Onbir
NaturalGasf
EPA POLLUTION PREVENTER
CJ
OT napTHepOB nporpaMMbi Natural Gas STAR
INSTALLING PLUNGER LIFT SYSTEMS IN GAS WELLS
YCTAHOBKA nJlYhDKEPHblX nOfltEMMblX CMCTEM B
TASOBblX CKBA>KMHAX
B CKsa>KMHax c yciaHOBMBLumvicfl fle6moM HaKonneHne wnflKocin MOKST orpaHUHMBaib, a MHorfla
nociynneHne rasa. fle6m rasa noflqepwusaeTCfl nyieivi OHOHKH CKonnBiuei/icfl xnflKocin 6anaHcnpHbiMM HacocHbiMM
yciaHOBKaiviM MJIM KoppeKTHpyiomnMM MepaMM inna CBa6npoBaHMfl, saKaHnsaHMfl neHbi nnn noflsofla sosflyxa flo
yciaHOBneHMfl B CKsaxuHe aiMoccpepHoro flasneHMfl ("npoflysKa" CKsaxuHbi). Mepbi no yqaneHMK) xnflKocin, B
oco6eHHOCTM npqqysKa CKsaxuHbi, wioryi Bbissaib SHaHMTenbHyio aMnccnK) wieiaHa B aiMoccpepy.
YciaHOBKa nnyH>KepHoi/i noflteMHOi/i cucieivibi flBnaeicfl aKOHOMnnecKM acpcpeKTMBHbiM sapnaHTOM
>KMflKOCTM. McnonbsoBaHne nnynxepHbix noflteMHbix cucieivi MOKST o6ecneKepHbii/i nofltewi ocymecTsnaeTCfl nyieivi nosbiiueHMfl flasneHMfl rasa B CKsaxuHe arm nofltewia CTon6a
HaKonnBiuei/icfl xnflKocin. flam-ibie cucieivibi noflflepxusaioT npouecc flo6bNM rasa n wioryi yivieHbiiJMTb noipe6HOCTb
B nposefleHMM flpyrux pewioHTHbix pa6oi.
flapiHepbi nporpaMMbi Natural Gas STAR coo6maK)T o nonyneHMM SHaHmenbHbix aKOHOMnnecKnx Bbirofl n
3MMCCMM MsiaHa nocne yciaHOBKM nnynxepHbix noflteMHbix cucieM B rasosbix CKsaxuHax. KoMnaHnn
T, HTO oiKas OT npaKTHKH npoflysKM CKsaxuHbi o6ecneHMBaeT B cpeflHeM 600 Tbic. cpyi.3 (17 Tbic. M3)
i SKOHOMMM rasa Ha CKsaxuHy. flpn yciaHOBKe nnynxepHbix noflteMHbix cucieM o6teMbi flo6bNM rasa
nosbiiuaioTCfl B u.enoM flo 18 250 Tbic. cpyi.3 (516,8 Tbic. M3) Ha CKsawnHy, HTO B flenexHOM
oueHMBaeicfl B $54 750. Bbiroflbi OT noBbiweHUfl o6teMOB rasa v\ CHMxeHna aMnccnn Meiana sasucfli OT
xapaKiepucTMKM CKsaxuHbi M CBOMCTB rasosoro KOJineKiopa v\ Moryi SHanmenbHO
fleiicTBMe
yciaHOBKa
nnyH>KepHOi/i
noflteMHOi/i
CMCieMbl
FIOTeHMMajlbHaa 3KOHOMMS1 33 CH6T
noBbiiueHMa o6"beMOB flo6biHM M
COKpaiMGHMSI 3MMCCMM ra33, TbIC.
4>yr.3(M3)/rofl
4 700 (133,1) - 18 250 (516,8) Ha
CKB3>KMHy
CTOMMOCTb
C3KOHOMJieHHOrO
rasa, $
$14100-$547501
TMnMHHbie M3flep>KKM
Ha ycTaHOBKy M
c6opKy, $/CKB3>KMH
$ 2 000 - $8 000
H3 CKB3>KMHy
TMnMHHbIM CpOK
OKynaeMOCTM
<1 rofla
1 CTOMMOCTb rasa $3/TblC. CJ3yT.3 ($106/TblC. M3).
2 Ha ocHOse peaynbTaTOB, nonyneHHbix napTHepaMM nporpaMMbi Natural Gas STAR.
HacTOflujm/i flOKyMeHT - oflMH us OTHeios cepnn "Onbii npuMeHeHna", paspa6oTaHHOi/i EPA B coipyflHUHecTse c
rasosoi/i oipacribK) B paMKax npoeKios nporpaMMbi Natural Gas STAR.
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OnucaHne
TexHonoruM
HaKonneHne xnflKocin B ciBone Hacio flsrmeTCfl cepbesnoi/i npo6neivioi/i npn
flnmenbHoi/i aKcnnyaiaunn CKsaxuH. Onepaiopbi o6bNHO npmvieHflioT
6anaHcnpHbie HacocHbie ycianoBKH, oisofl xnflKocin nnn "npoflysKy"
CKsa>KMHbi B uermx yqaneHMfl HaKonnsiuei/icfl xnflKocin n
ee npoflyKTMBHOc™. OflnaKO cneflciBneivi npmvieHeHMfl ainx
6oj-ibLune noiepn rasa, flpn npoflysKe CKsawm-ibi npouecc cneflyei
HecKonbKO pas, iaK KaKXMflKocib npoflonxaeT HaKannnsaTbCfl,
HTO npuBOflni KflononHMienbHoi/i 3MMCCMM wieiaHa.
noflteMHbie cucieivibi flsnaioTCfl aKOHOMnnecKM acpcpeKTMBHOi/i
6anaHcnpHbiM HacocHbiM yciaHOBKaivi n wieioflaivi npoflysKM
CKB3>KMH, T3K K3K nOSBOJIfllOT SHaHMTeJIbHO COKpaTMTb HOTepM rasa S3 CH6T
CHM>KeHMfl HaCTOTbl I4TIM MCKHfOHeHMfl TeXHOJIOrMHeCKHX o6p36OTOK CKB3>KMHbl
npn oflHospeivieHHOM ysennHeHMM ee npoflyKTMBHOc™.
l~lnyH>KepH3fl nofltewiHsa cucieivis cpyHKUMOHUpyei no npm-mnny
nepnoflMHHoro rasnucpia Ha ocHose ncnojibsosaHMfl Hapaciaiomero
flasneHMfl rasa B KonbuesoM Kanane o6caflHbix ipy6 flna BbiTanKusaHMfl
cianbHoro nnynxepa n cion6a xnflKocin nepefl HUM no cucieivie
cpoHiaHHbix ipy6 Ha nosepxHocib. flnyHxep nrpaei ponb nopiiJHfl Me>Kfly
>KMflKOCTbK) M TaSOM, HTO MMHMMMSMpyeT o6paTHO6 nOCiynneHUe >KMflKOCTM,
n CKpe6Ka Ana OHMCTKM ipy6 OT nspscpMHS n isepfloro ocaflKa. Ha puc. 1
npeflCTasneHa innnHHaa nnyHxepHaa nofltewiHaa cucieivia.
Pa6oia nnyH>KepHoi/i noflteiviHoi/i cucieivibi ocHosaHa Ha eciecTBeHHOM
pocie flasnennfl B rasosbix CKsaxuHax BO speivifl MX ociaHOBKM
(npeKpameHMfl aKcnnyaiaunn). flasneHne B saKpbiioi/i CKsaxuHe flon>KHO
Sbiib SHanmenbHO Bbiiue, neivi B pacnpeflenmenbHOM Tpy6onposofle, HTo6bi
o6ecneKMHe
sa6oi/iHoro
aMopinsaiopa B
OCHOBaHMM CKB3>KMHbl.
l~lpn noflane rasa B
pacnpeflenmenbHbii/i
ipy6onpoBOfl B
CKB3>KMHe
>KMflKocib,
nocieneHHO
npoTMBOflasneHne n
saivieflnfliomafl npmoK
rasa.
PMC. 1: flnyH>KepHaa noflteiviHaa cucreivia
JlyGpuKarop
I/Iron bnaibiM
K/ianaH
JlOBMTejlb
nnyH>Kepa
flaTHMK :
nocrynneHnsq
KopeHHasq
33flBM>KK
6arapesq
FlOTOK
KonOHHa o6caflHbix rpy6
KonOHHa cjDOHiaHHbix rpy6
>KMflKOCTb
l~lnyH>Kep
faa
Flpy>KMHHblM
KnanaH 3a6oMHoro
VCTaHOBOHMblM
^V 4)OHT3HHblX Tpy6
KnanaH
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oKOHOMMHGCKMG
n 3Kono
Bbiroflbi
2. flrm npeKpaujeHMfl CHMxeHna o6teMOB flo6bNM rasa
KOHTpojinep Ha nosepxHoc™ nepeKpbisaei CKsawnHy. 3io npusoflm K
pociy flasneHMfl B CKsawuHe, iaK K3K 6onbLune o6teMbi rasa nofl
BbicoKMM flasneHneivi CKannnsaioTCfl B wie>KTpy6HOM npocipaHCTse. Flo
flocTuxeHMM flociaTOHHoro o6teivia n flasneHna rasa nnynxep n
>KMflKOCTb BbliaJIKMBaiOTCfl H3 HOBepXHOCTb.
3. flocne Toro K3K nnynxep noflHfli Ha nosepxHocib, ras n
Hafl nnyHxepoM xnflKocib BbiBOflflica nepes BepxHioio n
BblKMflHbie J1MHMM.
4. flnyi-DKep saxasTbiBseicfl B ny6pnKaTope n ycTaHasnuBaeTCfl nonepeK era
sepxHero Bbinycmoro
5. fas, BbiTonmyBium/i nnynxep, npoxoflm nepes HMXHIOK) BbiKMflHyio
n nonaflaei B pacnpeflenmenbHbii/i Tpy6onposofl.
6. flocne CTaennnsaunn noioKa rasa aBTOMaiMHecKm/i KOHiponnep
ocso6o>KflaeT nnynxep, n OH naflaei BHMS KonoHHbi cpomam-ibix ipy6.
7. \-\IAKH
Hosbie MHCpopiviauMOHHbie TexHonornn ynpomaioT MOHMTOPMHT n KOHiponb
nofltewia nnynxepa. TaKne TexHonornn, K3K, Hanpniviep, ynpasneHne
flaHHbiMM B pexmvie peajibHoro speivieHM n cnyTHMKOsaa csasb, nossoriflioT
onepaiopaivi nposoflmb flMCTaHUMOHHbii/i KOHiponb pa6oibi nnynxepHbix
cucieivi 6es perynapHbix Bbiesflos Ha ynaciKM. Ha wiecie
TonbKO oiflenbHbie CKsaxuHbi, Tpe6yK)mne
MeponpuflTMi/i no CHMxeHMK) saipai n
npOflyKTMBHOCTM.
