SOLEC BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY WORKSHOP
       PROCEEDINGS
      Impacts of Non-Native Species on the
Biological Integrity of the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem

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                   TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 SOLEC BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY WORKHOP,
  1.1 OVERALL PURPOSE OF THE WORKSHOP	1
  1.2 THE CASE STUDY APPROACH	1
2.0 WORKSHOP PRESENTATIONS	4
  2.1 OPENING REMARKS - PAUL HORVATIN	4
  2.2 CASE STUDY PRESENTATIONS - VARIOUS PRESENTERS	6
  2.3 AN OVERVIEW OF THE CASE STUDY PAPERS - SIMILARITIES AND COMMON THEMES
     PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY DOUG DODGE	7
3.0 BREAKOUT SESSIONS: DISCUSSION AND INDICATOR LISTS	9
  3.1 NEARSHORE AND OPEN WATERS	9
  3.2 WETLANDS	14
  3.3 TERRESTRIAL	19
4.0 WORKSHOP OVERVIEW AND IMPRESSIONS - JAMES KARR	24

5.0 FUTURE STEPS	26

6.0 LIST OF APPENDICES	28
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1.0   SOLEC BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY WORKSHOP

1.1    Overall Purpose of the Workshop	
The State of the Lakes Ecosystem Conference (SOLEC) has its roots in the Great Lakes Water Quality
Agreement (GLWQA) and its  overall purpose: "..to restore and maintain the  chemical, physical and
biological integrity of the waters of the Great Lakes basin ecosystem".  The role of SOLEC workshops
is to help develop and refine  the suite of SOLEC indicators, while the role of State of the Lakes
Ecosystem Conferences is to discuss and evaluate the state of the Great Lakes as determined by the
indicator suite. Refer to Appendix A.

One theme  of SOLEC 2002 is biological integrity. By focusing on biological integrity, the intent is to test
the robustness of the current suite of SOLEC indicators in order to measure and monitor the integrity of
the biological component of the Great Lakes basin ecosystem.  However, the suite was not originally
developed with this in mind. The subset of SOLEC indicators in Appendix B,  all have  connections to
biological integrity but as  they stand, they are not an  integrated suite and complete suite.  In order to
support the SOLEC 2002 theme, a Biological Integrity Workshop was held and companion case study
papers were written. The primary focus of this work was on the definition/development of indicators and
indices to monitor and measure biological integrity.

The workshop will engage participants to:
    •   Explore  the state of knowledge (science) regarding the impact of non-native species (e.g.
       fish, insects, birds, plants, trees, shrubs) on Great Lakes ecosystem components;
    •   Explore  with experts the  strengthening of  current  indicators and development of new
       indicators and indices that will measure the state of the biological integrity of the Great
       Lakes system with specific focus on non-native species;
    •   Identify  managerial options (i.e. prevention,  eradication, control) toward non-native species
       that assist achievement  of ecosystem  objectives (Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement,
       Lakewide Management Plans, Fish Consumption Goals and Objectives); and
    •   Produce a set of indicators, issues and questions for further discussion and refinement at
       SOLEC  2002.

Appendix C details the agenda for the two - day workshop.

1.2    The Case Study Approach	

The papers developed for discussion at the Biological Integrity Workshop were created using a case study
approach, based on  selected non-native species and their impacts on biological integrity.  Non-native
species have been recognized as one of the key stresses affecting biological integrity in the  Great Lakes
basin  ecosystem.  This focus offered participants an opportunity to examine the impact of non-native
species on the health and resiliency of native species. It also served to help identify other environmental
factors, often acting in combinations with non-native species pressures, which impact biological integrity.

"Integrity"  is not specifically defined in the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (GLWQA),  therefore
the following definition was applied during the workshop:

       "Biological integrity is the capacity to support and maintain a balanced, integrated and
       adaptive biological system having the full range of elements (the form)  and processes
       (the function) expected in a region's natural habitat."
                                       - by James  R. Karr, modified by Douglas P. Dodge.

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A series of experts in a number of areas were asked to contribute their expertise in the preparation of case
studies.  The case studies were used by participants  to help further identify the impacts of non-native
species on native species and natural  environments,  and to develop some potential indicators of these
impacts.  Please refer to Appendix D for the case studies.

The preparation of the  case study papers began with an initial interview with the  subject expert.  The
information gathered through  the  interviews was  used to prepare a short paper, with the aid of a
ghostwriter, and was presented at the Biological Integrity Workshop in December 2001.  Discussions at
the workshop included the content of these papers, common themes, and at a broader scale, showed how
to link to other impacts on biological integrity.  Table 1.1 lists the case study categories.
                                  Table 1.1: Case Study Categories
Non-native
Fish
Aquatic Invertebrates
Sea Lamprey
Mute Swans
Purple Loosestrife
Trees, plants & insects
Agriculture
Location
Open Water
Open Water
Open Water
Wetlands
Wetlands
Terrestrial
Terrestrial
In addition to these case studies, papers were prepared providing a more holistic overview of non-native
species' impacts in the basin ecosystem from a First Nations/Tribal perspective.

Each case study explores  what is known about the impact of non-native  species on native species and
natural environments.  This information was used to further develop or refine existing indicators in the
SOLEC indicator suite (Appendix  B) or to develop other necessary  indicators in order  to determine
biological integrity  of the Great Lakes basin ecosystem.  The study of the non-native species' impacts
should present  indicators that are based on applied science and available data so that their use can be
translated/linked to  other impacts on biological integrity in the Great Lakes basin ecosystem.  Although
non-native species  are used  as  case studies  during these investigations,  indicators  should also be
applicable to other potential stresses on biological integrity (e.g., climate change). Table 1.2 offers three
examples of simplified indicator case studies.
                        Table 1.2: Simplified Indicator Case Study Examples
Example
1
2
O
Relationship
Sea Lamprey - Lake Trout
Purple Loosestrife -
Native Plants
Eurasian Ruffe - Native
Fish Species
Impact
Trout do not reach
reproductive size/age
Decreases in number of
native plant species
Affect species mix of native
small fish and prey species
Indicator
Recruitment population
Changes in native plant
species mix
Alterations in preyfish
mix
After the authors delivered brief presentations of their case study (Appendix E) the indicators presented in
the case studies were evaluated/reviewed during the  workshop  for their  ability to be applied to  other
stresses in the basin and for feasibility of application based on data requirements versus availability.  Each
author was involved in the review and discussion process at the workshop. Recommendations from each
work group (Open Water, Wetlands, Terrestrial) are  presented in Section 3.0.  The review conducted
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during the workshop will serve to produce a more robust set of SOLEC indicators for discussion at
SOLEC 2002.

Case Study Issues

As mentioned previously, definition and development of indicators and indices to monitor biological
integrity was the primary focus of the workshop.  The following questions were posed to the experts as
guidelines for considering existing or developing new indicators of biological integrity based on applied
science and available data.   Evaluation of the indicators can help to determine  realistic management
options.

Science Issues concerning extent and impact of non-native species

•   When (at what stage in the lifecycle) does the non-native species interfere with native species?
•   How does the non-native species interfere? i.e. with other species or the habitat.
•   How do the native species compensate, if at all?
•   Do  environmental  conditions favour the success of the non-native  species?  Why?  Are  these
    conditions reversible?  How?

