&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of the Administrator
Washington, DC 20460
Mail Code 1802
Project XL Progress Report
Atlantic Steel Redevelopment
EPA 100-R-00-014
December 1999
www.epa.gov/reinvent
On March 1 6, 1 995, the Clinton Administration announced a portfolio of reinvention initia-
tives to be implemented by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a part of its
efforts to achieve greater public health and environmental protection at a more reasonable
cost. Through Project XL, which stands for excellence and Leadership, EPA enters into
specific proj ect agreements with public or private sector sponsors to test regulatory, policy,
and procedural alternatives that will produce data and experiences to help the Agency make
improvements in the current system of environmental protection. The goal of Proj ect XL is to
implement 50 proj ects that will test ways of producing superior environmental performance
with improved economic efficiencies, while increasing public participation through active
stakeholder processes. As of October 1999, 15 XL proj ects are in the implementation
phase and 3 5 XL proj ects are under development. EPA Proj ect XL Progress Reports
provide overviews of the status of XL proj ects that are implementing Final Proj ect Agree-
ments (FPAs). The progress reports are available on the Internet via EPAs Proj ect XL web
site at http://www.epa.gov/Project XL. Or, hard copies may be obtained by contacting the
Office of Reinvention's Project XL general information number at 202-260-7434. Additional
information on Proj ect XL is available on the web site or by contacting the general informa-
tion number.
Background
Jacoby Development, Inc. is a privately held real estate company started in 1979, which
specializes in property development, financing, brokerage, leasing, and management. Jacoby
has proposed the redevelopment of a 1 3 8-acre former steel mill site that was owned and
operated by Atlantic Steel for more than a century. The proposed development is located
near Atlanta's central business district and
will provide a mix of residential, office,
retail, and entertainment uses with prox-
imity to Atlanta's central business district.
The redevelopment site is located on the
western boundary of the 1-75/85, 14-lane
interstate highway. There is poor access
to the areas east of the highway, where
most of the existing neighborhoods in the
vicinity are. An essential component of
Major Milestones
Atlantic Steel
XL Project
Atlanta, Georgia
September 11,1998 September 7,1999
Atlantic Steel Redevelopment Final Proj ect Agreement
XL Proposal Submitted Signed
2000-2002
Construction of 17th
Street Bridge
October 2002
Completion of First Retail,
Residential, Office, and
Hotel Structures
Fall 2012
Atlantic Steel Site
Redevelopment
Complete
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Atlantic Steel XL Project 12-31-99
the redevelopment proj ect is to construct a multimodal bridge (cars, pedestrians, bicycles, and transit linkage)
that would cross 1-75/85 at 17th Street, linking the site to the nearby neighborhoods and providing access to
the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA) mass transit station. The bridge will include (1)
two 11 -foot wide lanes in each direction for general use traffic; (2) two 16-foot wide dedicated bicycle and
transit lanes; and (3) a 24-foot wide pedestrian park and thoroughfare.
Jacoby plans to construct a mixed-use development on the Atlantic Steel site in a pedestrian-friendly environ-
ment with linkage to rapid rail mass transit. The primary commercial space will be located on the east side of
the site, adj acent to the highway and close to existing large-scale development. The middle portion of the site
will be a residential village within walking distance to transit links, shopping, entertainment, office, recreation,
and open park spaces. The western portion of the site is reserved for a technology-based office and research
village affiliated with the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech). "Smart growth" design principles will
promote pedestrian-friendly and transit-oriented access between centers of residential, entertainment, cultural,
employment, and recreational uses, thus reducing vehicular traffic and encouraging a neighborhood environ-
ment.
Jacoby is working in partnership with local citizens, the City of Atlanta, the State of Georgia, and EPA. The
Atlantic Steel proj ect is expected to provide the following benefits.
• Accelerate the cleanup of a brownfield site.
• Redevelop a site with existing infrastructure and transportation.
• Create growth in midtown Atlanta instead of the outlying metropolitan area, resulting in fewer vehicle miles
traveled (VMT) in the metropolitan.
• Link a new development to mass transit, which would encourage greater use of public transportation and
less reliance on cars.
• Incorporate "smart growth" design principles that would promote pedestrian-friendly, transit-oriented access
instead of relying exclusively on cars.
