cxEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office Of Water
(EN-336)
EPA 833-8-92-001
July 1992
NPDES Storm Water
Sampling Guidance
Document
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DISCLAIMER
This document was issued in support of EPA regulations and policy initiatives involving the
development and implementation of a national storm water program. This document is agency
guidance only. It does not establish or affect legal rights or obligations. Agency decisions in
any particular case will be made applying the laws and regulations on the basis of specific facts
when permits are issued or regulations promulgated. Mention of trade names or commercial
products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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FOREWORD
Pollutants in storm water discharges from many sources are largely uncontrolled. The National
Water Quality Inventory, 1990 Report to Congress provides a general assessment of water
quality based on biennial reports submitted by the States under Section 30S(b) of the Clean
Water Act The report indicates that roughly 30% of identified cases of water quality
impairment reported by the States are attributable to storm water discharges.
Sampling data from storm water discharges is an important tool which provides information on
the types and amounts of pollutants present. This data can then be used to identify pollutant
sources and to develop storm water pollution prevention plans and best management practices
priorities to control these sources.
This manual is for operators of facilities that discharge storm water associated with industrial
activity and operators of large and medium municipal separate storm sewer systems. This
manual describes the basic sampling requirements for NPDES storm water discharge permit
applications and provides procedural guidance on how to conduct sampling. Many of the
concepts in this guidance may also be applicable to sampling requirements contained in NPDES
storm water permits.
This document was issued in support of EPA regulations and policy initiatives involving the
development and implementation of a national storm water program. This document is agency
guidance only. It does not establish or affect legal rights or obligations. Agency decisions in
any particular case will be made applying the laws and regulations on the basis of specific facts
when permits are issued or regulations promulgated.
This document is expected to be revised periodically to reflect advances in this rapidly evolving
area. Comments from users are welcomed. Send comments to the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Wastewater Enforcement and Compliance, 401 M Street, SW,
Mailcode EN-336, Washington, DC 20460.
Cook,
Director
Office of Wastewater Enforcement
and Compliance
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 PURPOSE OF THIS MANUAL 2
1.2 ORGANIZATION OF THIS MANUAL 2
2. BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING 5
2.1 BENEFITS OF SAMPLING 5
2.2 INDUSTRIAL FACILITY APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS 6
2.3 MUNICIPALITIES' APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS 7
2.4 APPLICATION SUBMFTTAL DEADLINES 8
2.5 WHERE TO SUBMIT APPLICATIONS 8
2.6 WHO MUST SAMPLE 9
2.7 WHEN SAMPLING IS REQUIRED 15
2.7.1 STORM EVENT CRITERIA 15
2.7.2 OBTAINING RAINFALL DATA 18
2.7.3 DETERMINING REPRESENTATIVENESS 22
2.7.4 LOGISTICAL PROBLEMS WITH WHEN TO SAMPLE 23
2.7.5 WHEN INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES MUST SAMPLE 24
2.7.6 WHEN MUNICIPAL FACILITIES MUST SAMPLE 28
2.7.7 USE OF HISTORICAL DATA 29
2.8 WHERE TO SAMPLE STORM WATER DISCHARGES 29
2.8.1 INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES 30
2.8.2 MUNICIPALITIES 30
2.8.3 LOGISTICS OF WHERE TO SAMPLE 31
2.9 STAFFING CONSIDERATIONS 31
3. FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING 35
3.1 TYPES AND TECHNIQUES OF SAMPLING 35
3.1.1 SAMPLE TYPE VERSUS SAMPLE TECHNIQUE 36
3.1.2 SAMPLE TYPE: GRAB AND COMPOSITE SAMPLES 36
3.1.3 SAMPLE TECHNIQUE: MANUAL VERSUS AUTOMATIC
SAMPLING 39
JoJv 1992
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
3.2 OBTAINING FLOW DATA .................................. 41
3.2.1 MEASURING FLOW RATES ............................ 41
3.2.2 ESTIMATING FLOW RATES ............................ 49
3.2.3 MEASURING TOTAL FLOW VOLUMES FOR THE SAMPLED RAIN
EVENT .......................................... 58
3.2.4 ESTIMATING TOTAL FLOW VOLUMES FOR THE SAMPLED RAIN
EVENT .......................................... 58
3.2.5 REPORTING STORM WATER DISCHARGE FLOW RATES AND
VOLUMES ........................................ 67
3.2.6 MEASURING RAINFALL .............................. 67
3.3 GRAB SAMPLE COLLECTION ............................... 68
3.3.1 HOW TO MANUALLY COLLECT GRAB SAMPLES ............ 68
3.3.2 HOW TO COLLECT GRAB SAMPLES BY AUTOMATIC SAMPLER . . 70
3.4 FLOW-WEIGHTED COMPOSITE SAMPLE COLLECTION .............. 70
3.4.1 HOW TO MANUALLY COLLECT FLOW-WEIGHTED COMPOSITE
SAMPLES ........................................ 75
3.4.2 HOW TO COLLECT FLOW-WEIGHTED COMPOSITE SAMPLES BY
AUTOMATIC SAMPLER .............................. 80
3.5 SAMPLE HANDLING AND PRESERVATION ...................... 81
3.5.1 DECONTAMINATION OF SAMPLE EQUIPMENT CONTAINERS ____ 82
3.5.2 SAMPLE PRESERVATION AND HOLDING TIMES ............. 83
3.6 SAMPLE VOLUMES ...................................... 88
3.7 SAMPLE DOCUMENTATION ................................ 88
3.8 SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION AND LABELING ..................... 93
3.9 SAMPLE PACKAGING AND SHIPPING .......................... 93
3.10 CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY PROCEDURES ........................... 94
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
4. ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 97
4.1 INDUSTRIAL REQUIREMENTS 97
4.1.1 INDIVIDUAL APPLICANTS 98
4.1.2 GROUP APPLICANTS 101
4.2 MUNICIPAL REQUIREMENTS 102
5. FLEXIBILITY IN SAMPLING 105
5.1 PROTOCOL MODIFICATIONS 105
5.2 PETITION FOR SUBSTITUTING SUBSTANTIALLY IDENTICAL
EFFLUENTS 105
5.2.1 OPTION ONE: NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION/SITE MAP 106
5.2.2 OPTION TWO: USE OF MATRICES TO INDICATE IDENTICAL
OUTFALLS 107
5.2.3 OPTION THREE: MODEL MATRICES 107
5.3 ALTERNATE 40 CFR PART 136 METHOD 116
5.4 LACK OF METHOD IN 40 CFR PART 136 117
6. HEALTH AND SAFETY 119
6.1 GENERAL TRAINING REQUIREMENTS 119
6.2 NECESSARY SAFETY EQUIPMENT 120
6.3 HAZARDOUS WEATHER CONDITIONS 120
6.4 SAMPLING IN CONFINED SPACES 120
6.4.1 HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS IN CONFINED SPACES 121
6.4.2 SPECIAL TRAINING REQUIREMENTS 121
6.4.3 PERMIT SYSTEM 121
6.5 CHEMICAL HAZARDS 122
6.6 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS 122
6.7 PHYSICAL HAZARDS 122
iii July 1992
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 2-1. Form 2F Application Requirements 7
Exhibit 2-2. Part 2 Group Application Sampling Requirements g
Exhibit 2-3. Municipal Application Sampling Requirements 9
Exhibit 2-4. Permit Application Submission Deadlines 10
Exhibit 2-5. NPDES Storm Water Program Permitting Authorities 11
Exhibit 2-6. Industrial Facilities Which Must Submit Applications for Storm Water
Permits 16
Exhibit 2-7. Decision Chart for Storm Water Sampling 20
Exhibit 2-8. Rain Zones of the United States 21
Exhibit 2-9. Example of 50 Percent Variance From Average Rainfall 22
Exhibit 2-10. Logistical Problems of Sampling 25
Exhibit 2-11. Checklist for Conducting Dry Weather Evaluations 27
Exhibit 2-12. Solutions to Sample Location Problems 32
Exhibit 3-1. Sample Type vs. Sample Technique 36
Exhibit 3-2. Automatic Sampler 40
Exhibit 3-3. Comparison of Manual and Automatic Sampling Technique 42
Exhibit 3-4. Weirs 44
Exhibit 3-5. Suppressed Flow Over the Weir Crest 45
Exhibit 3-6. Flumes 46
Exhibit 3-7. Palmer-Bowlus Flume 47
Exhibit 3-8. Example Calculation of Float Method for Unimpeded Open Channel Flow ... 51
Exhibit 3-9. Example Calculation of Float Method for Estimating Drain Flow Rates 52
Exhibit 3-10. Example Calculation of Bucket and Stopwatch Method for Estimating
Flows 54
Exhibit 3-11. Example Calculation of Slope and Depth Method for Estimating Flow
Rates 55
Exhibit 3-12. Typical V Coefficients for 5- to 10-Year Frequency Design Storms 57
Exhibit 3-13. Example Calculation of Runoff Coefficient/Flow Depth Method for
Estimating Row Rates 59
Exhibit 3-14. Example Calculation of Runoff Coefficient Rainfall Depth Method for
Estimating Flow Rates 61
Exhibit 3-15. Example Calculation of Total Runoff Volume From Rainfall Data 62
Exhibit 3-16. Example Calculation of Total Runoff Volume From Flow Rate Data ..... 63
Exhibit 3-17. Recommended Operating Procedure:, for Taking Grab Samples 69
Exhibit 3-18. Constant Tune - Constant Volume 72
Exhibit 3-19. Constant Time - Volume Proportional to Flow Increment 72
Exhibit 3-20. Constant Time - Volume Proportional to Flow Rate . . . 73
Exhibit 3-21. Constant Volume - Tune Proportional to Flow Volume Increment 73
Exhibit 3-22. Example of Sibling Intervals 74
Exhibit 3-23. Example of H<~ ,* to Collect Sample Aliquot Volumes Based on Flow, and
Proportion and Composite in the Field 76
rv
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF EXHIBITS (Continued}
Paye
Exhibit 3-24. Example of How to Manually Collect Equal Sample Aliquots Which Are
Later Flow-Proportioned and Composited in the Laboratory 78
Exhibit 3-25. Volume of Sample Required for Determination of the Various Constituents
of Industrial Wastewater 89
Exhibit 3-26. Field Sheet for Sample Documentation 92
Exhibit 3-27. Example of Chain-of-Custody Form 96
Exhibit 4-1. Subchapter N-Effluent Guidelines and Standards 99
Exhibit 4-2. Parameters Which Must be Analyzed by Municipal Applicants 103
Exhibit 5-1. Petition to Sample Substantially Identical Outfalls (Narrative Description/
Site Map) 108
Exhibit 5-2. Site Map 113
Exhibit 5-3. Matrices Demonstrating Substantially Identical Outfalls 114
Exhibit 6-1. List of Safety Equipment 120
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
APPENDK D
APPENDIX E
APPENDIX F
LIST OF APPENDICES
Forms 2F and 1
NOAA Weather Radio Information
Required Containers,. Preservation Techniques, Holding Tunes and 40 Code of
Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 136
References
Glossary
Acronyms
July 1992
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CHAPTER 1 . INTRODUCTION
NPDES STORM WATER SAMPLING GUIDANCE DOCUMENT
1. INTRODUCTION
The 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act [(FWPCA), also referred to a* the Clean Water Act
(CWA)] prohibits the discharge of any pollutant to waters of the U.S. from a point source unless the
discharge is authorized by a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit.
Efforts to improve water quality under the NPDES program have focused traditionally on reducing
pollutants in industrial process wastewater discharges and from municipal sewage treatment plants.
Past efforts to address storm water discharges, in particular through the NPDES program, have
generally been limited to certain industrial categories, using effluent limitations for storm water as
a permit condition.
Recognizing the need for more comprehensive control of storm waters discharges, Congress amended
the CWA in 1987 and established a two-phase program. In Phase I, Congress required the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish NPDES requirements for certain classes of
storm water discharges.
• A storm water discharge for which a permit has been issued prior to February 4, 1987
• A storm water discharge associated with industrial activity
• A storm water discharge from a municipal separate storm sewer system serving a population
of 250,000 or more (large system)
• A storm water discharge from a municipal separate storm sewer system serving a population
of 100,000 or more, but less than 250,000 (medium system)
• A discharge for which the Administrator or the State determines that the "TPT- vater
discharge contributes to a violation of a water quality standard or is a significant contributor
of pollutants to die waters of the United States.
To implement these requirements, EPA published on November 16, 1990 (55 EeJ. Reg. 47990),
permit application requirements that include storm water sampling. EPA and the States will
subsequently issue NPDES storm water permits based on these applications, and many cf these
July 1992
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CHATTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
permits wili require storm water sampling. Congress intended for EPA to address all other point
source discharges of storm water in Phase II of the program.
1.1 PURPOSE OF THIS MANUAL
This manual is for operators of facilities that discharge storm water associated with industrial activity
and operators of large and medium municipal separate storm sewer systems. Storm water sampling
is sometimes difficult due to the unpredictability of storm events and the variable nature of storm
water discharges. This manual is primarily designed to assist operators/owners in planning for and
fulfilling the NPDES storm water discharge sampling requirements for permit applications as well
as for other storm water sampling needs.
It is assumed that applicants already have a basic understanding of the storm water permit application
requirements. This document is designed to supplement existing storm water application guidance
by focusing on the technical aspects of sampling. Since many industrial storm water permits and all
municipal storm water permits will require regular storm water sampling, many of the concepts in
this guidance may be applicable to sampling requirements contained in NPDES storm water permits.
The information in this manual pertains specifically to individual industrial storm water applications,
group storm water applications (Part 2), and municipal Part 2 storm water permit applications for
storm water discharges. For information on other storm water application requirements for industrial
facilities and large and medium municipal separate storm sewer systems, see EPA's Guidance
Manual for the Preparation of NPDES Permit Applications for Storm Water Discharges Associated
with Industrial Activity (EPA-505/8-91-002, NTIS * PB-92-199058, April 1991), and EPA's
Guidance Manual for the Preparation of Part 1 of the NPDES Permit Applications for Discharges
from Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (EPA-505/8-91-003A, NTIS * PB-92-114578, April
1991), respectively. These manuals can be requested by calling the National Technical Information
Service (NTIS) 1(703) 487-4dSO]. Additional background documents for further information are
listed in Technical Appendix D.
1.2 ORGANIZATION OF TfflS MANUAL
This manual explains the basic requirements of storm water sampling and provides procedural
guidance on sampling for permit applications. Chapter 2 discusses background information (i.e., a
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CHATTER 1 • INTRODUCTION
summary of permit application requirements, who must sample, when and where to simple, and
staffing considerations). Chapter 3 presents the fundamentals of sampling 0.e., types of sampling.
obtaining flow data, handling samples, and sending them to the laboratory). Chapter 4 presents
analytical considerations, including the storm water pollutants that must be analyzed under the
regulations. Chapter S discusses regulatory flexibility with respect to storm water sampling, and
Chapter 6 includes health and safety considerations.
Technical Appendices provide information as follows:
Technical Appendix A—Forms 2F and 1
Technical Appendix B—NOAA Weather Radio Information
Technical Appendix C—Required Containers. Preservation Techniques, Holding Tunes and
40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 136
Technical Appendix D—References
Technical Appendix E—Glossary
Technical Appendix F—Acronyms.
July 1992
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
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CHAPTER 1 • BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
2. BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
This chapter presents background information, definitions, and a description of the fundamentals of
sampling. Specifically, it covers the following areas:
• The benefits of sampling
• A summary of storm water application regulations
• Who must sample
• When sampling is required
• Where to sample
• Staffing considerations
In response to the 1987 Water Quality Act amendments to the CWA, EPA published the storm water
final rule on November 16, 1990. In this rule, EPA established the initial scope of the storm water
program by defining the phrase "storm water discharge associated with industrial activity" in terms
of 11 categories of industrial activity and the phrase "large and medium municipal separate storm
sewer systems" to include municipal systems serving a population greater than 100,000. These terms
are discussed in greater detail in Section 2.6, "Who Must Sample."
In addition to defining the initial scope of the storm water program, the final rule established permit
application requirements, including requirements for storm water sampling. Sampling data gathered
for the application will be used to characterize storm water discharges, and will serve as a basis for
establishing requirements in NPDES storm water permits. It is important to note that the applicant
must report data that are representative of the storm water discharge, and that the intentional
misrepresentation of discharge characteristics is unlawful.
2.1 BENEFITS OF SAMPLING
Data that characterize storm water discharges are valuable to permitting authorities and permittees
for several reasons. First, storm water sampling provides a means for evaluating the environmental
risk of the storm water discharge by identifying the types and amounts of pollutants present
Evaluating these data helps to determine the relative potential for the storm water discharge to
contribute to water quality impacts or water quality standard violations. And, storm water sampling
5 August 1991
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CHATTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
data can be used to identify potential sources of pollutants. These sources can then be either
eliminated or controlled more specifically by the permit
2.2 INDUSTRIAL FACILITY APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS
The storm water permit application regulations provide operators of facilities (including those owned
by the government) that have storm water discharges associated with industrial activity with three
application options: (1) submit an individual application; (2) participate in a group application (a
two-part application); or (3) submit a Notice of Intent (NOI) to be covered by a general permit where
general permits are available. This guidance focuses on sampling requirements for individual
applications and Part 2 of group applications. Sampling data generally will not be required for an
NOI, however, the general permit may require sampling during the term of the permit. State
permitting authorities may also require sampling information for an NOI at their discretion, and
should, therefore, be consulted prior to submhtal.
Industrial facilities submitting individual applications must submit sampling data on a completed
application Form 2F (entitled 'Application for Permit to Discharge Storm Water Discharges
Associated with Industrial Activity"). Facilities selected to be part of the sampling subgroup for a
group application must submit sampling data with Part 2 of the application. Members of the
sampling subgroup must complete only the quantitative data portions of Form 2F, including Sections
VH, vm, DC, and the certification in Section X. Exhibit 2-1 details the types of information
required for each section of Form 2F. Exhibit 2-2 describes what sampling information must be
provided in Part 2 of the group application. It should be noted that States may require the use of
different forms and submittal of additional documentation.
Form 1 must also be submitted with Form 2F by applicants submitting individual permit applications.
Genera] information about the facility is provided on Form 1 (i.e., addresses, operators, etc.); it does
not request sampling data. Forms 1 and 2F are reproduced in Technical Appendix A,
Facilities with unpermitted combined discharges of storm water and process or nonprocess
wastewater must submit Form 2C or 2E, respectively, in addition to Forms 1 and 2F. Facilities with
storm water discharges combined with new sources or new discharges of process wastewater must
submit Form 2D as well as Forms 1 and 2F.
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CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
LXHIBIT 2-1. FORM 2F APPLICATION RHQnKF.MF.NTS
Section
2F-I
2F-H
2F-m
2F-IVA
2F-IVB
2F-IVC
2F-VA
2F-VB
2F-VI
2F-VH
2F-VHI
2F-DC
2F-X
Requirement
Outfall location(s), including longitude and latitude and receiving water(s)
Facility improvements which may affect the discharges described in the
application
Site drainage map
Estimates of impervious area within each outfall drainage area
A narrative description of pollutant sources (i.e., onsite materials which may
come in contact with storm water runoff)
Location and description of existing structural and nonstructural pollutant control
measures
Certification that outfalls have been tested or evaluated for non-storm water
discharges
Description of method used for testing/evaluating presence of non-storm water
discharges
History of significant leaks or spills of toxic or hazardous pollutants at the facility
within the last 3 years
Discharge characterization for all required pollutants
Statement of whether biological testing for acute or chronic toxicity was
performed and list of pollutants it was performed for
Information on contract laboratories or consulting firms
Certification that information supplied is accurate and complete
Note: See Form 2F and the instructions for more detail on application requirements.
2.3 MUNICIPALITIES' APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS
Operators of large and medium municipal separate storm sewer systems are requu< j to submit a two-
pan application. Both parts contain sampling requirements: Part 1 requires information
characterizing discharges from the separate storm sewer system, including field screening sample
data for identifying illicit/illegal connections; Pan 2 requires sampling at representative locations and
estimates of pollutant loadings for those sites. These sampling data are to be used to design a long-
term storm water monitoring plan that will be implemented during the term of the permit The
sampling data that must be submitted in Parts 1 and 2 of municipal applications are listed in
Exhibit 2-3. There is no standard application form for municipalities.
7 July 1992
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CHAPTER 2 • BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
nXHJBIT 2-2. PART 2 GROIT APPLICATION SAMPLING RLQl IRHMtNTS
Quantitative Testing Data
• For groups with 4 to 20 members, 50 percent of the facilities must submit data; for
groups with 21 to 99 members, a minimum of 10 dischargers must submit quantitative
data; for groups with 100 to 1,000 members, a minimum of 10 percent of die facilities
must submit data; for groups with greater than 1,000 members, no more than 100
facilities must submit data; there must be 2 dischargers from each precipitation zone in
which 10 or more members of the group are located, or 1 discharger from each
precipitation zone in which 9 or fewer members are located.
• Sampling and analysis requirements are described in 40 Code of Federal Regulations
(CFR) 122.26
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CHAFFER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
EXHlHir 2-3. MUNICIPAL APPLICATION SAMPLING REQURLMENTS
Parti
• Monthly mean rainfall and snowfall estimates
• Existing quantitative data on the depth and quality of storm water discharges
• A list of receiving water bodies and existing information concerning known water
quality impacts
• Field screening analysis for illicit connections and illegal dumping
• Identification of representative outfalls for further sampling in Pan 2
Parti
• Quantitative data from 5 to 10 representative locations in approved sampling plans
• Estimates of the annual pollutant load and event mean concentration (EMC) of system
discharges
• Proposed schedule to provide estimates of seasonal pollutant loads and the EMC for
certain detected constituents in a representative storm event during the term of the
permit
• Proposed monitoring program for representative data collection during the term of the
permit
Applications submitted by industrial facilities must be certified by a responsible corporate officer as
described in 40 CFR 122.22 (e.g., president, secretary, treasurer, vice president of the corporation
in charge of a principal business function). Applications submitted by municipalities must be
certified by a principal executive officer or ranking elected official as described in 40 CFR 122.22.
2.6 WHO MUST SAMPLE
Operators of facilities that have storm water discharges associated with industrial activity and
operators of large and medium municipalities are required to conduct storm water sampling as part
of their NPDES permit applications. Specifically, the following types of industries and municipalities
must sample storm water discharges:
July 1992
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CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
i:\mmr: 4 PI;RMIT APPLICATION SHIMISSION DI.AIM.INLS :
_
iDOUSVul
Individual
Group
• Parti
• Part2
Municipal
Large Municipalities
• Part 1
• Part2
Medium Municipalities
• Parti
• Part2
Date
October 1, 1992
September 30, 1991
October 1, 1992
November 18, 1991
November 16, 1992
May 18, 1992
May 17, 1993
•NOI under a general permit is due on October 1, IS
whichever comes first
Sampling Requirement
Sampling data due
"templing subgroup idfntjfifd
Sampling dafr (Jyg
kfrntfficatkn of tamNiiw "«<•««*«
Effluent charactnintion duf
Monitoring nMmgement program identified
Illicit connectioo screening due and
t/i^ftnni^fltuin nt 0ntff||f|ff MlintK
Effluent characterization due
n4ooitonnff nuittff'Mfidit pfoflr^Hft locntificu
w w * mr
• Storm Water Discharges Associated With Industrial Activities • Under Phase I, the storm water
permit application regulations identify, by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code and
narrative description, 11 categories of facilities considered to be "engaging in industrial activity"
for the purposes of storm water permit application requirements. Those facilities included in 40
CFR 122.26(bX14Xi) through (xi) of the storm water permit application regulations with storm
water point source discharges to waters of the U.S. or separate storm sewers and those designated
under Section 402(pX2){E) of the CWA are required to apply for storm water permit coverage
by October 1, 1992. Industrial facilities include those that are Federally, State, or municipally
owned or operated. Exhibit 2-6 lists these industrial facUHes. The Transportation Act of 1991
provides an exemption from storm water permitting requirements for certain industrial activities
owned or operated by municipalities with a population of less than 100,000. Such municipalities
must submit storm water discharge permit applications for only airports, power plants, and
uncontrolled sanitary landfills that they own or operate, unless a permit is otherwise required by
the permitting authority.
* Municipal Separate Storm 'Sewer Systems - Under Phase I, those municipalities with separate
storm sewer systems serving 100,000 people or more are required to submit an application for
discharges from the system. (Only the part of the population served by municipal separate storm
sewers is to be included in the 100,000 count, not the part served by combined sewers.)
Regulated municipalities are listed in Appendices F through I in the November 16, 1990, final
rule or have been designated by their permitting authority.
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EXHIBIT 2-5. NPDES STORM WATER PROGRAM PERMITTING AITHORITIES
CHAPTER 2 • BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
NPDES AUTHORITY AS OF MARCH 1992
11
July 1992
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CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
h.XHIHIT 2-5.
NI'DIiS STORM WATLR PROGRAM PERMITTING AITHORITILS
(Continued)
State
Coots**
State
Alabama yes
Arizona DO
California yes
Connecticut yes
Florida DO
Hawaii yes
Dlinoii
yes
Iowa
yet
Aubrey White
Water Division
1751 Dickinson Dr.
Montgomery, AL 36130
(205)271-7811
Eugene Bromley
U.5. EPA Region 9
75 Hawthorne St.
W-5-1
San Francijco, CA 94105
(415) 744-1906
Archie Matthews
Storm Water Research Control
Board
Water Quality
901 P St.
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916)657-1110
Dick Mason
DepC of Environmental
Protection
Water Management Bureau
Water Discharge Management
165 Capitol Av«.
Hartford, CT 06106
(203) 566-7167
Chris Thomas
U.S. EPA Region 4
345 Courtland St. N.E.
4WM-FP
Atlanta, OA 30365
(404) 347-3633
Steve Chang
Depc of Health
Clean Water Branch
Five Water Front Plaza
1500 Ala-Moana Blvd.
Honolulu. HI 96813
(808) 586-4309
Fun Kluge
EPA Water Pollution Control
2200 Churchill Rd.
P.O. Box 19276
Springfield, IL 62794-9276
(217) 782-0610
Monica Wnuk
Department of Natural
Reaourcee
Wallace State Building
900 E. Grand St.
Des Moine*. 1A 50319-0034
(515) 281-7017
Alaska no Steve Bnbnick
U.S. EPA Regioo 10
1200 6th Ave.
WD-134
Seattle, WA 98101
(206) 553-8399
Arkanasa ye* Marysia Jastrzeoski
8001 National Dr.
P.O. Box 8913
Little Rock, AR 72219-8913
(501) 562-7444
Colorado yes Patricia Nelson
Depc of Health
Water Quality Control
4210 E. llm Ave.
Denver, CO 80220
(303)331-4590
Delaware yea Sarah Cooksey
Dent, of Natural Resource*
Surface Water Management
89 Kings Highway
P.O. Box 1401
Dover, DE 19903
(302)739-5731
Georgia yes Mike Creason
Depc of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection
205 Butler Sc S.E.
Room 1070
Atlanta, OA 30334
(404)656-4887
Idaho no Slave Bubnicl
U.S. EPA Region 10
1200 6th Ave.
WD-134
Seattle, WA 98101
(206) 553-8399
iyi;«nf yes Lonnie Brumfield
Dept of Environmental
Management
NPDES Permits Group
105 S. Meridian St.
P.O. Box 6015
Indianapolis, IN 46206
(317) 232-8705
Kansas yes Don Carlson
Depc of Environment
Water Bureau
Forbes Field, Building 740
Topeka,KS 66620
(913) 296-5555
12
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CHATTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
NPDES STORM WATER PROGRAM PERMITTING AUTHORITIES
(Continued)
EXHIBIT 2-5.
State
Contact
State
Contact
Kentucky ye* Douglas AUgeier
Dept of Environmental Protection
Water Division
18 Reilly Road
Frankfort, KY 40601
(502) 564-3410
Maine no Shelley Puleo
U.S. EPA Region 1
U.S. EPA/JFK Building/WCP
Boston, MA 02203
(617) 565-3525
Massachusetts no Shelley Puleo
U.S. EPA Region 1
U.S. EPA/JFK Building/WCP
Bo*ton,MA 02203
(617) 565-3525
Minnesota ye* Scott Thompson
Pollution Control Agency
520 Lafayette Rd.
StPaul.MN 55155-3898
(612) 296-7203
Missouri ye* Bob Hentge*
Dept of Natural Resources
Water Pollution Control Program
205 Jefferson St
P.O. Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
(314)751-6825
Nebraska yes Clark Smith
Environmental Control
Water Quality Division
P.O. Box 98922
Lincoln, NE 68509
(402) 471-4239
Trwii
no
Maryland yw
Michigan yes
Mississippi
Montana ye*
Nevada
yes
New
DO Shelley Puleo
U.S. EPA Region 1
U.S. EPA/JFK Building/WCP
Boston, MA 02203
(617) 565-3525
New Mexico no Brent Larson
U.S. EPA Region 6
1445 Ross Ave.
6W-PM
Dallas, TX 75202
(214) 655-7175
New Jeney yes
New York yes
Brent Larson
U.S. EPA Region 6
1455 ROM Aw.
6W-PM
Dallas, TX 75202
(2U) 655-7175
Edward Oertler
MD Dept of Environment
lodustrial Discharge Program
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, MD 21224
(410)631-3323
Gary Boersen
Dept of Natural Resources
Surface Water Division
P.O. Box 30028
Lansing, MI 48909
(517) 373-1982
Jerry Cain
Dept of Environmental
Quality
Office of Pollution Control
Industrial Waste Water Branch
P.O. Box 10385
Jackson, MS 39289-0385
(601) 961-5171
Fred Shewman
Water Quality Bureau
Cogswell Building
Helena, MT 59620
(406)444-2406
Rob Saunders
Conservation and Natural
Resource*
Environmental Protection
123 W. Nye Lane
Canon City, NV 89710
(702) 687-4670
Sac"*a Cohen
NJDEPE
Office of Regulatory Policy
CN029
Trenton. NJ 08625-0029
NJ Hotline: (609) 633-7021
Ken Stevens
Wastewater Facilities Design
NY State DEC
50 Wolf Road
Albany, NY 12233
(518)457-1157
13
July 1992
-------
CHAFTERI - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 2-5.
NPDES STOKM WATER PROGRAM PERMITTING AUTHORITIES
(Continued)
State
Slate
North Carolina yes Coleea SuUins
North Dakota
yes
Ohio
yes
Oregon
yes
Puerto Rico
no
South Carolina yes
Tennessee
yes
Utah
yes
Water Quality Planning
P.O. Box 29535
Raleigh, NC 27626-0535
(919) 733-500
Bob Phelps
OEPA
Water Pollution Control
P.O. Box 1049
1SOO Watermark
Columbus, OH 43266
(614)644-2034
Raari Nomura
DEQ-Water Quality
811 SW 6m St.
Portland, OR 97204
(503) 229-5256
Jose Rivera
U-S. EPA R*gx» 2
Water Permits & Compliance
Branch
26 Federal Plaza, Room S45
New York, NY 10278
(212)264-2911
Birgot McDade
Dept. of Health A Env. Ctrl.
Industry and Agriculture
Waste Water Division
2600 Bull St.
Columbia, SC 29201
(803) 734-5241
Robert Haley
Dept. of Environment
Water Pollution Control
150 9th Ave. N., 4th Floor
Nashville, TN 37243-1534
(615) 741-T7S
Harry Campbell
Dept. of Environmental
Quality
P.O. Box 16690
Salt Lake City. UT 84116
(801) 538-6146
Oklahoma
no
Pennsylvania yes
Rhode Island
yes
South Dakota
no
Texas
no
Vermont
yes
Sheila Mcdenaman
Dept. of Health
Water Quality Division
1200 Missouri Ave.
P.O. Box 5520
Bismarck, ND 58502-5520
(701) 221-5210
Brent
U.S. EPA RegkNi 6
1445 Ross Aw.
6W-PM
Dallas, TX 75202
(214) 655-7175
sLB. Patel
Environmental Resources
Water Quality Management
P.O. Box 2063
Harrisburg, PA 17120
(717)787-8184
Angela Liberti
Division of Water
Resources
291 Promenade St.
Providence, RI 02908
(401) 277-6519
Vern Berry
U.S. EPA Region 8
999 18m SL
S-WM-C
Denver, CO 80202-2466
(303) 293-1630
Brent Larson
U.S. EPA Region 6
1445 Ross Ave.
6W-PM
Dallas, TX 75202
(214) 655-7175
Brian Koiker
Environmental Conservation
Permits and Compliance
103 S. Main St
Annex Building
Waterbury, VT 05671-0405
(802) 244-5674
-------
CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 2-5.
State
NF'DES STORM WATER PROGRAM PERMITTING AUTHORITIES
(Continued)
Contact
State
Contact
Virgin kiand* yee
Waihiagton yei
W«t Virginia ye*
Wyoming
yet
Marc Pacifico
DepL of Planning & Natural
Reaoorcee
1118 Watergnt Project
Chriitiansted
SL Croix. VI OOS20-5065
(809)773-0565
Gary Kruger
DepL of Ecology
Water Quality Divuion
P.O. Box 47600
01ympia,WA 9S504-7600
(206) 43S-7529
Jerry Ray
Divirion of Water Raaonrcee
1201 Greenbriar St.
Charieeion, WV 25311
(304) 34S-0375
John Wagner
Dept. of Environmental Quality
Herachler Building. 4tb Floor
Cheyenne, WY 82002
(307) 777-70*2
Virginia
Wajhington
D.C.
Wi
yw Burton Tuxfbrd
Water Control Board
Permits Section
P.O. Box 11143
Richmond, VA 23230-1143
(NM) 527-50*3
no Kevin Magerr
U.S. EPA Region 3
S41ChettmtBldg.
3WM53
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 597-1651
yee Anne Mauel
DepL of Natural Reaourcei
Wattewmter Management
P.O. Box 7921
Maduon,WI 53707
(601)267-7364
2.7 WHEN SAMPLING IS REQUIRED
Industrial individual and group applicants must include sampling data from at least one representative
storm event Operators of large or medium municipal separate storm sewer systems must submit
sampling data from three different representative storm events. How to determine
"representativeness" and other considerations for when to sample are presented below.