YciaHOBKa nnynxepHbix noflteMHbix cucieivi
acpcpeKTMBHOi/i anbiepHaTMBOi/i 6anaHcnpHbiM HacocHbiM yciaHOBKaivi n
Meioflaivi npoflysKM CKsaxnH n nosBonaei nonynnTb cymecTseHHbie
3KOHOMMHeCKMe M 3KOnorMHeCKMe BblTOflbl. MX SHaHMMOCTb SaBMCMT OT
CMCieivibi yqaneHMfl xnflKocin, Koiopyio sawieHflei nnyHxepHaa cucieivia, n
xapaKiepusyeicfl
* Eonee HM3KM6 KannjanbHbie sarparbi no cpaBHeHMio c
SanaHcupHbiMM HacocHbiMM ycraHOBKaMM. CiomviocTb yciaHOBKM n
noflflepxaHMfl pa6oibi nnyHxepHoi/i noflteMHOi/i cucieivibi o6bNHO
iex >Ke saipai Ha 6anaHcnpHbie HacocHbie yciaHOBKM.
* MeHbiiJMM o6"beM TexHunecKoro o6cny>KMBaHM5q n peMOHTHbix
pa6oT. Saipaibi Ha KanmanbHbii/i pewioHT nuxe, iaK K3K ciomviocTb
nposeflennfl nepnoflnnecKnx pewioHTHbix pa6oi B cpsBHennn, Hanpniviep,
co CBa6npoBaHneivi nnn npoflysKoi/i CKsaxuHbi Huxe nnn He ipe6yK)TCfl
soo6me npn npuMenennn nnynxepHbix noflteMHbix cucieivi.
* HenpepbiBHbiPi npoi^ecc 3KcnnyaTaunn CKea>KMHbi yeennHMBaeT
o6~beMbi Ao6biHM rasa n ee acpcpeKTHBHOCTb. FlnyHxepHbie
noflteMHbie cucieivibi nosBormioT coxpaHflib aHeprnio rasnucpia n
noBbiiuaioT o6teM flo6bNM rasa. PerynapHoe yqaneHne xnflKocin
nosBonaei secin HenpepbiBHyio flo6bNy rasa n npefloispamaei
HaKonneHne xnflKocin, Bbisbisaiomee HacTUHHyio nnn nonHyio ociaHOBKy
rasoflo6bNM. Macro HenpepbiBHoe yflaneHne xnflKocin nocne yciaHOBKM
nnyHxepHbix noflteMHbix cucieivi nosBonai nosbicmb cyioHHyio flo6bNy
rasa.
* YMeHbLueHne napacpMHoeoro n reepAoro ocaAKa. B CKsaxuHax, rfle
nivieioTCfl npo6neMbi co CKonneHneivi napacpuHosoro nnn isepfloro
ocaflKa, MexaHnnecKne nocTynaienbHbie flsuxeHMfl nnynxepa B cucieivie
ipy6 wioryi npenaTCTBOBaib CKonneHMK) HacTnu Ha BHyipeHHMX cieHKax
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ipy6. noaioiviy ywieHbiuaeTCfl MJIM ncKruonaeTCfl Heo6xoflmviocTb
xmviMKMHbi. HanaxeH
nponsBOflCTBO pasjiMHHbix Tunos nnyHxepos, ocHamem-ibix
"BM6pau.noHHbiMM wai/i6aMM" flnfl noBbiweiHMfl MX "cKpe6KOBbix"
xapaKiepuciMK.
CoxpaujeHMe SMMCCMM MeraHa. McKJiKHeHne
peMOHTHblX pa6OT M HenpepblBHOCTb pa6OTbl CKB3>KMHbl CnOCO6CTByK)T
CHMxeHMK) 3MMCCMM MeiaHa. flapiHepbi nporpawiMbi Natural Gas STAR
coo6maK)T o eweroAHOi/i aKOHOMUM rasa, flocinraiomei/i B cpeflHewi
600 TbIC. Cpyi.3 (17 TbIC. M3) H3 CKB3>KMHy 33 CH6T yCTpaH6HMfl
Heo6xoflnivioc™ npoflysKM, n B cpeflHewi 30 Tbic. cpyi.3 (0,8 Tbic. M3) ns-sa
Heo6xoflMMOCTM KanmajibHoro pewioHia
flpyrne 3KOHOMMHecKne BbiroAbi. flpn oueHKe
acpcpeKTMBHOCTM npnivieHeHMfl nnyHxepHbix noflteMHbix cucieivi
3KOHOMMfl OT MCKTHOHeHHOI/i 3MMCCMM flBJIfleTCfl TOJIbKO OflHMM M3
MHoroHncneHHbix cpaKiopoB B aHannse. flononHmenbHyK) 3KOHOMHK3
MO>KHO nonyHMTb nyieivi coKpameHna saipai Ha M36biTOHHoe
TexHonornnecKoe o6opyflosaHMe v\ cooTBeicTByiomee CHMxenne
3HepronoTpe6neHMfl v\ CTOMMOCTM KanmanbHoro pewioHia. Bonee Toro,
CKsa>KMHbi, us Koiopbix peryjiflpHO yflanaeicfl xnflKocib, nivieioT
noTeHU.na.ri flna flo6bNM 6onbujnx o6teMOB rasoKOHflencaia v\ necp™.
KoivinaHMM Aon>KHbi paccMaipMBaib nnynxepHbie noAteiviHbie cucieivibi K3K
anbiepHSTMBy npoAysKe CKsaxuHbi v\ 6anaHcnpHbiM yciaHOBKaivi. PeiueHne
no yciaHOBKe nnyH>KepHoi/i noA"beMHOi/i cucieivibi AOJI>KHO npuHmviaibCfl
OTAenbHO no Ka>KAOMy KOHKpeiHoiviy cnynaK). flapTHepaivi B Kanecise
pyKOBOACisa npeAnaraeica npnAepxusaibCfl cneAyiomero nopaAKa
npuHflinfl peweHMfl npn ou.eHKe
npMMeHMMOCTM M 3KOHOMMH6CKOM HeTblpe 3T3na OMGHKM
3CpCpeKTMBHOCTM
-' -r-.~-nqHbSMHbDC CMC eM Ha OBKM nnyH>KepHb,x
CBOMX rasoAODbiBaiouJnx CKsaxuHax.
CMCTGM:
3Tan 1: OnpeAenurb TexHunecKyio
uenecoo6pa3HOCTb ycraHOBKH
LienecoobpasHOCTb'
OAteMHOM CMCTeMbl. nnyH^pHOM noflteMHOM CMCieMbi.
noAteiviHbie cucieivibi
Ha rasosbix CKsaxunax 2' OnPeflej1MTb cionMocTb
nnyH>KepHOi/i noflteMHOi/i cucieMbi.
Koiopbie ncnbiTbisaioT 6onbLune
narpysKM OT CKonjienna XMAKOCTM, 3- OueHnib SKOHOMMIO OT ycTaHOBKn
MMeioT SHa-HMTenbHbie o6-beMbi rasa M njiyH>KepHoro i
npn saKpbiTOM ycTbe CKsa>KMHbi Ana noKasaTe/in
noAHaTna CTon6a XMAKOCTM us n^yH^epHOM noflteMHOM cucreMbi.
pesepsyapa Ha nosepxHOCTb. Ha
puc. 2 npeACTasneHbi neTbipe o6mne xapaKTepucTHKM CKsaxunbi, Korapbie
sa>KHbiMM MHAHKaTopawiM npuMenniviocTM nnynxepHbix
: CMCTewi. nocTasmnKM o6opyAosaHMfl nacTO npeAOCTasriflioT
nucbivieHHbie HHCTpyKunn, Heo6xoAMMbie KOMnaHMflM Ana OUSHKH
u.enecoo6pasHOCTM ycTaHOBKM nnynxepHbix noAteiviHbix cucTeivi Ha
KOHKpeTHOi/i CKsa>KMHe. Hanpniviep, paccMOTpmvi CKsaxuny rny6nHoi/i
3 000 cpyT. (914,4 M), npn AaeneHnn B pacnpeAennTenbHOM Tpy6onposoAe
100 Psi (689,5 Kfla), AasneHnn B saKpbiToi/i CKsaxuHe 150 Psi (1 034,2 Kfla),
us KOTOpoi/i exeAHesHO Aon>KHbi yAanaTbca CKannnsaiomMecfl B
Tpn 6appena (0,36 M3) >KMAKOCTM. TaKaa CKsaxnHa nivieeT,
CTaTunecKoe AasneHne npn saKpbiTOM ycTbe M MOXST nivieTb
i Ae6nT 3 600 cpyT.3 (102 M3) (400 cpyT.3/6appenb/1 000 cpyT.
rny6nHbi ywiHOXMTb Ha 3 000 cpyTos rny6nHbi, ywiHOXMTb na 3 6appena
B ASHb), HTO noATsep>KAaeT u.enecoo6pasHOCTb npuMenennfl nnyH>KepHoi/i
"l CMCTeMbl.
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PMC. 2: 06114116 yc/ioBMfl npmvieHeHMfl rmyHwepHbix
CMCTGM
* flpoflysKa CKsa>KMHbi M flpyrne lexHonornn yqanei-iMfl
Heo6xoflMMbie flrm noflqepxoHUfl npouecca raso,qo6bNM.
* fle6nT CKsa>KMHbi flonxeH 6biib He wienee 400 cpyi.3 (11 M3) rasa Ha
6appenb (0,11 M3) xnflKocin Ha 1 000 cpyios (304,8 M) my6m-ibi
CKBa>KMHbl.
* flasneHne B CKsaxune npn saKpbiTOM ycibe flon>KHO B 1 ,5 pasa
npesbiiuaTb flasneHne rasa B pacnpeflenmenbHOM Tpy6onposofle.
* CKsa>KMHbi, MMeiomne isepflbii/i nnn napacpunoBbii/i ocaflOK.
3ran 2: OnpeAenurb CTOMMOCTB n/iyHwepHOM noAteMHOM cucreMbi.
CiomviocTb nnynxepHoi/i nofltewiHoi/i cucieivibi BKnionaeT KanmanbHbie
saipaibi, saipaibi Ha nycKOBbie pa6oibi v\ TpyqosaipaTbi na npno6peTeHne v\
ycianoBKy o6opyqoBaHMfl, a TaioKe aKcnnyaiaunoHHbie saipaibi v\
CTOMMOCTb TeXHMHeCKOrO o6cny>KMBaHMfl. flaHHbie M3flep>KKM SKTHOHaiOT
cneflyiomee:
* KannjanbHbie sarparbi, sarparbi Ha ycraHOBKy M nycKOBbie pa6orbi.
