4>EPA
EPA/600/R-08/128 | Febraary 2009 www.epa.gov/ord
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Guide for Development of
Sample Collection Plans for
Radiochemical Analytes in
Environmental Matrices Following
Homeland Security Events
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
-------
-------
EPA/600/R-08/128 | February 2009 www.epa.gov/ord
Guide for Development of Sample
Collection Plans for Radiochemical
Analytes in Environmental Matrices
Following Homeland Security Events
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Research and Development, National Homeland Security Research Center,
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Office of Radiation and Indoor Air, National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory,
Montgomery, Alabama 36115
Office of Emergency Management, National Decontamination Team,
Erlanger, Kentucky 41018
COMPUTER SCIENCES CORPORATION
Alexandria, Virginia 22304-3540
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
-------
-------
Disclaimer /Acknowledgements
Disclaimer
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development funded the
research described here under Contract Number EP-W-06-046 to Computer Sciences Corporation. It has
been subjected to the Agency's review and has been approved for publication. Note that approval does
not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views of the Agency.
Acknowledgements
This guide was developed collaboratively by EPA's National Homeland Security Research Center
(NHSRC), EPA's Office of Radiation and Indoor Air (ORIA), and EPA's Office of Emergency
Management National Decontamination Team. The document team consisted of Ms. Kathy Hall
(NHSRC, project lead), Dr. John Griggs (ORIA), and Mr. Scott Hudson, CHP (NOT). Special
acknowledgment and appreciation is extended to Ms. Schatzi Fitz-James, Office of Emergency
Management, Homeland Security, Laboratory Response Center, for her support of the Radiological
Emergency Response Laboratory Network effort.
We also wish to acknowledge the external peer reviews conducted by Mr. Bob Dye, EPA Region 7; Mr.
Richard Poeton, EPA Region 10; Nidal Azzam, EPA Region 2; and NHSRC internal peer reviewer Mr.
John Drake, DCMD, whose thoughtful comments contributed greatly to the quality of the guide.
Technical Support was provided by Mr. Larry Umbaugh, Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC).
SCP Guide ii February 2009
-------
-------
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS V
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 OVERVIEW OF THE SCP DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 2
2.1 PHASE I-DATA ACQUISITION AND REQUIREMENTS DETERMINATION 3
2.2 PHASE II - SCP DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT 3
2.3 PHASE III - SCP IMPLEMENTATION 3
3.0 PHASE I - SCP DATA ACQUISITION AND REQUIREMENTS DETERMINATION 4
3.1 DATA QUALITY OBJECTIVES (DQOs) AND QUALITY ASSURANCE PROJECT PLAN (QAPP) 5
3.2 RADIOLOGICAL AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH AND SAFETY PLANS 5
3.3 INITIAL SITE INFORMATION 6
3.4 IDENTIFY REAL PROPERTY RADIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS 7
3.5 IDENTIFY CONTAMINATED AREAS 7
3.6 IDENTIFY CONTAMINATED MEDIA 8
4.0 PHASE II - SCP DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT 9
4.1 REVIEW OF SUCCESSFUL SAMPLING PLANS 11
4.2 DEFINING RADIOANALYTICAL LABORATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR SCP SAMPLE ANALYSIS 11
4.3 CLASSIFY AREAS BY CONTAMINATION POTENTIAL 12
4.4 SELECT BACKGROUND REFERENCE AREAS 12
4.5 IDENTIFY SURVEY UNITS 13
4.6 DEVELOP A CONCEPTUAL CLEANUP MODEL OF THE SITE FOR SCP PLANNING 13
4.7 SELECTION OF SAMPLING DESIGNS 13
4.8 WRITING THE SCP - CONTENT OF MAJOR ELEMENTS 20
4.8.1 Project Background 20
4.8.2 Project Organization and Responsibilities 20
4.8.3 Project Scope and Objectives 21
4.8.4 Non-Measurement Data Acquisition 21
4.8.5 Field Activities-Project Sample Collection Procedures 21
4.8.6 Radiological Field Measurements and Instrumentation 22
4.8.7 Field Operations Documentation 22
4.8.8 Sample Packaging and Shipping Requirements 23
4.8.9 Sampling Waste 23
4.8.10 Project Quality Assurance (QA) 23
4.8.11 Non-Conformance/Corrective Actions 24
4.8.12 SCP Appendices 25
4.9 SCP REVIEW AND APPROVAL 25
4.10 SCP DISTRIBUTION 26
5.0 PHASE III - SCP IMPLEMENTATION 27
5.1 PERSONNEL TRAINING 27
5.2 FIELD SAMPLE COLLECTION 27
5.3 PROJECT LIAISON 27
5.4 SCP COMPLIANCE MONITORING 28
5.4.1 Project, Field, and Laboratory Audits 28
5.4.2 Project Activity Reports 28
5.5 SITE DISPOSITION 29
6.0 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 30
7.0 REFERENCES 31
APPENDIX A SAMPLE COLLECTION PLAN DESIGN ELEMENTS AND DEVELOPMENT
CHECKLIST 33
SCP Guide iv February 2009
-------
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Abbreviations and Acronyms
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
COC Chain of Custody
D&D Decontamination and Decommissioning
DCGL Derived Concentration Guideline Level
DOE U.S. Department of Energy
DOT U.S. Department of Transportation
DQO Data Quality Objective
ERLN Environmental Response Laboratory Network
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
FRMAC Federal Radiological Monitoring and Assessment Center
HASP Health and Safety Plan
HSA Historical Site Assessment
IATA International Air Transportation Association
IMAT Incident Management Assistance Team
MARLAP Multi-Agency Radiological Laboratory Analytical Protocols Manual
MARS SIM Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Manual
MDC Minimum Detectable Concentration
MQO Measurement Quality Objective
NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology
PAG Protective Action Guides
PE Performance Evaluation
QA Quality Assurance
QAPP Quality Assurance Project Plan
QC Quality Control
RPG Radiation Protection Group
RSP Radiation Safety Plan
SAM Standardized Analytical Methods for Environmental Restoration Following
Homeland Security Events (U.S. EPA)
SCP Sample Collection Plan
SHO Safety and Health Officer
SOP Standard Operating Procedure
SOW Statement of Work
SCP Guide
February 2009
-------
Section 1.0 - Introduction
1.0 Introduction
The purpose of this document is to provide a framework to assist incident commanders, project
managers, state and local authorities, contractors, and enforcement divisions in developing and
implementing an approach for sample collection during the cleanup of an urban environment after
a radiological homeland security event. Information in this document can be used to develop a
systematic and integrated methodology to sample collection, which will meet data use needs and
site disposition objectives. This document incorporates site-specific optimization processes to
include quantitative and qualitative assessments applied at each stage of site cleanup decision
making: from initial scoping and stakeholder outreach, to evaluation of cleanup options, to
implementation of the chosen alternative.
It is projected that, following initial site investigation and response, contaminated sites will be
turned over by the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Federal Radiological Monitoring and
Assessment Center (FRMAC) to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for cleanup.
Traditional radiological site cleanup processes may not be completely followed after a homeland
security event because of the urgency to resume use of the affected area as soon as possible.
The elements in this document are intended to provide a general guide for preparation of
homeland security event-specific sample collection plans (SCPs) for the collection of
environmental data in compliance with EPA requirements regarding quality assurance (QA),
quality control (QC), and data quality objectives (DQOs). Additional guides may be issued to
clarify or amend the traditional cleanup protocols. The elements can be used for developing
SCPs for site investigation, characterization, cleanup, final status surveys to release a site, or to
support decision making for the final disposition of the site following a homeland security
radiological event. It is assumed that the number of SCPs required, and the details contained
within each, is dependent on the size and complexity of the specific event site.
This document does not provide information and instructions that are included in the following
documents, which must be developed for each project/site in addition to an SCP:
• Quality assurance project plan
• Radiation safety plans and associated procedures
• Health and safety plan and associated procedures
The information in this document is intended to apply only to the development of SCPs for
cleanup of real property sites contaminated with radioactive materials from a homeland security
event. EPA's Standardized Analytical Methods for Environmental Restoration Following
Homeland Security Events (SAM) should be reviewed for analytical methods to be used during
laboratory analysis of specific radionuclides. EPA's Sample Collection Procedures for
Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices (EPA/600/S-07/001) should be reviewed for
information regarding sample collection procedures and equipment. If additional contamination
is present (e.g., unexploded ordnance, chemical warfare agents, biological wastes, hazardous
chemical waste, and/or mixed waste), additional direction will be required. It will be necessary to
develop an SCP that includes information on how to handle these materials.
SCP Guide 1 February 2009
-------
Section 2.0 - Overview of the SCP Development Process
2.0 Overview of the SCP Development Process
Figure 2.1 provides a flowchart of major SCP developmental elements and the general processes
of project needs determination through development of sample collection plans and eventual site
disposition. The general phases of this process are presented in Figure 2.1, specific SCP elements
are described in this document for each phase. The user is encouraged to review the flowchart for
each phase. Other elements, as determined in relevant documents listed in Section 6.0, may also
be included in the SCP development process.
