United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009 I www.epa.gov/iaq
Home Buyer's and
Seller's Guide to Radon
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
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EPA RECOMMENDS:
d If you are buying or selling a home, have it tested for radon.
d For a new home, ask if radon-resistant construction features
were used and if the home has been tested.
d Fix the home if the radon level is 4 picocuries per liter (pCi/L) or higher.
d Radon levels less than 4 pCi/L still pose a risk and, in many cases, may
be reduced.
d Take steps to prevent device interference when conducting a radon test.
EPA estimates
that radon
causes
thousands
of cancer
deaths in
the U.S.
each year.
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
Deaths Per Year
21,000
RADON* Drunk Falls Drownings Home
Driving in the Fires
Home
*Radon is estimated to cause about 21,000 lung cancer deaths per year, according to EPA's 2003 Assessment
of Risks from Radon in Homes (EPA 402-R-03-003). The numbers of deaths from other causes are taken
from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 1999-2001 National Center for Injury Prevention
and Control Report and 2002 National Safety Council Reports.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
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Table of Contents
OVERVIEW 1 1
Why Should I Test for Radon? 3
a. Radon Has Been Found In Homes All Over the United States 3
b. EPA and the Surgeon General Recommend
That You Test Your Home 4
2 I'm Selling a Home. What Should I Do? 5
a. If Your Home Has Already Been Tested for Radon 5
b. If Your Home Has Not Yet Been Tested for Radon 6
3 I'm Buying a Home. What Should I Do? 7
a. If the Home Has Already Been Tested for Radon 7
b. If the Home Has Not Yet Been Tested for Radon 8
4 I'm Buying or Building A New Home.
How Can I Protect My Family? 9
a. Why Should I Buy a Radon-Resistant Home? 9
b. What Are Radon-Resistant Features? 10
5 How Can I Get Reliable Radon Test Results? 11
a. Types of Radon Devices 11
b. General Information for All Devices 12
c. Preventing or Detecting Test Interference 13
d. Length of Time to Test 14
e. Doing a Short-Term Test 15
f. Using Testing Devices Properly for Reliable Results 16
g. Interpreting Radon Test Results 17
Radon and Smoking 18
Radon Testing Checklist 20
6 What Should I Do If the Radon Level Is High? 22
a. High Radon Levels Can Be Reduced 22
b. How to Lower the Radon Level In Your Home 22
c. Selecting a Radon-Reduction (Mitigation) Contractor 24
d. What Can a Qualified Radon-Reduction Contractor Do for You ....24
e. Radon In Water 25
7 Radon Myths and Facts 27
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Home Buyer's and Seller's Guide to Radon
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8 Need More Information About Radon? 29
a. World Wide Web Sites (EPA) 29
b. Radon Hotlines (Toil-Free) 30
c. Printed Documents 31
Radon Risk and Testing 31
Reducing Radon Levels In aHome 32
Building aNew Home to Be Radon-Resistant 32
Radon Technical Guidance 33
9 State Radon Offices 34
10 EPA Regional Offices 36
11 Index 37
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
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Overview
This Guide answers important questions about radon and lung cancer risk. It also
answers questions about testing and fixing for anyone buying or selling a home.
Radon Is a Cancer-Causing, Radioactive Gas
You cannot see, smell, or taste radon. But it still may be a
problem in your home. When you breathe air containing radon,
you increase your risk of getting lung cancer. In fact, the Surgeon
General of the United States has warned that radon is the second
leading cause of lung cancer in the United States today. If you
smoke and your home has high radon levels, your risk of lung
cancer is especially high.
EPA Risk Assessment for Radon in Indoor Air
EPA has updated its estimate of the lung cancer risks from exposure to radon in
indoor air. The Agency's updated risk assessment, EPA Assessment of Risks from
Radon in Homes (EPA 402-R-03-003, June 2003), is available at http://www.epa.
gov/radon/pdfs/402-r-03 -003 .pdf as a downloadable Adobe Acrobat PDF file. EPAs
reassessment was based on the National Academy of Sciences' (NAS) report on the
Health Effects of Exposure to Radon (BEIR VI, 1999). The Agency now estimates
that there are about 21,000 annual radon-related lung cancer deaths, an estimate
consistent with the NAS Report's findings.
You Should Test for Radon
Testing is the only way to find out your home's radon levels.
EPA and the Surgeon General recommend testing all homes below
the third floor for radon.
You Can Fix a Radon Problem
If you find that you have high radon levels, there are ways to fix a radon
problem. Even very high levels can be reduced to acceptable levels.
If You Are Selling a Home...
EPA recommends that you test your home before putting it on the market and, if
necessary, lower your radon levels. Save the test results and all information you have
about steps that were taken to fix any problems. This could be a positive selling point.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
Home Buyer's and Seller's Guide to Radon 1
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If You Are Buying a Home...
EPA recommends that you know what the indoor radon level is in any home
you consider buying. Ask the seller for their radon test results. If the home has
a radon-reduction system, ask the seller for any information they have about the
system.
If the home has not yet been tested, you should have the house
tested.
If you are having a new home built, there are features that
can be incorporated into your home during construction to reduce
radon levels.
The radon testing guidelines in this Guide have been
developed specifically to deal with the time-sensitive nature of home purchases
and sales, and the potential for radon device interference. These guidelines are
slightly different from the guidelines in other EPA publications which provide
radon testing and reduction information for non-real estate situations.
This Guide recommends three short-term testing options for
real estate transactions. EPA also recommends testing a home in
the lowest level which is currently suitable for occupancy, since
a buyer may choose to live in a lower area of the home than that
used by the seller.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
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1. Why Should I Test for Radon
a. Radon Has Been Found In Homes All Over the
United States
Radon is a radioactive gas that has been found in homes all over the United
States. It comes from the natural breakdown of uranium in soil, rock, and water and
gets into the air you breathe. Radon typically moves up through
the ground to the air above and into your home through cracks
and other holes in the foundation. Radon can also enter your
home through well water. Your home can trap radon inside.
Any home can have a radon problem. This means new and old homes,
well-sealed and drafty homes, and homes with or without basements. In fact, you
and your family are most likely to get your greatest radiation exposure at home.
That is where you spend most of your time.
Nearly one out of every 15 homes in the United States is
estimated to have an elevated radon level (4 pCi/L or more).
Elevated levels of radon gas have been found in homes in your
state. Contact your state radon office for information about
radon in your area.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
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b. EPA and the Surgeon General Recommend That
You Test Your Home
Testing is the only way to know if you and your family are at risk from radon.
