)
Suggested Audience Size
Flexible
Supplies
Transparency of Student Response
Sheet
Action Steps for Sun Protection
Individual or group copies of
worksheets
Student Response Sheet for
Students
Learning Objective
The goal of this activity is to have
students begin to think about their
actions as they relate to sun safety
and to learn the action steps for sun-
safe/SunWise behavior.
Directions
Ask students to think about their
outside time (use an appropriate
timeframe that has sunny
conditions: yesterday, this past
weekend). What did you notice about
the weather conditions? What
influence, if any, did it have on your
actions? Have students (individually
or in groups of 2 to 3) spend 3 to 5
minutes filling in the Student
Response Sheet. Alternatively, you
can ask them these questions and fill
in the sheet yourself to save time or
if your audience is large.
Ask students to share their
responses. Use the transparency to
fill in a sample of student responses.
Talk about the weather (and more
specifically the sun, which is the
"engine" that makes it all work) and
what the students did, or could do, to
make outside time more Sun Wise.
Select a sample of the student
responses. Discuss what influence
the sun had on their bodies. Explain
sun-safe behaviors to make students
become more aware and Sun Wise.
Refer to the Sun Wise Web site,
www.epa.gov/sunwise, for more
information.
Explanation/Discussion Hints
It's fun to play in the sun, but did
you know that too much sun can be
dangerous? If you've ever had a
painful sunburn, you've experienced
one of the harmful effects of
overexposure to the sun's ultraviolet
(UV) radiation. Overexposure to UV
radiation can cause more serious
health effects too, such as skin
cancer; premature aging of the skin
and other skin disorders; cataracts
and other eye damage; and
weakening of the immune system.
(The immune system is what keeps
us from getting sick.) Unprotected
exposure to the sun during youth
puts children at an increased
lifetime risk for skin cancer.
The good news is that UV-related
health effects are largely preventable
by establishing sun protection habits
while you're young and staying sun-
safe throughout your life. (Use
Action Steps Transparency.)
10
-------
STUDENT RESPONSE SHEET
www.epa.gov/surwise
Time of Day:
Temperature:
Cold? Warm? Hot?
Conditions:
Sunny? Rainy?
Overcast/cloudy?
Cloud cover:
Most of the sky?
Part of the sky?
Where were you?
Yard? Ball field? Blacktop?
What were you doing?
Playing? Bitฎ riding? Walking?
What clothes were you wearing?
Jacket? Shorts? Long sleeves?
Action Steps tor
Sun protection;
Were you wearing:
Sunscreen?
Hat?
Sunglasses?
Long sleeve top?
11
-------
0>Dfliiri llat Milnti J:D>]
www. epa | OT.IJIHH.JE
Action Steps for Sun Protection
Do Not Burn
Avoid San Taming and Taming Beds
Generously Apply Sunscreen
Wear Protective Clothing
Seek Shade
Use Extra Caution Near Water,
Snow and Sand
Watch for the
WIndex
UV Index Nun be r EL.,[K*un; LrvH
2 or Lซ*s Law
3 to S
High
Vary High
11 4
Bdrare
Get !/itaroin D Safelg
Early detection of nielanoma
can save your life
.'I P.*ifh?/j.VปJ5 ,:-1.'.y^.-,iv:r :/.!' fi.v- i'/.y i/r/i/.y.'^! rt'ffe1 '-'',:,V.':M''.V' /i...1 i-W
For more informotion, visit us online at www.epa.gov/sunwise
12
-------
www.epa.gov/sunwise
Scavenger Hunt
Estimated time
15-30 minutes
Suggested Audience Size
Flexible
Supplies
Transparency: Sun Wise or
SunFoolish
Explanation/Discussion Hints
Use the transparency of Sun Wise
and SunFoolish behaviors. The
transparency will provide talking
points for presenters. As you point
out a situation, ask students if the
behavior is Sun Wise or SunFoolish.
Have students explain what actions
they could take to correct any
SunFoolish behavior. After the
discussion, use the transparency:
Action Steps for Sun Protection.
Possible Solutions
SUNFOOLISH
Child with tank top and no hat
SPF 10 sunscreen
No sunglasses
Boy in shorts and tank top
Boy with sunglasses hanging
around neck
SUNWISE
Wide-brimmed hat
Long-sleeved shirt
Long pants
Sunglasses
Applying SPF 15 sunscreen
Child in shade
13
-------
;<ฃ.- SunWIse or SunFooiish?
www.epa.gov/sunwise
L LL._J_JL_J
nnnnnnnnn
maaaacDac
KID
jaaaa
-------
Watch Your Shadow
Estimated Time:
10-15 minutes
Estimated Audience Size:
15-30
Supplies:
Transparency: Watch the Shadow
Directions
Discuss with students how shadows are formed. Use
the transparency provided and explain to students
that the shadows pictured represent SEVERAL
different times of day. Ask students to estimate the
time of day represented for each shadow.
Discussion
Discuss how shadows are formed. A shadow is a dark
figure or image cast onto the ground by our bodies
intercepting the light of the sun. Both the sun and the
moon can create shadows. We have noticeable
shadows throughout the day; however, our shadows
are much shorter closer to noon when the sun is
overhead. Explain to the students that when their
shadows are long (during the early and late parts of
the day), the sun is not as intense. When their
shadows are short (during the middle part of the day),
the sun is more intense, and they are at a greater risk
www.epa.gov/sunwise
to the sun's damaging UV rays. Also mention that
visible light causes shadows, not UV rays. UV rays are
present even on cloudy days. Nevertheless, the
shadow rule is a good indication of UV intensity.
Teach the students the shadow rule:
"Watch your shadow. Short
shadow, seek shade!"
Question and Answers
1 What makes your shadow? The rays of the sun
shining on one side of your body generate a
shadow that is projected away from your body.
2 Do you always have a noticeable shadow? Yes, but
when the sun is directly above at noon, the
projection of the shadow is much shorter than it is
during the rest of the day.
3 Can the moon make shadows? Yes. When there
is a full moon, the light can create a shadow,
but the moon does not emit UV rays.
4 Is your shadow always the same size? No. Your
shadow is long in early morning and late afternoon,
and your shadow is short during midday.
5 Ask students to explain what action steps for sun
protection they would follow during the day. Action
steps should include seeking shade, wearing a hat
(wide-brimmed), using SPF 15 sunblock, wearing
sunglasses, and wearing clothes to cover arms/legs.