Indicators and Indices to monitor extent and impact of non-native species

•   How did you monitor the relationship between native and non-native species?
•   Is there an appropriate  SOLEC indicator, or set of indicators, (see Appendix B), that could be used to
    monitor the biological integrity of the native species?
•   Is it feasible to develop indices of biological integrity  to better categorize or classify the state of the
    Great Lakes basin ecosystem? If yes, what are some possible indices of Biological Integrity?


Supplementary Issues

The following questions were addressed at the Biological Integrity Workshop as time permitted.  These
discussions are included in section 3.0 and will be revisited at SOLEC 2002.

Managerial Actions
•   What management actions need to be taken to protect  or restore the biological integrity of the Great
    Lakes basin ecosystem? (With  respect to non-native species? With respect to Genetically Modified
    Organisms (GMOs)?)
•   What action(s) would enable recovery of the native species?
•   What action(s) would ensure the recovery was sustainable?

Potential Invaders to the  Great Lakes

•   What are potential invaders to  the Great Lakes?  Are the effects of these invaders anticipated to be
    more deleterious than the non-native species that we have previously encountered?
•   What research has been done on these potential invaders?
•   What preventative measures exist to hinder this invasion of non-native species?
•   Are there indicators/evidence to  predict the number of non-native species that will enter the  Great
    Lakes region?
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2.0   WORKSHOP PRESENTATIONS
2.1   Opening Remarks
Presented by Paul Horvatin, SOLEC co-chair

Hello, my name is Paul Horvatin from U.S. EPA and co-chair of SOLEC. Harvey Shear, of Environment
Canada, the Canadian co-chair of SOLEC, and I would like to welcome you to this 'off-year' workshop.
Let me take a few minutes to explain about SOLEC, and how this workshop will contribute to the SOLEC
indicator process.

Background
The first SOLEC (State of the Lakes Ecosystem Conference), in  1994, was simply a conference where
over 500 Great Lakes scientists and decision makers came together to discuss the state of the lakes. At
that time, our assessment was based on an 'ad hoc' set of indicators and the best professional judgement
of the scientists and managers involved.

Now we have developed a  strong scientific reporting framework based on indicators and the SOLECs
have become a central stage for the Canadian and American governments to report out against some of
their obligations under the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement.

SOLEC Indicator Framework
                                                         INDICATORS
                                                         MEASURES
                                                         (DATA POINT)
Figure 2.1
This diagram  clearly expresses how indicators fit into the overall Great Lakes basin ecosystem health
framework. Our 'vision' comes from the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement - it is a description of
how we want the lakes to be. Our 'goals' are still qualitative statements, but are more specific in order to
provide direction for plans and projects.  The 'Objectives'  are specific descriptions of the state or
condition that must be met in order to achieve the goals and the vision. 'Targets' are specific quantitative
endpoints or reference values that provide the  context for assessing whether or not an objective is being
met.
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Indicators are developed for both targets and objectives. They help us measure progress towards goals.
The SOLEC  indicator suite includes 80  indicators of Great Lakes basin ecosystem  health. These
indicators have been organized into three broad  groupings: geographic  (open and nearshore waters,
coastal wetlands, terrestrial), issues (human health,  societal), and unbounded (cross cutting issues such as
climate change and acid rain).

Biological Integrity
SOLEC  organizers recognize that the organization of these grouping does not address the  'ecosystem
integrity' approach - so we are beginning to look  at the SOLEC indicator suite to report out in the
'integrity' aspects of the ecosystem.   At this workshop we are beginning the process with biological
integrity. In future SOLEC reporting cycles we will expand to physical and chemical integrity. It will be a
difficult task to attempt to  report out on biological integrity in isolation, while leaving chemical  and
physical integrity untapped. We therefore decided to begin with one facet of biological integrity - non-
native species and their impacts on biological integrity.

The SOLEC Process
SOLEC has been, and continues to  be a development process. It relies on, and is successful because of,
the contribution of hundreds of knowledgeable people from the Great Lakes community.   These people
have helped to move the indicator process forward. Behind the indicator framework is real science, from
some of the  best freshwater and other scientists in the world.

The major development work is done in SOLEC 'off-years', like this Biological Integrity workshop  -
which brings together experts and harvest their knowledge and passion.

The Biological Integrity Workshop
For this  workshop, we have generated a starting point to discuss the issue of the impacts of non-native
species on biological integrity. This starting point includes 47 'biological' indicators from the SOLEC
suite and ten case study papers (and related indicators) prepared by experts.  In order to improve  and
refine this mix - we have invited you, the experts, to the workshop.  Your job is to develop a proposed set
of biological integrity indicators that can be brought forward at SOLEC 2002 for further discussion  and
acceptance.

To achieve this we are asking you to accept the following definition of biological integrity, by James Karr
and modified by Doug Dodge.  "Biological integrity is the capacity to support and maintain a balanced,
integrated and adaptive biological system having the full range of elements (the form) and processes  (the
function) expected in a region's  natural  habitat."    We  could  probably have a  five-day workshop
discussing the definition of biological integrity alone, but we are trying to prevent that by providing  this
definition.

We ask that you take what you hear from this morning's presentations with our definition of biological
integrity and collaborate in  the breakout sessions this afternoon.  The goal of those  sessions will be to
produce three lists of biological integrity indicators - one for terrestrial, one for coastal wetlands and  one
for open and nearshore waters.

Each group  will report back at the end of the day with their lists and tomorrow each group will continue
its  work. Through a refining process using the SOLEC criteria  of necessary, sufficient, feasible  and
understandable, each group will identify a small group of indicators to bring forward at SOLEC 2002.

Remember that the model SOLEC uses in indicator development is the 'pressure-state-response' model.
For this workshop, it is important that we look for indicators of 'impact' (or state) on biological integrity

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from the perspective of non-native species (the 'pressure') on native species.  We are not looking for
'response'.

With this focus, we expect to draw your knowledge and expertise out for the benefit of the Great Lakes
community. To assist us in working through the next two days we have prepared a workbook to guide us
through.

The Workshop Agenda
Our agenda today is structured around three key components:

First we will hear from a panel of 8 experts who have  collaborated in the preparation of the discussion
papers to kick  off the workshop.  Each panelist will approach the topic of 'invasive species and their
impacts on biological integrity' from a different perspective. Dr. Doug Dodge will chair this session with
his overview presentation  on the common issues from all these papers. After all the presentations,  Dr.
Dodge will lead a discussion with the morning presenters.

This afternoon, we will split into three different  groups - terrestrial, coastal wetlands, and open  and
nearshore waters. The purpose of these sessions is to brainstorm a long list of biological integrity 'state'
indicators for each group, then compare and contrast them with the SOLEC biological indicators.  At the
end of the day we will join back together for a brief report of the indicators by each group.

Tomorrow morning, we will continue our look at the long lists and discuss them further. Once again we
will separate into our groups  to refine and winnow down the lists to a manageable size.

Later on we will hear from one of our esteemed colleagues, James Karr, who has agreed to present his
overview of this workshop.  Then we will discuss other aspects of biological integrity, and the necessary
steps to move towards SOLEC 2002.

I would like to welcome  you all to this workshop, and on behalf of the  SOLEC steering  committee,
express our thanks for the  time and knowledge you  are contributing.  Your contribution  to this workshop
will result in the development of really useful and useable Great Lakes ecosystem indicators.


