XL Project Progress Report
HADCO Corporation
On March 16,1995, the Clinton Administration announced a portfolio of reinvention initia-
tives to be implemented by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a part of its
efforts to achieve greater public health and environmental protection at a more reasonable
cost. Through Project XL, which stands for excellence and Leadership, EPA enters into
specific proj ect agreements with public or private sector sponsors to test regulatory, policy,
and procedural alternatives that will produce data and experiences to help the Agency make
improvements in the current system of environmental protection. The goal of Proj ect XL is to
implement 50 proj ects that will test ways of producing superior environmental performance
with improved economic efficiencies, while increasing public participation through active
stakeholder processes. As of October 1998,10 XL proj ects are in the implementation
phase and 20 XL proj ects are under development. Proj ect XL Progress Reports provide
proj ect-specific overviews of the status of individual XL proj ects that are implementing Final
Proj ect Agreements (FPAs). The progress reports are available on the Internet via EPAs
Project XL web site at http://www.epa.gov/Proj ect XL. Or, hard copies may be obtained
by contacting the Office of Reinvention's Project XL Docket at 202-260-7434. General
information on Proj ect XL is available on the web site or by contacting the general informa-
tion number at 202-260-5754.
Background
The FLADCO Corporation, headquartered in Salem, New Hampshire, is a leading manufac-
turer of printed wiring boards (PWB) and electronic interconnection products. Founded in
1966 as a three-person operation in Cambridge, Massachusetts, HADCO has grown to
employ over 8,000 employees in the U.S. and Malaysia. It reported $826 million dollars in
sales in 1998. There are three HADCO facilities currently involved in the XL proj ect—
Owego, New York; Deny, New
Hampshire; and Hudson, New
Hampshire. The HADCO Corpora-
tion, in partnership with the New
York State Department of Environ-
mental Conservation (NYSDEC), the
New Hampshire Department of
Environmental Services (NHDES),
Major Milestones
HADCO
Corporation
XL Project
Hudson NH,
Derry NH,
Owego NY
.
July 21,1995
HADCO XL Proposal
Submitted
October?, 1997
HADCO Final Project
Agreement Signed
March 1, 1999
HADCO submits first
annual Project XL report
April 2002
Final Report for HADCO
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HADCO Corporation XL Project 13-31-99)
and EPA, is piloting an initiative examining ways to overcome barriers to the recovery of metals that are associ-
ated with sludge waste. The HADCO project is striving to test whether valuable copper metal that is used as an
electricity conductor on PWBs can be reclaimed directly by a recycler without shipping the copper long dis-
tances to "middleman" processors. This transport is costly and potentially risky. Further, the HADCO project
may demonstrate that new regulatory approaches to safely handling sludge can tip the economic scales in favor
of recycling certain wastes throughout the PWB industry. Through a series of commitments and agreements
among HADCO, EPA, and the States of New York and New Hampshire, the HADCO XL proj ect will im-
prove recycling efforts, reduce pollution, and reduce risks to surrounding communities by the following:
• Taking steps to show that its Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) F006 waste stream can be
recycled safely by either primary-metals smelters or other appropriate metal reclamation facilities.
• Reducing the risks created by transportation of wastes across a large distance to a "middleman" for process-
ing, by shipping the waste directly to an approved reclamation facility.
• Voluntarily recycling copper dusts that are another by-product of its operations; currently, these copper dusts
are sentto landfills.
• Examining the potential of installing sludge dryers to reduce the volume of sludge wastes.
• Committing all of the cost savings realized from this proj ect to expand HADCO's existing programs for
recovering valuable metals or preventing pollution.
Regulatory Flexibility
Background. Currently, HADCO ships its listed wastewater sludge to a third-party processor, before sending
it to an outside recycling facility that will reclaim the valuable copper from the sludge. HADCO's XL project is
testing approaches to handling the copper-rich sludge, which can both reduce the company's RCRA regulatory
burden and promote waste recycling. The statutory program, and the EPA office administering the program
affecting the HADCO proj ect is:
• Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), administered by EPA's Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response.
