April 2007
Bibliometric Analysis
for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Research
and Development's Science and Technology for Sustainability
(STS) Research Program
This is a bibliometric analysis of the papers prepared by intramural and extramural researchers
of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of the Science and Technology for
Sustainability (STS) Research Program. For this analysis, 662 papers were reviewed, and they
were published from 1996 to 2006. These publications were cited 12,887 times in the journals
covered by Thomson's Web of Science1 and Scopus2. Of these 662 publications, 546 (82%)
have been cited at least once in a journal.
Searches of Thomson Scientific's Web of Science and Scopus were conducted to obtain times
cited data for the STS journal publications. The analysis was completed using Thomson's
Essential Science Indicators (ESI) and Journal Citation Reports (JCR) as benchmarks. ESI
provides access to a unique and comprehensive compilation of essential science performance
statistics and science trends data derived from Thomson's databases. For this analysis, the ESI
highly cited papers thresholds as well as the hot papers thresholds were used to assess the
influence and impact of the STS papers. JCR is a recognized authority for evaluating journals.
It presents quantifiable statistical data that provide a systematic, objective way to evaluate the
world's leading journals and their impact and influence in the global research community. The
two key measures used in this analysis to assess the journals in which the EPA STS papers are
published are the Impact Factor and Immediacy Index. The Impact Factor is a measure of the
frequency with which the "average article" in a journal has been cited in a particular year. The
Impact Factor helps evaluate a journal's relative importance, especially when compared to
other journals in the same field. The Immediacy Index is a measure of how quickly the
"average article" in a journal is cited. This index indicates how often articles published in a
journal are cited within the same year and it is useful in comparing how quickly journals are
cited.
The report includes a summary of the results of the analysis, an analysis of the 662 STS
research papers analyzed by ESI field (e.g., chemistry, environment/ecology, engineering), an
analysis of the journals in which the STS papers were published, a table of the highly cited
researchers in the STS Research Program, and a list of the patents and patent applications
resulting from the program.
Thomson Scientific's Web of Science provides access to current and retrospective multidisciplinary information
from approximately 8,830 of the most prestigious, high impact research journals in the world. Web of Science also
provides cited reference searching.
2
Scopus is a large abstract and citation database of research literature and quality Web sources designed to support
the literature research process. Scopus offers access to 15,000 titles from 4,000 different publishers, more than
12,850 academic journals (including coverage of 535 Open Access journals, 750 conference proceedings, and 600
trade publications), 27 million abstracts, 245 million references, 200 million scientific Web pages, and 13 million
patent records.
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Bibliometric Analysis ofSTS Research Program Journal Articles
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
l. More than one-quarter of the STS publications are highly cited papers. A review of the
citations indicates that 187 (28.2%) of the STS papers qualify as highly cited when using the ESI
criteria for the top 10% of highly cited publications. This is 2.8 times the number expected.
Thirty-two (4.8%) of the STS papers qualify as highly cited when using the ES/ criteria for the top
1%, which is 4.8 times the number expected. Six (0.91%) of these papers qualify as very highly
cited when using the criteria for the top 0.1%, which is 9.1 times the number anticipated. One
paper (0.15%) actually meets the 0.01 % threshold for the most highly cited papers, which is 15
times the 0.066 number expected.
2. The STS papers are more highly cited than the average paper. Using the ESI average
citation rates for papers published by field as the benchmark, in 11 of the 17 fields in which the
EPA STS papers were published, the ratio of actual to expected cites is greater than 1,
indicating that the STS papers are more highly cited than the average papers in those fields. For
all 17 fields combined, the ratio of total number of cites to the total number of expected cites
(12,887 to 5,134) is 2.5, indicating that the STS papers are more highly cited than the average
paper.
3. One-third of the STS papers are published in high impact journals. Two hundred twenty-
seven (227) of the 662 papers were published in the top 10% of journals ranked by JCF? Impact
Factor, representing 34.3% of EPA's STS papers. This number is 3.4 times higher than
expected. Two hundred thirty-nine (239) of the 661 papers appear in the top 10% of journals
ranked by JCf? Immediacy Index, representing 36.1% of EPA's STS papers. This number is 3.6
times higher than expected.
4. Eight of the STS papers qualify as hot papers. Using the hot paper thresholds established by
ESI as a benchmark, 8 hot papers, representing 1.2% of the STS papers, were identified in the
analysis. Hot papers are papers that were highly cited shortly after they were published. The
number of STS hot papers is 12 times higher than the 0.66 hot papers expected.
5. The authors of the STS papers cite themselves much less than the average author. Four
hundred seventy-seven (477) of the 12,887 cites are author self-cites. This 3.7% author self-
citation rate is well below the accepted range of 10-30% author self-citation rate.
6. Eight of the authors of the STS papers are included in ISIHighlyCited.com, which is a
database of the world's most influential researchers who have made key contributions to science
and technology during the period from 1981 to 1999.
7. There were 25 patents issued and 9 patent applications filed by investigators from 1996 to
2006 for research that was conducted under EPA's STS research program. Seventeen (68%) of
the 25 patents have been referenced by 114 other patents.
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Bibliometric Analysis ofSTS Research Program Journal Articles
Highly Cited STS Publications
All of the journals covered by ESI are assigned a field, and to compensate for varying citation rates
across scientific fields, different thresholds are applied to each field. Thresholds are set to select
highly cited papers to be listed in ESI. Different thresholds are set for both field and year of
publication. Setting different thresholds for each year allows comparable representation for older and
younger papers for each field.
