CO
Ohanne from
_^ U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks (Tg CO2 Equivalents)
m .r t^m Gas/Source | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 1994
^| Fossil Fuel Combustion 4,724.1 4,682.7 4,786.6 4,913.5
^3 Non-Energy Use of Fossil Fuels 117.2 123.5J 116.5 119.5
^ Iron and Steel Production 86.2! 77.0! 74.6! 70.3
^B «M Cement Manufacture 33.3J 32.5] 32.8J 34.6
Natural Gas Systems 33.7J 32.8 32.2 33.4
CO Municipal Solid Waste Combustion 10.9 12.5] 12.6] 13.4
^ Lime Manufacture 12.0 11. 9J 12.3J 12.7
C^ Ammonia Manufacture and Urea Consumption 16.9 16.9! 17.5 17.8
I^H Limestone and Dolomite Use 5.5! 5.0 4.9 4.9
CO Cropland Remaining Cropland 7.1 7.3! 6.9! 6.4
CO Soda Ash Manufacture and Consumption 4.1 4.0! 4.1! 4.0
'« Aluminum Production 6.8 6.9 6.8 6.2
C Petrochemical Production 2.2! 2.3 2.4 2.6
^y Titanium Dioxide Production 1.2 1.2] 1.4] 1.4
Carbon Dioxide Consumption 1.4 1.4! 1.4! 1.4
^1 CO Ferroalloy Production 2.2 1.9| 2.0 1.9
CO Phosphoric Acid Production 1.51 1.4 1.5 1.3
f ^ Zinc Production 0.9 1.0J 1.0J 1.0
Petroleum Systems 0.4 0.4! 0.4! 0.4
CP Lead Production 0.3 0.3J 0.3 0.3
C/J Silicon Carbide Production and Consumption 0.4] 0.3 0.3 0.3
3 Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (Sink)3 (737.7) (767.7)] (767.1)] (733.0)
j^ Wood Biomass and Ethanol Consumption* 219.3] 220.1] 230.5] 225.7
^^ International Bunker Fuels0 113.7 120.1 109.9] 99.8
_ CH4 606.1 605.7 608.9 595.2
ZT Enteric Fermentation 126.9 126.1 128.5 127.9
2? Landfills 149.6] 151.0J 152.1J 151.8
2f Natural Gas Systems 124.7J 125.8J 126.1J 127.5
fiZ Coal Mining 84.1 81.1 79.1 67.7
^^ Manure Management 31.0 32.3 31.1 31.9
Petroleum Systems 33.9 34.1] 33.2] 32.5
^/3 Forest Land Remaining Forest Land 4.5 3.4! 4.6! 2.8
Wastewater Treatment 23.0 23.4 23.8 23.9
^3 Stationary Combustion 7.4 7.6 7.8 7.4
Rice Cultivation 7.1 7.0| 7.9! 7.0
^T Abandoned Underground Coal Mines 6.0 6.2! 6.7! 6.9
^^ Mobile Combustion 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.5
^f^ Composting 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5
^ Petrochemical Production 0.9 0.9! 0.9] 1.0
C3 Iron and Steel Production 1.3 1.2] 1.2] 1.3
*^ Field Burning of Agricultural Residues 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.6
^H Ferroalloy Production + + + +
Qd Silicon Carbide Production and Consumption + +i +i +
^> International Bunker Fuels' 0.2 0.2\ 0.2\ 0.1
1C N20 383.41 394.5 378.7 414.3
^ Agricultural Soil Management 269.4 278.3 260.7 291.7