Basosaa cioniviocTb yciaHOBKM nnyHxepHoro nofltewia cocTasnfleT
npniviepHO $1 500 - $6 000 B oinnHne OT HaseMHoro HacocHoro
o6opyflosaHMfl inna 6anaHcnpHbix yciaHOBOK, cioniviocTb Koiopbix -
$20 000 - $40 000. CionMOCTb ycTaHOBKM nnyH>KepHoi/i nofltewiHoi/i
cucTeivibi BKnionaeT TaioKe saTpaTbi Ha MOHTax cucTeivibi Tpy6, Knananos,
KOHTponnepa, noflann aneKTponnTaHMfl flo ycTbfl CKsaxunbi,
ysna sa6oi/iHoro aiviopTusaTopa flna nnynwepa B
, HTO Tpy6Haa o6sfl3Ka CKsaxuHbi OTKpbiTa v\ flocTynna.
Han6onbiuafl cocTasnfliomafl B CTOMMOCTM ycTaHOBKM npuxoflHTca Ha
saTpaTbi no npoioiaflKe Ka6erm flna nposeflennfl sawiepos B cucTeivie
Tpy6 (nposepKa Ha BHyTpennne 6noKnpoBKn) v\ TecTuposanne nnynxepa
no scei/i Annne csepxy BHMS (npoTflrnsaHne) flrm Toro, HTo6bi y6eflMTbca,
HTO OH 6yqeT cso6oflHO flsuraTbca ssepx v\ BHMS no Kononne Tpy6.
flpyrne saTpaTbi Ha nycKOBbie pa6oTbi wioryT BKnionaTb nsMepenne
rny6nHbi CKsaxunbi, CBa6npoBaHne flna yflanennfl xnflKOCTH us
CKsa>KMHbi, KucnoTHyK) o6pa6oTKy flnfl yflaneHMfl MMHepanbHoro ocaflKa
M OHMCTKM nepcpopauuM, yqaneHne ocbinei/i us CKsaxuHbi v\ nponne
pa6oTbi no onucTKe. STM flonoriHMTenbHbie saTpaTbi Ha sanycK ycTanosKM
sapbupyioTCfl Me>Kfly $500 v\ $2 000.
KoivinaHMM, paccMaTpusaiomMe sosivioxHOCTb npuMenennfl nnynxepHbix
noflteiviHbix CMCTewi, flon>KHbi mvieTb B BMfly, HTO cucTeivia Tpe6yeT
HannHMfl cnnoiiJHbix KOJIOHH HacocHO-KOMnpeccopHbix Tpy6 B xopoweivi
COCTOflHMM C CpMKCMpOBaHHbIM BHyTpeHHMM flMaMeTpOM. flpM
Heo6xoflMMOCTM, saivieHa KonoHHbi Tpy6 MOXST o6oi/iTMCb
flonoriHMTenbHO B HecKonbKO Tbican flonnapos, B sasucmviocTM OT
rny6nHbi
3KcruiyaTaLjMOHHbie sarparbi. TexHunecKoe o6cny>KMBaHMe
nnyHxepHbix noflteiviHbix cucTeivi Tpe6yeT TeKymero ocwioTpa
ny6pnKaTopa M nnynxepa. O6bNHO STM ysnbi Tpe6yK)T saivieHbi Ka>Kflbie
6-12 wiecflues npn exeroflHbix saTpaTax B o6teivie $500 - $1 000.
flpyrne fleTann cucTeivibi nposepaioTCfl pas B rofl.
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3ran 3: OueHMTb SKOHOMMKJ OT ycraHOBKH n/iyHwepHoro
3KOHOMMfl MOKei 6biib nojiyHeHa sa cnei:
* floxofla OT pocia flo6bNM rasa;
* floxofla OT coKpaujeHHbix awinccm/i;
* AonojiHMTenbHO coKpaujeHHbix saipai Ha TexHonornnecKyK) o6pa6oiKy
CKsa>KMHbi, KanmanbHbii/i pewioHT, npn yMeHbweHMM pacxoflos Ha
aneKipoaneprmo n T. fl.;
* JIMKBMflaUMOHHOI/i CTOMMOCTM.
npn6bmb, nonynaeMaa sa CHGT
rasa
oGteMOB flo6biHM
HauBbicium/i floxofl OT BHeflpeHna nnyH>KepHoi/i nofltewiHoi/i cucieivibi
o6ecneHMBaeTCfl sa cnei pocia o6teMOB flo6bNM rasa. B npouecce
npuHflinfl peiueHMfl 3101 o6teM Henbsa sawiepmb HanpaiviyK), n era
Heo6xoflMMO paccHMTbisaTb. MeioflMKa pacneia npeflnonaraewioro pocia
flo6bNM sapbupyeica B sasucmvioc™ OT cocioflHUfl CKsaxuHbi. MeioflMKa
pacneia flna nocioaHHO flei/icTByfomnx CKsaxnH c nocTOflHHbiM fle6moM
OTHOcmenbHO npociaa, a Ana nciomeHHbix CKsaxnH - 6onee
* PacneT npupocra Ao6binn rasa p,nn CKea>KMH c nocrofiHHbiM
Ae6nTOM. ripupoci Ao6bNM rasa OT npmvieHeHMfl noAteMHbix cucieivi
nnyHxepa MO>KHO paccnmaTb, AonycKaa, HTO cpeAHMi/i MaKcmvianbHbii/i
Tewin Ao6bNM, AOCTurHyibii/i nocne npoAysKM CKsaxuHbi, npniviepHO
cooTBeTCTByei noieHunanbHO MaKcmvianbHOMy o6teiviy, nonynaeivioMy us
ocyiueHHOi/i CKsaxuHbi. fluarpawiiviy, npeAciasneHHyK) Ha puc. 3, MO>KHO
ncnojibsosaTb A-n^ pacneia noTenunanbHoro npupocia Ao6bNM rasa.
Ha A3HHOi/i Anarpaiviwie cnnoujnafl nunnfl oio6pa>KaeT nocieneHHbii/i poci
, saieivi ona pesKO naAaei, KorAa B KonoHHe
PMC. 3: FlpupocT flo6biHM rasa p,nn CKBa>KMH c nocTOflHHbiM
Cny>K6a Komporm
CKBa>KMHa 9N-27E nnacra Spiro
npupoci
CMCT6MOM
-------
cpoHiaHHbix ipy6 HaKannnsaeTCfl
BocciaHasnuBaeTCfl nocne npoflysKM CKsawnHbi, HO saieivi BHOBb Haciynaei
cnafl nocne nosiopHoro HaKonneHna wnflKocin. Sawieimvi, HTO WKana flana
B Tbicanax Ky6MHecKnx cpyios B Mecflu. riyHKinpHafl nnHMfl noKasbisaei
cpeflHMi/i MaKCMManbHbii/i Tewin flo6bNM nocne yqaneHna xnflKocin. 3io
npeflnonoxmenbHO cooTBeicTByei noieHunanbHO MaKcmvianbHoi/i flo6bNe,
Koiopaa Moxei 6biib flocTurHyia npn pa6oie c yciaHosneHHOi/i nnyH>KepHoi/i
noflteiviHoi/i cucieivioi/i n cociasnaeT He wienee 80 npouemoB
, perncipupyeivioi/i nocne npoflysKM
o6nacib Me>Kfly
n cpaKTunecKoi/i nponsBOflmenbHOCTbK) CKsa>KMHbi (cnnoujHaa
pacneTHyio sennHMHy npupocia flo6bNM rasa, Koiopyio
MO>KHO nonynnTb npn McnonbsosaHMM nnyH>KepHoi/i noflteiviHoi/i cucieivibi.
* PacneT npupocra Ao6binn p,nn ncjomeHHbix CKea>KMH vinvi Korp,a
ypoBGHb MaKCMManbHOM Ao6biHM nocne npoAyBKM He MseecreH.
MciomeHHbie CKsaxuHbi nnn CKsaxuHbi, aKcnnyainpyeivibie 6ea
nepnoflnnecKnx npoflysoK, ipe6yK)T fleianbHoi/i wieioflUKM pacneia pocia
MX npoMSBOflmenbHOCTM npn yciaHOBnem-ibix nnynxepHbix noflteiviHbix
cucieiviax. Oio6pa>KeHMe cpyHKUMOHUposaHMfl nciomeHHOi/i CKsaxuHbi c
yciaHosneHHOi/i nnyH>KepHoi/i noflteiviHoi/i cucieivioi/i Tpe6yei nocipoeHMfl
6onee TOHHOM Hucxoflamei/i Kpusoi/i, HTO o6ycnosneHO
flasneHMfl B o6nac™ nepcpopaunn. B TaKMX cnynaax
Heo6xoflMMO KOHcynbTuposaibCfl c MH>KeHepaMM-pa3pa6oT'HMKaMM (CM.
oueHKy pocia flo6bNM, KowinaHnn wioryi paccnmaTb ee ciomviocTb
M, COOTBeTCTB6HHO, 3KOHOMMHeCKm/i 3CpCpeKT OT yCTaHOBKM nOflteiVIHOI/i
nnyH>KepHoi/i cucieivibi. Ha puc. 4 npeflciasneH npmviep BOSMOXHOM
npn6binn flna pasnuHHbix sapnaHTOB npupocia flo6bNM rasa, flpn pacneie
sa>KHO yHMTbisaTb wiecTHbie ycnosna n pacueHKM. Sawieimvi, HTO npmviep
pacneia, npusefleHMbii/i Ha puc. 4, npuseflen 6es yneia npn6binn no npoeKiy
yciaHOBKM nnyHwepHbix noflteiviHbix cucieivi, B pesynbiaie Koioporo
awinccufl, CHMxaioTCfl pacxoflbi Ha onnaiy aneKipoaHeprnn n
o6pa6oTKy CKsaxuHbi. Pacnei no STUM nosnunaivi 6yflei
npeflciasneH Huxe B wiaiepnanax pasflena "Onbii npmvieHeHMfl". TaKMM
o6pasoM, cywiMapHbii/i nonoxmenbHbii/i acpcpeKT OT npmvieHeHMfl
nnynxepHbix noflteiviHbix cucieivi ivioxei OKasaibca SHanmenbHO Bbiiue.
-------
PMC. 4: flpuMep pacneja 3KOHOMMHecKoPi acJxJjeKTMBHOCTM Rna
pas/iMHHbix BapnaHTOB npupocja flo6biHM rasa npn ycTaHOBKe
rmyHwepHoPi no/vbeMHoii cucjeMbi
POCT npnpocra
flo6biHM rasa, Tbic.
4>yr.3/(Tbic. M3)/cyr.