EPA and the Surgeon General recommend testing all homes below the third floor
for radon.
U.S. SURGEON GENERAL HEALTH ADVISORY
"Indoor radon is the second-leading cause of lung cancer in the United States
and breathing it over prolonged periods can present a significant health risk
to families all over the country. It's important to know that this threat is
completely preventable. Radon can be detected with a simple test and fixed
through well-established venting techniques." January 2005
FIXEP/
You cannot predict radon levels based
on state, local, and neighborhood radon
measurements. Do not rely on radon
test results taken in other homes in the
neighborhood to estimate the radon level in
your home. Homes which are next to each
other can have different indoor radon levels.
Testing is the only way to find out what your
home's radon level is.
In some areas, companies may offer different types of radon
service agreements. Some agreements let you pay a one-time fee
that covers both testing and radon mitigation, if needed. Contact
your state radon office to find out if these are available in your
state.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
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I'm Selling a Home.
What Should I Do?
a. If Your Home Has Already Been Tested for
Radon..
If you are thinking of selling your home and you have
already tested your home for radon, review the Radon Testing
Checklistto make sure that the test was done correctly. If so.
provide your test results to the buyer.
No matter what kind of test was done, a potential buyer may ask for a new
test, especially if:
D The Radon Testing Checklist items were not met;
D The last test is not recent, e.g., within two years;
D You have renovated or altered your home since you tested; or
D The buyer plans to live in a lower level of the house than was tested, such as
a basement suitable for occupancy but not currently lived in.
A buyer may also ask for a new test if your state or local government requires
disclosure of radon information to buyers.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
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b. If Your Home Has Not Yet Been Tested for Radon...
Have a test taken as soon as possible. If you can, test your home before putting
it on the market. You should test in the lowest level of the home which is suitable
for occupancy. This means testing in the lowest level that you currently live in
or a lower level not currently used, but which a buyer could use for living space
without renovations.
The radon test result is
important information about
your home's radon level. Some
states require radon measurement
testers to follow a specific testing
protocol. If you do the test,
yourself, you should carefully
follow the testing protocol for
your area or EPA's Radon Testing
Checklist. If you hire a contractor
to test your residence, protect yourself by hiring a qualified*
individual or company.
You can determine a service provider's qualifications to perform radon
measurements or to mitigate your home in several ways. Check with your state
radon office. Many states require radon professionals to be licensed, certified, or
registered. Most states can provide you with a list of knowledgeable radon service
providers doing business in the state. In states that don't regulate radon services,
ask the contractor if they hold a professional proficiency or certification
credential. Such programs usually provide members with a photo-ID card, which
indicates their qualification(s) and its expiration date. If in doubt, you should
check with their credentialing organization. Alternatively, ask the contractor
if they've successfully completed formal training appropriate for testing or
mitigation, e.g., a course in radon measurement or radon mitigation.
* You should first call your state radon office for information on qualified radon service providers and state-
specific radon measurement or mitigation requirements. See Section 9 (p. 34) for information on which states
have certification, licensing, or registration programs. For up-to-date information on state radon program offices.
visit http://www.epa.gov/iaq/contacts.htinl. EPA's detailed and technical guidance on radon measurement and
mitigation is included in Section 8 (p. 29); however, state requirements or guidance may be more stringent. Visit
http://www.epa.gov/radonpro/rpp_qa.html for links to private sector radon credentialing programs.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
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«~ I'm Buying a Home.
O. What Should I Do?
a. If the Home Has Already Been
Tested for Radon..
If you are thinking of buying a home, you may decide to accept an earlier test
result from the seller or ask the seller for a new test to be conducted by a qualified
radon tester. Before you accept the seller's test, you should determine:
D The results of previous testing;
D Who conducted the previous test: the homeowner, a radon professional, or
some other person;
D Where in the home the previous test was taken, especially if you may plan to
live in a lower level of the home. For example, the test may have been taken
on the first floor. However, if you want to use the basement as living space,
test there; and
D What, if any, structural changes, alterations, or changes in the heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system have been made to the house
since the test was done. Such changes might affect radon levels.
If you accept the seller's test, make sure that the test followed
the Radon Testing Checklist.
If you decide that a new test is needed, discuss it with
the seller as soon as possible. If you decide to use a qualified
radon tester, contact your state radon office to obtain a copy
of their approved list of radon testing companies.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
Home Buyer's and Seller's Guide to Radon
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b. If the Home Has Not Yet Been Tested for Radon...
Make sure that a radon test is done as soon as possible. Consider including
provisions in the contract specifying:
D Where the test will be located;
D Who should conduct the test;
D What type of test to do;
D When to do the test:
D How the seller and the buyer will share the test results and test costs (if
necessary); and
D When radon mitigation measures will be taken, and who will pay for them.
Make sure that the test is done in the lowest level of the home suitable
for occupancy. This means the lowest level that you are going to use as living
space which is finished or does not require renovations prior to use. A state
or local radon official or qualified radon tester can help you make some of these
decisions.
If you decide to finish or renovate an unfinished area of the home in the future.
a radon test should be done before starting the project and after the project is
finished. Generally, it is less expensive to install a radon-reduction system before
(or during) renovations rather than afterwards.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
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,. I'm Buying or Building a New Home.
T-. How Can I Protect My Family?
a. Why Should I Buy a Radon-Resistant Home?
Radon-resistant techniques work. When installed properly and completely,
these simple and inexpensive passive techniques can help to reduce radon levels.
In addition, installing them at the time of construction makes it easier to reduce
radon levels further if the passive techniques don't reduce radon levels to below
4 pCi/L. Radon-resistant techniques may also help to lower moisture levels and
those of other soil gases. Radon-resistant techniques:
• Make Upgrading Easy: Even if builtto be radon-resistant, every new home
should be tested for radon after occupancy. If you have a test result of 4
pCi/L or more, a vent fan can easily be added to the passive system to make
it an active system and further reduce radon levels.
• Are Cost-Effective: Building radon-resistant features into the house during
construction is easier and cheaper than fixing a radon problem from scratch
later. Let your builder know that radon-resistant features are easy to install
using common building materials.
• Save Money: When installed properly and completely, radon-resistant
techniques can also make your home more energy efficient and help you save
on your energy costs.
Including passive radon-resistant features in a new home during construction
usually costs less than fixing the home later. If your radon level is 4 pCi/L or more,
consult a qualified mitigator to estimate the cost of upgrading to an active system by
adding a vent fan to reduce the radon level. In an existing home, the cost to install
a radon mitigation system is about the same as for other common home repairs.