• Establish a Transportation Management Association (TMA) that will monitor the number and types of
vehicular trips.
The Experiment
The Atlantic Steel proj ect tests whether smart growth strategies can be applied to brownfield and transporta-
tion proj ects, such that air quality and other environmental performance can be improved, as part of an overall
community revitalization plan.
The Flexibility
Jacoby is seeking to classify the entire redevelopment proj ect, including the 17th Street bridge, as a Transporta-
tion Control Measure (TCM). The City of Atlanta currently is out of compliance with Federal transportation
requirements because it has failed to demonstrate that its transportation activities are conforming to Clean Air
Act (C AA) requirements. The C AA generally prohibits construction of new transportation proj ects that use
Federal funds or require Federal approval in noncompliance areas. However, projects that are expected to
provide an air quality benefit, called TCM, can proceed even during a conformity lapse if they are part of a
Federally approved State Implementation Plan (SIP). EPA believes that the planned redevelopment of the
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Atlantic Steel XL Project 12-31-99
Atlantic Steel site, including the multimodal bridge, will lead to less air pollution than an equivalent amount of
development at other likely sites in the region.
Under the Atlantic Steel proj ect, EPA will consider the entire redevelopment proj ect to be a nontraditional
TCM. Proj ects that are approved as TCMs in a SIP are eligible for Federal funding and may gain Federal
approval even in noncompliance areas. For the Atlantic Steel site to qualify as a TCM, EPA is offering flexibil-
ity in two areas. First, EPA views the site's location, proposed transit linkage, and other transportation charac-
teristics together as a TCM. While the CAA lists several types of projects that can be TCMs, the statute does
not limit TCMs to these measures. Specific types of TCMs listed in the CAA include proj ects that improve
public transit, employer-based transportation management plans, projects that limit certain areas in metropoli-
tan regions to nonmotorized and pedestrian use, and programs that provide both travel and storage facilities
for bicycles. The plan for the Atlantic Steel site incorporates many elements that could be TCMs by them-
selves; for example, improved public transit, bicycle and pedestrian paths, and the requirement that employers
at the site j oin or form a transportation management association. EPA believes that the combination of these
elements will have a positive effect on reducing emissions from single occupancy vehicles by encouraging the
use of alternative modes of transportation.
As a second aspect of this proj ect's flexibility, it is testing an innovative approach to measuring the air quality
benefits of the Atlantic Steel redevelopment. To analyze the regional transportation and air emission impacts of
the Atlantic Steel project, EPA used modeling analysis to compare the site redevelopment's potential air
quality impact to three other likely locations for similar-scale development in the Atlanta region. Using this type
of comparison to support a TCM consideration is unique to this particular XL project. The site's SIP-TCM
designation is possible because the EPA analysis demonstrated that the Atlantic Steel redevelopment (with its
mixed-use and transit components) would generate a relative air quality benefit when compared to a similar-
scope development located in a suburban, greenfield location. This analysis of the Atlantic Steel site showed
that by absorbing a larger portion of Atlanta's growth, the Atlantic Steel site would create fewer VMTs and
nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions than developing any of the alternative greenfield sites. EPA's evaluation of the
Atlantic Steel site's impacts was driven by two fundamental factors: (1) the Atlanta region will continue to
grow over the next 20 years; and (2) without redeveloping the Atlantic Steel site, more of this growth would
occur in outlying areas.
Promoting Innovation and System Change
Proj ect XL provides EPA opportunities to test and implement approaches that protect the environment and
advance collaboration with stakeholders. EPA is continually identifying specific ways in which XL proj ects are
helping to promote innovation and system change. The innovation and system change emerging from the
Atlantic Steel Redevelopment XL proj ect is described below.
Regulatory Flexibility During Conformity Lapse. In addition to returning a contaminated site back to
productive use, the Atlantic Steel proj ect will examine how considering the entire redevelopment proj ect a
TCM can leverage environmental benefits in air quality. While the redevelopment plan incorporates many
elements that could qualify as TCMs individually, EPA believes that the unique attributes and interconnected
design of this specific proj ect will result in long-term air quality benefits for the Atlanta region. EPA will use
regulatory flexibility under Proj ect XL to approve the redevelopment and its associated transportation proj ects
as a TCM. As more cities struggle with urban development, transportation, and air quality problems similar to
Atlanta's, many aspects of the proj ect will have the potential to be transferred to those locations.