Under the RCRA regulations, HADCO's sludge waste is classified as F006, which means that it is a solid waste
that contains certain hazardous constituents. The solid waste specifically listed in the F category defines it as a
hazardous waste generated from a nonspecific production or operation source, and the 006 category specifies
the hazardous waste in question as wastewater treatment sludge from electroplating operations— which can add
certain hazardous constituents to the waste. Due to process changes since the 1970s, HADCO believes that
the sludge currently created as a by-product of its operations is far less toxic than before, and therefore no
longer needs to be regulated as hazardous waste under RCRA. The following are two ways in which the EPA
and State Agencies can offer regulatory flexibility to the three HADCO facilities by removing the F006 waste
from under the RCRA regulation:
(1) A solid waste variance; and
(2) A conditional delisting.
A solid waste variance granted for the F006 wastes would mean that the sludge is no longer considered a solid
waste under either RCRA or the corresponding state-level hazardous waste regulations in New York and New
Hampshire. A conditional delisting would exclude a listed waste from RCRA regulations as well as the corre-
sponding state-level hazardous waste regulations in New York and New Hampshire as long as the waste
exhibits no hazardous waste characteristics. Eligibility for a solid waste variance or a conditional delisting is
granted only if the sludge waste is considered safe by EPA and the States. Then, once the waste is removed
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HADCO Corporation XL Project 13-31-99)
from under both RCRA and state hazardous waste regulations, the waste would be managed as municipal and
industrial solid waste in accordance with other Federal, state and local regulations.
Requirements for HADCO's Conditional De listing or Solid Waste Variance. HADCO, EPA, NYSDEC,
and NHDES signed the FPA on October 2,1997. The FPA required sludge testing by HADCO facilities in
order for their sludge wastes to be considered eligible for either a solid waste variance or a conditional
delisting. The sampling of the sludge waste was conducted according to a schedule outlined in the "Proj ect
Commitments" tables presented below, and the samples were then sent to an EPA pre-approved laboratory
for analysis. HADCO submitted the analytical results of its sludge samples to EPA, NYSDEC and NHDES on
January 13,1998. The sludge analyses tested for the levels of copper and the presence of other constituents
to determine the sludge's ability to be recycled and to see whether other constituents present were below the
allowable Federal and state toxicity characteristic limits for a delisting or a variance. After reviewing the analy-
ses of the sludge, EPA and NHDES determined on July 2,1998 that HADCO's Deny, and Hudson, New
Hampshire facilities were eligible to pursue either a conditional delisting or a solid waste variance. NYSDEC
has not determined that the Owego facility is eligible for conditional delisting, but it has determined that it is
eligible for a solid waste variance.
HADCO'sResponsibilities. Now that EPA and NHDES have determined that HADCO is eligible for this
regulatory flexibility, HADCO is in the process of submitting petitions for review by EPA and NHDES which
specify the types of regulatory relief requested for each facility. NYSDEC has not yet determined that the
Owego facility is eligible for this regulatory flexibility; however, HADCO is in the process of submitting peti-
tions for review by EPA and NYSDEC. On September 16,1998 HADCO indicated that it would submit
petitions for conditional delisting for each of the New Hampshire facilities and the New York facility. These
petitions must comply with specific regulatory requirements that are outlined in the Code of Federal Regula-
tions, and they must be submitted to EPA. A conditional delisting will provide limitations and restrictions on
how and where the sludge will be managed in order to protect human health and the environment.
EPA's Responsibilities. EPA is responsible for determining whether the petitions for conditional delisting are in
accordance with the specific regulatory requirements in the Code of Federal Regulations, and then for informing
the States that the petitions are complete. The States can then review the petitions and may apply additional
requirements. Jf the information submitted by HADCO appears to support a delisting, EPA will propose the
delisting by publishing the decision for public notice and opportunity for comment. Also, EPA is required to
review and comment upon a petition for a solid waste variance before the petition is granted by an authorized
State.