The 662 STS research papers reviewed for this analysis were published in journals that were assigned
to 17 of the 22 ESI fields. The distribution of the papers among these 17 fields and the number of
citations by field are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. STS Papers by ESI Fields
No. of
Citations
10,179
1,122
352
318
294
243
94
85
55
45
40
26
17
16
1
0
0
Total =
12,887
ESI Field
Chemistry
Engineering
Environment/Ecology
Multidisciplinary
Biology & Biochemistry
Materials Science
Computer Science
Physics
Microbiology
Economics & Business
Molecular Biology & Genetics
Social Sciences, General
Plant & Animal Science
Agricultural Sciences
Pharmacology & Toxicology
Clinical Medicine
Geosciences
No. of EPA
STS Papers
384
94
64
2
29
41
9
9
8
4
2
7
2
2
2
1
2
Total = 662
Average
Cites/Paper
26.51
11.94
5.50
159.00
10.14
5.93
10.44
9.44
6.88
11.25
20.00
3.71
8.50
8.00
0.50
0.00
0.00
19.47
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Bibliometric Analysis ofSTS Research Program Journal Articles
There are 187 (28.2% of the papers analyzed) highly cited EPA STS papers in 9 of the 17 fields—
Chemistry, Engineering, Multidisciplinary, Environment/Ecology, Materials Science, Computer
Science, Biology & Biochemistry, Economics & Business, and Plant & Animal Science—when using
the ESI criteria for the top 10% of papers. Table 2 shows the number of EPA papers in those 9 fields
that meet the top 10% threshold in ESI
Table 2. Number of Highly Cited STS Papers by Field (top 10%)
Citations
7,724
974
315
173
132
81
70
40
17
Total =
9,526
ESI Field
Chemistry
Engineering
Multidisciplinary
Environment/Ecology
Materials Science
Computer Science
Biology & Biochemistry
Economics & Business
Plant & Animal Science
No. of
Papers
131
31
1
6
7
6
2
2
1
Total =
187
Average
Cites/Paper
58.96
3.03
315.00
28.83
18.86
13.50
35.00
20.00
17.00
50.94
% of EPA
Papers in
Field
34.11%
32.98%
50.00%
9.38%
17.07%
66.67%
6.90%
50.00%
50.00%
28.25%
Thirty-two (4.8%) of the papers analyzed qualify as highly cited when using the ESI criteria for the top
1% of papers. These papers cover six fields—Chemistry, Engineering, Multidisciplinary,
Environment/Ecology, Materials Science, and Plant & Animal Science. Table 3 shows the 32 papers
by field that meet the top 1% threshold in ESI. The citations for these 32 papers are provided in
Tables 4 through 9. There were 6 (0.91%) very highly cited STS papers in the fields of Chemistry,
Engineering, and Multidisciplinary. These papers, which meet the top 0.1% threshold in ESI, are
listed in Table 10. One of the STS papers actually meets the top 0.01% threshold in ESI, which
represents 0.15% of the papers. The citation for this paper is provided in Table 11.
Table 3. Number of Highly Cited STS Papers by Field (top 1%)
Citations
3,482
457
ESI Field
Chemistry
Engineering
No. of
Papers
20
7
Average
Cites/Paper
174.10
65.28
% of EPA
Papers in
Field
5.21%
7.45%
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Bibliometric Analysis ofSTS Research Program Journal Articles
Citations
315
75
62
17
Total =
4,408
ESI Field
Multidisciplinary
Environment/Ecology
Materials Science
Plant & Animal Science
No. of
Papers
1
2
1
1
Total =
32
Average
Cites/Paper
315.00
37.50
62.00
17.00
137.75
% of EPA
Papers in
Field
50.00%
3.13%
2.44%
50.00%
4.83%
Table 4. Highly Cited STS Papers in the Field of Chemistry (top 1%)
No. of
Cites
128
365
107
193
247
380
573
105
113
156
450
First Author
Canelas DA
LiCJ
Mesiano AJ
Matyjaszewski K
Patten TE
LiCJ
Varma RS
Matyjaszewski K
Varma RS
Blanchard LA
Huddle ston JG
Paper
Dispersion polymerization of styrene in supercritical carbon dioxide:
importance of effective surfactants. Macromolecules
1996;29(8):2818-2821.
Aqueous Barbier-Grignard type reaction: scope, mechanism, and
synthetic applications. Tetrahedron 1996;52(16):5643-5668.
Supercritical biocatalysis. Chemical Reviews 1999;99(2):623-633.
Transition metal catalysis in controlled radical polymerization: atom
transfer radical polymerization. Chemistry-A European Journal
1999;5(11):3095-3102.
Copper(I)-catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization. Accounts of
Chemical Research 1999;32(10):895-903.
Organic syntheses using indium-mediated and catalyzed reactions in
aqueous media. Tetrahedron 1999;55(37): 1 1 149-1 1 176.
Solvent-free organic syntheses - using supported reagents and
microwave irradiation. Green Chemistry 1999;l(l):43-55.
Gradient copolymers by atom transfer radical copolymerization.
Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2000;13(12):775-786.
Solvent-free accelerated organic syntheses using microwaves. Pure
and Applied Chemistry 2001;73(1): 193-198.
High-pressure phase behavior of ionic liquid/CO2 systems. Journal of
Physical Chemistry B 2001; 105 (12): 243 7-2444.
Characterization and comparison of hydrophilic and hydrophobic room
temperature ionic liquids incorporating the imidazolium cation. Green
Chemistry 2001;3(4):156-164.
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Bibliometric Analysis ofSTS Research Program Journal Articles
No. of
Cites
First Author
Paper
70
Holbrey JD
Efficient, halide free synthesis of new, low cost ionic liquids: 1,3-
dialkylimidazolium salts containing methyl- and ethyl-sulfate anions.
Green Chemistry 2002;4(5):407-413.
104
Wei CM
Enantioselective direct-addition of terminal alkynes to imines
catalyzed by copper(I)pybox complex in water and in toluene. Journal
of the American Chemical Society 2002;124(20):5638-5639.
Ill
Varma RS
Clay and clay-supported reagents in organic synthesis. Tetrahedron
2002;58(7):1235-1255.
126
Swatloski RP
Dissolution of cellose with ionic liquids. Journal of the American
Chemical Society 2002;124(18):4974-4975.