Check with, and get an estimate from, one or more qualified mitigators before fixing.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
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b. What Are Radon-Resistant Features?
Radon-resistant techniques (features) may vary for different foundations
and site requirements. If you're having a house built, ask
your builder if they're using EPA's recommended approach
(International Residential Code, Appendix F, or ASTM E
1465-08). If your new house was built (or will be built)
to be radon-resistant, it will include these basic elements:
1. Gas-Permeable Layer: This layer is placed beneath the slab or flooring
system to allow the soil gas to move freely underneath the house. In many
cases, the material used is a 4-inch layer of clean gravel. This gas-permeable
layer is used only in homes with basement and slab-on-grade foundations; it
is not used in homes with crawlspace foundations.
2. Plastic Sheeting: Plastic sheeting is placed on top of the gas-permeable
layer and under the slab to help prevent the soil gas from entering the home.
In crawl spaces, the sheeting (with seams sealed) is placed directly over the
crawlspace floor.
3. Sealing and Caulking: All below-grade openings in the foundation and
walls are sealed to reduce soil gas entry into the home.
4. Vent Pipe: A 3- or 4-inch PVC pipe (or other gas-tight pipe) runs
from the gas-permeable layer through
the house to the roof, to safely vent
radon and other soil gases to the outside.
5. Junction Boxes: An electrical junction box
is included in the attic to make the wiring
and installation of a vent fan easier. For
example, you decide to activate the passive
system because your test result showed an
elevated radon level (4 pCi/L or more). A
separate junction box is placed in the living
space to power the vent fan alarm. An alarm
is installed along with the vent fan to indicate
when the vent fan is not operating properly.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
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— How Can I Get Reliable Radon
3. Test Results?
Radon testing is easy and the only way to find out if you have a radon problem
in your home.
a. Types of Radon Devices
Since you cannot see or smell radon, special equipment is
needed to detect it. When you're ready to test your home, you can
order a radon test kit by mail from a qualified radon measurement
services provider or laboratory. You can also hire a qualified radon
tester, very often a home inspector, who will use a radon device(s)
suitable to your situation. The most common types of radon testing
devices are listed below. As new testing devices are developed,
you may want to check with your state radon office before you
test to get the most up-to-date information.
• Passive Devices
Passive radon testing devices do not need power to function. These include
charcoal canisters, alpha-track detectors, charcoal liquid scintillation
devices, and electret ion chamber detectors, which are available in hardware,
drug, and other stores; they can also be ordered by mail or phone. These devices
are exposed to the air in the home for a specified period of time and then sent
to a laboratory for analysis. Both short-term and long-term passive devices are
generally inexpensive. Some of these devices may have features that offer more
resistance to test interference or disturbance than other passive devices. Qualified
radon testers may use any of these devices to measure the home's radon level.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
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• Active Devices
Active radon testing devices require power to function. These include
continuous radon monitors and continuous working level monitors. They
continuously measure and record the amount of radon or its decay products in
the air. Many of these devices provide a report of this information which can
reveal any unusual or abnormal swings in the radon level during the test period. A
qualified tester can explain this report to you. In addition, some of these devices
are specifically designed to deter and detect test interference. Some technically
advanced active devices offer anti-interference features. Although these tests
may cost more, they may ensure a more reliable result.
b. General Information for All Devices
A state or local radon official can explain the differences between devices
and recommend the ones which are most appropriate for your needs and expected
testing conditions.
Make sure to use a radon measurement device from a
qualified laboratory. Certain precautions should be followed
to avoid interference during the test period; see the Radon
Testing Checklist for more information on how to get a reliable
test result.
Radon Test Device Placement
EPA recommends that testing device(s) be placed in the lowest level of the home
suitable for occupancy. This means testing in the lowest level (such as a basement),
which a buyer could use for living space without renovations. The test should be
conducted in a room to be used regularly (such as a family room, living room,
playroom, den, or bedroom); do not test in a kitchen, bathroom, laundry room or
hallway. Usually the buyer decides where to locate the radon test, based on their
expected use of the home. A buyer and seller should explicitly discuss and agree on
the test location to avoid any misunderstanding. Their decision should be clearly
communicated to the person performing the test.
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c. Preventing or Detecting Test Interference
There is a potential for test interference in real estate transactions. There are
several ways to prevent or detect test interference:
D Use a test device that frequently records radon or decay product levels to
detect unusual swings;
D Employ a motion detector to determine whether the test device has been moved
or if testing conditions have changed;
D Use a proximity detector to reveal the presence of people in the room which
may correlate to possible changes in radon levels during the test;
D Record the barometric pressure to identify weather conditions which may
have affected the test;
D Record the temperature to help assess whether doors and windows have been
opened;
/I
D Apply tamper-proof seals to windows to ensure closed- / ^fV
house conditions; and \Seepage
20
D Have the seller/occupant sign a non-interference agreement
Home buyers and sellers should consult a qualified radon test provider about the
use of these precautions.
EPA 402/K-09/002 \ January 2009
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d. Length of Time to Test
Because radon levels tend to vary from day to day and season to season,
a short-term test is less likely than a long-term test to tell you your year-round
average radon level. However, if you need results quickly, a short-term test may
be used to decide whether to fix the home.
There Are Two General Ways to Test Your Home for Radon:
• Short-Term Testing
The quickest way to test is with short-term tests. Short-term tests remain in
your home from two to 90 days, depending on the device. There are two groups
of devices which are more commonly used for short-term testing. The passive
device group includes alpha track detectors, charcoal canisters, charcoal liquid
scintillation detectors, and electret ion chambers. The active device group
consists of different types of continuous monitors.
Whether you test for radon yourself or hire a qualified tester, all radon tests should
be taken for a minimum of 48 hours. Some devices require a longer (minimum)
length of time, e.g., a 7-day charcoal canister device.
• Long-Term Testing
Long-term tests remain in your home for more than 90 days. Alpha track
and electret ion chamber detectors are commonly used for this type of testing.
A long-term test result is more likely to tell you your home's year-round average
radon level than a short-term test. If time permits (more than 90 days), long-term
tests can be used to confirm initial short-term results. When long-term test results
are 4 pCi/L or higher, EPA recommends fixing the home.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
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e. Doing a Short-Term Test...
If you are testing in a real estate transaction and you need
results quickly, any of the following three options for short-term
tests are acceptable in determining whether the home should
be fixed. Any real estate test for radon should include steps to
prevent or detect interference with the test device.
When Choosing a Short-Term Testing Option...