2.2    Case Study Presentations	

Please refer to  the case study papers  found in Appendix D of these proceedings.   All presentations are
included in this appendix except for the presentation given by Mona Staats from Six Nations Indian
Reserve that has been included here.

Six Nations Perspective on Biological Integrity

The Six Nations holistic overview of the natural ecosystem was given by Mona Staats. Mona focussed on
the importance of knowledge and values.

1. Six Nations Overview by Mona Staats
•   Mona greeted all the participants and gave a brief outline  of the Thanksgiving Address (included in
    the Six Nations case study paper - section 7 of Appendix D).
•   She also reminds us that  we need to respect the  Creator and be thankful for all the gifts he has given
    us.

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•   Remember that a weed is a weed, until you become knowledgeable about it (for example - if you
    become knowledgeable about its medicinal properties, then the weed becomes an herb).
•   Education is very important -especially the passing on of knowledge from generation to generation.
•   Indicators of the winter season include the wooly bear caterpillar and paper wasps. This year the
    wooly bears are missing a brown band around their middles (generally the wider the strip, the more
    severe the winter will be). Paper wasps on the other  hand have built their nests way up high in the
    trees - an indication of a cold winter. The information from these different species is  not conflicting,
    they are telling us that the winter will be up and down in severity.
•   If you have it in you to dream, then you have it in you to succeed.
•   All of us are born with a computer (our brains) and we need to program it well.


2.3   An Overview of  the Case Study  Papers - Similarities and  Common  Themes
	Prepared and Presented by Doug Dodge	

There are two ways to look at the invasion of non-native species after reviewing the case study papers:

1. The '"''Susceptible to Invasion" territory is likely to  be:

•   Geologically 'young', e.g. Laurentian - Great Lakes basin;
•   Under system-wide stress/stresses e.g. pollution, land-clearing, habitat
    fragmentation;
•   Mismanaged, over-harvested, mono-cultured (reduced diversity), e.g. fish & trees;
•   Nurturing a successful invader that is promoting  conditions favoring further invasion e.g.  Homo
    sapiens, carp;
•   Populated by susceptible native species that are unique and often hyper-specialized, and  unable to
    compensate, e.g. diporeia, American chestnut;
•   Usually without 'predators' to control invader, e.g. zebra/quagga mussels
2. The "Successful Invader" is likely to be:

•   A weedy generalist, cosmopolitan - tolerant of a wide variety of environments; NOTE: Petromyzon.
    marinus (sea lamprey) does not fit this mold (successful specialist without predators);
•   Intentionally introduced,  sometimes  to  control a now unwanted previous  invader, (salmon  eat
    alewife);
•   Endowed with high reproductive capacity;
•   Sometimes 'protected' by law;
•   Poised to take advantage of environmental clean-up, to establish before native species can recover,
    e.g. St. Marys' clean up of phenols created a hospitable area for sea lamprey;
•   Rapidly  adaptable to major landscape, continental and global changes, e.g. land clearances, droughts,
    climate-warming;
•   Genetically plastic and able to mutate for resistance to control programs;
•   Rarely behaves the same in its new home as it did in its original native range.
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Impacts of non-native species include:

•  Predation on native species at one or more life-stages;
•  Direct competition for food and space which can lead to decreased population growth rates of native
   species; Interference with reproduction of natives species, for habitat, or chemically;
•  Alteration of habitat to advantage of invader;
•  Cascading effects on community;
•  Are first seen by communities of people long accustomed to living with and on the land and water;
•  Others - neither known nor can be predicted!

Some other thoughts:

•  Need more collaborative research.
•  What are the limits to growth [Fry, 1946] of the new invader in its native range; does the Great Lakes
   basin provide a wider scope for growth?
•  Will existing monitoring predict the success of invaders?
•  Are we integrating local knowledge bases with the 'statistics' sciences?
•  Are monitoring programs sensitive to perturbations caused by invaders, especially during early stages
   of invasion?
•  What is the potential role of indices?

Charge for the participants attending the Biological Integrity workshop:

Review the Conceptual Model (see Figure 2.1) of the relationship between indicators, measures, targets,
objectives, goals, and visions and determine:

•  What is the desired state  of that component?
•  What is the desired state  for that indicator?
•  What are the goals and  objectives of the work that you specialize in and how does it fit  into this
   relationship model?

Keep the list of indicators as short as possible.

Do not discuss the definition of Biological Integrity at this workshop.  The theme of SOLEC 2002 has
been determined to be biological integrity and we want to show some steps towards progress on reporting
on biological integrity at SOLEC 2002 and SOLEC 2004.
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3.0   BREAKOUT SESSIONS: DISCUSSION AND INDICATOR LISTS

The workshop participants were divided according to their areas of expertise into three work groups
focusing on terrestrial, wetlands, and nearshore and open waters.  Each group was assigned the task of
brainstorming indicators to assess the biological integrity of the Great Lakes basin ecosystem. The results
from the first day were revisited on the second day to further refine their indicators by applying the
SOLEC criteria of necessary, sufficient, feasible and understandable while looking at gaps, balance and
duplications. A recommended list appears for each group in the following sections.

3.1    Nearshore and Open Waters	
Facilitator: Lois Corbett, LURA Consulting
Session Recorder: Richard Butler, LURA Consulting

Participants
Rod Allan           Stephen Crawford          Robert O 'Gorman           Tom Trudeau
Judy Beck           MargDochoda            Bob Kavetsky              Sarah Whitney
Paul Bertram        Mark Dryer               Brian Locke
Gavin Christie       Tom Edsall               Tom Nalepa


General Discussion Points
•   Should we examine indicators of pressures on the lake?
•   There needs to be a push to develop indictors that are aimed at the public as an audience.  Take the
    indicators and then provide  simple direction based on this information. There needs to be some clarity
    regarding the difference between  a indicator of the health and sustainability of the food chain (part of
    the Habitat group) and an indicator offish population (Fish group).
•   Extinction needs to be clarified.  Does this represent  an indicator of issues within trophic structure
    (Biomass and Energy Flow)? It may also represent significant alteration of structure (Fish) or it also
    may represent the damage occurring due to habitat alteration (Habitat).

Objectives
The following objectives were assigned by the group  to  develop indicators, assuming there are  no
restraints regarding time or availability of resources. It was noted that there is a need to keep indicators
simple to allow the public to understand the state; once you have this information then you can approach
the problem. Comments from the group are added below each objective.

1.   Biomass and Energy Flow
     The Great Lakes food web shall be characterized by a balanced flow  of energy through its multiple
     trophic levels, (i.e. there  will be no irregular stagnation of energy or biomass at a given trophic
     level due to dysfunctional/absent relationships between predator and prey). Key trophic integrators:
     a) biomass present; b) biomass available to next trophic level; and c) response of next trophic level.

   • Need to identify feedback and trickle-down effects that happen within the food chain  (e.g. increased
     number of zebra mussels  may lead to decreased population numbers for some species, but it may
     lead to increased numbers for other species). There is a need to be careful to not include a value to
     these changes;
   • Look at indices of invertebrate abundance and biomass; include mysis and benthos;
   • Investigate what the fish are feeding on (connection offish to lower level) - key species;

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   • Look at changes that are affecting lower-trophic levels, such as what are the key species? Does it
     vary onshore to offshore, shallow to deep, etc?  E.g. Walleye + Hexagenia.