2.7.1 STORM EVENT CRITERIA
Storm water discharge permit Application requir-ments er^blish snerifjc criteria for the type of storm
event that must be sampled:
• The depth of the storm must be greater than 0.1 inch accumulation
• The storm must be preceded by at least 72 hours of dry weather
* Where feasible, the depth of rain and duration of the event should not vary by more than 50
percent from the average depth and duration.
15
July 1992
-------
CHATTER 2 • BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
i:\mmr 26 INDUSTRIAL f ACIU TILS WHICH MUST SIUMIT APPLICATIONS
I OR STORM \\ All R PERMITS
4VCFR
2J*XbM
Subpart
Description
0)
Facilities wbj«ct to norm water effluent limitations guidelines, new source performance standards,
or toxic pollutants effluent standards under 40 CFR, Sabchapter N [except equities which are
exempt under category (xi)].
Facilities classified as:
SIC 24 (except 2434) Lumber and Wood Prodneti
SIC 26 (except 265 ad 267) . Paper and Allied Product*
SIC 28 (except 283 and 2S5) . Chemicals and Allied Product!
SIC 29 Petroleum and Coal Product!
SIC 311 Leather Tanning «nd Finishing
SIC 32 (except 323) Stone, day and Ota* Product!
SIC 33 Primary Metal laduethee
SIC 3441 Fabricated Structural Metal
SIC 373 Ship and Boat Building and Repairing
Cm)
Facilities classified at SIC 10 thraufb 14, including active or inactive mining operation! and oil
and gas exploration, production, jirnroaini,. or treatment operations, or trancmiiaion facilities mat
discharge storm water contaminated by contact with, or mat has come into contact with, any
overburden, raw material, intermediate products, finished products, byproducts, or waste products
located on me site of such operation!.
SIC 10 Metal Mining
SIC 11 Anthracite Mining
SIC 12 Coal Mining
SIC 13 Oil and Gas Extraction
SIC 14 NonmetaUic Minerals, except Fuels
Civ)
(v)
Hazardous waste treatment, storage, or disposal facilities, including those that are operating under
interim (tatus or a permit under Subtitle C of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA).
Landfills, land application sites, and open dumps that receive or have received any industrial wastes
including those that are subject to regulation under subtitle D or RCRA.
(vi)
Facilities involved in the recycling of material, including metal scrapyards, battery reclaimers,
salvage yards, and automobile junkyards, including but limited to those classified as:
SIC 5015 Motor Vehicle Parts, Used
SIC 5093 Scrap and Waste Materials
(vii)
Steam electric power generating facilities, including coal handling sites.
(viii)
Transportation fiecilities which have vehicle maintenance shops, equipment cleaning operations, or
airport de-icing operations. Only the?* portions of the fW uty that are either involved in vehicle
(including vehicle rehabilitation, mechanical repairs, pfinhnfi fuelling,
lubrication), equipment cleaning operations, or airport de-icing operations, or which are otherwise
listed in another category, are included.
SIC 40 ............... Railroad Transportation
SIC 41 ............... Local and Suburban Transit
SIC 42 (except 4221-25) ---- Motor Freight and Warehousing
SIC 43 ............... U.S. Postal Service
SIC 44 ............... Water Transportation
SIC 45 ............... Transportation by Air
SIC 5171 ............. Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals
16
-------
CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 2-6. INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES WHICH MIST SI li.MIT APPLICATIONS
FOR STORM WATLR PERMITS (Continued)
4* CHI
12L2*XbH10
Subpavt
("0
(x)
(xi)
Description
device or system, used in the storage, treatment, recycling, and reclamation of municipal or
within the confines of the facility, with a design flow of 1.0 million gallons par day or more, or
lands, domestic gardens, or lands used for sludge management where sludge is beneficially reused
and which are not physically located in the confines of the facility, or areas that are in compliance
with Section 405 of the CWA.
result in the disturbance of less than 5 acres of total land area and those mat are not pan of a larger
common plan of development or sale.*
Facilities under the following SICs [which are not otherwise included in categories (UXx)J,
including only storm water discharges where material handling equipment or activities, raw
mM'nnJf in'enntKlistt products t final products, waste materials, byproducts, or industrial
machinery are exposed to storm water.*
SIC 20 Food and Kindred Products
SIC 21 Tobacco Products
SIC 22 . , Textile Mil] Products
SIC 23 Apparel and Other Textile Products
SIC 2434 ........ Wood Kitchen Cabinets
SIC 25 ,. , .-,-,.... Furniture •"•* Fixtures
SIC 265 Paperboard Containers and Boxes
SIC 267 , Converted Paper rt4 Paper Board Products
(except containers and boxes)
SIC 27 Printing •"** Publishing
SIC 283 Drugs
SIC 285 .......... Paints, Vamifhes, Lacquer, Enamels
SIC 30 Rubber and Misc. Plastics Products
SIC 31 (except 311) Leather and Leather Products
SIC 323 Products of Purchased Glass
SIC 34 (except 3441) Fabricated Metal Products
SIC 35 Industrial Machinery and Equipment, except Electrical
SIC 36 Electronic and Other Electric Equipment
SIC 37 (except 373) Transportation Equipment
SIC 38 Instruments and Related Products
SIC 39 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries
SIC 4221 Farm Products Warehousing and Storage
SIC 4222 . ..-,--,,. Refrigerated Warehousing and Storage
SIC 4225 General Warehousing and Storage
Source: Federal Register, Vol. 55, No. 222. p. 4*065, November 16, 1990.
•On June 1 1 , 1992, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit remanded the exemption for construction sites
of less than five acres in category (x) and for manufacturing facilities in category (xi) which do not have materials
or activities exposed to storm water to the EPA for further rulemaking. (Nos. 90-70671 A 91-70200).
17
July 1992
-------
CHATTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
These criteria were established to: (1) ensure that adequate flow would be discharged; (2) allow some
build-up of pollutants during the dry weather intervals; and (3) ensure that the storm would be
'representative,' (i-«-. typical for the area in terms of intensity, depth, and duration).
Collection of samples during a storm event meeting these criteria ensures that the resulting data will
accurately portray the most common conditions for each site. However, the permitting authority is
authorized to approve modifications of mis definition (especially for applicants in arid areas where
there are few representative events). Section S.I of Chapter 5 discusses general protocol for
requesting modifications to application requirements, including the definition of "representative
storm."
In determining whether a storm is representative, there are two important steps to take. First, data
on local weather patterns should be collected and analyzed to determine the range of representative
storms for a particular area. Second, these results should be compared to measurements of duration,
intensity, and depth to ensure that the storm to be sampled fits the representativeness criteria.
2.73 OBTAINING RAINFALL DATA
Several sources provide accurate local weather information for both: (1) determining what a
representative storm event is for a particular area; and (2) assessing expected storm events to
determine whether a predicted rainfall will be 'representative,' and thus, meet the requirements for
storm water sampling. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National
Climatic Data Center's (NCDC's) Climate Services Branch is responsible for collecting precipitation
data. Data on hourly, daily, and monthly precipitation for each measuring station (with latitude and
longitude) are available to the public on computer diskette, microfiche, or hard copy. Orders can
be placed by calling (704) 259-0682, by fax at (704) 259-0876, or by writing to NCDC, Climate
Services Branch, The Federal Building, Asheville, North Carolina 28071-2733.
The National Weather Service (NWS) of NOAA can also provide information on historic, current,
and future weather conditions. Local NWS telephone numbers can be obtained from the NWS Public
Affairs Office at (301) 713-0622. Telephone numbers are also usually in local phone directory
listings under "National Weather Service" or "Weather." In addition, NOAA runs the NOAA NWS
18
-------
CHAPTER 1- BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
Weather Radio, which provides continuous broadcasts of the most current weather information. This
broadcast can be accessed with a radio that has a weather band feature. Approximately 90 percent
of the United States population is within listening range of the 380 NWS stations. Technical
Appendix B presents additional information on NOAA Weather Radio, including radio frequencies
for specific locations and a listing of weather band radio manufacturers. Telephone recordings of
weather conditions are also provided by most NWS offices.
Cable TV weather stations and local airports can also provide weather information. Weather
information provided by the local newspaper or TV stations should be used only if more accurate
data (as described above) are unavailable, since weather forecasts can change drastically within
several hours.
Someone should be designated at the facility to follow current weather conditions by listening to
NOAA Weather Radio, calling the local NWS offices, and watching cable TV weather news.
Exhibit 2-7 presents a storm water sampling decision chart for mobilizing field personnel for a
probable storm event
Annual rainfall statistics can also be used to evaluate representativeness of storm events. For
example, Exhibit 2-8 presents fifteen rain zones in the United States and related storm event
statistics. (These rain zones are not those shown in 40 CFR Part 122 Appendix E.) To determine
typical values of annual storm events for a particular facility, identify the zone in which the facility
is located. The tabulated information lists the annual average number of storms and precipitation
as well as the average duration, intensity, and depth of independent storm events for each zone.
Care must be taken, however, in using annual rainfall statistics for determining representativeness
of storm events, since the annual rainfall statistic may not be representative of seasonal rainfall
events. If rainfall data is available at or c\a~* m . Particular ^cilhy, it is preferable to use this data
for determining average storm event statistics.
Rainfall data tabulated from NOAA precipitation data indicate for Alaska (not shown in Exhibit 2-8)
that average storm events last from 14 to 24 hours in duration and are 0.6 to 1.05 inches in depth.
Average storm event data for Hawaii are 9 to 11 hours in duration and from 0.6 to 1.6 inches in
depth.
19 July 1992
-------
CHATTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
r:\muiT 27 DI risiox CHART IOR STORM \VATLR SAMPLING
FoNaw Otfry 41
Evaluations Vta:
NOAAWsaJfterRac*)
LocafcCaWa New*
Airport WcdtMf itrtofmtton
Sp«cut>t* Probability of
ConttntM to Evatiwto Impending
StonnEvvnt
S«t Up Auto Samplers and^r
Notify Sampling
No Storm or
Unfapraaantctlva
Ukary or Highly Ukaly Raora-
lantattva Storm Evant WW Occur
^ v v v \ \ \
s \ x \T\ \ \ \
\ \ \w, s \ \ \
^ T v x \ _\ s
DoNolSampia
t
UtoryEvarrta
ConOnuato
Evatuatt
HigMy Ukary
Evanta
Evant
Evant Bacomaa
HigMy Ukaly
^
Notffy Craw Thai
Bag*
20
-------
CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 2-8. RAIN ZONES OF THE 1'NITED STATES
RAIN ZONE
NORTHEAST
KORTH EAST-
COASTAL
MTOATLAKnC
CENTRAL
NORTH CENTRAL
SOUTHEAST
EAST GULP
EAST TEXAS
WEST TEXAS
SOOTHWEST
WEST INLAND
PAOFIC SOUTH
NORTHWEST INLAND
PACIFIC CENTRAL
PACIFIC
NORTHWEST
N*.
ATI
70
63
62
61
55
65
61
41
30
20
14
19
31
32
71
•TStara
COV
0.13
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.16
0.15
0.17
0.22
0.27
OJO
OJI
0.36
0.23
0.25
0.15
• Pn
ATI
34.6
41.4
39J
41.9
29.1
49.0
53.7
31.2
17J
7.4
4.9
10.2
11J
11.4
35.7
rip.
COV
0.1S
0.21
0.1S
0.19
0.22
OJO
0.23
0.29
OJ3
0.37
0.43
0.42
0-29
OJ3
0.19
Dm** l*-*r V*M DELTA
ATI
(to)
11.2
11.7
10.1
9.2
9J
1.7
6.4
1.0
7.4
7.1
9.4
11.6
10.4
13.7
15.9
COV
0.11
0.77
O.S4
045
0.13
0.92
1.05
0.97
0.91
O.M
0.75
0.71
O.S2
O.SO
0.10
ATI
(in/fcr)
0.067
0.071
0.092
0.097
O.OT7
0.122
0.171
0.137
0.121
0.079
0.055
0.054
0.057
0.041
0.035
COV
1.23
1.05
1.20
1.09
1.20
1.09
1.03
KM
1.13
1.16
1.06
0.76
1.20
0.15
0.73
ATI
0>)
OJO
0.66
0.64
0.62
OJ5
0.75
0.10
0.76
OJ7
OJ7
0.36
OJ4
OJ7
OJI
OJO
COV
0.95
1.03
1.01
1.00
1.01
1.10
1.19
1.11
1.07
O.M
047
0.91
0.93
1.05
1.09
ATI
(hr)
126
140
143
133
167
136
130
213
302
473
786
476
304
265
123
COV
0.94
0.17
0.97
0.99
1.17
1.03
1.25
1.21
1.53
1.46
134
2.09
1.43
2.00
1JO
COV • Coefficient of Variation - Standard Deviation/Mean
DELTA » Interval Between Stonn Midpoint!
o - Rain Gauge Stations
Source: Urtwo Tarjetinj and BMP Selection, U.S. EPA Region 5, November 1990.
21
July 1992
-------
CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
The NWS should be consulted for proper procedures for collecting and interpolating rainfall data if
the applicant elects to collect the dan rather than use existing data.
2.7 J DETERMINING REPRESENTATIVENESS
An example of how to determine whether a rainfall event varies by more than 50 percent (i.e., is
D2J representative) is shown in Exhibit 2-9.
LXIIIHI 1 2 9. LXAMIM.1-: 01 >() I'LRCLNT VARIANCL I ROM AVLKAGIZ
RAINFALL
Event Type
Average event
50 percent average event
150 percent average event
Duration (hrs.)
5.2
2.6
7,8
Depth (in.)
0.43
0,22
0.65
Once the information on an average duration and depth storm event is obtained for a specific
location, multiply these numbers by 0.5 to get the 50 percent average event numbers and
multiply by 1.5 to get the 150 percent average event numbers.
A representative Storm in both duration and depth for a
specific area wffl fait between the shaded numbers above
(Le., between 2.6 and 7.8 hours hi duration and 0.22
and 0.65 inches in depth).
Snowmelt creates runoff which may result in point source discharges very similar to that from other
storm events. Pollutants accumulate in snow, and when a thaw occurs, the pollutants will be
discharged to receiving waters much like during a rain storm event. Snowmelt may be sampled as
long as the applicant works closely with die permitting authority to determine the proper sampling
strategy, i.e., sampling procedures, techniques, and pollutant analyses.
For snowmelt, the sampling strategy should be developed depending on the drainage area oeing
monitored for storm flow. The strategy should consider (1) snow removal or clearing practices,
e.g., direct dumping into water bodies, plowing, and the creation of snow mounds (whether in a line
along a roadway or in piles on parking lots, etc.), and (2) the melting process.
It is also important to consider what happens to snowmounds as they melt and evaporate, which can
alter the pollutant concentration in the resulting runoff. In addition, pollutants from the surrounding
22
-------
CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
air and pavement can build up on snow mound surfaces in a oust or cake-like manner eventually
leaving a residue (including previously dissolved solids that become a remaining solids residue)
which is later left to be washed off by rainfall, manual flushing or other mechanisms.
The sampling of snow mounds, undisturbed snow itself, and hard pack requires a carefully thought
out strategy. Given the complexities associated with snowmek sampling, applicants should have
proposed sampling strategies reviewed by the permitting authority before attempting to conduct
sampling.
2.7.4 LOGISTICAL PROBLEMS WITH WHEN TO SAMPLE
Applicants may encounter weather conditions that may not meet minimum "representative' storm
criteria; these conditions may prevent adequate collection of storm water samples prior to application
submission deadlines. For instance, sampling may be problematic in parts of the country that
experience drought or near-drought conditions or areas that are under adverse weather conditions
such as freezing and flooding. Events with false starts and events with stop/start rains can also cause
problems. Solutions for sampling under these circumstances are discussed below.
Where the timing of storm event sampling poses a problem, it may be appropriate for the applicant
to petition die permitting authority for a sampling protocol/procedure modification either prior to
sampling or after sampling is conducted (if the storm event is not acceptable). When the applicant
requests a sampling protocol/procedure modification, a narrative justification should be attached.
This justification should be certified by a corporate official (for industrial facilities) or the principle
executive officer or ranking official (for municipalities), as per 40 CFR 122.22. Section 5.1 of
Chapter 5 discusses protocol/procedure modifications.
Arid Areas
For arid or drought-stricken areas where a storm event does not occur prior to the time the applicant
must sample and submit data with the application form, the applicant should submit the application,
complete to the extent possible, with a detailed explanation of why sampling data ?.'. not provided
and an appraisal of when sampling will be conducted. This explanation must be certified by the
appropriate party (as described above). The applicant should also contact the permitting authority
23 July 1992
-------
CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
for further direction. Where the applicant can anticipate such problems, approval for an extension
to submit sampling data should be acquired prior to the deadline.
Advene Weather Conditions
The applicant should never conduct storm water sampling during unsafe conditions. It is likely that,
in areas that experience flooding, lightening storms, high winds, etc., another representative storm
event will occur for which sampling conditions will be much safer. (For further information on
safety issues, see Chapter 6.) If no other storm event occurs, the applicant should submit a
justification as to why the event was not sampled. This information should be certified by the
appropriate official.
False Starts apd StflP/Stflt F?in!t
False start and stop/start rains can also cause problems. False starts may occur when weather
conditions are unpredictable and it appears that a storm event may be representative, collection
begins, and then the rain stops before an adequate sample volume is obtained. (Necessary sample
volumes are discussed in Section 3.6.) Some latitude may be given for die 0.1-inch rainfall
requirement as long as the sample volume is adequate; the permitting authority may accept the results
with applicant justification and certification. Again, see Chapter 5 for information on requesting
protocol/procedure modifications to storm water sampling requirements.
During stop/start rains (those in which rainfall is intermittent), samples should be taken until an
adequate sample volume is obtained. Exhibit 2-10 summarizes logistical problems of storm water
sampling and presents solutions to the problems identified.
2.7.5 WHEN INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES MUST SAMPLE
Industrial applicants must generally collect two types of storm water samples: (1) grab samples
collected during the first 30 minutes of discharge; and (2) flow-weighted composite samples collected
during the first 3 hours of discharge (or the entire discharge, if it is less than 3 hours). Information
from bom types of samples is critical to fully evaluate the types and concentrations of pollutants
present in the storm water discharge.
24
-------
CHAPTER 2 • BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 2-10. LOGISTICAL PROBLEMS OF STORM WATER SAMPLING
Problem: Arid/drought areas
Solution: Submit a petition requesting a modification to the protocol if problems are
anticipated and, if h is approved, submit the application without sampling
data by the application due date with a certified explanation. Provide
sampling data to the permitting authority as soon as possible.
Problem: Adverse weather conditions such aj freezing, flooding winds, tornadoes,
electrical storms, and gufly washes
Solution: Sample another, less hazardous event or submit a certified justification of
why the event was not sampled. Provide sampling data to the permitting
authority as soon as possible.
Problem; False starts
Solution: Discard the sample if the volume is inadequate. If the volume is adequate,
submit the sampling data with a certified explanation that the sample is from
a non-representative event Continue to monitor weather conditions and
attempt to resample as soon as possible.
Problem; Stop/start rains
Solution: Continue to sample in case the storm event turns out to be representative and
adequate sample volumes are obtained. If sample volumes are inadequate,
continue to monitor weather conditions and attempt to resample as soon as
possible.
The grab samples taken during the first 30 minutes of a storm event will generally contain higher
concentrations of pollutants, since they pick up pollutants that have accumulated on drainage surfaces
since the last storm event
Composite samples characterize the average quality of the entire storm water discharge. Flow-
weighted composite samples provide for the most accurate determination of mass load. The flow-
weighted composite sample must be taken for either the first 3 hours or for the entire discharge (if
the event is less than 3 hours long). Additional information on how to collect grab and composite
samples is presented in Sections 3.3 and 3.4, respectively.
Industrial applicants are required at a minimum to sample only one storm event However, if
samples from more than one storm are analyzed and the results are representative of the discharge,
the data representing each event must be reported. The facility must provide a description of each
storm event tested. The average of all values within the last year must be determined and the
25 July 1992
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CHATTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
concentration, mass, and total number of storm eveno sampled must be reported on Form 2F.
Furthermore, sampling should be conducted during normal operating procedures (day or night), and,
not when the facility has been dosed for a period of time.
Industrial applicants must certify, as a separate requirement, that all outfalls have been tested or
evaluated to determine whether non-storm water discharges are present (e.g., process wastewater,
sanitary wastes, cooling water, or rinse water) or whedier illegal/illicit connections are occurring in
the system. This testing should be conducted during dry weather to avoid any flows of storm water
through the conveyance.
A checklist that can be used to conduct dry weather evaluations is provided in Exhibit 2-11. A
narrative description of the method used to conduct dry weather evaluations and the date and the
drainage points must be included in Section V.A of Form 2F. This statement must be certified by
the appropriate party as described in Section 2.7.4.
A dry weather visual inspection is the simplest way to screen for illicit discharges. If one or more
of the items on the checklist in Exhibit 2-11 are answered affirmatively, or if there are other reasons
to believe that illicit connections exist, more detailed investigations (such as dye tests, smoke tests,
evaluation of piping designs, and TV line monitoring) may be necessary. Dye testing involves
releasing fluorescent, nontoxic dye into the suspected source of non-storm water, (e.g., a drain, sink,
toilet, or pipe) and checking to see whether the dye shows up in the storm water outfall. Smoke
testing involves pumping smoke into a storm sewer and viewing die facility to see if smoke escapes
through unknown openings or storm sewer inlets. The presence of smoke indicates that storm water
may enter the sewer through these openings or inlets. However, smoke testing may prove ineffective
at finding non-storm water discharges to separate storm sewers. Smoke passage may be blocked due
to line traps that are intended to block sewer gas.
TV line monitoring is a technique whereby a small video camera is placed in the storm sewer and
a video image of the sewer is viewed on a monitor at the surface to identify illicit connections. The
camera can be moved through die sewer by remote control. For more information on smoke and
dye testing and TV line monitoring, consult EPA's Guidance Manual for me Preparation of NPDES
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CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 2-11. CHECKLIST F OR CONDUCTING DRY WEATHER EVALUATIONS
7.
1. Data of inspection:
3. Date of last rain event:.
4. Inspector name:
2. Facility name and address:.
5. Type of outfall
D Concrete
Pipe G Gnand D Rock D Other.
6. Is there visible flow from the pipe? O Yea D No
If yes, check alJ that apply. If DO, go to number 7.
D Colored water (describe)__
D Odor* (demcribe)
D Murky
O Floating objects (describe).
D Oily sheen
D Sludge
G dear water
G Stain* oo co
G Abaonce of plant life surrounding
conveyance
G Scum
G Notable difference in plant life nrrounding
conveyance
Q Sud* Q Other
"e.g., rotten eggs, earthy, chemical, chlorine, soap, putrescence,
musty, etc.
Estimate the Mow either visually or by describing the width, height, and shape of the conveyance and
the approximate percentage of the conveyance where flow u present or the approximate depth of the
flow. Describe your
Is there standing water present? G Yes G No
If yes, check all that apply. If no. go to number 8.
G Colored water (describe)
D Odor* (describe)
D Murky
G Floating objects (describe).
G Absence of plant life surrounding
conveyance
G Suds
G Oily sheen
G Sludge present
G dear water
G Stains on conveyance
G Notable difference in plant life surrounding
conveyance
D Scum Q Other
G Absence of plant life surrounding conveyance
*e.g., rotten eggs, earthy, chemical, chlorine, soap, putrescence, gasoline, musty, etc.
8. From the inspection locations, can you see any unusual piping or ditches that drain to the storm
water conveyance? G Ye* G No
9. Is mere any overland flow visible from the discharge location? G Yaa G No
10. Are there dead animals present? O Yes G No _____
Signature:
27
July 1992
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CHATTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
tit Applications for Storm Wflff*1 Discharges AjjQCJajpi with Induyri*] AflJYJtv (EPA-505/S-91-
002, April 1991).
A problem with the dry weather evaluation process is that the presence of a dry weather/non-storm
water discharge may be caused by infiltration of ground or surface waters through cracks in the
storm water drainage system. In this situation, all other possible sources of the non-storm water
discharge should be examined and ruled out If no sources are found, the physical structure of the
conveyance system should be inspected for deterioration.
The applicant should make every attempt to halt non-storm water discharges to the storm sewer
system unless the discharge is covered by an NPDES permit. If it is not feasible to halt the
discharge of non-storm water to the storm sewer system, and the discharge is QQ$ authorized by a
process wastewater or storm water permit, the applicant must submit either Form 2C (for a process
water discharge) or Form 2£ (for a nonprocess water discharge), and check with state officials to
see if alternate forms are required.
2.7.6 WHEN MUNICIPAL FACILITIES MUST SAMPLE
Municipal applicants are required to conduct sampling for both Parts 1 and 2 of men* applications.
In Part 1, municipalities must conduct a field screening analysis to detect illicit connections and
illegal dumping into their storm sewer system. Where flow is observed during dry weather, two
grab samples must be collected during a 24-hour period with a minimum of 4 hours between
samples. These samples must be analyzed for pH, total chlorine, total copper, total phenol, and
detergents (surfactants). Note that these are dry weather samples, rather than storm water samples.
EPA's Guidance Manual for the Preparation pf Part 1 of the NPDES Permh Applications for
Discharges from Municipal Sepai?** Storm Sewer Systems presents a description of conducting field
screening sampling and provides a data sheet.
For Pan 2 of the application, municipalities must submit grab (for certain pollutants) and flow*
weighted sampling data from selected sites (5 to 10 outfalls) for 3 representative storm events at least
1 month apart The flow-weighted composite sample must be taken for either the entire discharge
or the first 3 hours (if the event lasts longer than 3 hours). Municipal facilities are not required to
collect grab samples within the first 30 minutes of a storm event
28
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CHAFFER 2 • BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
In addition to submitting quantitative data for the application, municipalities must also develop
programs for future sampling activities that specify sampling locations, frequency, pollutants to be
analyzed, and sampling equipment Where necessary (as determined by the municipality or if
required by the permitting authority), responsibilities may also include monitoring industries
connected to the municipality's storm sewers for compliance with their facility-specific NPDES
permits. Refer to EPA's Guidance Manual for me Prepajatifln flf part 1 of the NPDES Permit
Applications for Discharges from Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems for information on how
to develop municipal sampling programs.
2.7.7 USE OF HISTORICAL DATA
Data from storm water samples analyzed in the past can be submitted with applications in lieu of new
sampling data if:
• All data requirements in Form 2F are met
• Sampling was performed no longer than 3 years prior to submission of the permit application
• All water quality data are representative of the present discharge.
The historical data may be unacceptable if there have been significant changes since the time of that
storm event in production level, raw materials, processes, or final products. Significant changes
which may also impact storm water runoff include construction or installation of treatment or
sedimentation/erosion control devices, buildings, roadways, or parking lots. Applicants should assess
any such changes to determine whether they altered storm water runoff since the time of the storm
event chosen for use in the permit application. Historical data can be used only in applications.
Historical data cannot be used for fulfilling permit requirements.
2.8 WHERE TO SAMPLE STORM WATER DISCHARGES
Storm water samples should be taken at a storm water point source. A "point source" is defined as
any discernible, confined, and discrete conveyance, including (but not limited to) any pipe, ditch,
channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container, rolling stock, concentrated animal feeding
operation, landfill leachate collection system, vessel, or other floating craft from v/hicfc pollutants
are or may be discharged (as per 40 CFR 122.2). Included in the definition of storm water "point
29 July 1992
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CHATTER 3 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMFUNG
sources" is storm water from an industrial facility that enters, and is discharged through, a municipal
separate storm sewer. In short, most storm water discharges can be defined as "point source'
discharges, since they ultimately flow into some kind of conveyance (e.g., a channel or swale).
2.8.1 INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES
Industrial applicants submitting individual applications must collect and analyze a grab sample taken
within the first 30 minutes of the storm event and flow-weighted composite samples from each of
the industrial storm water "point source" outfalls identified on the she drainage map submitted for
Section ID of Form 2F. Applicants submitting quantitative data for Pan 2 of the group application
must also collect samples for each outfall discharging storm water associated with industrial activity.
All outfalls should be sampled during the same representative storm event if possible. If this is not
feasible, outfalls may be sampled during different representative storm events upon approval by the
permitting authority. Descriptions of each storm event and which outfalls were sampled during each
event must be included in the application. Storm water runoff from employee parking lots,
administration buildings, and landscaped areas thit is not mixed with storm water associated with
industrial activity, or storm water discharges to municipal sanitary sewers, do not need to be
sampled.
Outfalls With Substantially Identical Effluents—Industrial Facilities
If an applicant has two or more outfalls with "substantially identical effluents," the facility may
petition the permitting authority to sample and analyze only one of the identical outfalls and submit
the results as representative of the other. "Substantially identical effluents" are defined as discharges
from drainage areas undergoing similar activities where the discharges are expected to be of similar
quantity and quality, and indistinguishable in expected composition. Chapter 5 presents an example
of a petition for substantially identical effluents an discusses this process in more detail.
2.8.2 MUNICIPALITIES
Large and medium municipalities are required to sample storm water discharges from 5 to 10 outfalls
or field screening points that were proposed in Part 1 of the application. The final decision on the
number and location of sampling points will be determined by the permitting authority and will
30
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CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
depend on she-specific conditions such as land use or drainage area and results of data collected
during die field screening analysis process for Part 1 of the application.
2.8 3 LOGISTICS OF WHERE TO SAMPLE
The ideal sampling location would be the lowest point in the drainage area where a conveyance
discharges storm water to waters of the U.S. or to a municipal separate storm sewer system. A
sample point also should be easily accessible on foot in a location that will not «wse hazardous
sampling conditions. Ideally, the sampling site should be on the applicant's property or within the
municipality's easement; if not, the field personnel should obtain permission from die owner of die
property where the discharge outfall is located. Typical sampling locations may include die
discharge at the end of a pipe, a ditch, or a channel.
However, logistical problems with sample locations may arise (e.g., nonpoint discharges,
inaccessibility of discharge point, etc.). Logistical problems with sample locations and suggested
solutions are described in Exhibit 2-12. In many cases, it may be necessary to locate a sampling
point further upstream of the discharge point (e.g., in a manhole or inlet). If the storm water at a
selected location is not representative of a facility's total runoff, me facility may have to sample at
several locations to best characterize the total runoff from the she. In situations where discharge
points are difficult to sample for various reasons, the applicant should take the best sample possible
and explain the conditions in die application. A discussion on sampling at retention ponds appears
in Section 3.1.2.
2.9 STAFFING CONSIDERATIONS
Staffing needs for sampling must be determined by die applicant Factors in making the
determination include the number of sample locations, the size of the area to be sampled, how far
apart the locations are, die type of sampling required, the technique to be used, the number of
samples to be taken (depending on how many parameters must be analyzed), and safety
considerations.
Training sampling personnel is important to the success of storm water discharge characterization.
Training can be done using mis manual. Sampling conducted by untrained personnel may result in
31 July 1992
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CHAPTER 2 • BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
EXHIH1T 2 12. SOLUTIONS TO SAMPI.P. LOCATION PROBLHMS
Problem: Sampling where storm watercommingles with, process or noo-ptocesi w«ter
Sotutioo: Attempt to sample the storm water discharge before it mixes with the non-storm
water discharge. If this is impossible, sample the discharge both during dry
and wet weather and present both sets of data to the permitting authority. This
will provide an indication of the contribution of pollutants from each source.
Problem: Numerous small point discharges , >
Solution: Impound channel or join together flow by building a weir or digging a ditch to
collect discharge at a low point for sampling purposes. This artificial collection
point should be lined with plastic to prevent infiltration and/or high levels of
sediment. Or, sample at several locations to represent total she runoff.
Problem; Inaccessible discharge point [examples include underwater discharges or
unreadable discharges (e.g., out of a. cUfi)| ^v;. T
Solution: Go up the pipe to sample (i.e., to the nearest manhole or inspection point). If
these are not available, tap into the pipe or sample at several locations to best
represent total site runoff.
Problem: Managing multiple sampling sites to collect grab samples during the first 30
minutes (industrial facilities only)
Solution: Have a sampling crew ready for mobilization when forecasts indicate that a
representative storm will occur or sample several different representative
events. Also, for most parameters, automatic samplers may be used to collect
samples within the first 30 minutes triggered by the amount of rainfall, the
depth of flow, flow volume or time.
Problem: Commingling of parking lot runoff with discharge associated with industrial
activity ,
Solution: The combined runoff must be sampled at the discharge point as near as possible
^ to the receiving water or the parking lot drain inlet if there is one.
Problem: Sampling in manholes
Solution: Sample in manholes only when necessary. See Chapter 6 for safety
information Sampling in manholes requires training on confined space entry.
Problem: Runon from other property
Solution: If possible, estimate the volume of offsite runon contributions and offsite runon
sources of pollutants to perform a mass balance calculation. Include this
information in the permit application. If this estimation is not possible, provide
a narrative discussion of die upstream site (e.g., is H developed, if so the type
of facility, the types of pollutants that may be present on the site, etc.).
32
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CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOR STORM WATER SAMPLING
data that is unrepresentative of the facility's storm water discharge. This data might be rejected by
me permitting authority, who would then require another sampling effort.
33 July 1991
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CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND FOB STORM WATER SAMPLING
34
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CHAFFER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
3. FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
Because of the variable nature of storm water flows during a rainfall event and different analytical
considerations for certain pollutants, the storm water regulations establish specific requirements for
sample collection techniques. The quality of storm water discharges and logistical needs for
sampling will be different for industrial applicants and municipal applicants. Therefore, specific
sampling requirements vary. After a brief review of sampling fundamentals and special sampling
requirements for storm water permit applications, the following sections are intended to teach
applicants how to sample to meet these requirements.
The applicant should carefully plan his/her sampling strategy prior to the actual sampling event, e.g.,
walk the site to determine appropriate sampling locations, become familiarized with local rainfall
patterns, train sampling staff in procedures and safety, consult with laboratory, and collect supplies.
3.1 TYPES AND TECHNIQUES OF SAMPLING
There are three basic aspects of sampling:
• Sample type (i.e., grab versus composite)
• Sample technique (i-e., manual versus automatic)
• Flow measurement methods.