15
-------
-<ง,- Sun Wise
Watch the Shadow
Time of Day?
(Approximate)
Time of Day?
(Approximate)
Time of Day?.
.(Approximate)
16
-------
www.epa.gov/sunwise
UV Index (Tools of a Meteorologist)
Estimated time
10-15 minutes
Suggested Audience Size
15-30
Supplies
Transparency: UV Index Chart
Sun Wisdom Sheets:
UV Radiation
What is the UV Index?
Directions
This activity should be used before
the Sun Wise WeatherCast. Explain
that a meteorologist uses many tools
in making a weather forecast
(thermometer, computer, etc.).
Explain what information is
gathered with each tool. (Use as
many examples as needed for the
audience.) The UV Index is another
useful tool. Pose some questions to
students:
Have you heard of the UV
Index? Where? (Answers will
vary)
Where might you look to find
the UV Index? (Newspapers,
Internet, weather reports)
Why would someone need the
UV Index? (To plan outdoor
activities)
UV Index (explanation)
The ozone layer shields the Earth
from harmful UV radiation. Ozone
depletion, as well as seasonal and
weather variations, cause different
amounts of UV radiation to reach the
Earth at any given time. Developed by
the National Weather Service (NWS)
and EPA, the UV Index predicts the
next day's ultraviolet radiation levels
on a 1 to 11+ scale, helping people
determine appropriate sun-protective
behaviors. On the Index, 1 indicates a
minimal risk of overexposure and 11+
means a very high risk.
Calculated on a next-day basis for
every ZIP Code across the United
States, the UV Index takes into
account clouds and other local
conditions that affect the amount of
UV radiation reaching the ground in
different parts of the country. The
UV Index can be found by looking in
the weather section of the
newspaper, on TV and radio weather
stations, and on the Internet at
www.epa.gov/sunwise/uvindex.html.
Sun Wise has also developed a tool
called EnviroFlash UV, which sends
subscribers an e-mail containing the
daily UV Index forecast for their city
or ZIP Code. You can also subscribe
to receive e-mails only on days when
there is a UV Alert for your area.
The UV Alert lets you know when
UV intensity in your city or town
will be unseasonably high, and
consequently the risk of
overexposure will be greater. The UV
Alert will also provide Sun Wise
action steps that you should take to
reduce risk of overexposure. To sign
up for EnviroFlash, please visit
https://enviroflash.epa.gov/uv.
17
-------
SunWise
UV INDEX CHART
UV ndex Number
Exposure Level
2 or Less
3 to 5
Moderate
6 to 7
8 to 10
Very High
Extreme
'
-------
www.epa.gov/sunwise
A SunWise Weathercast (Role Play for Students)
Estimated time
15-20 minutes
Suggested Audience Size
Flexible
Directions
This activity can be a wrap-up
activity or one to leave with the
teacher as a follow-up to your visit. A
sunny day forecast is the basis for
this activity. Have small groups of
students role play what they would
include in a sunny day weather
forecast if they were an on-camera
weather forecaster. Question
students about what they have
chosen to include in the talk and
why they included it.
Items to be included in the
weathercast may include:
Temperature
Relative humidity
Cloud cover
UV Index
The UV Alert
Action Steps for Sun Safety
Have students present the "broadcast"
for the class.
19
-------
Why Worry About
Too Much Sun?
(UV Frisbeeฎ Fun)
Estimated time
15-20 minutes. Please consult with the teacher before
taking students outside.
Suggested Audience Size
15-30
Supplies
UV-Sensitive Frisbee
Sunblock with various
SPFs (4, 8, 15, 30)
Plastic shower cap
Sunglasses
Masking tape
Marker
Newspaper
Sun Wisdom Sheet: Action
Steps for Sun Safety
(provided)
Talking Points
UV radiation from the sun can seriously threaten human
health. Sunburn, premature wrinkling, and skin cancer are
some examples of what too much sun can do to people. In
order to protect yourself from too much sun, wear a hat,
sunglasses, and other protective clothing. Apply a broad-
spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15 or higher
liberally to exposed skin, and reapply every two hours
when working or playing outdoors. Let's prove that SPF 15
sunscreen can protect you from the sun.
www.epa.gov/sunwise
Directions
Cover the Frisbee with the clear plastic shower cap
(DO NOT APPLY THE SUNSCREEN DIRECTLY TO
THE FRISBEE).
Apply small circles of sunscreen (different SPF
levels: 4/8/15/30).
Use masking tape and marker to identify each
SPF level.
Ask students to predict what they think will happen
where each SPF sunscreen was applied when the
Frisbee is exposed to the sunlight.
Cover the Frisbee with newspaper and take it outside.
Uncover the Frisbee and have students observe.
The unprotected area of the UV Frisbee will change
color.
The circles with SPF 4 will change color quickly.
The circles with SPF 15 and greater will not change
color.
Have students explain what occurred.
If time permits, return inside, remove the plastic covering
and set up a test of different sunglasses to see if they block
UV rays. Follow procedure of placing the sunglasses on the
Frisbee, cover the Frisbee and go outdoors. Uncover the
Frisbee and observe. Have students explain what occurred.
If you have a UV light, this activity may be done using the
light indoors; however, it is more effective and dramatic to
do it outside. You may follow up this activity with the
Sun Wisdom Sheet: Action Steps for Sun Safety.
20
-------
Speedy Sun Relay Race
Estimated Time
30 minutes
Suggested Audience Size
Flexible
Supplies
A field or other open space with 20 yards of room
One set of the following Sun Wise and SunFoolish
clothes and items for each team:
Long-sleeved shirt (preferably with collar)
Long pants (optional)
Hats (wide-brimmed)
Sunglasses
Empty bottles of sunscreen, some with SPFs
of 15 and higher, some with lower SPFs
Umbrella (optional)
Various other articles of clothing that are
not sun safe, like tank tops, shorts, baseball
caps, visors, etc.
Note: Make sure that the clothes are large enough for
each student to put on and take off easily.
Learning Objective
This activity will challenge students to think quickly
about sun-safe behavior by selecting correct sun-safe
clothes in a competitive environment. Students will
learn that wearing SunWise clothes is another way to
be safe in the sun, and they'll get some exercise, too! As
an assessment, have the class examine the non-winning
teams' clothes after the race and suggest corrections.
www.epa.gov/sunwise
Directions
Organize the class into teams. The number of team
members is dependent on the size of the audience.
The recommended team size is five members. Line
teams up at the start of the race course. Place the
piles of clothes at the other end of the race course.