2.   Habitat
     Natural species diversity (both the genetic diversity within a single species and the diversity of the
     total number of species) and sustainable aquatic communities.

   • What does natural mean? How do you get back to natural self-sustaining stocks?
   • Are we describing the state and status, or are we developing indicators that will allow us to fix the
     lakes to modify them to a desired state?
   • Need to take a long-term perspective on changes within lakes; short-term  changes to communities
     that appear to be beneficial may, over the long-term, have significantly detrimental effects.
   •  Similar to SOLEC indicator #104 Benthos, Diversity and Abundance.
   • Genetic diversity is a complex issue.  There have been recently introduced non-native species and
     some that have been present for a longer period and are now, perhaps, incorporated.

3.   Zero Tolerance
     Relates directly  to  a proposed non-native species  indicator. This objective  addresses plans and
     actions to restrict the further introduction of non-native species into the Great Lakes basin.

   • The rate of invasions is important.
   • Are we producing indicators of change, or are we determining whether changes are good or bad?
   • This objective includes issues such as:
              Population (responsibility considerations)
              Rates of invasion (what, when, from where)
          -   Rates of recovery (eradicating sea lamprey)
          -   Vectors being closely monitored and actions required to keep us  at/move towards zero
              invasions(ballast, geographic considerations)

4.   Fish
     To examine the status offish in the Great Lakes as they are impacted by  non-native species. This
     could  include  abundance,  presence/absence,  health,  growth/condition, habitat,  reproduction,
     stocking, mortality,  biomass, or potential harvest.
       Caveat 1: There has been significant discussion regarding the necessity for a clear focus for
       this objective,  whether the indicators should examine fish communities or populations,  and
       whether such an  examination should or could include the relationships between  the trophic
       levels.

   • The group examined the goal, and the scope was determined to be somewhat overlapping with the
     trophic level objective.
   • It was determined by the group that too much information is covered by the SOLEC indicators,
     which need to be addressed and made more specific based on the desired information.
   • There was considerable  discussion regarding the focus of this objective:
          -   To sort, i.e. to choose an actual indicator for a given fish species,  there is a  need to decide
              on an objective
              A  matrix  (Table 3.1) was created to divide  fish community by trophic  structure from
              primary producer, to first, second, tertiary consumers, followed by a harvest  level. Anyone
              can then measure any species or population that represents a community at a given level.
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                  Table 3.1: Matrix dividing a fish community by trophic structure.

Harvestable
Tertiary Consumer
Secondary
Consumer
Primary Consumer
Primary Producer
Non - Native Species





Native Species





Recommended Indicators
The following indicators were recommended by the work group for the suite of Great Lake indicators.
N/S/F/U - Necessary/Sufficient/Feasible/Understandable
i^, X , or Hold - Keep it, reject it, hold for now.
#X - Refers to a SOLEC indicator
CS - indicator from a case study.
Indicator Title and Description
N/S/F/U
AX,
or
Hold
Related SOLEC
Indicator or Case
Study (CS)
Objective 1: Biomass and Energy Flow
The Great Lakes food web shall be characterized by a balanced flow of energy through its multiple trophic levels, (i.e. there will be no
irregular stagnation of energy or biomass at a given trophic level due to dysfunctional/absent relationships between predator and prey).
Key trophic integrators: a) Biomass present; b) Biomass available to next trophic level; and c) response of next trophic level
L Biomass of Zebra / Quagga / Goby
This could not be reported on in 2 years, but there are people who
could gather this information
2. Change (trends, status, etc.) in nearshore and open water
zooplankton community (biomass)
3. Relative abundance and condition of key species
(Diporeia, Mysis, Lake Trout, Walleye, Whitefish) including
changes in nearshore and open water prey fish communities
4 Invertebrate biomass utilized by fish
Undecided as to the necessity of the indicator
5. Interruption of energy flow between trophic levels
- interruption exacerbated by Non-Native species e.g. Biomass of
Zebra / Quagga / Goby; e.g. Diet
N/F
N/F/U
N/F/U
F/U
N/F/U
/
/
/
Hold
/
A modified #104 Benthos
Diversity and Abundance,
look towards # 9002 Exotic
Species modified, CS
Similar to #116
Zooplankton Populations
as Indicators of Ecosystem
Health
Similar to #17 Preyfish
Populations, CS
Evaluated within #9
Walleye and Hexagenia
Similar to CS
Objective!: Habitat
Natural species diversity (both the genetic diversity within a single species and the diversity of the total number of species) and
sustainable aquatic communities, similar to SOLEC indicator #104 (Benthos Diversity and Abundance)
6. Fish species diversity
a) spatial and temporal considerations; and b) species diversity
and abundance
N/F/U
/
Similar to #17 Preyfish
Populations
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Indicator Title and Description
7. Zooplankton Communities
a) spatial and temporal considerations; and b) species diversity
and abundance
8. Benthos communities
a) spatial and temporal considerations; and b) species diversity
and abundance
N/S/F/U
N/F/U
N/F/U
Modify
current
indicator
AX,
or
Hold
/
/
Related SOLEC
Indicator or Case
Study (CS)
Similar to #109
Phytoplankton Populations,
#116 Zooplankton
Populations as Indicators
of Ecosystem Health
(Covered by other
indicators and #109)
Similar to #104 Benthos
Diversity and Abundance,
CS
Objective 3: Zero Tolerance
Relates directly to a proposed exotic species indicator, this objective addresses plans and actions to restrict the further introduction of
non-native species into the Great Lakes basin.
9. Human population
Abundance and distribution (may be represented within another
suite of indicators such as societal responsibility or land use) in
relationship with non-native Species
10. Number of non-native species and rate of invasion over time
a) Any new invasive species discovered?
b) Numbers of all non-native species
c) Number of new non-native species
d) Rate of invasions
N/F/U
N/F/U
/
/
It may be more appropriate
within another suite such
as land-use or societal
responsibility
Similar to #9002 Exotic
Species, CS; being
developed at SOLEC
Objective 4: Fish
To examine the status of fish in the Great Lakes as they are impacted by non-native species. This could include abundance,
presence/absence, health, growth/condition, habitat, reproduction, stocking, mortality, biomass, or potential harvest.
11. Sustainable harvest of subsistence, sport, and commercial fish
(including trout and salmon)
12. Walleye population status
13. Extinctions / Extirpations
Commercial extinction or threatened native and non-native
species
14. Number of native and non-native fish stocked
15. Lake Trout - natural reproduction status
16. Ratio of non-native species to native species and the biomass at
each trophic level
17. Fish habitat
a) amount; b) spatial distinction; and c) percent disturbed
N/F/U
N/F/U
Modify
current
indicator
N/F/U
N/F/U
N/F/U
Modify
current
indicator
Not
Feasible at
this time
N/F/U
/
/
/
/
/
Hold
/
Similar to #8 Salmon and
Trout, #9 Walleye and
Hexagenia, #93 Lake Trout
and Scud, CS
Similar to #9 Walleye and
Hexagenia
Similar to #8 161
Threatened Species
(unbounded)
Similar to #8 Salmon and
Trout
Similar to #93 Lake Trout
and Scud

Similar to #6 Aquatic
Habitat
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Indicator Title and Description
18. Sea lamprey populaton - related mortality of fish and / or
tolerance level
19. Pressures for invasions
a) Number of times the Welland Canal is opened (a measure of
ship traffic)
b) Fish stocking
c) A measure of the amount of ballast released into the Great
Lakes basin
d) Species approved for aquaculture in the Great Lakes basin (and
sources)
e) Non-native species (including disease) elsewhere in North
America as a measure of range potential
N/S/F/U
N/F/U
For future
discussion
AX,
or
Hold
/
Hold
Related SOLEC
Indicator or Case
Study (CS)
Similar to #18 Sea
Lamprey, CS

SOLEC Non-native Species Indicator Review
The indicators appear to document the destruction rather than outlining the functioning of the ecosystem.