Figure 2.1
Sample Collection Plan (SCP) - Overview
c in
0—
Data Quality
Objectives (DQOs)
o) .<£ E c
i&ll
-C O "3 ^
°- < u-S
€««
Q
Quality Assurance
Project Plan (QAPP)
Radiological &
Health and Safety
Plans
Initial Site
Information
<« 0. C
Sop
5 co E
SCP Guide
February 2009
-------
Section 2.0 - Overview of the SCP Development Process
2.1 Phase I - Data Acquisition and Requirements Determination
Before preparing an SCP the project should assemble a core SCP design team. Team members
may include, but are not limited to:
• Risk assessors
• Statisticians
• Technical planners
• Health physicists
• Radiochemists
• Civil engineers
• Radiological engineers
• Health and safety specialists
• Construction specialists
• Public and media relations specialists
• Regulatory specialists
• State and local subject matter experts
• Legal specialists
• Incident commanders
• On-scene coordinators
The SCP design team must review the information provided in the Phase I section (see Section
3.0), and perform a thorough review of all appropriate documents, including any statements of
work (SOWs), quality assurance project plans (QAPPs), DQOs, health and safety plans (HASPs),
radiation safety plans (RSPs), or specifications regarding the impending cleanup effort and
disposition decision.
2.2 Phase II - SCP Design and Development
The SCP design team gathers the important site information obtained in Phase I and prepares the
SCP prior to any field activities. The SCP will likely be amended or revised several times during
cleanup. For each SCP developed, the format and content should be consistent with this
document, regardless of the size of the project. Section 4.0 describes the general format and
content considerations for an SCP. A good working knowledge of these elements is necessary to
understand the type of information required and to determine if additional sources of information
are needed. Appendix A lists the typical elements that should appear in the SCP. Specific
elements that should be included will depend on the size and/or complexity of the cleanup
project, and the SCP format should be modified as appropriate.
2.3 Phase III - SCP Implementation
An EPA approved and cleared SCP, from the Phase II process, must be in place before data
collection activities commence. All SCP activities must be performed in compliance with the
approved/cleared SCP and should be monitored and verified throughout implementation (See
Section 5.0).
While data collection activities are being performed, SCP compliance is monitored by conducting
field, desk, and laboratory audits. SCP defined QA elements (i.e., field control samples, QA
laboratory analyses, data assessment procedures) are also monitored to ensure SCP compliance.
QA audits of the SCP must conform to requirements set in the QAPP.
When all of the SCP activities are completed, an evaluation is made to determine if the site
cleanup sampling goals and objectives have been met. If the goals and objectives have not been
met, the SCP is reevaluated by returning to Phase II.
SCP Guide 3 February 2009
-------
Section 3.0 - Phase I - SCP Data Acquisition and Requirements Determination
3.0 Phase I - SCP Data Acquisition and Requirements Determination
To prepare an SCP, it is necessary to understand all requirements included in the project DQOs,
QAPPs, and the site-specific requirements included in the project's HASP and RSP as shown in
Figure 3.1. SCP developers also must consider all available existing information regarding the
specific site and project, including data collected during the initial response phase of the event.
SCP developers should consult with the response team to obtain information collected during the
initial phase of the event. As time permits, the team should review data from previous
investigations, and/or information regarding site constraints. Before preparing an SCP,
developers should perform a thorough review of all appropriate project documents, including any
SOWs, QAPPs, DQOs, HASPs, RSPs, or specifications regarding the project or containing
project planning results.
The level of specificity outlined within these project documents may vary from outlining general
project goals to specifying sampling and analytical requirements to meet project DQOs. Project
documents should identify additional applicable references that might be required for obtaining
background information, including (but not limited to):
• Engineering regulations and guidance documents
• Regulatory program and status reports from previous investigations
• Construction data
• Ownership/operational histories
• Site maps and photographs
• Information on regional and site geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, topography, ecology,
climatology, demographics
• Current and future land use
Figure 3.1
Phase I - SCP Data Acquisition & Requirements Determination
Data Quality Objectives
(DQOs)
Quality Assurance Project
Plan (QAPP)
Radiological Safety Plans
&
Health and Safety Plans
To Phase II
SCP Design
and Development
Initial Site Information
Ground Zero Location
Preliminary Site Assessment
Site Inspections
Event Cleanup Actions
Engineering Evaluations
Cost Analysis
Historic Site Assessments and
Investigations
Initial Corrective Actsons
Identify Radiological Contaminants
Identify Contaminated Areas
Identify Contaminated Media
SCP Guide
February 2009
-------
Section 3.0 - Phase I - SCP Data Acquisition and Requirements Determination
3.1 Data Quality Objectives (DQOs) and Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP)
According to EPA policy, systematic planning must be used to develop acceptance or
performance criteria for collection, evaluation, or use of environmental data. Systematic planning
identifies the expected outcome of the project, technical goals, cost and schedule, and the
acceptance criteria for the final result, which must be documented in a QAPP. As defined in the
Code of Federal Regulations at 40 CFR 300.430, the QAPP describes policy, organization, and
functional activities, as well as the DQOs and measures necessary to achieve adequate data. The
QAPP is a plan that provides a process for obtaining data of sufficient quality and quantity to
satisfy data needs.
The development of a QAPP is separate from the SCP, but is essential in defining project DQOs
and activities needed to ensure that project quality criteria are met. A site-specific QAPP is
usually developed in parallel with the development of an SCP. Information pertaining to the
preparation of a project-specific QAPP can be found in EPA QA/G-5, Guidance for Quality
Assurance Project Plans, December 2002. Project managers and planners should also review
information regarding the DQO process provided in Guidance for Systematic Planning Using the
Data Quality Objectives Process, EPA QA/G-4, EPA/240/B-06/001, February 2006; and Multi-
Agency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Manual, NUREG-1575, Rev. 1; EPA 402-R-97-
016, Rev. 1; DOE/EH-0624, Rev. 1; August 2000 (MARSSIM).
Specific QAPP DQO elements related to collection of environmental data include:
• Measurement quality objectives (MQO)
• Cleanup goals, cleanup options, and establishment of derived concentration guideline levels
(DCGLs). [NOTE: MARSSIM should be consulted to gain a thorough knowledge of
DCGLs and how they are interconnected to the SCP and the DQOs of the QAPP.]
• Survey units identification
• Data assessment including data quality indicators for precision, bias, completeness,
representativeness, reproducibility, comparability, sensitivity, and statistical confidence
• Data verification
• Data validation
3.2 Radiological and Industrial Health and Safety Plans
Safety is a primary consideration in any sampling event, and is a critical consideration during
development of an SCP. Personnel safety requirements and considerations for a particular site
may extend beyond radiological concerns, and may include physical hazards and chemicals that
are toxic, corrosive, emit harmful or explosive vapors, or are incompatible when mixed. The SCP
must be consistent with all radiation and industrial safety requirements and procedures associated
with a site. The SCP also must include or reference site-specific personnel safety and protection
plans for radiation and industrial health/safety.
Radiation protection requirements included in the site RSP are developed and implemented by the
site radiation protection group (RPG), which is responsible for:
• Developing and implementing a RSP and radiation work plans for individuals working at the
site
• Taking measurements of the radiation levels of all sampling sites and associated activities
• Dictating the radiation protection requirements for entering and working in a radioactively
contaminated sampling area
• Stopping any activity to protect personnel from overexposure to radiation or from radioactive
material contamination
SCP Guide 5 February 2009
-------
Section 3.0 - Phase I - SCP Data Acquisition and Requirements Determination
Industrial safety requirements included in the site HASP are developed and instituted by a
designated safety individual (e.g., safety and health officer, SHO), who is responsible for:
• Developing and implementing a HASP and safety work plans
• Assessing all site activities for potential safety concerns
• Ensuring that personnel are informed as to the potential hazards in a sampling area and
dictating the requirements for safely working at the site
• Stopping any job or activity to protect personnel from a dangerous situation
3.3 Initial Site Information
When FRMAC turns a site over to the EPA for cleanup, FRMAC typically will provide detailed
response-stage investigation data for review and use in planning the site cleanup. In general, the
information will detail how the investigation was conducted, identify contamination boundaries
and grid systems, and detail contamination gradients. This information is critical for designing an
appropriate and successful SCP that is consistent with the site investigation. The detailed
information provided by FRMAC should include:
• Location of ground zero
• Preliminary site assessment information and data
• Site inspections
• Event cleanup actions
• Historical site assessments and investigations
• Any initial corrective cleanup actions performed to secure and control the effected site
• Identification of radiological contaminants, contaminated areas, and contaminated media
• Meteorological data
In addition to the information typically provided by FRMAC, but that is also important in
designing a SCP includes information and data generated during engineering evaluations and cost
analyses.
If detailed response data/information is not available when the site is turned over to the EPA, as
might be the case following a homeland security incident, the information provided in this
document will enable the planning team to develop an SCP for site investigation and
characterization, site cleanup, final status surveys, and site disposition. A historical site
assessment (HSA) or operational history, if applicable, can also be performed to identify areas of
environmental concern or liability from historical or current use of radiological substances (see
MARSSIM Chapter 3). Information tracking these uses should be collected, and includes:
Existing Radiation Data Prior to the Homeland Security Contamination Event -
Review of applicable documents and records to determine if any information is available,
via public records, regarding potential pre-existing radiological contamination.
Interviews - Interviews with current owner(s), building management companies,
manager(s) or other responsible parties, local government officials, and residents to
obtain as much information as possible regarding the site and any operations and
activities that occurred on it. Included in this inquiry would be past and present
environmental practices, improvements or alterations, site operations, and plans for future
use.