% Mobile Combustion 43.5 45.6 48.6] 50.6
Nitric Acid Production 17.0! 16.9! 17.4! 17.6
Stationary Combustion 12.8J 12.7J 13.0J 13.2
Manure Management 12.1 12.6 12.3 12.8
Wastewater Treatment 6.3 6.4 6.6! 6.7
Adipic Acid Production 15.3! 15.0J 13.2J 14.1
M| N20 from Product Uses 4.4J 4.3J 4.o| 4.6
Forest Land Remaining Forest Land 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.4
Composting 0.4 0.4] 0.5] 0.6
Settlements Remaining Settlements 1.0J 1.0! 1.1J 1.3
|||^| Field Burning of Agricultural Residues 0.4 0.4] 0.4] 0.3
Municipal Solid Waste Combustion 0.5! 0.4 0.5 0.4
International Bunker Fuels* 1.0 1.0] 0.9 0.9
MFCs, PFCs, and SF6 90.4] 82.6] 86.3 86.2
Substitution of Ozone Depleting Substances 0.3 0.6! 1.7! 5.4
J HCFC-22 Production 36.4 32.7| 36.4 33.1
Electrical Transmission and Distribution 26.7] 25.6 25.5 24.7
Semiconductor Manufacture 2.9 2.9] 2.9] 3.6
^ Magnesium Production and Processing 5.4 5.2! 5.5! 5.6
Aluminum Production 18.5 15.6 14.3 13.7
iTotal 6,148.3 6,106.0 6,192.3 63430
Net Emissions (Sources and Sinks) 5,410.6 5,338.3 5,425.2 5,609.9
1995
5.394.2
1996
5.577.1
4,987.8 5,032.4 5,221.4
1997
5 655 3
1998 | 1999
5.689.8! 5.762.3
2000
5.939.7
5,284.9] 5,309.9] 5,377.9] 5,577.1
130.9 133.2 132.5 140.6 153.5J 161.2J 141.4
74.6] 74.7] 68.8] 73.1
2001
2002
2003 2004
2005
5,846.2! 5,908.6i 5,952.7! 6.038.2! 6.074.3
5,507.4 5,564.8 5,617.0
131.9] 135.9 131.8
68.9! 64.9! 66.6! 59.2! 55.9! 54.7
36.1 36.8] 37.1| 38.3 39.2J 40.0
41.2] 41.4] 42.9] 43.1
33.5 33.8 31.5 31. 3] 29. 3] 30.3] 29.4] 28.8 29.6 28.4
14.0 15.7] 17.0 17.6 17.0i 17.5i 17.5 18.0J 18.5 19.1
13.2] 14.0
14.7! 15.0! 15.3! 15.0! 14.9 14.3! 13.7! 14.5
18.4 17.8] 17.7] 18.0| 19. o] 17.6J 16.4 13.3J 14.2 12.5
5.5 7.4 7.8 7.2] 7.4] 8.1 1 6.o| 5.7 5.9 4.8
6.8 7.0| 7.0 7.0] 7.7| 7.5] 7.5 7.8] 8.5 8.3
4.0] 4.3
4.2 4.4! 4.3! 4.2! 4.2 4.1! 4.1
5.5 5.7 6.0 6.0] 6.2| 6.3] 6.1
2.7 2.8 2.8] 2.9] 3.0] 3.1
4.1
4.4 4.5 4.5
3.0l 2.8 2.9 2.8
1.5 1.5] 1.5 1.7] 1.7| 1.7] 1.8
1.4] 1.4] 1.4 1.4] 1.4] 1.4] 1.4
2.0 2.0 2.1
1.5 1.5 1.6
1.7| 1.8
0.8! 1.0
1.8
1.3
2.2] 2.2J 2.2] 1.9 1.5J 1.3 1.3
1.5
1.0 1.0J 1.0J 1.1
0.3] 0.3
1.6! 1.5
1.2] 1.1
1.41 1.3 1.3 1.4
1.1
1.0 0.9 0.5
0.3! 0.3! 0.3! 0.3i 0.3 0.3! 0.3! 0.3
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3] 0.3! 0.3 0.3J 0.3 0.3
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3] 0.4J 0.3] 0.2] 0.2 0.2 0.2
(792.5) (775.3)] (770.2) (796.9) (764.2)] (726.0)\ (673.6) (750.2)] (826.8)
(860.9)
232.2] 236.8] 241.2] 235.5 218.1] 221.4] 227.3] 203.2] 204.4] 209.5