There are trade-offs among the short-term testing options. Two tests taken at the
same time (simultaneous) would improve the precision of this radon test. One test
followed by another test (sequential) would most likely give a better representation
of the seasonal average. Both active and passive devices may have features which
help to prevent test interference. Your state radon office can help you decide which
option is best.
Short-Term Testing Options
Passive:
Take two short-term tests at the same
time in the same location for at least
48 hours.
What to Do Next
Fix the home if the average of the two
tests is 4 pCi/L or more.
or
Take an initial short-term test for at
least 48 hours. Immediately upon
completing the first test, do a second
test using an identical device in the
same location as the first test.
Fix the home if the average of the two
tests is 4 pCi/L or more.
Active:
Test the home with a continuous
monitor for at least 48 hours.
Fix the home if the average radon
level is 4 pCi/L or more.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
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f. Using Testing Devices Properly for Reliable
Results
• If You Do the Test Yourself
When you are taking a short-term test, close windows
and doors to the outside and keep them closed, except for
normal entry and exit. If you are taking a short-term test
lasting less than four days, be sure to:
D Close your windows and outside doors at least 12 hours before beginning the
test;
D Do not conduct short-term tests lasting less than four days during severe storms
or periods of high winds;
D Follow the testing instructions and record the start time and date;
D Place the test device at least 20 inches above the floor in a location where it
will not be disturbed and where it will be away from drafts, high heat, high
humidity, and exterior walls;
D Leave the test kit in place for as long as the test instructions say; and
D Once the test is finished, record the stop time and date, reseal the package,
and return it immediately to the lab specified on the package for analysis.
You should receive your test results within a few days or weeks. If you need
results quickly, you should find out how long results will take and, if necessary,
request expedited service.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
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• If You Hire a Qualified Radon Tester
In many cases, home buyers and sellers may decide to have
the radon test done by a qualified radon tester who knows the I See"^ e 34
proper conditions, test devices, and guidelines for obtaining a
reliable radon test result. They can also:
D Evaluate the home and recommend a testing approach designed to make sure
you get reliable results;
D Explain how proper conditions can be maintained during the radon test;
D Emphasize to a home's occupants that a reliable test result depends upon their
cooperation. Interference with, or disturbance of, the test or closed-house
conditions will invalidate the test result;
D Analyze the data and report the measurement results; and
D Provide an independent test result.
Your state radon office may also have information about qualified radon testers
and certification requirements.
g. Interpreting Radon Test Results
The average indoor radon level is estimated to be about 1.3 pCi/L; roughly
0.4 pCi/L of radon is normally found in the outside air. The U.S. Congress has set
a long-term goal that indoor radon levels be no more than outdoor levels. While
this goal is not yet technologically achievable for all homes, radon levels in many
homes can be reduced to 2 pCi/L or less. A radon level below 4 pCi/L still poses
a risk. Consider fixing when the radon level is between 2 and 4 pCi/L.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
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Radon and Smoking
RADON RISK IF YOU SMOKE
gallon If 1,000 people who
Level smoked were exposed
to this level over a
lifetime*. . .
ZOpCl/L About 260 people
could get long cancer
W pCVL About 150 people
could get long cancer
SpCi/L About 120 people
could get lung cancer
4pCi/L About 62 people
could get lung cancer
2pCI/L About 32 people
could get lung cancer
1.3pCI/L About 20 people
could get lung cancer
0.4pCI/L
The risk of cancer from 1
radon exposure compares to**. , . \
t 250 times the risk \
of drowning \
< 200 times the risk of \
dying In a home fire \
< 30 times the risk of \
dying In a fall \
< 5 times the risk ot dying
in a car crash \
< 6 Hmes the risk of dying \
from poison \
(Average hutoor radon level) I
(Average outdoor radon level) \
WHAT TO DO:
fix your home
Fix four home
Fix your home
Fix your home
Consider fixing
between 2 and 4 nCi/L
(Reducing
radon levels
below
2pCI/Lls
difficult)
Note: If you are a former smoker, your risk may be lower.
RADON RISK IF YOU HAVE NEVER SMOKED
Radon If 1,000 people who
Level never smoked were i
exposed to this level 1
over a lifetime*... (
20pCI/L About 36 people
could get lung cancer
10 pCVL About 18 people
could get lung cancer
SpCi/L About IS people
could get lung cancer
4oCVL About 7 people
could get lung cancer
2pC!/L About 4 people
could get King cancer
1.3pCI/L About 2 people
could get lung cancer
0.4pCi/L
The risk of cancer from
radon exposure compares to**. . .
< 35 times the risk
of drowning
< 20 times the risk of dyuuj
In a home fire
< 4 times the risk of
dying in a fall
< The risk of dying In a
car crash
< The risk of dying
from poison
(Average Indoor radon level)
(Average outdoor radon level)
WHAT TO DO:
Fix your home
Fix your home
Fix your homo
Fix your home
Consider fixing
between 2 and 4 pCI/L
(Reducing
radon levels
below
2pCi/Lis
difficult)
Note: If you are a former smoker, your risk may be higher.
""Lifetime risk of lung cancer deaths from EPA Assessment of Risks from Radon in Homes (EPA 402-R-03-003).
"""Comparison data calculated using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 1999-2001 National
Center for Injury Prevention and Control Reports.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
www.epa.gov/radon
-------
Sometimes short-term tests are less definitive about whether the radon level in
the home is at or above 4 pCi/L; particularly when the results are close to 4 pCi/L.
For example, if the average of two short-term tests is 4.1 pCi/L, there is about a 50
percent chance that the year-round average is somewhat below, or above, 4 pCi/L.
However, EPA believes that any radon exposure carries some risk; no level of
radon is safe. Even radon levels below 4 pCi/L pose some risk. You can reduce
your risk of lung cancer by lowering your radon level.
As with other environmental pollutants, there is some uncertainty about the
magnitude of radon health risks. However, we know more about radon risks than
risks from most other cancer-causing substances. This is because estimates of
radon risks are based on data from human studies (underground miners). Additional
studies on more typical populations are under way.
Your radon measurement will give you an idea of your risk of getting lung
cancer. Your chances of getting lung cancer from radon depend mostly on:
• Your home's radon level;
• The amount of time you spend in your home; and
• Whether you are a smoker or have ever smoked.
Smoking combined with radon is an especially serious health risk. If you
smoke or are a former smoker, the presence of radon greatly increases your risk
of lung cancer. If you stop smoking now and lower the radon level in your house,
you will reduce your lung cancer risk.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
Home Buyer's and Seller's Guide to Radon
-------
Radon Testing Checklist
For reliable test results, follow this Radon Testing Checklist carefully. Testing
for radon is not complicated. Improper testing may yield inaccurate results
and require another test. Disturbing or interfering with the test device, or with
closed-house conditions* may invalidate the test results and is illegal in some
states. If the seller or qualified tester cannot confirm that all items have been
completed, take another test.