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Project Commitment Summary
This table and the environmental performance section that follows summarize progress in meeting commitments
described in the FPA for the Atlantic Steel Redevelopment XL proj ect. EPA has provided the initial regulatory
flexibility for the Atlantic Steel proj ect to proceed under the C AA. However, a National Environmental Policy
Act of 1969 (NEPA) analysis and the State Implementation Plan (SIP) approval must be completed before the
proj ect construction can proceed. Under the CAA, states are required to develop a SIP that sets limits on the
maximum levels of pollutants in outdoor air. Each state is required to demonstrate how those standards will be
achieved, maintained, and enforced. The NEPA analysis will promote efforts to minimize or eliminate damage
to the environment and protect human health and welfare.
Commitment Status
Site Design, Approval, and Construction
Jacoby prepared a detailed site plan incorporating
recommendations by a town planning firm.
The Mayor of Atlanta approved zoning conditions
for the Atlantic Steel site.
The Atlanta Region Commission reviewed and
approved the TCM.
Georgia Environmental Protection Division (EPD)
will incorporate the TCM in its State Implementa-
tion Plan (SIP-TCM).
EPA will provide a 30-day public comment period
and review/approve the Georgia SIP-TCM.
EPA will voluntarily conduct aNEPA analysis that
will determine the environmental impacts of the bridge
in order to accelerate the bridge approval process.
Jacoby will finalize a concept report and submit the
report to the Georgia Department of Transportation
(DOT).
Georgia-DOT will review the concept report for
the bridge and prepare an Interchange Modification
Report.
The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) will
review/approve the design for the bridge and
interchanges.
Georgia DOT will construct the multimodal 1 7th
Street Bridge.
Jacoby will demolish the old Atlantic Steel mill
structures.
Completed February 2, 1998.
Approved April 13, 1998.
Approved in June 1 999.
Expected to be submitted to EPA in early 2000.
Expected approval 2 to 3 months after receipt from
Georgia EPD.
Initiated in July 1999, and expected to be com-
pleted in April, 2000.
Expected to be completed in early 2000.
To be conducted following submittal of the bridge
concept report.
To be conducted following submittal of the Inter-
change Modification Report.
Expected to begin in June, 2000, and require 1 8
months.
Demolition began in December, 1999.
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Commitment Status
Site Design, Approval, and Construction (Continued)
Jacoby will improve the existing subsurface infra-
structure (water, utilities, sewers, etc.).
Jacoby will complete Phase 1 construction of the
redevelopment proj ect.
Jacoby will complete Phase 2 construction of the
redevelopment proj ect.
Jacoby will complete the last phase (Phase 3) of
construction of the redevelopment proj ect.
To be accomplished concurrently with site
remediation.
Vertical construction will begin concurrently with
infrastructure development and is expected to be
completed in October, 2002.
Expected to be completed in the fall of 2006.
Expected to be completed in the fall of 20 12.
Brownfields Remediation
Georgia EPD reviewed and approved Jacoby's
site remediation plan.
Jacoby will remediate the most contaminated soils
("hot spots") and an existing small RCRA facility
using excavation and disposal at offsite landfills.
The slag that remains onsite will be covered by at
least two feet of clean fill material.
Jacoby will construct a long-term groundwater
collection and monitoring system. Groundwater will
be diverted to onsite pretreatment facilities (as
necessary) prior to discharge to a sanitary sewer.
Through a conservation easement, the City of
Atlanta will ensure that both the barriers to con-
taminated slag and the groundwater collection and
monitoring system remain intact. The site owner
will be responsible for any required mitigation
measures.
Approved December 1999.
Remediation began in January 2000 and is ex-
pected to take 4 to 1 8 months.
Remediation began in January 2000 and is ex-
pected to take 4 to 1 8 months.
Georgia EPD has approved the conservation
easement. The City of Atlanta will monitor the
effectiveness of the remedy following the comple-
tion of remediation construction activities.