State Responsibilities: New Hampshire. The sludge generated at HADCO's New Hampshire facilities is also
listed as F006 generic industrial process waste under the New Hampshire hazardous waste rules. Although the
NHDES delisting procedures generally follow the Federal delisting procedures, NHDES has some additional
requirements to the Federal hazardous waste delisting petition requirements. The HADCO petitions must
address these additional requirements in order for the NHDES to grant regulatory flexibility to HADCO's New
Hampshire facilities. HADCO can also apply for a waiver of these State requirements; NHDES would then
review the waiver request and decide whether or not HADCO must comply with the additional requirements.
State Responsibilities: New York. The sludge generated at HADCO's Owego facility in New York is also
listed as F006 generic industrial process waste under New York's hazardous waste regulations. According to
the state law, NYSDEC can only consider a delisting petition if EPA first grants a Federal delisting. In consid-
ering the HADCO petition, NYSDEC will evaluate the delisting criteria utilized by EPA, but will not repeat
EPA's technical review process. If HADCO should petition New York for a solid waste variance, NYSDEC
is authorized under State hazardous waste regulations to issue the variance if the petition meets the State's
requirements.
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HADCO Corporation XL Project
13-31-99)
Next Steps. Once HADCO submits the petitions for regulatory flexibility to EPA, NHDES, and NYSDEC,
EPA and the State Agencies will then publish their decisions on whether to grant flexibility to each of the HADCO
facilities in the respective statewide newspapers. EPA will issue a public notice and once the public comments have
been addressed, the States and EPA will issue their final decisions regarding HADCO's petitions requesting
regulatory relief. The date that this decision is placed in the Federal Register and appropriate State notices, the
HADCO facilities will start to monitor and report on the environmental performance of the XL project.
Promoting Innovation amd System Change
Proj ect XL provides EPA with opportunities to explore and implement flexible approaches that protect the
environment and advance collaboration with stakeholders. Specifically, the proj ect promotes innovation and
system change as described below.
Alternative hazardous waste permitting and recycling. By offering regulatory flexibility to HADCO, EPA
and the State Agencies may be able to evaluate the effectiveness of offering a conditional delisting or solid waste
variance for the F006 waste in order to encourage the recycling of copper as well as other recycling and pollu-
tion prevention efforts at the HADCO facilities. The information that will be gained on environmental benefits
and cost savings experienced by HADCO under Proj ect XL may be used by EPA to develop a framework to
address the potential transferability of this type of regulatory flexibility to the PWB industry at large. Already this
XL proj ect has provided a great deal of information to the EPA's Office of Solid Waste, which has completed
Phase I of a data collection report, developed jointly with environmental groups and industry.
Project Commitment Status
In the XL Final Proj ect Agreement (FPA), the HADCO Corporation agreed to have the terms of the XL
proj ect apply to four HADCO facilities: Salem, New Hampshire; Deny, New Hampshire; Hudson, New
Hampshire; and Owego, New York. On May 18,1998, HADCO removed its Salem, New Hampshire facility
from the XL proj ect because the Salem facility operations were consolidated into another facility. The FPA for
the HADCO XL proj ect laid out a significant number of initial commitments on which HADCO would report
baseline data, to be followed by implementation of the superior environmental performance commitments.
Commitment Status
Schedule for Collection of Samples
Collect first weekly set of samples.
Collect second weekly set of samples.
Collect third weekly set of samples.
Collect fourth weekly set of samples.
Collect quarterly set of samples.
(To be initiated for the quarter 4-6 months after the
effective date of the FPA, and continued for each
following quarter until termination of the FPA. EPA
and State Agencies may approve annual, in place of
quarterly, sample collections, if the samples collected
during the first year fall within a limited range of
variability.)
Completed October 13-19,
Completed October 20-26,
1997.
1997.
Completed October 27, 1997- November 2, 1997.
Completed November 3-9,
1997.
Completed January 1-12, 1998.