Have each team select one student to be the SunWise
model. This student will stay at the starting point of
the race. The other team members should each take
turns running to the pile of clothes, selecting one
item, and running it back to the model to wear.
The first team to have a completely and appropriately
dressed SunWise model is the winner. The SunWise
models should be wearing a protective hat, long-sleeved
shirt, long pants (optional), and sunglasses, and be
carrying a bottle of sunscreen of SPF 15 or higher.
Modified Directions
If time and space are limited, modify the activity using
the directions below. In either case, communication with
the teacher is vital before this activity can take place.
Use "hula-hoops" or rope to mark off two sections
on the floor labeled "SunWise" and "SunFoolish."
Have the clothing and materials in one large
pile between the two marked-off areas.
Have teams of students take turns to select and
place the appropriate SunWise articles in the
hoop/square/marked-off area.
Have teams of students compete to complete the
activity the most accurately and in the least
amount of time.
Students must explain why each article was
placed in the SunWise or SunFoolish area. 21
-------
RIQQLES
X ' X
;(ฎ ~ www.epa.gov/sunwise
22
-------
www.epa.gov/sunwise
SunWise Riddles
Use the riddles as an icebreaker or
wrap-up activity for students.
Approximate grade levels are
suggested. The riddles can be used
with all audiences.
Grades K-2:
Knock, Knock. Who's there?
Ira. Ira who?
Ira... "gret" that I didn't put
on my hat when I went out
to play!
Knock, Knock. Who's there?
Anita. Anita who?
I "nita" another bottle of SPF
15 sunscreen!
Knock, Knock. Who's there?
Shirley. Shirley who?
Shirley you're not going outside
without your sunglasses!
Grades 3-5:
What do you get when you
cross a sheep with a bee?
A bah-humbug! (Explain that
bees can see UV light.)
What's the biggest problem
with snow boots?
They melt! (Remind students
that UV is still a problem in
the winter/reflects off snow
and increases with higher
elevation.)
Where did the dermatologist
start his business?
From scratch! (Remind
students that instances of
melanoma can be decreased
by following sun-safe
behaviors.)
Grades 6-8:
The sign on the door leading to
the school's outdoor cafe says:
"Hats and sunglasses required
to eat in the outdoor cafe."
A student then wrote below:
"Shirts can eat wherever they
want."
Where can someone ALWAYS
find sunscreen when they look
for it?
In the dictionary.
Bob: First I had ultraviolet
radiation, followed by immune
suppression and squamous cell
carcinoma. After that I got
basal cell carcinomas with
actinic keratoses. Following
that I got cataracts and finally
ended up with melanoma.
Martha: Boy, you had a rough
time!
Bob: I'll say! I thought I'd
never pull through that
spelling test.
23
-------
THE TEACHER CAN USE THIS AS A FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITY TO YOUR VISIT.
HAVE THE CLASS SEND YOU A COPY OF ITS STORY.
www.epa.gov/sunwise
Sun Scoop
Directions
Use a video camera, tape recorder, or pencil and
paper to develop a news story. Story angles could
include the health effects of overexposure to the
sun, sun protection, or how the UV Index works.
First, gather the facts (who, what, when, where,
why, and how) using resources, such as the Internet,
encyclopedias, or your local newspaper. Interview
an expert. This could be a science teacher, nurse,
or local weather forecaster. Write your story's
first paragraph, called the lead, then write the
rest of the story. As a guide, answer the three
questions below. Be prepared to share your news
story with your class.
Talk with the editor of your school or local paper
about printing the news story. Ask your teacher
or principal if you can read it over the PA system
during morning announcements.
Vocabulary Words
Story Angle The topic or approach to a news story.
Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How Questions
that form the basic building blocks of any news
story. A story might answer some or all of these
questions.
Lead The most important part of the story. The
lead is always the first paragraph and it explains
some of the Who, What, When, Where, Why, and
How questions.
Questions
1 What questions will you ask the expert?
2 What is the most important part, or lead,
of your story?
3 Of the facts gathered, which ones should be
included in your story?
24
-------
uv meter (optional)
j> ^K . I * ^f
HBBBHHHBHBB8BBBBBBHB8BHHBHHBB8BB
-------
: 4
f
SW|
JV METER
www.epa.gov/sunwise
ซ t
Daily reporting of UV intensity
data by school children will
enable students to understand the
scientific concepts related to ozone
depletion and UV radiation. It
will help them modify their
outdoor behaviors to limit
exposure and future incidences of
adverse health effects.
This section includes
instructions for operating your
hand-held UV meter as well as
three activities beyond entering
your data on the Sun Wise
Internet Site. Good luck with
your UV monitoring efforts!
UV Meter Activities
1 What Works? Effectively
Blocking UV Rays
2 Chart and Graph UV
Intensity
3 Reflecting UV Radiation
26
-------
www.epa.gov/sunwise
Hand-Held UV Meter: Device Operating Instructions
The activities in this section require
the use of an ultraviolet (UV) meter.
If you choose to purchase a hand-held
UV meter, several vendors can be
found on the Internet. We urge you to
check the open market for price,
quality, and delivery terms before
purchasing any items. EPA cannot
endorse the products and services of
these vendors.
Some hand-held UV meters measure
the intensity of the sun's UV rays
based upon the UV Index (UVI) scale
of 1 to 11+ (low to extreme).
UV Index Values
UV Index values depict intensity
levels on a 1 to 11+ scale in the
following way:
Index Number
<2
3 to 5
6 to 7
8 to 10
11+
Intensity Level
Low
Moderate
High
Very High
Extreme
While you should always take
precautions against overexposure,
you should take special care to
adopt safeguards such as SPF 15+
sunscreen, hats, sunglasses,
protective clothing, etc., as the UV
Index value gets higher.
Registered Sun Wise schools and
partners can enter daily UV forecast
and intensity data by logging onto
the Sun Wise Web site at www.
epa.gov/sunwise/enterdata.html.
Detailed instructions for entering
the data can be found on the site.
27
-------
JV METER
Precautions
Use your meter to monitor only
the sun's natural radiation. It
should never be used to measure
UV from artificial sources such as
tanning beds.
Staying in the shade does not
provide complete protection from
UV radiation due to the scattering
effect of UV radiation.
High temperature and humidity
may lead to incorrect results. Do
not leave the device in conditions
of high humidity or temperature
for long periods.