SCP Guide 6 February 2009
-------
Section 3.0 - Phase I - SCP Data Acquisition and Requirements Determination
Site Reconnaissance - A site visit or inspection to observe current uses (and evidence of
past uses, whenever possible), including those likely to involve the use, treatment,
storage, disposal, or generation of radioactive materials.
Evaluation of Data - A written report to document initial investigation phase findings,
observations, and recommendations, including suspected or identified areas of
radiological concern or liability and what sampling and analyses activities were
conducted to verify the suspected areas of contamination. This report should demonstrate
that inquiries were sufficient to ascertain site ownership and uses prior to the event, and
to minimize any future liability in the event that radiological contamination is found after
cleanup or the detection threshold is lowered after the site is turn over for cleanup.
3.4 Identify Real Property Radiological Contaminants
Once potential areas of concern or contamination are identified and evaluated, an SCP strategy is
developed so that sufficient data can be obtained to allow a designated individual or group to
conclude that the contaminant(s) of concern:
• Is present at levels above the cleanup goals and cleanup is necessary, or
• Is present at levels below the cleanup goals and no further action is required, or
• Is not present above specified detection limits and no further action is required.
If contamination is present at levels above the cleanup goals risk-based release limits, the SCP
should ensure that sufficient data are generated to characterize the extent of contamination.
3.5 Identify Contaminated Areas
Prior to cleanup following initial response to a homeland security event, affected and unaffected
real property areas will need to be assessed to identify the extent of contamination. Sample
collection and analysis will be required to assess the type, degree and extent of contamination.
This assessment, as defined by FRMAC1, is the evaluation and interpretation of environmental
radiological data obtained during or following a radiological emergency. The primary products
of the FRMAC assessment include interpretation of the post-event radiological situation in terms
of the Protective Action Guides (PAGs).
Assessment of the area for cleanup actions will rely on initial post-event measurements and
model predictions. Initial field measurements from the Incident Management Assistance Team
(IMAT) first responders and FRMAC teams will be used in SCP development effort to identify
the areas of contamination. This information includes:
• Field survey measurements
• Aerial radiological surveys
• Laboratory analyses of various samples, such as soil, air, water, vegetation, and foods
• Meteorological information
• Models (plume dispersion area, deposition rates, and re-suspension probabilities)
It should be noted that the initial assessment models and cleanup goals might be enhanced and/or
changed after the results of detailed radiological characterization are gathered.
Prior to cleanup actions, information garnered from FRMAC assessments are coupled with data
obtained from historic information (local public, corporate, and governmental information). This
1 FRMAC Assessment Manual Methods, Volume 1, SAND2003-1071P
SCP Guide 1 February 2009
-------
Section 3.0 - Phase I - SCP Data Acquisition and Requirements Determination
information is used to identify areas where contamination could have spread or areas that may
affect the actions for cleanup of the area. Examples of historic information to examine include:
• Infrastructure data (water, cable, electric, and sewer systems, underground transport or other
types of pipe chases or transport facilities)
• Geological and geographical data (water table information, soil composition, bedrock strata)
• Documentation of facilities, businesses, or dwellings where radioactive materials used,
stored, or disposed of prior to the radiological emergency (radioisotopes used by medical
professionals, radiological sources used by industries, contaminated backfill material, etc.)
• Records, such as news articles or local emergency responder reports, that indicate spills,
discharges, or other unusual occurrences that could have resulted in the additional spread of
contamination. (These should include spills of solvents or other materials that may influence
transport mechanisms in ground water and soil.)
Areas immediately surrounding, or adjacent to, the affected area are included in the identification
of contaminated areas because of the potential for inadvertent spread of contamination from
airborne re-suspension, meteorological conditions, wildlife movements, etc. (See MARSSIM
Chapter 3.)
3.6 Identify Contaminated Media
The next step in evaluating the data gathered is to identify potentially contaminated media.
Identification of media that have the potential to contain, or that do not contain residual
contamination, is used for preliminary classification and for planning subsequent SCP sampling
activities. MARSSIM Section 3.3.6 provides guidelines on evaluating the likelihood for release
of radioactivity into the following environmental media: surface soil, subsurface soil, sediment,
surface water, ground water, air, and buildings. The evaluation will result in a finding of either
"Suspected Contamination" or "No Suspected Contamination," which may be based on analytical
data, professional judgment, or a combination of the two.
SCP Guide 8 February 2009
-------
Section 4.0 - Phase II - SCP Design and Development
4.0 Phase II - SCP Design and Development
The information and documents gathered and generated during Phase I are used to design and
develop the project SCP as shown in Figure 4.1. SCPs are designed to layout and describe
project requirements for conducting and completing all field sampling activities, corresponding
data assessment activities, and reporting requirements. Elements that are included in an SCP are
listed in Appendix A and described in detail in this section. Specific elements that should be
included will depend on the size and/or complexity of the cleanup project, and the SCP format
should be modified as appropriate. The SCP is prepared and approved prior to initiation of any
field activities and is expected to be amended or revised several times during cleanup.
From Phase 1
SCP Data Acquisition
&
Requirements
Determination
No
SCP
Design &
Development
SCP
Writing
SCP
Review
Figure 4.1
Phase II - SCP Design and Development
To Phase III
SCP Implementation
Review Checklist
-^^ SCP ^^^^
^^ Approved? ^^^
\ Yes
SCP
Distribution
i
>
Regulatory Authorities
State & Local Authorities
Stakeholders
Incident Commanders/Project Managers
Project Laboratories
Contractors
Analytical Laboratory Requirements
Classify Areas by Contamination
Potential
Select Background Reference Areas
Identify Survey Units
Develop Conceptual Cleanup Model
Selection of Sampling Designs
Project Background
Project Organization & Responsibilities
Project Scope & Objectives
Non-Measurement Data Acquisition
Field Activities - Sample Collection
Radiological Field Measurements
Field Operations Documentation
Sample Packaging & Shipping
Sampling Waste
Project Quality Assurance
Non-Conformance/Corrective Actions
SCP Appendices
Prior to initiation of SCP design, the decision maker(s) and sample collection planning team
should review the QAPP and corresponding DQOs, from Phase I, to identify the data needs and
purpose for sample collection(s), including:
• Sample collection locations and frequencies
• Types of samples to be collected or measurements to be performed
• Target radionuclide(s)
SCP Guide
February 2009
-------
Section 4.0 - Phase II - SCP Design and Development
• Potential interfering radionuclides and chemical contaminants
• Radiological field measurements and instrumentation to support sample collection
• DCGL for each radionuclide of interest
• MQOs for each radionuclide (e.g., required method uncertainty, required Minimum
Detectable Concentration (MDC))
• Analytical or screening methods that will be used in the field and laboratory to assay samples
• Analytical bias and precision (e.g., quantitative or qualitative)
• Number of samples to be collected
• Type and frequency of field QC samples to be collected
• Amount of material to be collected for each sample
• Sample tracking requirements
• Sample preservation, filtration, and shipping requirements
• Additional standard operating procedures (SOPs) to be followed or developed
• Cost of the methods being used (cost per analysis as well as total cost)
• Where possible, the use of surrogate measurements should be considered to expedite the field
sampling activities and reduce analytical costs.
• Site-specific background (from background reference areas) for the radionuclide(s) of interest
• Turnaround time required for sample results to maintain project schedules
• Analytical measurement documentation requirements
For projects that encompass several sub-sites or involve a long-term effort, it may be beneficial to
generate a comprehensive SCP that includes addendums to cover all aspects of sampling and
analytical requirements. These addendums to the SCP must clearly identify the DQOs that are
specific to a given sub-site(s), applicable matrices, site-specific sampling and analysis
requirements, and any deviations from the comprehensive SCP. Information addressed in the
comprehensive SCP may be referenced in the SCP addendums. When this approach is used, all
addendum references to the comprehensive SCP must be verified by the project technical
planning team during the document review process. Preparatory phase inspections (field audits)
must ensure that all appropriate plans (comprehensive and addendum SCPs) are available on site,
and that field personnel are familiar with procedures included in both.
A separate SCP may be developed for the final status survey. Final status surveys are performed
after cleanup is complete to demonstrate that residual radioactivity levels satisfy criteria for site
disposition. These surveys provide data to demonstrate that radiological parameters do not
exceed the established DCGLs and that DQOs have been met. Final status survey SCPs are
designed based on these objectives and the known or anticipated radiological conditions at the
site. The SCP must include an appropriate number and location of measurement and sampling
points to demonstrate compliance with the release criterion. Planning for a final status survey
SCP should include early discussions with the appropriate agencies concerning logistics for
confirmatory surveys and sampling. Confirmatory activities are usually limited in scope to
include checking conditions at selected locations, comparing findings with those of the final
status survey, and performing independent statistical evaluations of the data developed from the
final status survey. An independent verification survey may be performed to provide data to
substantiate results of the final status survey. Independent evaluations of final site conditions are
more extensive than the confirmatory activity listed above, and involve validation of the cleanup
final status survey procedures, results, and documentation. The independent verification survey is
not a replacement or supplement to the final status survey, but it serves to validate the final status
survey prior to releasing the effected lands/facilities for public use.
SCP Guide 10 February 2009
-------
Section 4.0 - Phase II - SCP Design and Development
4.1 Review of Successful Sampling Plans
When preparing an SCP, the design should match the needs of a given project with the resources
available. Project needs generally consist of the cleanup objectives and tolerable limits of
uncertainty. Project resources may include personnel, time, and equipment. The goal of the SCP
should be to acquire and use all of the information available so that the data collected meet the
needs of the data user (i.e., decision maker).