97.7] 100.6
608.6
598.9
129.7 132.3
102.2 109.8 114.5] 105.1
603.0
582.5
572.5] 571.8
101.1
574.3
97.6] 59.7 703.6
558.8
563.5
129.8 127.4] 125.7! 125.8! 124.6 123.6 123.8
150.4] 144.0] 140.7
133.6 126.6! 124.5! 120.8! 117.6! 120.1
559.4
124.6
125.6
128.8] 128.1J 130.1J 128.5 125.7! 121.6] 126.5! 125.3] 124.9] 123.3
68.1
67.1
66.8 68.2 67.0] 63.0] 60.4 60.3 56.8 56.9
34.2 35.2 33.8 35.5] 38.8! 38.3] 38.8 40.2 41.3 40.7
32.3] 32.0
32.0! 31.8
31.61 30.7! 30.3
30.2! 29.9! 29.2
9.1| 4.7] 14.5] 2.9 3.4! 13.8] 19.0 9.4] 16.4] 8.7
24.2 24.3 24.4
7.2 7.2 7.4
8.2] 7.6
24.7! 24.7! 24.8! 24.6 24.2 24.1 23.9
6.8] 6.2| 6.3] 6.6 6.2 6.2 6.4
7.0] 7.5] 7.9! 8.3] 7.5
7.6] 6.8
6.9
8.1 | 8.2] 8.5 7.6] 6.9] 7.0] 7.4 6.7] 6.2] 6.0
4.4
4.3 4.1
3.9 3.8! 3.5! 3.4 3.3 3.0 2.7
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0] 1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.3 1.3 1.3 1.5
1.2! 1.3! 1.2
1.1
1.3] 1.3] 1.3 1.3] 1.2| 1.2] 1.2 1.1
1.1! 1.1
1.0] 1.0
0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8| 0.8| 0.8] 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8
+
+
+
+
+ ! +
+
+
+
+
+! +! +i +! +i +! + +i +i +
0.1
396.6
268.9
0.1\ 0.1\ 0.1
395.6
264.8
435.8
302.0
400.3
0.2] 0.1
405.1 1 373.0
0.1
385.9
272.3! 281.61 250.4J 262.1
0.7
392.9
277.0
0.7
376.1
262.0
0.7
356.6
247.3
52.4 53.4 54.2 54.8 54. 81 53.6J 52.5 49.9 45.9 42.3
18.6] 18.9] 19.7] 20.2 19.8] 19.1J 18.6] 15.1J 16.4] 15.4
13.3i 13.4] 14.0J 14.1
14. Oi 14.0
14.6] 14.1
12.7 12.8 12.5 13.0J 13.2] 13.3J 13.7 14.0
14.0i 14.3
14.0 13.6
6.9 6.9 7.0 7.0 7.2J 7.4i 7.6 7.8 7.6 7.7
15.2] 17.3] 17.2] 10.4 6.1| 5.6 6.2] 5.1| 6.1| 6.3
4.6i 4.6] 4.6] 4.9 4.9J 4.9J 4.9] 4.9 4.4J 4.4
1.0 0.6 1.7 0.6J 0.7J 1.8J 2.2 1.3 2.0 1.2
0.7 0.8
0.9 1.0 1.1j 1.2! 1-4
1.3J 1.2] 1.2] 1.1
0.5 0.4
1.4| 1.4 1.6
0.9! 0.9! 1.2! 1.4! 1.51 1.5
0.4] 0.4 0.5i 0.4] 0.5 0.5] 0.4] 0.4
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4] 0.4] 0.4] 0.4] 0.4 0.4
0.9
88.7
0.9] 0.9 1.0] 1.0] 0.9
105.4
12.3J 28.5
115.0
121.7
133.4] 131.7
0.9 0.9
132.7
123.5
0.8
133.0
0.4
0.9
129.6
39.7! 50.6! 57.0! 64.0! 71.2 78.0! 85.0! 92.0
31.5 33.0] 31.2 30.1] 39.5| 30.4] 28.6 19.7] 21.1
23.3 21.5 19.6] 18. o| 15. 3] 15.6! 15.l| 15.0 14.4
12.3
13.8
4.0 5.0| 5.5 5.8] 7.1] 7.2] 6.3 4.5] 4.3 4.3
5.4] 5.6] 6.6 6.4] 5.9] 5.9] 3.0 2.9] 2.9] 3.4
12.1
6,435.2
5,642.7
11.8
6,494.0
5,718.7
12.4 10.8J 8.6| 8.5J 8.6 3.5] 5.2
6,730.9
5,960.7
6,759.8
5,962.9
6,800.8] 6,838.9
6,036.6| 6,112.9
7,032.6
6,359.0
6,921.3
6,171.1
6,981.2
6,154.4
3.8
6998?