3 (0,08)
5(0,1)
10(0,3)
15(0,4)
20 (0,6)
25 (0,7)
30 (0,8)
FlepMOfl
OKynaeMOCTM,
M6C.
28
16
8
5
4
3
3
BHyrpeHHJiJi HopMa
peHTa6e/ibHOCTM,
%
38
69
144
219
294
369
444
BosBpar
MHBeCTMLJMM, %
350
580
1 150
1 730
2310
2880
3460
McxoflHbie flaHHbie:
CionMOCTb rasa $3/ INC. dpyj.3 ($106/Tbic. M3).
CionMOCTb nnyH>KepHOi/i noflteMHOi/i cucieMbi, BK/nonaa nycKOBbie saipaibi, $6 000.
JlnsuHroBbie 3KcnnyaTai4MOHHbie saipaibi - $600/Mecai4.
HafleHne floSbinn 6% B rofl.
CiaBKa flucKOHinpOBaHna 15%.
MCTOHHMK: Production Control Services, Inc.
npn6blJlb OT
3MMCCMM
O6teM 3MMCCMM npupoflHoro rasa, ycipaHeHHbii/i B pesynbiaie
nnyi-DKepHbix noflteMHbix cucieivi, pasnuneH flna Ka>Kfloi/i CKsaxuHbi n
SaBMCMT OT KaHeCTBeHHblXXapaKTepMCTMK K3>KflOI/i OTflenbHOM CKSa>KMHbl M
TexHMHecKuxxapaKTepucTMK KonneKiopa, TaKMX KaKflasneHne B
pacnpeflenmenbHOM Tpy6onposofle, flasneHne B saKpbiioi/i CKBawmne, Tewin
HaKonneHMfl xnflKocin n pasiviepbi CKsaxuHbi (rny6nHa, fluawieip o6caflHbix
M cpoHiaHHbix ipy6). OflHaKO Han6onee SHanmvibiM noKasaieneivi
npmvieHfleiviafl npaKTMKa oisofla xnflKocin us CKsaxnH npn
HeKoiopbie KowinaHnn ycTaHasnuBaioT flna ainx uenei/i
Tai/iiviepbi, flpyrne ocymecTsnaioT oisofl spyHHyio c nowiombK) onepaiopa,
KOHiponnpyiomero npouecc, nn6o no-npexHewiy ociaBrmioT CKsaxuHy n
B03o6HOBnflK)T pa6oiy nepes HecKonbKO nacos nnn flHei/i, B sasucmviocTM OT
Toro, KaKflonro o6bNHO npoflonxaeTCfl yflaneHne xnflKocin us CKsawm-ibi.
TaKMM o6pasoM, aKOHOMnnecKm/i acpcpeKT OT ycipaHeHMfl aMnccnn rasa
OKasbisaeicfl pasnuHHbiM. noaioiviy n npoeKTbi nivieioT pasnuHHbie nepnoflbi
OKynaewiocTM. Bonbiuafl nacib npoeKios no yciaHOBKe nnynxepHbix
noflteiviHbix CMCieivi o6ecneKMHaX C
ycTaHOBneHHbiMM nnyHxepHbiMM noflteiviHbiMM CMCieiviaMM MO>KHO
flo6MTbca coKpameHMfl 3MMCCMM, conposo>KflaK)meM npouecc npoflysKM
CKB3>KMHbl. 3l3 3MMCCM3 XapaKTepMSyeiCfl paSJIMHHOM MHTeHCMBHOCTbK)
M o6teiviaMM M cneuMcpMHHa flna Ka>KflOM CKsa>KMHbi M KonneKiopa.
BbinonHeHHbie oueHKM noKasbisaioT, HTO aiviMCCMfl, conposo>KflaK)mafl
npouecc npoflysKM CKsa>KMHbi, ivioxei cocTasnaTb OT oflHOM TbicflHM flo
MMJIJIMOHOB cpyi.3 (28 - 28 000 M3) B rofl. rioaioiviy npM6binb sa cnei
MCKflfOHeHHOM 3MMCCMM no OTfleJIbHblM CKB3>KMHaM MOXST TaiOKS
SHaHMienbHO oinMHaTbca B sasMCMMOCTM OT napawieipoB KOHKpeiHOM
CKsa>KMHbi, Haxoflflmei/icfl B ciaflMM KanMianbHoro pewioHia.
-------
npn6binb OT yCTpaneHHOM 3MMCCMM MO>KHO paCCHMT3Tb K3K
ueHbi rasa Ha o6teM aioi/i aMnccnn. ECJIM panee npn npoflysKe
3MMCCMfl H6 MSMepRTiaCb, TO 3TM MSMepeHMfl Heo6xOflMMO BbinOJIHMTb. Ha
npniviepe, npusefleHHOM Huxe, o6teM rasa, Bbi6pacbiBaeivioro B aiMoccpepy
us CKsa>KMHbi c HM3KMM flasneHneivi npn Ka>Kfloi/i npoflysKe, paccHMiaH c
KoacpcpnuneHTOM 0,5625 OT ycToi/MUBoro fle6ma rasa. 8101 cpaicrop
3MMCCMM npeflnonaraei o6mni/i ycpeflHeHHbii/i fle6m nocne npoflysKM,
i 56,25% OT noriHoro fle6ma CKsaxuHbi. B cooTBeicTBUM c
npeflnonoxeHneivi, Ha puc. 5 noKasano, HTO flna pasrpyxeHHOi/i OT
>KMflKOCTM CKB3>KMHbl C fle6MTOM 100 TbIC. CpyT.3 (2,8 TbIC. M3) B fl6Hb, o6teM
BeHTunnpyeivioro B aiMoccpepy rasa cocTasnfleT flse Tbicann cpyi.3 (56,6 M3)
sa nac
PMC. 5: flpuMep: PacneT MCKntoneHHOM SMMCCMM OT
SMUccua sa nac npOflyBKM = (0,56251 x yciOMHUBbii/i cyiOHHbii/i
fle6m)/24 Hac./cyi.
SMUccua2 = (0,5625 x 100 INC. dpyj.3 /cyi.)/24
= 2 Tbic. cfiyi.3 (56,6 M3) sa nac
MCKJiiOHeHHOi/i SMUccnn3 = 2 INC. $>yj.3 x 12 x $3,00/ Tbic. cjjyi.3
= $72 B rofl
i noKasaienb SMMCCMM Meiana B oiHeiax coBMecTHoro
GRI/EPA "3Mnccna Meiana B rasosoi/i oipacnn", TOM 7: "HpOflyBKa
OHMCTKa" (i/iK>Hb 1995). B pesyjibTaTe BbinonHeHHbix nccneflOBaHMi/i ycTaHOBJieHO,
HTO Ha HananbHOi/i CTaflnn npoflyBKM HOTOK rasa cflep>KMBaeTca >KMflKOCTbio,
CKonnBiuei/ica B CKBa>KMHe, Ha 25% OT nonnoro noTOKa. Ha sasepiuaiOLuei/i
noTOK rasa BOCCTanaBJiMBaeTca flo 100%. O6mm/i ycpeflHeHHbii/i HOTOK nocne
cocTaBun 56,25% OT noriHoro noTOKa us CKBa>KMHbi.
2 B npeflnonoweHMM, HTO ycTOMHMBbii/i cyTOHHbii/i fleSnT cocTasjiaeT 100 Tbic. qbyT.3
(2,8 TbIC. M3).
3 B npeflnonoweHMM, HTO 1 npOflyeKa B Mecai4 npOflon>KaeTca 1 nac.
flaHHbii/i wieTOfl npocT flna npuMenennfl, HO npaKTMKa CBUfleTenbCTsyeT, HTO
B neKOTOpbix cnyHaflx pacneTHbie coKpamennfl 3MMCCMM ivieTana
HepeanncTMHHO HMSKM. B flpunoxeHMM npusoflHTca onucaHne
anbTepHaTMBHoro wieTOfla pacneTa MCKntoHeHMbix awinccm/i.
usiviepeHMfl nossonaioT ynecTb KOHKpeTHbie xapaKTepucTHKM
CKsa>KMHbi M KonneKTOpa npn BbicoKoi/i CTeneHM MSMeHHUBOCTH aMnccnn M
noaTOMy flsnaioTCfl Han6onee npeflnoHTMTenbHbiMM arm onpefleneHna
o6teivia MCKnKCHeHHbix awinccm/i. floneBbie saiviepbi wioryT o6ecneKflbii/i KannTanbHbii/i pewioHT CKsaxunbi; nacTOTa nposeflennfl
KannTanbHoro pewioHTa CKsaxunbi sapbupyeTca OT 1 flo 15 pas B rofl.
Bsufly cneuncpuHHOCTM xapaKTepucTMK, TaKnx, K3K fle6nT B nepnofl
KannTanbHoro pewioHTa, npoflon>KMTenbHOCTb pewioHTHbix pa6oT M MX
, o6teM MCKruoneHHOi/i 3MHccnn MOXST cunbHO BapbuposaTbca.
-------
sarparbi n AonojiHMTenbHasq npn6bmb
saipaibi sasucfli OT inna cucieivi yqaneHMfl
yciaHOBneHHbix Ha flam-ibii/i MowieHT, a TaioKe wioryi yHMTbiBaib cpeflcisa, He
noTpaneHHbie Ha TexHonornnecKyK) o6pa6oiKy CKsawnHbi, Menbiune
Bbinnaibi sa aneKipoanepruK) n CHMxenne saipai Ha coKpaujeHHbii/i o6teM
KanmanbHoro pewioHia. McKTHOHeHne saipai na TexHonornHecKyio
o6pa6oiKy CKsawnnbi yHMTbiBaeicfl B cnynaflx, Korfla nnynwepHbie
noflteMHbie cucieivibi saivieHflioT 6anaHcnpHbie HacocHbie yciaHOBKM
flpyrne pewioHTHbie TexHonornn, TaKMe, K3K npoflysKa, CBa6npoBaHne
saMbmnsaHne. MeHbiune saipaibi Ha aneKipoanepruK), coKpamennbii/i
o6teM pewioHTHbix pa6oi n nonyneHne nuKBUflaunoHHOi/i CTOMMOCTM
yHMTbisaioTCfl TonbKO flnfl cjiyHaes saivieHbi 6anaHcnpHbix HacocHbix
yciaHOBOK cucieiviaMM nofltewia nnynxepa.
* McKJiK>HeHne sarpaT Ha TexHonornnecKyio o6pa6oTKy CKea>KMHbi.