The following is a list of some site-specific sampling plans that have been used successfully in
support of site disposition. These sampling plans range from complex site characterization plans
to smaller sub-site project plans.
• Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site, The D&D Characterization Protocol, MAN-
007-DDCP, July 2002, can be downloaded at:
http://rockyflats.apps.em.doe.gov/references/027-D&D%20Char%20Protocol-Reduced.pdf
• NASA Plum Brook Reactor Facility, Characterization Plan, MW-PL-02-004, September
2002, can be downloaded at: http://www.lerc.nasa. gov/WWW/pbrf/documents-
records/char_plan/characterization_plan MW-PL-02-004.pdf
• 105+ Basin Sediment Disposition Phase Two Sampling and Analysis Plan - Bechtel Hanford,
Inc., BHI-00984, Rev 0, March 1997, can be downloaded at:
http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/servlets/purl/16071-NoYaFIn/webviewable/16071.pdf
4.2 Defining Radioanalytical Laboratory Requirements for SCP Sample Analysis
Early consideration of analytical capability is essential to the success of the SCP. Prior to
defining radioanalytical laboratory requirements, SCP designers should review the Multi-Agency
Radiological Laboratory Analytical Protocols Manual, NUREG-1576; EPA 402-B-04-001A;
July 2004 (MARLAP), Volume 1, Chapters 5 and 7, for a detailed discussion on obtaining
laboratory services. The methods listed in SAM should be reviewed to aid in discussions with the
laboratory. The radioanalytical laboratory(s) that will perform the analyses should be selected
early in the planning process, so that they may be consulted regarding the analytical methods to
be used and to ensure sampling activities will address the analytical needs. Designers and
planners should focus on choosing a laboratory that is a member of the Environmental Response
Laboratory Network (ERLN). Designers must select the methods that will be used to analyze
samples, and design the SCP to meet the analytical needs of those methods.
SCP designers should also consider the use of mobile laboratories to provide on-site analytical
capability and minimize off-site sample transportation. The SCP must identify:
• ERLN member laboratories
• Communications protocols between the project management, field personnel, and laboratory
personnel
• Chain-of-custody requirements
• Numbers of samples each the laboratory(s) are expect to receive
• Project requirements for analytical result turnaround times
• SAM approved analytical procedures that the laboratory will follow
• Corrective action processes for suspect analytical data
• Documentation, reporting, and project deliverables requirements
Procurement of laboratory services usually requires a SOW describing the analytical services
needed. Careful preparation of the SOW is essential to ensuring the laboratory performs the
SCP Guide 11 February 2009
-------
Section 4.0 - Phase II - SCP Design and Development
required services in a technically competent and timely manner (consult MARLAP, Volume 1,
Chapters 5 and 7, for expanded details). SOWs must be reviewed by personnel familiar with
radioanalytical laboratory operations. For complicated sites requiring a large number of analyses,
it is recommended that a portion of this evaluation take the form of an audit. For smaller sites or
facilities, the decision maker(s) may decide that a review of the laboratory's qualifications is
sufficient. There are eight criteria that should be reviewed during this evaluation:
1. The laboratory should possess appropriate well-documented procedures, instrumentation, and
trained personnel to perform the analyses required to address the DQOs (e.g., radionuclide(s)
of interest and target detection limits).
2. The laboratory should be experienced in performing the same or similar analyses.
3. The laboratory should have satisfactory performance evaluation results from formal
monitoring or accreditation programs, and should be able to provide a summary of QA audits
and proof of participation in inter-laboratory cross-check programs. Equipment calibrations
should be performed using National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) traceable
reference radionuclide standards whenever possible.
4. The laboratory should have adequate capacity to perform all analyses within the desired
timeframe to meet project required turnaround times.
5. The laboratory possesses a radioactive materials handling license or permit for the samples to
be analyzed. SCPs for large projects may indicate that more than one analytical laboratory is
necessary to meet the SCP objectives.
6. The laboratory should provide an internal quality control review of all generated data. The
reviewers must be independent of the data generators.
7. The laboratory should have an active and fully documented QA program in place, and the QA
program comply with the project DQOs.
8. The laboratory should have adequate protocols for method performance documentation and
sample security.
4.3 Classify Areas by Contamination Potential
After a radiological homeland security event, areas of the event site will have differing potential
for contamination and, accordingly, will not need the same level of sampling to demonstrate
compliance with established cleanup goals. The sampling process will be more efficient if the
SCP is designed so that areas with higher potential for contamination (based in part on results of
the Phase I assessment) receive a higher degree of sampling.
Site classification is a critical step in designing the SCP. The working hypothesis of MARSSIM
is that all impacted areas that are being evaluated for release have a reasonable potential for
radioactive contamination above the DCGL. This initial assumption means that all areas are
initially considered to be Class 1 areas2 unless some basis for reclassification as non-impacted,
Class 3, or Class 2 is provided.
Areas that have no reasonable potential for residual contamination may not need any level of
sampling, and may be designated as non-impacted areas. These areas have no radiological impact
from the homeland security event and are typically identified during Phase I. Background
reference areas are normally selected from these non-impacted areas.
4.4 Select Background Reference Areas
The SCP should clearly identify background reference areas. Typically, these are non-impacted
areas, and should have physical, chemical, geological, radiological, and biological characteristics
As defined by MARSSIM
SCP Guide 12 February 2009
-------
Section 4.0 - Phase II - SCP Design and Development
that are similar to the site being evaluated. In some situations, a reference area may be associated
with the survey unit being evaluated, but cannot be contaminated by the homeland security event.
Generally, reference areas should not be part of the survey unit being evaluated. (See MARSSIM
Chapter 4.)
4.5 Identify Survey Units
Each survey unit is a physical area consisting of structures or land areas of specified size and
shape for which a separate decision will be made as to whether or not that area exceeds the
release criterion. This decision is made as a result of the final status survey, and the survey unit is
the primary entity for demonstrating compliance with the release criterion. The SCP must clearly
define each survey unit in the site. (See MARSSIM Chapter 4.)
To facilitate sample collection design and ensure that the numbers of sampling points for a
specific site are relatively uniformly distributed among areas of similar contamination potential,
the site is divided into survey units that share a common history or other characteristics, or are
naturally distinguishable from other portions of the site. A survey unit should not include areas
that have different contamination classifications; however, depending on the size of the survey
units, it may be advantageous to combine dissimilar areas into one survey unit to conform to dose
models and minimize sampling densities. (See NUREG-1505 Chapter 12.)
4.6 Develop a Conceptual Cleanup Model of the Site for SCP Planning
A site model serves as the basis for defining sample collection needs during development of the
SCP to support site cleanup goals. Project planners should gather and analyze available
information to develop a conceptual site model that shows locations of known contamination,
areas of suspected contamination, types and concentrations of radionuclides in impacted areas,
potentially contaminated media, and locations of potential reference (background) areas. The
diagram should include the general layout of the affected area including schools, public parks,
business centers, transportation infrastructure, water treatment facilities, lakes, streams, drainage
and sewer systems, buildings, and roads.
4.7 Selection of Sampling Designs
The main goal in the development of the SCP is to collect samples that are representative of the
site conditions. An accurate assessment of contamination can minimize the number of samples
required to achieve cleanup DQOs. Using the conceptual cleanup model, crucial pathways and
media requiring assessment are identified for possible sampling. Sampling strategies can be
grouped into either statistical or non-statistical methods. To ensure that samples are as
representative as possible, statistics are often used to design an appropriate sampling strategy and
to provide a sound basis for supporting project decisions. In selecting the sampling design for the
project, use an environmental statistician is recommended to ensure the sampling design provides
the data needed to support project decisions.
EPA's Guidance on Choosing a Sampling Design for Environmental Data Collection for Use in
Developing a Quality Assurance Project Plan (EPA QA/G-5S, EPA/240/R-02/005) is a tool-box
of statistical designs for sample collection that can be consulted during development of the SCP.
An SCP may contain some or all of the designs. However, it is important that the design(s)
selected meet the objectives of the QAPP and can support the DQOs and DCGLs of the project.
Sample collection designs can be based on, but not limited to:
Judgmental or Bias Sampling - In judgmental or bias sampling, selection of sampling units
(i.e., the amount and location and/or timing of sample collection) is based on knowledge of the
SCP Guide 13 February 2009
-------
Section 4.0 - Phase II - SCP Design and Development
feature or condition under investigation and on professional judgment. This type of sampling,
based on professional judgment, differs from statistical scientific theory probability-based
sampling. Therefore, conclusions are limited and depend entirely on the validity and accuracy of
professional judgment. Expert judgment may also be used in conjunction with other sampling
designs to produce effective sampling for defensible decisions.
Simple Random Sampling - In simple random sampling, particular sampling units (e.g.,
locations and/or times) are selected using random numbers, and all possible selections of a given
number of units are equally likely. For example, a simple random sample of a set of drums can
be taken by numbering all the drums and randomly selecting numbers or by sampling an area
using pairs of random coordinates. This method is easy to understand, and the equations for
determining sample population size are relatively straightforward. Simple random sampling is
most useful when the population of interest is homogeneous (e.g., no major patterns of
contamination or hot spots are expected). Advantages of this design include:
- Provides statistically unbiased estimates of the mean, proportions, and variability
- Relatively easy to understand and implement
- Sample size calculations and data analysis are straightforward
An example is shown in Figure 4.2.