Transportation Enhancements
Jacoby will provide the right-of-way to MARTA,
or another acceptable entity, to allow the construc-
tion of a linkage connecting the Atlantic Steel site
to the MARTA Arts Center station.
Jacoby will provide an interim shuttle service to the
MARTA Arts Center station. Jacoby will continue
to provide this service for 1 0 years or until
MARTA or another entity assumes responsibility
for the mass transit linkage, whichever occurs first.
To be provided after bridge approval is complete.
Shuttle linkage to MARTA will begin after con-
struction of the 17th Street bridge.
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Commitment Status
Transportation Enhancements (Continued)
Jacoby will provide funding, or a funding mecha-
nism, for the establishment of a Transportation
Management Association (TMA). The TMA will
undertake specific mitigation measures if specified
thresholds for air quality performance are not met.
Tracking of VMT performance measures will
begin two years after the opening of the 1 7th
Street bridge to single occupancy vehicles.
Pollution Prevention
Jacoby will work with builders and users of the
property to encourage their participation in the
Green Building Council's "Leadership in Energy
and Environmental Design" (LEED™) program and
attain the requirements for the LEED Building
Bronze™ designation.
Jacoby will work with Atlantic Steel to implement
aggressive recycling of materials in old mill struc-
tures prior to demolition of existing structures.
To reduce the use of water, Jacoby will promote
the use of water flow restrictors, innovative uses of
"greywater," and use of drought-tolerant indigenous
plant species.
Jacoby will explore the use of the Hemphill Water
Plant backwash water to reduce irrigation needs at
the site.
To be initiated during design of vertical construc-
tion.
Deconstruction began in July 1 999.
To be included in the design of vertical construc-
tion.
To be initiated during vertical construction.
Erosion and Stormwater Control
Jacoby will install onsite, separate stormwater and
sanitary sewer systems, using best management
practices, to reduce future impacts on water quality.
An onsite erosion and sediment control facility will
be built during and after construction to control all
surface water runoff from the site.
To be implemented during infrastructure improve-
ment.
To be initiated prior to infrastructure improvement.
Data Collection
Jacoby will collect data on (1) average daily vehicle
miles traveled; (2) average daily miles traveled per
employee working at the site; and (3) the percent-
age of all trips by mode made to and from the site
by residents and employees. The data will be
submitted annually to the City of Atlanta.
The TMA will conduct an annual commute mode
survey and monitor transportation-related issues at
the redevelopment.
To begin the year following the opening of the
17th Street bridge to single occupancy vehicles
and continuing as long as the TCM is contained in
the SIP.
To be conducted in conjunction with Jacoby 's
submittal of data to the City of Atlanta.
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Commitment Status
Data Collection (Continued)
If the project falls below the performance targets set
in the SIP, then the City of Atlanta and the TMA will
implement transportation programs onsite that
encourage trip reductions.
To be implemented any time after the proj ect is
two-thirds complete, or six years after the 1 7th
Street bridge opens, whichever comes first.
Jacoby Reporting Requirements
Jacoby will prepare an annual summary report and
submit the report to EPA, Georgia EPD, and the
City of Atlanta, and will post the report on its
Internet web site. Upon request, Jacoby will pro-
vide a copy of the annual report to stakeholders.
Jacoby will prepare a semiannual update on the
redevelopment and remediation of the site and
submit the update to EPA, Georgia EPD, and
Atlanta, and will post the report on its Internet web
site. Upon request, Jacoby will provide a copy of
the annual report to stakeholders.
First report due on February 15, 2000, and each
year after that during the life of the agreement.
First semiannual update due August 30, 2000 and
continuing for two years or until the 1 7th bridge
opens, whichever comes first.
Stakeholder Involvement
Jacoby conducted a full public notice and review
process during the rezoning of the property from an
industrial to a mixed-use classification.
Jacoby will conduct an annual public meeting near
the site to present its annual report and obtain input
from stakeholders.
Jacoby will hold a Periodic Performance Review
Conference, concurrent with the stakeholders
meeting, to assess their progress in implementing the
project.
Rezoning process began in May, 1 997. Multiple
public meetings, discussion groups, and individual
contacts were involved. The first XL public
meeting was held in September, 1998.
Annually beginning in February, 2000.