Options for Managerial Actions

Challenges of this workshop (as listed by each participant):
•   Marshall information to provide strategies for the future.  Policies and treatments in the future are
    extremely costly.
•   Describe, with as few indicators as possible, the present conditions within the Lakes.
•   Balance the biology with politics.  Can we balance these needs?
•   Short,  concise list of indicators needed for public and mangers. Presently going the wrong way fast,
    need to heighten sense of emergency.
•   Describe  succinct indicators that can be used to produce management interventions.   Can we  do
    something about it?
•   Problem: do we have  enough information? How do we separate science from management?  How do
    we package indicators so that they are relevant?
•   If we are on downward scale, how do we reverse this process? What management decisions can be
    made?  What options do we have?
•   The inconsistencies between rigorous science and  management decision-making.
•   Learn how to use indicators. Move from philosophical tool to ground-level tool.
•   Balance risk of not having the right information with risk of inactivity.
•   Demonstration project from different agencies.
•   Consensus on which indicators to use which will allow results; finding the funding and resources to
    implement; relating the results into useful solutions.
•   Need to understand prevention aspect of non-native species invasions.
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3.2    Wetlands
Facilitator: David Dilks, LURA Consulting
Session Recorder: Stacey Cherwaty, Environment Canada
Participants

Dennis Albert
Madeline Austen
Laura Evans
John Gannon
Duane Heaton
Norman Jacobs
Mike Klepinger
Mike Penskar
Jeffrey Reutter
Harvey Shear
Roger Thoma
Doug Wilcox
Mike Williams
General Discussion Points

The wetlands group identified some general  questions that they proceeded to address during their
discussion session. The general questions follow.
Define the future state of wetlands.  Are we trying to 'restore',  'rehabilitate', and/or 'preserve'  the
current condition of the wetlands - to what level?  What is it that we want to see In the future for the
Great Lakes' wetlands?
•   Pristine state is the ultimate goal; will never get there but it is something to strive for;
•   Absence or reduction of non-natives species;
•   Increase in the abundance of native species;
•   Diversity of wetland species - dynamic equilibrium of natural habitat types; remove dams (return to
    naturalized conditions).  Although it must be noted that many of these structures (dams) do support
    wildlife and wetlands;
•   In some case studies the wetland systems are not  allowed to fluctuate, natural landscape  function of
    the ecosystem is needed, and wetland is not just a  box but rather it includes landscape adjacent to the
    wetland buffer zone which allows the wetland to fluctuate normally;
•   Reduced sediment and nutrients in wetlands;
•   Return to natural wetland functions: natural hydrology, natural biogeochemistry, chemical changes
    (interaction of sediment in the water column), production, decomposition,  habitat;
•   Leave it in a state where future generations can make their own decisions (sustainable use);
•   Be able to hunt, trap and get what you are looking  for successfully - goals are needed that are realistic
    for the wetlands (there is concern with the number  of people living on wetland  coasts);
•   Fish and waterfowl may be able to absorb toxics  (natural function) but we do not want to get to the
    point where these organisms are no longer edible or useful;
•   Achieve no loss, but a net gain of wetlands;
•   Utilization of wetlands to remove contaminants, toxics (biogeochemistry);
•   Healthy biological communities; holistic community;
•   Healthy habitat over a wide range of wetland types; and
•   Minimize effects from global warming, if there  are effects.  Anthropogenic impacts may induce this
    effect (sea levels will  rise, but the Great Lakes water levels will  lower because of evaporation due to
    the temperature increase).

Definition of METRICS and INDICATORS
There was discussion concerning the use of the term 'indicator', so that the following definitions were
provided for further discussions within the wetlands breakout group.
Metric - Individual measure of the biological (or physical or chemical) community is a metric
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Indicator - an indicator is comprised of a number of metrics i.e. fish community health is the indicator
and the metrics could be the number offish with lesions, number of native fish versus non-native fish, etc.
The way that 'indicator' is defined here would reduce the number of indicators in the SOLEC suite to 2-3
indicators and there would be an increase in the number of measures within a particular indicator.

Some participants did not want to incorporate a number of metrics into one indicator, since it might make
it too complicated to understand.  It was mentioned that you do not need to know all metrics to determine
the health of the system, if reporting on the status of the wetlands in the Great Lakes. Some metrics are
too expensive to measure or time budget issues exist with testing.

Objectives

With the pressure  of non-native species, refine the indicators from the SOLEC suite  or develop new
indicators which are priorities in achieving an 'ideal' state for future wetlands as determined  by this
group. The future goals  for the desired state of wetlands are to:
   1.  Return to and benefit from natural fluctuations
   2.  Holistic and health of biological communities - Sustainable Use
   3.  Net gain (or at least no net loss) of wetlands
   4.  Reduced sediments and nutrient inputs (physical stress)

Recommended Indicators

In the Wetland breakout session, it was identified  that  the  Great  Lakes  Wetland Consortium  (which
emerged from SOLEC 96) has already established a comprehensive indicator program.  This program
includes a suite of indicators/metrics as well as several indices, addressing the state of coastal wetlands in
the Great Lakes basin. The Consortium's program is now being fine-tuned - data collection protocols and
methods are being tested and geographic variations are being examined.
In this context, the group reviewed the  SOLEC  indicators and case study indicators in relation to the
Consortium Indicators/metrics, and identified gaps in the consortium's indicator program  in view of the
indicators brainstormed by the group.  The following table shows the results of the review  of the SOLEC
indicators and case studies.
N/S/F/U - Necessary/Sufficient/Feasible/Understandable
S, X , or Hold - Keep it, reject it, hold for now.
#X - Refers to a SOLEC indicator
CS - indicator from a case study.
Indicator Title and Description
20.
21.
22.
Coastal Wetland Invertebrate Community Health (#4501)
Need a system calibrated to each area, each year, i.e. if lake
levels are higher than the previous year, this will affect the
species and the impacts on the wetlands.
Coastal Wetland Fish Community Health (#4502)
Deformities, Eroded Fins, Lesions, and Tumors (DELT) in
Coastal Wetland Fish (#4503)
Part of the Fish Community Health Indicator, it is a metric of
fish community health.
Should be kept as a metric involved with Fish Community Health
(#4502 Coastal Wetland Fish Community Health)
Status of Indicator vis a vis
Consortium Program
Covered by Coastal Wetland
Consortium (CWC)
Covered by CWC
Covered by CWC

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23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.