Figure 4.2
Simple Random Sampling
(from EPA QA/G-5S, EPA/240/R-02/005)
Stratified Sampling - In stratified sampling, the target population is separated into non-
overlapping strata, or subpopulations that are known or thought to be more homogeneous
(relative to the environmental medium or the contaminant), so that there tends to be less variation
among sampling units. Strata may be chosen on the basis of spatial or temporal proximity, or on
the basis of preexisting information or professional judgment. This design is useful when the
target population is heterogeneous and the area can be subdivided based on expected
contamination levels. Advantages of this sampling design are that it has potential for achieving
greater precision in estimates of the mean and variance, and that it allows computation of reliable
estimates for population subgroups of special interest. Greater precision can be obtained if the
measurement of interest is strongly correlated with the variable used to make the strata. An
example is shown in Figure 4.3.
SCP Guide
14
February 2009
-------
Section 4.0 - Phase II - SCP Design and Development
Figure 4.3
Stratified Sampling
(from EPA QA/G-5S, EPA/240/R-02/005)
Radius = 500 m
Direction of
Prevailing
Wind
Systematic and Grid Sampling - In systematic and grid sampling, samples are taken at
regularly spaced intervals over space or time. An initial location and/or time is chosen at random.
The remaining sampling locations are defined so that all locations are at regular intervals over an
area (grid) or time (systematic). Examples of systematic grids include square, rectangular,
triangular, or radial. In random systematic sampling, an initial sampling location (or time) is
chosen at random and the remaining sampling sites are specified so that they are located
according to a regular pattern (e.g., at the points identified by the intersection of each line in one
of the grids). Systematic and grid sampling is used to search for hot spots and to infer means,
percentiles, or other parameters. It is also useful for estimating spatial patterns or trends over
time. This design provides a practical and easy method for designating sample locations and
ensures uniform coverage of a site, unit, or process. An example is shown in Figure 4.4.
SCP Guide
15
February 2009
-------
Section 4.0 - Phase II - SCP Design and Development
Figure 4.4
Systematic/Grid Sampling
(from EPA QA/G-5S, EPA/240/R-02/005)
Systematic Grid Sampling - Square Grid Systematic Grid Sampling - Triangular Grids
Ranked Set Sampling - In ranked set sampling, m sets (each of size r) of field locations are
identified using simple random selection. The locations are ranked independently within each set
using professional judgment or inexpensive, fast, or surrogate measurements. One sampling unit
from each set is selected (based on the observed ranks) for subsequent measurement using a more
accurate and reliable (hence, more expensive) method for the contaminant of interest. Relative to
simple random sampling, this design results in more representative samples and so leads to more
precise estimates of the population parameters.
Ranked set sampling is useful when the cost of locating and ranking locations in the field is low
compared to laboratory measurements. It is also appropriate when an inexpensive auxiliary
variable (based on expert knowledge or measurement) is available to rank population units with
respect to the variable of interest. To use this design effectively, it is important that the ranking
method and analytical method are strongly correlated.
Adaptive Cluster Sampling - In adaptive cluster sampling, initial measurements are made of
randomly selected primary sampling units using simple random sampling. Whenever a sampling
unit is found to show a characteristic of interest, additional sampling units adjacent to the original
unit are selected and measurements are made. Several additional rounds of sampling and analysis
may be needed. Adaptive cluster sampling also tracks selection probabilities for later phases of
sampling so that an unbiased estimate of the population mean can be calculated. An example
application of adaptive cluster sampling is delineating the borders of a plume of contamination. It
is useful for estimating or searching for rare characteristics in a population, and is appropriate for
inexpensive, rapid measurements. It enables delineating the boundaries of hot spots, while also
using all data collected with appropriate weighting to give unbiased estimates of the population
mean. An example is shown in Figure 4.5.
SCP Guide
16
February 2009
-------
Section 4.0 - Phase II - SCP Design and Development
Figure 4.5
Adaptive Cluster Sampling
(from EPA QA/G-5S, EPA/240/R-02/005)
Population Gricl vvith Sh,>:!^':i Areas of
Intermit cincl Initial Simple Random Su
Fio.il Acbptiv* Cluster Sampling Results
X = Sampling unit
Composite Sampling - In composite sampling, volumes of material from several selected
sampling units are physically combined and mixed to form a single homogeneous sample.
Compositing can be very cost effective because it reduces the number of radiochemical analyses
needed. It is most cost effective when analytical costs are large relative to sampling costs; it
demands, however, that there are no safety hazards or potential biases (e.g., increased radiological
dose rates or radioanalyte cross contamination) associated with the compositing process.
Compositing is often used in conjunction with other sampling designs when the goal is to
estimate the population mean and when information on spatial or temporal variability is not
needed. It can also be used to estimate the prevalence of a rare trait. An example is shown in
Figure 4.6.
Figure 4.6
Composite Sampling
(from EPA QA/G-5S, EPA/240/R-02/005)
O 0
Aliquots to be anal* zed
SCP Guide
17
February 2009
-------
Section 4.0 - Phase II - SCP Design and Development
Table 4-1 provides a comparison of advantages and disadvantages for each of the sampling
designs listed above.
Table 4-1 Comparison of Sampling Designs
Sampling Design
Judgmental or Bias
Sampling
Simple Random
Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Systematic and Grid
Sampling
Ranked Set Sampling
Adaptive Cluster
Sampling
Composite Sampling
Statistical or Non-
Statistical
Non-Statistical
Statistical
Statistical
Statistical
Statistical
Statistical
Statistical
Application
An individual subjectively
selects sampling
locations that appear to
be representative of
average conditions.
Representative sampling
locations are chosen
using the theory of
random chance
probabilities.
Site is divided into several
sampling areas (strata)
based on background or
site survey information;
each stratum is evaluated
using a separate random
sampling strategy.
Most common statistical
strategy; involves
collecting samples at
predetermined, regular
intervals within a grid
pattern.
In ranked set sampling,
sets of field locations are
identified using simple
random sampling. The
locations are ranked
independently within each
set using professional
judgment or inexpensive,
fast, or surrogate
measurements.
Sampling designs in
which the procedure for
selecting sites or units to
be included in the sample
may depend upon values
of the variable of interest
observed during the
survey.
A composite sample is
made from a number of
discrete samples which
from a body of material
and combined into a
single sample with the
intention that this single
sample is representative
of the components of that
body of material.
Advantage
Good for
homogeneous, well-
defined sites
Good for sites where
background
information is not
available and no
visible signs of
contamination are
present.
Good for large sites
characterized by a
number of soil types,
topographic features,
past/present uses, or
manufacturing/storage
areas.
Best strategy for
minimizing bias and
providing complete
site coverage. Can be
used effectively at
sites where no
background
information exists.
Ensures that samples
will not be taken too
close together.
More efficient than
simple random
sampling. Ranked set
sampling is useful
when the cost of
locating and ranking
locations in the field is
low compared to
laboratory
measurements.
Takes advantage of
population
characteristics so as
to obtain more precise
population values for a
given sample size.
Analytical cost
savings.
Disadvantage
Not usually recommended.
Conclusions are limited and
depend entirely on the validity
and accuracy of professional
judgment.
May not be cost-effective for
samples located too close
together. Does not take into
account spatial variability of
media.
Often more cost-effective than
random sampling. More
difficult to implement in the
field and analyze results. Does
not take into account spatial
variability of media.
Does not take into account
spatial variability of media.
Does not take into account
spatial variability of media.
Coefficients of variation for the
adaptive sampling may be
rather large compared to other
designs.
Limitations include aspects of
false negatives or positives
and loss of information
regarding any relationships
between radionuclides in
individual samples.
SCP Guide
18
February 2009
-------
Section 4.0 - Phase II - SCP Design and Development
Listed below are several commercially available software tools that can be used to aid designers
in the development of SCPs.