Annually beginning in February, 2000. A summary
will be prepared within 30 days after the confer-
ence.
Environmental Performance
This section summarizes progress in meeting the environmental performance described in the FPA for the
Atlantic Steel Redevelopment XL project.
Remediation of a Brownfield Site: Remediation of the site to prevent exposures to contamination caused by
a century of steel mill operations is required for the redevelopment project to proceed. The remediation plans
for the site include the excavation of both contaminated soil "hot spots" and a small RCRA facility (20-foot by
20-foot cap), and disposal of the soils at an appropriate offsite facility. At least two feet of clean fill will be
placed over all slag that remains onsite. In addition, a groundwater collection and treatment system will be
constructed and maintained to prevent migration of contaminants offsite through the groundwater. The existing
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infrastructure at the site will be improved concurrently with the remediation to avoid future disturbance of the
clean fill barrier.
Progress: Georgia EPD approved Jacoby 's remediation work plan in December, 1999. Remediation and
infrastructure improvements began in late January, 2000. The remediation is expected to require up to 18
months to complete.
Reduction of Future Air Emissions: An EPA study, Transportation and Environmental Impacts of Infill
and Greenfield Development, found that VMT could be reduced by as much as 61% by developing at infill
sites compared to outlying greenfields. Based on this and other analyses, EPA evaluated the potential perfor-
mance of the Atlantic Steel site relative to three other likely locations and evaluated the potential for carbon
monoxide (CO) emission hot spots associated with development at the Atlantic Steel site. To analyze the
transportation and air emissions impact of the proj ect, EPA used the Atlanta regional transportation and
MOBILESa emissions models to compare development at the Atlantic Steel site to similar development at
outlying greenfields. Analysis of regional transportation and air emissions impacts show that absorbing a larger
portion of Atlanta's future growth at the Atlantic Steel site would result in up to 34% fewer VMT and up to
45% fewer NOx emissions than if the growth were to occur at likely alternative sites. Analysis of potential CO
emissions indicated that CO hot spots would not occur. Jacoby, EPA, Georgia EPD, and Atlanta have agreed
on the following specific criteria to determine the success of this proj ect in reducing VMT.
• Following two-thirds build-out, or six years after the 17th Street bridge opens to single-occupancy vehicle
traffic (whichever comes first) the average daily VMT per resident of the development will be less than 27
miles.
• Following two-thirds build-out, or six years after the 17th Street bridge opens to single-occupancy vehicle
traffic (whichever comes first) the average daily VMT per employee of the development will be less than 11
miles.
• Following two-thirds build-out, or six years after the 17th Street bridge opens to single-occupancy vehicle
traffic (whichever comes first) the percentage of trips made to, from, and on the site using modes of travel
other than single-occupancy vehicles will be greater than 25%.
Progress: The Atlantic Steel redevelopment project is in its very early stages. Data on air emissions and VMT
are not yet being collected.
Implementation of Erosion and Stormwater Control: Stormwater runoff from the Atlantic Steel site
currently flows into a combined sanitary and Stormwater sewer. Jacoby has committed to voluntarily installing
separate Stormwater and sanitary systems to reduce or eliminate the flow of pollutants from Stormwater runoff
to receiving waters. The systems will be adequately sized to handle sanitary and Stormwater discharges from
the proposed proj ect and exi sting flows in the catchment basin now serviced by the combined sewer.
Stormwater will be diverted to one or more impoundments to be constructed on the property and then reused
either as greywater or discharged to the separate Stormwater sewer to be constructed. Structural best manage-
ment practices (BMPs) and Stormwater controls will be employed to ensure that surface runoff leaving the site
will receive some level of treatment prior to reaching the Chattahoochee JAiver.
Progress: Construction of infrastructure improvements will be conducted in conjunction with site remediation,
which began in late January, 2000.
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Participation in the Green Building Council "Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design"
(LEED™) Program:
Energy Conservation. Jacoby will implement strategies to prevent and minimize pollution by selecting con-
struction materials and sustainable building technologies that minimize energy use. Buildings will be sited to
maximize solar gain in the winter and minimize solar gain in the summer, thus reducing energy consumption from
heating and cooling. Jacoby will voluntarily commit to working with EPA, the Southface Energy Institute,
Georgia Tech, and other stakeholders to identify and encourage future tenants and developers to participate in
energy conservation programs.