Completed April 13-19, 1998.
Completed July 13-19, 1998.
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HADCO Corporation XL Project
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Commitment Status
Sample Analysis
Collect four representative sludge samples for each
set.
Combine representative samples to create a com-
posite sample and grab sample.
Conduct analysis for Toxic Characteristic Leaching
Procedure (TCLP) metals to determine inorganics.
Collect grab samples and duplicates, and conduct
TCLP organics analysis.
Collect grab samples and duplicates, and conduct
total volatile organic analysis, semi-volatile organic
analysis, and carbonyl compounds analysis.
Collect grab samples directly from the filter press or
installed sludge dryer to avoid organic volatilization.
Send each sample to certified laboratories for
analysis.
Ensure each composite sample is analyzed for each
parameter as specified in the FPA.
Demonstrate that samples do not exceed 500 parts
per million in total concentration for organic com-
pounds, as needed.
Completed October 13-1 9, 1997.
Completed October 20-26, 1997.
Completed October 27, 1997- November 2, 1997.
Completed November 3 -9, 1997.
Completed October 27, 1997- November 2, 1997.
Completed November 3 -9, 1997.
Completed October 20, 1997; October 27, 1997;
Novembers, 1997; November 10, 1997; January
19, 1998; April 20, 1998; July 20, 1998.
Complete.
Completed May 18, 1998.
Petitions for Regulatory Flexibility
HADCO Owego, New York files petition.
HADCO Hudson and Deny, New Hampshire file
petitions.
State of New York informs HADCO that petition is
complete.
State of New Hampshire informs HADCO that
petitions are complete 30 days after petition
submissions.
EPA and State Parties grant regulatory flexibility as
appropriate.
State and EPA authorization for regulatory flexibility
for HADCO New Hampshire facilities published in
Federal Register.
Expected 2/1/99.
Submitted 12/16/98.
30 days after submission of petition.
Update on status will be available in the 1 999 annual
report.
45 days after submissions of petition.
To be determined.
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HADCO Corporation XL Project
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Commitment Status
Petitions for Regulatory Flexibility
State and EPA authorization for regulatory flexibility
for HADCO New York facility published in Federal
Register.
Public comments received on regulatory flexibility
notice for New Hampshire facilities.
Public comments received on regulatory flexibility
notice for New York facility.
Stakeholder meetings on regulatory flexibility
decision.
Annual report submitted to EPA for HADCO New
York and New Hampshire facilities
To be determined.
To be determined.
To be determined.
To be determined.
Report due in 1 999, the date will be agreed upon
by EPA, the States, and HADCO.
Environmental Performance
Once EPA and the State Agencies grant regulatory flexibility to the three HADCO facilities participating in this
proj ect, then those facilities will address their superior environmental performance commitments that are
presented below. The HADCO facilities will be responsible for collecting environmental performance data on
a state-by-state basis— one report on the two facilities in New Hampshire, and one report for New York on
the Owego plant. This information will be compiled into one annual report to be submitted to EPA and the
States in 1999. EPA, the States, and HADCO will determine the due date of the annual report. The report will
detail the efforts of the facilities to achieve the goals for superior environmental performance which are broadly
defined in four categories—reduction of mobile source air emissions associated with disposal/recycling, copper
dust recycling, sludge reduction, and pollution prevent!on.
Reduction of Number of Sludge Shipments for
New Hampshire Facilities
- Data Due in 1999
25
32
Reduction of Mobile Source Air Emissions
Associated with Recycling/Disposal: HADCO has
committed to collecting data at each HADCO facility
involved with the project on the reduction of mobile
source air emissions associated with the direct recycling
of the F006 sludge under the XL agreement. The
baseline data will be extrapolated at each facility and
will be developed from F006 sludge shipment records
from 1995 through 1997. The data will also include
analyses and estimates for the same time period. For
the New Hampshire facilities, the analyses will include
baseline information on the total number of shipments,
the truck and rail miles required for transporting the sludge shipments, and the total gallons of fuel consumed.