NOTE: Mention of company names, trade names, or commercial products in this document does
not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
• COMPASS software was designed to facilitate the use of MARSSIM and to guide the user
into making informed decisions in designing final status surveys. COMPASS also simplifies
the application of statistical tests by performing the calculations and providing prospective
power curves that help determine what level of confidence the user is willing to accept for a
particular number of measurements or samples in a survey unit. After performing the final
status survey, COMPASS assesses the data for comparison to the cleanup goals. COMPASS
is available for download at http://orise.orau.gov/ieav/survey-projects/marssim.htmtfcompass
• COMPLY is a computerized screening tool for evaluating radiation exposure from
atmospheric releases of radionuclides. The tool may be used for demonstrating compliance
with some EPA and Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations. COMPLY is available for
download at http://www.epa.gov/radiation/assessment/comply.html
• Cumulative Probability Plot can be used to plot empirical data on cumulative probability
distribution graphs. The software computes parametric statistics and a "test statistic" based
on "sampling by variables." It is useful for visual presentation of characterization and final
status surveys. Cumulative Probability Plot is available for download at
http://www.radprocalculator.com/Probabilitv.aspx
• Elipgrid-PC Hot Spot Probability Calculations is used for design and analysis of sampling
grids for locating elliptical targets (e.g., contamination hot spots). It computes the probability
of success in locating targets based on the assumed size, shape, and orientation of the targets,
and on the specified grid spacing. It can also be used to compute a grid spacing from a
specified success probability, compute cost information associated with specified sampling
grids, determine the size of the smallest hot spot detected given a particular grid, and create
graphs of the results. ELIPGRID-PC is available for download at
http://dqo.pnl.gov/software/elipgrid.htm
• GENII-NESHAPS provides a set of software for calculating radiation dose and risk from
radionuclides released to the environment. The GENII-NESHAPS Edition is specifically
designed to help site managers plan and improve compliance with 40 CFR 61, subparts H and
I. GENII-NESHAPS is available for download at
http://www.epa.gov/radiation/assessment/genii.html
• MARSSIMPower2000 implements the final status survey designs described in the
MARSSIM manual. MARSSIMPower2000 is available for download at
http://cvg.homestead.com/marssimpower2000.html
• RESRAD is a DOE-developed code used for calculation of dose from all pathways from
radioactively contaminated sites. Developed by Argonne National Laboratory, RESRAD
codes are available for download at http://web.ead.anl.gov/resrad/home2/
• Spatial Analysis and Decision Assistance (SADA) is University of Tennessee developed
and incorporates tools from environmental assessment fields. These tools include integrated
SCP Guide 19 February 2009
-------
Section 4.0 - Phase II - SCP Design and Development
modules for visualization, geospatial analysis, statistical analysis, human health risk
assessment, ecological risk assessment, cost/benefit analysis, sampling design, and decision
analysis. SAD A is available for download at http: //www .tiem .utk. edu/~sada/index. shtml
• Visual Sample Plan provides statistical solutions to sampling design (how many samples to
take and where to take them) and provides mathematical and statistical algorithms. Visual
Sample Plan is available for download at http: //dqo .pnl. gov/vsp/
4.8 Writing the SCP - Content of Major Elements
When all of the appropriate site information is gathered, the SCP designers take the information
and assemble the SCP. Appendix A provides a checklist of elements that may be used as a
template for writing a site-specific SCP. The specific elements that would be appropriate to
include in an SCP will depend on site conditions (e.g., the extent and type of the contamination,
site size, project needs, and DQOs).
4.8.1 Project Background
With the information gathered during Phase I, including response information turned
over by FRMAC, the SCP should provide both a site history, including descriptions of
the use of the site, permits, and the use of chemicals and radioisotopes and radiological
event information. The historical and response data from any investigation and event
sampling efforts should be identified and summarized. An assessment of the quality of
the data should be included, as well as a discussion of any problems encountered during
initial site assessment and event response. The SCP should include a description and a
map of the location, size, and important physical features of the affected area, such as
schools, public parks, business centers, transportation infrastructure, water treatment
facilities, lakes, streams, drainage and sewer systems, buildings, and roads.
This section of the SCP should also describe the initial investigation radiological issues
and the project's planned approach toward resolution.
4.8.2 Project Organization and Responsibilities
This element of the SCP identifies key field personnel or organizations responsible for
each field activity during the clean up and remediation. A chart showing project
organization and lines of authority should be included. The chart should identify QC
management organizations and identify their appropriate independent reporting chain
outside project management. This section of the SCP should describe the
responsibilities of all project field personnel, including subcontractor roles and their key
points of contact, sampling personnel, and liaison personnel between field, laboratory,
and QC managers.
This section of the SCP should also identify organizations responsible for:
• Project planning
• Project coordination
• Sample collection
• Disposal of sampling waste
• Sample custody
This section should also identify any special training requirements and/or personnel
certifications necessary to perform the project work.
SCP Guide 20 February 2009
-------
Section 4.0 - Phase II - SCP Design and Development
4.8.3 Project Scope and Objectives
The SCP must describe specific project objectives of the sampling effort. It should
identify the planned project activities, QA procedures to be implemented to support
project activities, relevant regulatory standards, and the project schedule. The intended
use of data should be stated and should satisfy the intended uses of the data for meeting
identified regulatory requirements and project specific clean up criteria. An outline
should be included of the project schedule to include project plan review periods,
fieldwork, sample analysis, data management and validation, and project report writing.
4.8.4 Non-Measurement Data Acquisition
The SCP should describe data needed from non-measurement sources, such as
databases, literature, handbooks, and local authorities. Information of this type may be
needed to support assessment of:
• Data supporting modeling activities
• Public transportation infrastructure
• Street and highway uses
• Land uses (residential, recreational, agriculture, etc.)
• Meteorological data
• Hydrogeological data (local or regional aquifers)
• Geological data (site bedrock formations, soil series)
• Well surveys
• Local relevant or significant habitats
• Endangered species
4.8.5 Field Activities - Project Sample Collection Procedures
The SCP should provide detailed site-specific instructions and requirements that are to
be used in conjunction with the sample collection procedures described in EPA's Sample
Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices
(EPA/600/S-07/001, December 2006). The design team should refer to these sample
collection procedures for detailed information on how the samples required under the
SCP are to be collected. The SCP must provide details to describe the field activities to
be performed, including but not limited to, information regarding:
• Sampling and field data-gathering procedures and methods to be used to collect
environmental matrix specific field measurements and samples for:
- Soil and sediment
- Aqueous and liquid-phase
- Ground water/drinking water
- Air
- Surfaces
- Building materials
• Collection of geophysical data
• Drilling or borings
• Installation of ground water monitoring wells
• Sample sizes required, for each matrix, to meet DQOs and MQOs
• Number of samples to be collected for each sampling location
• Sample container types and sizes
• QC requirements (e.g., field control QC samples)
• Specific sample collection equipment to be used
SCP Guide 21 February 2009
-------
Section 4.0 - Phase II - SCP Design and Development
• Considerations for sample filtration in the field (if required)
• Sample preservation requirements
• In situ field measurements (if any)
4.8.6 Radiological Field Measurements and Instrumentation
Many site cleanup projects will include on-site screening for detection and/or
measurement of contamination. This screening can assist with project planning and
reduce the burden of sample collection and analyses. Site RSP requirements for the
sampling efforts to be performed should be identified, along with the support function
interface between the RPG and the sample collection personnel. A listing of site-
specific matrices, the expected radionuclides present in the matrices, and the appropriate
instrumentation and measurement techniques to be used for each matrix should be
detailed.
4.8.7 Field Operations Documentation
The SCP should identify requirements regarding the records that will be used to
document all field operations, and should also identify the records and schedule for
those which require periodic submittal. The SCP also should include proposed
documentation forms. Corrections to documentation entries must be defined in the SCP
according to the requirements of the QAPP and corrective action procedures. Field
operations documents may include but are not limited to:
• Daily QC reports
• Field logbooks
• Field work forms
• Boring logs
• Well installation and development forms
• Photographic records
• Field analytical records
This section should also address the sample documentation records, such as:
• Sample numbering system
• Sample labels and tags
• Field sampling logs
• Chain-of-custody forms and custody seals
• Lab notification documentation forms
Sample custody requirements should be defined for:
• Field sample collection
• Sample transfer to the laboratory(s)
• Laboratory custody control
The SCP should also define project records custody requirements for originals of field
documentation and laboratory reports. It should define records management practices
for but not limited to:
• SOPs
• SOP review documentation and record retention requirements
SCP Guide 22 February 2009
-------
Section 4.0 - Phase II - SCP Design and Development
• Corrective action reports
• Shipment manifesting and bills of lading
• Waste profile forms
• Test logs
• Drum logs, etc.
4.8.8 Sample Packaging and Shipping Requirements
The SCP should include a discussion of sample packaging and shipping requirements in
accordance with appropriate federal and state regulations (e.g., Department of
Transportation [DOT] regulations found at 49 CFR 171-178; International Air
Transportation Association [IATA] regulations). It should identify:
• Appropriate laboratory(s)
• Laboratory(s) addresses and points of contact
• Sample submittal schedule
• Mode of sample transportation (e.g., overnight courier)
• Manifesting requirements for the shipment.
It is recommended that the receiving laboratories also document the condition of field
samples upon receipt at the laboratory. This enables verification of correct sample
volumes, sample preservation, chain-of-custody completeness and accuracy, and overall
packaging techniques.
Sample packaging and shipping procedures described in Module I, Section 7.0, of
EPA's Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental
Matrices (EPA/600/S-07/001, December 2006) should also be reviewed before
completing this section of the SCP.
4.8.9 Sampling Waste
The SCP should describe procedures that will be used for collecting, labeling, storing,
and disposing of the sampling waste. The SCP should detail procedures for assessing
corresponding sample results or sampling the waste to determine whether it is
hazardous. The SCP should address how the sample results will be evaluated to
determine disposal options for the sampling waste. Disposal actions must be conducted
with the concurrence of appropriate project technical personnel and management.