The meter may fail to operate
correctly if the sensor window is
not kept clean. Remove dirt with
a piece of soft cloth moistened in
alcohol (ethanol, isopropanol).
Use cleaning fluids sparingly.
Upon leaving the factory, the meter
is carefully calibrated. Improper
handling (water immersion, strong
shocks) may alter the meter's
parameters. Handle it with care.
Your UV meter should not replace
your common sense or current
method of avoiding skin and eye
damage by the sun.
About the UV Index
The UV Index, developed by the
National Weather Service and EPA,
provides a forecast of the expected
risk of overexposure to the sun and
indicates the degree of caution you
should take when working, playing,
or exercising outdoors. The UV Index
predicts UV intensity on a 1 to 11+
scale, where 1 indicates a low risk of
overexposure, and 11+ means an
extreme risk. Calculated on a next-
day basis for every ZIP Code across
the United States, the UV Index
takes into account clouds and other
local conditions that affect the
amount of UV radiation reaching the
ground in different parts of the
country.
For more detailed information on UV
radiation and the UV Index, read the
factsheets that can be found in the
Sun Wisdom section of this Tool Kit
or log onto the Sun Wise Web site,
www.epa.gov/sunwise.
28
-------
swl
'"'"' "9
JV METER
www.epa.gov/sunwise
Wbrfes?
Effectively Blocking
UVRays
Estimated Time
40-50 minutes
Supplies
UV meter
Plastic bags
Pairs of UV and non-UV sunglasses
Variety of sunscreens with different SPF numbers
Variety of fabric pieces
Learning Objective
This activity will show students that different
sunscreens, coverings, and sunglasses can have a real
effect on UV levels. This will emphasize to students the
need to wear sunscreen, while at the same time helping
them distinguish the effectiveness of different types.
Assess student comprehension by asking them to predict
what levels of protection different materials would offer,
other than the ones you've tried in the experiment.
Directions
Take the UV meter outside. Have one student check and
record the unfiltered UV level. Next, have the class take
turns covering the UV meter with plastic bags and
applying different sunscreens on the outside of the plastic
bag over the sensor area. Make sure the students apply an
even amount, no thicker than you would apply on your
body. Have the students check and record the UV reading
and sunscreen SPF number with each sunscreen. Try this
for a variety of sunscreens with different SPF numbers. Use
a clean bag for each sunscreen application.
Next, try the same experiment with sunglasses.
Have the class cover the UV meter sensor area with
different pairs of sunglasses, and record the results.
Finally, try covering the sensor with different types and
colors of cloth and record the results.
Questions and Answers
1 What SPF number seems to be the most protective
against the sun's harmful UV rays? How much of a
difference did it make? Since SPF 15 filters out 93
percent of UVB radiation, and SPF 30 filters out 97
percent, there should be little noticeable difference
with SPF numbers higher than 15; there should be a
difference between 4 and 15.
2 Which pair of sunglasses filtered out the most UV
rays? Were they UV sunglasses? Answers may vary.
Yes, if the UV reading was low.
3 What kind of cloth filtered out the most UV rays?
Was there any difference in similar types of cloth but
with different colors? Your answers will vary.
Generally, tighter weave provides greater protection.
4 Given what you have learned from this experiment,
what precautions should you take when going
outside in order to protect yourself from the sun's
harmful UV rays? Answers will vary, but students
might say wearing sunscreen of SPF 15 or higher, UV
blocking sunglasses, and tightly-woven clothing.
29
-------
*Jf.
f sv
,*'"'"' T~
JV METER
www.epa.gov/sunwise
Chart and Graph
UV Intensity
Estimated Time
This activity should take a few minutes each day for
recording data. The graphing and discussion should
take 40-50 minutes once the data is collected. The
entire activity could last one to two weeks, depending
on how the class is divided.
Supplies
UV Meter
Logbook or chart for data
Learning Objective
This activity will emphasize that harmful UV rays
are present in any type of weather, not just when
sunny. Students should always be Sun Wise, even on
a cloudy day. Assess student comprehension of this
message by asking the class to make a list of the
clothing they wore each day of the experiment. Ask
them how they would change that behavior now,
knowing that there were UV rays present, even on
the cloudy days.
Directions
Divide the students into pairs or groups. Each pair
will take turns going outside to record the UV
intensity with the UV meter and the weather
conditions (sunny, cloudy, rainy, etc.) at approximately
the same time each day. Students may also use the
Sun Wise Web site, www.epa.gov/sunwise/
uvindex.html, to retrieve current UV readings and
past UV data.
Students should record their findings in the logbook
or chart that you provide.
After all the data is recorded, instruct the students to
graph and analyze the data.
Questions and Answers
1 What difference does the weather make in the
UV intensity of each day? The sun's UV rays are
less affected by the weather than many students
would think.
2 On which days are the sun's UV rays the most
dangerous? The least? Why? UV rays on cloudy
days, as well as sunny days, can cause damage
to unprotected skin and eyes. UVB rays fluctuate
with time of day and season. UVA rays are
consistent throughout the day and year and can
pass through clouds.
30
-------
Reflecting UV
Radiation
Estimated Time
30 minutes
Supplies
UV meter
Plastic bag (to protect the UV meter)
A large bowl, bucket, or dishpan
1 Ib. of sand
1 gallon of water
Aluminum foil (enough to line the bowl)
Learning Objective
The goal of this activity is to demonstrate changes in
UV intensity by comparing UV readings from direct
sunlight and a variety of reflective surfaces. Assess
the prior knowledge of the students by asking them to
predict readings caused by the different surfaces and
why they selected those values. After the activity,
discuss their results. Compare their predictions with
their actual results.
Directions
Take students outside on a sunny day. Choose a location
that offers students proper shade coverage, but allows
you to place the experiment materials in direct sunlight.
Take a UV reading using the UV meter. Have students
record the UV reading in the appropriate space on the
chart provided, or one that they have constructed to
collect data. Use the UV meter in the scenarios listed,
and instruct the students to record the readings in the
appropriate spaces on their chart. Remember, the UV
meter is not waterproof. Don't forget to protect it with
the plastic bag.
UV Meter Scenarios
Take a reading with the UV meter facing down
toward the sand.
Take a reading with the UV meter facing up on the
sand simulating sunbathing.
Take a reading with the UV meter pointing toward
the bowl of water placed in the sun.
Take a reading with the UV meter pointing toward
the aluminum foil placed in the sun.
After your students have completed this experiment,
return to your classroom to discuss the findings.