36.
Indicator Title and Description
Amphibian Diversity and Abundance (#4504)
Wetland-Dependent Bird Diversity and Abundance (#4507)
Bird Studies Canada has developed protocol for this indicator.
Consortium will contract people to do this type of work.
Coastal Wetland Area by Type (#4510)
Lake Ontario group will be doing this work. Methodology not
yet determined.
Presence, Abundance and Expansion of Invasive Plants
(#4513)
Component of Plant Community Health Indicator. This
indicator is part of a bigger problem.
Contaminants in Snapping Turtles Eggs (#4506)
Some sampling is too invasive and the data is not predictive of
a certain area as snapping turtles can live for long periods of
time and can pick up contaminants in varying locations.
Sediment Flowing into Coastal Wetlands (#4516)
Difficult to sample. Costly to do sampling. Light measurement
method could be used.
Effect of Water Level Fluctuations (#4861)
Work has already been done for Lake Superior.
Gain in Restored Coastal Wetland Area by Type (#4511)
Continuous monitoring. This is a response indicator.
Indicator tied into #4510 Coastal Wetland Area by Type.
Mute Swan Indicator
Needs to be a Sub-component of Healthy Bird Community
indicator.
Marsh Monitoring Program (MMP) is not looking at Mute
Swans except for calls.
Similar to Case Studies Potential Indicators
Purple Loosestrife, Phragmites Indicators
Similar to Case Studies Potential Indicator
Sediment Available for Coastal Nourishment
Do not know if CWC will be doing this work.
Similar to #8142 Stream Flow and Sediment Discharge
Extent of Hardened Shoreline (#8131)
More attention should be paid to this indicator
Artificial Coastal Structures (#8146)
More attention should be paid to this indicator
Indicator is tied into indicator #8131 Extent of Hardened Shoreline
Habitat Adjacent to Coastal Wetlands (#7055)
Covered by Doug Wilcox's work but not sure if Consortium
will add this indicator to its list. GIS databases are available
with this data.
Status of Indicator vis a vis
Consortium Program
Covered by CWC through Bird
Studies Canada (MMP)
Will be covered by CWC
Will be covered by CWC
Will be covered by CWC
Will not be covered by the
CWC
Potential GAP
Not being covered by any
group. HOLD FOR FUTURE
Covered in IJC work
Covered by CWC
Should be added to MMP
Covered by CWC
GAP
Will be covered by CWC
Potential GAP
Will be covered by CWC
Potential GAP

Covered by Doug Wilcox
work
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                    Indicator Title and Description
                     Status of Indicator vis a vis
                        Consortium Program
 37.   Habitat Fragmentation (#8114)
      Inherent in Plant Community Health Indicator but no  one is
      currently focused on this metric.  Some work done but not on a
      basin-wide measure.  Use old air photos and compare them to
      current air photos.  Applies more as a terrestrial indicator.  All
	data must be analysed with the water level of that year in mind.
                      GAP as it applies to Coastal
                              wetlands
 38.   First  Emergence  of Water  Lily  Blossoms  in  Coastal
      Wetlands (#4857)
      50-60 years of data are available.  Not covered by  CWC.
	Trying to get this program started through a volunteer program.
                                GAP
 39.   Breeding Bird Diversity and Abundance (#8150)
      No plan currently in effect.  Partially covered by CWS through
      Bird Community Health Indicator.
                        GAP/Partially covered
 40.   Threatened Species (#8161)
      This indicator fits in with Bird Community Health Indicator
                          Covered by CWC
 41.   Exotic Species (#9002)
      Components covered by CWC. No program strictly focused on
      non-native species.
                          Covered by CWC
 42.   Other GAPs identified
      - CWC does not include successful hunting, fishing, bird-
       watching, and gathering of medicinal herbs in their indicators
      - Dyked (managed) wetlands are not included in the
       Consortium indicators
      - CWC indicators do not explicitly address wetland functions.
       CWC agreed to review entire suite of program metrics to
       determine what information can be gleaned about wetland
       functions.
	- Genetic composition is not being tested	
 SOLEC and the Biological Integrity Workshop
 The same points are revisited in this breakout session that have been addressed by the Coastal Wetland
 Consortium and the previous development of SOLEC Coastal Wetland indicators 5 years ago.   Some
 participants believe that progress is being made very slowly with respect to indicators.

 SOLEC is a process and the Coastal Wetland Consortium is a direct result of SOLEC 96. The purpose of
 this Biological Integrity Workshop is to ground truth the 47 SOLEC indicators, and see which ones do not
 belong or are not necessary.  The workshop was created to see who is actually going  to go out there to
 conduct the monitoring for these indicators that will help define biological integrity in the future.

 Non-native  species are covered in  every component in everything that is being done.  Studies cannot be
 limited to non-native species or important details and data will be missed.

 The group decided that they want these wetlands to serve all of the natural functions of a wetland.  They
 questioned whether you could  end up with a high quality wetland that does not serve  all the natural
 functions. Wetlands behave differently at different times.  Underlying assumption is that the healthier the
 community is, the more natural functions are being provided. When things are handled properly within a
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wetland, such as limiting phosphorus inputs, then the health of the fish seems better. This would help to
build on what has been done rather than duplicate work.

Indicators are to be used to help determine where things are going to be degraded and what you can do to
stop it.  Tom Burton and his work is getting down to the group of indicators that can determine the health
of the biological community.  Roger Thoma looked at the disturbance levels and the site with the least
level of disturbance. He then investigated how this site is structured and created a reference site.  There is
no Great Lakes site that has not been affected. Will not be going back to Pre-Cambrian times.

How do you measure natural functions? Would it be feasible to try to measure this? Few wetlands meet
all of these functions.  We can't treat our wetlands as a way to get rid of contaminants that we are not
controlling properly.

SOLEC Non-native Indicator Review
The indicator description appears to be looking for some individual effort that is looking for non-native
species  specifically - looking at aspects of non-native species i.e. no one is researching non-native species
such as  plankton or crabs.
Plant and fish metrics will include some of this information but we are not going out to look for non-
native species.
Is SOLEC calling for an overall assessment of all non-native species in all of the Great Lakes?
Indicator needs to specify if it is referring to "new" invaders or both new and existing non-native species.

Options for Managerial Actions
 •   Managers require the indicator information early so that informed decisions can be made;
 •   Set endpoints for indicators where appropriate;
 •   Need to communicate the value of indicator programs;
 •   Need initiative to inform elected officials about wetland values;
 •   Information on degraded sites should be used to prioritize sites which require restoration;
 •   Move beyond monitoring to action;
 •   Stop ballast releases;
 •   Interpret information and put into a language that is understood by everyone;
 •   Help to share progress, i.e.  decrease in non-native  species  by remediation programs  needs to be
     circulated;
 •   Develop new legislation, based on current situations in the world e.g. Biological Warfare using Non-
     native species.
 •   Legislative protection for remaining high quality areas;
 •   Protect  sensitive sites through regulations;
 •   Enforcing legislation;
 •   Education is required (Watershed Academy is in the works if funding is granted);
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3.3    Terrestrial
Facilitator: Sally Leppard, LURA Consulting
Session Recorder: Eric Advokaat, LURA Consulting

Participants
Roxane Corbiere                   Lionel Normand                  Mono. Staats
Anthony Hopkin                   Dale Phenicie                     Nancy Stadler-Salt
Paul Horvatin                     Derek Pitawanakwat              Paul Zorn
James Karr                       William Route
General Discussion Points