56
Holbrey JD
Crystal polymorphism in l-butyl-3-methylimidazolium halides:
supporting ionic liquid formation by inhibition of crystallization.
Chemical Communications 2003:14:1636-1637.
73
KaarJL
Impact of ionic liquid physical properties on lipase activity and
stability. Journal of the American Chemical Society
2003;125(14):4125-4131.
103
Swatloski RP
Ionic liquids are not always green: hydrolysis of l-butyl-3-
methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate. Green Chemistry
2003;5(4):361-363.
17
Lutz JF
Nuclear magnetic resonance monitoring of chain-end functionality in
the atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene. Journal of
Polymer Science Part A-Polymer Chemistry 2005;43(4):897-910.
JuY
Aqueous N-heterocyclization of primary amines and hydrazines with
dihalides: microwave-assisted syntheses of N-azacycloalkanes,
isoindole, pyrazole, pyrazolidine, and phthalazine derivatives. Journal
of Organic Chemistry 2006;71(1): 135-141.
Table 5. Highly Cited STS Papers in the Field of Engineering (top 1%)
No. of
Cites
56
53
62
First Author
Chandler K
Clancy JL
Bukhari Z
Paper
Alkylation reactions in near-critical water in the absence of acid
catalysts. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
1997;36(12):5175-5179.
UV light inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocysts. Journal of the
American Water Works Association 1998;90(9):92-102.
Medium-pressure UV for oocyst inactivation. Journal of the
American Water Works Association 1999;91(3):86-94.
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Bibliometric Analysis ofSTS Research Program Journal Articles
No. of
Cites
179
37
54
16
First Author
Blanchard LA
Abraham MH
Ceraolo M
ChoiY
Paper
Recovery of organic products from ionic liquids using supercritical
carbon dioxide. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
2001;40(l):287-292.
Some novel liquid partitioning systems: water-ionic liquids and
aqueous biphasic systems. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
Research 2003;42(3):413-418.
Modelling static and dynamic behaviour of proton exchange
membrane fuel cells on the basis of electro-chemical description.
Journal of Power Sources 2003 ; 1 1 3 ( 1 ) : 1 3 1 - 1 44 .
Kinetics, simulation and insights for CO selective oxidation in fuel
cell applications. Journal of Power Sources 2004;129(2):246-254.
Table 6. Highly Cited STS Paper in the Field of Multidisciplinary (top 1%)
No. of
Cites
315
First Author
Blanchard LA
Paper
Green processing using ionic liquids and CO2.
1999;399(6731):28-29.
Nature
Table 7. Highly Cited STS Papers in the Field of Environment/Ecology (top 1%)
No. of
Cites
42
33
First Author
Bare JC
SuhS
Paper
TRACI: the tool for the reduction and assessment of chemical and other
environmental impacts. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2003;6(3-4):49-78.
System boundary selection in life-cycle inventories using hybrid
approaches. Environmental Science & Technology 2004;38(3):657-664.
Table 8. Highly Cited STS Paper in the Field of Materials Science (top 1%)
No. of
Cites
62
First Author
Davis KA
Paper
Statistical, gradient, block, and graft copolymers by controlled/living
radical polymerizations. Materials Today 2002; 159: 1-169.
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Bibliometric Analysis ofSTS Research Program Journal Articles
Table 9. Highly Cited STS Paper in the Field of Plant & Animal Science (top 1%)
No. of
Cites
17
First Author
Walsh CJ
Paper
The urban stream syndrome: current knowledge and the search for a cure.
Journal of the North American Benthological Society 2005;24(3):706-723.
Table 10. Very Highly Cited STS Papers (top 0.1%)
ESI Field
Chemistry
Engineering
Multidisciplinary
No. of
Cites
380
573
450
179
54
315
First Author
LiCJ
Varma RS
Huddleston JG
Blanchard LA
Ceraolo M
Blanchard LA
Paper
Organic syntheses using indium-mediated and catalyzed
reactions in aqueous media. Tetrahedron 1999;55(37): 1 1 149-
11176.
Solvent-free organic syntheses - using supported reagents and
microwave irradiation. Green Chemistry 1999;l(l):43-55.
Characterization and comparison of hydrophilic and hydrophobic
room temperature ionic liquids incorporating the imidazolium
cation. Green Chemistry 2001;3(4): 156-164.
Recovery of organic products from ionic liquids using
supercritical carbon dioxide. Industrial & Engineering
Chemistry Research 2001;40(l):287-292.
Modelling static and dynamic behaviour of proton exchange
membrane fuel cells on the basis of electro-chemical description.
Journal of Power Sources 2003 ; 1 1 3 ( 1 ) : 1 3 1 - 1 44 .
Green processing using ionic liquids and CO2. Nature
1999;399(6731):28-29.
Table 11. Very Highly Cited STS Paper (top 0.01%)
ESI Field
Multidisciplinary
No. of
Cites
315
First Author
Blanchard LA
Paper
Green processing using ionic liquids and CO2. Nature
1999;399(6731):28-29.
Ratio of Actual Cites to Expected Citation Rates
The expected citation rate is the average number of cites that a paper published in the same journal in
the same year and of the same document type (article, review, editorial, etc.) has received from the
year of publication to the present. Using the ESI average citation rates for papers published by field as
the benchmark, in 11 of the 17 fields in which the EPA STS papers were published, the ratio of actual
to expected cites is greater than 1, indicating that the STS papers are more highly cited than the
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Bibliometric Analysis ofSTS Research Program Journal Articles
average papers in those fields (see Table 12). For all 17 fields combined, the ratio of total number of
cites to the total number of expected cites (12,887 to 5,134) is 2.51, indicating that the STS papers are
more highly cited than the average paper.