For the New York facility, the analyses will include baseline information on the truck and rail miles required for
transporting the sludge shipments and the total gallons of fuel consumed. This will assist the company in calcu-
lating the reduction of air emissions associated with recycling to determine whether the proj ect is meeting the
Performance
Goal 1998
Baseline 1997
Baseline 1996
Baseline 1995
25
21
10
15 20 25 30
35
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HADCO Corporation XL Project
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Reduction of Air Emissions Associated with Recycling
1998 goal of reducing emissions by 75%. Cost
savings resulting from reduced transportation or
recycling under the XL proj ect will be used to
increase copper reclamation activities at the
HADCO facility.
Progress: HADCO will describe its progress in
reducing mobile source air emissions on a statewide
basis in its annual report due in 1999. This perfor-
mance data will be on the reduction of air emissions associated with both direct recycling of F006 sludge and
the reduction in the numbers of sludge shipments to processing facilities. HADCO, the States, and EPA will
determine the exact date for the annual report.
Performance
Goal 1998
Baseline
New Hampshire
To be determined
Reduce by 75%
To be determined
New York
To be determined
Reduce by 75%
To be determined
Copper Dust Recycling: HADCO has voluntarily
committed to applying all of its project-related savings
to the reclamation of its copper drilling, sawing, and
edging dusts, as well as to reducing their production.
HADCO will begin its reclamation at all three facilities
within 8 months of the date that each facility is officially
granted regulatory flexibility by EPA and the States.
HADCO will describe its progress in implementing the
reclamation, pollution prevention activities, or both,
and include relevant data and documentation in each
of its annual reports on a facility basis. The first annual
report is due in 1999. If HADCO finds that the
amount of cost savings is insufficient to finance the
recycling of 100% of the copper dusts from its pro-
ductions, then the precise amount of copper dusts to
be recycled will be agreed upon by HADCO, EPA
and the States.
Progress: HADCO will describe its progress in
implementing the reclamation, pollution prevention
activities, or both, and will include relevant data and
documentation on a facility basis in its annual report.
Percentage of Copper Dusts in W aste Stream
Currently landf illed
Performance
Goal
Baseline
New Hampshire
To be determined
0%
100%
New York
To be determined
0%
100%
Amount of Copper Claimed under Project XL
Performance
Goal
Baseline
New Hampshire
To be determined
100%
0%
New York
To be determined
100%
0%
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HADCO Corporation XL Project
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Sludge Reduction: HADCO has voluntarily commit-
ted to examining ways its New Hampshire facilities may
be able to use sludge dryers in order to reduce the
quantity of sludge transported. The New York facility
currently is operating with a sludge dryer. Under the XL
proj ect, HADCO has installed one sludge dryer in the
Deny facility. The goal is to reduce the sludge from the
New Hampshire facilities by 40%. HADCO expects
cost savings due to the reduction of the number of sludge
shipments to processing facilities. HADCO will begin
the installation of additional sludge dryers if it determines
that the sludge dryers are technically and economically
feasible. The sludge dryer installation would qualify as a
pollution prevention activity for HADCO. HADCO will
describe the status of the sludge dryer installation and
include relevant data and documentation, in each annual
report. In addition, in each report HADCO will evalu-
ate the technical and economic feasibility supporting its
decision to install or not install sludge dryers in the New
Hampshire facilities.
Performance: HADCO has installed one sludge dryer
in a new operation in the Deny, New Hampshire facility
at a cost of $200,000. HADCO will report on the
performance of the sludge dryer in 1999.