These topics will be discussed in relation to requirements of an NPDES storm water discharge permit
application. Once these aspects are addressed, step-by-step instructions on sampling procedures are
presented. The sections below define and describe the types of storm water samples that must be
collected and methods or techniques for collecting them. In addition, special sampling requirements
for cert— pollutants are discussed.
35 July 1992
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CHATTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMFUNG
3.1.1 SAMPLE TYPE VERSUS SAMPLE TECHNIQUE
It is important to understand the difference between sample type and technique. 'Sample type' refers
to the kind of sample that must be collected - either a grab or a composite. 'Sample technique"
refers to the method by which a grab or composite sample is actually collected - either manually or
by automatic sampler. A generalized relationship between sample type and sample technique is
presented in Exhibit 3-1. Sections 3.1.2 and 3.1.3 further explain the significance of these terms
as they relate to storm water sampling requirements.
EXHIBIT 3-1. SAMPLE TYPE vs. SAMPLE TECHNIQUE
Sample Type
Sample Technique
Grab
Manual
Automatic sampling system
Composite
Manual with manual compositing
Automatic system or automatic sampling with
manual compositing
3.1.2 SAMPLE TYPE: GRAB AND COMPOSITE SAMPLES
To comply with storm water application requirements, the sample type (grab or composite) must be
collected in accordance with 40 CFR 122.21(g)(7) and 40 CFR Part 136. The storm water
application requirements clearly specify which pollutants must be analyzed by grab sample, and
which by composite sample. Although the requirements in 40 CFR 122.21 (g)(7) do not explicitly
specify either manual or automatic sampling techniques, the approved analytical methods contained
in 40 CFR Part 136 direct that grab samples must be collected manually for certain pollutants.
Sections 3.3 and 3.4 clarify which pollutants must be grabbed, which ones must be grabbed
manually, and which ones must be flow-weighted composites.
The two types of storm water samples required by the regulations, grab and composite samples, are
described below.
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
Grab Samples
A grab sample is a discrete, individual sample taken within a short period of time (usually less than
15 minutes). Analysis of grab samples characterizes the quality of a storm water discharge at a given
time of the discharge.
Composite Samples
A composite sample is a mixed or combined sample that is formed by combining a series of
individual and discrete samples of specific volumes at specified intervals. Although these intervals
can be time-weighted or flow-weighted, the storm water regulations require the collection of flow-
weighted composite samples. This means that discrete aliquots, or samples, are collected and
combined in proportion to flow rather than time. Composite samples characterize the quality of a
storm water discharge over a longer period of time, such as the duration of a storm event
Application Requirements
Both types of samples must be collected and analyzed for storm water discharge permit applications.
Grab samples must be collected for the following conditions:
• For storm water discharges associated with industrial activity, a grab sample must be obtained
during the first 30 minutes of a discharge. This requirement is in addition to the composite
sampling requirements. These samples are intended to characterize the maximum
concentration of a pollutant that may occur in the discharge and/or may indicate intermingling
of non-storm water discharges.
• For storm water discharges from large and medium municipal separate storm sewers, grab
samples are required for Part 1 of the application if a discharge is noted during dry weather
field screening. Two grab samples must be collected during a 24-hour period with a
minimum of 4 hours between samples. These samples are intended to assist in the
identificatior of illicit connections or illegal dumping. In Part 2, grab samples may be
required foi the analysis of certain p^ujcants for which municipalities are requaed to sample.
Flow-weighted composite samples must be collected during the first 3 hours of discharge or the
entire discharge (if it is less than 3 hours) for both industrial and municipal applicants.
37 Jnly 1991
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CHAPTER 3 . FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
Pollutant-specific Requirements
The regulations at 40 CFR 122.21(g)(7) identify certain pollutants for which grab sampling is
required:
Monitoring by grab sample must be conducted for pH, temperature, cyanide, total phenols,
residual chlorine, oil and grease (O&G), fecal colifbrm, and fecal streptococcus. Composite
samples are not appropriate for these parameters due to their tendency to transform to
different substances or change in concentration after a short period of time. Such
transformations may be particularly likely in the presence of other reactive pollutants.
Sampling At Retention Ponds
Retention ponds with greater than a 24-hour holding time for a representative storm event may be
sampled by grab sample. Composite sampling is not necessary. The rationale for this is that,
because the water is held for at least 24 hours, a thorough mixing occurs within the pond.
Therefore, a single grab sample of the effluent from the discharge point of the pond accurately
represents a composite of the storm water contained in the pond. If the pond does not thoroughly
mix the discharge, thereby compositing the sample, then a regular grab and composite sample should
be taken at the inflow to the pond. Since each pond may vary in its capability to "composite" a
sample, applicants must carefully evaluate whether the pond is thoroughly mixing the discharge.
Such factors as pond design and maintenance are important in making this evaluation. Poor pond
design, for example, where the outfall and inflow points are too closely situated, may cause short*
circuiting and inadequate mixing. In addition, poor maintenance may lead to excessive re-suspension
of any deposited silt and sediment during heavy inflows. Because of factors such as these, the
applicant should determine the best location to sample the pond (e.g., at the outfall, at the outfall
structure, in the pond) to ensure that a representative composite sample is taken. If adequate
compositing is not occurring within the pond, the applicant should conduct routine grab and flow-
weighted composite sampling.
A grab sample and a flow-weighted sample must be taken for storm water discharges collected in
holding ponds with less man a 24-hour retention period. The applicant must sample the discharge
in the same manner as for any storm water discharge [as described in 40 CFR 122.21(g)(7)]. In
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
effect, the applicant must take one grab sample within the first 30 minutes of discharge, or as soon
as possible. The applicant must also collect a flow-weighted composite sample for at least the first
3 hours of the discharge, or for the event's entire duration Of it is less than 3 hours). 7>» flow-
weighted composite sample may be taken using a continuous sampler or as a combination of at least
three sample aliquots taken during each hour of the discharge, with a minimum of IS minutes
between each aliquot If the applicant does not know what retention period the pond is designed for,
the design engineer of the pond should be consulted.
3.1 J SAMPLE TECHNIQUE: MANUAL VERSUS AUTOMATIC SAMPLING
As previously discussed, manual and automatic sampling techniques are methods by which both grab
and composite samples can be collected. Manual samples are simply samples collected by hand.
Automatic samplers are powered devices that collect samples according to preprogrammed criteria.
A typical automatic sampler configuration is shown in Exhibit 3-2.
For most pollutants, either manual or automatic sample collection will conform with 40 CFR Part
136. However, one case in which automatic samplers cannot be used is for the collection of volatile
organic compound (VOC) samples because VOCs will likely volatilize as a result of agitation during
automatic sampler collection. Samples collected for VOC analysis should be filled until a reverse
meniscus is found over the top of the collection botth and capped immediately to leave no air space.
Automatic samplers do not perform this function. Special requirements for VOC sampling are
discussed in Section 3.S.2.
Although both collection techniques are available, several other pollutants may not be amenable to
collection by an automatic sampler, for example fecal streptococcus, fecal coliform and chlorine have
very short holding times (!•«•, 6 hours), pH and temperature need to be analyzed immediately and
J; _jid grease requires teflon coated equipment to prevent adherence to the sampling equipment
Other restrictions on sample collection techniques (such as container type and preservation) should
be determined by consulting the approved analytical methods listed in 40 CFR Part 136. Section 3.5
and Technical Appendix C proviue additional information on sample handling, holding times, and
preservation methods.
39 July 1992
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CHATTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
E:\HIHIT 3-2. AUTOMATIC SAMPLLR
Rain Gauge
Programming Unit
Flow Sensor * Sample Intake
Pump
Distributor
Sample Aliquot
Containers
40
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
Manual and automatic techniques have advantages and disadvantages that the applicant should
consider in relation to the sampling program. The main advantage of manual sampling is that it can
be less costly than n-rchasing or renting automatic samplers. Automatic samplers, however, can be
often more convenient Exhibit 3-3 presents a matrix of advantages and disadvantages associated
whh each technique. Ultimately, the best technique to use will depend on each applicant's situation.
3.2 OBTAINING FLOW DATA
In addition to collecting samples of storm water discharges, applicants must collect data
characterizing the flow rate and flow volume for each storm water discharge sampled. Flow rate
is the quantity of storm water discharged from an outfall per unit of time. Total flow is a measure
of the total volume of storm water runoff discharged during a rain event Flow rates and volumes
can either be measured specifically or can be estimated (based on rainfall measurements, velocities,
and depth of flows). To collect flow-weighted composite samples, flow rate data is necessary to
combine proportional volumes of individually collected aliquots. Applicants must also report the
mass of pollutants contained in storm water discharges (see Section 3.2.5). To determine mass
loadings of pollutants, applicants must measure both discharge flow rate and pollutant concentration.
This section presents methods for obtaining flow data.
3.2.1 MEASURING FLOW RATES
Flow rates for storm water discharges are most accurately measured using either primary or
secondary flow measurement devices. Facilities should use these devices to characterize their
discharge as precisely as possible. Where flow measurement devices are not already installed,
portable devices should be considered. There are many permanent and portable types of flow
measurement devices available. This discussion is limited to the most common flow measurement
devices. To purchase flow measurement devices and rain gauges, pertinent engineering journals can
be consulted for equipment vendor listings. Proper analysis of site discharge conditions must be
conducted prior to purchase and installment of flow measurement devices.
Primary Flow Measurement Devices
A primary flow measurement device is a man-made flow control structure which, when inserted into
an open channel, creates a geometric relationship between the depth of the flow and the rate of die
41 July 1992
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CHAPTER 3 • FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
KXHIHIT 3-3. COMPARISON OP MANt'AL AND AITOMATIC SAMPLING !
TK'HNiorp.s f
Sample
Method
Manual
Grabs
Manual
Flow-
Weighted
Composites
(multiple
grabs)
Automatic
Grabs
Automatic
Flow-
Weighted
Composites
Admitted
• Appropriate for all pollutants
• Minimum equipment required
• Appropriate for all pollutants
• Minimum equipment required
• Minimizes labor requirements
• Low risk of human error
• Reduced personnel exposure to
unsafe conditions
• Sampling may be triggered
remotely or initiated according
to present conditions
• Minimizes labor requirements
• Low risk of human error
• Reduced personnel exposure to
unsafe conditions
• May eliminate the need for
manual compositing of aiiquots
• Sampling may be triggered
remotely or initiated according
to on-site conditions
DismdrmnUecs
• Labor-intensive
• Environment possibly dangerous
to field personnel
• May be difficult to get personnel
and equipment to the storm water
outfall within the 30 minute
requirement
• Possible human error
• Labor-intensive
• Environment possibly dangerous
to field personnel
• Human error may have significant
impact on sample
representativeness
• Requires flow measurements taken
during sampling
• Samples collected for O&G may
not be representative
• Automatic samplers cannot
properly collect samples for VOCs
analysis
• Cosuy if numerous sampling sites
require the purchase of equipment
• Requires equipment installation
UK! TH31Tlt603DC£
• Requires operator training
• May not be appropriate for pH
and temperature
• May not be appropriate for
parameters with snort holding
times (e.g., fecal streptococcus,
fecal colirbrm, chlorine)
• Cross-contamination of aliquot if
tubing/bottles not washed
• Not acceptable for VOCs sampling
• Costly it numerous sampling sites
require the purchase of equipment
• Requires equipment installation
and maintenance, may malfunction
• Requires initial operator training
• Requires accurate flow
measurement equipment tied to
sampler
• Cross-contamination of aliquot if
tubing/bottles not washed
42
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
flow. The depth of the flow, referred to as the head (H), can then be measured at the respective
reference point/area with a ruler or other staff gauge. When substituted into a formula, which
mathematically describes the relationship between depth and discharge for the primary devices, the
head measurement can be used to calculate a flow rate (Q). The most common primary flow
measurement devices are weirs and flumes. Weirs and flumes are flow structures designed to
provide a brawn, repeatable relationship between flow and depth.
Weirs
Weirs consist of a crest located across the width of an open channel (at a right angle to the direction
of the flow). The flow of water is impeded, causing water to overflow me crest Diagrams and
formulas of some typically found weirs are provided in Exhibit 3-4. Weirs are inexpensive and
particularly valuable in measuring flow in natural or man-made swales because they are easily
installed in irregularly shaped channels.
Weirs can only provide accurate flow measurements when head measurements are appropriately
taken. When flow exceeds the capacity of the weir and water overtops the weir crest, flow depm
actually diminishes as the water approaches the weir, as shown in Exhibit 3-5. Therefore, measuring
the depth at the weir crest will result in an inaccurate measurement of the actual head. Under these
circumstances, the head should be measured upstream, at a point determined by the type of weir and
the estimated amount of flow. A staff gauge can be installed at a nonturbulent point upstream of the
weir crest to provide accurate and convenient measu. jments.
Flumes
Flumes are structures which force water through a narrow channel. They consist of a converging
section, a throat, and a diverging section. Exhibit 3-6 portrays the most common type of flume, the
Parshall flume, and also provides formulas for calculating appropriate flow rates.
Parshall flumes have fixed specifications relating to geometric shape. They vary only in throat
width. Due to these geometric constraints, Parshall flumes may be expensive to install. They are
typically used in permanent flow measurement points and are most commonly placed in concrete-
lined channels. However, Parshall flumes can also be used in temporary points. Parshall flumes
provide accurate measurements for a relatively wide range of flow rates. The flow rate through the
Parshall flume (see Exhibit 3-6) is calculated from the depth (HJ of flow measured in the converging
43 July 1992
-------
CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
FXHIHIT 3 4 WLIRS
V-Notch
Rectangular (without contractions)
-I
Rectangular (with contractions)
contrcrwd
Cipolteti (trapezoidal)
Q - 2.5 H « (90')
Q - 1.443 H " (60')
Q - 1.035 H " (45')
Q - 0.676 H « (30')
Q - 0.497 H " (22%*)
Q * Flow Rate
H - Depth of flow (Head)
Q - 3.33 L H IJ
Q » 3.33 (L - 0.2 H)IJ
Q - 3.36n b H
Source: Civil Engineering Reference Mjipyal 5th Edition, by Michael R. Lindeburg, PE,
with permission from the publisher, Professional Publications, Inc.,
Belmont, California, 1989.
-------
CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-5 SUPPRESSED FLOW OVER THE WEIR CREST
(H) Real Head
Nappe
Source: Qvil Engineering Reference Manual. 5th Edition, by Michael R. Lindeburg, PE,
with permission from the publisher, Professional Publications, Inc.,
Belmont, California, 1989.
section of the flume. The exact location of the depth measurement depends on the specific design
of the Parshall flume. Exhibit 3-6 indicates the equations used to calculate flow rate through a
typical Parshall flume. These equations are accurate only when the submergence ratio (Ht/HJ is
greater than 0.7. The manufacturers' information should be consulted for the flow rate equation and
measuring points for a specific Parshall flume.
Palmer-Bowlus flumes, shown in Exhibit 3-7, are also used at some facilities. Palmer-Bowlus flumes
arr designed to be installed in ar existing circular channel (i .^ ^s a manhole channel) and are
available as portable measurement devices. While Palmer-Bowlus flumes are inexpensive, self
cleaning, and easy to install, they can only measure flow rates accurately over a narrow range of
flow.
The flow from a Palmer-Bowlus flume is calculated using the height between the floor of the flume
portion and the water level, not *' j total head of the water level. Head measurements are taken at
45
July 1992
-------
CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
Parshali Fhime
Q - 0.338 H IJ5 (1 inch)
Q - 0.676 H 1JS (2 inches)
Q - 0.992 H 1J" (3 inches)
Q - 2.09 H '-* (6 inches)
Q - 3.07 H tJJ (9 inches)
Q-4WHljaW«* (1-8 feet)
Q - (3.6875 W + 2.5)H " (10-50 feet)
Q » Flow rate
H > Depth of flow (Head)
Throat
Converging
Section
Diverging
Section
Top View
Side View
Source: Civil Engineering Reference Miinilill 5th Edition, by Michael R. Lindeburg, PE,
with permiuion from the publisher, Professional Publications, Inc.,
Belmont, California, 1989.
-------
CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-7. PALMER-BOWLUS FLUME
Tnmnfif
*QUO«4-
;.-JD O i
f,_ _ ^^^^^^^^^^^-"^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ >• ^
L^^_A__*_ _«..._.»_ A. /A' *' •^•f.l 1
Source: Wastewater Engineering: Treatment. Disposal. Reuse. 2nd Edition, MetcaJf &
Eddy, Inc., with permission from the publisher, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1979.
a distance from the throat equal to one half the width of the flume. The dimensions of a Paimer-
Bowlus flume have been standardized in a generic sense, but the flume shape may vary. Therefore,
there are no formulas that can be applied to all Palmer-Bowius flumes. Device-specific head-flow
relationships for each device should be obtained from the manufacturer
There are a number of other, less common, flow measurement devices available which will not be
discussed (see Appendix D for additional references).
47
July 1992
-------
CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
Secondary Flow Measurement Devices
Secondary flow measurement devices are automated forms of flow rate and volume measurement
Typically, a secondary device is used in conjunction with a primary device to automatically measure
the flow depth or head. This value is men processed, using established mathematical relationships
to relate the depth measurement to a corresponding flow rate. The device also may have the capacity
to convert this flow rate to a volume. Secondary flow measurement devices include floats, ultrasonic
transducers, pressure transducers, and bubblers. The output of the secondary device is transmitted
to a display, recorder, and/or totalizer to provide flow rate and volume information. The user
manuals for these devices should be consulted for proper usage.
Evaluation of Flow Measurement Devices
To ensure accurate results, facilities should evaluate, via visual observation and routine checks, the
design, installation, and operation of flow measurement devices. When evaluating design, select a
device which:
• Is accurate over the entire range of expected flow rates
• Can be installed in the channel to be monitored
• Is appropriate to the sampling location (i.e., power setup, submersible, etc.).
When evaluating the installation of flow measurement devices, ensure mat:
• There are no leaks and/or bypasses of flow around the measuring device
• The primary device is level and squarely installed
• The secondary device is calibrated.
When evaluating the operation of flow measurement devices, look for:
• Excessive flows which submerge the measuring device
• Flows outside the accuracy range of the device
and/or bypasses around the measuring device
4S
-------
CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
• Turbulent flow through the measuring device
• Corrosion, scaling, or solids accumulation within the measuring device
• Obstructions to the measuring device
• Use of the correct factor or formula to convert head readings to actual flow rate.
Other man ensuring appropriate design and installation, accuracy checks are difficult to accomplish
for primary flow measurement devices. Secondary flow measurement devices, on the other hand,
may require evaluation of design, installation, and calibration. Applicants should examine the
secondary recording devices and their readouts after installation to ensure that they are operating
properly. Unusual fluctuations or breaks in flow indicate operational or design flaws.
333, ESTIMATING FLOW RATES
There are a variety of techniques for estimating flow rates. These methods are not as accurate as
the methods described in Section 3.2.1 above, but are suitable for those discharges where primary
or secondary devices are not practical or economically feasible. Each of the following methods is
suitable for certain types of flow situations, as indicated. For each, the procedure for collecting flow
rate data will be given along with a sample calculation.
Float Methods
Float methods can be used for any discharge where the flow is exposed and/or easily accessible.
It is particularly useful for overland flows, gutter flows, and open drain or channel flows. The flow
rate is calculated in each of the float methods by estimating the velocity of the flow and the cross-
sectional area of the discharge and using the standard flow rate equation:
Flow Rate (cfm) - Velocity (ft/ruin) x Area flr2)
49 July 1992
-------
CHATTER 3 • TONDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
The velocity is estimated by measuring the time it takes a float to travel between two points (point
A and point B) along the flow path. For most accurate results, the two points should be at least 5
feet apart The cross-sectional area is estimated by measuring the depth of the water and the width
of the flow, and multiplying the depth by the width. This assumes a uniform cross-section in the
flow path and a geometric cross-section shape. The float method can also be used for any accessible
pipe or ditch where the movement of the float can be traced downstream for at least 5 feet
Subsurface storm water flows can be measured with the float method where there are two accessible
manholes.
If the flow is overland, the water will need to be directed into a narrow channel or ditch so that the
measurements can be taken. The initial preparation for this method requires that a shallow channel
or ditch be dug that is 6 feet long or longer and 4 to 12 inches wide. The channel or ditch should
be shallow enough to easily obtain flow depths but should be deep enough to carry the flow that will
be diverted to it Boards or other barriers should be placed on the ground above the channel (so that
the flow is diverted into the channel) and along die edges of the channel or ditch (flush with the
ground surface so that flow does not seep under them).
The procedure for measuring the flow rate by the float method involves measuring the length of the
channel between chosen points A and B (which must be 5 feet apart or more). The depth of the
water at point B, in the middle of the channel, must be determined, and the width of die water flow
must be measured at point B. A float is then placed in the water and timed as it moves from point
A to point B. Exhibit 3-8 provides an example of estimating the flow rate using the float method.
For runoff flows from many directions into a drain in a low or flat area where ponding is evident,
the float method can also be used. The total flow rate is calculated by measuring flow rates for
several points into the drain and adding these values together. Exhibit 3-9 provides an example of
estimating the flow rate using the float method in this situation.
Bucket and Stopwatch Method
The bucket and stopwatch method of estimating flow rate is the easiest of all the flow rate estimation
procedures. However, it can only be used under certain conditions. The flow or discharge to be
measured must be flowing from a small pipe or ditch, and it must be free-flowing. In other words,
-------
CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-8. EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF FLOAT METHOD
FOR UNIMPEDED OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
Step 1: When each cample or aliquot it taken, record the data for the time the cample wac taken and the
length between points A and B (at leut 5 feet apart). See column* A, B, and C.
SUj
EXAMPLE DATA:
A
N?Z£
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
B
•£±
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
C
DHtav*
AAB
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
D
Ttetrf
Trml
(A*B>
0.17
0.18
0.20
0.21
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.18
E
D«s*rf
NfatB
(tat)
0.12
0.25
0.29
0.33
0.29
0.25
0.12
0.12
0.12
F
Wifthrf
rHMt •
OJ
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
G
lete)
1.8
3.5
3.6
3.9
4.0
3.7
1.8
1.9
1.7
> 2: Place a float in the water flow at point A and time it as it moves from point A to point B.
Record the time in miiwtf* See column D.
Step 3: Measure the depth of the water and the width of the flow at point B. See columns E and F.
Step 4: Calculate the flow rate for each cample time using the common flow rate formula. See column
G.
Formulas:
Velocity (V>
Ana (A) - We
. Lenfth from A to S
* Time of Travel
tter Depth x Width of Flow
Flow Rate (Q) - (V) x (A)
Example: For Sample 1
,. 5.0 ft j
0.17 milt
9.4fUmiM
A - 0.12 ft x 0.5 ft « 0.06 ft
Q - 29.4 ft/miit x 0.06ft1 - 1.8 eft*
51
July 1992
-------
CHATTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMFUNG
LXHIBIT .VJ.
IIXAMPLF. CAI.ClLAT10N ()l FLOAT MKTHOD I OR
LSTlMATlNCi DRAIN I LOW RATLS
Step 1:
Step 2:
When each sample or aliquot is taken, record the data for the time the sample was *^k*H_
Measure the outer periaftrr or edge of the drain where the water flows in. See columns B
andC
Designate three evenly spaced points surroundmf the drain approximately 3 to 5 feet from
the drain. These points wfll be referred to as points A, B, and C Record the distance from
each point to the edge of the drain. See column D.
EXAMPLE DATA:
(train
i are 1 fix 1 ft
flow surrounds
A
•Wffc
N""k"
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
I
.
•torn
<•«
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
C
_, t
(tat)
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
D
DbtaM*«rn*«to
It.
A
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
ft.
•
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
PL
C
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
E
DnfaWW
PL
A
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
PL
•
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
PL
C
OJ
0.5
03
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
F
M-rift-M
PL
A
0.08
0.11
0.11
0.16
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.08
PLB
0.08
0.12
0.12
0.17
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.08
PL
C
0.08
0.14
0.14
0.20
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.08
G
Fb»b*
fcta»
4cfm
5 cfm
5 cfm
6 cfm
5 cfm
S cfm
5 cfm
5 cfm
4 cfm
Step 3:
Step 4:
Step 5:
Formulas:
Area (A) » Water Depth x Drainage Perimeter
FJow Rate (Q) - //«£A.V« where * equals points A, B, and C
Example: For Sample 1
Place a float at each of the three points snd measure the time it takes to reach the drain.
Record the times in """"**« See column E.
Determine the depth of flow at each place where the float enters the drain from points A, B,
and C. Record the depth in feet See column F.
Calculate the flow rate by adding the individual flow rates for points A, B, and C. Record
the data in column G.
Dtstane* of Point from Drain
0.08ft x 4ft
52
-------
CHAFFER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
L'XHIUIT 3-9. EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF FLOAT METHOD FOR ESTIMATING
DRAIN FLOW RATES (Continued)
the pipe or ditch must be raised above the ground. Also, the flow must be small enough to be
captured by a bucket or other suitable container without overflowing. If these conditions are not
present, another method must be used. The procedure involves recording the time that each sample
is taken, the time it takes for the container to be filled, and the volume of discharge collected. The
flow rate is then calculated in gallons per minute (gpm) or in cubic feet per minute (cfm). The basis
for the bucket and stopwatch method is the collection of a measured amount of flow over a measured
amount of time to determine flow per unit of time (or flow rate) as per the formula below.
Flaw to* Q (gm)
^
-------
CHAFFER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OP SAMPLING
I:\MIIUT
i:\A.\iiM.K r\i (TI.ATION or IHCKI
MLTHOD I OK l.STIMATING I LOWS
AM) S 1()I'\\ ATCH
I* When each ample or aliquot is taken, record die data for the tame die ample was taken. See
column B,
EXAMPLE DATA;
A
£±
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
B
J±-,
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
C
raswtat
(IICIBSI)
40.0
26.0
24.0
32.0
45.0
31.0
50.0
21.0
28.0
D
YtMMff
(glllH)
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2,0
2,0
2.0
2,0
E
cyoMru* fa*,
3.0
4.6
5.0
3.7
2,7
3.9
2.4
5.7
4.3
F
"nf^fitil f— "in h
0.4
0.6
0.7
OJ
0.4
OJ
0.3
0.8
0.6
Step 2: Put a bucket beneath die flow, while m*fp"ing with a stopwatch die time it lakes to fill the
bucket to a certain level. If die water spills over die aides, die process must be redone. Record
die time it took to fill die volume of water. See columns C and D.
Step 3: Calculate die flow rate in gpm and cfm.
Formulas:
Kau, Qffpm) - Vfffaw gffrtffof ffgfl x &JSS.
Qdpm) x 0.
Example: For Sample 1
40.0 tec Imi*
Q (cfm) - 3.0 gpm x 0.1337 ft '/gal - 0.<
-------
CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-11-
EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF SLOPE AND DEPTH METHOD FOR 1
ESTIMATING FLOW RATES 1
Step 1: Obtain the pipe or ditch channel percent
d
slope from enj
iameter if the flow is from a pipe.
EXAMPLE DATA: For purposes of this example, a ditch with a 2 percent slope is assumed
Step 2: When each
sample or aliquot is *•!"•, record the data for the time the sample was taken. See
column B.
EXAMPLE DATA:
A
Stm.
NMtar
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
B
r—
(»•*•)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
C
DCS**
W*v(k>
3.6
6.0
7.2
8.4
7.2
6.0
6.0
6.0
4.6
D
VS**£T
(fart)
2,2
3.2
4.0
4.2
4.0
3.2
3.0
** 1
2,5
E
•M-
<*ek-*r)
3.7
3.2
3.3
3.0
3.3
3.2
3.0
2.9
3.3
F
fllnllMf
RsMfatancwMfr)
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
G
fiHtannii.ini
fcfatifc*M|r)
246.1
713.6
1,237.3
1,532.9
1.237.3
713.6
624.2
581.8
374.1
Step 3: Measure the depth of the water in the center of the pipe or ditch. Record the data in fleet See
column C.
Step 4: Measure the width of the
flow only if the flow is in a ditch. Record the data in feet See
column D.
Step 5: CsJculate the modified side slope only if the flow is in a ditch (leave column E blank if the flow
is in a trioe).
Formula:
_ — _ r -r ,
Modified slope (M) - -
Example: Sanmle 1:
i
Step 6: For pipes,
12.0 in/ ft x
flow width (ft)
2.0 x water depth (in)
M - 12.0 in/ft x 2.2 ft >
- 3.7
2.0 x 3.6 in
calculate the flow rate and record the data in column F.
now Rate (0 - 0.004 x (l.D.f* x D x >/5
when Q = flow rate in pipe (cfm), I.D. - inside diameter of pipe (in),
D >
• water depth
Cut), S - pipe
Step 7: For ditches or channels, calculate the flow rate in cfm.
Fo
rmlllfl*
Flow R
when O »
ate (Q) - Q,*4
slope (%)
Record the flow rate in column G.
W x (WM x 'nr1" x JS
(Af + -
flow rate in ditch (cfm), M
tp»
• modified dope,
D » water depth (in), S * ditch slope (%)
Example: For Saomle 1: 0, '
— r
• 042 (3 7) x
Q-
(3 7?-" x (3.
iQ.Tf+lf"
246.1 cfm
St* x J3
55
July 1992
-------
CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
Runoff Coefficient Methods
Runoff coefficient methods are the least accurate of all the flow rate estimation methods. These
methods should only be used for composite flow-weighted samples if all of the other methods are
inappropriate for the she. Although the least accurate, runoff coefficients are the simplest method
of estimating runoff rates.
Runoff coefficients represent the fraction of total rainfall that will be transmitted as runoff from the
drainage area that flows into the facility outfall. Runoff coefficients consider the ground surface or
cover material and determine the amount of storm water flow which may infiltrate or runoff as a
discharge. A. simple estimate of runoff volume assumes that paved areas and other impervious
structures such as roofs have a runoff coefficient of 0.90 (i.e., 90 percent of the rainfall leaves the
area as runoff). For unpaved surfaces, a runoff coefficient of O.SO is normally assumed. A more
accurate estimate can be made by using more specific runoff coefficients for different areas of the
facility, based on the specific type of ground cover. Commonly used runoff coefficients are listed
in Exhibit 3-12.
The average runoff coefficient can be estimated for drainage areas that have bom paved and unpaved
areas by weighting the coefficients based on their proportion of the total area. An equation for this
would be:
Estimated Average Runoff Coef. - <*rea #<*»& Cotf. A) + (Area BHRunoff Coef. g)
Area A + Area B
The area of the drainage basin can generally be obtained from land surveys conducted at the time
of facility purchase or site surveys taken from design documents developed as part of construction
planning. If these are not available, the applicant may estimate the drainage areas from a
topographic map of the area. The areas used in this calculation should include only those areas
drained by the sampled outfall. When determining the basin area that drains through the outfall,
some special considerations should be noted: (1) storm water from sources outside an industrial
facility's property boundary may contribute to the discharge; and (2) storm water not associated with
industrial activity may contribute to the flow volume. Where these conditions occur, the facility
should accurately quantify and appropriately address these contributions.
56
-------
CHAPTER 3 • FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
1 EXHIBIT 3-12. TYPICAL "c" COEi I ICIfiNTS I OR 5- TO 10- YEAR FREQUENCY
DIZSIGN STORMS
Description of Area
Business
• Downtown areas
• Neighborhood areas
Residential
• Single-family areas
• Multiunhs (detached)
• Multiunhs (attached)
Residential (suburban)
Apartment dwelling areas
Industrial
• Light areas
• Heavy areas
Parks and cemeteries
Playgrounds
Railroad yard areas
Unimproved areas
Streets
• Asphalt
• Concrete
• Brick
Drives and walks
Roofs
Lawns - course textured soil (greater than 85 percent sand)
• Slope: Flat (2 percent)
Average (2-7 percent)
Steep (7 percent)
Lawns - fine textured soil (greater than 40 percent clay)
• Slope: Flat (2 percent)
Average (2-7 percent)
Steep (7 percent)
•••^•B^— ^^^^K^^^— ^•M^B^^^^M^P^^^^^M^^^^O^^^H^^^MH
Runoff Coefficients
0.70-0.95
0.50-0.70
0.30-0.50
0.40-0.60
0.60-0.75
0.25-0.40
0.50-0.70
0.50-0.80
0.60-0.90
0.10-0.25
0.20-0.35
0.20-0.40
0.10-0.30
0.70-0.95
0.80-0.95
0.70-0.85
0.75-0.85
0.75-0.95
0.05-0.10
0.10-0.15
0.15-0.20
0.13-0.17
0.18-0.22
0.25-0.35
Source: Design and Construction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers, with permission from the
publisher, American Society of Civil Engineers, Manual of Practice, page 37, New York,
1960.
57
July 1992
-------
CHATTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
There are two specific methods to estimate flow nte using runoff coefficients. The first method uses
depth of flow in a pipe or ditch and an average runoff rate to estimate nch of the sample flow rates
where the slope/pitch of the pipe or ditch is unknown. Exhibit 3-13 provides an example calculation
of fitfomring flow rates based on depth and runoff coefficients. The second method uses only
rainfall accumulation and runoff coefficients to estimate a flow associated with me time the sample
was taken. No actual flows or flow depths are measured. Exhibit 3-14 provides an example of
estimating the flow rate based on rainfall depth and runoff coefficients.
3.2.3 MEASURING TOTAL FLOW VOLUMES FOR THE SAMPLED RAIN EVENT
Similar to measuring flow rates, flow volumes may be measured using automatic flowmeten or
primary/secondary devices as discussed in Section 3.2.1. Measurement of flow volume with these
devices provides a reasonably accurate determination of the total flow volume for die entire storm
water discharge. In many cases, however, primary or secondary devices have not been installed for
storm water flow measurement Portable flow measurement devices are often expensive. Many of
the automatic samplers that are currently on the market can measure flow volumes as well as perform
sampling. Where available and when economically feasible, measuring devices should be used to
generate data for calculating flow.
3.2.4 ESTIMATING TOTAL FLOW VOLUMES FOR THE SAMPLED RAIN EVENT
Since accurate measurement of total flow volumes is often impracticable due to lack of equipment,
total flow volumes are more commonly estimated. The two methods provided in this section require
only simple estimated measurements. The first method is based on rainfall depths and runoff
coefficients and the second is based on flow rates that can be either measured or estimated.