31
-------
F \
^
^
':-*
ป
r
'*..*
ซ A.
:-^4
ป
ซ- .
;*
tr .
:-
J-4
swl
UV METER
* ff ; **
r i
'** ' t"'
1"**
* .,!ปซ/
%V'
J'"-'ป
www.epa.gov/sunwise
Questions and Answers
1 In which scenario was the UV intensity the
greatest? What was the UV reading? Answers
will vary.
2 In which scenario was the UV intensity the least?
What was the UV reading? Answers will vary.
3 Which surface was most reflective? Which was
least reflective? Why? Answers will vary.
4 What are some similarities between your behavior
in the sun and the scenarios you placed the UV
meter in? What are some differences? The scenarios
were designed to mimic our behavior in the sun.
Differences would include the use of sunscreen,
sunglasses, or protective clothing; the use of these
items would add protection from the UV rays.
List some additional scenarios you participate in;
sitting inside a sun-filled room or car, for example.
What do you think the UV intensity would be if the
meter was placed in the same scenario? Try it out.
The answers will vary depending on whether the
windows are treated to block UV rays. Car
windshields generally protect against UVA and
UVB, while the side windows are not as protective.
32
-------
Sun Wisdom
%Jfc
-------
www.epa.gov/sunwise
Action Steps for Sun Protection
While some exposure to sunlight can
be enjoyable, too much can be
dangerous. Overexposure to
ultraviolet (UV) radiation in sunlight
can result in a painful sunburn. It
can also lead to more serious health
effects, including skin cancer,
premature aging of the skin, and
other skin disorders; cataracts and
other eye damage; and immune
system suppression. Children
particularly need sun protection
education, since unprotected exposure
to the sun during youth puts them at
an increased lifetime risk for skin
cancer.
Be SunWise
Most people are not aware that skin
cancer, while largely preventable, is
the most common form of cancer in
the United States, with more than
one million cases reported annually.
By following a number of simple
steps, you can still enjoy your time
in the sun while protecting yourself
from overexposure. In cooperation
with a number of leading public
health organizations, the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) is providing these action steps
to help you and your family be
"SunWise." Other than staying
indoors, no single step can fully
protect you from overexposure to
UV radiation, so use as many of the
following actions as possible.
Do Not Burn
Five or more sunburns double your
risk of developing skin cancer.
Avoid Sun Tanning
and Tanning Beds
UV light from tanning beds and the
sun causes skin cancer and
wrinkling. If you want to look like
you've been in the sun, consider
using a sunless self-tanning product,
but continue to use sunscreen with it.
Generously Apply Sunscreen
Generously apply sunscreen to all
exposed skin using a Sun Protection
Factor (SPF) of at least 15 that
provides broad-spectrum protection
from both ultraviolet A (UVA) and
ultraviolet B (UVB) rays. Reapply
every two hours, even on cloudy days,
and after swimming or sweating.
Wear Protective Clothing
Wear protective clothing, such as a
long-sleeved shirt, pants, a wide-
brimmed hat, and sunglasses, when
possible.
Seek Shade
Seek shade when appropriate, remem-
bering that the sun's UV rays are
strongest between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m.
Use Extra Caution
Near Water, Snow, and Sand
Water, snow, and sand reflect the
damaging rays of the sun, which can
increase your chance of sunburn.
Watch for the UV Index
The UV Index provides important
information to help you plan your
outdoor activities in ways that
prevent overexposure to the sun's
rays. Developed by the National
Weather Service and EPA, the UV
Index is issued daily nationwide.
Get Vitamin D Safely
Get Vitamin D safely through a diet
that includes vitamin supplements
and foods fortified with Vitamin D.
Don't seek the sun.
Early detection of melanoma can
save your life. Carefully examine
ALL of your skin once a month. A
new or changing mole in an adult
should be evaluated by a
dermatologist.
34
-------
www.epa.gov/sunwise
Health Effects of Sun Overexposure
Since the appearance of an "ozone
hole" over the Antarctic in the 1980s,
Americans have become aware of the
health threats posed by depletion of
stratospheric ozone, which protects
the Earth from the sun's harmful
ultraviolet (UV) rays. This fact sheet
provides a quick overview of the
major health problems linked to
overexposure to UV radiation:
Skin cancer (melanoma and
nonmelanoma)
Premature aging of the skin and
other skin problems
Cataracts and other eye damage
Immune system suppression
Understanding these risks and
taking a few sensible precautions
will help you enjoy the sun while
lowering your chances of sun-related
health problems later in life.
Skin Cancer
One in five Americans will develop
skin cancer in their lifetime, and one
American dies every hour from this
devastating disease. Medical
research is helping us understand
the causes and effects of skin cancer.
Many health and education groups
are working to reduce the incidence
of this disease, of which more than
1 million cases have been predicted
for next year alone, according to The
American Cancer Society.
Melanoma
Melanoma, the most serious form of
skin cancer, is also one of the fastest
growing types of cancer in the
United States. Many dermatologists
believe there may be a link between
childhood sunburns and melanoma
later in life. Melanoma cases in this
country have more than doubled in
the past two decades, and the rise is
expected to continue.
Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers
Nonmelanoma skin cancers are
generally less deadly than
melanomas. Nevertheless, left
untreated, they can spread, causing
disfigurement and more serious
health problems. More than
1 million Americans will develop
nonmelanoma skin cancer next year,
while more than 1,900 will die from
the disease compared to more than
7,800 people who will die from
melanomas of the skin. There are
two primary types of nonmelanoma
skin cancers.
Basal Cell Carcinomas are the most
common type of skin cancer tumors.
They usually appear as small, fleshy
bumps or nodules on the head and
neck, but can occur on other skin
areas. Basal cell carcinoma grows
slowly, and rarely spreads to other
parts of the body. It can, however,
penetrate to the bone and cause
considerable damage.
Squamous Cell Carcinomas are
tumors that may appear as nodules
or as red, scaly patches. This cancer
can develop into large masses, and
unlike basal cell carcinoma, it can
spread to other parts of the body.
These two cancers have a cure rate
as high as 95 percent if detected and
treated early. The key is to watch for
signs and seek medical treatment.
35
-------
Other Skin Damage
Other UV-related skin disorders
include actinic keratoses and
premature aging of the skin. Actinic
keratoses are skin growths that
occur on body areas exposed to the
sun. The face, hands, forearms, and
the "V" of the neck are especially
susceptible to this type of lesion.