Saipaibi Ha TexHonornnecKyK) o6pa6oiKy CKsaxuHbi BKnionaioT
o6pa6oiKy, aHTMMMKpo6HyK) OHMCTKy, yflaneHne ujiaHr n
CKsa>KMHbi. MHCpopiviauMfl, nivieiomaflcfl no Herny6oKoi/i
CKsa>KMHe B 1 500 cpyi. (457,2 M) noKasbisaei, HTO saipaibi Ha
KanmanbHbii/i pewioHT, BKnionafl yqanenne ujianr n BocciaHOBneHne
cucieivibi ipy6, cociaBJiflioT 6onee $11 000 Ha CKsaxuny. CioniviocTb
exeroflHoi/i xnMnnecKoi/i o6pa6oTKM CKsaxunbi
pacTBOpmenn, flucneprnpyfomne npucaflKM, ropanafl
KpuciannnHecKm/i MOflncpuKaiop n nosepxHOCTHO-aKTMBHbie Bemecisa)
no ony6nnKOBaHHbiM flannbiM cocTasnaeT He ivienee $10 000 Ha
CKsa>KMHy. CionMOCTb aHTMMMKpo6Hbix cpeflciB, npmvieHfleMbix Ana
yflanennfl napacpuHosoro ocaflKa, cocTasnfleT $5 000 na CKsawnHy B rofl
(HO 3ia o6pa6oiKa ne ycipaHflei npo6neiviy npmoKa xnflKocin B
CKsa>KMHy). Ka>Kflbii/i us nepenncnenHbix npoueccos o6pa6oiKM
ysennHMBaeT Tonmnny MunepanbHoro nnn napacpuHosoro ocaflKa no
wiepe yrny6neHMfl CKsaxunbi.
CHM>KeHMe sarpaT Ha 3neKTpo3HeprnK» no cpaBHeHMio c HacocHbiMM
SanaHcupHbiMM ycraHOBKaMM. YivieHbiijeHMe saipai na onnaiy
3neKTpo3Heprnn eme noBbiwaei aKOHOMnnecKm/i acpcpeKT OT
npmvieHeHMfl nnynxepHbix noflteiviHbix cucieivi. B flaHHOM cnynae
saipaibi Ha aneKipoaneprmo OTcyicTByioT, iaK K3K 6onbiiJMHCTBO
KOHTponnepos nonynaioT nmsHne OT conHeHHbix 6aiapei/i. Ha puc. 6
npuseflen nepeneHb MCKnKCHeHHbix saipai Ha aneKipoaneprmo,
npeflCTasnenHbii/i onepaiopaiviM, Koiopbie yciaHOBMnn noflteiviHbie
cucieivibi nnynxepa. flpeflnonarafl 365 flHei/i aKcnnyaiaunn,
MCKntoHeHMbie saipaibi Ha aneKipoanepruK) cociaBMnn OT $1 000 flo
$7 300 B rofl.
PMC. 6: McK/iioHeHHbie aajpaTbi Ha sneicrposHeprMio noc/ie
saMGHbi 6anaHcnpHbix HacocHbix ycjaHOBOK rmyhwepHbiMM
nOfl-beMHbIMM CMCTeiViaMM
O6i>eM flBMrarejia, /i.e. CronMOCTb s\
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 CTOMMOCTb sneKTpoaneprMM flana B pacneTe Ha 50% OT nonnoM
BpeMGHM npM CTOMMOCTM 7,5 I46HT/KBTH.
ccnjiyajs
3
7
10
13
17
20
narpy3KM,
MUM, $/cyr.
na 50%
10
-------
* YMeHbLueHne sarpar Ha KannjanbHbiM peMOHT no cpaBHeHMio c
SanaHcupHbiMM HacocHbiMM ycraHOBKaMM. Flo oiHeiaivi onepaiopos
saipaibi Ha KanmanbHbii/i pewioHT npn McnonbsossHMM 6anaHcnpHbix
HaCOCHblX yCTaHOBOK COCTaBJIfllOT $1 000 B flSHb. O6bNHblM
KanMTanbHbiM pewioHT ocymecTsnaeTCfl sa oflMH fleHb, HO fl
rny6nHoi/i 6onee 8 000 cpyios (2 400 M) noipe6yeTCfl 6onee oflnoro
B SaBMCMMOCTM OT CKB3>KMHbl H3 KanMTaJIbHbll/i peMOHT MOK6T
noTpe6osaTbCfl OT oflHoro flo 15 flHei/i B rofly. Bee ain saipaibi
MCKnioHaioTCfl npn ncnonbsoBaHnn nnynxepHbix noflteMHbix cucieivi.
* Bosepar nuKBMAaunoHHOM CTOMMOCTM npn saiuieHe 6anaHcnpHbix
HacocHbix ycraHOBOK. Ecnn 6anaHcnpHbie HacocHbie yciaHOBKM
saivieHflioTCfl nnyHxepHbiwin nofltewmbiMM CMCieiviaMM, TO
flononHMienbHafl npn6binb n aKOHOMnnecKMi/i acpcpeKT flocinraioTCfl sa
cnei Bosspaia nuKBMflaunoHHOi/i CTOMMOCTM sawiemaeivioro
npoMSBOflCTseHHoro o6opyflosaHMfl. Ha PMC. 7 npMsefleHa
nMKBMflauMOHHafl CTOMMOCTb, KOTOpyio MO>KHO nojiyHMTb npM
saiviemaeivibix HacocHbix ycTaHOBOK. B HeKOTOpbix cnynaax TonbKO
CTOMMOCTb MOXST HOKpblTb 33TpaTbl H3 yCT3HOBKy
CMCTSM.
PMC. 7: JlnKBMflaMMOHHafl CTOMMOCTB o6opyflOBaHMfl npii saiuetie
6anaHcnpHbix HacocHbix ycTaHOBOK rmyhwepHbiMM
nOfl-beMHbIMM CMCTeMaMM
FlocTynjieHne cpeflcrs npn pea/iMsaqHM saMeiuaeMoro o6opyflOBaHna
Tun Hacoca (Kpyrf\u\v\v\ MOMGHT), Jin
flK)MM-(})yHT/(H*M)
1 14000/(1 2 880)
160000/(18078)
228000/(25761)
320 000/(36 155)
456000/(51 521)
640000/(72310)
KBMflaqMOHHaa CTOMMOCTb
o6opyflOBaHna, $
9500
13000
16500
21 000
26500
32000
1 riMKBMflai4MOHHaa CTOMMOCTb BKJllOHaeT MMHMMajlbHyK) 148Hy HaCOCHOM yCTaHOBKM,
3JieKTpOflBnraTena n KOJiOHHbi HacocHbix Tpy6.
11
-------
3ran 4: PaccnuTaTb 3KOHOMMHecKne noxasaTe/iu
n/iyHwepHOM noAteMHOM cucreMbi. Basosbii/i ana/ins
A6He>KHbix cpeflciB MOKei 6biib McnojibsoBaH A™ cpasHeHMfl saipai n
npn6biriM npn npmvieHeHMM nnyH>KepHoi/i noAteivmoi/i cucieivibi no
cpasHeHMK) c ApyrnMM sapnaHTaiviM yAaneHna >KMAKOCTM. Ha puc. 8
npeACTasneHbi saipaibi Ana Ka>KAoro us sapnaHTOB.
PMC. 8: CpaBHGHkie aajpaT no npmvieHeHMK) nnyH>KepHbix
M flpyrux CMCTGM
KareropMa aajpar
PeMOHTHbie
pa6oTbi
ycraHOBKa
Kani/iTanbHbie SaTpaTbi M $1 500 - $6 000 $20 000 - $40 000 $0
CTOMMOCTb fiyCKOBblX
paSoT
SaTpaTbi Ha BbinonHeHi/ie
TexHMHSCKoe $1 000/rofl $1 000 - $15 000/rofl $0
$0 $10000+ $10000+
$0 $1 000 - $7 300/rofl $0
$0 ($9 000 - $32 000) $0
CTOMMOCTb
npuMSHeHne nen, CBaSupOBaHne n
SaTpaTbi Ha TexHunecKoe o6cny>KMBaHMe npn ycTaHOBKe TpaflMi4MOHHOi/i
SanaHCupHOi/i HacocHOi/i ycTaHOBKM BKnionaiOT KannTanbHbii/i peMOHT 1-15 pas B
npn CTOMMOCTM Ka>Kfloro - $1 000.
SaTpaTbi paSJIMHHbl M SaBMCHT OT TMna >KMflKOCTM.
SaTpaTbi Ha sneKTpuHecTBO npeflnonaraiOT floCTaTOHHOCTb SHeprnn
6aTapei/i flna <+jyHKi4MOHMpOBaHna nnyHwepHbix noflteMHbix CMCTSM.
12
-------
* SKOHOMHHGCKHM 3cpcpeKT npM 3aMeujeHMM 6anaHcnpHbix HacocHbix
ycrraHOBOK n/iyHwepHbiMM noA"beMHbiMM cucreMaMM. Ha puc. 9
npMBefleHbi pesynbraTbi MOflennposaHMfl mnoTeTMHecKOM CKsaxuHbi c
cyTOHHOM flo6bNeM 100 Tbic. cpyr.3 (2,8 Tbic. M3) Arm
3KOHOMMHecKoro scpcpeKTa npMMeineHMfl nnyH>KepHoi/i
CMCTewibi Ha ocHose McxoflHbix flaHHbix PMC. 8. YBeriMHeHMe cyroHHOM
flo6bNM Ha 20 Tbic. cpyi.3 (566 M3) o6ecneHMBaeT exeroflHbii/i npupoci B
7 300 Tbic. cpyi.3 (207 Tbic. M3). B npeflnono>KeHMM, HTO flo yciaHOBKM
nnyHxepa nposoflnncfl oflMH KanmanbHbii/i pewioHT, nepexofl Ha
npuMenenne nnyH>KepHoi/i nofltewiHoi/i cucieivibi o6ecneHMBaeT
2 Tbic. cpyr.3 (57 M3) flononHmenbHoi/i roflosoi/i flo6bNM OT MCKruoHeHMbix
3MMCcm/i. npn6binb no npoeKiy ysennHMBaeTCfl TaioKe OT Bosspaia
nuKBMflaunoHHOi/i CTOMMOCTM sawiemaeivioro 6anaHcnpHoro HacocHoro
o6opyflosaHMfl, HTO o6ecneHMBaeT HenocpeflCTsem-ibii/i Bosspai cpeflcis.
flaxe npn HesosMOKHOc™ nonyneHMfl nuKBUflaunoHHOi/i CTOMMOCTM
nepMOfl OKynaewiocTM npoeKTa MOXST cocTasMTb HecKonbKO Mecaues B
33BMCMMOCTM OT npOMSBOflMTeJIbHOCTM CKB3>KMHbl.