Runoff Coefficients Methods
Discharge volumes are most easily estimated using the area of the drainage basin contributing to the
outfall, the rainfall accumulation, and a runoff coefficient The total volume of discharge can be
estimated using a simple equation that relates the amount of rainfall to the volume of discharge that
will leave the site as runoff. The equation is as follows:
5S
-------
CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-13.
EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF RUNOFF COEFFICIENT/FLOW
DEPTH METHOD fOR ESTIMATING FLOW RATES
Step 1: Estimate the runoff coefficient for the drainage area that contributes flow to the
sampled outfall (see Section 3.2.2).
EXAMPLE: Assume the drainage area to the outfall is 3 acres. Two of those acres
are paved with a runoff coefficient of .90, and 1 is unpaved with a runoff coefficient
of .50. Using the equation for estimated runoff coefficient from the text in Section
2.2.2.2:
Est Run. Corf. = (2 Ac] (0.90) + (1 Ac) (Q.SO) = 0.77
2 Ac + 1 Ac
The runoff coefficient for the entire drainage area is 0.77.
Step 2: Measure the rainfall depth. Record the total rainfall of die storm or the rainfall that
occurred in the first 3 hours (if it lasted more than 3 hours). Also record the duration
of the rain event
EXAMPLE: Assume the rainfall depth to be 1.0 inches in 3 hours.
Step 3: Calculate an average runoff rate.
Formula:
Average Runoff Rate
Drainaft Area x Runoff Coef. x RainfaU Depth
Rainfall Duration
Runoff Rate =
3hn
Ae
12 in
J*L-
60 mi*
47
When each sample or aliquot is taken, record the data for the time the samples were
taken and the depth of the water in the center of the ditch or pipe. Record the data in
columns fi and C.
EXAMPLE DATA:
A
Sample
Numbers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
B
Time
(minutes)
0
20
40
60
SO
100
120
140
160
C
Channel or Ditch
Water Depth (feet)
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.25
1.3
1.25
1.2
1.7
1.0
D
rilculatfii Dtoth-
Wdghted Flow Factor
0.82
0.90
O.Q8
1..S
1.06
1.02
0.98
1.39
0.82
E
Flow Kate
(dm)
39
42
46
48
50
48
46
65
39
Step 4: Sum up all the water depths for each sample taken as indicated above in column
C.
Sum = 11.0 feet
59
July 1992
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OP SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-13. EXAMPLE CAECTEATION OF IU NOIL COLH 1CIENT I LOW
DEPTH MLTHOD I OR ESTIMATING l:LO\V RATES (Continued)
Step 5: Calculate a depth-weight flow factor and record the data in column D.
Formula:
Factor * Measured Water Death x Number of Flow Measurements
Sum ofaB Water Depths
Example: For Sample 1
Faetor . OM*JL . OM
1LO
Step 6: Calculate the flow rate. Record the data in column E.
Formula:
Flow Rate, Q (tfm) « Average Runoff Rate x Depth Faetor
Example: For Sample 1
Q = 47 tfm x 0.82 m 39
Km P vfl
t m KI*V
where: V, = the total runoff volume in cubic feet
R, = the total rainfall measured in feet
- the area (sq ft) within the drainage basin that is paved or roofed
= the area (sq ft) within the drainage basin that is unpaved
= a specific runoff coefficient (no units) for the drainage area ground cover
Exhibit 3-15 provides an example calculation of total runoff volume from rainfall data.
Discharge Volumes Estimated Based on Measured Flow Rates
Another method of estimating the total volume of a discharge uses a series of measured or estimated
flow rates. The total volume of discharge can be estimated by first multiplying each of the flow rates
by the time interval in between flow measurements. This time period represents the portion of the
total storm duration that can be associated with the flow rate measurement. Adding all such partial
volumes results in a total flow volume. A procedure for calculating the total runoff volume from
a set of discrete measurements of flow depth and velocity in a ditch during a storm runoff event is
presented in Exhibit 3-16.
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CHAPTER 3 • FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-14.
EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF RUNOFF COEFFICIENT
RAINFALL DEPTH METHOD FOR ESTIMATING FLOW
RATES
Step 1: Estimate the runoff coefficient for the drainage area that contribute! flows to be sampled outfall.
EXAMPLE: See Step 1 in Exhibit 3-14. The ate for tfau example will be similar so •
coefficient of .77 will be tued for the tune 3-«cre drainage area.
Step 2: When each sample or aliquot is taken, record the data for the time the cample was taken.
Record the data in column B.
EXAMPLE DATA:
A
Nwbv
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
B
w-H.)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
C
K^bl
0.0
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
D
1M...U*
0
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
E
«STSL,
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
F
Cafcabtad FW Rjfe (eta)
^
84
42
84
42
84
42
42
42
Step 3:
Step 5:
Formula:
Using a rainfall gauge, measure the total rainfall depth (in inches) and record the data in
column C.
EXAMPLE: See sample data above.
Calculate the incremental time since the last flow measurement and record the data in column D.
EXAMPLE: Samples were taken 20 minutes apart so this increment will be 20 """"«»« for
every sample.
Calculate the additional or incremental rainfall that has occurred since the last measurement.
Record the data in column E.
Incremental Rainfall = Total Rainfall Sample 2 • Total Rainfall Sample I
Example: For Sample 2
Incremental Rainfall « .2 • 0 » .2 inches
OJoilate the flow rate. Record the data in column p
Step 6:
Formula:
Example:
Flaw Rate (cfin)
(Drainage ana)(Runoff cotfrtdent}Clncremental rainfall}
(Incremental time}
20 min
/it
12 i*
July 1992
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CHATTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OP SAMPLING
i-xmmr 3 ir MXAMIU.I: CAIXTLAHON 01 TOI\i. in NOI i voi.i \ir i ROM
RAIM-Al.L DATA
Step 1: Determine the area of drainage contributing to the runoff volume at the outfall and
convert it to square feet.
Example: Using a land survey, a facility has determined its she encompasses 0.3
acres (13,068 square feet). The entire site is used for industrial activities, and
therefore, any storm water discharges from the she will be associated with industrial
activity. A berm surrounds the entire she limiting the drainage area to the she itself
and preventing any dilution or contamination from other discharges. (Note: To
convert acres to square feet, multiply the number of acres by 43,560, which is the
conversion factor).
Step 2: Determine the rainfall depth during the event that was sampled to the nearest one-
hundredth of an inch and convert it to feet
Example: From the rain gauge, the rainfall accumulation is measured at 0.6 inches
or 0.05 feet (ft). (Note: To convert inches to feet, divide the inches by 12, which is
the conversion factor).
Step 3: Determine the runoff coefficients for each area.
Example: The facility has estimated that Vi of the she, or 4,356 square feet, is
covered by impervious surfaces (i.e., roofs or paved roadways) and % of the she, or
8,712 square feet, is unpaved.
Step 4: Calculate the volume of flow using the following formula and convert the volume to
liters.
Formula: Total runoff volume in cubic feet (cuft) - total rainfall (ft) x [facility
paved area (sqft) x 0.90 + facility unpaved ana (sqft) x 0.50]
Example. Total runoff volume (cuft} =• 0.05 x [4,356 x 0.90 + 8,712 x 0.50]
Total runoff volume - 413.8 cuft or 11,720 liter*
(Note: To convert cubic feet to liters, multiply cubic feet by 28.32, which is the
conversion factor).
-------
CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OP SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-16. EXAMPLE CALCULATION' OF TOTAL KUNOI T VOLUME
FROM FLOW RATE DATA
Step 1: Measure and tabulate flow depths and velocities every 20 minutes (at the same time
that the sample is collected) during at least the first 3 hours of the runoff event
EXAMPLE DATA:
A
Sample
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
B
Time
(minutes)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
C
Flow
Velocity
(feet per
minute)
.
4
8
12
8
4
8
4
4
D
Flow
Depth
(feet)
.
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
E
Width
(feet)
.
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
F
Calculated
Flow Rate
(cfm)
.
4
16
24
16
4
8
4
4
63
July 1992
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CHATTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OP SAMPLING
l:\HHJIT 3 Hi LXAMl'U. t Al.t ILATION Ui TOTAL Kl NO! I VOI.l ML
I ROM I LOW KAI L DATA (Comiuiicd)
Step 2: Calculate and tabulate the cross-sectional area of flow for each of the flow depths
measured. Calculate the flow rate for each discrete set of measurements.
Formula;
flow Sots Q (tfs) ~ Vsiodtj (ft/mist) x Ar&s (sqji)
Ana = Depth x WUA
Example: For Sample 1
Area = 0.2 ft x 5fl » 1 tqjt
Flow Rate = 4 ft/ml* x 1 tqfl » 4 tfm
Step 3: Plot the flow rate, Q, versus time. Also, assume that flow drops uniformly from
the last calculated flow rate (Q,) to zero at the time when Q,0 would have been
taken.
Example: The flow rates calculated in Step 3 are plotted against the time between
samples.
28
24
20
Rownt* 16
(ctm)
12
40
60
80 100 120
Tim* (minutes)
140
160
180
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
FXHIWT3-I6.
EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF TOTAL RUNOFF VOLUME
FROM FLOW RATE DATA (Continued)
Step 4: The total flow volume (VJ can be calculated by geometrically determining the area
under the curve. The summation of the individual volumes per increment of time
(V, through V,) U the total flow volume of the event
Example:
28
24
20
Ftowrate 16
(cfm)
12
8
4
0
20 40 60 80 100 120
Tlm« (minutes)
140
160
180
Step 5: Compute the flow volume associated with each observation (V,, V2 V,) by
multiplying the measured flow rate by the duration (in this case, 20 minutes). Be
sure the units are consistent. For example, if durations are in minutes and flow
velocities are in cubic feet per second (cfs), convert the durations to seconds or the
velocities to feet per minute.
Example
12
Flowrate
(cfm)
20
40
T)m0 (minutes)
65
July 1992
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CHATTER. 3 • FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
1XHIWT >I6
EXAMPLE: CAl.Cn.ATION Ol TOTAL Kl'\OH: VOU'NH-
I ROM I LOW KATI-: DATA (Continued)
Formula: Volumt (V)
Example:
Flow Ratt (tfm) x Duration (minutes)
- (4-0)(20-0) -40ft*
'••{'
- *(16-4)(40-20) +4(20)
'120 +80 "200ft3
V, = 40ft3
V2 = 200 ft1
V, = 400ft5
V4 = 400ft*
V5 = 200 ft5
V4 = 120 ft5
V7 = 120 ft5
V, = SOft*
V, = 40ft3
Step 6: Total Che individual volumes calculated in Step 5 to obtain the total runoff volume.
Example:
Total Storm Runoff = 1,600 ff
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
3.2.5 REPORTING STORM WATER DISCHARGE FLOW RATES AND VOLUMES
Form 2F requires applicants to provide quantitative data (reported both as concentration and as total
mass) based on flow-weighted samples collected during storm events. In addition, applicants are
required to provide flow estimates or flow measurements, as well as an estimate of the total volume
of the discharge. The method of flow estimation or measurement must be described in the
application. Although EPA only requires flow estimates in Form 2F, accurate flow measurement
is necessary for collecting representative flow-weighted composite samples and reporting pollutant
mass loadings.
3.2.6 MEASURING RAINFALL
Many types of instruments have been developed to measure the amount and intensity of precipitation.
AJ1 forms of precipitation are measured on the basis of the depth of the water that would accumulate
on a level surface if precipitation remained where it fell. There are two types of rain gauges -
standard and recording gauges. A standard rain gauge collects the rainfall so mat the amount of rain
can be easily measured. The standard gauge for the NWS has a collector which is 8 inches in
diameter. Rain flows from the collector into a cylindrical measuring tube inside the overflow can.
The measuring tube has a cross-sectional area one tenth the size of the collector so mat 0.1 inch of
rainfall will fill 1 inch of the measuring tube. While this standard gauge is both accurate and easy
to use, any open receptacle with vertical sides can be an effective rain gauge. Standard rain gauges
are simple and inexpensive; however, with a standard gauge, there is no way to record changes in
the intensity of the rainfall without making frequent observations of the gauge during the storm.
The second type of gauge is the recording rain gauge, which provides a permanent record of the
amount of rainfall which accumulates over time. Three common types of recording gauges are:
» Tipping Bucket Gauze - Water caught in a collector is fmineled into a two-compartnxnt bucket;
a known quantity of rain fills one compartment, overbalancing the bucket and emptying it into a
reservoir. This moves the second bucket into place beneath the funnel. The tipping of the bucket
engages an electric circuit, which records the event.
• Weighing Type Gauee - Water is weighed when it falls into a bucket placed on the platform of
a spring or lever balance. The weight of the contents is recorded on a chart, showing the
accumulation of precipitation.
• Float Recording Gauge - Water is measured by the rise of a float that is placed in the receiver.
These gauges may be self-siphoning, or may need to be emptied periodically by hand.
67 July 1992
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CHATTER J - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
Recording rein gauges provide a permanent record of rainfall, and tisey can be used to determine
variations in rainfall intensity over time without making frequent observations during the storm. But
recording gauges are more complicated mechanically than standard gauges, making them more
costly, less durable, and more difficult to operate.
Although all gauges are subject to error, most errors can be minimized. To minimize errors, the
gauge should be placed on a ievei surface thai is not windswept and is away from trees or buildings
that might interfere with the path of rainfall. When taking measurements, other factors contributing
to error should also be considered: mistakes in reading the scale, dents in the collector rim (which
changes the receiving area), measuring sticks diat may retain some of the water, and water lost to
evaporation. In the case of tipping bucket gauges, water may not be collected while the bucket is
still tipping. The most common source of inaccuracy is changes in data that are attributable to wind.
It is possible to assess wind errors by comparing measurements of gauges that are protected from
the wind with those that are not
3J GRAB SAMPLE COLLECTION
Section 3.1.2 discussed both the parameters that must be monitored by grab sample and the
conditions under which grab sampling is required. This section explains how to collect grab
samples. The entire sample is collected at an uninterrupted interval (i.e., grabbed at one time). A
grab sample provides information on the characterization of storm water at a given time and may be
collected either manually or automatically as discussed below.
3.3.1 HOW TO MANUALLY COLLECT GRAB SAMPLES
A manual grab is collected by inserting a container under or downcurrent of a discharge with the
container opening facing upstream. Generally, simplified equipment and procedures can be used.
In most cases, the sample container itself may be used to collect the sample. Less accessible outfalls
may require the use of poles and buckets to collect grab samples. To ensure that manual grab
samples are representative of me storm water discharged, the procedures set forth in Exhibit 3-17
should be followed.
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CHAPTER 3 . FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
RECOMMENDED OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR TAKING GRAB
SAMPLES
EXHIBIT 3-17.
• Label sample containers before sampling event
• Take a cooler with ice to the sampling point
• Take the grab from the horizontal and vertical center of the channel
• Avoid stirring up bottom sediments in the channel
• Hold the container so the opening faces upstream
• Avoid touching the inside of the container to prevent contamination
• Keep the sample free from uncharacteristic floating debris
• Transfer samples into proper containers (e.g., from bucket to sample container),
however, fecal coliform, fecal streptococcus, phenols and O&G should remain in
original containers
• If taking numerous grabs, keep the samples separate and labelled clearly
• Use safety precautions (see Chapter 6)
Specialized equipment and procedures may be needed, particularly in situations where storm water
discharges are inaccessible or where certain parameters are monitored. For example:
• When sampling for O&G and VOCs, equipment that safely and securely houses O&G bottles
or VOC vials should be used. This may be necessary because: (1) O&G will adhere to
containers and thus should not be transferred from one container to another; and (2) excessive
aeration during sampling may result in the partial escape of VOCs.
• Since facilities sometimes use sample bottles that already contain preservatives (as provided
by contract lai/urato'ies/, extreme care should be taken when filling them to avoid spills,
splatters, or washout of the preservatives.
All equipment and containers that come into contact with the sample must be clean to avoid
contamination. Additionally, sample collection equipment and container materials should be totally
unreactive to prevent leaching of pollutants. Cleaning procedures are discussed in detail in Secticu
3.5.
69
JuJy 1992
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CHATTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
3 J.2 HOW TO COLLECT GRAB SAMPLES BY AUTOMATIC SAMPLER
Grab samples can also be collected using programmed automatic samplers. Automatic samplers
come equipped with computers that can be programmed to collect grab samples. Programming for
grabs is specific to the type of automatic sampler. Some samplers are portable and have been
developed specifically to sample for storm water discharges. These samplers are frequently attached
to a rain gauge and/or a flow sensor. Such samplers can be programmed to initiate sample collection
by one or more of the following conditions: (1) depth of flow in a channel; (2) rainfall in inches;
(3) flow rate; (4) time; (5) external signal; and (6) combinations of the first three conditions. For
example, an automatic sampler could be used to collect a sample at 15-minute intervals after its
sensors indicate that rainfall has begun.
When using an automatic sampler, planning is very important First, all equipment must be properly
cleaned, particularly the tubing and die sample containers. There are several different types of
tubing available, including rubber and Tygon tubing. Tygon tubing is commonly used since it
generally does not leach contaminants. Deionized water should be drawn through the sampler to
remove any remaining pollutant residuals prior to taking samples. Tubing should also be replaced
periodically to avoid algae or bacterial growth.
Sampling personnel should also use adequate and appropriate containers and ensure they are properly
cleaned. Section 3.5 contains information on cleaning procedures which should be followed for all
equipment Additionally, the utilization of blanks (a control used to verify the accuracy of analytical
results) is recommended to determine if cross-contamination of sampling equipment has occurred.
Samplers should also be programmed, set up, and supplied with a source of power. Properly
charged batteries should be readily available for portable samplers in advance of a storm event and,
as a backup power supply in case of power failure. Finally, although automatic samplers may be
useful in some situations, several parameters are not amenable to collection by automatic sampler.
These pollutants include fecal streptococcus, fecal coliforms, oil and grease and VOCs which should
be collected manually, not automatically, as discussed in Section 3.1.2.
3.4 FLOW-WEIGHTED COMPOSITE SAMPLE COLLECTION
Composite samples are samples simply comprised of a series of individual sample aliquots that have
been combined to reflect average pollutant concentrations of the storm water discharge during the
70
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
sampling period. Composite samples can be developed bawd on time or flow rate. There are four
different types of composite samples, as follows:
• Constant Time - Constant Volume - Samples of equal volume are taken at equal increments
of time and composited to make an average sample (similar to Exhibit 3-18). This method
is not acceptable for samples taken for compliance with the storm water permit application
regulations.
• Constant Time - Volume Proportional to Flow Increment - Samples are taken at equal
increments of time and are composited proportional to the volume of flow since the last
sample was taken (see Exhibit 3-19).
• Constant Time - Volume Proportional to F|ow Rstg - Samples are taken at equal increments
of time and are composited proportional to the flow rate at the time each sample was taken
(see Exhibit 3-20).
• Constant Volume-- Time Proportional to Flow Volume Increment - Samples of equal volume
are taken at equal increments of flow volume and composited (see Exhibit 3-21).
Generally, flow-weighted composite samples must be collected for most parameters. The methods
for generating flow-weighted composite samples are discussed in the following sections.
For storm water discharge permit applications, the aliquots for flow-weighted composite samples
must be collected during a representative storm for the first 3 hours, or for the duration of the storm
event if it is less than 3 hours long. The storm water application regulations allow for flow-weighted
composite samples to be collected manually or automatically. For both methods, equal volume
aliquots may be collected at the time of sampling and then flow-proportioned and composited in the
laboratory, or the aliquot may be collected based on the flow rate at the time of sample collection
and composited in the field. When composite samples are collected, the regulations require that each
aliquot collection be separated by a minimum of IS minutes and that a minimum of three sample
aJiquols be taken within each hour of the discharge. See Exhibit 3-22 for an example of how this
requirement may be fulfilled.
The provisions set forth in 40 CFR 122.2l(g)(7) for collecting flow-weighted composite samples
establish specific requirement for minimum time duration between sample aliquots. Where these
conditions cannot be met, the permitting authority may allow alternate protocols with respect to the
time duration between sample aliquots (see Chapter 5). However, permission from the permitting
71 July 1992
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
F.XHIIHT 318 CONSTANT TIME - CONSTANT VOLl'MH
DENOTES SAMPLES OF EQUAL
VOLUME (SAME LENGTH ARROWS)
AT EQUAL TIME INTERVALS
TIME(t)
Method of compositing samples on a fixed volume-fixed time interval basis
Source: Methodology for the Study of Urban Storm Generated Pollution and Control,
U.S. EPA 600/7-76-145, August 1976.
EXHIBIT 3-19.
CONSTANT TIME - VOLUME PROPORTIONAL TO FLOW
INCREMENT
TIME (t)
Method of compositing sample? proportional to flow volume at constant time interval
Source: Methodology for the Study of Urban Storm Generated Pollution and Control,
U.S. EPA. 600/2-76-145, August 1976.
72
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-20. CONSTANT TIME - VOLUME PROPORTIONAL TO FLOW RATE
5 •
k -
h? 3 •
o
2 -
DENOTES COLLECTION OF A SAMPLE
WHERE VOLUME IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE
RATE OF FLOW. THE INDIVIDUAL SAMPLES
ARE COMPOSITED INTO ONE CONTAINER
TIME(t)
Method of compositing samples proportional to flow rate
Source1 Methodology for the Study of Urban Storm Generated Pollution and Control,
U.S. EPA 600/2-76-145, August 1976.
EXHIBIT 3-21.
CONSTANT VOLUME - TIME PROPORTIONAL TO FLOW VOLUME
INCREMENT
t • VAAIAft.1
DENOTES SAMPLES OF EQUAL
(SAME LENGTH ARROWS) AT CONSTANT
FLOW INCREMENTS (VARIABLE TIME)
TIME(t)
Method of compositing samples of equal volume at equal increments of How
Source-. Methodology for the Study of Urban Storm Generated Pollution and Control,
U.S. EPA 600/2-76-145. August 1976.
73
JuJy 1992
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
F.XHIHIT 3-22. EXAMPLE Of7 SAMPLING INTERVALS
Suppose that a storm water discharge began at 2:15 p.m. and lasted until 5:15 p.m. on a
Friday. The field staff person wants to collect the samples at regular intervals, so s/he plans
to collect an aliquot with a volume that is proportional to die flow every 20 minutes. After
the third hour of collection, the field staff person must deliver the samples to the laboratory
(which is 10 minutes away). The laboratory closes at 5:00 p.m. So, s/he should take the last
sample at 4:45 p.m. One way of doing mis would be to collect samples On hour three) at
4:15, 4:30, and 4:45 p.m. This would comply with the three-sample minimum in hour three
(4:15-5:15 p.m.) and die required 15-minute minimum interval between collections. It would
also allow the field staff person to get the samples to the lab before it closes for the weekend.
On the other hand, if s/he missed the sample collection at 4:15 p.m. and instead, collected the
sample at 4:20 p.m., then s/he would have to collect the next sample at 4:35 p.m. and the
last sample at 4:50 p.m., and the field staff person would not be able to deliver the sample
until Monday (by which time the required maximum holding time would be exceeded), and
the sampling would need to be repeated.
74
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
authority must be obtained before changes are initiated. Considerations applicable to the collection
of flow-weighted composites by automatic and manual techniques are discussed in the following
sections.
3.4.1 HOW TO MANUALLY COLLECT FLOW-WEIGHTED COMPOSITE SAMPLES
Manually collected, flow-weighted composite samples may be appropriate for a facility that prefers not
to invest in automatic equipment This technique is cost-effective for short-term monitoring programs and
for facilities where few outfalls are being sampled. The fundamental requirement for facilities that use
these methodologies is that they should have personnel available to perform the sampling when needed.
Those facilities where VOCs analysis of storm water discharges are required should manually collect
composite samples since these parameters may not be amenable to sampling by automatic samplers.
Compositing of VOC samples should be conducted in the laboratory as discussed in Section 3.5.2.
The manual collection of a flow-weighted sample is performed in the same manner as taking manual grab
samples (see Section 3.3.1). The only difference is that a series of samples (or aliquots) will be collected.
As discussed in the previous section, there are two ways to manually collect and combine the aliquots for
a flow-weighted sample:
• Collect sample aliquot volumes based on the flow at the time of sampling which can immediately
be combined to make the composite sample in the field (see Exhibit 3-23)
• Collect equal volume sample aliquots at the time of sampling and then flow-proportion and
composite the aliquots in the laboratory (see Exhibit 3-24).
When uniform time intervals are used between the collection of the sample aliquots, the volumes of each
aliquot used in the composite sample can be determined based on either volumes of flow or the flow rate,
as they will result in similar proportions. However, when there are different time intervals between the
sample aliquots, the individual sample aliquot volumes should be based on the runoff volume (calculated
from the individual flow rates and durations) associated with each sample aliquot
Generally, 1,000 ml for each aliquot collected should provide enough sample volume, when composited,
for pollutant analyses of the required parameters contiined in Section VILA of Form 2F (see Section 3.6).
Afore aliquot volume may be required if sampling is conducted for additional parameters. The laboratory
conducting the analyses should always be contacted prior to a sampling event to determine how much
sample volume they will require.
75 July
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CHATTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-23.
EXAMPLE OF HOW TO COLLECT SAMPLE ALIQUOT VOLl'MES
BASED ON PLOW. AND PROPORTION AND COMPOSITE IN THE
MELD
Steal: Determine the
volume for compositing pui poses.
Example: To fulfill analyses for all jmnmrtm m Section VILA of Form 2F for which composite
samples are required [Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BODj), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),
Total Suapeoded Solids (TSS), Total Kjeidahl Nitrogen (TEN), nitrate plua nitrite, ad
photphoroua] a total compoaite cample volume of 5,000 ml ia needed by the contract laboratory.
Step 2: Determine an appropriate interval for collection of samples.
Example: Manually collected flow-weighted compoaite aamplea muat consul of at lout three
sample aliquota collected per hour and muat be fathered at least 15 minutea apart For thia
example, sample aliquota will be collected exactly 20 """"ff apart
Step 3: c«tin«*«. or measure the volume of discharge for each sampling event
Example: A discharge flow volume of 4.8 cubic feet will be used here,
Step 4: Convert the discharge flow volume to liter*.
Example: To convert cubic feet to liters, use me conversion factor of 2S.32 liters per 1 cubic
foot aa set forth in the following formula:
Volume (Uun) « Volumt (cubic feet) r 28.32 Bten
1 cubic foot
Volunu - 4.8 cubic fea z 28,32 Uten - 136 Uun
1 cubic foot
Step 5: Using Steps 3 and 4, volumes that have been discharged between the collection of each aliquot
can be calculated.
(Note that the discharge volumes provided for aliquot numbers 2-9 have already been given for
the purposes of this exhibit)
Example: The procedures set forth in Section 3.2 may be
The following table presents aliquot numbers, time of aliq
Aliquot Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Tinw of Aliquot Collection
2: 15 p.m.
2:35 p.m.
2:55 p.m.
3:15 p.m.
3:35 p.m.
3:55 p.m.
4: 15 p.m.
4:30 p.m.
4:45 p.m.
used to calculate discharge volumes.
not collection, and discharge volumes.
Discharged Volume
136 liter*
200 liters
122 liters
178 Liters
156 liters
117 liters
94 liters
21 liters
12 liter*
76
-------
CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-23. EXAMPLE OF HOW TO COLLECT SAMPLE ALIQUOT VOLUMES
BASED ON FLOW. AND PROPORTION AND COMPOSITE IN THE
FIELD (Continued)
Step t: Determine the appropriate minimum, aliquot volume as the basis for collecting other aliquot
sample* which together will provide adequate volume to fulfill the analytic requirement*.
Example: la Step 1, it was determined that at least 5,000 ml of sample were required for flow-
weighted composite sample analytical testing. As HifninH in Section 3.4.1, basing the sample
collection on a minimum aliquot volume of 1,000 ml gathered every interval (i.e., every IS
minute) should result in adnqusfn sample volume.
Step 7: Calculate the volume of the sample aliquot which must be collected during each aliquot sample
period using the following formula:
Aliquot volume (ml) = Minimum aliquot volume (ml) X
Initial discharge volume (liters)
Step 6 shows that the minimum aliquot volume a 1,000 ml.
Aliquot MI volume (ml) - 1.000 ml x 136 liters - 1,000 ml
1.000 mix 136 liters
136 Uteri
Aliquot 92 volume (ml) » 1,000 ml x 200 Ulen
136 Hun
Aliquot *3 volume (ml)
Aliquot #4 volume (ml)
LOOP mlx 122 liters
136 liters
1.000 ml x ITS liters
136 liters
Aliquot *5 volume (ml) = 1,000 ml x 156 liters
136 liters
Aliquot *6 volume (ml) = 1,000 ml x 117 liters
136 liters
Aliquot *7 volume (ml) « 7,000 ml x 94 liters •
136 liters
Aliquot a/8 volume (ml) • 1,000 ml x 21 liters
136 liters
Aliquot H9 volume (ml) = 1,000 ml x 12 liters •
136 liters
A table of these calculations follows:
1471ml
897ml
1,309ml
1,147ml
860ml
691ml
154ml
88ml
Aliquot Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Discharged Volume
136 liters
200 liters
122 liters
178 liters
156 liters
117 liters
94 liters
21 liters
12 liters
Aliquot Volume
1,000ml
1,471 ml
897 ml
1.309ml
1.147 ml
860ml
691 ml
154ml
88 ml
In conclusion, a combination of the above sample aliquots result in a composite of 7,617 ml.
77
July 1992
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CHATTER 3 - TOKDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
[ XHIBIT 3-24. EXAMPLE Of .HOW TO MANl'ALLY COLLECT LOCAL SAMPLE
AL!Ql!OTS WHICH ARE LATER ! LOW PROPORTIONED AND
COMPOSITED IN THE LAMORATORY
Step 1: Determine the
volume tor cooBpositifif purposes.
Example: To fulfill analyses for til;
so Section VILA of Form 2F for which composite
samples ere required (BOO,, COD, TSS, TKN, oitnte plu« nitrite, tad pho«pborou») a total
composite ample volume of 5,000 mi is needed by the contract laboratory.
Step 2: Determine an appropriate interval for collection of cample*.
Example: Manually collected flow-weighted compoaite samples moat consist of at least nine
sample aliquott and must be {amend at least IS minutei apart; only three or four ample* per hour
may be taken. For convenience, the r""'"""n number of three is chosen Sample aliquot* will be
collected every 20 mimitns
Step 3: Determine the aliquot which should be taken during each aampliaf event
Example: At least 5,000 ml of sample is required for flow-weighted composite sample analytical
testing. As Mmnt^mfA in Section 3.4.1, a "»«"'"*"« aliquot volume of 1,000 mi gathered every
interval (i.e., every 15 minutes) should result in adequate sample volume to be used for later flow-
weighted compositing.
Step 4: FEfrm"» or measure the volume of discharge for each sampling event while collecting a discrete
1,000-ml aliquot, as dianissrd in Step 3, for later compositing.
Example: Section 3.2 ditcw?** m^fa«^ to calculate total discharge volumes. A discharge flow
volume of 4.8 cubic feet will be used here.
Step 5: Convert the discharge flow volume to liters.
Example: To convert cubic feet to liters, use the conversion factor of 28.32 liters per 1 cubic foot
as set forth in the following formula:
Volume (men) - Volume (cubic feet) x 28.32 titen
1 cubic foot
Volume - 4.8 cubic feet x 28.32 Ulen - 136 Uten
1 cubic foot
78
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CHAPTER 3 • FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-2-1.
EXAMPLE OF HOW TO MANUALLY COLLECT EQUAL SAMPLE
ALIQUOTS WHICH ARE LATER FLOW-PROPORTIONED AND
COMPOSITED IN THE LABORATORY (Continued)
Step t: Using Step* 3 and 4, calculate the volume* that have been discharged between the collection of each
aliquot.
Example: The procedures act forth in Section 3.2 may be uaed to calculate discharge volumes.
The following table presents aliquot numbers, time of aliquot collection, and discharge volumes
(note that the discharge volumes provided for aliquot numbers 2-9 were cfaosen for purposes of this
exhibit).
Aliquot Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Time of Aliquot Coflection
2: 15 p.m.
2:35 p.m.
2:55 p.m.
3:15 p.m.
3:35 p.m.
3:55 p.m.
4: 15 p.m.
4:30 p.m.
4:45 p.m.
Discharged Volume
136 liters
200 liters
122 liters
178 liters
156 liters
117 liters
94 liters
21 liters
12 liters
Step 7: Determine the aliquot sample which is associated with toe greatest diacharge volume.
Example: Aliquot number 2 was taken when the volume was 200 liters. This is the largest
discharge volume.
Step 8: Calculate the volume of sample aliquot which must be used subsequent to the sample event to
comprise a flow-weighted composite sample. The following formula should be uaed:
Aliquot volume (ml) = Minimum aliquot volume (ml) x Aliauot's discharge volume (liters)
Largest discharge volume (liters)
Step 3 shows that the minimum aliquot volume is 1,000 ml. Using this value and the data
determined as part of Steps 6 and 7, the following can be calculated:
Aliquot HI volume (ml) * 1,000 mi x 136 liters - 680ml
200 liters
Aliquot »2 volume (ml) - 1,000 ml x 200 liters » 1,000 ad
200 liters
Aliquot *3 volume (ml) « 1,000 ml x 122 liters = 610 ml
200 liters
Aliquot 94 volume (ml) « 1,000 ml x ITS liters - 890 ml
200 liters
Aliquot US volume (ml) » 1,000 ml x 156 liters = 780 mi
200Uters
Aliquot *6 volume (ml) - 1,000 ml x 117 liters "585ml
200 liters
79
July 1992
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
tXAMPl.H OF HOW TO MANUALLY COl.LLCT LQl AL SAMPLE
ALIQl'OTS WHICH ARl: LAITR M.OW-PROPORT1ONLD AM)
COMPOSIRID IN THL LABORATORY (Continued)
I-XHIHIT 3-24.