• Before Conducting a Radon Test:
D Notify the occupants of the importance of proper testing
conditions. Give the occupants written instructions or a
copy of this Guide and explain the directions carefully.
D Conduct the radon test for a minimum of 48 hours; some test devices have a
minimum exposure time greater than 48 hours.
D When doing a short-term test ranging from 2-4 days, it is important to maintain
closed-house conditions for at least 12 hours before the beginning of the test
and during the entire test period.
D When doing a short-term test ranging from 4-7 days, EPA recommends that
closed-house conditions be maintained.
D If you conduct the test yourself, use a qualified radon measurement device and
follow the laboratory's instructions. Your state may be able to provide you with
a list of do-it-yourself test devices available from qualified laboratories.
D If you hire someone to do the test, hire only a qualified individual. Some states
issue photo identification (ID) cards; ask to see it. The tester's ID number, if
available, should be included or noted in the test report.
*Closed-house conditions means keeping all windows closed, keeping doors closed except for
normal entry and exit, and not operating fans or other machines which bring in air from outside.
Fans that are part of a radon-reduction system or small exhaust fans operating for only short periods
of time may run during the test.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
20 www.epa.gov/radon
-------
Radon Testing Checklist
(continued)
D The test should include method(s) to prevent or detect interference with testing
conditions or with the testing device itself.
D If the house has an active radon-reduction system, make sure the vent fan is
operating properly. If the fan is not operating properly, have it (or ask to have
it) repaired and then test.
• During a Radon Test:
D Maintain closed-house conditions during the entire duration of a short-term
test, especially for tests shorter than one week in length.
D Operate the home's heating and cooling systems normally during the test.
For tests lasting less than one week, operate only air-conditioning units which
recirculate interior air.
D Do not disturb the test device at any time during the test.
D If a radon-reduction system is in place, make sure the system is working
properly and will be in operation during the entire radon test.
• After a Radon Test:
D If you conduct the test yourself, be sure to promptly return the test device to
the laboratory. Be sure to complete the required information, including start
and stop times, test location, etc.
D If an elevated radon level is found, fix the home. Contact a qualified radon-
reduction contractor about lowering the radon level. EPA recommends that
you fix the home when the radon level is 4 pCi/L or more.
D Be sure that you or the radon tester can demonstrate or provide information to
ensure that the testing conditions were not violated during the testing period.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
Home Buyer's and Seller's Guide to Radon
-------
6.
What Should I Do if the Radon
Level is High?
a. High Radon Levels Can Be Reduced
EPA recommends that you take action to reduce your home's indoor radon
levels if your radon test result is 4 pCi/L or higher. It is better to correct a radon
problem before placing your home on the market because then you have more
time to address a radon problem.
If elevated levels are found during the real estate transaction, the buyer and
seller should discuss the timing and costs of radon reduction. The cost of making
repairs to reduce radon levels depends on how your home was built and other
factors. Most homes can be fixed for about the same cost as other common home
repairs. Check with and get an estimate from one or more qualified mitigators.
b. How to Lower the Radon Level In Your Home
A variety of methods can be used to reduce radon in homes. Sealing cracks
and other openings in the foundation is a basic part of most approaches to radon
reduction. EPA does not recommend the use of sealing alone to limit radon
entry. Sealing alone has not been shown to lower radon levels significantly or
consistently.
In most cases, a system with a vent pipe(s) and fan(s) is used to reduce radon.
These "sub-slab depressurization" systems do not require major changes to your
home. Similar systems can also be installed in homes with crawl spaces. These
systems prevent radon gas from entering the home from below the concrete floor
and from outside the foundation. Radon mitigation contractors may use other
methods that may also work in your home. The right system depends on the
design of your home and other factors.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
22 www.epa.gov/radon
-------
Techniques for reducing radon are discussed in EPA's
Consumer's Guide to Radon Reduction. As with any other
household appliance, there are costs associated with the
operation of a radon-reduction system.
Radon and Home Renovations
If you are planning any major renovations, such as converting an unfinished
basement area into living space, it is especially important to test the area before
you begin.
ff your test results indicate an elevated radon level, radon-resistant techniques
can be inexpensively included as part of the renovation. Major renovations can
change the level of radon in any home. Test again after the work is completed.
You should also test your home again
after it is fixed to be sure that radon levels
have been reduced. If your living patterns
change and you begin occupying a lower
level of your home (such as a basement),
you should retest your home on that level.
In addition, it is a good idea to retest your
home sometime in the future to be sure
radon levels remain low.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
Home Buyer's and Seller's Guide to Radon 23
-------
c. Selecting a Radon-Reduction (Mitigation) Contractor
Select a qualified radon-reduction contractor to reduce the
radon level in your home. Any mitigation measures taken or
system installed in your home must conform to your state's
regulations. In states without regulations covering mitigation.
EPA recommends that the system conform to ASTM E 2121.
EPA recommends that the
mitigation contractor review the
radon measurement results before
beginning any radon-reduction work.
Test again after the radon mitigation
work has been completed to confirm
that previous elevated levels have
been reduced. EPA recommends
that the test be conducted by an
independent, qualified radon tester.
d. What Can a Qualified Radon-Reduction Contractor
Do for You?
A qualified radon-reduction (mitigation) contractor should be able to:
D Review testing guidelines and measurement results, and determine if additional
measurements are needed;
D Evaluate the radon problem and provide you with a detailed, written proposal
on how radon levels will be lowered;
D Design a radon-reduction system;
D Install the system according to EPA recommended standard, or state and local
codes; and
D Make sure the finished system effectively reduces radon levels to acceptable levels.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
24 www.epa.gov/radon
-------
Choose a radon mitigation contractor to fix your radon problem just as you
would for any other home repair. You may want to get more than one estimate,
and ask for and check their references. Make sure the person you hire is qualified
to install a mitigation system. Some states regulate or certify radon mitigation
services providers.
Be aware that a potential conflict of interest exists if the same person or firm
performs the testing and installs the mitigation system. Some states may require
the homeowner to sign a waiver in such cases. If the same person or firm does
the testing and mitigation, make sure the testing is done in accordance with the
Radon Testing Checklist. Contact your state radon office for more information.
e. Radon In Water
The radon in your home's indoor air can come from two sources, the soil or
your water supply. Compared to radon entering your home through the water,
radon entering your home through the soil is a much larger risk. If you've tested
for radon in air and have elevated radon levels and your water comes from a
private well, have your water tested. The devices and procedures for testing your
home's water supply are different from those used for measuring radon in air.