Solid Waste Management. Jacoby will encourage Atlantic Steel to recycle and reuse the solid waste gener-
ated during the demolition of the existing structures on the property. Jacoby will work with builders during
redevelopment to determine which solid waste management measures to apply to meet LEED™ Bronze
Building requirements.
Water Use Reduction. Jacoby will comply with state laws and building codes that require all newly con-
structed properties to reduce water use. Water flow restrictors will be used in office buildings and homes, and
innovative reuse of "greywater" will be encouraged. Measures can be applied to meet LEED™ Bronze Build-
ing requirements and to reduce overall pollutant loadings to receiving waters, urban streams, and the wastewa-
ter treatment plant.
Progress: Deconstructing and recycling of the old Atlantic Steel mill structures began in July, 1999. Vertical
construction has not yet been initiated and, therefore, energy and environmental conservation building designs
have yet to be implemented.
Stakeholder Participation
During the process of rezoning, there were multiple public meetings, discussion groups, individual contacts, and
a public notice and review process. The stakeholders involved in the process included the City of Atlanta
Planning Department, Georgia DOT, the Atlanta Regional Commission, MARTA, the Georgia Conservancy,
nine neighborhood organizations, the Midtown Alliance, and Georgia Tech. Discussions with these stakehold-
ers led to collaboration on the concept, design, and conditions that were included in the City of Atlanta rezon-
ing document and ultimately to many of the measures agreed to by Jacoby in the FPA. The Stakeholder
Participation Plan (SPP) describes the methods by which additional input can be solicited and received
throughout the redevelopment process.
Six-Month Outlook
Expected activities over the next six months include the following.
• EPA will complete its NEPA analysis in April, 2000.
• EPA will process the Georgia SIP and TCM for the site.
• Georgia DOT will submit an approved concept report to FHWA.
• Bridge construction will begin.
• Remediation and infrastructure improvement will continue.
• Vertical construction of Phase 1 structures will begin.
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Project Contacts
• Charles R. Brown, Jacoby Development Corporation, (770) 622-7797.
• Brian Leary, Jacoby Development Corporation, (770) 622-7797.
• Michelle Glenn, EPA Region 4, (404) 562-8674.
• Ted Cochin, EPA Headquarters, (202) 260-0880.
Information Sources
The information sources used to develop this progress report were (1) the September 7,1999, Atlantic Steel
FPA and (2) individual contacts with direct stakeholders.
Glossary
Baseline: The measure by which future environmental performance can be compared.
Best Management Practice: Methods that have been determined to be the most effective, practical means of
preventing or reducing pollution from nonpoint sources of pollution.
Brownfields: Abandoned, idled or under-used industrial and commercial facilities where expansion or redevel-
opment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination.
Carbon Monoxide (CO): A colorless, odorless, poisonous gas produced by incomplete fossil fuel combustion.
Clean Air Act (C AA): The Clean Air Act is the comprehensive Federal law that regulates air emissions from
area, stationary, and mobile sources. This law authorizes EPA to establish National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQS) to protect public health and the environment.
Deconstruction: The removal of recyclable materials from building structures prior to demolition.
Disposal: The discharge, deposit, injection, dumping, spilling, leaking, or placing of any solid or hazardous
waste on or in the land or water.
Effluent: Treated or untreated wastewater that flows out of a treatment plant, sewer, or industrial outfall. Gener-
ally refers to wastes discharged into surface waters.
Erosion: The wearing away of land surface by wind or water, intensified by land-clearing practices related to
farming, residential or industrial development, road building, or logging.
Final Project Agreement (FPA): The FPA outlines the details of the XL project and each party's commitments.
The proj ect's sponsors, EPA, state agencies, Tribal governments, other regulators, and direct participant
stakeholders negotiate the FPA.
Greenfields: Areas of landuncontaminatedby industrialization.
Greywater: Nonpotable wastewater composed of wash water from kitchen, bathroom, and laundry uses.
Irrigation: Applying water or wastewater to land areas to supply the water and nutrient needs of plants.
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED™): An innovative pollution prevention program that
takes a comprehensive view of resource conservation and management.