Table 12. Ratio of Actual Cites to Expected Cites for STS Papers by Field
ESI Field
Agricultural Sciences
Biology & Biochemistry
Chemistry
Clinical Medicine
Computer Science
Economics & Business
Engineering
Environment/Ecology
Geosciences
Materials Science
Microbiology
Molecular Biology & Genetics
Multidisciplinary
Pharmacology & Toxicology
Physics
Plant & Animal Science
Social Sciences, General
TOTAL
Total
Cites
16
294
10,179
0
94
45
1,122
352
0
243
55
40
318
1
85
17
26
12,887
Expected Cite
Rate
10.40
368.91
3,574.33
14.37
27.08
24.82
326.19
368.01
15.58
172.98
52.59
45.50
6.68
27.79
72.61
1.34
24.46
5,133.64
Ratio
1.54
0.80
2.85
0.00
3.47
1.81
3.44
0.96
0.00
1.40
1.04
0.88
47.60
0.04
1.17
12.69
1.06
2.51
JCR Benchmarks
Impact Factor. The JCR Impact Factor is a well known metric in citation analysis. It is a measure of
the frequency with which the "average article" in a journal has been cited in a particular year. The
Impact Factor helps evaluate a journal's relative importance, especially when compared to others in the
same field. The Impact Factor is calculated by dividing the number of citations in the current year to
articles published in the 2 previous years by the total number of articles published in the 2 previous
years.
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Bibliometric Analysis ofSTS Research Program Journal Articles
Table 13 indicates the number of STS papers published in the top 10% of journals, based on the JCR
Impact Factor. Two hundred twenty-seven (227) of 662 papers were published in the top 10% of
journals, representing 34.3% of EPA's STS papers. This indicates that more than one-third of the STS
papers are published in the highest quality journals as determined by the JCR Impact Factor, which is
3.4 times higher than the expected percentage.
Table 13. STS Papers in Top 10% of Journals by JCR Impact Factor
EPA STS
Papers in
that Journal
1
1
1
2
1
2
18
2
1
1
2
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
23
11
3
1
22
Journal
Science
Nature
Chemical Reviews
Accounts of Chemical Research
Aldrichimica Acta
Angewandte Chemie -International Edition
Journal of the American Chemical Society
Advanced Functional Materials
Analytical Chemistry
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
Chemistry-A European Journal
Chemistry of Materials
Journal of Catalysis
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
Bioscience
Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis
Ecology
International Review of Cytology
Biotechnology Advances
Chemical Communications
Organic Letters
Journal of Bacteriology
Applied Physics Letters
Environmental Science & Technology
Impact
Factor
(IF)
30.927
29.273
20.869
13.141
9.917
9.596
7.419
6.770
5.635
4.926
4.907
4.818
4.780
4.745
4.708
4.632
4.506
4.481
4.455
4.426
4.368
4.167
4.127
4.054
JCR IF
Rank
6
11
23
62
97
108
170
190
242
313
314
327
332
334
336
347
366
372
381
385
397
440
450
467
10
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Bibliometric Analysis ofSTS Research Program Journal Articles
EPA STS
Papers in
that Journal
5
22
1
1
3
5
5
24
2
1
1
3
1
1
28
3
12
3
Total = 227
Journal
Journal of Physical Chemistry B
Macromolecules
Inorganic Chemistry
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
Applied Catalysis B -Environmental
Langmuir
Journal of Materials Chemistry
Journal of Organic Chemistry
Biomacromolecules
Journal of Mass Spectrometry
Crystal Growth & Design
Organometallics
Microporous and Mesoporous Materials
Chemical Research in Toxicology
Green Chemistry
Current Organic Chemistry
Journal of Polymer Science Part A-Polymer Chemistry
Water Research
Impact
Factor
(IF)
4.033
4.024
3.851
3.818
3.809
3.705
3.688
3.675
3.618
3.574
3.551
3.473
3.355
3.339
3.255
3.102
3.027
3.019
JCR IF
Rank
474
479
535
544
547
569
575
577
598
618
627
651
689
699
722
775
806
809
Immediacy Index. The JCR Immediacy Index is a measure of how quickly the average article in a
journal is cited. It indicates how often articles published in a journal are cited within the year they are
published. The Immediacy Index is calculated by dividing the number of citations to articles published
in a given year by the number of articles published in that year.
Table 14 indicates the number of STS papers published in the top 10% of journals, based on the JCR
Immediacy Index. Two hundred thirty-nine (239) of the 662 papers appear in the top 10% of journals,
representing 36.1% of the STS papers. This indicates that one-third of the STS papers are published in
the highest quality journals as determined by the JCR Immediacy Index, which is 3.6 times higher than
the expected percentage.
11
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Bibliometric Analysis ofSTS Research Program Journal Articles
Table 14. STS Papers in Top 10% of Journals by JCR Immediacy Index
EPA STS
Papers in that
Journal
1
1
1
2
2
18
2
23
11
1
1
1
2
3
24
1
3
22
3
4
1
1
5
1
1
4
1
1
Journal
Science
Nature
Chemical Reviews
Accounts of Chemical Research
Angewandte Chemie-International Edition
Journal of the American Chemical Society
Chemistry-A European Journal
Chemical Communications
Organic Letters
Crystal Growth & Design
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
International Review of Cytology
Advanced Functional Materials
Journal of Bacteriology
Journal of Organic Chemistry
Journal of the North American Benthological Society
Journal of the Chemical Society-Perkin Transactions 1
Macromolecules
Organometallics
Journal of Catalysis
Bioscience
Chemical Research in Toxicology
Journal of Materials Chemistry
Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis
Aldrichimica Acta
Chemistry of Materials
Analytical Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Immediacy
Index
(II)
6.398
5.825
4.523
3.414
2.109
1.435
1.111
1.029
0.993
0.989
0.937
0.919
0.890
0.874
0.862
0.797
0.793
0.767
0.762
0.761
0.731
0.729
0.728
0.726
0.714
0.714
0.713
0.713
JCR II
Rank
6
11
23
36
82
162
266
296
325
328
360
369
400
413
418
479
481
497
501
504
538
542
545
551
564
564
569
569
12
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Bibliometric Analysis ofSTS Research Program Journal Articles
EPA STS
Papers in that
Journal
5
3
2
1
8
2
2
28
1
5
5
1
12
1
22
Total = 239
Journal
Journal of Physical Chemistry B
Current Organic Chemistry
Metabolic Engineering
Journal of Mass Spectrometry
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
New Journal of Chemistry
Biomacromolecule s
Green Chemistry
Ecology
Langmuir
Synlett
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters
Journal of Polymer Science Part A-Polymer Chemistry
Applied Physics Letters
Environmental Science & Technology
Immediacy
Index
(II)
0.705
0.674
0.674
0.660
0.644
0.634
0.633
0.631
0.621
0.610
0.578
0.573
0.564
0.551
0.541
JCRll
Rank
578
618
618
645
669
688
690
695
710
724
787
799
819
848
874
Hot Papers
ESI establishes citation thresholds for hot papers, which are selected from the highly cited papers in
different fields, but the time frame for citing and cited papers is much shorter—papers must be cited
within 2 years of publication and the citations must occur in a 2-month time period. Papers are
assigned to 2-month periods and thresholds are set for each period and field to select 0.1% of papers.