4.8.10 Project Quality Assurance (QA)
The SCP must include QA/QC elements that are consistent with the QAPP and are
applied throughout the project to ensure proper execution of the SCP and appropriate
data generation. The project assessment activities should be discussed as they pertain to
the QA objectives identified in the QAPP. In general, the SCP should provide
specifications for QA activities by defining in detail:
• Project schedules
• Proper technical review/approval of project documents
• Radiochemical DQOs and MQOs identified in the QAPP, and their respective data
quality indicators
• QA/QC protocols necessary to achieve the DQOs and MQOs
• Analytical methods and measurements
• Evaluation of laboratories
SCP Guide 23 February 2009
-------
Section 4.0 - Phase II - SCP Design and Development
• QA samples and sample handling procedures/verification
• QA sample analysis
• Use of single- and double-blind performance evaluation (PE) samples
• Equipment calibration and maintenance documentation
• SCP QA implementation protocols
• Establishing key field personnel experience requirements
• Level of decision making empowered to key field personnel
• Communication protocols between the field and project stakeholders
• Data assessment procedures for the evaluation and the identification of any data
limitations, including data review, validation, and reporting
• Generation of required quality reports
• Sampling requirements to support the final status survey
EPA or EPA contract audit personnel should conduct a variety of audits (field,
laboratory, office) to identify procedures that could cause problems with sampling and
analytical results. The audits should be scheduled as early as possible, and should cover
project activities from initial investigation to post closure monitoring to include but not
be limited to:
• Sample collection from all media (i.e., air, ground water, surface water, soil,
sediment, and waste)
• Placement of sampling devices
• Decontamination of equipment or activities that could cause cross-contamination
• Post sample collection activities (packaging/shipping)
• Laboratory activities
• Data reporting, including electronic media
• Chain-of-custody procedures and documentation
• Field logs
• Well installation and development (if deemed necessary based on the event)
4.8.11 Non-Conformance/Corrective Actions
The SCP must address notification and corrective actions that should be followed by
field and laboratory personnel if there are deviations from the SCP or problems with
samples upon receipt at the laboratory. Typical problems or deviations include, but are
not limited to:
• Improperly preserved samples
• Improper chain-of-custody documentation
• Broken sample containers or questionable sample integrity
• Sample relocation
• Insufficient sample amount
Corrective action procedures must address:
• Corrective actions required if field and/or analytical procedures are found to deviate
from the requirements in the SCP
• Re-sampling with additional analysis of new samples
• Reanalysis of existing field or QC samples
• Proper data qualification
• Corrective action protocols necessary in the event of deficiency or failure
SCP Guide 24 February 2009
-------
Section 4.0 - Phase II - SCP Design and Development
• Notification processes
• Contingencies
The SCP must state that significant changes to or deviations from the approved SCP will
not be made without the written approval of EPA project management.
4.8.12 SCP Appendices
The SCP appendices should include, but not limited to, the following items:
• References
• List of abbreviations and acronyms
• Standard project forms to be used
- Chain-of-custody forms
- Sample labels
- Shipping manifest
- Audit forms
- Non-conformance reporting forms
- QA report forms
• Summary tables
- Data quality objectives summary
- Site cleanup objectives
- Proposed monitoring well information
- Sample container preservation and holding time requirements
- Names and addresses of owners of property near the site
- Sample container types and quantities
- Summary of sample matrices and locations
- Summary of number of samples and analyses
- Listing of approved analytical laboratories and contact information
• List of figures
- Project organization
- Sampling schedule
- Proposed on-site and off-site sampling locations
- Proposed monitoring well locations and construction
4.9 SCP Review and Approval
The SCP should be reviewed to determine whether it will provide data that satisfy regulatory
requirements, data use needs and DQOs, and whether it is compatible with all site constraints. As
a guide, reviewers should use a checklist that contains general information that typically should
be included in an SCP. Review checklists can be prepared by reviewing Appendix A and
identifying project specific variations.
NOTE: Due to the complexity that each site-specific SCP may require, a detailed checklist is
beyond the scope of this document.
Once an SCP has been approved, appropriate personnel sign the signature page. Personnel
signing the SCP are determined on a project-specific basis. It is recommended that the incident
commander/project manager sign the title page of the SCP, and that the technical manager sign
the title page of the associated QAPP. Deviations from the approved SCP must receive written
approval. In addition, there may be significant changes in the project that necessitate appending
or modifying the SCP. Similar procedures of review and approval for those modified sections are
necessary prior to execution of the modifications.
SCP Guide 25 February 2009
-------
Section 4.0 - Phase II - SCP Design and Development
4.10 SCP Distribution
Once approved, the final SCP and/or its approved modifications must be distributed to all
appropriate parties, including project and technical managers, primary and QA laboratory(s),
appropriate regulatory authorities, stake holders, and subcontractors (i.e., drilling or sampling
firms, data validation firms, etc.).
SCP Guide 26 February 2009
-------
Section 5.0 - Phase III - SCP Implementation
5.0 Phase III - SCP Implementation
An approved SCP must be in place before implementing the SCP activities. Figure 5.1 outlines
the SCP implementation elements.
Figure 5.1
Phase III - SCP Implementation
From Phase II
SCP Design and Development
Yes
Incident Commanders &
Project: Managers
Contractors
Analytical Laboratories
Sample Analysis
SCP Compliance Monitoring
Project, Field, and Laboratory Audits
Field & Laboratory QC Samples
Data Review & Validation
Records Review
Quality Assurance & Data Reports
Non-Con formance Reports
Corrective Actions Reports
Project Liaison
Project Sampling and Analysis
Sample Collection & Radiological
Surveys
Sampling Progress Reports
Sample Shipment Reports
Waste Reports
5.1 Personnel Training
Prior to implementation of the SCP, project personnel must be adequately trained for their
specific duties and possess a full understanding of all aspects of the SCP. Training must include
safety and health requirements and practices as defined in the HASP and RSP.
5.2 Field Sample Collection
Prior to performing sample collection, sampling personnel should ensure that proper field
equipment is available and in good condition, and sample collection and handling procedures
(including sample preservation) are performed in accordance with the SCP and following
specifications provided in EPA's Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in
Environmental Matrices, EPA/600/S-07/001, December 2006).
5.3 Project Liaison
A liaison between project management, field, and laboratory personnel should be identified to
ensure smooth transition of all samples from the field to the laboratory or laboratories. Liaison
SCP Guide
27
February 2009
-------
Section 5.0 - Phase III - SCP Implementation
duties also may include implementation of proper sample documentation, packaging, and
shipping procedures.
5.4 SCP Compliance Monitoring
Before data collection activities are implemented, an approved SCP must be in place and
execution must be performed in compliance with the approved SCP. There are several QA
elements that may be applied to the project to ensure proper SCP compliance. These include, but
are not limited to:
• Field and laboratory audits
• Field and laboratory quality control samples
• Equipment calibration and maintenance documentation
• QA sample handling verification
• QA sample analysis using of single- and double-blind performance evaluation samples
• Data review and/or data validation
• Electronic media audits
• Generation of QA reports and data quality assessment reports
5.4.1 Project, Field, and Laboratory Audits
During implementation of the SCP, field activity audits should be performed for any
phase of field work, from initial investigation and data collection, to post closure
monitoring. Field audits should be scheduled as early in the activity as possible to
identify procedures that could cause problems with the sampling and analytical results.
This oversight is necessary to ensure that approved procedures, as specified in the SCP,
are used. Field audits include monitoring critical activities such as well installation and
development (if deemed necessary based on the event), placement of other sampling
devices (e.g., composite), decontamination of equipment or activities that could cause
cross-contamination, sample collection from all media (i.e., air, ground water, surface
water, soil, sediment, and waste), and post sample collection activities (packaging/
shipping). Laboratory audits must also be performed to ensure that procedures for
proper communication, proper documentation, and awareness of project DQOs are in
place and that these procedures are in compliance with the analytical SOW.
5.4.2 Project Activity Reports
While data collection activities are being performed, the sampling team should
communicate daily with appropriate project personnel regarding project status by
submitting at least, but not limited to, the following:
• Field sampling progress reports in relationship to project schedules including field
work forms, boring logs, well installation and development forms, photographic
records, field analytical records
• Sample shipment reports
• Waste accumulation reports
• Other project required field reports
Project quality assurance monitoring of data collection activities must include all of the
applicable QA/QC requirements identified in the SCP and the QA group should
communicate daily with appropriate project personnel regarding project status by
submitting at least, but not limited to, the following:
SCP Guide 28 February 2009
-------
Section 5.0 - Phase III - SCP Implementation
• Field and laboratory DQO and MQO evaluation reports
• QA samples and sample handling procedures/verification reports
• QA sample analysis reports
• Non-conformance reports
• Corrective action reports
5.5 Site Disposition
For most sites, following review of data results generated during one or more surveys, a
disposition decision is based on a demonstration of compliance with site cleanup goals. When
survey results are used to support a decision, the decision maker(s) needs to ensure that the data
will support that decision with satisfactory confidence. Actions must be taken to manage the
uncertainty in the survey results, so that sound, defensible decisions may be made. These actions
include design and implementation of proper survey and sampling plans to control known causes
of uncertainty, proper application of QC procedures to detect and control significant sources of
error, and careful analysis of uncertainty before the data are used to support decision making.
If the decision maker(s) determine that the cleanup goals have not been met to satisfy the site
QAPP due to a sample collection issue, then the SCP will be re-optimized through reevaluation
and redesigned. Additional sampling and analysis may be required to satisfy compliance
demonstration and site disposition.