PMC. 9: 3KOHOMMHecKMM aHa/iMS saivieHbi 6anaHcnpHbix
HacocHbix ycTaHOBOK nnyH>KepHbiMM no/vbeivmbiMM
0 rofl 1 rofl 2 rofl 3 rofl 4 rofl 5 rofl
CionMOCTb rasa npi/i $21 906 $21 906 $21 906 $21 906 $21 906
nOBblliieHMM flOSblHM M
MCKJllOHeHHblX SMMCCMI/i1
OSopyfloeaHne ($6 000)
nnyH>KepHOi/i noflteMHOi/i
CMCieMbl M CTOMMOCTb
yCiaHOBKM
TexHunecKoe ($1 000) ($1 000) ($1 000) ($1 000) ($1 000)
nnyH>KepHOi/i
CMCTSMbl
Saipaibi Ha $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
rofl
$16500
CTOMMOCTb
yCTaHOBKM
OTCyTCTBue $1 000 $1 000 $1 000 $1 000 $1 000
TexHunecKoro
6anaHOipHOi/i
(1 Kan. peMOHT/rofl)
OTCyTCTBue saTpaT Ha $1 000 $1 000 $1 000 $1 000 $1 000
SanaHCupHOi/i
(flBuraTenb 10 n.c.)
OTCyTCTBue XHMMHSCKOM $10000 $10000 $10000 $10000 $10000
o6pa6oTKM
nocTynneHne cpeflCTB $10500 $32906 $32906 $32906 $32906 $32906
NPV (HMCTan npnsefleHHan CTOMMOCTb)2 = $122 945
flepnofl OKynaeMOCTM = HenocpeflCTseHHbiM
npi/i 148H8 rasa $3 sa Tbic. cfiyT.3 ($106/Tbic. M3) flna 7 300 Tbic. cfiyT.3 (207 M3) sa CHST
POCT3 flOSblHM M 2 TbIC. Cf>yT.3 (57 M3) OT MCKJIIOHeHHOI/i 3MMCCMM npM K3>KflOM
peMOHTe (c yneTOM 1 KannTanbHoro peMOHTa B rofl).
npusefleHHaa CTOMMOCTb paccnuTaHa npn CTaBKe flMCKOHTi/ipOBam/ia 10% Ha
nepnofl CBbiiue 5 JIST.
13
-------
* 3KOHOMMH OT 3aM6Hbl CMCT6M npOAYBKM FlJiyi-DKepHblMM
noAteMHbiMM CMCTGMaMM. Ha puc. 10 npusefleHbi pesynbTaibi
3KOHOMMKMHbl C
i flo6bNei/i 100 Tbic. cpyi.3 (2,8 Tbic. M3), B Koiopoi/i yciaHOBneHa
noflteMHafl cucieivia B Kanecise saivieHbi npoflysKM K3K
yqaneHMfl xnflKocin us CKsaxuHbi, Ha ocHose ncxoflHbix flaHHbix
PMC. 8. l~lpn ysennHeHMM npoflyKTHBHOc™ Ha 20 Tbic. cpyi.3 (566 M3) B
cyiKM, roflosoi/i npupoci npoflyKTHBHOc™ cocTasm 7 300 Tbic. cpyi.3
(207 Tbic. M3). Kpowie Toro, noflsmcfl aKOHOMna OT npeflOTBpameHHOi/i
3MMCCMM, conposoKflaiomei/i npouecc npoflysKM. flpn 12 oflHonacosbix
npoflysKax B rofl MCKnioHeHHafl awinccufl cocTasnT 24 Tbic. cpyT.3 B rqq
(680 M3).
PMC. 10: 3KOHOMMHecKMM aHa/iMS saivieHbi CMCTGM
nnyH>KepHbiMM
0 fofl 1 rofl 2 rofl 3 rofl 4 rofl 5 rofl
CionMOCTb rasa sa CHST
M
SMMCCMM
OSopyfloeam/ie nnyH>KepHOi/i ($6 000)
noflteMHOi/i cucieMbi w
CTOMMOCTb
$21 972 $21 972 $21 972 $21 972 $21 972
O6cjiy>KMBaHMe rmyHwepHOM
cucieMbi
Saipaibi Ha
$0
OicyTCTBue
o6pa6oTKM
nociynjieHne cpeflCTB
($1 000) ($1 000) ($1 000) ($1 000) ($1 000)
$0 $0 $0 $0 $0
$10000 $10000 $10000 $10000 $10000
($6000) $30972 $30972 $30972 $30972 $30972
NPV (Huciaa npusefleHHaa CTOMMOCTb)2= $101 280
OKynaeMOCTM =< 6
npi/i nene rasa $3/Tbic. fyyj.3 ($106/Tbic. M3) Ana 7 300 Tbic. cfiyT.3 (207 M3) sa CHST
pocia floSbNM M 24 Tbic. cf>yT.3 (57 M3) OT MCKJiiOHeHHOi/i SMMCCMM (c yneTOM 12
npOflyBOK M 2 Tbic. <$)yT.3 (56,6 M3) sa npOflyBKy).
MucTaa npi/ieefleHHaa CTOMMOCTb paccnuTaHa npn CTaeKe flucKOHTupoeaHna 10% Ha
nepnofl CBbiiue 5 JIST.
KOH KpSTH b!6
npniviepbi
MecTopoKfleHkie Amoco Midland Farm
Amoco - napTHep-ynpeflHTerib Natural Gas STAR (na
MowieHT o6teflMHMBiijaflCfl c BP), onucbisaeT ycneujHyio sawieny Ha
MecTopo>KfleHMM Midland Farm nponsBOflCTseHHoro o6opyqoBaHMfl B
CKsa>KMHe c 6anaHcnpHbiM nacocoivi Ha nnynxepHyK) noflteMHyio cucTeiviy.
flo ycTanosKM nnyHxepHbix noflteMHbix CMCTSM Amoco ncnoribsoBana
SanaHcupHbie ycTaHOBKH c KonoHHaMM CTeKnoBonoKOHHbix iiJTaHr.
floflteiviHoe o6opyflosaHMe nepsoHanaribHO cocToano us HacocHbix
yCT3HOBOK C KpyTflmMM MOM6HTOM 640 flfOMM-CpyHT (72 H*M), npMBOflMMblX B
flei/icTsne flBMraTenflMM MomHOCTbK) 60 n.c. CneunanncTbi saMeTunn, HTO B
CKsa>KMHaxflaHHoro MecTopo>KfleHMfl BOSHMKann npo6neMbi, csasaHMbie c
o6pa3OBaHneivi napacpuHosoro HaneTa B CTBone CKsaxuHbi v\ Ha nacocnbix
ujTaHrax, KOTOpbii/i 6noKnpoBari HOTOK xnflKOCTH v\ npenaTCTBOBan
flBuxeHMK) CTeKnoBonoKOHHbix HacocHbix iiJTaHr. rinyHxepHafl
cucTeivia paccMaTpusariacb K3K BOSMOXHOS cpeflCTBO
napacpuna B
14
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Amoco Havana nporpawiMy no BHeflpeHMK) nnyHxepHbix noflteMHbix cucieivi
c nunoTHoro npoeicra Ha oflHoi/i CKsawnHe. Onupaacb Ha nepsbii/i ycneiuHbii/i
onbii, Amoco saieivi npoflon>KMna npouecc saivieHbi o6opyqoBaHMfl Ha scex
CKsa>KMHax MecTopo>KfleHMfl. OcHOBbisaacb na ycnewHOM onbiie B Midland
Farm, Amoco yciaHOBuna 190 nnynxepHbix noflteiviHbix cucieivi na
ynaciKax B flensepe n CaHflayne (Texac) n sawieHnna ocianbHbie
6anaHcnpHbie
H3flep>KKM M flOXOflbl
Amoco oueHnna saipaibi Ha Bneflpenne
noflteiviHbix CMCT6M, BKnKMafl ycipoi/JCTBO nnyHxepa n
KonoHHbi cpoHiaHHbix ipy6, B cpeflHewi B $10 000 Ha CKsa>KMHy
saipaibi na nunoTHbii/i npoeKT, BKnionafl peKOHCipyKumo KonoHHbi
cpoHiaHHbix ipy6, 6binn Bbiiue cpeflnux B oinnHne OT nocneflytomnx
npoeKTOB).
Saieivi Amoco 6bin nposeflen ananns aKOHOMnnecKoi/i acpcpeKTHBHOc™ sa
cnei CHMxennfl pacxoflos Ha aneKipuHecTBO, KanmanbHbii/i pewioHT
n xnMnnecKyK) o6pa6oiKy na ipex ynaciKax. B uenoM, no oueHKaivi
Amoco, MCKriKHeHHbie M3flep>KKM Ha aneKipunecTBO, pewioHT n
OT napacpuna cociaBMnn B cpeflneivi $20 000 B rofl na
* 3neKTpn«HecTBO. CoKpamenne pacxoflos oueHnsanocb, ncxoflfl us 50%
MawMHHoro speivieHM. Ha ocHose nsflepxeK, npeflCTasneHHbix Ha puc. 6,
na aneKipuHecTse cocTasuna OKOJIO $20 B cyiKM.
KannjanbHbiM peMOHT CKea>KMHbi. B cpeflneivi Amoco nposoflnna
KanmanbHbii/i pewioHT na CKsaxune B rofl, CBflsannbii/i c peMomoM
cpoHiaHHbix ipy6. Ha npmvieHflBiiJMXcfl panee 6anaHcnpHbix yciaHOBKax
CTOMMOCTb 3Toi/i onepaunn 6bina $3 000, HTO B cpeflHewi cociaBJiflno $8
B cyiKM.
o6pa6oTKa. Han6onbiuafl aKOHOMna 6bina nonyneHa OT
XMMMHecKoi/i o6pa6oiKM. Amoco cwiorna caKOHOMMib Ha
OT napacpMHa npniviepHO $10 000 Ha CKsaxuny B rofl 6naroflapfl
Towiy, HTO BHeflpenne nnynxepa MCKnioHnno HaKonneHne napacpuna B
ipy6ax.