6,137.3
5,681.4
1990 to 2006
2006 1 Absolute
5.983.1 914.6
Percent 1
18.0%
5,731.0 5,637.9 913.8! 19.3% f
148.9 139.1 138.0 20.8] 17.8% |
52.8] 46.6] 49.1 (37.1)] (43.0)% =
6.9] 12.3] 24.6 20.1
449.0% I 1
== rn
24.0 23.8 23.9 0.8J 3.7% » g>
6.5 6.5 6.2 (1.2)| (16.2)% |'|
7.6] 6.8
5.9 (1.2)! (16.9)% 1*7
5.8] 5.6] 5.4 (0.6)] (10.6)% i8
2.6 2.5 2.4 (2.3)| (49.9)% ^
1.6
1.6
1.2! 1.1
1.6 1.3] 394.8% ff
1.0 0.1
16.6%
1.0] 1.0| 0.9 (0.4)| (28.2)% I
0.9 0.9 0.8 0.1
19.5% 1
+ + + (0.0)| (36.6)% .s
+ i +
0.1
353.5
246.9
+ (O.O)i (66.7)% E
0.2\ 0.2 (0.0)| (5.6)% §; ^
370.1
265.2
367.9 (15.5)
(4.0)% §f
265.0 (4.4)! d.6)% ,?~
39.7 36.3 33.1 (10.4)j (24.0)% ^E
15.2] 15.8] 15.6 (1.3)| (7.8)% <|.E
14.6i 14.8
14.5 1.7i 13.4% Si
13.8 13.9 14.3 2.2! 18.5% ||
7.8 8.0 8.1 1.8] 29.4% If.
5.9] 5.9] 5.9 (9.4)| (61.3)% E |
4.4 4.4] 4.4 (0.0)| (0.4)% gj
1.1 1.6 2.8 2.3! 460.2% -i°
to ^
1.7 1.7 1.8 1.4
394.8% ee
1.6J 1.5] 1.5 0.5! 48.1% -°
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.1
0.4
7.7
140.7
0.4
0.4 (0.1)
35.0% 4
(15.0)% 1
7.7i 7.7 0.2\ 16.9% -|
145.8
99.1! 105.4
147.9 57.6
110.4 110.1
63.7°/| S"|
33260.7% g is
17.2 15.8 13.8 (22.6)1 (62.0)% P.E
13.9 14.0 13.2 (13.5)! (50.6)% g|
4.3 4.4] 4.8 1.9] 64.1% 11
3.2] 3.3] 3.2 (2.3)| (41.7)% 1^
2.8
7,078.0
6,204.3
3.0 2.5 (16.1)| (86.6)% o S
7,129.9
6,251.3
7,054.2 905.9
6,170.5 759.9
14.7%J |.|
14.01J +f
1990-2006 Trends
Total GHG emissions rose 14.7 percent since 1990 (increasing
0.3 percent since 2000)
Dominant gas emitted was C02, mostly from fossil fuel combustion
Methane emissions decreased by 8.4 percent
Nitrous oxide emissions decreased by 4.0 percent
HFC, RFC, and SF6 emissions have grown by 63.7 percent
| MFCs, PFCs, &SF,
Nitrous Oxide
Methane
Carbon Dioxide
M
ra
C3
09
="1
o .2
5.|
OOLLJ
ID
8,000-
7,000-
6,000-
5,000-
J 4,000-
» 3,000-
2,000-
1,000-
o-
1,
s
£
e H
o
O
2,500 -,
2,000 -
1,500-
1,000 -
500-
Relative Contribution by
Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation Electricity U.S.
Generation Territories
&ER&!
United States
Environmental Protection
i. Agency ^
Office of Atmospheric Programs (6207J) Recy.