SCP Guide 29 February 2009
-------
Section 6.0 - Additional Resources
6.0 Additional Resources
In addition to the information provided in this document, the following documents are
recommended as resources for generating an SCP that clearly identifies project goals, associated
data needs, and application of QA elements based upon the QAPP project goals designed to reach
site release:
• Multi-Agency Radiological Laboratory Analytical Protocols Manual, NUREG-1576; EPA
402-B-04-001A; July 2004 (MARLAP)
• Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Manual, NUREG-1575, Rev. 1; EPA
402-R-97-016, Rev. 1; DOE/EH-0624, Rev. 1; August 2000 (MARSSIM)
• Guidance for Developing Quality Systems for Environmental Programs, EPA QA/G-1,
EPA/240/R-02/008, November 2002
• Guidance on Assessing Quality Systems, EPA QA/G-3, EPA/240/R-03/002, March 2003
• Guidance on Systemic Planning Using the Data Quality Objectives Process, EPA QA/G-4,
EPA/240/B-06/001, February 2006
• Guidance for Quality Assurance Project Plans, EPA QA/G-5, EPA/240/R-02/009, December
2002
• Guidance on Choosing a Sampling Design for Environmental Data Collection for Use in
Developing a Quality Assurance Project Plan, EPA QA/G-5 S, EPA/240/R-02/005,
December 2002
• Guidance on Technical Audits and Related Assessments for Environmental Data Operations,
EPA QA/G-7, EPA/600/R-99/080, January 2000
• Guidance on Environmental Data Verification and Data Validation, EPA QA/G-8,
EPA/240/R-02/004, November 2002
• Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices,
EPA/600/S-07/001, December 2006
• EPA Requirements for Quality Assurance Project Plans, EPA QA/R-5, EPA/240/B-01/003,
March 2001
SCP Guide 30 February 2009
-------
Section 7.0 - References
7.0 References
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Requirements for the Preparation of Sampling and Analysis
Plans, EM 200-1-3, February 2001.
U.S. Department of Energy, Decommissioning Handbook (DOE/EM-0383), January 2000.
U.S. Department of Energy, Statistical and Cost-Benefit Enhancements for the DQO Process for
Characterization Decisions (DOE/EM-0316), September 12, 1996.
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Planning
Guidance for Protection and Recovery Following Radiological Dispersal Device (ROD) and
Improvised Nuclear Device (IND) Incidents, FRDoc E8-17645, Federal Register: (Volume 73,
Number 149) [Page 45029-45048], August 1, 2008.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Guidance for Developing Quality Systems for
Environmental Programs, EPA QA/G-1, EPA/240/R-02/008, November 2002.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Guidance on Assessing Quality Systems, EPA QA/G-3,
EPA/240/R-03/002, March 2003.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Guidance on Systemic Planning Using the Data Quality
Objectives Process, EPA QA/G-4, EPA/240/B-06/001, February 2006.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Guidance for Quality Assurance Project Plans, EPA
QA/G-5, EPA/240/R-02/009, December 2002.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Guidance on Choosing a Sampling Design for
Environmental Data Collection for Use in Developing a Quality Assurance Project Plan, EPA
QA/G-5S, EPA/240/R-02/005, December 2002.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Guidance on Technical Audits and Related Assessments
for Environmental Data Operations, EPA QA/G-7, EPA/600/R-99/080, January 2000.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Guidance on Environmental Data Verification and Data
Validation, EPA QA/G-8, EPA/240/R-02/004, November 2002.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Data Quality Assessment: A Reviewers Guide, EPA
QA/G-9R, EPA/240/B-06/002, February 2006.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Data Quality Assessment: Statistical Methods for
Practitioners, EPA QA/G-9S, EPA/240/B-06/003, February 2006.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Guidance on Quality Assurance for Environmental
SCP Guide 31 February 2009
-------
Section 7.0 - References
Technology Design, Construction, and Operation, EPA QA/G-11, EPA/240/B-05/001, January
2005.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Requirements for Quality Assurance Project Plans,
EPA QA/R-5, EPA/240/B-01/003, March 2001.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical
Analytes in Environmental Matrices, EPA/600/S-07/001, December 2006.
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, A Nonparametric Statistical Methodology for the Design
and Analysis of Final Status Decommissioning Surveys, NUREG-1505, June 1998.
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation
Manual, NUREG-1575, Rev. 1; EPA 402-R-97-016, Rev. 1; DOE/EH-0624, Rev. 1; August
2000.
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Assessment of
Materials and Equipment (Draft Report for Comment), NUREG-1575, Supp. 1; EPA 402-R-06-
002; DOE/EH-707, December 2006.
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Multi-Agency Radiological Laboratory Analytical
Protocols Manual, NUREG-1576 EPA 402-B-04-001A, July 2004.
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Manual for Conducting Radiological Surveys in Support
of License Termination (NUREG/CR-5849), Draft Report for Comment, June 1992.
SCP Guide 32 February 2009
-------
Appendix A
Appendix A
Sample Collection Plan Design Elements
and Development Checklist
Title Page
Approval Page
Table of Contents
1.0 Proj ect Background
1.1 Site History and Contaminants
1.2 Summary of Site Data Prior to Homeland Security Event
1.3 Site-Specific Definition of Problems (including a description of homeland security event)
1.4 FRMAC Event Response Data
2.0 Project Organization and Responsibilities
3.0 Project Scope and Objectives
3.1 Task Description
3.2 Applicable Regulations/Standards/Risk Based Cleanup Goals
3.3 Project Schedule
4.0 Nonmeasurement Data Acquisition
5.0 Field Activities
5.1 Ground Water
5.1.1 Rationale/Design
5.1.1.1 Monitoring Well Location and Installation (if deemed necessary based on the
event)
. 1.2 Sample Collection and Field and Laboratory Analysis
.1.3 Upgradient, QA/QC, and Blank Samples and Frequency
5.1.2 Monitoring Well Installation (if deemed necessary based on the event)
5. .2.1 Drilling Methods and Equipment
5. .2.2 Materials
5. .2.3 Installation
5. .2.4 Documentation
5. .2.5 Well Decommission/Abandonment
5. .2.6 Water Level Measurement
5.1.3 Aquifer Testing
5.1.4 Field Measurement Procedures and Criteria
5.1.5 Sampling Methods for Ground Water - General
5.1.6 Sample Handling Methods for Ground Water - Filtration
5.1.7 Sample Containers and Preservation Techniques
5.1.8 Field Quality Control Sampling Procedures
5.1.9 Decontamination Procedures
5.2 Subsurface Soil
5.2.1 Rationale/Design
5.2.1.1 Soil and Rock Boring Locations
5.2.1.2 Discrete/Composite Soil Sampling Requirement
SCP Guide 33 February 2009
-------
Appendix A
5.2.1.3 Sample Collection and Field and Laboratory Analysis
5.2.1.4 Background, QA/QC, and Blank Samples and Frequency
5.2.2 Field Procedures
5.2.2.1 Drilling Methods
5.2.2.2 Boring Logs
5.2.2.3 Field Measurement Procedures and Criteria
5.2.2.4 Sampling for Radiochemical Analyses
5.2.2.5 Sample Containers and Preservation Techniques
5.2.2.6 Field Quality Control Sampling Procedures
5.2.2.7 Decontamination Procedures
5.3 Surface Soil and Sediment
5.3.1 Rationale/Design
5.3.1.1 Surface Soil Sample Locations
5.3.1.2 Sediment Sample Locations from On-site and/or Off-site Drainage Channels
5.3.1.3 Sediment Sample Locations from Ponds, Lakes, and Lagoons
5.3.1.4 Discrete/Composite Soil and/or Sediment Sampling Requirements
5.3.1.5 Sample Collection and Field and Laboratory Analysis
5.3.1.6 Upgradient, QA/QC, and Blank Samples and Frequency
5.3.2 Field Procedures
5.3.2.1 Sampling Methods for Surface Soil/Dry Sediment
5.3.2.2 Sampling Methods for Underwater Sediments from Ponds, Lakes, and
Lagoons
5.3.2.3 Field Measurement Procedures and Criteria
5.3.2.5 Sampling for Radiochemical Analyses
5.3.2.6 Sample Containers and Preservation Techniques
5.3.2.7 Field QC Sampling Procedures
5.3.2.8 Decontamination Procedures
5.4 Surface Water
5.4.1 Rationale/Design
5.4.1.1 Surface Water Sample Locations
5.4.1.2 Sample Collection and Field and Laboratory Analysis
5.4.1.3 Upgradient, QA/QC, and Blank Samples and Frequency
5.4.2 Field Procedures
5.4.2.1 Sampling Methods for Surface Water - General
5.4.2.2 Sample Handling Methods for Surface Water - Filtration
5.4.2.3 Field Measurement Procedures and Criteria
5.4.2 A Sample Containers and Preservation Techniques
5.4.2.5 Field Quality Control Sampling Procedures
5.4.2.6 Decontamination Procedures
5.5 Other Matrices
5.5.1 Rationale/Design
5.5.1.1 Sample Locations
5.5.1.2 Discrete/Composite Sampling Requirements
5.5.1.3 Sample Collection and Field and Laboratory Analysis
5.5.1.4 Background/Upgradient, QA/QC, and Blank Samples and Frequency
5.5.2 Field Procedures
SCP Guide 34 February 2009
-------
Appendix A
5.5.2.1 Sampling Methods
5.5.2.2 Field Measurement Procedures and Criteria
5.5.2.3 Sample Containers and Preservation Techniques
5.5.2.4 Field Quality Control Sampling Procedures
5.5.2.5 Decontamination Procedures
6.0 Radiological Field Measurements and Instrumentation to Support Sample Collection
7.0 Field Operations Documentation
7.1 Daily Quality Control Reports (QCR)
7.2 Field Logbook and/or Sample Field Sheets
7.3 Photographic Records
7.4 Sample Documentation
7.4.1 Sample Numbering System
7.4.2 Sample Labels and/or Tags
7.4.3 Chain-of-Custody Records
7.5 Field Analytical Records
7.6 Documentation Procedures/Data Management and Retention
8.0 Sample Packaging and Shipping Requirements
9.0 Sampling Wastes
10.0 Project Quality Assurance
11.0 Non-Conformance/Corrective Actions
Appendices
References
SCP Guide 35 February 2009
------- |