There were no hot papers identified for the current 2-month period (i.e., September-October 2006), but
there were a number of hot papers identified from previous periods.
Using the hot paper thresholds established by ESI as a benchmark, 8 hot papers, representing 1.2% of
the STS papers, were identified in three fields—Chemistry, Engineering, and Plant & Animal Science.
The number of STS hot papers is 12 times higher than expected. The hot papers are listed in Table 15.
Table 15. Hot Papers Identified Using ESI Thresholds
13
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Bibliometric Analysis ofSTS Research Program Journal Articles
Field
ESI Hot
Papers
Threshold
No. of Cites
in 2-Month
Period
Paper
Chemistry
10
10 cites in
March-April
2001
Matyjaszewski K. Transition metal catalysis in controlled
radical polymerization: atom transfer radical
polymerization. Chemistry-A European Journal
1999;5(11):3095-3102.
10
10 cites in
January-
February
2001
Li C-J, Chan T-H. Organic synthesis using indium-
mediated and catalyzed reactions in aqueous media.
Tetrahedron 1999;55(37): 11149-11176.
9 cites in
October-
November
2000
Patten TE, Matyjaszewski K. Copper(I)-catalyzed atom
transfer radical polymerization. Accounts of Chemical
Research 1999;32(10):895-903.
9 cites in
April-May
2003
Huddleston JG, Visser AE, Reichert WM, et al.
Characterization and comparison of hydrophilic and
hydrophobic room temperature ionic liquids incorporating
the imadazolium cation. Green Chemistry 2001;3(4): 156-
164.
Engineering
5 cites in
August 2000
Clancy JL, Hargy TM, Marshall MM, et al. UV light
inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocysts. Journal of the
American Water Works Association 1998;90(9):92-102.
6 cites in
September-
October
2002
Blanchard LA, Brennecke JF. Recovery of organic products
from ionic liquids using supercritical carbon dioxide.
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
2001;40(l):287-292.
5 cites in
April-May
2004
Abraham MH, Zissimos AM, Huddleston JG, et al. Some
novel liquid partitioning systems: water-ionic liquids and
aqueous biphasic systems. Industrial & Engineering
Chemistry Research 2003;42(3):4131 -418.
Plant & Animal
Science
7 cites in
September
2005
Walsh CJ, Roy AH, Feminella JW, et al. The urban stream
syndrome: current knowledge and the search for a cure.
Journal of the North American Benthological Society
2005;24(3):706-723.
Author Self-Citation
Self-citations are journal article references to articles from that same author (i.e., the first author).
Because higher author self-citation rates can inflate the number of citations, the author self-citation rate
was calculated for the STS papers. Of the 12,887 total cites, 477 are author self-cites—a 3.7% author
14
-------
Bibliometric Analysis ofSTS Research Program Journal Articles
self-citation rate. Garfield and Sher3 found that authors working in research-based disciplines tend to
cite themselves on the average of 20% of the time. MacRoberts and MacRoberts4 claim that
approximately 10% to 30% of all the citations listed fall into the category of author self-citation.
Kovacic and Misak5 recently reported a 20% author self-citation rate for medical literature. Therefore,
the 3.7% self-cite rate for the STS papers is well below the range for author self-citation.
Highly Cited Researchers
A search ofThomson's ISIHighlyCited.com revealed that 8 (0.9%) of the 931 authors of the STS
papers are highly cited researchers. ISIHighlyCited.com is a database of the world's most influential
researchers who have made key contributions to science and technology during the period from 1981
to 1999. The highly cited researchers identified during this analysis of the STS publications are
presented in Table 16.
Table 16. Highly Cited Researchers Authoring STS Publications
Highly Cited
Researcher
Abraham, Michael H.
Calabrese, Joe C.
Groffman, Peter Mark
Haddon, Robert C.
Katritzky, Alan R.
Matyjaszewski,
Krzysztof
Paquette, Leo Armand
Suidan, Makram T.
Total = 8
Affiliation
University College London
E.I. Dupont de Nemours Co.
Institute of Ecosystem Studies
University of California-Riverside
University of Florida
Carnegie Mellon University
Ohio State University
University of Cincinnati
ESI Field
Chemistry
Chemistry
Environment/Ecology
Physics
Chemistry
Chemistry
Chemistry
Environment/Ecology
Garfield E, Sher IH. New factors in the evaluation of scientific literature through citation indexing. American
Documentation 1963;18(July):195-210.
4 MacRoberts MH, MacRoberts BR. Problems of citation analysis: a critical review. Journal of the American Society of
Information Science 1989;40(5):342-349.
5 Kavaci N, Misak A. Author self-citation in medical literature. Canadian Medical Association Journal
2004;170(13):1929-1930.