In
,
AHquot 17 volume (ml) - 1,1
A&juot tS volume (ml) - /,(
Aliquot *9 volume (ml) - 1,1
A table of then calculations ft
Aliquot Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
g
9
UOrnlx 94Bttn • 479ml
20Qaton
WO ml x JtLUten m 105ml
200 ten
100 mix 11 flftn • 66 ml
2QOaten
allows
1 36 liters
200 liters
122 liters
178 liters
156 liters
117 liters
94 liters
21 liters
12 liters
Aliquot Volume
680ml
1,000ml
610ml
890ml
780ml
585ml
470ml
105ml
60ml
conclusion, a combination of the above sample aiiquots result* in a composite sample of 5,100 ml.
Manually collected flow-weighted composite samples can also be prepared by collecting sample
aiiquots of equal volume where the collection times are related to the volume of discharge which has
passed since the last sample aliquot collection. However, this method is subject to fluctuating flow
rates and volumes which may dictate that samples be taken prior to the 15-minute interval required
by the regulations. In that case, the alternative sampling protocol would have to be approved by the
permitting authority.
3.4.2 HOW TO COLLECT FLOW-WEIGHTED COMPOSITE SAMPLES BY
AUTOMATIC SAMPLER
The typical automatic sampler collects samgle aiiquots after a specific interval. These aiiquots can
be flow-weight composited by the automatic sampler; or by hand in the laboratory. The autoiiiatic
80
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CHATTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
sampler may be programmed in one of three ways: (1) to collect a sample at equal time intervals
and varying aliquot volumes commensurate with the flow (either rate or volume) that has passed;
(2) to collect equal volume aliquots at varying time intervals commensurate with the flow volume
that has passed; or (3) to collect equal volume aliquots of sample at equal time intervals.
The first two methods automatically composite the sample but require that the sampler be connected
to a flow meter such that the sampler determines either the flow rate or die amount of volume that
passes. Since these methods automatically composite samples, one main sample container may be
used to receive all aliquots. The third method automatically collects the sample aliquots but does
not automatically flow-weight composite die sample. As such, discrete sample containers must be
used, and manual flow-weighted compositing must be conducted after the aliquots are collected.
Exhibits 3-23 and 3-24 in Section 3.4.1 describe die manual compositing procedures that should be
followed.
Manufacturers' instructions for the use of an automatic sampler provide die best explanation of
programming options and should be consulted for information on programming samplers for storm
water collection. Some of the points regarding automatic samplers discussed in Section 3.3.2 should
also be considered.
3.5 SAMPLE HANDLING AND PRESERVATION
Samples must be handled and preserved in accordance with 40 CFR Part 136. This section describes
acceptable analytical methods, including requirements regarding sample holding times, containers,
sizes, and preservation requirements. For each pollutant or parameter that may have to be analyzed,
40 CFR Part 136 includes information on:
• Container types to be used to store the samples after collection
• Procedures to correctly preserve the samples
• The maximum holding time allowed for each parameter.
The following sections present a detailed discussion of preservation techniques and sample handling
procedures. Technical Appendix C presents a matrix of required containers, preservation techniques,
81 July 1992
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
and holding times for each parameter. Most laboratories can provide clean sample containers,
preservatives, sealing, chain-of-custody forms and can advise further on sample handling and
preservation.
3.5.1 DECONTAMINATION OF SAMPLE EQUIPMENT CONTAINERS
Storm water sample containers should be cleaned and prepared for field use according to the
procedures set forth in 40 CFR Part 136. A summary of the procedures is presented below for
plastic containers, any or all of which may be performed by the laboratory or container distributor
• Nonphosphaie detergent and tap water wash
• Tap water rinse
• 10 percent nitric acid rinse (only if the sample is to be analyzed for metals)
• Distilled/deionized water rinse
• Total air dry.
To clean glass containers, the same steps should be taken; but, after the distilled/deionized water
rinse, the containers should be rinsed with solvent if appropriate prior to total air drying. After the
decontamination procedures have been accomplished, the sample containers should be capped or
sealed with foil, and the sampling device should be protected and kept clean. It is a good idea to
label sample containers after cleaning. The laboratory should keep a record of the technician
performing the cleaning procedure as well as the date and time. This begins the required chain-of-
custody procedure for legal custody (see Section 3.10 for more information). A chain-of-custody
record accompanies each sample to track all personnel handling the sample. This record is essential
to trace the sample integrity in the event mat quality control checks reveal problems. For mis
reason, as well as to avoid problems if contamination issues arise, it is suggested that the laboratory
performing the analysis perform the cleaning.
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
3.5.2 SAMPLE PRESERVATION AND HOLDING TIMES
Preservation techniques ensure that the sample remains representative of the storm water discharge
at the time of collection. Since many pollutants in the samples collected are unstable (at least to
some extent), the sample should be analyzed immediately or preserved or fixed to minimize changes
between the time of collection and analysis. Because immediate analysis is not always possible, most
samples are preserved regardless of the time of analysis.
Problems may be encountered when flow-weighted composite samples are collected. Since sample
deterioration can take place during the compositing process, it is necessary to preserve or stabilize
the samples during compositing in addition to preserving aggregate samples before shipment to the
laboratory. Preservation techniques vary depending on the pollutant parameter to be measured;
therefore, familiarity with 40 CFR Pan 136 (see Technical Appendix C) is essential to ensure
effective preservation. It is important to verify that the preservation techniques for one parameter
do not affect the analytical results of another in the same sample. If this is the case, two discrete
samples should be collected and preserved accordingly.
Sample preservation techniques consist of refrigeration, pH adjustment, and chemical fixation. pH
adjustment is necessary to stabilize the target analyte (e.g., addition of NaOH stabilizes cyanide);
acidification of total metal samples ensures that metal salts do not precipitate. Refrigeration is the
most widely used technique because it has no detrimental effect on the sample composition (i.e.,
it does not alter the chemistry of the sample), and it does not interfere with most analytical methods.
Refrigeration requires the sample to be quickly chilled to a temperature of 4"C. This technique is
used at the beginning of sample collection in the field, and is continued during sample shipment, and
while the sample is in the laboratory. Even though samples taken for compositing purposes are taken
over time each individual sample must be refrigerated. If taken manually, me samples can be placed
in an ice box. If taken by a automatic sampler, the sampler unit should have refrigeration
capabilities. The analytical laboratory may provide chemicals necessary for fixation, or may tell
sampling personnel where they can be purchased.
In addition to preservation techniques, 40 CFR Part 136 indicates maximum holding times. A
detailed list of holding times appears in Technical Appendix C. The holding time is the maximum
83 July 1992
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CHATTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
amount of time that samples may be held before analysis and still be considered valid. Samples
exceeding these holding times are considered suspect and sample collection may have to be repeated.
Although Technical Appendix C provides required sample containers, preservation techniques, and
holding times, some of the more commonly monitored parameters warrant additional discussion. The
following provides a more detailed discussion of considerations pertaining to cyanide, VOCs,
organics and pesticides, O&G, pH, total residual chlorine, fecal coliform, fecal streptococcus, and
5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD,).
Cyanide
Cyanide is very reactive and unstable. If the sample cannot be analyzed immediately, it must be
preserved by pH adjustment after collection. However, prior to pH adjustment, procedures to
eliminate residual chlorine and sulfides must be followed immediately.
Where chlorine has the possibility of being present, the sample should be tested for residual chlorine
by using potassium iodide-starch test paper previously moistened with ^^atf buffer. If the sample
contains residual chlorine (a blue color indicates the need for treatment), ascorbic acid must be added
0.6 gram (g) at a time until the tests produce a negative result; then, an additional 0.6 g of ascorbic
acid should be added to the sample.
Samples containing sulfides may be removed, in which case the holding time is extended to 14 days.
Sulfides must be removed as follows:
• Use lead acetate paper moistened with an acetic acid buffer solution to test for the presence
of suiftde, Darkening of the lead acetate paper indicates sulfide is present in the sample.
• Add cadmium nitrate to be added to the sample in a manner similar to the ascorbic acid until
the test is negative.
• Filter with a 0.45 micrometer (/tm) filter and prefilter combination immediately after.
After chlorine and sulfide residuals have been eliminated, the pH must be adjusted to greater thar
12.0 standard units (s.u.) and chilled to 4°C.
84
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
If cyanide is suspected to be present, the sampling personnel should bring all materials mentioned
above to the sampling location.
VOCs
Sampling for VOCs requires the use of a glass vial. The vial shouJd contain a teflon-coated septum
seal, Volatiles will escape from the water to the air if any air is enffanped in die container.
Therefore, the sample should be collected so that there are no air bubbles in the container after the
screw cap and septum seal are applied. To ensure that air bubbles are not trapped in the vial, the
following procedures should be followed:
• Fill the viai until a reverse meniscus forms above the top of the viai
• Screw on the cap (the excess sample will overflow)
• Invert the vial to check for the presence of air bubbles
• If air bubbles are observed, the vial should be opened, emptied, then completely refilled, and
the first three actions should be repeated.
VOC samples should not be composited in the field. To composite a sample, the sampling personnel
would have to mix it thoroughly. This mixing action would aerate the sample and cause voladles
to be lost. Therefore, VOC samples should be sent to the laboratory where they can be immediately,
and carefully, composited and analyzed with minimal volatilization as per method Nos. 502.1,502.2,
524.1, and 524.2 as described at 40 CFR 141.24(f)(14)(iv) and (v). There are two ways fiow-
weighted compositing of VOCs can be accomplished—mathematical compositing or procedural
compositing as discussed below.
Mathematical Compositing
In this method, the grab samples are analyzed separately. The sampling personnel collect the
requisite number of samples and send them to the laboratory. The laboratory performs the individual
analyses on each sample. Five ml (or 25 ml if greater sensitivity is required) of each grab sample
are placed into the purge vessel of the GC or GC/MS for analysis. Special precautions must be
made to maintain zero headspace in the syringe used to transfer the VOC sample into the purge
vessel of the GC or GC/MS. These analytical results are mathematically flow-weight composited
85 July 1992
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
using the calculation in Exhibit 3-24. The concentrations (Q should be adjusted by using the
following formula:
... . _ . Individual Aliquot Volume -
Adjusted Cotieejaraoon « -3 x C
Total Composite Sample
Each sample concentration should be adjusted, and all adjusted concentrations added, to obtain the
flow-weighted VOC composite using this method.
Procedural Compositing
For the second method, sampling personnel collect the requisite number of samples and provide the
laboratory with flow-weighted values for each sample using the calculation in Exhibit 3-24. The
laboratory technician then draws the necessary volume from each aliquot into an adequately sized
syringe, physically combining the samples to result in a flow-weighted composite sample for VOC
analysis. Necessary volumes are drawn into the syringe with a volume control fitting. The samples
are thus composited directly in the syringe and then placed in the purge vessel of the GC or GC/MS.
The advantage of this procedure is that only one analysis on the GC or GCfMS has to be performed.
Although the applicant is required to report only flow-weighted composite concentrations, the
mathematical compositing method may provide more information, as it will indicate the
concentrations of each separate grab sample. For example, if the procedural compositing method
is employed and one of the samples has a high concentration and the other three have non-detectable
concentrations, the result will be an average which does not represent the concentration in any of the
separate grab samples. In certain cases it may be important to know the concentration of each grab
as well as the composite concentration. The mathematical compositing method would be the most
appropriate compositing method in these cases.
Oryanics and Pesticides
The procedures affecting organics and pesticides [base/neutral/acids and pesticide polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs)] are less complex than VOC procedures. Glass containers must be used for sample
collection purposes, amber glass should be used to eliminate the potential for reactivity caused by
light These samples should be maintained at 4*C during storage and shipment A preservative in
86
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
the form of 0.008 percent sodium thiosuifate (NajSjOj) must be added to organic samples if residual
chlorine is present. To determine if chlorine is present, a small color indicator test kit can be used.
Eighty ml of NajS^O, per liter of sample must then be added and mixed well until chlorine tests
indicate a negative result as per methods 604 and 625 of 40 CFR Part 136 Appendix A. The pH of
pesticide samples must be adjusted to between 5 and 9 s.u.
Oil and Grease
O&G tends to adhere to the surfaces that it contacts. Therefore, it should not be transferred from
one container to another; rather, a 1-liter container should be used to take the sample. The container
used for O&G must be made of glass. A teflon insert should be included in the glass container's lid.
However, if teflon is not available, aluminum foil extending out from under the lid may be used.
Samples for O&G must be preserved by adding sulfuric acid (HjSOJ or hydrochloric acid (HC1)
to a pH of less man 2 s.u. and men stored at 4°C.
Additional Considerations
Some pollutants have specific analysis requirements due to short holding times that the applicant must
consider. For example:
• Requirements to analyze immediately (pH, total residual chlorine, temperature, sulfite, and
dissolved oxygen)
• Requirements to preserve immediately and analyze within 6 hours (fecal coliform and fecal
streptococcus)
• Requirements to analyze within 48 hours (BOD5).
Because of these requirements, field testing equipment may need to be purchased, borrowed, or
rented for those parameters that may require field analysis. If the laboratory is located nearby,
analysis in the field may not be required.
Laboratories do not always operate in the evenings or on weekends. As a result, holding times for
samples taken in the late afternoon or on a Friday may be exceeded. To prevent this from occurring,
close coordination with laboratories is necessary. The latest date and time of delivery should be
87 July 1952
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
established to avoid taking samples, only to discover they cannot be accepted by the laboratory and
analyzed in accordance with 40 CFR Part 136 requirements.
3.6 SAMPLE VOLUMES
Exhibit 3-25 presents minimal suggested sample volumes for specific parameters. This exhibit
should be consulted so that the proper volume is collected for analysis of each pollutant of concern.
This exhibit may not include all parameters; if a particular parameter is not listed, refer to 40 CFR
Part 136.
3.7 SAMPLE DOCUMENTATION
Information should be submitted to the laboratory with the sample to ensure proper handling by the
laboratory. Exhibit 3-26 is an example form which can be used to document the following
information.
• Unique Sample or Log Number - All samples should be assigned a unique identification
number. If there is a serial number on the transportation case, the sampling personnel should
add this number to the field records.
• Date and Time of Sample Collection - Date and time of sample collection (including notation
of a.m. or p.m.) must be recorded. In the case of composite samples, the sequence of times
and aliquot sue should be noted.
* Source of Sample. Including Facility Name and Address - Use the outfall identification
number from the site map with a narrative description; a diagram referring to the particular
site where the sample was taken should be included.
* Name of Sampling Personnel - The names and initials of the persons taking the sample must
be indicated. For a composite sample, the names of the persons installing the sampler and
the names of the persons retrieving the sample should be included.
• Sample Type • Each sample should indicate whether it is a grab or composite sample. If the
sample is a composite, the volume and frequency of individual aliquots should be noted.
• Preservation Use^l - Any preservatives (and the amount) added to the sample should be
recorded. The method of preservation (e.g., refrigeration at 4°Q should be indicated.
• Analysis Require^ - All parameters for which the sample must be analyzed at the laboratory
should be specified.
-------
CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3 25. VOLUME OF SAMPLE REQUIRED FOR DETERMINATION OF THE
VARIOUS CONSTITUENTS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATFR
Tests
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^•"^^^^^^••^^l^^P^^^B
Volume of Sample, ml*
Physical ---'" 5 - ' --• - ' ",::.:-:--
Color and odor**
Corrosivhy**
Electrical conductivity**
pH, electrometric**
Radioactivity
Specific gravity**
Temperature**
Toxicity**
Turbidity**
100 to 500
flowing sample
100
100
100 to 1,000
100
flowing sample
1,000 to 20,000
100 to 1,000
Chemical ' •••: ; ;-<^-.: •:<>•-• — >• . . •• • ' ..•.•••'<-~-.^.^s&.~-^<-: •• - ••
VOCs
Dissolved Gases
Ammonia,*** NH,
Carbon Dioxide,*** free CO,
Chlorine,*** free Cl,
Hydrogen,*** H2
Hydrogen sulfide,*** Hj5
Oxygen,*** Oj
Sulfur dioxide,*** free SO,
Miscellaneous
Acidity and alkalinity
Bacteria (fecal coliform)
Bacteria (fecal streptococcus)
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
Carbon dioxide, total CCt, (including C03", HCO3', and
free)
Chemical oxygen demand (dichromate)
Chlorine requirement
Chlorine, total residual Clj (including CO, HOC1, NH2C1,
NHC12, and free)
Chloroform-extractable matter
Detergents
Hardness
Hydrazine
100
500
200
200
1,000
500
500 to 1,000
100
100
500
100
100 to 500
200
50 to 100
2,000 to 4,000
200
1,000
100 to 200
50 to 100
50 to 100
89
July 1992
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CHAPTER 3 - TONDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
IIXHIH1T 3-25.
VOLl'ME OF SAMI'LII RHQnRF.D I OR DF.TF.RMINAT1ON OF THE
VARIOIS CONSTITILMS OF INDUSTRIAL \\ASTL\V ATF.R
(Continued)
Tests
Vohune of Sample, ml*
Miscellaneous (Continued)
Micro-organisms
Volatile and filming amines
Oily matter
Organic nitrogen
Phenolic compounds
Polyphosphates
Silica
Solids, dissolved
Solids, suspended
Tannin and lignin
100 to 200
500 to 1,000
3,000 to 5,000
500 to 1,000
800 to 4,000
100tD200
50 to 100
100 to 20,000
50 to 1,000
100 to 200
Cations
Aluminum, A1+ + +
Ammonium,*** NH4+
Antimony, Sb+ + + to Sb+ + + +
Arsenic, AS+ + + to AS+ + + + +
Barium, Ba+ +
Cadmium, Cd+ +
Calcium, Ca+ +
Chromium, Cr+ + + to Cr+
Copper, Cu+ +
Iron,*** Fe++ and Fe-H--t-
Lead, Pb + +
Magnesium, Mg+ +
Manganese, Mn+-t- to Mn+
Mercury, Hg+ and Hg+-t-
Potassium, Ni + +
Nickel, Ni+4-
Silver, Ag-l-
Sodium, NA+
Strontium, Sr+ +
Tin, Sn+ f and Sn-l-+ -!•-»-
Zinc, Zn+-i-
100 to 1,000
500
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
200 to 4,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 4,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
100 to 1,000
90
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CHAFFER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-25. VOLUME OF SAMPLE REQUIRED FOR DETERMINATION OF THE
VARIOUS CONSTITUENTS OF INDUSTRIAL \VASTEWATER
(Comitiued)
Tests
Anions
Bicarbonate, HCO,
Bromide, Br
Carbonate, CO,"
Chloride, Cl~
Cyanide, Cn"
Fluoride, FT
Hydroxide, OH'
Iodide, I'
Nitrate, NO,"
Nitrite, NOj"
Phosphate, Ortho, PO4~, HPO«~, HjKV
Sulfate, SO4-, HSO«'
Sulfide, S-, HS-
Sulfite, SO,", HSCy
Volume of Sample, ml*
100 to 200
100
100 to 200
25 to 100
25 to 100
200
50 to 100
100
10 to 100
50 to 100
50 to 100
100 to 1,000
100 to 500
50 to 100
•Volumes specified in this table should be considered as guides for the approximate quantity
of sample necessary for a particular analysis. The exact quantity used should be consistent
with the volume prescribed in the standard method of analysis, whenever a volume is
specified.
'"Aliquot may be used for other determinations.
""Samples for unstable constituents must be obtained in separate containers, preserved as
prescribed, completely filled, and sealed against all exposure.
Source: Associated Water and Air Resource Engineers, Inc., 1973, Handbook for Monitoring
Industrial Wastewater, EPA Technology Transfer.
• Flow - If flow is measured at the time of sampling, the measurement must be recorded and
accompanied by a description of the flow measurement method and calculations.
• Date. Time, and Documentation of Sample Shipment - The shipment method (e.g., air, rail,
or bus) as well as the shipping papers or manifest number should be noted.
• Comments - All relevant information pertaining to the sample or the sampling site should be
recorded. Such comments could include the condition of the sample site, observed
characteristics of the sample, environmental conditions that may affect the sample, and
problems encountered during sampling.
91
July 1992
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CHAPTER J - FUNDAMENTALS OP SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3 26. HELD SHEET K)R SAMPLE IXXTMLNTA'I ION
Sample Source Sample ID f Date:
xx/xx/xx
Fadlity Name Time:
XX: XX
a.nt./p.m.
Address
Outfall ID*
Description
Diagram of Site
Flow Description
Flow Calculations
Person Performing Sampling
Signature
Preservation Method
Comments
Ship Via:
Stable Shipping Paper/Manifest
Analysis Required
92
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
3,8 SAMPLE mENTDlCATION AND LABELING
Prior to collection of the sample, a waterproof, gummed sample identification isbe! or tag should be
attached to the sample container. This label should contain relevant information for sample analysis.
such as:
• Facility name
• Name of the sample collector
• Sample identification number
• Date and time of sample collection
• Type of analysis required
• Location of sample collection
• Preservatives used
• Type of sample (grab or composite).
Sample lids should be used to protect the sample's integrity from the time it is collected to the time
it is opened in the laboratory. The lid should contain the collector's name, the date and time the
sample was collected, and a sample identification number. Information on the seal must be identical
to the information on the label. In addition, the lid should be taped shut so mat the seal must be
broken to open the sample container. Caution should be taken to ensure that glue from tape and
label tag wires do not contaminate samples, particularly those containing volatile organics and metals.
Also, waterproof ink should be used to avoid smearing on the label from melted ice used for cooling.
3.9 SAMPLE PACKAGING AND SHIPPING
If the samples are not hand-delivered to the laboratory or analyzed in an onsite laboratory, they
should be placed in a transportation case (e.g., a cooler) along with the chain-of-custody record
form, pertinent field records, and analysis request forms, and shipped to the laboratory. Glass
bottles should be wrapped in foam rubber, plastic bubble wrap, or other material to prevent breakage
during shipment. The wrapping can be secured around the bottle with tape. The container lid
should also be sealed with tape. Samples should be placed in ice or a synthetic ice substitute that
93 July 1992
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
wfll maintain the sample temperature at 4*C throughout shipment Ice should be placed in double-
wrapped watertight bags so the water will not leak from the shipping case. Metal or heavy plastic
ice chests make good sample transportation cases. Filament tape wrapped around each end of the
ice chftt ensures mat it will not open during transport. Sampling records (preferably laminated or
waterproof) can be placed in a waterproof envelope and taped to the inside of the transportation case
to avoid getting them wet in case a sample container or an ice bag leaks. Shipping containers should
also be sealed to prevent tampering. A copy of all sampling records should be kept onsite in case
they are requested by the permitting authority.
Most samples will not require any special transportation precautions except careful packaging to
prevent breakage and/or spillage. If the sample is shipped by common carrier or sent through the
U.S. mail, it must comply with Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations (49
CFR Parts 171-177). Air shipment of hazardous materials samples may also be covered by
requirements of the International Air Transport Association (LATA). Before shipping a sample, the
facility should be aware of, and follow, any special shipping requirements. Special packing and
shipping rules apply to substances considered hazardous materials as defined by LATA rules. Storm
water samples are not generally considered hazardous materials, but in die event of a spill, leakage,
etc., at the collection site hazardous materials may be present in the samples. Be aware, before
sampling, of what hazardous materials may be in the discharge drainage area. If the presence of
hazardous materials is suspected, d£ not sample unless properly trained.
3.10 CHAJN-OF-CUSTODY PROCEDURES
Once samples have been obtained and collection procedures are properly documented, a written
record of the chain of custody of that sample should be made. This is recommended so die applicant
can be confident that the samples have not been tampered with and that the sample once analyzed
is representative of the storm water discharge. "Chain-of-custody" referr to the documented account
of changes in possession that occur for a particular sample or set of samples. The chain-of-custody
record allows an accurate step-by-step recreation of the sampling path, from origin through analysis.
Information necessary in chain-of-custody is:
• Name of the persons collecting the sample
• Sample ID numbers
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CHAPTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
• Date and time of sample collection
• Location of sample collection
• Names and signatures of all persons handling the samples in the field and in the laboratory.
To ensure that ail necessary information is documented, a chain-of-custody form should be
developed. An example of such a form is found in Exhibit 3-27. Chain-of-custody forms should
be printed on carbonless, multipart paper so all personnel handling the sample receive a copy. All
sample shipments should be accompanied by the chain-of-custody record and a copy of these forms
should be retained by the originator. In addition, all receipts associated with the shipment should
be retained. Carriers typically will not sign for samples; therefore, seals must be used to verify that
tampering has not occurred during shipment
When transferring possession of samples, the transferee should sign and record the date and time on
the chain-of-custody record. In general, custody transfers are made for each sample, although
samples may be transferred as a group. Each person who takes custody should fill in the appropriate
section of the chain-of-custody record.
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CHATTER 3 - FUNDAMENTALS OF SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 3-27. EXAMPLE OF CHAIN OF-Cl'STODY I:ORM
Source: U.S. EPA, Region 8
96
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CHAFFER 4 - ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
4. ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
All storm water discharges must be sampled and analyzed in accordance with the test procedures
provided in 40 CFR Part 136. This section discusses pollutant parameters which must be analyzed
by storm water permit applicants. If die applicant wants to use an alternative test method, the facility
must apply for approval (by submitting a description of die method to the permitting authority for
approval) prior to application submission (see 40 CFR 136.4{d)(3)]. Section 5.4 elaborates on how
to obtain approval for an analytical method for a parameter mat is not included in 40 CFR Pan 136.
EPA-approved analytical methods at 40 CFR 136.3, Tables IB and 1C are shown in Appendix C of
this document
When choosing the appropriate 40 CFR Part 136 analytical method, the applicant should consider
sample interferences and potential field sampling error. Most method detection levels are established
under ideal sample conditions (e.g., with little or no sample matrix interferences or sampling error).
Thus, for storm water samples, the method chosen should account for sampling error and
interferences.
4.1 INDUSTRIAL REQUIREMENTS
Industrial dischargers must provide information on the following parameters, as required in 40 CFR
• Any pollutant limited in an effluent guideline to which the facility is subject
• Any pollutant listed in the facility's NPDES permit for its process wastewater (if the facility
has an existing NPDES permh)
• O&G, pH, BODj, COD, TSS, total phosphorus, TKN, and nitrate plus nitrite nitrogen
• Any pollutant known or believed to be present [as required in 40 CFR 122.21(g)(7)]
• Flow measurements or estimates of the flow rate, the total amount of discharge for the storm
events sampled, and the method of flow measurement or estimation
• The date and duration (in hours) of the storm events sampled, rainfall measurements or
estimates of the storm event (in inches) which generated the sampled runoff, and the time
between the storm event sampled and the end of the previous measurable (greater than 0.1
inch rainfall) storm event (in hours).
97 July 1992
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CHATTER 4 - ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
4.1.1 INDIVIDUAL APPLICANTS
Industrial facilities submitting an individual permit application must provide sampling data in three
parts of the Form 2F application form as discussed below. (Form 2F restates requirements listed
in 40 CFR 122.21 and 122.26).
Section VTT.A Parameters
Section VTJ.A of Form 2F requires the facility to sample (grab and flow-weighted samples) for
O&G, BODj, COD, TSS, TKN, nitrate plus nitrite nitrogen, total phosphorus, and pH. These
parameters are to be monitored by every facility applying for a storm water discharge permit,
regardless of the type of operations that exist at the site. Sampling for additional parameters may
be required, depending on the type of facility applying for the permit or the pollutants expected to
be present in the discharge. These additional requirements are discussed in detail below.
Section VII.B Parameters
Section VII-B of Form 2F requires the applicant to identify all pollutants that are limited in an
effluent guideline to which the facility is subject, as well as other toxic and nonconventional
pollutants listed in the facility's NPDES permit for its process wastewater. EPA interprets that for
pollutants listed in NPDES process wastewater permits, at a minimum, facilities must sample their
storm water discharge for those pollutants specifically limited in their process wastewater permit.
States can be more stringent, however, and may interpret this requirement to mean all pollutants
listed in the permit. Once these parameters are identified, the applicant will be required to sample
for these parameters by both grab and flow-weighted composite samples, except for the specified
pollutants which must be grab sampled only. Form 2F requires the applicant to submit maximum
values. The average values column is not compulsory, but should be completed if data are available.
Applicable effluent guidelines appear in 40 CFR Parts 405-471. A listing of the Subchapter
N—Effluent Guidelines and Standards by which the applicant may be regulated appears in Exhibit
4-1. The applicant must refer to the effluent guidelines and standards for the particular industry, and
should determine which guidelines apply and which parameters should be listed in Section VII.B of
Form 2F.
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CHATTER 4 - ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
LXHIHIT 4-1. M'UCKAPTIIR \-tlTLUE\T GUDHLINtS AND STANDARDS
Part
Effluent Guidelines and Standards
Part
Effluent Guidelines and Standard*
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
Dairy Products Processing Point Source
Category
Onin Mils Point Source Category
Canned and Preserved Fruits and
Vegetables Point Source Category
Canned and Preserved Seafood Point
Source Category
Sugar Processing Point Source Category
Textile Mills Point Source Category
Cement Manufacturing Point Source
Category
Feedlots Point Source Category
Electroplating Point Source Category
Organic Chemicals, Plastics, and Synthetic
Fibers Point Source Category
Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing Point
Source Category
(Reserved)
Soap and Detergent Manufacturing Point
Source Category
Fertilizer Manufacturing Point Source
Category
Petroleum Refining Manufacturing Point
Source Category
Iron and Steel Manufacturing Point Source
Category
Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Point
Source Category
Phosphate Manufacturing Point Source
Category
Steam Electric Power Generating Point
Source Category
Ferroalloy Manufacturing Point Source
Category
Leather Tanning and Finishing Point
Source Category
Glass Manufacturing Point Source Category
Asbestos Manufacturing Point Source
Category
Rubber Manufacturing Point Source
Category
Timber Products Processing Point Source
Category
Pulp, Paper and Paperboard Point Source
Category
431
432
433
434
435
436
439
440
443
446
447
454
455
457
458
459
460
461
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
471
Builder's Paper and Board Mills Point
Source Category
Meat Products Point Source Category
Metal Finishing Point Source Category
Coal Mining Point Source Category
Oil and Gas Extraction Point Source
Category
Mineral Mining and Processing Point
Source Category
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Point
Source Category
Ore Mining and Dressing Point Source
Category
Paving and Roofing Point Source
Category
Paint Formulating Point Source
Category
Ink Formulating Point Source Category
Gum and Wood Chemicals
Manufacturing Point Source Category
Pesticide Chemicals Manufacturing
Point Source Category
Explosives Manufacturing Point Source
Category
Carbon Black Manufacturing Point
Source Category
Photographic Point Source Category
Hospital Point Source Category
Battery Manufacturing Point Source
Category
Plastics Molding and Forming Point
Source Category
Metal Molding and Casting Point
Source Category
Coil Coating Point Source Category
Porcelain Enameling Point Source
Category
Aluminum Forming Point Source
Category
Copper Forming Point Source Category
Electrical and Electronic Components
Point Source Category
Nonferrous Metals Forming and Metal
Powders Point Source Category
99
July 1992
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CHATTER 4 • ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Section VII.C Parameters
Section Vn.C requires the applicant to list, for each outfall, each pollutant described in 40 CFR Part
122, Appendix D, Tables D, m, IV, and V (Tables 2F-2, 2F-3, and 2F-4 of application Form 2F)
that it knows, or has reason to believe, may be present in the storm water discharge. These
pollutants consist of conventional and nonconventional pollutants, toxic pollutants and total phenol,
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) fraction volatile compounds, acid compounds,
base/neutral compounds, pesticides, and hazardous substances. These tables are also provided on
the back of Form 2F. Tables H and ffl of 40 CFR Part 122 Appendix D have been combined in
Table 2F-3 of application Form 2F. Table IV of 40 CFR Part 122 Appendix D is listed as Table
2F-2 of application Form 2F and Table V of 40 CFR Part 122 Appendix D is listed as Table 2F-4
of application Form 2F. There are specific requirements associated with each table. If pollutants
in Table IV of 40 CFR Part 122 Appendix D (Table 2F-2 of application Form 2F), are directly or
indirectly limited by an effluent guideline limitation, the applicant must analyze for it and report the
data For other pollutants listed in Table IV of 40 CFR Part 122 Appendix D {Table 2F-2 of the
application form), the applicant must either report quantitative data, if available, or briefly describe
the reasons the pollutant is expected to be in the discharge.
For every pollutant in Tables n and HI of 40 CFR Part 122 Appendix D (Table 2F-3 of application
Form 2F) expected to be discharged in concentrations of 10 parts per billion (ppb) or greater, the
applicant must submit quantitative data. For acrolein, acrylonitrile, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 2-methyl-
4,6-dinitrophenol, the applicant must submit quantitative data if any of these four pollutants is
expected to be discharged in concentrations of 100 ppb or greater. For every pollutant expected to
be discharged with a concentration less than 10 ppb (or 100 ppb for the four parameters mentioned
above), me applicant must either submit quantitative data or briefly explain why the pollutant is
expected to be discharged.
For the parameters identified in Table V of 40 CFR Part 122 Appendix D (Table 2F-4 of application
Form 2F) mat the applicant believes to be present in the discharge, no sampling is required. If
previous analyses of these parameters were conducted, the results must be reported. Otherwise, the
applicant is required to explain why these pollutants are believed to be present.
100
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CHAPTER 4 - ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Small Business Exemption
Small businesses are exempted from the reporting requirements for the organic toxic pollutants
presented in 40 CFR Part 122, Table n of Appendix D. Applicants can claim a small business
exemption if:
• The facility is a coal mine and the probable annual production is less than 100,000 tons per
year. The applicant may submit past production data or estimate future production data
instead of conducting analyses for the organic toxic pollutants listed in Table 2F-3 of
application Form 2F.
• The facility is not a coal mine, and the gross total annual sale* for the most recent 3 years
is, on average, less than $100,000 per year (reflected in second quarter 1980 dollars). The
applicant may submit sales data for those years instead of conducting analyses for the organic
toxic pollutants listed in Table 2F-3 of application Form 2F.
Section VIII
Section VTII of Form 2F requires the applicant to provide biological toxicity testing data for storm
water discharges associated with industrial activity. Applicants are required to perform biological
toxicity testing for the storm water application if the facility's NPDES permit for its process
wastewater lists biological toxicity (EPA interprets "listed" as limited). For example, if a facility's
NPDES process wastewater permit has an acute toxicity limit of a lethal concentration (LCjo), equal
to 75 percent effluent using ceriodaphnJa, then that facility must also test its storm water discharges
associated with industrial activity and report the results of the tests in Section VIII of Form 2F.