Reduction of Sludge (in tons) with the Use of a
Sludge Dryer in the New Hampshire Facilities
Performance
Goal 1998
Baseline 1997
Baseline 1996
Baseline 1995
- To be determined
298
497
370
329
150
300
450
600
Reduction of Number of Sludge Shipments for
New Hampshire Facilities
Performance
Goal 1998
Baseline 1997
Baseline 1996
Baseline 1995
- Data Due in 1999
25
32
25
21
10
15 20 25 30
35
Pollution Prevention: HADCO has voluntarily committed to investigating ways it can use the cost savings
generated from reducing mobile air emissions and sludge to improve pollution prevention efforts at its three
facilities. In addition to the copper dust reclamation, HADCO will begin to document ways in which its
facilities can adopt pollution prevention techniques or technology within 8 months of the granting of regulatory
flexibility to HADCO.
iiCAiumiy uuiIT±LJ^\J.
Progress: HADCO has installed one sludge dryer in its Deny, New Hampshire facility. HADCO will report its
progress on a statewide basis on its pollution prevention activities. HADCO's goal is to reinvest 50% of the
total cost savings from the XL project into additional pollution prevention activities.
Stakeholder Participation
An integral part of the HADCO XL project is to involve local and national stakeholders in its development and
the implementation. A key component for this XL proj ect was to involve public stakeholders for the three
HADCO facilities participating.
A number of stakeholders do not participate in day-to-day negotiations and proj ect development, but have
expressed their perspectives with written or oral comments. This group of stakeholders includes the
Merrimack Watershed Council of New Hampshire, New Hampshire Town of Hudson Health Office, the
Audubon Society of New Hampshire, the Sierra Club New Hampshire Chapter, the Atlantic States Legal
Foundation of New York, Teradyne, M/A-Com, Lockheed Martin Loral Federal Systems, the World Legal
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HADCO Corporation XL Project 13-31-99)
Foundation, the IPC (the PWB industry association), New Hampshire Wastecap (a New Hampshire Business
and Industry Association) and the World Resources Corporation.
HADCO Corporation conducted the maj ority of its stakeholder meetings in 1996 in both the states of New
Hampshire and New York so that interested citizens could provide comments and input into the development
of the XL proposal. Local citizens from the towns of Deny, Hudson, and Owego also participated. Subse-
quent to EPAs acceptance of the HADCO XL proj ect proposal, HADCO conducted stakeholder meetings to
obtain comments and input into the development of the FPA as well. Signatories to the HADCO FPA were
the HADCO Corporation, Region I EPA, Region II EPA, NHDES, and NYSDEC. The signatories to the
FPA did not include citizen or environmental groups.
In the FPA, HADCO agreed to continue to communicate with its stakeholders using the following methods:
• Place the signed FPA and subsequent annual reports in local libraries in Deny and Hudson, New Hamp-
shire, as well as in Owego, New York. Copies of the same documents and the analytical data will be
publicly available at EPA headquarters, EPAs regional offices in New York City and Boston, and at the
offices of Atlantic States Legal Foundation in Syracuse, New York.
• Mail copies of the signed FPA and executive summaries of the subsequent annual reports to stakeholders
identified and invited to participate in the FPA development process.
• Post the signed FPA and executive summaries of the subsequent annual reports on HADCO's World Wide
Web page (http://www.hadco.com).
• Conduct annual site meetings with those stakeholders who request meetings to review proj ect progress and
discuss other aspects of the project, after stakeholders receive the annual report summaries.
• File press releases of pertinent proj ect accomplishments such as completion of sludge drier installation in all
New Hampshire facilities or commencement of copper dust reclamation in both New York and New
Hampshire newspapers and trade journals.
When a Federal Register notice is published regarding the proposed regulatory relief to be granted to
HADCO, EPA will notify each of the stakeholders that submitted comments during FPA development.
Six-Month Outlook
Once EPA receives HADCO's petitions for regulatory flexibility, EPA will take the steps necessary to propose
a delisting or variance with opportunity for public notice and comment. If no adverse comments are received,
EPA and the State intend to finalize the proposal in a final Federal Register notice and appropriate state
notices. Once this occurs, HADCO will begin addressing and quantifying its goals and commitments for
achieving superior environmental performance.