 •  The words "integrity," "balance" and "natural" are very hard to define, but a common understanding
    of these terms is crucial to being able to make sure we are all working on the same track.
 •  We have impacted the Great Lakes basin ecosystem and we cannot go back to the way it was 300
    years ago.  However, we may be able to maintain and enhance the biological integrity that we do have
    left by maintaining existing genetic stocks.
 •  We may not know exactly where we are going, but we know we will recognize it when we see it.
 •  We have remnant populations in remnant areas that we want - it is not everything we might like, but
    we have to play the cards we have been dealt as well  as we can.
 •  We also need to consider future generations.
 •  Ecosystems are made up of Parts and Processes:
 •  Some examples of a terrestrial ecosystem's biological Parts are  species, genes, behaviours, species
    assemblages, communities, individuals, and landscapes. Parts are measured by counting things.
 •  Some examples of a terrestrial ecosystem's biological Processes are disease,  birth and death rates,
    levels of mutation and  recombination,  competition, predation,  co-evolution,  demographic  rates,
    nutrient cycling and flow rates, and meta-population dynamics. Processes are measured as rates.
 •  Because we are concerned with indicators, it is an ecosystem's Parts that we are interested in at this
    point.
 •  We must avoid the hubris that might drive us to assume we understand the true value of any element,
    regardless of cultural perspective. It is for society to decide what to do with the information we give
    them.
 •  Central to adaptive management is the ability to change practices in response to new information and
    understandings.
 •  The goal does not communicate well the way it is currently written - it should also be described in lay
    terms.
 •  One suggestion is that "Our biological selves are a small part of the integrity of the Creator and that is
    what we have to enlarge upon".
 •  This exercise establishes indicators, but also principles for consolidation when developing policy or
    management plans.  It stimulates thought processes and evaluation - even if the indicators we are
    considering are never used or are only used intermittently.
 •  It is not possible to use one indicator to measure both extent and quality.
 •  If a species is established in the wild and is non-native, it has to be considered invasive - even if we
    don't know if it has a deleterious effect.
 •  We measure anything that is non-native because that measures biological integrity rather than human
    values.
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 •  The first survey of an ecosystem should be done by the type of environment: marsh, plains etc., and
    that 2nd survey ought to be done by taxonomic classification, such as birds, insects, mammals, etc.
 •  It was decided that the "Parts"  of an ecosystem reflect 5 different types of diversity that would frame
    participants' search for relevant indicators. Those 5 levels of diversity are:
           1.    Landscape Diversity;
          2.    Community Diversity;
          3.    Species Diversity;
          4.    Genetic Diversity; and
          5.    Individual Diversity.
 •  If one is concerned about  the protection of herbal  plants,  one needs to be  concerned about the
    protection of wetlands and inner forests, because some herbal plants live in those areas. So if one has
    protected those areas, one can be fairly confident of having protected those herbal plants.
 •  At the same time, however, one needs to have indicators at the level of individual diversity to make
    absolutely sure that the specific herbal plant about which one is concerned is in fact present.
 •  To protect bears in the west you need to protect large dead trees for the males to over-winter in.
 •  To protect mountain lions, you need to protect rocky outcrops.
 •  It is also important to create the patch of ecosystem that is most diverse - which is not necessarily the
    same thing as the largest patch.
 •  At the landscape level of diversity, one can think about the:
           1.    Quantity (of natural cover);
          2.    Matrix (surrounding land uses);
          3.    Size and shape (of patches or fragments);
          4.    Distribution (of natural habitat); and
          5.    Connectivity or patchiness.
 •  We need to have some measure of habitat quality, such as number of snags.
 •  We need to consider the practicality of certain indicators over others - some indicators are simply too
    expensive to use right now.

Objectives

To the extent possible, maintain or  restore  the capacity of the Great Lakes terrestrial ecosystem to support
and maintain an (balanced) integrated and  adaptive biological system having a full range of elements and
processes expected in a region's natural habitat.
Caveat 1: The goal, and much of the other language used by  SOLEC, does not communicate well to non-
          scientists.  One lay  translation  may be that "Our biological selves are a small  part of the
          integrity of the Creator,  and that is what we  must enlarge upon."
Caveat 2: The definitions of "integrity," "natural" and  "balance" need to be more clearly developed.
Caveat 3: Must always have a standard or benchmark against which we measure.
Caveat 4: Be careful of using indicator species.
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     Recommended Indicators
     The following indicators were recommended by the work group for the suite of Great Lake indicators.
     N/S/F/U - Necessary/Sufficient/Feasible/Understandable
     J, X , or Hold - Keep it, reject it, hold for now.
     #X - Refers to a SOLEC indicator
     CS - indicator from a case study.
                   Indicator Title and Description
               N/S/F/U
                  , X, or
                  Hold
 Related SOLEC
Indicator or Case
   Study (CS)
                                              Landscape Diversity
   Can be subdivided into (1) Quantity of natural cover; (2) Matrix of surrounding land uses; (3) Size and shape of patches/fragments; (4)
    Distribution of natural habitat; and (5) Connectivity. These 5 are a good start but not complete, as they do not pick up differences in
  	complexity between heterogeneous and homogeneous landscapes.	
 43.  Land Use. This allows  one to look at the rate of change
      from  any  one  landscape  type  (e.g.  agriculture,  forest,
      wetlands, or protected areas) to any other type (e.g. parking
      lots,  malls,  mines,  etc.) and  vice versa.  Measuring  this
      indicator over time will  allow one to calculate conversion
      rates and trends over time.  Includes  both  habitat quantity
      and  quality  including  fragmentation,  but  might   need
      separate indicators for these because they require different
      measurement techniques.
                 N,F
                           Similar to #8114 Habitat
                           Fragmentation, #8129 Area,
                           Quality, and Protection of
                           Special Lakeshore
                           Communities #8136 Extent and
                           Quality of Nearshore Land
                           Cover, CS, but an expansion to
                           a basin wide perspective, not
                           just within 1 km from shore.
 44.  Special  Places. Area,  quality and  protection of  special
      places at the landscape level. Special places includes:
      • Ecologically unique areas e.g. rocky outcrops, large dead
        trees; and
      • Cultural  treasures,  e.g. burial  grounds  and  areas where
        medicinal herbs grow.
      This is a measure of the numbers protected and the  change
      in those numbers protected over time  and is meant to protect
      the  full richness  of the  communities that  exist  in the
	landscape.	
                 N,F
                           Similar to #8129 Area, Quality,
                           and Protection of Special
                           Lakeshore Communities, but an
                           expansion to a basin-wide
                           perspective, not just within 1
                           km from shore.
                                             Community Diversity
 45.   Number and Relative Abundance of Non-native Species.
      This is a reflection of the amount of change or divergence
      from the natural system. Depending on the context, would
      measure either number (in a standardized sample) or relative
      abundance (or biomass in some cases), because usually only
      one will give the clearest "signal" in that context. However,
      in some contexts it will be important  to measure both. In
      addition to tracking all non-native species,  we also need to
      specifically track the priority ones - those that are known to
      be  particularly aggressive. This is  a more  specific look at
      degradation than the Floristic Quality Index, which  simply
      measures overall  degradation in general,  as opposed to
      explaining that degradation as a result of the presence and
	relative abundance of non-native species.	
                 N,F
                           Same as #8134 Nearshore Plant
                           and Wildlife Problem Species,
                           but expanded to the entire
                           basin. Similar to #9002 Exotic
                           Species, CS
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Indicator Title and Description
46. Floristic and Faunal Quality of Native Species.
Floristic and faunal quality measures could include:
• Species richness;
• "Tolerance" to human activity;
• Diversity of bird species;
• Diversity of amphibians and reptiles (e.g. salamander)
The specific index or indicator that is measured would be
dictated by the specific place and context - although
standardization is also very important for the sake of
comparison. It may be that these indicators should be
grouped according to habitat.
47. Crop Health.
This includes crop height, magnitude of biomass, flowering,
flowering dates, pod sets for beans.
48. Percent Crop Reduction by the End of the Year.
N/S/F/U
Necessary,
some of it is
Feasible