15
-------
Bibliometric Analysis ofSTS Research Program Journal Articles
Patents
There were 25 patents issued to and 9 patent applications filed by investigators from 1996 to 2006 for
research that was conducted under EPA's STS research program. Seventeen (68%) of the 25 patents
have been referenced by 114 other patents. These patents and patent applications, along with the
patents that reference them, are listed in Table 17.
Table 17. Patents and Patent Applications from the
STS Research Program (1996-2006)
Patent No.
or Applica-
tion No.
Inventor(s)
Title
Issue
Date or
Applica-
tion Date
No. of Patents that Referenced This Patent
5,647,221
Garris Jr. CA
Pressure
exchanging
ejector and
refrigeration
apparatus and
method
7/15/97
Referenced by 14 patents:
(1) 7,143,602 Ejector-type depressurizer for
vapor compression refrigeration system
(2) 7,121,906 Method and apparatus for
decreasing marine vessel power plant exhaust
temperature
(3) 7,059,147 Cooling system for a vehicle
(4) 7,043,912 Apparatus for extracting exhaust
heat from waste heat sources while preventing
backflow and corrosion
(5) 6,904,760 Compact refrigeration system
(6) 6,835,484 Supersonic vapor compression and
heat rejection cycle
(7) 6,647,742 Expander driven motor for
auxiliary machinery
(8) 6,550,265 Ejector cycle system
(9) 6,434,943 Pressure exchanging compressor-
expander and methods of use
(10) 6,248,154 Operation process of a pumping-
ejection apparatus and related apparatus
(11) 6,192,692 Liquid powered ejector
(12) 6,164,078 Cryogenic liquid heat exchanger
system with fluid ejector
(13) 6,138,456 Pressure exchanging ejector and
methods of use
(14) 6,038,876 Motor vehicle air-conditioning
system
5,907,075
Subramanian
B, Clark MC
Solid acid
supercritical
alkylation
reactions using
carbon dioxide
and/or other
co-solvents
5/25/99
Referenced by 7 patents:
(1) 7,090,830 Drug condensation aerosols and
kits
(2) 6,924,407 Pressure-tuned solid catalyzed
heterogeneous chemical reactions
(3) 6,914,105 Continuous process for making
polymers in carbon dioxide
(4) 6,887,813 Method for reactivating solid
catalysts used in alkylation reactions
16
-------
Bibliometric Analysis ofSTS Research Program Journal Articles
Patent No.
or Applica-
tion No.
6,013,774
6,039,878
6,103,121
6,117,328
6,138,456
Inventor(s)
Meister JJ,
Chen MJ
Sikdar S, Vane
L
Bhattacharyya
D, Bachas LG,
Cullen L,
Hestekin JA,
Sikdar S
Sikdar SK, Ji
W, Wang S-t
Garris CA
Title
Biodegradable
plastics and
composites
from wood
Recovery of
volatile organic
compounds in
water by
pervaporation
Membrane-
based sorbent
for heavy metal
sequestration
Adorbent-filled
membranes for
pervaporation
Pressure
exchanging
ejector and
methods of use
Issue
Date or
Applica-
tion Date
1/11/00
3/21/00
8/15/00
9/12/00
10/31/00
No. of Patents that Referenced This Patent
(5) 6,806,332 Continuous method and apparatus
for separating polymer from a high pressure
carbon dioxide fluid stream
(6) 6,579,821 Method for reactivating solid
catalysts used in alkylation reactions
(7) 6,103,948 Solid catalyzed isoparaffin
alkylation at supercritical fluid and near-
supercritical fluid conditions
Referenced by 1 patent:
(1) 6,488,997 Degradable composite material, its
disposable products and processing method
thereof
Referenced by 3 patents:
(1) 6,858,145 Method of removing organic
impurities from water
(2) 6,335,202 Method and apparatus for on-line
measurement of the permeation characteristics of
a permeant through dense nonporous membrane
(3) 6,264,726 Method of filtering a target
compound from a first solvent that is above its
critical density
Referenced by 3 patents:
(1) 6,544,419 Method of preparing a composite
polymer and silica-based membrane
(2) 6,544,418 Preparing and regenerating a
composite polymer and silica-based membrane
(3) 6,533,938 Polymer enhanced diafiltration:
filtration using PGA
Referenced by 5 patents:
(1) 7,014,681 Flexible and porous membranes
and adsorbents, and method for the production
thereof
(2) 6,779,529 Cigarette filter
(3) 6,740,143 Mixed matrix nanoporous carbon
membranes
(4) 6,706,531 Device for conditioning a polluted
soil-sample-method of analysis by pyrolysis
(5) 6,500,233 Purification of p-xylene using
composite mixed matrix membranes
Referenced by 8 patents:
(1) 7,143,602 Ejector-type depressurizer for
vapor compression refrigeration system
(2) 7,137,243 Constant volume combustor
(3) 6,966,199 Ejector with throttle controllable
nozzle and ejector cycle using the same
17
-------
Bibliometric Analysis ofSTS Research Program Journal Articles
Patent No.
or Applica-
tion No.