Although premalignant, actinic
keratoses are a risk factor for
squamous cell carcinoma. Look
for raised, reddish, rough-textured
growths and seek prompt medical
attention if you discover them.
Chronic overexposure to the sun also
causes premature aging, which
over time can make the skin become
wrinkled, thick, and leathery. Since it
occurs gradually, often manifesting
itself many years after the majority of
a person's sun exposure, premature
aging is often regarded as an
unavoidable, normal part of growing
older. Up to 90 percent of visible
changes to the skin commonly thought
to be caused by aging are actually
caused by sun exposure. With proper
protection from UV radiation,
however, most premature aging of the
skin can be avoided.
Cataracts and Other Eye Damage
Cataracts are a form of eye damage in
which a loss of transparency in the
lens of the eye clouds vision. If left
untreated, cataracts can lead to
blindness. Research has shown that
UV radiation increases the likelihood
of certain cataracts. Although curable
with modern eye surgery, cataracts
diminish the eyesight of millions of
Americans and cost billions of dollars
in medical care each year. Other kinds
of eye damage include pterygium
(tissue growth that can block vision),
skin cancer around the eyes, and
degeneration of the macula (the part of
the retina where visual perception is
www.epa.gov/sunwise
most acute). All of these problems can
be lessened with proper eye protection.
Immune Suppression
Scientists have found that
overexposure to UV radiation may
suppress proper functioning of the
body's immune system and the skin's
natural defenses. All people, regard-
less of skin color, may be vulnerable
to effects, including impaired
response to immunization and an
increased sensitivity to sunlight that
may result from interactions with
certain medications.
EPA's SunWise Program
In response to the serious public
health threat posed by overexposure to
UV radiation, EPA is working with
schools and communities across the
nation through the SunWise Program.
SunWise aims to teach children and
their caregivers how to protect them-
selves from overexposure to the sun.
36
-------
www.epa.gov/sunwise
Ozone Depletion
The ozone layer forms a thin shield
in the upper atmosphere, protecting
life on Earth from the sun's
ultraviolet (UV) rays. In the 1970s
and 1980s, scientists began
accumulating evidence that the ozone
layer was being depleted. Depletion of
the ozone layer results in increased
UV radiation reaching the Earth's
surface, which can lead to a greater
chance of overexposure to UV
radiation and the related health
effects of skin cancer, cataracts, and
immune system suppression.
What Is Stratospheric Ozone?
Ozone is a naturally occurring gas
that is found in two layers of the
atmosphere. In the layer
surrounding the Earth's surfacethe
troposphereground-level or "bad"
ozone is an air pollutant that is a
key ingredient of urban smog. The
troposphere extends up to the
stratosphere, where "good" ozone
protects life on Earth by absorbing
most of the sun's UV rays.
Stratospheric ozone is most
concentrated between 6 and 30 miles
above the Earth's surface.
Ozone Depletion
Until recently, chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs) were used widely in industry
and elsewhere as refrigerants,
insulating foams, and solvents.
Strong winds carry CFCs into the
stratosphere in a process that can
take as long as 2 to 5 years. When
CFCs break down in the
stratosphere, they release chlorine,
which attacks ozone. Each chlorine
atom acts as a catalyst, repeatedly
combining with and breaking apart
as many as 100,000 ozone molecules
during its stratospheric life.
Other ozone-depleting substances
include the pesticide methyl
bromide, halons used in fire
extinguishers, and methyl chloroform
used in industrial processes.
What Is Being Done?
Countries around the world,
including the United States, have
recognized the threats posed by
ozone depletion and adopted a treaty
called the Montreal Protocol to phase
out the production and use of ozone-
depleting substances.
How Ozone Depletion
Affects UV Levels
Scientists predict that ozone depletion
should peak between 2000 and 2010.
As international control measures
reduce the release of CFCs and other
ozone-depleting substances, natural
atmospheric processes should repair
the ozone layer to 1980 levels by the
latter half of the 21st century. Until
that time, we can expect increased
levels of UV radiation at the Earth's
surface. These increased UV levels
can lead to a greater risk of
overexposure to UV radiation and
related health effects.
EPA's SunWise Program
In response to the serious public
health threat posed by exposure
to increased UV levels, EPA is
working with schools and
communities across the nation
through the SunWise Program.
SunWise aims to teach children and
their caregivers about ozone depletion,
UV radiation, and how to protect
themselves from overexposure to
the sun.
37
-------
www.epa.gov/sunwise
UV Radiation
The sun radiates energy over a broad
spectrum of wavelengths. Ultraviolet
(UV) radiation, which has a shorter
wavelength than either visible blue
or violet light, is responsible for
sunburn and other adverse health
effects (Diagram A). Fortunately for
life on Earth, our atmosphere's
stratospheric ozone layer shields us
from most UV radiation. What gets
through the ozone layer, however,
can cause the following problems,
particularly for people who spend
substantial time outdoors without
sun protection:
Skin cancer
Premature aging of the skin
Suppression of the immune system
Cataracts and other eye damage
Because of these serious health
effects, you should limit your
exposure to UV radiation and protect
yourself when outdoors.
Types of UV Radiation
Scientists classify UV radiation into
three types or bandsUVA, UVB,
and UVC:
UVA: Not absorbed by the ozone
layer.
UVB: Mostly absorbed by the
ozone layer, but some does reach
the Earth's surface.
UVC: Completely absorbed by
the ozone layer and oxygen in
the atmosphere.
UVA and UVB that reach the
Earth's surface contribute to the
serious health effects listed above.
UV Levels Depend on
a Number of Factors
The level of UV radiation that
reaches the Earth's surface can vary,
depending on many factors. Each of
the following factors can increase
your risk of UV radiation
overexposure and its consequent
health effects.
Stratospheric Ozone
The ozone layer absorbs most of the
sun's UV rays, but the amount of
absorption varies depending on
the time of year and other natural
phenomena. This absorption has also
decreased as the ozone layer
has thinned, due to the release of
ozone-depleting substances that
have been widely used in industry.
Time of Day
The sun is at its highest in the sky
around noon. At this time, the sun's
rays have the least distance to travel
through the atmosphere and UVB
levels are at their highest. In the
early morning and late afternoon,
the sun's rays pass through the
atmosphere at an angle and their
intensity is greatly reduced.
Time of Year
The sun's angle varies with the
seasons, causing the intensity of
UVB rays to change. UVB intensity
tends to be highest during the
summer months. The intensity of
UVA rays is relatively constant
throughout the year.