Project Contacts
• Lee R. Wilmot, Manager Corporate Safety, HADCO Corporation, 603-898-8010
• Ken Marschner, NHDES, 603-271-2943
• MarkMoroukian, NYSDEC, 518-457-2553
• Larry Nadler, NYSDEC, 518-487-8988
• Ken Rota, EPA Region I, 617-565-3349
• James Sullivan, EPARegionll, 212-637-4138
• Katherine Dawes, EPA Headquarters, 202-260-8394
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HADCO Corporation XL Project 13-31-99)
Information Sources
The information sources used to develop this progress report include: 1) discussions during a teleconference
among representatives of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, HADCO Corporation, New York State
Department of Environment and Conservation, New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services,
Atlantic States Legal Foundation, and World Resources Corporation; and 2) the Final Proj ect Agreement for
the HADCO Corporation XL project. The information sources are current through December, 1998.
Glossary
Carbonyl compound analysis: The identification of key chemical functional groups. A carbonyl compound
contains a single carbon atom with a double bond to an oxygen atom and two open bonds.
Composite sample: A series of samples taken over a given period of time and combined proportionally by
time, flow, volume, or mass.
Conditional delisting: Use of the petition process to have a facility's toxic designation rescinded.
Electroplating operations: Involves plating various metals onto printed wiring boards and computer components
that provide electronic interconnection.
F006 listing: A hazardous waste that is wastewater treatment sludge produced from nonspecific electroplating
processes and operations.
Final Project Agreement (FPA): The project's sponsors, EPA, state agencies, other regulators, and direct
participant stakeholders negotiate a FPA. The FPA outlines the details of the project and each party's commit-
ments.
Grab sample: Single sample collected at a particular time and place that represents the composition of the
water, air, or soil only at that time and place.
Hazardous waste: By-products of society that can pose a sub stantial or potential hazard to human health or the
environment when improperly managed. Possesses at least one of four characteristics (ignitability, corrosivity,
reactivity, or toxicity), or appears on special EPA lists.
Landfill: Sanitary landfills are disposal sites for nonhazardous solid wastes spread in layers, compacted to the
smallest practical volume, and covered by material applied at the end of each operating day. Secure chemical
landfills are disposal sites for hazardous waste, selected and designed to minimize the chance of release of
hazardous substances into the environment.
Printed wiring boards (PWB): A device that provides electronic interconnections and a surface for mounting
electronic components.
Reclamation: (In recycling) Restoration of materials found in the waste stream to a beneficial use which may be
for purposes other than the original use.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA): Passed in 1976, RCRA gives EPA the authority to
control hazardous waste from the "cradle-to-grave." This includes the generation, transportation, treatment,
storage, and disposal of hazardous waste. RCRA also set forth a framework for the management of nonhaz-
ardous wastes. RCRA enables EPA to address environmental problems that could result from underground
tanks storing petroleum and other hazardous substances. RCRA focuses only on active and future facilities and
does not address abandoned sites.
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Sludge: A semi-solid residue from any of a number of air or water treatment processes; this can be a hazard-
ous waste.
Sludge dryers: A piece of equipment that reduces the volume and weight of the semi-solid sludge wastes by
drying and reducing the water content of the sludge.
Solid waste: Nonliquid, nonsoluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain
complex and sometimes hazardous substances. Solid wastes also include sewage sludge, agricultural refuse,
demolition wastes, and mining residues. Technically, solid waste also refers to liquids and gases in containers.
Toxic characteristic leachate procedure (TCLP): Required under RCRA, the TCLP determines whether a
waste exhibits hazardous toxicity characteristics and tests whether toxic constituents may leach from land-
disposed waste.
Variance: Government permission for a delay or exception in the application of a given law, ordinance, or
regulation.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs): Any organic compound that easily evaporates and participates in atmo-
spheric photochemical reactions, except those designated by EPA as having negligible photochemical reactivity.
Wastewater: Spent or used water from a home, community, farm, or industry that contains dissolved or sus-
pended matter.
Wastewater treatment sludge: The sludge that is produced from the treatment and removal of pollutants of
wastewater.
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