Until whole effluent toxicity methods are promulgated by EPA in 40 CFR Part 136, toxicity testing
should be conducted using the most appropriate methods and species as determined by the permitting
authority. In the absence of State acute toxicity testing protocols, EPA recommends using the
methods described in Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters
to Fresh Water and Marine Organisms. EPA/600/4-90-027 (Rev. September 1991)
4.1.2 GROUP APPLICANTS
Industrial facilities submitting a group application must also provide sampling data (from the
sampling subgroup) which is required to be submitted in Sections VII, VIII, and LX along with the
certification in Section X of Form 27. At a minimum, these parameters include O&G, BODj, COD,
101 July 1992
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CHAPTER 4 - ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
TSS, TKN, nitrate plus nitrite nitrogen, tool phosphorous, and pH. Furthermore, all pollutant*
listed in an effluent guideline or limited in an NPDES permit applicable to the sampling facilities
within the group must be sampled, as well as pollutants suspected of being present based on
significant materials and industrial activities present onsfte.
4.2 MUNICIPAL REQUIREMENTS
For Pan 1 of the municipal permit application, municipalities must submit samples from the field
screening effort for pH, total chlorine, total copper, phenol, and detergents (or surfactants). A
narrative description of the color, odor, turbidity, and presence of oil sheen and surface scum must
be included. For Part 2 of the permit application, municipalities must provide quantitative data for
the organic pollutants listed in Table n of 40 CFR Part 122 Appendix D, and the pollutants listed
in 40 CFR Part 122, Appendix D, Table ID, as well as some additional pollutants. These pollutants
are listed in Exhibit 4-2.
Furthermore, 40 CFR 122.26(d)(2)(iii)(A)(5) requires that estimates be provided of the annual
pollutant load of the cumulative discharges to waters of the U.S. from all identified municipal
outfalls, and the event mean concentration of the cumulative discharges to waters of the U.S. from
all identified municipal outfalls during storm events for the parameters listed in Exhibit 4-2.
Estimates of the parameters must be accompanied by a description of the procedures for estimating
constituent loads and concentrations, including any modelling, data analysis, and calculation methods.
102
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CHATTER 4 - ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
EXHIBIT 4 2. PARAMETERS WHICH MIST BE ANA1.Y/.I I) BY MlMCIPAl. '
APPLICANTS !
Total antimony
Total aneuic
Total beryllium
PoButaols Cootamd
Acroieia
AcrylonhriJe
Benzene
BromofonD
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorooeuzene
Chlorodibromo-
njemane
Chloroethane
2-Chloroethylvinyl
ether
Chloroform
Dichlorobromo-
methane
1 , 1 -dichloroethane
1 ^-dichloroethane
1 , 1 -dichloroethylene
1 ,2-dichloropropane
1 ,3-dichloropropylene
EthyJbenzene
Methyl bromide
Methyl chloride
Methyleoe chloride
tetrachloroethane
TetrachJoroethylene
h T«M» m a/40 CFT» Fst m, App~«*s D
T otal cadoiAUD
Total chromium
Total copper
Total k«d
Total mercury
Total nickel
Total aeieohim
Total nlw
Total thaflimn
Total zmc
Total cyanide
Total pheoofc
fa Tabk H of 40 CFR Part 122, Appt»db D
Toiuess
dichloroethyleae
I 1 1 -tricMorfMthane
1,1^-dichloroethaoB
Trichloroediyieoe
Vmyl chloride
2-chloropbenol
2,4-dichloropbenol
2,4-dimethylpbenol
4,6-dinitro-o-creeol
2,4-dinitrophenol
2-oitropbenol
4-nitrophenol
p-chloro-m-crefol
Pentachloropnenol
Phenol
2,4,6-
trichlorophenol
Aocnaphthene
Acenaphthytene
Anthracene
Benzidine
Benzo(a)anmraceQe
B«nro(a)pyrsas
3,4-benzofluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoraotneae
caloroethoxy)me(haoe
Bia(2-chioroethyl)eiber
Biaa-
chkvoiaopropyQether
Bu(2-ethylbexyOphthakte
4-bromopbenyi pneoyl
ether
Butylbenzyl phthalate
2-chloronaphthalene
4-ch)oropbenyl pneayi
ether
Chryaene
Dibenzo(aji)anthracene
1 ^-dichlorobenzene
1 3-dichlorobenzene
1 ,4-dichlorobenzene
3 3-dichlorobenzidine
Dietfayl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Di-o-outyl phthalate
2,4-dinitrotoluene
Di-tHxtyt phthalate
1^-dipnenylhydrazine
Ftuorantfaeoe
Fluorene
HfiUchUvnhmmne
Hexachloracyclopen-
tadieae
HexachloroethaDe
Naphthalene
Nitrobenzene
N-ohroeodi-o-
propylamine
Pbenanthrene
Pyrene
1 ,2,4-trichlorobenzene
•Aldrin
Alpha-BHC
Beta-BHC
Gsama-BHC
Deha-BHC
CUordaa*
4,4'-DDT
4.4--DDB
4,4'-DDD
Dieldria
Endowlfan fultet
Endrin
Endrin aldehyde
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide
PCB-1242
PCB-1254
PCB-1221
PCB-1232
PCB-124S
PCB-1260
PCB-1016
Toxapbene
Additional PoDutand Whicb Mot be Analyzed
TSS 0*0
TDS Fecal coUfbnn
COD Fecal jtreptococcus
BOD, pH
Total residual chlorine
TKN
Nitrate phii nitrite nitrofen
Total and duaolved pnoiphorut
Source: 40 CFR Part 122, Appendix D
103
July 1992
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CHAPTER 4 - ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
104
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CHAPTER 5 - FLEXIBILITY IN SAMPLING
5. FLEXIBILITY IN SAMPLING
The requirements for storm water sampling for permit applications offer some flexibility by the
permitting authority. The areas of flexibility are discussed below.
5.1 PROTOCOL MODIFICATIONS
The permitting authority may allow sampling protocol modifications for specific requirements on a
case-by-case basis. For example, the permitting authority may accept application forms with
incomplete sampling data if there was no rainfall at the applicant's facility prior to the submission
deadline. However, the permitting authority will require that sampling data be submitted as soon
as possible. The reason for not submitting data must be certified by a corporate official (for
industrial facilities) or the principal executive officer or ranking official (for municipalities).
Another area where permitting authorities may allow flexibility in storm water sampling is acceptance
of quantitative data from a storm event that does not meet the representative rainfall criteria of within
50 percent of the volume and duration for the average storm event for the area. The permitting
authority may decide that the discharge data provided is better than no data at all.
In addition, the permitting authority may establish appropriate site-specific sampling procedures or
requirements, including sampling locations; the season in which the sampling takes place; the
minimum duration between the previous measurable storm event and the storm event sampled; the
minimum or maximum level of precipitation required for an appropriate storm event; the form of
precipitation sampled (snow melt or rainfall); protocols for collecting samples under 40 CFR Part
136; and additional time for submitting data on a case-by-case basis. The permitting authority should
be contacted for preapproval of any necessary protocol modifications. In the case of group
applications, EPA Headquarters should be contacted.
5.2 PETITION FOR SUBSTITUTING SUBSTANTIALLY IDENTICAL EFFLUENTS
As described at 40 CFR 122.21 (g)(7), when an industrial applicant has two or more outfalls with
substantially identical effluents, the permitting authority may allow the applicant to test only one
outfall and to report that the quantitative data also apply to the substantially identical outfalls. In the
case of group applications, the petition must be submitted to EPA Headquarters.
105 July 1992
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CHAPTER 5 - FUEXmnJTY IN SAMPLING
For facilities seeking to demonstrate that storm water outfalls are substantially identical, a variety
of methods can be used as determined by the permitting authority. Three possible petition options
are discussed here: (1) submission of a narrative description and a site map; (2) submission of
matrices; or (3) submission of model matrices. Detailed guidance on each of the three options for
demonstrating substantially identical outfalls is provided below. An owner/operator certification
should be submitted with each option. See Section 5.2.3 for an example of this certification.
5.2.1 OPTION ONE: NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION/SITE MAP
Facilities demonstrating that storm water outfalls are substantially identical may submit a narrative
description of the facility and a she map to the permitting authority . The narrative portion must
include a description of why the outfalls are substantially identical. Petitioners may demonstrate that
these outfalls contain storm water discharges associated with:
• Substantially identical industrial activities and processes;
• Substantially identical significant materials that may be exposed to storm water
[including, but not limited to, raw materials, fuels, materials such as solvents,
detergents, and plastic pellets; finished materials such as metallic products; raw
materials used in food processing or production; hazardous substances designated
under Section 101(14) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act (CERCLA); any chemical the facility is required to report pursuant
to Section 313 of Title HI of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
(SARA); fertilizers; pesticides; and waste products such as ashes, slag, and sludge that
have the potential to be released with storm water discharges as per 40 CFR
122.26(b)(12)J;
• Substantially identical storm water management practices (such as retention ponds,
enclosed areas, diversion dikes, gutters, and swales) and material management
practices (such as protective coverings and secondary containment); and
• Substantially identical flows, as determined by the estimated runoff coefficient and
approximate drainage area at each outfall.
The she map should include an indication of the facility's topography; each of the drainage and
discharge structures; the drainage area of each storm water outfall; paved areas and buildings within
the drainage area for each storm water outfall; all past or present areas used for outdoor storage or
disposal of significant materials; identification of the significant materials in each drainage area; and
identification of each existing structural control measures used to reduce pollutants in storm water
106
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CHAPTER 5 - FLEXIBILITY IN SAMPLING
runoff, materials loading and access areas, and areas where pesticides, herbicides, soil conditioners,
and fertilizers are applied.
Exhibit 5-1 offers an example of a narrative description/site map petition that sufficiently
demonstrates identical outfalls. A demonstration of how to determine runoff coefficient estimates
was presented in Section 3.2.2. Exhibit 5-2 presents an example of a site map to be included with
the narrative description.
5.2 J OPTION TWO: USE OF MATRICES TO INDICATE IDENTICAL OUTFALLS
Facilities attempting to demonstrate that storm water outfalls are substantially identical may submit
matrices and an owner/operator certification describing specific information associated with each
outfall to the permitting authority. Matrix information is required only for those outfalls that the
permit applicant is attempting to demonstrate are identical, not for all outfalls. Petitioners must
demonstrate, using the matrices, that the outfalls have storm water discharges that meet the criteria
listed in Section 5.2.1. Refer to Exhibit 5-3 for examples of matrices that demonstrate substantially
identical outfalls and Section 3.2.2 for guidance on determining runoff coefficient estimates.
5.2.3 OPTION THREE: MODEL MATRICES
Facilities attempting to demonstrate that storm water outfalls are substantially identical may submit
model matrices and an owner/operator certification to the permitting authority. This option is
particularly appropriate for facilities with a large number of storm water outfalls and the potential
for numerous groupings of identical outfalls. In addition, this option may be useful in group
applications that have a large sampling subgroup.
Mode! matrices should contain information for one grouping of substantially identical outfalls. For
example, if a facility has 150 outfalls and several groupings of identical outfalls, the facility would
choose one of the groupings of identical outfalls to provide information in the model matrices. The
petitioner must demonstrate, using these matrices, that all outfalls within this grouping have storm
water discharges that meet the criteria listed in Section 5.2.1.
The facility should provide an owner certification that all other groupings of outfalls have been
examined and certified as substantially identical outfalls according to the criteria established in the
107 July
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CHAPTER 5 - FLEXratUTY IN SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 5-1. PETITION TO SAMPLE SUBSTANTIALLY IDENTICAL OtTFALES
(NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION/SITE MAP)
Examples
I. The Pepper Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is primarily engaged in
manufacturing paperboard, including paperboard coated on the paperboard machine
(from wood pulp and other fiber pulp). This establishment is classified under SIC
code 2631. Pursuant to the November 16, 1990, NPDES storm water permit
application regulations, this facility is considered to be 'engaging in industrial
activity" for the purposes of storm water permit application requirements in 40 CFR
122.26(b)(14)(i) and (ii).
II. "When an applicant has two or more outfalls with substantially identical effluents,
the Director may allow the applicant to test only one outfall and report that the
quantitative data also apply to the substantially identical outfalls."
[40 CFR 122.2 l(g)(7)]
In accordance with 40 CFR 122.21(g)(7) of the NPDES regulations, The Pepper
Company hereby petitions the State of Pennsylvania (the permitting authority) for
approval to sample certain representative storm water outfalls in groupings of storm
water outfalls that are substantially identical. The Pepper Company will demonstrate
that of the ten (10) outfalls discharging storm water from our paperboard
manufacturing plant, there are two pairs of substantially identical outfalls. Outfalls 3
and 4 are substantially identical and should be grouped together. Outfalls 8 and 9
are substantially identical and should be grouped together. Outfalls 1, 2, 5, 6, 7,
and 10 have distinct characteristics and, therefore, will not be grouped together with
other outfalls for the purposes of storm water discharge sampling.
HI. The Pepper Company will demonstrate that the substantially identical outfalls that
have been grouped together contain storm water discharges associated with: (1)
substantially identical industrial activities and processes that are occurring outdoors;
(2) substantially identical significant materials (including raw materials, fuels,
finished materials, waste products, and material handling equipment) that may be
exposed to storm water; (3) substantially identical material management practices
(such as runoff diversions, gutters and swales, protective coverings, and structural
enclosures); and (4) substantially identical flows, as determined by the estimated
runoff coefficient and approximate drainage area at each outfall.
108
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CHAPTER 5 - FLEXIBILITY IN SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 5-1. PETITION TO SAMPLE SUBSTANTIALLY IDENTICAL OITFALLS
(NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION/SITE MAP) (Continued)
1.
A. Description of Industrial Activities at the Pepper Company
The Pepper Company receives wastepaper in bales. This baled wastepaper is sent
through a hydropulper and converted to pulp. The fiber material is concentrated,
stored, and then drawn through refiners to die paper machines. Wires, plastics, and
miscellaneous material are removed during the pulping.
Three systems are used to produce top liner, back paper, and filler. The highest
quality fiber is used for the top liner, the medium quality is used for the back paper,
and the poorest quality is used for the filler paper. Wireforming or conventional
boxboard processes are employed to produce clay-coated boxboard, using a water-
based clay-coating material. Additional materials may be used as binders. These are
stored indoors and are not exposed to precipitation. Ammonia is used in die clay-
coating process. Off-grade fiber and trim material are ground up and returned to the
liquid process stream. Slime control agents, consisting of bactericides, are used in
association with this process. These agents are organic materials used to prevent
souring of mill operations. They are received in drums and stored indoors. Empty
drums are returned to the supplier to reuse. In addition, the Pepper Company
operates an onsite landfill for the disposal of miscellaneous waste materials removed
during pulping and paper cuttings operations.
B. Demonstration of Why Outfalls Are Substantially Identical in Terms of
Industrial Activities Conducted Outdoors.
Outfalls 3 and 4
Outfalls 3 and 4 are substantially identical in terms of industrial activities conducted
outdoors. Both outfalls contain storm water discharges associated with the outdoor
storage of baled wastepaper. The wastepaper, which consists of old corrugated
containers, mixed paper, and other types of wastepaper, is received weekly and
stored for up to 3 weeks in Storage Areas #1 and #2. These uncovered storage areas
are enclosed by chain-link fencing.
Outfalls 8 and 9
Outfalls 8 and 9 drain storm water runoff from areas where all industrial activities
occur indoors. The industrial activities occurring under roof cover at these two
outfalls include hydropulping, storage of concentrated fiber material, refining, and
paperboard production. These industrial processes have no potential for contact with
precipitation.
109
July 1992
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CHAPTER 5 - FLEXIBILJTY IN SAMPLING
I'LiniON TO SAMPLE-! SlTjSTANTIALLV IDLMICAL OITFALLS
(NAKKATIYL 1)1 SCUlPRON SITL MAI1) (Continued)
2.
A. Description of Significant Materials at the Pepper Company
The significant materials listed below are used by the Pepper Company to
manufacture paperboard. These materials are stored indoors, unless otherwise
indicated.
CO Raw mflfiffo1* including baled wastepaper (off-spec damaged paper stock or
recycled paper) [wastepaper is stored outdoors at Storage Areas 11 and *2];
clays, ammonias, sizings, and slime control agents (chlorine dioxide); caustic;
ammonia, which is stored in two tanks. [See Storage Area 13].
(ii) Waste Materials, including miscellaneous materials removed during pulping and
paper cuttings (such as staples, rubber bands, styrofoam, etc.). These waste
materials are stored indoors in open dumpsters. However, prior to disposing of the
waste in the onsite landfill, these dumpsters are moved outdoors where they are
potentially exposed to precipitation for 12 hours or less. [See Storage Area #3].
Oii) Finished Products, including paperboard and molded fiber products, These are
always stored indoors.
(iv) Others, including wood pallets (which are used to transport and haul raw
materials, waste materials, and finished products) are stored both indoors and
outdoors. [See Storage Area #3]. The Pepper Company has an above-ground fuel
tank with a pump. [See Storage Area 13].
B. Demonstration of Why Outfalls are Substantially Identical in Terms of
Significant Materials that Potentially May be Exposed to Storm Water
Outfalls 3 and 4
Outfalls 3 and 4 are substantially identical in terms of significant materials that may
be exposed to storm water. Both outfalls contain storm water discharges associated
with the outdoor storage of baled wastepaper. The wastepaper, which consists of old
corrugated containers, mixed paper, and other types of wastepaper, is received
weekly and stored for up to 3 weeks in Storage Areas #1 and 12. These uncovered
storage areas are enclosed by cs-Jn-link fencing.
Outfalls 8 and 9
Outfalls 8 and 9 are substantially identical in terms of significant materials. Both
outfalls contain storm water runoff from areas that have no significant materials
potentially exposed to storm water. All industrial activities occurring in the areas
drained by Outfalls 8 and 9 occur completely indoors.
no
-------
CHAPTER 5 - FLEXTBTiJTY IN SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 5-1. PETITION' TO SAMPLE SI BSTANTJAELY IDENTICAL OITFALLS
(NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION/SITE MAP) (Coninuicd)
3. Mfltcris] Muimniffnt Practices
A. Description of Material Management Practices at the Pepper Company
The Pepper Company uses a wide range of storm water management practices and
material management practices to limit the contact of significant materials with
precipitation. Non-structural storm water management practices include employee
training, spill reporting and clean-up, and spill prevention techniques. Structural
storm water management practices include:
(i) piversion Devices (both above-ground trenches and subterranean drains) are used
to divert surface water from entering a potentially contaminated area.
(ii) Gutters/SwaJes (constructed of concrete or grass) channel storm water runoff to
drainage systems leading to separate storm sewers.
(iv) Overland Flow (which is the flow of storm water over vegetative areas prior to
entrance into a storm water conveyance) allows much of the storm water to infiltrate
into the ground. The remainder is naturally filtered prior to reaching the storm
water conveyance. This is not considered sheet flow since natural drainage channels
may be carved out during a heavy storm event.
B. Demonstration of Why Outfalls Are Substantially Identical in Terms of
Storm Water Management Practices Used
Outfalls 3 and 4
Outfalls 3 and 4 are substantially identical in terms of storm water management
practices used. Both outfalls contain storm water discharges associated with the
outdoor storage of baled wastepaper, located in Storage Areas #1 and #2. Concrete
gutters at both sites channel storm water away from the storage areas down to the
respective outfalls.
Outfalls 8 and 9
Outfalls 8 and 9 are substantially identical in terms of storm water management
practices used. Both outfalls contain storm water runoff from areas that have no.
significant materials potentially exposed to storm water. All industrial activities
occurring in the areas drained by Outfalls 8 and 9 occur completely indoors. Both
outfalls receive overland flow storm water. From roof drains, the storm water in
both drainage areas is then conveyed over similarly graded vegetative areas prior to
entrance into the respective outfalls.
Ill July 1992
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CHAPTERS- FLJEXnHLJTY IN SAMPLING
i:\HI!!!T 5-1 PETITION TO SAMPLE! SIUSTANTIALLY IDENTICAL OITFALLS
(NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION/SITE MAP) (Cominucd)
4. Flow Chgrflf**TJstics
A. Demonstration of Why Outfalls Are Substantially Identical in Terms of
Flow, as Determined by The Estimated Runoff Coefficient and
Approximate Drainage Area at Each Outfall
Outfalls 3 and 4
Outfalls 3 and 4 are substantially identical in terms of flow. Both drainage areas
have a 2 to 7 percent grade and contain fine textured soil (greater than 40 percent
clay) with a vegetative cover. The estimated runoff coefficient for both outfalU is
.2. The approximate drainage area for each outfall is similar. Outfall 3 has an
approximate drainage area of 3,500 square feet. Outfall 4 has an approximate
drainage area of 2,900 square feet
Outfalls 8 and 9
Outfalls 8 and 9 are substantially identical in terms of flow. Both drainage areas
have a 2 to 7 percent grade and contain fine textured soil (greater than 40 percent
clay) with a vegetative cover. The estimated runoff coefficient for both outfalls is
.2. The approximate drainage area for each outfall is similar. Outfall 8 has an
approximate drainage area of 7,600 square feet. Outfall 9 has an approximate
drainage area of 8,700 square feet.
112
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EXHIBIT 5-2. SITE MAP
CHAPTER $ - FLEXIBILITY IN SAMPLING
KEY:
Q Unlqu* Oullalte
S) Gut1«r*
[ ] Identical Dr»ln»g* Areas
D UnkjiM Draln*g« Arees
d P«v«d Or*lnM« Ar»*>
113
July 1992
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CHAPTER 5 - FLEXIBILITY IN SAMPLING
i:\Himi 5.3 MATRICIiS DEMONSTRATIXG SUBSTANTIALLY IDLNTICAL
OUT! ALLS
Industrial Activities
OUTFALL
3
4
A
X
X
B
—
-
C
-
—
D
X
X
E
—
-
Key:
A - Outdoor storage of raw materials and material-handling equipment
B = Fueling
C - Waste materials storage (dumpster)
D = Loading/unloading of raw materials, intermediate products, and final
products
E = Landfill activity
Significant Materials That May Be Exposed to Storm Water
OUTFALL
3
4
A
-
—
B
—
—
C
-
-
D
—
—
E
X
X
F
—
—
Key:
A =
B =
C =
D =
E =
F =
Outdoor ammonia tank
Wood pallets
Above ground gas tank
Waste materials
Baled wastepaper
Finished products
114
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CHAPTER 5 - FLEXIBILITY IN SAMPLING
EXHIBIT 5.3 MATRICES DEMONSTRATING SUBSTANTIALLY IDENTICAL
OUTFALLS (Continued)
Storm Water Management Practices
OUTFALL
3
4
A
—
—
B
X
X
c
—
—
8
9
—
—
—
—
X
X
Key:
A =
B =
C =
Runoff diversions
Gutters/swales
Overland flow (not sheet flow; flow through
vegetative areas)
Flow Characteristics
OUTFALL
3
4
A
0.2
0.2
B
3,500
2,900
8
9
0.2
0.2
7,600
8,700
Key:
A =
B =
Estimated runoff coefficient
Approximate drainage area of outfall (square feet)
115
July 1992
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CHAPTER 5 - FLEJOBrLTTY IN SAMPLING
model matrices described in Exhibit 5-3. The owner/operator who signs documents in this section
should include the following certification:
"I certify under penalty of law that this document and all attachments were prepared
under my direction or supervision in accordance with a system designed to assure that
qualified personnel properly gather and evaluate the information submitted. Based on
my inquiry of the person or persons who manage the system, or those persons directly
responsible for gathering the information, the information submitted is, to the best of
my knowledge and belief, true, accurate and complete. I am aware that there are
significant penalties for submitting false information, including the possibility of fine
and imprisonment for knowing violations" [as per 40 CFR 122.22(d)J.
53 ALTERNATE 40 CFR PART 136 METHOD
As required in 40 CFR 136.4, the applicant must request the approval of an alternate test procedure
in writing On triplicate) prior to testing. The request must be submitted to the Regional
Administrator through the Director of the State agency responsible for issuing NPDES permits. The
applicant must
• Provide the name and address of the responsible person or firm making the discharge (if not
the applicant), the applicable identification number of die existing or pending permit, the
issuing agency, the type of permit for which the alternate test procedure is requested, and the
discharge serial number;
• Identify the pollutant or parameter for which approval of an alternate testing procedure is
being requested;
• Provide justification for using testing procedures other than those specified in 40 CFR Part
136;
• Provide a detailed description of the proposed alternate test procedure, together with
references to published studies of the applicability of the alternate test procedure to the
effluents in question;
• Provide comparability data (for applicants applying for nation wide approval of an alternative
test procedures).
The permitting authority will notify the applicant within 90 days regarding the approval of the
alternate method.
116
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CHAPTER S - FLEXIBILITY IN SAMPLING
5.4 LACK OF METHOD IN 40 CFR PART 136
If a specific pollutant that must be tested does not have a corresponding analytical method listed in
40 CFR Part 136, the applicant must submit information on an appropriate method to be used. The
permitting authority must approve its use prior to collection and analysis of sampling data. The
laboratory should be consulted for suggestions and information about analytical methods that can be
used. All information justifying the alternative method should be sent to the permitting authority
prior to use.
117 July 1992
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CHAJTHI s - juxaaum IN SAMPLING
118
-------
CHAFFER 4 - HEALTH AND SAFETY
6. HEALTH AND SAFETY
Storm water sampling activities may occur when the sampling environment and/or storm water
discharges create hazardous conditions. Hazardous conditions associated with sampling include:
• Hazardous weather conditions (e.g., wind, lightning, flooding, etc.)
• Sampling in confined spaces (e.g., manholes)
• Hazards associated with chemicals
• Biological hazards (e.g., rodents and snakes)
• Physical hazards (e.g., traffic, falling objects, sharp edges, slippery footing, and the potential
for lifting injuries from opening or removing access panels and manhole covers, etc.)
It is essential that sampling personnel be aware of these hazards. Sampling personnel should be
trained to evaluate potentially hazardous situations and develop ways for handling them. Since
sampling hazards can be life threatening, safety must be the highest priority for all personnel. This
chapter outlines general health and safety issues and concerns. Additional references discussed below
should be consulted for more specific guidance to avoid adverse health and safety situations.
6.1 GENERAL TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
Preparation and training of all sampling personnel should be completed before beginning any
sampling task. Extreme care should be taken to allow for safety precautions including proper
equipment and appropriate operational techniques, sufficient time to accomplish the task, training on
potential hazards, and emergency procedures. EPA's Order 1440.2 sets out the policy,
responsibilities, and mandatory requirements for the safety of personnel who are involved in
sampling activities. This order, which is found within the EPA NPDES Compliance Monitoring
Inspector Training: Sampling manual, provides further guidance to applicants' storm water sampling
personnel. Basic emergency precautions include having access to both local emergency phone
numbers and communication equipment (i.e., phones or radios), and ensuring that personnel are
trained in first aid and carry first aid equipment.
119 July 1992
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CHAPTER « - HEALTH AND SAFETY
6 J NECESSARY SAFETY EQUIPMENT
Exhibit 6-1 contains a list of safety equipment that may be appropriate depending on the
characteristics of the sampling site.
f EXHIBIT 6-1. LIST OF SA1 LTY fcQUI'MENT
Flashlight
Meters (for oxygen, explosivity, toxic gases)
Ladder
Safety harness
Hard hat
Safety goggles
Coveralls
Respirator
Reflective vests
18- inch traffic cones
Insect/rodent repellant
Ventilation equipment
50 feet of 1/2-inch nylon rope
Safety shoes
Rain wear
Gloves (rubber)
First aid kit
Self-contained breathing apparatus
Source: Adapted from NPDES Compliance Monitoring Inspector Training: Sampling,
U.S. EPA, August 1990.
6.3 HAZARDOUS WEATHER CONDITIONS
Common sense should dictate whether sampling be conducted during adverse weather conditions.
No sampling personnel should place themselves in danger during high winds, lightning storms, or
flooding conditions which might be unsafe. Under extreme conditions, a less hazardous storm event
should be sampled.
6.4 SAMPLING IN CONFINED SPACES
Confined spaces encountered by storm water sampling personnel typically include manholes and
deep, unventilated ditches. A confined space is generally defined as a space that is somewhat
enclosed with limited access and inadequate ventilation.
120
-------
CHAFFER * - HEALTH AND SAFETY
The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has developed a manuaJ entitled
"Working in Confined Spaces" which should be consulted prior to confined space entry. Also,
several States have developed specific procedures which should also be consulted. Unless they have
been trained for confined space entry, sampling personnel should avoid entry under all
circumstances.
6.4.1 HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS IN CONFINED SPACES
Confined spaces pose a safety threat to sampling personnel because of low oxygen, explosivity, and
toxic gases. When entering a confined space, a qualified person should ensure that the atmosphere
is safe by sampling to test for oxygen levels, potential flammable hazards, and toxic materials known
or suspected to be present. If atmospheric conditions are detected, the confined space should be
ventilated or sampling personnel should use a self-contained air supply and wear a life line. At least
one person should remain outside of the confined space in the event that problems arise. If
atmospheric testing has not been properly conducted, the confined space should not be entered.
Manholes can also pose a threat to safety because of the small confined area, slippery surfaces, sharp
objects, unsafe ladders, etc.
6.4.2 SPECIAL TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
Personnel should not enter into a confined space unless trained in confined space entry techniques.
Such training covers hazard recognition, the use of respiratory equipment and atmospheric testing
devices, use of special equipment and tools, and emergency and rescue procedures. In addition, at
least one member of the sampling crew should be certified in basic first aid and Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR). Sampling personnel should, on an annual basis, practice confined space
rescues.
6.4.3 PERMIT SYSTEM
If entry into a confined space is necessary, an entry permit system should be developed which
includes a written procedure. This permit should include, at a minimum:
• Description of type of work to be done
• Hazards that may be encountered
July 1992
-------
CHATTES $ - HEALTH AND SAFETY
• Location and description of the confined space
• Information on atmospheric conditions at confined space
• Personnel training and emergency procedures
• Names of sampling personnel.
The manual developed by NIOSH discusses this permit system in more detail, Furtiermore, the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) proposed a rule on June 5, 1989 (54 FR
24080) that would implement a permit system. The rule is expected to be finalized and published
late in 1992.
6.5 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Sampling personnel can also be at risk of exposure to hazardous chemicals—either chemicals in the
actual storm water discharge or the chemicals that have been placed in the sample collection
containers for sample preservation. Therefore, direct contact with the preservatives and the storm
water (if hazardous chemicals are suspected to be present) should be avoided. Sampling personnel
should wear gloves and safety glasses to avoid sltin and eye exposure to harmful chemicals.
Sampling personnel should be trained to avoid exposure and instructed as to what to do if exposure
occurs (e.g., flush the eyes, rinse the skin, ventilate the area, etc.).
6.6 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Storm water sampling personnel may also encounter biological hazards such as rodents, snakes, and
insects. The sampling crew should remain alert to these hazards. As mentioned in Section 6.2,
necessary sampling equipment, for certain locations, should include insect/rodent repellant and a first
aid kit
6.7 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
The sampling crew should be aware of a number of physical hazards that could cause accidents at
the sampling site. These hazards include traffic hazards, sharp edges, falling objects, slippery
footing, and lifting injuries from removing manhole covers. Sampling personnel should pay close
attention in order to prevent these safety hazards at all times.
122
-------
CHAPTER < - HEALTH AND SAFETY
If the sample point is in a manhole, a street gutter, or ditch near the street, particular attention must
be given to marking off the work area to warn oncoming traffic of the presence of the sampling
crew. Traffic cones, warning signs, and barricades should be placed in appropriate places around
the sampling point
123 July 1992
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
FORMS 2F AND 1
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
print or typo In tta
EPAONumbar
CM No. XMMOM
5-0!-«
2F
NPOCS
?/EPA
Application for Permit to Discharge Storm Water
Discharges Associated wttti Industrial Acttvttv
Pubic raporting burdan tar
taafching
ta aattmaMd to anaiaga MM taura par apptoaHon, Indudtag ama tar •
gttwrmg and rnartaWng tM dan nudid, and oompiaang and nmawmg tM ooaacttori oTmfarrnnon. Sand
taarching coating aca •ouroaa. gaaMrmg and nMjntammg IM oaa nuatd. and oompiaang and f»yryrovng Ma tarm mckKtn
tugjaaoona which may meraaai or raduca ta» burdon to: CnMf, UtermaHon "ottoy Branon. •U3aTTt&Cn»«rei»iiaiia >*nnae»on AganoyTg
20601
II. Imorovtmt
A. An your>ew
in tfi* tppucaflon? TNa moludaa, but • not amnad to, parmM oondMona.
tcrwdut* wnarm, attpulaBona, court ordars, and grant or loan oondraona.
•dart, antorotmam eompbanoa
1. UantMcBten o( CondHtora,
2. A ortejf Otaorfptton
4. Rnal
Compttanoa Otn
a. rao. b prol.