April 2008
EPA 430-F-08-005
liable
!e Oil Based Inks on
.,m, :m 50% Posteonsurnen
-------
a
o
CD
*
0)
Conversion
Units
Global Warming Potentials
(100 Year Time Horizon)
Gas
Carbon dioxide (C02)
Methane (CH,)*
Nitrous oxide (N20)
HFC-23
HFC-125
HFC-134a
HFC-143a
HFC-152a
HFC-227ea
HFC-236fa
HFC-4310mee
CF4
C2F6
C4F10
C6F14
SF6
GWP
SARa
1
21
310
11,700
2,800
1,300
3,800
140
2,900
6,300
1,300
6,500
9,200
7,000
7,400
23,900
AR4b
1
25
298
14,800
3,500
1,430
4,470
124
3,220
9,810
1,640
7,390
12,200
8,860
9,300
22,800
1 IPCC Second Assessment Report (1996)
b IPPC Fourth Assessment Report (2007)
* The methane GWP includes the direct effects
and those indirect effects due to the production of
tropospheric ozone and stratospheric water vapor.
The indirect effect due to the production of C02 is
not included.
Note: GWP values from the IPCC Second Assessment
Report are used in accordance with UNFCCC
guidelines.
Global Warming Potential (GWP) is defined as
the cumulative radiative forcing effects of a gas
over a specified time horizon resulting from the
emission of a unit mass of gas relative to a
reference gas. The GWP-weighted emissions of
direct greenhouse gases in the U.S. Inventory
are presented in terms of equivalent emissions
of carbon dioxide (C02), using units of teragrams
of carbon dioxide equivalents (Tg C02 Eq.).
Conversion:
Tg = 109kg = 106 metric tons
= 1 million metric tons
The molecular weight of carbon is 12,
and the molecular weight of oxygen is 16;
therefore, the molecular weight of C02 is
44 (i.e., 12 + [16x2]), as compared to 12
for carbon alone. Thus, the weight ratio of
carbon to carbon dioxide is 12/44.
Conversion from gigagrams of gas to teragrams
of carbon dioxide equivalents:
TgCO,Eq.=
ot gas
x(GWP)x
I.OOOGgJ
Energy Conversions
The common energy unit used in interna-
tional reports of greenhouse gas emissions
is the joule. A joule is the energy required to
move an object one meter with the force of
one Newton. A terajoule (TJ) is one trillion
(1012) joules. A British thermal unit (Btu, the
customary U.S. energy unit) is the quantity of
heat required to raise the temperature of one
pound of water one degree Fahrenheit at or
near 39.2 Fahrenheit.
1TJ =
2.388x10" calories
23.88 metric tons of crude oil equivalent
9.478x108Btu
277,800 kilowatt-hours
Energy Units
Btu
MFJtu
MMBtu
BBtu
TBtu
QBtU
British thermal unit
Thousand Btu
Million Btu
Billion Btu
Trillion Btu
Quadrillion Btu
1 Btu
1xl03Btu
1xl06Btu
1xl09Btu
1xl012Btu
1xl015Btu
Unit Conversions
1 pound
1 kilogram
1 short ton
1 metric ton
1 cubic foot
1 cubic meter =
1 U.S. gallon
1 liter
1 barrel
1 barrel petroleum =
1 foot
1 meter
1 mile
1 kilometer
1 square mile
1 square kilometer =
1 acre
0.454 kilograms
2.205 pounds
0.9072 metric tons
1.1 023 short tons
0.02832 cubic meters
35.315 cubic feet
3.78541 liters
0.2642 U.S. gallons
31 .5 U.S. gallons
42 U.S. gallons
0.3048 meters
3.28 feet
1.609 kilometers
0.6214 miles
2. 590 square kilometers
0.386 square miles
43,560 square feet
= 16 ounces
= 35. 27 ounces
= 2,000 pounds
= 1,000 kilograms
= 28.31 68 liters
= 1 ,000 liters
= 0.031 75 barrels
= 0.0084 barrels
= 119 liters
= 1 59 liters
= 12 inches
= 39.37 inches
= 5,280 feet
= 3,280.84 feet
= 640 acres
= 100 hectares
= 0.4047 hectares
= 0.02381 barrels petroleum
= 0.0063 barrels petroleum
= 0.75 barrels petroleum
= 4,047 square meters
Prefix/Symbo
------- |