6,139,742
6,306,301
6,434,943
6,512,060
Inventor(s)
Bhattacharyya
D, Bachas LG,
Cullen L,
Hestekin JA,
Sikdar SK
Bhattacharyya
D, Ritchie SM,
Bachas LG,
Hestekin JA,
Sikdar SK
Garris CA
Matyjaszewski
K, Gaynor SG,
CocoS
Title
Membrane-
based sorbent
for heavy metal
sequestration
Silica-based
membrane
sorbent for
heavy metal
sequestration
Pressure
exchanging
compressor-
expander and
methods of use
Atom or group
transfer radical
polymerization
Issue
Date or
Applica-
tion Date
10/31/00
10/23/01
8/20/02
1/28/03
No. of Patents that Referenced This Patent
(4) 6,904,769 Ejector-type depressurizer for
vapor compression refrigeration system
(5) 6,729,158 Ejector decompression device with
throttle controllable nozzle
(6) 6,550,265 Ejector cycle system
(7) 6,471,489 Supersonic 4-way self-
compensating fluid entrainment device
(8) 6,434,943 Pressure exchanging compressor-
expander and methods of use
Referenced by 5 patents:
(1) 7,049,366 Acrylic acid composition and its
production process, and process for producing
water-absorbent resin using this acrylic acid
composition, and water-absorbent resin
(2) 7,009,010 Water-absorbent resin and
production process therefor
(3) 6,544,419 Method of preparing a composite
polymer and silica-based membrane
(4) 6,544,418 Preparing and regenerating a
composite polymer and silica-based membrane
(5) 6,306,301 Silica-based membrane sorbent for
heavy metal sequestration
Referenced by 2 patents:
(1) 6,544,419 Method of preparing a composite
polymer and silica-based membrane
(2) 6,544,418 Preparing and regenerating a
composite polymer and silica-based membrane
Referenced by 6 patents:
(1) 7,137,243 Constant volume combustor
(2) 7,104,068 Turbine component with enhanced
stagnation prevention and corner heat
distribution
(3) RE39,217 Centrifugal pump having oil
misting system with pivoting blades
(4) 6,663,991 Fuel cell pressurization system
(5) 6,608,418 Permanent magnet turbo-generator
having magnetic bearings
(6) 6,551,055 Centrifugal pump having oil
misting system with pivoting blades
Referenced by 1 1 patents:
(1) 7,157,530 Catalyst system for controlled
polymerization
(2) 7,125,938 Atom or group transfer radical
polymerization
(3) 7,064,166 Process for monomer sequence
18
-------
Bibliometric Analysis ofSTS Research Program Journal Articles
Patent No.
or Applica-
tion No.
Inventor(s)
Title
Issue
Date or
Applica-
tion Date
No. of Patents that Referenced This Patent
control in polymerizations
(4) 7,056,455 Process for the preparation of
nanostructured materials
(5) 7,049,373 Process for preparation of graft
polymers
(6) 7,019,082 Polymers, supersoft elastomers and
methods for preparing the same
(7) 6,887,962 Processes based on atom (or
group) transfer radical polymerization and novel
(co)polymers having useful structures and
properties
(8) 6,790,919 Catalyst system for controlled
polymerization
(9) 6,759,491 Simultaneous reverse and normal
initiation of ATRP
(10) 6,720,395 Method for producing a stellar
polymer
(11) 6,627,314 Preparation of nanocomposite
structures by controlled polymerization
6,538,091
Matyjaszewski
K, Gaynor SG,
Coco S
Atom or group
transfer radical
polymerization
3/25/03
Referenced by 11 patents:
(1) 7,157,530 Catalyst system for controlled
polymerization
(2) 7,125,938 Atom or group transfer radical
polymerization
(3) 7,064,166 Process for monomer sequence
control in polymerizations
(4) 7,056,455 Process for the preparation of
nanostructured materials
(5) 7,049,373 Process for preparation of graft
polymers
(6) 7,034,065 InkJet ink composition
(7) 7,019,082 Polymers, supersoft elastomers and
methods for preparing the same
(8) 6,887,962 Processes based on atom (or
group) transfer radical polymerization and novel
(co)polymers having useful structures and
properties
(9) 6,790,919 Catalyst system for controlled
polymerization
(10) 6,759,491 Simultaneous reverse and normal
initiation of ATRP
(11) 6,713,530 InkJet ink composition
6,541,580
Matyjaszewski
K, Gaynor SG,
Coco S
Atom or group
transfer radical
polymerization
4/1/03
Referenced by 8 patents:
(1) 7,125,938 Atom or group transfer radical
polymerization
(2) 7,064,166 Process for monomer sequence
19
-------
Bibliometric Analysis ofSTS Research Program Journal Articles
Patent No.
or Applica-
tion No.
6,544,418
6,544,419
6,562,605
6,624,262
Inventor(s)
Bhattacharyya
D, Ritchie SM,
Bachas LG,
Hestekin JA,
Sikdar SK
Bhattacharyya
D, Ritchie SM,
Bachas LG,
Hestekin JA,
Sikdar SK
Beckman EJ,
Ghenciu EJ,
Becker NT,
Steele LM
Matyjaszewski
K, Tsarevsky N
Title
Preparing and
regenerating a
composite
polymer and
silica-based
membrane
Method of
preparing a
composite
polymer and
silica-based
membrane
Extraction of
water soluble
biomaterials
from fluids
using a carbon
dioxide/surfact
ant mixture
Polymerization
process for
ionic
monomers
Issue
TJofp nr-
4^cll^ IF1
Applica-
tion Date
4/8/03
4/8/03
5/13/03
9/23/03
No. of Patents that Referenced This Patent
control in polymerizations
(3) 7,056,455 Process for the preparation of
nanostructured materials
(4) 7,049,373 Process for preparation of graft
polymers
(5) 6,887,962 Processes based on atom (or
group) transfer radical polymerization and novel
(co)polymers having useful structures and
properties
(6) 6,884,748 Process for producing fluorinated
catalysts
(7) 6,790,919 Catalyst system for controlled
polymerization
(8) 6,759,491 Simultaneous reverse and normal
initiation of ATRP
Referenced by none
Referenced by none
Referenced by none
Referenced by 9 patents:
(1) 7,157,530 Catalyst system for controlled
polymerization
(2) 7,125,938 Atom or group transfer radical
polymerization
(3) 7,064,166 Process for monomer sequence
control in polymerizations
(4) 7,056,455 Process for the preparation of
nanostructured materials
(5) 7,049,373 Process for preparation of graft
polymers
(6) 7,019,082 Polymers, supersoft elastomers and
20
-------
Bibliometric Analysis ofSTS Research Program Journal Articles
Patent No.
or Applica-
tion No.