B. You may attach addWonai atMata daaorfctng
dlaeharoaa) you now hav» undar way or wMon
•ouai or piannad achaduMa tor oon
you plan. Mtaa» wtw
poautton tor othar arMronmamal protooM whtoh may aftact your
ach program la now undar way or piannad, and Indlcaia your
HI. Sn« Dnlnaot Ma
Attach a trta map ahewina Bpognphy tor Ir
topographic map la unevaiUWa) daptoang tw
•raw ouiiaa-, p««J araaa art tuadlngt wflNn
ttfi tuttdlngt
noraga or dlapoaai of HgntBcant maaartat
and
tM ouMna of dralnaga an
tM tao»Vlncludlng: aach o( Ma Intaka and
by tia outMW oonwad In tM appteapon A i
tM dratnaga araa ol aach oorm
ng ancural oomrol maaaura 1» raduoa pe* «nai In atorm
araaa. araai «>nara paaaadaa. h,*gieMaa, aeu cendMonan and tanatzara am apptod; aaoh of Ita
r runofl, matanala loading
_______ __________ _______ ______ „ . _
or diapoaal untta Gnohiding Mart area not njquvad ta hava a FCM parmil which la uaad tar aooumuuttng nazardoua waala undar 40
2J4); aaen wal whara ftuMa Irorn tM tacHty ara Infadad undarground, vtnga, and otMr aurtaoa watar oodiaa wMeh racain norm
naf dl«cr>«foaa from tna taoati1. _ _
EPA Form 3510-aF (Rav. 1-00)
Pa0alof3
Conttnua on Paga t
A-l
July 1992
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TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
A, FQIMOh
•w ouOaf, and «n
Outfal AfMollnnpwvtouiSurtM*
ToMAmCMrMd
gnM
m«nrttr e •How txootun to «erm «MMT m«Md * »«m«nt. monQi, or
mtmtno* egntM by «MM nwtMMi «Wi wmi «*» nraM;
and prcMnt matMtal* manaawrwn prunon
leading wvTcooM* WMK MM VM tocMen,
Far Men outtai,
ttai, 910*0*
runen; *ndi
tM »ooB»on and •
» rwuo* pouutam* M
«nd typ« el tn«M*nwio« tar oomnri
V Nonttormw«t»f
A. i wftrty urxMr panally o« M* «TM tw euttiflWeeMrM by a »nn dtr»cay ob«»rnd dunng t mt.
y«vi, including VM •pprounai
•nd toetton ol tw gpll or tout. «nd ttw typ* and •mount ol rruMrttl
EPA Form M10-3F («*». 1-42)
ConttxM on P«g« t
A-2
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
AJ.C.4O tM I
*mnmm,+nmm*+**W**vu.
HWMI
•*•«roueunwitf uM«r«
MI dWAmrt ^r MI^^I • N flv^r
HL*.
or«oompon«nt«t
PI Ho fpe.i^^ao
ho nwntp* fw ty«tvn or ff>o»t pcraons
A^ to tfM beet tf f^ k/iOM^d^e end
' or *w and imprtoonrrw*
£P* Pwm MlO-JF (*^» HI)
A-3
July 1992
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TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
A-4
-------
TECHNICAL AFFENBIX A
M iwqutrwrww. QampMM em MCM tor Mch
Pohiam
and
CASNurnbor
MnmurnVMun
•nauawuniv
CM* el
Storm
Z.
DuraOen
ol Storm EvvrK
(InminutM)
To
aurtfiQ
md •ndond o« prMoui
Mnvnum ttawf rttv ounno
8.
Total ftow Inicn
ot tfM rrwrtod of flw
EPA Form Ml<«f (Pwv. t-00)
A-5
July 1992
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TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
Instructions • Form 2F
Application for Permit to Discharge Storm Water
Associated with Industrial Activity
Who Mutt File Form 2F
Form 2F must be completed by operators erf facilities which discharge storm water associated with industrial
activity or by operators of storm water discharges that EPA is evaluating for designation as a significant
contnbutor of pollutants :o waters of the United States, or as contributing to a violation of a water quality
standard.
Operators of discharges which are composed entirety of storm waier must compieie Form 2F (EPA Forrr.
3510-2F] m conjunction with Form 1 (EPA Form 3510-t).
Operators of discharges of storm water which are combined with process wastewater (process wastewater
is water that comes .'nto direct contact with or results from the production or use of anv raw material, interme-
diate product finished product, byproduct waste product or wastewater) must complete and submit Form
2F, Form 1, and Form 2C (EPA Form 3510-2C).
Operators of discharges of storm water which are combined with nonprocess wastewater (nonprocess
wastewater includes noncontact cooling water and sanitary wastes which are not regulated by effluent guide-
lines or a new source performance standard, except discharges by educational, medical, or commercial
chemical laboratories) must complete Form 1, Form 2F. and Fqrm 2£ (EPA Form 3S10-2E).
Operators of new sources or new discharges of storm water associated wfch industrial activity which will be
combined with other nonstormwater new sources or new discharges must submit Form 1. Form 2F, and
Form 20 (EPA Form 3510-20).
Where to Rle Applications
The application forms should be sent to the EPA Regional Office which covers the State in which the facility
is located. Form 2F must be used only when applying for permits in States where the NPOES permits
program is administered by EPA. Forfacflities located in Suites which are approved to administer the NPDES
permits program, tne State environmental agency should be contacted for proper permit application forms
and instructions.
information on whether a particular program is administered by EPA or by a State agency can be obtained
from your EPA Regional Office. Form 1. Table 1 of the 'General Instructions" lists the addresses of EPA
Regional Offices and the States within the jurisdiction of each Office.
Completeness
Your application will not be considered complete unless you answer every question on this form and or Form
i. tf an item does not apply to you, enter *NA' (lor not applicable) to show that you considered the question
Public Availability of Submitted Information
You may not daim as confidential any information required by this form or Form 1, whether the information
is reported on the forms or in an attachment Section 402(j) of the Clean Water Act requires that all permi
applications will be available to the public. This information will be made available to the puLJic upon request
Any information you submit to EPA which goes beyond that required by this form. Form 1. or Form 2C you
may claim as confidential, but claims for information which are effluent data will be denied.
if you dc not assert a claim of confidentiality at the time of submitting the information. EPA may make the
information public wrthout further notice to you. Claims of confidentiality will be handled m accordance with
EPA's business confidentiality regulations at 40 CFR Pan 2.
Definitions
All significant terms used in these instructions and in the form are aefmed in the glossary found m the General
Instructions which accompany Form 1.
EPA 10 Number
FM«I your EPA, loentificat'on Number at the top of each ode-numbered page of Form 2F You may copy mis
number directly from item I of Form i
EPA-FomOSIO-ZFfRiv 1-92) 1-1
A-6
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
Html
You may use th* map you provided for item XI of Form i to determine the latitude and longitude of each ot
your outfalls and the nam« of the receiving water.
rtemll-A
K you check "yes* to this question, complete ail carts of the chart, or attach a copy of any previous submission
you have made to EPA containing me same information.
ttem lt-8
You are not required to submit a descnption of future pollution control projects t you do not wish to or if none
is planned.
Item ill
Attach a site map showing topography (or indicating the outline of drainage areas served by the outfaii(s)
covered in the application if a topographic map is unavalatte) depicting the faciity including:
each of its drainage and discharge structures;
the drainage area of each storm water outfall:
paved areas and buiding wtthin the drainage area of each storm water outfall, each known past or
present areas used for outdoor storage or disposal of significant materials, each existing structural con-
trol measure to reduce pollutants in storm water runoff, materials loading and access areas, areas where
pesticides, herbicides, sol conditioners and fertltzers are applied:
each of tts hazardous waste treatment storage or disposal fadlties (including each area not required to
have a RCRA permit which is used for accumulating hazardous waste for less than 90 flays unoer 40 CFH
262.34);
each well where fluids from the faciity are injected underground: and
spnngs. and other surface water bodies which receive stoi.n water discharges from the facility.
rumfV-A
For each outfall, provide an estimate of the area drained by the outfall which is covered by tmoervtous
surfaces. For the purpose of this application, impervious surfaces are surfaces where storm water runs off at
rates that are signrficanfly higher than background rates (e.g.. predevelopment levels) and include paveo
areas, buflding roofs. parVIng lots, and roadways. Include an estimate of the total area (including all impervi-
ous and pervious areas) drained by each outfall. The site map required under item III can be used to estimate
the total area drained by each outfall.
Mem rV-B
Provide a narrative description of significant materials that are currently or in the past three years have been
treated, stored, or disposed In a manner to allow exposure to storm water, method of treatment, storage or
disposal of these materials; past and present materials management practices employed, in the last three
years, to minimize contact by these materials with storm water runoff: materials loading and access areas
and the location, manner, and frequency in which pesticides, herbicides, sol conditioners, and fertilizers are
applied. Significant materials snoufcj be identified by chemical name, form (e.g.. powder, liquid, etc.). and
type of container or treatment unit Indicate any materials treated, stored, or disposed of together. 'Signifi-
cant materials* include*, but is not limited to. raw materials; fuels; materials such as solvents, detergents, and
plastic pellets: finished materials such as metallic products: raw materials used in food processing or produc-
tion: hazardous substances designated under Section 101(14) c< CERCtA any chemical the facility is re-
quired to report pursuant to Section 313 of Title III of SARA; fertlizers; pesticides: and waste products sucn
as ashes, slag and sludge that have the potential to be released with storm water discharges.
Item IV-C
For each outfall, structural controls Include structures which enclose material handling or storage areas
covering materials, berms, dikes, or diversion ditches around manufacturing, production, storage or treat
ment units, retention ponds, etc. Nonstructural controls include practices such as spill prevention plans
employee training, visual inspections, preventive maintenance, and housekeeping measures that are used to
prevent or minimize the potential for releases of pollutants.
EPA Porm J5t(V2F (FWv 1-92) I - 2
A-7 July 1992
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
ItemV
Provide a certification that all outfalls that should contain storm water discharges associated vwtn industrial
activity have been tested or evaluated (or the presence of non-storm water discharges which art not covered
by an NPOES permit Tests for such non-storm water discharges may include smoke tests, fluorometnc dye
tests, analysis of accurate schematics,' as well as other appropriate tests. Part 8 must indude a description
of the method used, the date of any testing, and the onsite drainage points that were directly observed durmg
a test Afl non-storm water discharges must be identified in a Form 2C or Form 2E which must accompany
this application (see beginning of instructions under section titled "Who Must Fie Form 2F for a description
of when Form 2C and Form 2E must be submitted).
ttemVl
Provide a description of existing information regarding the history of significant leaks or spais of toxic or
hazardous pollutants at the faciity in the last three years.
Item Vll-A, 8, and C
These items require you to collect and report data on the pollutants discharged for each of your outfalls Each
pan of this item addresses a different set of pollutants and must be completed in accordance witn the specific
instructions for that part The following general instructions apply to the entire item.
General Instructions
Part A requires you to report at least one analysis for each pollutant listed. Parts B and C require you to report
analytical data in two ways. For some pollutants addressed In Parts B and C, tf you know or have reason to
know that the pollutant is present in your discharge, you may be required to list the pollutant and test (sample
and analyze) and report the levels of the pollutants in your discharge. For afl other pollutants addressed in
Parts 8 and C, you must list the pollutant If you know or have reason to know that the pollutant is present in
;ne discharge, and either report quantitative data for the pollutant or briefly describe the reasons the pollutant
is expected to be discharged. (See specific Instructions on the form and below for Pans A through C.) Base
your determination that a pollutant is present in or absent from your discharge on your knowledge of your
raw materials, material management practices, maintenance chemicals, history of softs and releases, inter-
mediate and final products and byproducts, and any previous analyses known to you of your effluent or
simitar effluent.
A. Sampling: The collection of the samples for the reported analyses should be supervised by a person
experienced in performing sampling of industrial wastewater or storm water discharges. You may con-
tact EPA or your State permitting authority for detaied guidance on sampling techniques and for answers
to specific questions. Any specific requirements contained in the applicable analytical methods snouid
be followed for sample containers, sample preservation, holding times, the collection of duplicate sam-
ples. etc. The time when you sample should be representative, to the extent feasible, of your treatment
system operating property wtth no system upsets. Samples should'be collected from the center of :he
flow channel, where turbulence is at a maximum, at a site specified in your present permit, or at any site
adequate for the collection of a representative sample.
For pH, temperature, cyanide, total phenols, residual chlorine, oi and grease, and fecal conform grab
samples taken during the first 30 minutes (or as soon thereafter as practicable) of the discharge must be
used (you are not required to analyze a flow-weighted composite lor these parameters) For all oiner
pollutants both a grab sample collected during the first 30 minutes (or as soon thereafter as practicable)
oi the discharge and a flow-weighted composite sample must be analyzed However, a minimum of one
grab sample may be ta'xen for effluents from holding ponds or other impoundments with a retention
penod of greater than 24 hours.
All samples shall be collected from the discharge resulting from a storm event that is greater than 0 i
inches and at least 72 hours from the previously measurable (greater than 0.1 inch rainfall) storm event
Where feasible, the variance in the duration of the event and the total rainfall of the event should rot
exceed 50 percent from the average or median rainfall event in that area.
A grab sample shall be taken during the first thirty minutes of the discharge (or as soon thereafter as
practicable), and a now-weighted composite shall be taken for the entire event or for the first three PCL-;
of the event.
composite samples are defined as follows:
EPA Form 3JtO-2F(R«v 1-92) 1-3
A-S
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
Grab sample: An individual sample o» at test 100 milliters collected dunng the fiat thirty minutes
(or as soon thereafter as practicable) of the discharge. This sampl« a to be analyzed separately from
the compos** samp!*.
Flow-Weighted Composite sample: A flow-weighted composlt* sample may b* taken with a con-
ttnuous sampler that proportions the amount oi sample collected with the flow rate or as a combina-
tion of a minimum of three sample aiiquots taken in each hour ot discharge for the entire event or for
the first three hours of the event, with each aliquot being at least 100 milliters and collected with •
minimum penod o* fifteen minutes between aliquot collections. The composite must be flow propor-
tional; either the time interval between each aliquot or the volume of each aliquot must be propor-
tional to either the strum flow at the time of sampling or the total stream flow since the collection of
the previous aliquot Aiiquots may be collected manuatty or automatically. Where GC/MS Votatle
Organic Analysis (VOA) Is required, aiiquots must be combined in the laboratory immediately before
analysis. Only one analysis for the composite sample is required.
Data from samples taken in the past may be used, provided that:
All data requirements are met
Sampling was done no more than three years before submission; and
All data are representative oi the present discharge.
Among the factors which would cause the data to be unrepresentative are significant changes in produc-
tion level, changes In raw materials, processes, or final products, and changes in storm water treatment
When the Agency promulgates new analytical methods in 40 CFR Part 136. EPA wil provide information
as to wren you should use the new methods to generate data on your discharges. Of course, the
Director may request addtional information, including current quantitative data, tf they determine it to be
necessary to assess your discharges. The Director may aflow or establish appropriate site-specific sam-
pling procedures or requirements, including sampling locations, the season in which the sampling takes
piace. the minimum duration between the previous measurable storm event and the storm event sam-
pled, the minimum or maximum level of precipitation required for an appropriate storm event, the torm
of precipitation sampled (snow melt or rainfall), protocols for collecting samples under 40 CFR Pan 136.
and additional time for submitting data on a case-oy-case basis.
B. Reporting: An levels must be reported as concentration and mass {note: grab samples are reported
m terms of concentration). You may report some or aO ot the required data by attaching separate
sheets of paper instead of filing out pages VIM and Vll-2 if the separate sheets contain an the required
information in a formal which is co.stant with pages VIM and Vll-2 In spacing and identification of
pollutants and columns. Use the toltowiing abbreviations in the columns headed "Units."
Concentration Mass
ppm parts per mUton IDS pounds
mg/1 millgrams per liter ton tons (English tons)
ppb parts per bilion mg mlligrams
ug/l rrucrograms per liter g grams
kg tdograms T tonnes (metric tons)
All reporting ol values for metals must be in terms of total recoverable metal," unless:
(1) An applicable, promulgated effluent limitation or standard specifies the limitation for the metal in
dissolved, valent, or total form; or
(2) All approved analytical methods for the metal inherently measure only Its dissolved form (e.g..
hexavalent chromium); or
(3) The permitting authority has determined that in establishing case-by-case limitations it is neces-
sary to express the limitations on the metal in dissolved, valent, or total form to carry out the provi-
sions of the CWA. If you measure only one grab sample and one flow-weighted composite sample
for a given outfall, complete only the 'Maximum Values" columns and insert "T into the 'Number d
Storm Events Sampled" column. The permitting authority may require you to conduct additional
analyses to further characterize your discharges.
EPA form 3510-2F((Wv 1-92) | 4
A-9 July 1992
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
if you measure more than one vakje for a grao sample or a fiow-weighied composite samp*e tor a given
ouitan and mose values are representative o) your discharge, you must repon them. You must describe
your method ol testing and data analysis. You also must determine the average of all values within the
last year and report the concentration and mass under me "Average Values" columns, and the total
nurnoer of storm events sampled under the "Number of Storm Events Sampled" columns.
C. Analysis: You must use test methods promulgated in 40 CFR Part 136; however, if none has been
promulgated for a particular pollutant, you may use any suitable method for measuring the level of the
pollutant in your discharge provided that you submit a description of the method or a reference to a
pub/ished method. Your description should include the sample holding time, preservaiion :echniques.
and the quality control measures which you used. If you have two or more substantially identical curtails
you may request permission from your permitting authority to sample and analyze only one outfalt anc
submit the results ot the analysis for other substantially identical outfalls. II your request is granted by !h«
permitting authority, on a separate sheet attached to the application form, identify which outfall you a id
test, and describe why the outfalls which you did not test are substantially identical to the outfall wfich
you did test.
Part VII-A
Part V.I-A must be completed by all aoplicants for all outfalls who must complete Form 2F.
Analyze a grab sample collected during the first thirty minutes (or as soon thereafter as practicable) of the
aiscnarge and flow-weighted composite samples for all pollutants in this Part, and report the results except
use only grab samples for pH and oi and grease. See discussion In General Instructions to item vil for
definitions of grab sample collected dunng the first thirty minutes of discharge and flow-weighted composite
sample The 'Average Values' column is not compulsory but should be filled out if data are available
P«rtVll-B
'Jst all pollutants that are limited in an effluent guideline which the facility is subject to (see 40 CFR Subcnap-
ter N to determine which pollutants are limited in effluent guidelines) or any pollutant listed in the facility s
NPDES permit for its process wastewater (if the facility is operating under an existing NPOES permit) Com-
plete one table for each outfall. See discussion in General instructions to item VII for definitions of grab
sample collected dunng the first thirty minutes (or as soon thereafter as practicable) of discharge and now-
weighted composite sample. The 'Average Values" column w not compulsory but should be Tilled out if data
are available.
Analyze a grab sample collected dunng the first thirty minutes of the discharge and flow-weighted composite
samples tor all pollutants in this Part, and report the results, except as provided in the General Instructions
P^rtVll-C
P?rt VII-C must be completed by all applicants for all outfalls which discharge storm water associated with
industrial activity, or that EPA is evaluating for designation as a significant contributor of pollutants to waters
of the United States, or as contributing to a violation of a water quality standard. Use both a grab sample and
a composite sample for all pollutants you analyze for in this pan except use grab samples for residual chlorine
and fecal ccJiform. The 'Average Values" column is not compulsory but should be filled out if data are
available. Part C requires you to address the pollutants in Table 2F-2, 2F-3. and 2F-4 for each outfall Pollu-
tants T each of these Tables are addressed differently.
Table 2F-2: For each outfall, list all pollutants in Table 2F-2 that you know or have reason to believe are
discharged (except pollutants previously listed in Part VII-B). it a pollutant is limited In an effluent guideline
limitation which the facility is subject to, the pollutant must be analyzed and reported in Part VII-8. If a
pollutant in Table 2F-2 is indirectly limited by an effluent guideline limitation through an indicator (e.g., use
of TSS as an indicator to control the discharge of iron and aluminum), you must analyze for it and report
the data in Part Vll-B. For other pollutants listed in Table 2F-2 (those nol limited directly or indirectly by an
effluent limrtaton guideline), that you know or have reason to believe are discharged, you must either report
quantitative data or bnefry describe the reasons the pollutant is expected to be discharged.
Table 2F-3: For each outfall, list all pollutants in Table 2F-3 that you know or have reason to believe are
discharged. For every poftulant m Tat*« 2F-3 expected to be discharged in concentrations of 10 ppb o'
greater, you must submit quantixative data. For acrolem. acrylonrtrte. 2.4 dinrtroohenol, and 2-methyi-4 6
dimtropnenol, you must submit qjantrtatrve data if any o* these four pollutants is expected to be discha'ged
EPA Form 35lO-2F(R»v 1-921 |.J
A-10
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
m concentrations of 100 ppb of greater. For every pollutant expected to be discharged m concentrations ie«
than 10 ppb (or 100 poo for the (our poflutants listed above), m«n you must eaher submit quantitative dau
or onefly describe the reasons me pollutant is expected to be discharged.
Small Business Exemption • If you are a 'small business,' you are exempt from the reporting requirements
for me organic icobc pottutants listed in Table 2F-3. There are two ways in which you can qualify as a 'smafl
business', if your fadlry is a coal mm. and If your probable total annual production is less than 100,000 tons
per year, you may submit past production data or estimated future production (such as a schedule of esti-
mated total production under 30 CFR 79S.14(c)) instead of conducting analyses for me organic toxic pollu-
tants, if your facflfty is not a coal mine, and R your gross total annuai sales for the most recent three years
average less than $100.000 per year (in second quarter 1980 dorian), you may submit sales data for those
years instead of conducting analyses for the organic toxic pollutants. The production or sales data must be
for the faciity which rs the source of the discharge. The data should not be limited to production or sales for
the process or processes which contribute to the discharge, unless those are the only processes at your
facility. For sales data, in situations involving tntracorponue transfer of goods and services, the transfer price
per unit should approximate market prices for those goods and services as closely as possible. Sales figures
for years after 1980 snouM be indexed to the second quarter or 1980 by using the gross national product
price deflator (second quarter of i960-100). This index is avaiatte m National income and Product Ac-
counts at the United States (Department of Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis).
Table 2F-4: For each outfall, list any pottutant In Table 2F-4 that you know or believe to be present in the
discharge and explain why you believe It to be present No analysts is required, but if you have analytical
data, you must report them. Note: Under 40 CFR 117,i2(a)(2), certain discharges of hazardous substances
(listed at 40 CFfl 177.21 or 40 CFB 302.4) may be exempted from the requirements of section 311 of CWA,
which establishes reporting requirements, civl penalties, and liabHty for cleanup costs tor soils of oJ and
hazardous substances. A discharge of a partteUar substance may be exempted if the origin, source, and
amount of the discharged substances are identified in the NPOES permit application or in the permit. If the
permit contains a requirement for treatment of the discharge, and tt the treatment is in place. To apply for an
exclusion of the discharge of any hazardous substance from the requirements of section 311, attach addi-
tional sheets of paper to your form, setting forth the following Information:
i The substance and the amount of each substance which may be discharged.
2 The origin and source of the discharge of the substance.
3 The treatment which is to be provided for the discharge by.
a. An onsite treatment syst*n separate from any treatment system treating your normal dis-
charge;
b. A treatment system designed to treat your normal discharge and which is additionally capable
of treating the amount of the substance tientified under paragraph 1 above; or
c. Any combination of the above.
See 40 CFR 117.!2(a)(2) and (c), published on August 29. 1979. in 44 FR 50766. or contact your Regional
Office (Table i on Form 1, Instructions), for further information on exclusions from section 311.
Part VII-D
If sampling is conducted during more than one storm event, you only need to report the information re-
quested m Part Vll-O for the storm event(s) which resulted in any maximum pollutant concentration reported
inPanVU-A. Vll-8. or V1I-C.
Provide flow measurements or estimates of the flow rate, and the total amount of discharge for the storm
event(s) sampled, the method of flow measurement, or estimation. Provide the data and duration ol the storm
event(s) sampled, rainfall measurements, or estimates of the storm event which generated the sampled oinotl
and the duration between the storm event sampled and the end of the previous measurable (greater than 0 i
inch rainfall) storm event.
Part VII-E
List any toxic pollutant liste~ ••• Tables 2F-2. 2F-3. or 2F-4 which you currently use or manufacture as an
intermediate or final product or byproduct. In addition, if you know or have reason to believe that 2.3.7.8-te-
trachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCOO) is discharged or if you use or manufacture 2.4.5-tnchlorophenoxy acetic
Ep* Form 35l0.2F
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TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
acid (2.4.5,-T); 2-(2.4.5-cy> etnyi
2.2-dicntoroprop40nate (Erbon); O.O-dimettiyl 0-{2.4.5-tncnlorph«ny<) phospnorotfuoate (Bonn*); 2.45.
trichiorophenof (TCP), or hexacrtorophenr
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX
IJk
1-8
1-C
t-0
i-G
1-H
1-1
I-J
1-K
l-L
2-A
2 a
M **
2-C
2-0
2-e
2-F
Ammonia Stripping
Ourym
Oiattmaeeoua Earn Fatranor
OranSuon
RoccuMMn
Flotation
Foam Fracborunion
TiaaiMWl
C>a*-Pha*4 Saoantion
Gnnding (Convnmuton)
Caroon Adsorption
Ch^T"c»1 0»K3«t««
Coagulation
OceMonruoon
Q*jnt»ction (Okxm«)
Tabie 2F-1
Codtt for Trwtnwnt
l-M
\-H
i-O
12
1-S
I.T
1-U
1 V
[•1
1-W
1-X
2-G
2-H
2-J
2-X
2-L
Unfts
GntR^nov^
Mxing
Mowig aid finwft
MavafM Ovnotrt i^^parfiimtion]
Scntrang
S«dim*mation (Setting)
*». » ^ _
alOW ^AnO P tfVwlOn
Socptioo
Oi*.frf»ct»oo (Qtzon*)
OMriMMn (On**)
tanEMn^^.
M*utra*ntion
naduction
BtQtofMJM TrvflVfMnl PFQO9fti*tt
3~*
38
3-C
3-D
*-A
4-B
S-A
s-e
5-C
5-0
S-E
5-F
5-G
5-H
5-1
5-J
5-K
5-L
Actrvattd Shjdg*
AaftfUtO ^AQOQ^l
A^a«foPie Tf«atm»nt
Nktri(icat>on-O*nitnfication
Oicna/g* to Surface Water
3^
3-f
3-Q
3-H
Oth«f frocaaaaa
4-C
Pt»^»*fatwn
Spray ^ngmon^jtno Appiieation
SuMinmn Pondt
Trtctong FittrMion
Ftvuae/HacycM of Treated Effluent
Oc*an Oncnaig* Thraugn Outfall 4-0 Undvnjraund inaction
ww *
Aaf^Oic Oigastion
ViMfOtec Oi9«ttion
ott\ Ftitribon
Ontrrtuganon
Chtrrueal Conditioning
Cfitonn* Traatmvni
Componng
Drying Bad*
Butn*nort
FlQU&O^ TnlCtlflnMQ
Fr%wAQ
Oavity Thiefc»ning
5-M
5-N
5-0
5-P
9-O
S-A
5-S
5-T
S-U
S-V
5-W
Heat Drying
H«u Treatment
kxaneration
Land Application
LandfW
Preiaure Rttration
Pyro*v»t
Sludge Laooom
Vacuum Fatrsaon
VUxmw
Wet Oxidation
EPA Form M10-2F (R«v )-«2)
I -3
A-13
July 1992
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TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
Tab* 2F-2
Conventional and Nonconv«nttonal Pollutant*
Bromidt
Chionn*. Total Rusidual
Color
F«cal Coiitorm
Ruond*
Nitrtt»-Nitrrt«
Nitrogtn, Total Oyanie
Ol and Gr**M
. Tot*
SoJtaM
SulfiM
Surfactant!
Ajumnum. Total
Banum, ToiaJ
Boron. Total
Cob*n. TotaJ
iron. Total
MagnvMjm, Total
Molytadtnum. Total
ManoancM. Total
Tin, Total
Titanium, Total
EPA Form 3510-2F (R«v 1-92) ''9
A-14
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TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
Anttmorry.
. Total
C*dmnjm, Total
. Total
Bcnivn*
BfO^XjtUtlTl
C^rtxsn T«tr»cfiiood«
B»nio(»'ipyr»f«4
3 .4-8
&« 12 -cmor
B.U-SHC
4 4--OQT
44--OM
4.4.000
Tabi« 2F-3
Toartc Poflummt
Toite f«*iMM« ••« Tottl nimo*
Copptr.TeW
LMd. tool
M^cury. TotH
Mck«t. Tottl
GC/MS PrMMen VoU«M
Mrthyl Bro
2.4-Otrutranolucn*
2.6-Onmvmu»<«
Di-N-OcryipmMltlt
Encto*utt«n Suttat*
PCS- 1242
S.tv*f, Total
ThaitHim, Total
Zinc. Total
Cyanio*. Total
I . t ii-rttracftkxo«m*n«
!,!.)-TncfUexo«in*n«
l.lJ-TriefUofottnan*
TncftJoro«
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
Table 2F-4
Hazardou* Subtuncw
Asbestos
M«pm«nic *oa
AJIyl alconol
AJIyl cfttofKM
Amyi ac»ut»
Oqu«t
OisuHoton
Diurtxi
Etfuon
Befliyl diHXKtt
Butyl acetate
Butyiamcne
Ctraaryl
CirttoKiran
C^roon duuifid*
PropyMn* oudt
Fonnaldcnyd*
FurfufU
Gutfuon
lioprtn*
Coumicnoi
Oajmon
[>cime*
M»rcaotodim«ttiur
Mctnoxycfilor
mcrcaptan
m«n»cryiit»
Httoronol
StfOntfiiurri
Stryctmin*
Styrtn*
2.4.S-T (2.4.S
•ad)
TOE (TttracMoroOiorxnyl »trjn»|
2.4,5-TP [2-t2.«.5-TncfilOfOpn«noiy!
p
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
«• tn mrm •« •
GENERAL INfOHMATION
.
1 r»» 1 O NUM»IR
•Hex • XMIH. M (or •« n •
« •« «mv «
til FACILITY NAMt \
MAILINO AOOMCM
M VA. H T*U MMT '»«• to mf
«• ku • M n\rt
«» «•» "•'•' "•** H ywr
INSTIIUCTIONS.
VW
«•» •*•*•» •< •••
• txchrfid tr*m ««m«
•f •• UJLT (f OMM Itl
li *L*M| Of FACILITY
COM'Suf O>. »( vt CS£
A-17
July 1992
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX A
I I1LITH.O INVI«IO««I««»
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX B
APPENDIX B
NOAA WEATHER RADIO INFORMATION
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX B
NOAA WEATHER RADIO MANUFACTURERS LIST
RADIO SHACK
Weather Radio
2617 We* Seventh St.
Fort Worth, TX 76107
(817)390-3011
GENERAL ELECTRIC
Model 7-2934
(800) 626-2000
UNIDEN BEARCAT
Bearcat Weather Alert
6345 Castleway Court
Indianapolis, IN 46250
(800) 722-6637
ELECTROLERT
Weatheralert Forecaster
4949 South 25A
Tipp City, OH 45371
(513) 667-2461
SPRINGFIELD INSTRUMENTS
Talking Weather Center/Station
76 Paccaic St.
Wood-Ridge, NJ 07075
(201) 777-2900
WOODSON ELECTRONICS
Plectron
505 Lincoln St
Overton, ME 68863
(308) 987-2404
GORMAN - REDLICH MANUFACTURING
James T. Gorman
257 West Union St.
Athens, OH 45701
(617) 593-3150
PRICE RANGE:
^ Under $50
• $50 to $100
X Over $100
• Features AM/FM model radios with weather band
PLEASE NOTE, THIS LIST is NOT ALL-INCLUSIVE, AM> INCLUSION ON THIS usr DOES NOT CONSTITUTE
ENDORSEMENT OF ANY COMTANY BY EPA OK THE U.S. GOVERNMENT.
B-l
July, 1992
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX B
nodd
RUDIOISdSERMKl
ol rh« National Ocaantc wtd Aimoaphartc
AdrnkiskaHon IMOAA) ol lha U S Oapvknanl
ol Commaroa At Ih* "VOK* ot th* N*llon*l
Waalhar Safvlc* It prowldaa continuous
broadcasts ol Ih*- l*l«at w**lha. fcitorm«m*i
ovaclty irom Nanonat ttraolhar S*n4os oMoa*
T^>ad waalhar masaaoa* ara rap«*t*d *v*ry
taw lo sl> rnkmt** and «a louimary ra»laad
*¥*Ty on* 10 •»«• hows. W •no-* **oiianlty II
UoM of m* Mattona oparasa 24 hours
**•!»*>
lh*r. N«tloo«l
«n ktKm«H Ih* rwttn*
•«« HltltllUl* lp*C!«J
MUXd «n
to luin It4 fK*h*» up » «n
w. wtwn mmalaU to • frwwd mod*, w •!•>
m«lktl>r lurnvd on to lh dlo
ho>n« k» bolt< n*h»l
•nidi TM> caoWMTY » to tadfttmtnt Mm-
Ingi by Ikm md bf oommKcM itdto md
IV
Th« bro«dciilt *r« lallorvd lo •••Ihor
Xuiiiatini in* al
*•• Fof viampl*. •lalkont mtonj tttm »M
ooaill «nd **« l*t«
m*Mon IDT
kim*
MOrmAIIOn
MOAA '
on on* .
• nun4*r ol r*dK) r*«mi4*c1ur*r« Off*r *p«-
CM •r**tn*> rwXM 10 op*r*l* on ttMOT tr*
toQ *l*nn Al*o. tf**r« *r* now many r*dk>* on
In* m*rh*l wNctl on*f tt*nd*id AMIFM Ir*-
Hu*nc>*< plu* th* in r*fln1 "»**lh*r band"
•• *n *dd*d l**tv*
NOAA w**mw f»0to biacdcMil r»n u*u-
My b» hMftf *• kx •• *0 mlM kom to vMnn*
d*p*ndi on m*ny I*CIOT«. padtculaily th*
h*4ghl ol Ih* UfMdCMttog *nl*nn*, l*fi«ln.
qudHy ol in* >*C*nw. *nd lyp* Ol r*c*n«>«
*nl*rm*, A> * o*n*r*1 njl*. i*t*n*rt do** lo
or p*rh*» teyond m* 40 ml* rang* ihouM
h*n • good <*rt«ty l*c*l»*i ty*l«n It Uwy
•>p*ct r*N*W* r*c*pllon Alto. *n oulWd*
•nttnn* **
K pr*dic«l<*. • nxxtw trwuM b* IrMI *l Hi
DM** ol liimidjd u** b^or* m»ma • %H<
Ih* N*lk>n*l w«ln« Bwvlc* oft*r*tM
•faoul MO •tafcn* AptvaikMMlv 10 p*ra*nt
ol th* (Mlton't popumipn u vtlhln Mlvntn*.
r*no* ol • NOAA WMIMr RM«O bro*dcM«
A Until n*n»OA ol *boul 19
•<• Mnt* Inquvict** t»o«Oc*»t» oonflnuou*
much ol
II you h«r» • quMlton connrrUng HOAA
*>Mln*r rudU or .Mi w m.«l»i • MMg of
MOAA *»»»• Itadto nutw mnuMokran.
contact yo» nsaisal N
a«n«oa Omo*. 01 OTtM la HMIonal '
Sansc* IAISJI W/OMIU Nattoi
AtmoapKailc AdmlnrslralKxi. fjlrnr aprlnaj.