38
-------
www.epa.gov/sunwise
Latitude
The sun's rays are strongest at
the equator, where the sun is most
directly overhead and UV rays must
travel the least distance through
the atmosphere (Diagram B).
Ozone also is naturally thinner in
the tropics compared to the mid and
high latitudes, so there is less ozone
to absorb the UV radiation as it
passes through the atmosphere. At
higher latitudes the sun is lower in
the sky, so UV rays must travel a
greater distance through ozone-rich
portions of the atmosphere and, in
turn, expose those latitudes to less
UV radiation.
Altitude
UV intensity increases with altitude
because there is less atmosphere to
absorb the damaging rays. Thus,
when you go to higher altitudes, your
risk of overexposure increases.
Weather Conditions
Cloud cover reduces UVB levels, but
not completely. Depending on the
type and thickness of the cloud cover,
it is possible to burnand increase
your risk for long-term skin and eye
damageon a cloudy day.
Reflection
Some surfaces, such as snow, sand,
concrete, or water, can reflect much
of the UV radiation that reaches
them. Because of this reflection, UV
intensity can be deceptively high
even in shaded areas.
Diagram B
Diagram A
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Gamma /X-Rays / UV
Rays/ /
Infrared\Microwavt\ Radio
\ ^Vaves
-------
A"'.
7s toe UV Index?
Some exposure to sunlight can be
enjoyable; however, too much could
be dangerous. Overexposure to the
sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation can
cause immediate effects, such as
sunburn, and long-term problems,
such as skin cancer and cataracts.
The UV Index, which was developed
by the National Weather Service and
EPA, provides important information
to help you plan your outdoor
activities to prevent overexposure to
the sun's rays.
The UV Index provides a daily
forecast of the expected risk of
overexposure to the sun. The Index
predicts UV intensity levels on a
scale of 1 to 11+, where 1 indicates a
low risk of overexposure and 11+
signifies an extreme risk. Calculated
on a next-day basis for every ZIP
Code across the United States, the
UV Index takes into account clouds
and other local conditions that affect
the amount of UV radiation reaching
the ground in different parts of the
country.
UV Index
Number
2 or less
3 to 5
6 to 7
8 to 10
11+
Exposure
Level
Low
Moderate
High
Very High
Extreme
SunWise Action Steps
By taking a few simple precautions
daily, you can greatly reduce your
risk of sun-related illnesses. To be
SunWise, consider taking the
following action steps daily:
Do Not Burn
Avoid Sun Tanning and Tanning
Beds
Generously Apply Sunscreen
www.epa.gov/sunwise
Wear Protective Clothing,
Including a Hat, Sunglasses, and
Full-Length Clothing
Seek Shade
Use Extra Caution Near Water,
Snow, and Sand
Watch for the UV Index
Get Vitamin D Safely
Early detection of melanoma can
save your life. Carefully examine
ALL of your skin once a month. A
new or changing mole in an adult
should be evaluated by a
dermatologist.
What is the UV Alert?
EPA issues a UV Alert when the level
of solar UV radiation reaching your
local area is predicted to be unusually
intense for the time of year. The UV
Alert is a warning, and it offers
simple steps you can take to protect
yourself and your family. The UV
Alert consists of the SunWise action
steps and is posted by ZIP Code and
City, State at www.epa.gov/sunwise/
uvindex.html.
40
-------
www.epa.gov/sunwise
What does the UV Alert mean?
The UV Alert is based on the UV
Index, which EPA provides with the
support of the National Weather
Service. EPA only issues a UV Alert
when the UV Index is predicted to be
6 or higher and unusually intense for
the time of year. In some parts of the
United States, the UV Index rarely or
never reaches this level, so your local
area may never receive a UV Alert.
UV Alert days are not the only days
you need to protect yourself. EPA
recommends that you take the
SunWise action steps every day,
regardless of the season. Because
children typically spend more time
outdoors than adults, it is especially
important that children take these
steps. Even if you have darker skin,
EPA recommends that you act
SunWise to reduce your risk of skin
cancer, cataracts, and other UV-
related health problems.
Where can I find the UV Index and UV
Alert forecasts for my area?
You can find the UV Index and UV
Alert forecasts for your area in your
local newspaper, on television, and by
visiting EPA's SunWise Web site at
www.epa.gov/sunwise. Enter your ZIP
Code. The resulting UV forecast will
indicate if there is a UV Alert.
The SunWise Web site will direct you
to EPA's EnviroFlash Web site, where
you can sign up to receive the daily
UV Index and occasional UV Alerts
directly by e-mail.
The National Weather Service is
currently offering a national UV Alert
map as an experimental product. The
map indicates which parts of the
country have a UV Alert forecast for
the coming day. Follow the link from
the SunWise Web site to the map.
41
-------
resources
~>J"*L'O
-------
www.epa.gov/sunwise
AMC Cancer Research Center
1600 Pierce Street
Denver, CO 80124
(800) 321-1557
www.amc.org
American Academy of Dermatology
930 North Meacham Road
P.O. Box 4014
Schaumberg, IL 60173-4965
(888) 462-DERM (462-3376)
www.aad.org
American Academy of Pediatrics
141 Northwest Point Blvd.
P.O. Box 927
Elk Grove Village, IL 60009-0927
www.aap.org
American Alliance for Health, Physical Education,
Recreation and Dance
1900 Association Drive
Reston, VA 20191
(703) 476-3437
www.aahperd.org
American Cancer Society
1599 Clifton Road, NE
Atlanta, GA 30329-4251
(800) 227-2345
www.cancer.org
American Meteorological Society
Station Scientist
1120 G Street, NW Suite 800
Washington, DC 20005-3826
(202) 737-9006
www.ametsoc. org/stationscientist/
American School Health Association
7263 State Route 43
P.O. Box 708
Kent, OH 44240
(330) 678-1601
www.ashaweb.org
Arizona Department of Health Services
Office of Environmental Health
150 N. 18th Avenue, Suite 430
Phoenix, AZ 85007
(602) 364-3143
www.azdhs.gov/phs/sunwise/
Canada's UV Index/Children's Sun Awareness Program
Meteorological Service of Canada
4905 Dufferin Street
Downsview, Ontario M3H 5T4
www.msc-smc.ec.gc.ca/education/uvindex
Cancer Research and Prevention Foundation
1600 Duke Street, Suite 500
Alexandria, VA 22314
(800) 227-2732
(703) 836-4412
www.preventcancer.org
43
-------
www.epa.gov/sunwise
Cancer Research UK
SunSmart
61 Lincoln's Inn Fields
London WC2A 3PX
England
sunsniart@cancer.org.uk
www.cancerresearchuk.org/sunsmart/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Division of Cancer Prevention and Control
4770 Buford Highway
Chamblee, GA 30341
(770) 488-4751
www.cdc.gov/cancer
Children's Melanoma Prevention Foundation
10 Tupelo Drive
Hingham, MA 02045
(508) 960-9633
www.melanomaprevention.org
Coalition for Skin Cancer Prevention in Maryland
1211 Cathedral Street
Baltimore, MD 21201
(401) 539-0872
www.sunguardman.org/core.html
Colette Coyne Melanoma Awareness Campaign
(CCMAC)