The radon in your water supply poses an inhalation risk and an ingestion risk.
Research has shown that your risk of lung cancer from breathing radon in air is
much larger than your risk of stomach cancer from swallowing water with radon
in it. Most of your risk from radon in water comes from radon released into the
air when water is used for showering and other household purposes.
Radon in your home's water is not usually a problem when its source is surface
water. A radon in water problem is more likely when its source is ground water,
e.g., a private well or a public water supply system that uses ground water. Some
public water systems treat their water to reduce radon levels before it is delivered
to your home. If you are concerned that radon may be entering your home through
the water and your water comes from a public water supply, contact your water
supplier.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
Home Buyer's and Seller's Guide to Radon 25
-------
If you've tested your private well and have a radon in water problem, it can
be fixed. Your home's water supply can be treated in one of two ways. Point-
of-entry treatment can effectively remove radon from the water before it enters
your home. Point-of-entry treatment usually employs either granular activated
carbon (GAC) filters or aeration devices. While GAC filters usually cost less than
aeration devices, filters can collect radioactivity and may require a special method
of disposal. Point-of-use treatment devices remove radon from your water at the
tap, but only treat a small portion of the water you use, e.g., the water you drink.
Point-of-use devices are not effective in reducing the risk from breathing radon
released into the air from all water used in the home.
For information on radon in water, testing and
treatment, and existing or planned radon in drinking
water standards, or for general help, call EPA's
Drinking Water Hotline at (800) 426-4791 or visit
http://www.epa.gov/safewater/radon.html, an
EPA web site. If your water comes from a private
well, you can also contact your state radon office.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
26 www.epa.gov/radon
-------
7.
Radon Myths and Facts
MYTH #1: Scientists are not sure that radon really is a problem.
FACT: Although some scientists dispute the precise number of deaths due to radon,
all the maj or health organizations (like the Centers for Disease Control, the American
Lung Association, and the American Medical Association) agree
with estimates that radon causes thousands of preventable lung
cancer deaths every year. This is especially true among smokers,
since the risk to smokers is much greater than to non-smokers.
MYTH #2: Radon testing devices are not reliable and are difficult to find.
FACT: Reliable radon tests are available from qualified radon testers and
companies. Active radon devices can continuously gather and periodically record
radon levels to reveal any unusual swings in the radon level during the test. Reliable
testing devices are also available by phone or mail-order, and can
be purchased in hardware stores and other retail outlets. Call
your state radon office for a list of qualified radon test companies.
MYTH #3: Radon testing is difficult and time-consuming.
FACT: Radon testing is easy. You can test your home yourself
or hire a qualified radon test company. Either approach takes
only a small amount of time and effort.
MYTH#4: Homes with radon problems cannot be fixed.
FACT: There are solutions to radon problems in homes. Thousands of home
owners have already lowered their radon levels. Most homes can be fixed for
about the same cost as other common home repairs. Call your state radon office
for a list of qualified mitigation contractors.
MYTH #5: Radon only affects certain types of homes.
FACT: Radon can be a problem in all types of homes, including old homes, new
homes, drafty homes, insulated homes, homes with basements, and homes without
basements. Local geology, construction materials, and how the home was built
are among the factors that can affect radon levels in homes.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
Home Buyer's and Seller's Guide to Radon 27
-------
MYTH #6: Radon is only a problem in certain parts of the country.
FACT: High radon levels have been found in every state. Radon problems do
vary from area to area, but the only way to know a home's radon level is to test.
MYTH #7: A neighbor's test result is a good indication of whether your home
has a radon problem.
FACT: It is not. Radon levels vary from home to home. The only way to know
if your home has a radon problem is to test it.
MYTH #8: Everyone should test their water for radon.
FACT: While radon gets into some homes through the water, it is important to
first test the air in the home for radon. If your water comes from a public water
system that uses ground water, call your water supplier. If high radon levels are
found and the home has a private well, call the Safe Drinking
Water Hotline at (800) 426-4791 for information on testing your
water. Also, call your state radon office for more information
about radon in air.
MYTH#9: It is difficult to sell a home where radon problems have been discovered.
FACT: Where radon problems have been fixed, home sales have not been blocked.
The added protection will be a good selling point.
MYTH #10: I have lived in my home for so long, it does not make sense to take
action now.
FACT: You will reduce your risk of lung cancer when you reduce radon levels,
even if you have lived with an elevated radon level for a long time.
MYTH #11: Short-term tests cannot be used for making a decision about whether
to reduce the home's high radon levels.
FACT: Short-term tests can be used to decide whether to reduce the home's
high radon levels. However, the closer the short-term testing result is to 4 pCi/L,
the less certainty there is about whether the home's year-round average is above
or below that level. Keep in mind that radon levels below 4 pCi/L still pose some
risk and that radon levels can be reduced to 2 pCi/L or below in most homes.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
28 www.epa.gov/radon
-------
8.
Need More Information
about Radon?
If you have a radon-related question, you should contact your state radon
office. The following web sites, hotlines, and publications are your best sources of
information. Visit our Frequent Questions web site at http://iaq.custhelp.com. You
can also find indoor air quality information and publications on EPA's many web sites.
a. World Wide Web Sites (EPA)
These are EPA's most important web sites for information on radon and indoor
air quality in homes. All the EPA publications listed in this section are available
on EPA's web sites.
D http://www.epa.gov/radon/. EPA's main radon page. Includes links to the
NAS radon report, radon-resistant new construction, the map of radon zones,
radon publications, hotlines, and more.
D http://www.epa.gov/iaq/whereyoulive.html. Provides detailed information
on contacting your state's radon office, including links to some state web sites.
State indoor air quality contacts are also included.
D http://www.epa.gov/iaq/radon/pubs/index.html. Offers the full text version
of EPA's most popular radon publications, including the Home Buyer's and
Seller's Guide to Radon, the Consumer's Guide to Radon Reduction, and the
Model Standards and Techniques for Control of Radon in New Residential
Buildings, and others.
D http://www.epa.gov/iaq. EPA's main page on indoor air quality. Includes
information on indoor risk factors, e.g., asthma, secondhand smoke, carbon
monoxide, duct cleaning, ozone generating devices, indoor air cleaners, flood
cleanup, etc.