MO. JOtIO
I:IA»/(>» ruoil
n»* jtj* i*M
B-2
-------
TECHNICAL /U'PENDK B
RO&SUJE4THER
acr
an
aaex
B-3
July, 1992
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
REQUIRED CONTAINERS, PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES, HOLDING TIMES AND
40 CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS (CFR) PART 136
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
REQUIRED CONTAINERS, PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES, AND HOLDING TIMES
Parameter
Bacterial Tests
Conform, fecal and total
Fecal streptococci
Inorgank Tests
Acidity
Alkalinity
Ammonia
Biochemical oxygen
demand
Biochemical oxygen
demand, carbonaceous
Bromide
Chemical oxygen
demand
Chloride
Chlorine, total residual
Color
Cyanide, total and
amenable to chlorination
Fluoride
Hardness
Hydrogen ion (pH)
Kjeldahl and organic
Nitrogen
Metals (7)
Chromium VI
Mercury
Metals, except above
Nitrate
Containerfl)
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
P. G
P, G
P. G
P
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
Preserratrte (2), (3)
Cool, 4°C
0.008% NajSACS)
Cool, 4*C
0.008% NajS,O, (5)
Cool, 4«C
Cool, 4°C
Cool, 4eC
HjSO12
0.6g ascorbic acid (5)
None required
HNO, topH<2
HjSO, to pH'<2
None required
Cool, 4°C
HjSO« to pH < 2
Cool, 4*C
HNO, topH<2
HNO,topH<2
Cool, 4«C
Maximum Holding
Tune (4)
6 hours
6 hours
14 days
14 days
28 days
48 hours
48 hours
28 days
28 days
28 days
Analyze immediately
48 hours
14 days (6)
28 days
6 months
Analyze immediately
28 days
28 hours
28 hours
6 months
48 hours
C-l
July 1992
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
REQUIRED CONTAINERS, PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES, AND HOLDING TIMES
Parameter
Nitrate-nitrite
Nitrite
O&G
Organic carbon
Ortbopboophate
Oxygen, Dissolved
Probe
Dissolved oxygen,
Winkler method
Phenols
Pbosphorus (elemental)
Phosphorus, total
Residue, total
Residue, filterable
Residue, nonfilterable
fTSS)
Residue, settleable
Residue, volatile
Silica
Specific conductance
Sol fate
Sulfide
Sulfite
Surfactants
Temperature
Turbidity
Containerfl)
P, G
P, G
G
P, G
P. G
G bottle and top
G bottle and top
G only
G
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
P,G
P, G
P
P. G
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
Prwerratfre (2), <3)
Cool, 4'C
H,SO4topH<2
Cool, 4'C
Cool, 4'C
HjSO4orHdtopH<2
Cool, 4'C
Hd«H^O4topH<2
Filter imwnfA'ittr\y
Cool, 4'C
None required
Fix on site and store in
dark
Cool, 4'C
H,SO4 topH<2
Cool. 4'C
Cool, 4'C
HjSO4topH<2
Cool, 4'C
Cool, 4'C
Cool, 4'C
Cool, 4'C
Cool, 4'C
Cool, 4'C
Cool, 4*C
Cool, 4'C
Cool, 4'C, add zinc
acetate plus sodium
hydroxide to pH>9
None required
Cool, 4'C
None required
Cool, 4'C
Maximum Hotdbf
Tone (4)
28 day*
48 hours
28 day*
28 days
4S hours
8 hour*
28 days
48 hours
28 days
7 days
7 days
7 days
48 hours
7 days
28 days
28 days
28 days
7 days
Anatvw imm**riiilr\v
48 hours
Analyze
48 hours
C-2
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
REQUIRED CONTAINERS, PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES, AND HOLDING TIMES
Parameter
Orfank Testi (I)
Purgeable halocarbons
Purgeable aromatica
Acrolein and
acrylonitrile
Phenols (11)
Benzidines (11)
Pbthalate esters (11)
Nitrosamines(ll), (14)
PCBs (11) acrylooitrite
Nitroaromatics and
isophorone (11)
Polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (11)
Haloethers(ll)
Chlorinated
hydrocarbons (11)
TCDD(ll)
Pesticides Trsts
Pesticides (11)
Radiological Tests
Alpha, beta, and radium
Containerfl)
G, Teflon-lined septum
G, Teflon-lined septum
G, Teflon-lined septum
G, Teflon-lined cap
G, Teflon-lined cap
G, Teflon-lined cap
G, Teflon-lined cap
G, Teflon-lined cap
G, Teflon-lined cap
G, Teflon-lined cap
G, Teflon-lined cap
G , Teflon-lined cap
G, Teflon-lined cap
G, Teflon-lined cap
P. G
PiueMatiTC (2), (3)
Cool, 4'C
0.008% NajSjO, (5)
Cool, 4'C
0.008% NaAMS)
HdtopH<2(9)
Cool, 4'C
0.008% NajSjO, (5)
Adjust pH to 4-5 (10)
Cool, 4'C
0.008% Na^O, (5)
Cool. 4'C
0.008% Na,SA (5)
Cool, 4'C
Cool, 4'C
store in dark
0.008% NajSjOj
Cool, 4'C
Cool, 4'C
store in dark
0.008 % NAjSjO, (5)
Cool, 4°C
store in dark
0.008% NajSjO, (5)
Cool, 4"C
0.008% Na^jOj (5)
Cool, 4'C
Cool. 4'C
0.008% NajSjOj (5)
Cool. 4CC
pH 5-9 (15)
HNO,topH<2
Maximum Holding
Tun. (4)
14 days
14 days
14 days
7 days until extraction.
40 days after extraction
7 days until extraction
(13)
7 days until extraction.
40 days after extraction
7 days until extraction,
40 days after extraction
7 days until extraction,
40 days after extraction
7 days until extraction.
40 days after extraction
7 days until extraction.
40 days after extraction
7 days until extraction.
40 days after extraction
7 days until extraction,
40 days after extraction
7 days until extraction,
40 days after extraction
7 days until extraction,
40 days after extraction
6 months
C-3
July 1992
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
40 CFR 1363 TABLE O NOTES
(1) Polyethylene (P) or Glasi (G).
(2) Sample preservation should be performed immediately upon sample collection. For composite
chemicaJ samples each aliquot should be preserved at the time of collection. When uie of an
stitnmaforl sampler makes it impossible to preserve each aliquot, then chemical samples may be
preserved by maintaining at 4°C until compositing and sample splitting is completed.
(3) When any sample is to be shipped by common carrier or sent through the United State* Mails, it must
comply with the Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations (49 CFR Part 172).
The person offering such material for transportation is responsible for ensuring such compliance. For
the preservation requirements of Table D, the Office of Hazardous Materials, Materials Transportation
Bureau, Department of Transportation has determined that the Hazardous Materials Regulations do not
apply to me following materials: Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in water solutions at concentrations of
0.04* by weight or less (pH about 1.96 or greater); Nitric acid (HNOJ in water solutions at
concentrations of 0.15% by weight or less (pH about 1.62 or greater); Sulfuric acid (HjSOJ in water
solutions at concentrations of 0.35% by weight or less (pH about 1.15 or greater); and Sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) in water solutions at concentrations of 0.080% by weights or less (pH about 12.30
or less).
(4) Samples should be analyzed as soon as possible after collection. The times listed are the maritrpnn
times that samples may be held before analysis and still be considered valid. Samples may be held for
longer periods only if the permittee, or monitoring laboratory, has data on file to show that the
specific types of samples under study are stable for the longer time, and has received a variance from
the Regional Administrator under } 136.3(e). Some samples may not be stable for the maTinm^ time
period given in the table. A permittee, or monitoring laboratory, is obligated to hold the sample for a
shorter time if knowledge exists to show that this is necessary to maintain sample stability. See
5 136.3(e) for details.
(5) Should only be used in the presence of residual chlorine.
(6) Maximum holding time is 24 hours when sulfide is present. Optionally all samples may be tested with
lead acetate paper before pH adjustments in order to determine if sulfide is present. If sulfide is
present, it can be removed by the addition of cadmium nitrate powder until a negative spot test is
obtained. The sample is filtered and then NaOH is added to pH 12.
(7) Samples should be filtered immediately on-site before adding preservative for dissolved metals.
(8) Guidance applies to samples to be analyzed by GC, LC, or GC/MS for specific compounds.
(9) Sample receiving no pH adjustment must be analyzed within seven days of sampling.
(10) The pH adjustment is not required if acrolein will not be measured. Samples for acrolein receiving no
pH adjustment must be analyzed within 3 days of sampling.
C-4
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
40 CFR 136 J TABLE n NOTES
(11) When the extractable analytes of concern fall within a single chemical category, the specified
preservative and maximum holding times should be observed for optimum safeguard of sample
integrity. When the analytas of concern fall within two or more chemical categories, the sample may
be preserved by cooling to 4*C, reducing residual chlorine with 0.008% sodium thiosulfate, storing in
the dark,and adjusting the pH to 6-9; samples preserved in this manner may be held for seven days
before extraction and for forty days after extraction. Exceptions to this optional preservation and
holding time procedure are noted in footnote 5 (re the requirement for thiosulfate reduction of residual
chlorine), and footnotes 12, 13 (re the analysis of benudioe).
(12) If 1,2-diphenyIhydrazine is likely to be present, adjust the pH of the sample to 4.0 ±_ 0.2 to prevent
rearrangement to benadine.
(13) Extracts may be stored up to 7 days before analysis if storage is conducted under an inert (oxidant-
free) atmosphere.
(14) For the analysis of diphenylnitrosamine, add 0.008% Na^O, and adjust pH to 7-10 with NaOH
within 24 hours of sampling.
(15) The pH adjustment may be performed upon receipt at the laboratory and may be omitted if the
samples are extracted within 72 hours of collection. For the analysis of aldrin, add 0.008% Naj
Source: 40 CFR 136.3 Table U.
C-S July 1992
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
TA*U IA— UST or
BKHJOOKM. Terr PMOCCDUMO
AST*!
1. GoJkom (IPQpQ *i prwne*
of oMonn* iwmr ptr 100
M.
1 Ctttoni (MM. rumr p*
100*
I MM. 3 QjtoX or.
at aMBM. MMMT pv 100
S. to*
pvlOO i*.
iperMoMp.
MPK I tM. dUHrc or MF<
p. 1*4
p. io»_
P. m_
p. 111 —
PL 1M
P. 1»-
p. 143-
•KM
•101.
noc.
•TT*
TMMIAI
' Ttw itMnod uMd noal b*«
i tor ttoaamg tw CnirtannMX. MM* and W«M. itrr*. EPA-«»*.7»-c1T. U*.
_
. T
«C IMhedi tar Cvfurmr ma *n*m or Amm*\
~ . Book i OMP«V A4. UAeraay
or
a arm
rttlu*
ID b*
in?.
"U*
torn i
M*nd •* M nqMrM *
ry « dMoMlen or t»
11. U
-TT) • mad* «n •
TABLE IB—LIST or APPROVED INOROAMC TEST
I No. or
ASTW UM>>
10*7-10(0.
• C«CQk «9/l:
of oolonnwMr^c MnMon
IB PH 4 J. flWMIt 0).
»UKini«i«d
1. Akmrun—Tow.* mg/U r»umijM '
202.1.
Orta an«r. mo/L OlgMPn*
ibr
417B
4170
4I7E«F.
417Q
XHJ.
»X
i(MMriy«
20«» , ,|!
AAlui
1307I.
AAki
t»04.
DCP-
nai_
AAtoT
t-joai-
-SMO-4U.
Hlt-«*0-»4
suu».
200.7'
HUM XL
MJJS71
MOM*.
200.7.'
100.7.'
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
TABI£ (S—UST OF APWKJVO INOAOAMIC TEST PROCEDURES—Contmuwl
we. \ttrc.
. rnoyu,
OrannMic. 109-iorC pod MMng
July 1992
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
TABLE IB— Urr or i
MMM,. -*««*-
M TI..L.J . '" "H" ' "T,,-|i
_ . ^^
WC.UOX.
M. anodun— ToW >. mg/L. OgaaBon •
lulu m by-
4*1 AufMr»*n— To* •. mg/L CHqai
ton * taftcMwd BIT
AA h*m«cf
•0 Soaiann Tnttf V mtj/L DitfM>On '
AA Mnaca — ,
AA jM«ma fw«»
•Vim • m in "•'•ut* *»
iufcj.nri br
AA toman
"CP w
« Sortunv— Tottt* mo/L Oi9M«Qn *
AA mnttaOTtr"
CTP of .,
M ^tO<- Uxu1.jj-Lfj^4 rrwcroiflho*/
cm •) »*C. WftMCMon.1 Bn09«
65. SuflOM (*• SO.), TV/L
M. StStaM i«s 5). rng/U
7C Thutum— ToMV mg/L OtpMton '
71 frv— T«* V mp/L Opaitton • lo*-
72 T^avmim— TottL' mg/L OgMaon •
DCP
74 Vanaoum— Tow.* mg/L. Oganon'
loaovaobr
Q(y 0r _„ mim
75. 2mc— ToUi* mg/U C^iiton " tc*.
a mink
^•••>OVtD 1
1^
1— ,,
tan
f*1
J«T1
Z70J ,
270J
-nrf i
•j-ni
yn 1
1101
375 '
1T« 1
TTft^
3T7 1
1701
7*7 '
2*3 V-
140 1
?a« i
1*1
NOftOAMC'
(•tiED
mf
«vn
TfftA
vw
ffM
304
3036
AfV.
303 A Of B
Ml
32M
JO*
446 A at t-
4770
4JTC
A7KA
KM
VU
303C -
2t4A
•Kll
377V
SCO A or 8.
30J
tlH~
rErrPnoco
ASTM
03U«-*4|AJ —
HM-tOA)
O1 42IH42tAJ
DM2S-4U1A)
DSl»-a«AJ
DS^6-42fB)
CUM
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
Tuu IB—UST or Amwvro *o*a»t«c Terr PMXZDUMO—ConOtxMd
»• (tgMton IncUMd m on* el t»
i. r»»i_O»COOI<:CT •
b> • VHab^f WHpMPVI 'WH • ••TQBHy
. • niBiiiBBi iiT rn
d • ol ono b»M anw •» Ira* el
011 KTUcrl
« TXo M Ml * ***** X0.1. ~n****, GMM
at WMT wo WH«M.- • «»«n ii
i • not mwtf V
l-Mhdd. MMM MMM MWUMr »7»-7» WE.
Au»An«r»T»f tt. T«oy«n>n
towvd ifw^o
L*O» TWTC. teefe
NM
NOT Ytn. NY 10011.
A«.. t if7«. i yian Mm *ML 14*0
raaarang •» I'MUM prff •tun •
. tts VMM LOCK PCL
" PC CTMnmBl Ortu
TX77VO.
i»«37
I •• b» MMd to r*i
<• Onon numvn mnrucaon Um^. R MUM CHom Etoccodi Mod* f7-70, II7T. Oner I
Moron* Oiw*. Cwneroo* MA 021M. ^ __.._
J~i «QT tftf £flMnMton or I
n ff * MHiaJi OU IcynM or
M bun* 7 • tom n uwxod
t» BuMr Cl «K»Jd b*
an (pH)
MMvd wot. 1MO. HMI OvmcM Camnnr. P.O. Bai M*. U.MXD. 00 MOT
nn. vio^r<*w«*t*i*
LowMndi CO HOT
in*, eoek t, en. AJ.
" Mkagcn. MM*, liitiod HOT. H*on OMmed Comwnr
I « • PM ol iaa±OJ- The •oni lit motnol pn onr«n on pp. S7i-(l ol Kd 14»
Mo»ml HOC tor t* mpnuel lumiiMfc prooodw*. or m»«jl HOC lor to
«J eonoorvMora ot 1 mo/l
enctM «r» MM
• *n MLMU ouMr « Mun m^o* «no taaun nyarvm to * »M n
n i«jiy«i«.
mama BJCTI ji nme PPM kui or* nMdtfr PH
i2Trn*otora. tor IBM* ol
i meyu 10 mL ol Mrnpi* MOM M dMM » 100 nL •* •Mng « ITU. M
M M eraporad «i r* tun* mmn* Far iwvtt ol ••>« bMo* i mg/L !«•
•> CMKT*. K H. AOM. J f . -rW Snoot, a f.. "Wcwr
. . . . , ..
PiiiiiilMiliL" UJ ftomocCTl Stray, Tcetmauv ol WIMT Hno>»i.«» >i»»M»«»»o>. aoa> I. CmpMr Ol.
•> Zrc. Zraan Homo. MOTad POOI Htrtt HMndbook « Wo* AntrnH. 1)79. c»9M 2-»i m) 2-333. rah OomeM
Canamy. L0MMnd. CO •OS37
•• -Draa CwraM Mwn* nXT) Opml r.inmgli Spoc'mmx Uwnod lor Tno* EMmwM ArMtnn ol WoHr ond
Motnd A£SOOM- IN*, Appwd Bmiran UCcrnna*. inc. 2«*n AMOU* SttnMrt. v«Mna*.CA t13S6.
_.. i *na Hpnton «na anpnM IWIBM moPioOB. and tor M
•ra prmMd r, BjippndB D « m PV1 BHd. -PraBPn and Aooo««v
TABLE 1C—UST of AJWOVED TEST PROCEDURES roa NON-Ptrnctoe OBQAHIC COMPOONOS
Ppumpur '
J Acrown
E*A utroo Numaw • '
oc
•10
tio
«0»
GC/US
US. IKS
•29. 1«S
•W4. 104
M*LC
•10
•10
Ofm
C-ll
July 1992
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
T*«t£ C—LOT or APPROVED Tar PP
MO POM Now-Pernaoe OMOAMC COMPOUND*—
ContlnMd
«. MTvttnM*
7. 0flna*tt .
14. ftray* butyl pnti
it' ^^£0v!
39 &LUUI mKmj m n
48. D««vr< prMfctt-
70 PCS-101*
71 PCS-1 232
79 PCS- '242
82_ PCfMffO
M H-iaiu
MM
V) '•••"ma . .
•**kr
!«
• -»•«' •-
9A
QC
•10
tot
*10
•10
00*
•11
•00
•01
•Di
•01
011
404
•01 BQ2
•01
•01
•01
•01
•12
•04
•11
•10
010
•01
•01 802. 012
•01 002. *11
•01 002. ill
•01
•01
•01
•01
•01
•04
•01
•01
•01
•Of
•CM
•0*
•ot
•00
•04
•0*
•03
010
010
011
011
012
012
010
00*
•01
•04
•10
•ot
•O4
0O4
•07
•07
•97
•11
•O*
•0*
•0*
•0*
•M
«•
• 10
IO4
•10
MMMM»*.>'
ac*»
'024. B4
H4 tt4
•«*». O*
•29. Of
K29
825. 1829
829 1829
824 1824
824 1824
824 1094
094 1824
625, 1825
825. 1899
694 1094
824 829, 1829
624 425,. 1828
829 1829
824 1894
824 1824
624 1824
824 1894
894 (94
824 824
824. 824
025. BXS;
CM BM
— - -j.
•29 8X9
825, ftiff 1
825 1829
824 1824
825, 1825
025 1029
825 1825
'825. 1829
829 1025
825. 1025
825, 1825
024 1094
&*«*. 1825
829 1825
829 1825
625. 18X5
•75 1829
825, 18X9
*829 T8X5
'025, 1029
025. 18X5
8X9
8X9
8X9
8X9
8X9
8X5
8X1
ma^ 1(99
025, IfXf
8X5. 18X9
>**£
80S
010
010
- __J
010
010
010
010
010
010
O0wr
to* &* i;
S102.
NoM 3 p. 1301
NOMC.O.
1102.
MOM J, p. i*>
NOM 3 p. 4*
MOM 3. p. 43:
NOMX p. 43:
MOM 3. B. «*
NOMJ.fr 43;
NOM J. p. 4*
MOM 3.P. 43c
MOM 3. p. 140;
C-12
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
TABU C—UST or AWROVSD TEST PROCEDURES FOR Now-ftrnooe ORQAMC COMPOUND*—
Continued
1 Ail PMIHMVB W H0MM0MQ In ffllOTOVW DflF HV (jsA/U-
•T>» M to* « in-aai 01-413. O4. us. iO4. _nd 109. v* g--n • A0pondh A. -to*
M. Tito nanmUHj toolproeodu-f. to M uood « ilito inn tw mo-tod niiiiiin n-
• gwon - uid
O* m«r t» OMnMd to tawn MITWM* tor Aeraton md AuynjiliN. ilq»im, vmn »»y n kno«i to
pi •!«.»» gm«i«o manad tor r»-i MO oernjawd* • mrad •> M 4BMn0Bd to nduoi MrvBftnv. rMH^m^mopvMdMns. H4VroodunM^Mffi*it. >nd H^koo
m-ii,l«n«»._llu«lni. -inn toy «• kmMi • M prawn. Mcnodi «06, 107. «nd 112. o> Mmoa 1
i tar
_ . _. m •_•» to I
MX Motto* Wl-Hl O4, OS. 1O4. one 1OS AM Appand- A of *m frort fJI) « i
—x*on U *J OOGK ol Itooo MoMtod*. iitHiii—I). •*—i toUJH-J; on in on-gong DOM* nu- oako ond ormyio 10% I
tor 'Urn- O4 and OS ond 100% tar inotie-ii 1O4. ond 1US) ol M HV-B-. B <
L3 «nd 14 of i
NOTE T«*M
TAILE ID — UST or AmiovED TEST PROCEDURES FOR PESDOOES >
ASTW
Otior
Ed
2. Anwr^
1 Ai-mec-TB
4. Aman
11 *rr_n
t AjrvMn n ji
T »-M^-
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in T | — ;
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14. OBVOBMronon
ttCHo-_n
IT t--.
i> _---fir^>
C
TIC
OC
or
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ol
9QAA
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SOftA
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50*A
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ttOCA
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ttMA
P.V---R I
PTOM
O30M
O30M |
DjQM
CUOM
pyi-p^
O90M
030M
090M
DOCJ*
p 7: Not* 4. p. 10.
1 Noto 3. p- t3: No*
I Noto J. p. K Noto
i J. p. K; Noto
l 3. p. M; Noto
! No- 3. p. ZS; Noto
l 3, p 104; Noto
! NOW 3, p. 7.
«. p. M*.
•. p. •!«.
I. p. CM,
«. p SO.
«. p. U1.
*, p. M4.
I Noto X P 7: No- 4. p. X.
Xp.7.
3. p. •* NOI. t. p. OO
4. p. JO; Noto «. p. ST1.
J.p-7
Noto 3. p. 104;
No— 3. p. Ill
Noto 3, p 7;
Noto 1. P T. Not.
NOto X P. 7; Hot*
Noto 3. p tt.
Noto 3. p. IS:
Noto 3. p. f& No-
Noto I. 0. SSI.
NotoXp-
NOto 4. p.
NOto J. p. 7
!«. p. 04.
• 4. p. M.
I 4. p. 10.
4. p. 10.
4. p. JO.
I p. Ml.
t. p. Hi.
4. p 1ft
Noto «, p. tn.
3, p. 7; No* 4. p. .0.
I 4. p. »
i X P- ; 1
> X p. 104.
i t. p. 171
i 4. p. Ml
»*. p. M4
C-13
July 1992
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TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
TABLE lO-urr or APMOVB Tor
i PBTWDO *—Co
— »
JtL rwoonTD*
4C.IMNOOVO —
41 fcttpfwixmar —
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ft 7-1 f-T
n Trflhr^i
—
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f- m^
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ae .
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flTWl
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nc
nr
nc
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ne
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Tip
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or
nr
or
ar
nr
or
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nr
TIC
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or
nr
TLC
nr
nr
nr
nr
•jcfuoj
nr
VW*-'
m
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M
til
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IMt
M
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MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
ipjl
MM
MM
MM
ACTU
- - • -
MOM
•WMa
MMM*
OMM
OHM
OMM
Oft*
MM • m 7
MOO *, p. Oft NOM ft, p. (71.
MM 1, PL 10* MOM 4. pi MA.
MMI 1. *. 104 MM! •. *. M4.
MMi t. •. 7* ••• 4. B. M.
fMt i. p. r ftiH 4 pt xt rfuB
«.».»»
MNt < it M; MM* *. PL fTT
NOM 1. p. to*; NOM t. *. M4.
HtW 1, p. tft MM *, ». Me
NoM A p. Ml.
NM 1, p. M; M*M •. p. Ma
MMi t, p. M: IMM C p. MQ.
MOM 1, p. 7
MOM a, p. 10^ MM> C p. M4.
NoM a. p. T04; NoM •. p. M4.
NOM a. p. 10*; MOM •- PL M*.
HOM 1 PL B( NOM 4. PL XL
Hot* a, p, ML
NOM a. p. 7
NOM X p. tt NOM •. Mft.
NOM a, f. oe NOM •, MP.
NOM a, p. oc NOM «. ML
NOM a, p. 10*; NOM
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX C
TABLE IE—LOT OF APPROVED RAMXOOCAL TEST PROCEDUMKS
1. ASRS-TSB!. «Q —r He
aM. pQ pv Mv
to)
«nv. «O -
MM. PC. pv
T0>
nao
cB_
01*4141 C pp. 75 s~s rs.«
01»O-»I I p. Tt
I I
703 ' D1»SO-I1 | pp n n> Tt.'
TO : IMMO-«1 | p. Tt
TOS , 024«0-TO I
•Oil.
roe i cmst-Tt
p.ti
TMLI CNottK
tin.
EPA-
(IHO
, MU pnd ITOOTV tugmtt.
dmi fio Pupon 7%-iT7 otrtt
jndon p. TS
ponpn.TMmora.tK MO mri» mu« 6» pdapd to
IHtioai
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX D
TECHNICAL APPENDIX D
REFERENCES
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX D
REFERENCES
APHA, AWWA, WPCF, 'Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,"
17th Edition, 1989.
America Society of Civil Engineers, "Design and Construction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers,
Manual of Practice," New York, I960.
Associated Water and Air Resource Engineers, Inc., 'Handbook for Monitoring Industrial
Wastewater," EPA Technology Transfer, 1973.
Federal Register, Vol. 55, No. 222, p. 48065, November 16, 1990.
Federal Register, Vol. 56, No. 195, p. 50759-50770, October 8, 1991.
Professional Publications, Inc., (Michael R. Lindeburg, PE), "Civil Engineering Reference
Manual," 5th edition, Belmont, California, 1989.
Metcalf &. Eddy, "Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, Reuse," 2nd edition, McGraw-
Hill Book Co., New York, 1979.
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, "Criteria for a Recommended Standard ...
Working in Confined Spaces," U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, NIOSH, December 1979.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 54 FR 2408, June 5, 1989.
Ogden Environmental and Energy Services, "Storm Water Sampling Protocol Manual,
Procedures and Protocols for Facility Data Collection and Storm Water Sampling,"
February 1992.
U.S. EPA, 40 CFR Parts 122, 123, and 124; National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Permit Application Regulations for Storm Water Discharges; Final Rule, November
16, 1990.
U.S. EPA, "Guidance Manual for the Preparation of NPDES Permit Applications for Storm
Water Discharges Associated With Industrial Activity,* EPA-505/8-91-002, April
1991.
U.S. EPA, "Guidance Manual For The Preparation of Part I of the NPDES Permit Applications
for Discharges From Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems," EPA-505/8-91-
003A, April 1991.
U.S. EPA, "Methodology for the Study of Urban Storm Generated Pollution and Control," EPA-
600/2-76-145, NTIS No. PB258743. August 197*.
D-l July, 1992
-------
TECHNICAL APFENDK D
U.S. EPA, "Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving
Waters to Fresh Water and Marine Organisms,' EPA/600/4-90-027,
September 1991.
U.S. EPA, "NPDES Compliance Inspection Manual," May 1988.
U.S. EPA, "NPDES Compliance Monitoring Inspector Training: Sampling," August 1990.
U,S. EPA, Region V, "Urban Targeting and BMP Selection," November 1990.
Woodward-Clyde Consultants and Ted Friel Associates, "Guide for Industrial Storm Water
Sampling," January 1992.
D-2
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX E
TECHNICAL APPENDIX E
GLOSSARY
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX E
GLOSSARY
Aliquot: A discrete sample used for analysis.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): The quantity of oxygen consumed during the biochemical
oxidation of matter over a specified period of time, usually 5 days (BOD5).
Chain-of-Custody: Procedures used to minimize the possibility of tampering with samples.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): Measurement of all the oxidizable matter found in a runoff
sample, a portion of which could deplete dissolved oxygen in receiving waters.
Composite Sample: Used to determine "average' loadings or concentrations of pollutants, such
samples are collected at regular time intervals, and pooled into one large sample, can be
developed on time or flow rate.
Confined Space: Enclosed space that an employee can bodily enter and perform assigned work, that
has limited means of exit and entry, that is not designed for continuous employee occupancy,
and has one of the following characteristics:
• Contains or has a known potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere
• Contains a material with the potential for engulfment of an entrant
• Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by
inwardly converging walls or a floor that slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross
section
• Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard.
Conveyance: A channel or passage which conducts or carries water including any pipe, ditch,
channel, tunnel, conduit, well, or container.
Detention Ponds: A surface water impoundment constructed to hold and manage storm water
runoff.
Discharge: Any addition of any pollutant to waters of the U.S. from any conveyance.
Effluent: Any discharge flowing from a conveyance.
Flumes: A specially shaped open channel flow section providing a change in the channel area and/
or slope which results in an increased velocity and change in the level of the liquid flowing
through the flume. A flume normally consists of three sections: (1) a converging section; (2)
a throat section; and (3) a diverging section. The flow rate through de flume is a function of
the liquid level at some point in the flume.
Flow-Weighted Composite Sample: Means a composite sample consisting of a mixture of aliquots
collected at a constant time interval, where the volume of each aliquot is proportional to the flow
rate of the discharge.
E-l July, 1992
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX E
Flow-Proportional Composite Sample: Combines discrete aliquots of a sample collected over time,
based on the flow of the wastestream being sampled. There are two methods used to collect this
type of sample. One collects a constant sample volume at time intervals which vary based on
stream flow. The other collects aliquots at varying volumes based on stream flow, at constant
time intervals.
First Flush: Individual sample taken during the first 30 minutes of a storm event. The pollutants
in this sample can often be used as a screen for non-storm water discharges since such pollutants
are flushed out of the system during the initial portion of the discharge.
Grab Sample: A discrete sample which is taken from a wastestream on a one-time basis with no
regard to flow or time; instantaneous sample that is analyzed separately.
Head of Liquid: Depth of flow.
Illicit Discharge: Any discharge to a municipal separate storm sewer that is not composed entirely
of storm water except discharges pursuant to an NPDES permit and discharges from fire fighting
activities.
Materials Management Practices: Practices used to limit the contact between significant materials
and precipitation. These may include structural or nonstructural controls such as dikes, berms,
sedimentation ponds, vegetation strips, spill response plans, etc.
Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems: A conveyance or system of conveyances including
roads with drainage systems, storm drains, gutters, ditches under the jurisdiction of a city, town,
borough, county, parish, or other public body.
Outfall: Point source where an effluent is discharged into receiving waters.
Point Source: Any discernible, confined, and discrete conveyance from which pollutants are or may
be discharged. This term does not include return flows from irrigated agriculture or agricultural
storm water runoff (see 40 CFR 122.3).
Reverse Meniscus: The curved upper surface of a liquid in a container.
Runoff Coefficient: Means the fraction of total rainfall that will appear at the conveyance as runoff.
Significant Materials: Include, but are not limited to, raw materials, fuels, solvents, detergents,
metallic products, CERCLA hazardous substances, fertilizers, ,>esticides, and wastes such as
ashes, slag, and sludge that have potential for release with storm water discharges [see 40 CFR
122.26(b)(12)].
Storm Water: Storm water runoff, snow melt runoff, and surface runoff, and drainage.
Storm Water Discharge Associated with Industrial Activity: Discharge from any conveyance
which is used for collecting and conveying storm water which is directly related to
manufacturing processing or raw materials storage areas at an industrial plant [see 40 CFR
122.26(b)(14)J.
E-2
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX E
Time Composite Sample: Prepared by collecting fixed volume aliquots at specified time intervals
and combining into a single sample for analysis.
Turbidity: Describes the capability of light to pass through water.
Weir: A device used to gauge the flow rate of liquid through a channel; is essentially a dam built
across an open channel over which the liquid flows, usually through some type of notch.
E-3 July, 1992
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX F
TECHNICAL APPENDIX F
ACRONYMS
-------
TECHNICAL APPENDIX F
ACRONYMS
BOD, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (5-day)
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act
cfm cubic feet per minute
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
cfs cubic feet per second
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
COV Coefficient of Variation
CPR Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
CWA Clean Water Act
DOT Department of Transportation
ECD Electron Capture Detector
EMC Event Mean Concentration
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ESE Environmental Science & Engineering, Inc.
FWPCA Federal Water Pollution Control Act
FID Flame lomzation Detector
FR Federal Register
GC/MS Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectometry
gpm gallons per minute
H Head
HC1 Hydrochloric Acid
HNO, Nitric Acid
HPLC High Pressure Liquid Chromatography
H2SO4 Sulfuric Acid
IATA International Air Transport Association
LCjo Lethal Concentration
NaOH Sodium Hydroxide
Na^SA Sodium Thiosulfate
NCDC National Climate Data Center
NIOSH National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency
NOI Notice of Intent
NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
NWS National Weather Service
O&.G Oil and Grease
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyl
PE Professional Engineer
ppb parts per billion
Q Flow Rate
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
SIC Standard Industrial Classification
s.u. standard units
TKN Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
TSS Total Suspended Solids
VOC Volatile Organic Compound
F-l
July, 1992
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