P.O. Box 1179
New Hyde Park, NY 11040
(516) 352-4227
www.ccmac.org
Melanoma Foundation New England
66 Commonwealth Ave.
Concord, MA 01746
(617) 232-1424
www.massmelanoma.org
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Upper Atmosphere Research Program
300 E Street, SW
Washington, DC 20546
www.nasa.gov
National Cancer Institute
Building 31, Room 10A03
31 Center Drive, MSC 2580
Bethesda, MD 20892-2580
(800) 4CANCER (422-6237)
www.cancernet.nci.nih.gov
National Council on Skin Cancer Prevention
www.skincancerprevention.org
National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
14th and Constitution Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20230
(202) 482-3436
www.noaa.org
National Safety Council
Environmental Health Center
1025 Connecticut Avenue, NW
Suite 1200
Washington, DC 20036
(800) 557-2366, #2
www.nsc.org/ehc.htm 44
-------
www.epa.gov/sunwise
National Science Foundation
4201 Wilson Boulevard
Arlington, VA 22230
(703) 292-5111
www.nsf.gov
National Weather Service
Climate Prediction Center
World Weather Building
5200 Auth Road
Camp Springs, MD 20746
(301) 763-8000
www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov
National Wildlife Federation
8925 Leesburg Pike
Vienna, VA 22184
(703) 790-4000
www.nwf.org
New York State Department of Health
Comprehensive Cancer Control
Corning Tower
Empire State Plaza
Albany, NY 12237
"Growing Up Healthy" hotline: (800) 522-5006
www.health.state.ny.us/nysdoh/cancer/center/
cancerhome.htm
Richard David Kann Melanoma Foundation
621 Clearwater Park Road
West Palm Beach, FL 33401
(561) 655-9655
www.melanomafoundation.com
Securite So la ire
25, rue Manin - 75019 Paris
France
www.securite-solaire.org
SHADE Foundation of America
Curt and Shonda Schilling
Melanoma Foundation of America
Virginia G. Piper Center
10510 N. 92nd Street
Scottsdale, AZ 85258
(602) 595-4858
www.shadefoundation.org
Sun Safety Alliance
413 North Lee Street
Alexandria, VA22314
(703) 837-4202
www.sunsafetyalliance.org
45
-------
www.epa.gov/sunwise
World Health Organization INTERSUN Programme
Department for the Protection of the Human
Environment
World Health Organization
1211 Geneva 27
Switzerland
www.who.int/uv/en
Sierra Club
408 C Street, NE
Washington, DC 20002
(202) 547-1141
www.sierraclub.org
The Skin Cancer Foundation
245 Fifth Avenue
Suite 1403
New York, NY 10016
(800) SKIN-490
www.skincancer.org
SunSmart Programme
Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria
1 Rathdowne Street
Carlton, Victoria
Australia 3053
www.sunsmart.com.au
Ulman Cancer Fund for Young Adults
4725 Dorsey Hall Drive, Suite A
Ellicott City, MD 21042
(888) 393-FUND
www.ulmanfund.org
The U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services
Office of Health Promotion
and Disease Prevention
Healthy People 2010
200 Independence Avenue, SW
Washington, DC 20201
(877) 696-6775
www.hhs.gov
University of Colorado at Boulder
Science Discovery
Campus Box 408
Boulder, CO 80309
(303) 492-3748
www.colorado.edu/ScienceDiscovery/
46
-------
www.epa.gov/sunwise
Catch a Sunbeam
Adams, Florence. 1978.
Children's Guide to Sun Protection
American Cancer Society. 1990.
Fun for Everyone
Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria. SunSmart. 1994.
Sun-Safe School Guide
Arizona Cancer Center. 1997.
Choose Your Cover
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1998-2000.
Amazing Sun Fun Activities
Daley, Michael. 1998.
Sun Safe. A Sun Protection Curriculum
Dartmouth Medical School. 1999.
The Sun Safety Activity Guide
Environmental Health Center.
Sun Know How
Health Education Authority London. 1993.
Done in the Sun
Hillerman, Anne. 1983.
Le Guide du Soleil
La Securite Solaire. 1998.
Environmental Education Materials:
Guidelines for Excellence
North American Association for Environmental Education. 1996.
Sun Lore
O'Hara, Gwydion. 1997.
A Blueprint for Community Action. Sun Alert America
The Skin Cancer Foundation. 1992.
Play it Safe in the Sun
The Skin Cancer Foundation. 1992-1996.
Sunny States of America Program
The Skin Cancer Foundation. 1998.
Ozone in Our Atmosphere
University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. 1996.
Science Explorers
University of Colorado. 1999-2000.
47
-------
coniaci ITOI nation
-------
www.epa.gov/sunwise
Linda Rutsch
The Sun Wise Program, Director
U. S. EPA
Voice: (202) 343-9924, Fax: (202) 343-2338
rutsch.linda@epa.gov
www.epa.gov/sunwise
Luke Hall-Jordan
The Sun Wise Program
U.S. EPA
Voice: (202) 343-9591, Fax: (202) 343-2338
hall-j ordan .luke@epa. go v
www.epa.gov/sunwise
Kristinn Vazquez
The Sun Wise Program
U.S. EPA
Voice: (202) 343-9246, Fax: (202) 343-2338
vazquez.kristinn@epa.gov
www.epa.gov/sunwise
To request multiple copies of EPA publications, call the publication clearinghouse at:
1 (800) 490-9198.
Office of Air and Radiation (6205J)
EPA 430-E-07-003
www.epa.gov
June 2007
49
-------
Certificate of
SunWisdom
awarded to
For learning about sunsational sun safety and
the outstanding ozone layer
a program that radiates good ideas
&EPA
------- |