D http://www.epa.gov/safewater/radon.html. EPA's main page on radon in
water. Includes information on statutory requirements and links to the drinking
water standards program.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
Home Buyer's and Seller's Guide to Radon 29
-------
b. Radon Hotlines (Toil-Free)
EPA supports the following hotlines to best serve
consumers with radon-related questions and concerns.
1-800-SOS-RADON (767-7236).* Purchase radon test kits by phone.
1-800-55RADON (557-2366).* Get live help for your radon questions.
1 -800-644-6999. * Radon Fix-It Hotline. For general information on fixing or
reducing the radon level in your home.
1-866-528-3187.* Linea Directa de Information sobre Radon en Espanol.
Hay operadores disponibles desde las 9:00 AM hasta las 5:00 PM para darle
information sobre radon y como ordenar un kit para hacer la prueba de radon
en su hogar.
1-800-426-4791. Safe Drinking Water Hotline. For general information on
drinking water, radon in water, testing and treatment, and standards for radon
in drinking water. Operated under a contract with EPA.
*Operated by the National Safety Council in partnership with EPA.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
30 www.epa.gov/radon
-------
c. Printed Documents
Radon Risk and Testing
D Home Buyer's an d Seller's Guide to Radon
(EPA 402-K-00-008, July 2000).
Everything you need to know about effectively dealing with radon during
a residential real estate transaction. This publication can be viewed at
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/radon/pubs/hmbyguid.html and is available as a
portable document format (pdf) file. The publication is in the public domain
and may be reproduced or reprinted in its entirety and without changes. A
franking/imprint space for organizations and businesses is available on the
lower half of the back cover. This publication was prepared by EPA's Indoor
Environments Division (IED), Office of Radiation and Indoor Air (6609-J),
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20460.
Single copies are available free from the following sources (multiple copies
may be available in some instances; ask for details):
/ State radon offices; see http://www.epa.gov/iaq/whereyoulive.html.
/ National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP) at
1-800-490-9198, http://www.epa.gov/nscep/ or via email at nscep@
bps-lmit.com.
Single or multiple copies are available for a. fee from the V seepage
following sources (ask for details):
/ The Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors (CRCPD) at
(502) 227-4543 (multiple copy orders only).
/ The American Association of Radon Scientists and Technologists (AARST)
at (800) 484-7551; code 5130 (multiple copy orders only).
/ The National Radon Safety Board (NRSB) at (866) 329-3474 (multiple
copy orders only).
/ The National Environmental Health Association (NEHA) at (800) 269-4174.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
Home Buyer's and Seller's Guide to Radon 31
-------
D A Citizen's Guide to Radon: The Guide to Protecting Yourself and Your
Family From Radon (EPA 402/K-09/001, January 2009).
Provides basic information on radon, sources of radon, radon health risks, and
how to test when you're not in a real estate transaction.
D A Radon Guide For Tenants (EPA 402-K-98-004, August 1998).
Provides tenants with basic information about radon, testing, and fixing. It
also contains information directed to building owners and landlords.
Reducing Radon Levels In a Home
D Consumer's Guide to Radon Reduction (EPA 402-K-03 -002, February 2003).
The consumer's basic source of information on how to reduce radon levels in
a home's indoor air. It includes information about the key mitigation system
components, installation and operating costs, radon health risks, and testing
(when not in a real estate transaction).
Building a New Home to Be Radon-Resistant
D Appendix F: Radon Control Methods (IRC, 2003).
Published in the International Residential Code by the International Code
Council (ICC) as a guide to building radon-resistant homes. Available from the
ICC, 5203 Leesburg Pike, Suite 600, Falls Church, VA 22041-3401. Contact
information: 1-888-ICC-SAFE, or via the Internet at http://www.iccsafe.org
D Radon Control Methods (Section 49.2.5)
Published in the National Fire Protection Association's (NFPA, 2003) Building
Construction and Safety Code: NFPA 5000. NFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park,
Quincy, Massachusetts 02169-7471. Contact information: 617-770-3000,
or via the Internet at www.nfpa.org
D Stan dardPracticefor Radon ControlOptionsfortheDesign and Construction of
New-Low Rise Residential Buildings (ASTME 1465-08, EPA402-K-08-004*).
This consensus standard provides technical details on how to make radon-
resistant features an integral part of a new home during construction. A must
for builders or anyone building a new or custom home.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
32 www.epa.gov/radon
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Radon Technical Guidance
D Standard Practice for Installing Radon Mitigation Systems in Existing
Low-Rise Residential Buildings (ASTM E 2121-03, EPA402-K-03-007*).
This consensus standard provides technical details on mitigating existing
buildings. A must for professional mitigators.
D Protocols for Radon and Radon Decay Product Measurements in Homes
(EPA 402-R-92-003, June 1993).
This document is intended for use by qualified radon measurement technicians
and testers, and laboratories that analyze radon devices and prepare radon
test results reports. These protocols were written to guide routine radon
measurements (Citizen's Guide) and those made in conjunction with real estate
transactions (Home Buyer's and Seller's Guide).
D Indoor Radon and Radon Decay Product Measurement Device Protocols
(EPA 402-R-92-004, July 1992).
This document is intended for use by qualified radon measurement technicians
and testers. It contains detailed technical information on the types of radon
measurement devices, their proper use and maintenance, and quality assurance
procedures. These protocols were written to guide routine radon measurements
(Citizen's Guide) and those made in conjunction with real estate transactions
(Home Buyer's and Seller's Guide).
*A single copy of ASTM E 2121 and E 1465 is free on request from EPA's National Service Center
for Environmental Publications (NSCEP); 1 -800-490-9198, http://www.epa.gov/nscep/, or via email
at nscep@bps-lmit.com.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
Home Buyer's and Seller's Guide to Radon 33
-------
9
State Radon Offices
(www.epa.gov/iaq/whereyoulive.html)
Call your state radon office or EPA Regional office for additional help with
any of your radon questions. Up-to-date information on how to contact your state
radon office is also available on the web (above). You will also find a list of state
hotlines, state indoor air coordinators, and state web sites (if available). Some
states can also provide you with a list of qualified radon services providers. Native
Americans living on Tribal Lands should contact their Tribal Health Department
or Housing Authority for assistance.