YBejiMHeHMe flo6biHM rasa M npn6bmn
flocne BHeflpeHMfl nepsoi/i nnyH>KepHoi/i noflteiviHoi/i cucieivibi Amoco 6bino
yciaHOBneHO, HTO flo6bNa rasa ysennHMnacb 6onee neivi Ha 400 Tbic. cpyi.3
(11,3 Tbic. M3) B cyiKM. B npouecce pacujupennfl ncnojibsosaHMfl
nnynxepHbix noflteiviHbix cucieivi Ha MecTopo>KfleHMM KOMnanna mviena
3HaKMH, Ha Koiopbix 6bmn yciaHOBneHbi nnynxepHbie noflteiviHbie
cucieivibi, cocTasuno 1 348 Tbic. cpyi.3 (38 Tbic. M3) B cyiKM. CpeflHeroflosaa
aKOHOMMfl rasa, ncxoflfl us 6 npouenioB CHMxeHna flo6bNM, cocTasuna
11 274 Tbic. cpyi.3 (319 Tbic. M3) Ha CKsaxuny nnn npmviepno $33 822 Ha
CKsa>KMHy. Ha puc. 11, 12 npeflCTasneHbi pesynbiaibi npeflBapmenbHoro
anannsa aKOHOMnnecKoi/i acpcpeKTHBHOcin B nepsbii/i rofl BHeflpenna
nnynxepHbix noflteiviHbix cucieivi Ha MecTopo>KfleHMM Midland Farm
Amoco. Kpowie SKOHOMMM rasa M coKpamenna nsflepxeK npn
nnynxepHbix noflteMHbix cucieivi Amoco nonyHnna
eflMHOBpeivieHHbii/i floxofl OT npoflaxn BbicBo6oflMBUJHxcfl HacocHbix
yciaHOBOK M flBuraienei/i, cociaBMBium/i $32 000 flna Ka>Kfloi/i
15
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AH3J1M3
CBOflHbie flaHHbie pacxoflos n floxoflos, csasaHHbix c nporpawiMoi/i
BHeflpeHMfl nnyHxepHbix noflteMHbix cucieivi Kopnopaunei/i Amoco,
npeflCTasneHbi Ha puc. 12. B leneHne nepsoro rofla aKcnnyaiaunn
KopnopauMfl nonyHnna cpeflHeroflosoi/i aKOHOMnnecKm/i acpcpeicr OKOJIO
$44 700 Ha CKsa>KMHy. Kpowie Toro, no Ka>Kfloi/i CKsaxune 6bino nonyneHO
OKOJIO $32 000 KowineHcaunn OT nuKBUflaunoHHOi/i CTOMMOCTM o6opyqoBaHMfl
SanaHcupHbix yciaHOBOK.
PMC. 11:
nnyH>KepHbix
ypoBHfl flo6biHM aa CHGT
CMCTGM Ha MecTopo>KfleHMM Midland
Farm B Texace
CKBB-
>KMH3
FlpOflyKTMBHOCTb flO yCTaHOBKM
nnyH>KepHbix noflteMHbix CMCTGM
FlpOflyKTMBHOCTb 33 30 flHGM
nocjie ycraHOBKM
fas, Tbic.
(TbIC.
M3)/cyr.
Hec})Tb,
6appejieii
(M3)B
CyTKM
Bofla,
6appejieii
(M3) B CyTKM
fas, Tbic.
(TbIC.
M3)/cyr.
Hec})Tb,
6appejieii
(M3)B
CyTKM
Bofla,
6appejieii
(M3)B
CyTKM
1 233(7) 6(0,9) 1(0,1) 676(19) 5(0,8) 1(0,1)
2 280(8) 15(2,4) 1(0,1) 345(10) 15(2,4) 1(0,1)
3 240(7) 13(2,1) 2(0,2) 531(15) 33(5) 11(1,3)
4 180(5) 12(2) 2(0,2) 180(5) 16(2,5) 3(0,4)
5 250 (7) 5 (0,8) 2 (0,2) 500 (14) 5 (0,8) 2 (0,2)
6 95(3) 8(1,3) 2(0,2) 75(2) 12(2) 0
7 125(4) 13(2,1) 1(0,1) 125(4) 14(2,2) 0
8 55(2) 6(1) 1(0,1) 55(2) 13(2) 2(0,2)
9 120(3) 45(7) 6(0,7) 175(5) 40(6) 0
10 160(5) 16(2,5) 3(0,4) 334(9) 17(2,7) 3(0,4)
11 180(5) 7(1) 12(1,4) 80(2) 6(1) 6(0,7)
12 215(6) 15(2,4) 4(0,5) 388(10) 21(3,3) 2(0,2)
13 122(3) 8(1,3) 8(1) 124(4) 12(2) 7(0,8)
14 88(2) 5(0,8) 10(1,2) 23(1) 9(1,4) 1(0,1)
CpeflHee 167(5) 12(2) 4(0,5) 258(7) 16(2,5) 3(0,4)
1 Bee CKea>KMHbi MM8K)T mySuHy OKOJIO 11 400 ti^yj. (3 475 M).
MCTOHHMK: World Oil, HoaSpb, 1995
PMC. 12: SKOHOMHHGCKHM acfx^eKT, nonyneHMbiM KopnopaMiieii
Amoco npn saiuetie 6anaHcnpHbix yxrraHOBOK Ha
CMCTGMbl
rpqceaa
(iblC,
CTDM-
MOCIb
C3KOHOM-
JlGHHOro
331X30
rasa2
CTOMMOCTb
ycraHOBKM
nnyH>Hep-
HOM
HOM
CMCTCMblHa
CKea>Kmy
3KDHO
pewiOHre
HaCOCHbK
BIDfl
3KDHO-
XMMMMeC-
KDM
o6pa6or-
KEH3
CKB3>KMHy
BIDfl
3KDHO
aneiapo-
3HperviK)
Ha
CpeflHe-
rpqceoM
3KOHOMH-
HaCKB3>KM-
AononHij-
TCJIbHblM
floxqqor
CMPHOM
ycraHOB-
KM Ha
11 274
(319)
$33 822
$10000
$3000
$10000
$20
$44 700
$32 000
oSteivi rasofloSbinn = 1 348 Tbic. dpyr.3 (38,2 Tbic. M3) B cym/i. B
npeflnono>KeHMM CHM>KeHMa floSbinn Ha 6% B rofl.
2 l\ena rasa $3/Tbic. cJjyT.3 ($106/Tbic. M3).
3 VcpeflHeHHaa BennHMHa SKOHOMMM pacou/iiana no 14 CKBa>KMHaM.
16
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MecTopoKfleHkie Mobil Big Piney
Ha MecTopo>KfleHMM Big Piney B ujiaie Bai/ioMMHr Kopnopauna Mobil Oil -
napTHep-yHpeflmenb Natural Gas STAR (Ha flam-ibii/i MowieHT
06-beflMHMBiuaflCfl c Exxon) yciaHOBuna nnyHxepHbie noflteiviHbie cucieivibi
Ha 19 CKsa>KMHax. flepsbie flse ycianoBKH 6binn CMOHinposaHbi B 1995 rofly,
ocianbHbie CKsaxuHbi 6binn o6opyqoBaHbi B 1997 rofly. B pesynbiaie ainx
npeo6pasoBaHMi/i Mobil coKpainna o6myio aMMCcmo rasa OT npoflysoK Ha
12 166 Tbic. cpyi.3 (345 Tbic. M3) B rofl. Kpowie coKpamenna aMnccnn wieiana
yciaHOBKa nnynxepHbix noflteMHbix cucieivi o6ecneKfloi/i CKsaxuHe nocne yciaHOBKM
nnynxepHbix noflteiviHbix cucieivi.
PMC. 13: FlporpaMMa ycTaHOBKM rmyhwepHbix noflteMMbix CMCTGM
B Big Piney, BaMOMMHr
CKBawMHa
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Bcero:
3MMCCMH flO
ycraHOBKM
CMCTGM, TblC.C^yr.3
(Tbic. M3)/rofl na
CKBa>KMHy
1 456(41)
581(16)
1 959 (55)
924 (26)
105(3)
263 (7)
713(20)
453(13)
333 (9)
765 (22)
1 442(41)
1 1 75 (33)
694 (20)
1 416(40)
1 132(32)
1 940 (55)
731 (21)
246 (7)
594(17)
1 7 224 (488)
3MMCCM& nocjie
yCTaHOBKM, TbIC.
4>yT.3 (Tbic. M3)/rofl
LJ9 f*ISB9MSMLJW
net isixDd/iVriny
0
0
318 (9)
0
24(1)
95(3)
80(2)
0
0
217(6)
129(4)
991 (28)
215 (6)
1 259 (36)
708 (20)
561 (16)
461 (13)
0
0
5 058 (143)
CpeflHeroflosoe
coKpameHMe, Tbic.
4>yT.3 (Tbic. M3)/rofl
1 456(41)
581 (16)
1 641 (46)
924 (26)
81(2)
168(5)
633(18)
753(21)
333 (9)
548(16)
1 313(37)
184(5)
479 (14)
157(4)
424(12)
1 379 (39)
270 (8)
246 (7)
594(17)
12 166(344)
no ycTanoBKe
peKowieHflaunn nowioryi ycipaHMTb npo6neMbi npn yciaHOBKe
noflteiviHbix cucieivi:
* He Mcno/ibsyuTe 3KcnnyaTaunoHHbie naKepbi, T. K. OHM
orpaHMHMeaioT o6"beM Ao6binn rasa sa OAMH peiic nnyH>Kepa. Ees
naKepa ysennHMBaeTCfl nociynneHne OKaioro rasa sa cnei
17
-------
scero cso6oflHoro Konbuesoro npocipaHCTsa. Mewi
o6teM rasa, ISM 6onbiue o6teM noflHflioi/i soflbi.
* FlepeA ycraHOBKOM npoeepbre oTcyrcTBue sacopenvia B rpy6ax
Kann6poBOHHbiM KO/ibLjoM. SacopeHne ipy6 ocno>KHfleT
nnyHxepa n MOKST npusecin K Heo6xoflMMOCTM saivieHbi
KonoHHbi HacocHO-KOMnpeccopHbix ipy6.
* OcMOTpure nnyH>Kep nocne nepeoro pePica. flposepKa nnynxepa Ha
nospe>KfleHm/i, necKa nnn ocaflKa nossonm npefloiBpainTb
CJIOKHOCTM B era aKcnnyaiaunn, nponssec™
onepaiMBHbii/i pewioHT BO spewia noflroioBKH 6pnraflbi n MomawHoro
nofltewmbie cucieivibi nivieioT pafl npemviymeciB nepefl
flpyrmviM MeTOflaMM yflaneHna xnflKocin us CKsawm-i: ysennHeHMbii/i o6teM
: rasa, ysennHeHMbii/i cpoK aKcnnyaiaunn CKsaxnH, yMeHbLuem-ibie
pacxoflbi, ywieHbiueHHafl awinccufl wieiaHa. flpn
yciaHOBKe nnynxepHbix noflteiviHbix cucieivi cneflyei npuHmviaib BO
: cneflyiomee:
* FlnyHxepHbie noflteMHbie cucieivibi nivieioT 6onee KopoiKMi/i cpoK
OKynaewiocTM MHsecTnum/i no cpasHeHMK) c 6anaHcnpHbiMM yciaHOBKaiviM
n
noflteMHbie cucieivibi o6ecneKMHbi n CHMxeHne 3MMCCMM MeiaHa B aiMoccpepy.