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LEED™ Building Bronze: An award certification program where applicants must satisfy certain prerequisites
set by the program and can earn a certain number of credits.
Media: Specific environments—air, water, soil—which are the subj ect of regulatory concern and activities.
Multi-media: Several environmental media, such as air, water, and land.
MOBILESa Model: A model used by EPA in regulatory submittals that estimates regional mobile source air
emissions by taking into account proj ected VMT, speed, and the types of vehicles within the region.
Nitrogen Oxide (NOx): An air pollutant that is the result of photochemical reactions of nitric oxide in ambient
air. Typically, it is a product of combustion from transportation and stationary sources. It is a maj or contributor
to the formation of tropospheric ozone, photochemical smog, and acid deposition.
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS): Regulations promulgated by EPA under the CAA for six
criteria pollutants—SO2, particulate matter, NOx, CO, ozone, and lead—in order to protect the public from
the impacts of these atmospheric emissions.
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA): The purposes of this Act are to declare a national policy
to encourage productive and enj oyable harmony between man and his environment; and to promote efforts that
will prevent or eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere, stimulate the health and welfare of man,
enrich the understanding of the ecological systems and natural resources important to the Nation, and establish
a Council on Environmental Quality.
Parti culate Matter: Fine liquid or solid particles, such as dust, smoke, mist, fumes, or smog, found in air or
emissions.
Pollution Prevention: Identifying areas, processes, and activities that create excessive waste products in order
to reduce or prevent their generation through altering or eliminating a process, pursuant to the Pollution Preven-
tion Act of 1990.
Recycling: The separation and collection of wastes, their subsequent transformation or remanufacture into
usable or marketable products or materials, and the purchase of products made from recyclable materials.
Remediation: Cleanup or other methods used to mitigate a toxic spill or hazardous materials at a contaminated
site.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA): RCRA gives EPA the authority to control hazardous
waste from "cradle-to-grave." This includes the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of
hazardous waste. RCRA also set forth a framework for the management of nonhazardous wastes. RCRA
enables EPA to address environmental problems that could result from underground tanks storing petroleum
and other hazardous substances. RCRA focuses only on active and future facilities and does not address
abandoned sites.
Sediments: Soil, sand, and minerals washed from land into water, usually after rain. They pile up in reservoirs,
rivers and harbors, destroy fish and wildlife habitat, and cloud the water so that sunlight cannot reach aquatic
plants.
Slag: The refuse from melting of metals or reduction of ores.
Smart Growth: A program that uses state resources to revitalize older developed areas, preserve some of their
valuable resources and open space, and discourage the continuation of sprawling development into rural areas.
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State Implementation Plan (SIP): Under the CAA, states are required to develop a plan that sets limits on the
maximum levels of pollutants in outdoor air. Each state is responsible for developing a plan to demonstrate how
those standards will be achieved, maintained, and enforced.
Solid Waste: Nonliquid, nonsoluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain
complex and sometimes hazardous substances. Solid wastes also include sewage sludge, agricultural refuse,
demolition wastes, and mining residues. Technically, solid waste also refers to liquids and gases in containers.
Solid Waste Management: Supervised handling of waste materials from their source through recovery pro-
cesses to disposal.
Title V of the Clean Air Act: Establishes a federal operating permit program that applies to any maj or stationary
facility or source of air pollution. The purpose of the operating permits program is to ensure compliance with all
applicable requirements of the CAA. Under the program, permits are issued by states or, when a state fails to
carry out the CAA satisfactorily, by EPA. The permit includes information on which pollutants are being
released, how much may be released, and what kinds of steps the source's owner or operator is taking to
reduce pollution, including plans to monitor the pollution.
Transportation Control Measures (TCMs): Steps taken by a locality to reduce vehicular emissions and improve
air quality by reducing or changing the flow of traffic, including bus and high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes,
carpooling, other forms of ride sharing, public transit, and bicycle lanes.
Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMTs): A measure of the total amount of miles traveled by vehicles within a region.
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC): Any organic compound that easily evaporates and participates in atmo-
spheric photochemical reactions, except those designated by EPA as having negligible photochemical reactivity.
Wastewater: The spent or used water from a home, community, farm, or industry that contains dissolved or
suspended matter.
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