Inventor(s)
Title
Issue
Date or
Applica-
tion Date
No. of Patents that Referenced This Patent
methods for preparing the same
(7) 6,887,962 Processes based on atom (or
group) transfer radical polymerization and novel
(co)polymers having useful structures and
properties
(8) 6,790,919 Catalyst system for controlled
polymerization
(9) 6,759,491 Simultaneous reverse and normal
initiation of ATRP
6,624,263
Matyjaszewski
K, Wang JS
(Co) polymers
and a novel
polymerization
process based
on atom (or
group) transfer
radical
polymerization
9/23/03
Referenced by 9 patents:
(1) 7,157,530 Catalyst system for controlled
polymerization
(2) 7,125,938 Atom or group transfer radical
polymerization
(3) 7,064,166 Process for monomer sequence
control in polymerizations
(4) 7,056,455 Process for the preparation of
nanostructured materials
(5) 7,049,373 Process for preparation of graft
polymers
(6) 7,019,082 Polymers, supersoft elastomers and
methods for preparing the same
(7) 6,887,962 Processes based on atom (or
group) transfer radical polymerization and novel
(co)polymers having useful structures and
properties
(8) 6,790,919 Catalyst system for controlled
polymerization
(9) 6,759,491 Simultaneous reverse and normal
initiation of ATRP
6,627,314
Matyjaszewski
K, Pyun J
Preparation of
nanocomposite
structures by
controlled
polymerization
9/30/03
Referenced by 11 patents:
(1) 7,157,530 Catalyst system for controlled
polymerization
(2) 7,125,938 Atom or group transfer radical
polymerization
(3) 7,064,166 Process for monomer sequence
control in polymerizations
(4) 7,056,455 Process for the preparation of
nanostructured materials
(5) 7,049,373 Process for preparation of graft
polymers
(6) 7,019,082 Polymers, supersoft elastomers and
methods for preparing the same
(7) 6,887,962 Processes based on atom (or
group) transfer radical polymerization and novel
(co)polymers having useful structures and
21
-------
Bibliometric Analysis ofSTS Research Program Journal Articles
Patent No.
or Applica-
tion No.
6,663,991
6,755,975
6,759,491
6,777,374
6,881,364
Inventor(s)
Garris CA
Vane LM,
Mairal AP, Ng
A, Alvarez FR,
Baker RW
Matyjaszewski
K, Gromada J,
LiM
Sahle-
Demessie E,
Biswas P,
Gonzalez MA,
Wang Z-M,
Sikdar SK
Vane LM,
Ponangi RP
Title
Fuel cell
pressurization
system
Separation
process using
pervaporation
and
dephlegmation
Simultaneous
reverse and
normal
initiation of
ATRP
Process for
photo-induced
selective
oxidation of
organic
chemicals to
alcohols,
ketones and
aldehydes
using flame
deposited
nano-structured
photocatalyst
Hydrophilic
mixed matrix
materials
having
reversible
water
absorbing
properties
Issue
TJofp nr-
4^cll^ IF1
Applica-
tion Date
12/16/03
6/29/04
7/6/04
8/17/04
4/19/05
No. of Patents that Referenced This Patent
properties
(8) 6,858,372 Resist composition with enhanced
X-ray and electron sensitivity
(9) 6,797,380 Nanoparticle having an inorganic
core
(10) 6,790,919 Catalyst system for controlled
polymerization
(11) 6,759,491 Simultaneous reverse and normal
initiation of ATRP
Referenced by none
Referenced by 1 patent:
(1) 6,899,743 Separation of organic mixtures
using gas separation or pervaporation and
dephlegmation
Referenced by none
Referenced by none
Referenced by none
22
-------
Bibliometric Analysis ofSTS Research Program Journal Articles
Patent No.
or Applica-
tion No.
6,900,261
Application
No.
20020110699
Application
No.
20040044152
Application
No.
20040122189
Application
No.
20040171779
Application
No.
20060093806
Application
No.
20060239831
Application
No.:
20020039673
Inventor(s)
Wool RP, Lu J,
KhotSN
Yan Y, Cheng
X, Wang Z
Matyjaszewski
K, Tsarevsky N
Matyjaszewski
K, Tsarevsky N
Matyjaszewski
K, Gaynor SG,
Paik HJ,
Pintauer T,
Pyun J, Qiu J,
Teodorescu M,
Xia J, Zhabg
X, Miller PJ
Yan Y, Beving
D
Garris Jr. CA
Garris CA
Title
Sheet molding
compound
resins from
plant oils
Metal surfaces
coated with
molecular sieve
for corrosion
resistance
Polymerization
processes for
ionic
monomers
Stabilization of
transition metal
complexes for
catalysis in
diverse
environments
Catalytic
processes for
the controlled
polymerization
of free
radically
(Co)polymeriz-
able monomers
and functional
polymeric
systems
prepared
thereby
High aluminum
zeolite coatings
on corrodible
metal surfaces
Pressure
exchange
ejector
Fuel cell
pressurization
system and
method of use
Issue
Date or
Applica-
tion Date
5/31/05
8/15/02
3/4/04
6/24/04
9/2/04
5/4/06
10/26/06
4/4/02
No. of Patents that Referenced This Patent
Referenced by none
23
-------
Bibliometric Analysis ofSTS Research Program Journal Articles
Patent No.
or Applica-
tion No.
Application
No.:
20050019240
Application
No.:
20040110893
Inventor(s)
Lu XC, Wu X
Matyjaszewski
K,PakulaT
Title
Flue gas
purification
process using a
sorbent
polymer
composite
material
Polymers,
supersoft
elastomers and
methods for
preparing the
same
Issue
Date or
Applica-
tion Date
1/27/05
6/10/04
No. of Patents that Referenced This Patent
This bibliometric analysis was prepared by
Beverly Campbell of The Scientific Consulting Group, Inc.
in Gaithersburg, Maryland
under EPA Contract No. EP-C-05-015
24
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