STATE1
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California1
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware1
Dist. of Columbia
Florida1
Georgia
Guam
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois1
Indiana1
Iowa1
Kansas
Kentucky1
Louisiana
Maine1
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
LOCAL-TOLL
334-206-
907-465-
602-255-
501-661-
916-324-
303-692-
860-509-
302-739-
202-535-
850-245-
404-872-
671-475-
808-586-
208-332-
217-785-
317-233-
515-281-
785-296-
502-564-
225-925-
207-287-
215-814-
413-586-
517-335-
651-215-
601-987-
573-751-
406-444-
5391
3090
4845 x244
•2301
•2208
3090
•7367
•4731
•2302
4288
3549
1611
4700
•7319
9958
•7147
4928
1561
4856
•7042
•5676
2086
•7525
•8037
0909
6893
6160
6768
TOLL-FREE2
800-582-1866
800-478-8324
None
800-482-5400
800-745-7236
800-846-3986
None
800-464-4357
None
800-543-8279
800-745-0037
None
None
800-445-8647
800-325-1245
800-272-9723
800-383-5992
800-693-5343
None
800-256-2494
800-232-0842
800-438-2472 x2086
800-RADON95
800-723-6642
800-798-9050
800-626-7739
866-628-9891
800-546-0483
1 Some states "regulate" or "qualify" providers of radon measurement and mitigation
services by requiring registration, certification, or licensing; some issue identification
cards. Your state can provide you with more information.
2 The toll-free numbers shown are for in-state callers and are subject to change.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
34 www.epa.gov/radon
-------
State Radon Offices
(www.epa.gov/iaq/whereyoulive.html)
(continued)
Nebraska1
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey1
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio1
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania1
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island1
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia1
Washington
West Virginia1
Wisconsin
Wyoming
402-471-0594
775-687-7531
603-271-4674
609-984-5425
505-476-8531
800-458-1158
919-571-4141
701-328-5188
614-644-2727
405-702-5100
503-731-4272
717-783-3594
787-767-3563
401-222-2438
803-898-3893
605-773-3151
615-299-9725
512-834-6688
801-536-4250
802-865-7730
804-786-5932
360-236-3253
304-558-3427
608-267-4796
307-777-6015
800-334-9491
888-723-6610
800-852-3345 x4674
800-648-0394
None
800-458-1158
None
800-252-6325
800-523-4439
None
None
800-237-2366
None
None
800-768-0362
800-438-3367
800-232-1139
800-572-5548
800-458-0145
800-439-8550
800-468-0138
None
800-922-1255
888-569-7236
800-458-5347
1 Some states "regulate" or "qualify" providers of radon measurement and mitigation
services by requiring registration, certification, or licensing; some issue identification
cards. Your state can provide you with more information.
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
Home Buyer's and Seller's Guide to Radon 35
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1r\ EPA Regional Offices
\J m (www.epa.gov/iaq/whereyoulive.html)
US EPA New England/ Region 1
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EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
36 www.epa.gov/radon
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11.
Index
4 pCi/L (picocuries per liter): inside
front cover, 3, 9, 10, 14, 15, 18, 19,
21,22,28
Active (radon) devices: 12, 14, 27
Alterations: 7
BEIRVI: 1
Buying a home: inside front cover, 1,
2,7,9
Closed-house conditions: 13, 17, 20,
21
Contract: 8
Cost(s): 8, 9, 12, 22, 23, 26, 32
Crawl spaces: 10, 22
Device interference: inside front
cover, 2, 12
Disclosure: 5
Drinking water: 26, 28, 29, 30
Elevated (radon levels): 3, 4, 10, 21,
22, 23, 24, 25, 28, back cover
Energy efficiency/efficient: 9
EPA Regional Offices: 31,34,35
Guidance/Guide: 1, 2, 6, 20, 23, 29,
31, 32, 33, back cover
High (radon) levels: 1, 14, 17, 22, 28
Hotline(s): 26, 28, 29, 30, 34, 35
Long-term test(s): 11,14
Lowest level: 2, 6, 8, 12, 23
Lung cancer/risk: inside front cover,
1, 19, 25, 27, 28
(Minimum of) 48 hours: 14, 15, 21
Mitigation/radon-reduction tech-
niques: 21, 23
National Academy of Sciences: 1,18
Native Americans/tribal: 34,35
Passive devices: 11,14,15
Picocuries per liter (pCi/L): inside
front cover, 3, 9, 10, 14, 15, 17, 19,
21,22,28
Private well: 25,26,28
Protocols: 6, 33
Qualified: 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14,
16, 17,20,21,24,25,27,33,34
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
Home Buyer's and Seller's Guide to Radon 37
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Radon devices: 11, 27, 33
Radon proficiency: 6
Tenants: 32
Testing device(s): 11, 12, 16, 20, 27
Radon-reduction system: 2, 8, 20, 21, Test interference: 11, 12, 13, 15, 17
23,24
Testkit(s): 11, 16, 30
Radon-resistant construction/features/
home/techniques: inside front cover,
9, 10, 23, 32, 33
Test results: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 14, 16, 17,20,22,23,28,33
Toll-free: 30,34,35
Web site(s): 26, 29, 34, 35
Well water: 3,25,26,28
Who will pay: 8
Radon Testing Checklist: 5, 6, 7, 12,
20,21,25
Renovate(d)/renovation(s): 5, 6, 8,
12,23
Seller's test: 7
Selling a home: inside front cover, 1,
5
Service agreement(s): 4
Short-term test(s): 2, 11, 14, 15, 16,
17,20,21,28
Smokers/smoking: 1, 18, 19, 27, 29
Standards: 10, 24, 26, 29, 30, 32, 33
State radon office: 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 15,
17,25,26,27,28,29,31,34,35
Sub-slab depressurization: 22
Suitable for occupancy: 2, 5, 6, 8, 12
Surgeon General: 1, 4, back cover
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009
38 www.epa.gov/radon
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U.S. SURGEON GENERAL HEALTH ADVISORY
"Indoor radon is the second-leading cause of lung cancer in the United States and
breathing it over prolonged periods can present a significant health risk to families
all over the country. It's important to know that this threat is completely preventable.
Radon can be detected with a simple test and fixed through well-established venting
techniques." January 2005
Consumers need to know about the health of a house they are considering purchasing.
including whether there is a radon problem, and if so, how to fix it. The Home Buyer's
and Seller's Guide to Radon provides practical consumer information that every home
buyer needs to know.
r TV*
Consumer Federation of America Foundation
f
AMERICAN
LUNG
ASSOCIATION.
American Society of Home Inspectors
ENVIRONMENTAL
LAW-INSTITUTE
National
Safety
Council
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Indoor Environments Division (6609J)
EPA 402/K-09/002 I January 2009 I www.epa.gov/iaq
Printed on 100% recycled/recyclable paper
with a minimum of 50% post-consumer fiber
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Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
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