* 3KOHOMMHecKm/i aHanns npmvieHeHMfl nnynxepHbix noflteMHbix cucieivi
flonxeH yHMTbisaTb cymecTseHHbii/i poci npoflyKTHBHOcin no Ka>Kfloi/i
CKsa>KMHe BBMfly ysennHeHMfl cpoKa ee aKcnnyaiaunn.
* flaxe ecnn flasneHne B CKsaxuHe naflaei Huxe Heo6xoflmvioro flna
npeofloneHMfl npoTMBOflasneHMfl B MarncipanbHOM rasonposofle n
noflteivia nnynxepa c xnflKocibio, nnynxep 6onee acpcpeKTMseH
Bbl6pOC3 >KMflKOCTM MS CKB3>KMHbl H3 nOBepXHOCTb, H6M npOCT3fl
npoflysKa CKsaxuHbi, He ocHameHHOi/i nnyH>KepHoi/i noflteiviHoi/i
cucieivioi/i.
ExeroflHbie oineTbi no nporpaivnvie Natural Gas STAR flon>KHbi
o6teMbi aMnccnn wieiaHa, nonynem-ibie B pesynbiaie
CKsa>KMH nnyHxepHbiMM noflteiviHbiMM
18
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Abercrombie, B. "Plunger Lift" in The Technology of Artificial Lift Methods,
Vol. 2b, by K.E. Brown. PennWell Publishing Co., 1980 (pp. 483-518).
Beauregard, E., and PL. Ferguson. Introduction to Plunger Lift: Applications,
Advantages and Limitations. SPE Paper 21290 presented at the Rocky
Mountain Regional Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, Billings,
MT, May 1982.
Beeson, C.M., D.G. Knox, and J.H. Stoddard. Plunger Lift Correlation Equa-
tions and Nomographs. Paper 501-G presented at AIME Petroleum Branch
Meeting, New Orleans, LA, October 1995.
Bracy. C.L., and S.J. Morrow. An Economic Assessment of Artificial Lift in
Low Pressure, Tight Gas Sands in Ochiltree County, Texas. SPE Paper
27932 presented at the SPE Mid-Continent Gas Symposium, Amarillo, TX,
May 1994.
Christian, J., Lea, J.F., and Bishop, B. Plunger Lift Comes of Age. World Oil,
November 1995.
EVI Weatherford, personal contact.
Ferguson, Paul L., and Beauregard, E. Will Plunger Lift Work in My Well.
Southwestern Petroleum Short Course, (pp. 301-310), 1988.
Fishback II, J. William, Exxon-Mobil, personal contact.
Foss, D.L., and R.B. Gaul. Plunger-Lift Performance Criteria with Operating
Experience—Ventura Avenue Field. Drilling and Production Practice. Ameri-
can Petroleum Institute, 1965 (pp. 124-140).
Gregg, David, Multi Products Company, personal contact.
GRI—EPA, Research and Development, Methane Emissions from the Natur-
al Gas Industry, Volume 2: Technical Report. Prepared for the Energy Infor-
mation Administration, GRI 94/0257.1, June 1996.
GRI—EPA, Research and Development, Methane Emissions from the Natur-
al Gas Industry, Volume 7: Blow and Purge Activities. Prepared for the Ener-
gy Information Administration, GRI 94/0257.24, June 1996.
Lea, J.F. Dynamic Analysis of Plunger Lift Operations. SPE Paper 10253 pre-
sented at the 56th Annual Fall Technical Conference and Exhibition, San
Antonio, TX, October 1981.
McAllister, E.W. Pipe Line Rules of Thumb Handbook, Fourth Edition. Gulf
Publishing Company, 1998 (pp. 282-284).
O'Connell T, P. Sinner, and W.R. Guice. Flexible Plungers Resolve CT, Slim
Hole Problems. American Oil and Gas Reporter, Vol. 40 No. 1 (pp. 82-85).
Paugh, Len, Lomak Petroleum, personal contact.
Phillips, Dan and Listik, Scott. How to Optimize Production from Plunger Lift
Systems. World Oil, May 1998.
Plunger Lift Systems, Inc., personal contact.
Schneider, T, S., and Mackey, V Plunger Lift Benefits Bottom Line fora
Southeast New Mexico Operator. SPE Paper 59705 presented at the Permi-
an Basin Oil land Gas Recovery Conference, Midland, TX , March 2000.
Smith, Reid, BP, personal contact.
19
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Tingley, Kevin, U.S. EPA Natural Gas STAR Program, personal contact.
Walls, Brad, Resource Production Company, personal contact.
Well Master Corporation, personal contact.
Wellco Service Corporation, personal contact.
20
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pocTa npoflVKTHBHOCTM p,na CKBawmn c
flo6b,He*.
Flo flam-ibiM, npeflocTasneHMbiM Dake 's Fundamentals of Reservoir Engi-
neering (1982), Ha ocHose cneflyiomero ypasHeHMfl MO>KHO paccnmaTb
npupoci fle6ma npn noHnxeHHOM flasneHnn B CKsaxuHe, Koiopaa
ocHamena nnyH>KepHoi/i noflteMHOi/i cucieivioi/i. YpaBHeHne,
nonyycTOMHUBoro pexnivia mvieei
m(pavg)-m(pwf)=[(1 422 x Q x T)/(k x h)] x [ln(re/rw)-3/4+S)] x (8,15),
m(pavg) =
rasa;
m(Pwf) = cpaKTunecKaa BennnnHa nceBflOflaBneHna rasa
cKBa>KMHbi;
Q = fle6nT rasa;
T= a6conK>THafl reMneparypa;
K = npoHnuaeiviocTb;
h = MoinHocTb nnacra;
re = paflnyc BHeniHei/i rpannubi;
rw = paflnyc CKBa>KMHbi;
S = MexaHMHeCKUM CKMH-CpaKTOp.
flocne nonyneHMfl xapaKiepuciMK KOJineKiopa Ha ocHose aioro
MO>KHO onpeflennib sennHMHy Q flna saivieflneHHoro noioKa npn
>KMflKOCTM B CKB3>KMHe (TSKymee COCTOflHMe M KpMB3fl naflSHMfl), a TaiOKe Q
flnfl cyxoi/i CKsa>KMHbi (npn ncnonbsoBaHnn nnynxepHbix noflteMHbix cucieivi
n yioHHeHHaa Kpusaa nafleHna). 3io o6mne npuHunnbi, n KowinaHnn
flon>KHbi o6pamaibcfl sa noMoujbK) K HHxeHepaM-paspaeoTHMKaivi flna 6onee
pacneioB.
21
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MGTOA pacneja MCKntoneHHOM SMMCCMM npn
MGTOfla
Ou.eHKy c saBbiiueHneivi norpeiuHociei/i no o6teiviaM rasa, Bbi6pacbiBaeivioro
Ha nosepxHocib, MO>KHO Bbinormmb, ncnonbsya cneflyiomyK) cpopwiyny:
ExeroflHbie Bbi6pocbi Pasa, Tbic.cpyi.Vrofl = (0,37 x 106 ) x (fluawieip
O6caflKn)2 x rny6nHa CKsaxuHbi x flasneHne B 3aKpbiioi/i CKsaxuHe x
ExeroflHoe KonnnecTBO FlpmvieHeHm/i TexHonornn Bbisosa flpmoKa
Sflecb fluawieip o6caflKM npusefleH B flKMMax, rny6nHa CKsaxuHbi B
cpyiax n flasneHne B saKpbiioi/i CKsaxuHe B cpyHiax Ha
Ha puc. A1 npuBOflHTca npmviep pacneia.
PMC. A1: flpuMep: PacneT MCKntoneHHOM SMMCCMM npn saivieHe
oScaflKM 8 flioi/iMOB (0,2 M)
CKea>KMHbi 10 000 dpyj. (3048 M)
flae/iem/ie B saKpbiioi/i CKBa>KMHe 214,7 cfiyHT/flioi/iM2 (1 480,3 Kfla)
KojinnecTBO npuMSHeHMi/i lexHOJiornn Bbisosa 52 (e>KeHeflenbHo)
npmoKa B rofl
E>KeroflHbie BbiSpocbi rasa = (0,37 x106 ) x 82 x 10 000 x 214,7 x 52 = 2 644 INC.
(74,9 INC. M3/rofl)
3io MMHMManbHbii/i o6teM rasa, Koiopbii/i wior 6biib Bbi6poiueH npn
aiMoccpepHOM flasneHMM us CKsaxunbi, npeKpaiMBiuei/i noflany rasa B
KOMMepnecKMi/i Tpy6onposofl ssufly Toro, HTO ruflpociaTMHecKm/i yposenb
>KMflKoc™, CKonnBiuei/icfl B HacocHO-KowinpeccopHbix ipy6ax, pasen
pasHociM flasneHMfl B KOMMepnecKOM Tpy6onposofle v\ B CKsaxuHe. Ecnn
flasneHne B aioi/i CKsaxuHe npesbiiuaeT flasneHne B KOMMepnecKOM
Tpy6onposofle B 1,5 pasa, HTO cooTBeTCTByei ycnosuflivi npmvieHeHMfl
nnynxepHbix noflteMHbix cucieivi Ha puc. 2, TO o6teM rasa B o6caflHbix
ipy6ax CKsa>KMHbi npn flasneHnn, xapaKiepnoM Ana saKpbiioi/i
flonxeH 6biib MMHMManbHO flocTaionHbiM flna BbiianKHBaHMfl
nepes cucieiviy ipy6 na nosepxHocib npn CHMxeHnn npoTMBOflasneHMfl flo
Hynfl. flapiHepbi wioryi paccnmaTb MMHMivianbHoe speivifl c6poca rasa us
CKsa>KMHbi, Mcnonbsya yKasaHHbii/i o6teM v\ ypasHeHne noioKa rasa flna
MecTopo>KfleHMfl Weymouth (nonyneHHoe arm fluawieipa ipy6 o6mero
HasHaneHMfl v\ nafleHna flasneHMfl, Koiopoe npusefleHO B ia6n. 3-5 Ha cip.
283 M 284 B pasflene Pipeline Rules 4-ro nsflanna cnpasoHHMKa Thumb
Handbook Pipeline Rules). Ecnn us onbiia napinepos ussecTHO, HTO Ha
c6poc rasa us CKsaxunbi yxoflm 6onbiue speivieHM, neivi npeflnonaraeica B
flannoM pacneiHOM wieiofle, TO snanenne ExeroflHbix Bbi6pocos fasa
6biib ysennHeHO c yneToivi npocioro cooiHoujeHMfl wie>Kfly
speivieHeM BbinycKa rasa v\ pacneTHbiivi speivieHeM Ha ocnose
MecTopo>KfleHMfl Weymouth.
22
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23
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&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Air and Radiation (6202J)
1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW
Washington, DC 20460
EPA430-B-03-005
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