/, X , or
Hold



Related SOLEC
Indicator or Case
Study (CS)
Similar to #4504 Amphibian
Diversity and Abundance,
#8150 Breeding Bird Diversity
and Abundance (unbounded)
Similar to CS
Similar to CS
Species Diversity
49. Range of Non-native Species.
Measuring this over time would give the rate of expansion
or contraction.
50. Iconic Species Counts.
Some species are individually important or iconic, such as
pileated woodpeckers, martens, medicinal herbs,
productivity of bald eagles, American Otter, or rare species.
These counts over time will allow SOLEC to track trends in
distribution.
N,F
N, some
of it is
Feasible


Similar to #9002 Exotic
Species, CS

Genetic Diversity
51. Life-History Diversity.
This indicator is an analog and complement to Genetic
Diversity.
52. Measure of Genetic Diversity.
Need a measure of this, such as mitochondrial DNA. This
indicator should be held aside until techniques are improved
sufficiently to be useful.
N, some of
it is
Feasible
N, some of
it is
Feasible
On Hold




Individual Diversity
53. Flora and Fauna Morphological Deformities.
Such as random collection of information on the amount of
diseased trees. This measure applies to both flora and fauna.
54. Proportion of Individuals Occupied by a Non-Native
Disease or Insect Infestation.
For example, First Nations communities on Manitoulin
Island have recently noticed increased numbers of mutations
in the medicinal Northern Pitcher Plant.
55. Mortality or long-term damage.
N,F
N,F
N,F



Similar to CS
Similar to CS

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Indicator Title and Description
N/S/F/U
/, X , or
Hold
Related SOLEC
Indicator or Case
Study (CS)
Other
56. Amount of Pesticides Used.
Limit/totally eliminate toxic sprays over our protected parks
(need to phrase as an indicator).
57. Restore (and maintain for future generations) Beautiful
Native Ways. For example, giving thanks and respect to all
living things.
58. Eliminate the Space Station and Use the Money for
Mother Earth's Problems.
59. Use of Management Plans. There is no evidence that this
is correlated to quality of the resource. It is not an indicator
of the state of biological integrity - it's more an indicator of
human response to this pressure. This is a societal indicator.
This indicator will need to be broadened to include the other
ecosystem components. It is also more of a response than a
state indicator.








Similar to CS
Similar to CS

Similar to #8139 Community
/Species Plan
SOLEC Exotic Species Indicator Review
This item was not addressed by this work group.

Options for Managerial Actions
   Managers need to have overall education on the issues.
   Managers need to take a hard look at their monitoring programs to determine what needs to be
   collected  and monitored and to review the implications of any new set of indicators against what
   they're doing and what resources they have available.  Managers can educate the public about the
   relationship between the state of the ecosystem and any particular target in order to build support for
   their programs and gain some funding.  Market the outputs to get public support for more monitoring
   and to affect policies.
   Hire a bio-statistician - design studies to be done  so  that the numbers that are generated can be
   statistically  analyzed to produce meaningful results. There is a potential problem from grabbing data
   from multiple sources and using it to make management decisions.  If the  study wasn't specifically
   designed to be the basis for inferential management decision, then decisions based on those numbers
   could be criticized at a later date. Verify and interpret data. QA/QC is essential.
   Existing databases may yield new information when new statistical analyses and tools are applied to
   them. Databases need to be shared - a metadatabase is being developed for this purpose.
   Data-sharing agreements among partners must be inclusive, and managers must work together. For
   example, new Canadian federal legislation requires Parks Canada to report on "ecological integrity".
   In order to do this, Parks Canada has developed an entire framework and set of indicators that might
   be helpful to SOLEC.
   Consistency of monitoring across the basin. QA/QC is essential.
   It is important to be able to pass on information to younger generations  so they understand the value
   of things.
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4.0   WORKSHOP OVERVIEW AND IMPRESSIONS - JAMES KARR

James  Karr presented  impromptu comments about the SOLEC Biological  Integrity Workshop.  The
following are his notes detailing the points made during his presentation at the workshop.

1. Need to tie several  concepts together to make the framework and goals coherent. Those concepts
are:
   Integrity: the biological condition and character of sites with minimal human influence, ideally
       this is "wild nature".
   Biological condition: the character  of sites. Wild  nature has a  condition equal to biological
       integrity defined above.
   Healthy: a human defined goal that specifies the desired condition at a site. It may diverge from
       integrity.
    Unhealthy: biological condition below some threshold that results in local or nearby degradation.
   Sustainable: sites with biological integrity or above the healthy-unhealthy threshold are assumed
       by definition to be sustainable.
    Unsustainable:  sites below the  threshold are  both  unhealthy  and their use in that context or
       framework is unsustainable.
For more on the context of my use of these words,  see figures and accompanying text as follows: Fig. 3,
page 19 in Karr and Chu, Restoring  Life in Running Waters (1999) and Fig.  12.1, page 213  in paper by
Karr in Pimentel et al., Ecological Integrity (2000). Both of the cited documents are in books published
by Island Press.
2. Think gradient.
Avoid  the tendency  to think in terms of sites that are impaired or unimpaired as if there are two classes.
In reality, we are dealing with places that reflect a gradient of biological condition from undisturbed
(biological integrity) to various levels of degradation.  See figures cited above and premise 30, page 139
in Karr and Chu (cited above).
3. Understand the benchmark or baseline condition.
All sites have a biological  condition expected in  the absence of human activity (biological integrity)
although few if any sites truly reflect that condition today because of the pervasive influence of human
actions. But that benchmark condition still provides a  stable base that can be used to evaluate sites with
diverse human influence. That  biological condition of integrity (or desired  divergences from that
condition as in healthy above) can  serve as  benchmark, guide,  and goal for assessment and planning
processes (see section of paper from Ecological Integrity book cited above on pages 214-215).
4.  Think integratively about the entire process from conception of the problem to  development of
indicators through to the communication of the results  to policymakers  and citizens.  I group these into 5
critical phases and no matter how good one step may be the  system will fail unless attention is paid to all
of them,  including to moving all of them forward, at the same time.  Those phases are conceptual,  design,
sampling, analytical, and communication.  The lessons  here include the importance of thinking in terms of
all three levels of view (satellite, biplane, and canoe), for different kinds of environments (wetlands, lakes,
uplands), organisms  (birds,   fish,  bugs),  and  kinds  of  human  influence  (mining,   agriculture,
industrialization, point and non point sources,  etc.).  Failing to connect across these dimensions will, over
the long-term, result in a flawed process. In short, don't spend an infinite amount  of time on selecting
indicators without giving attention to the other core  and crucial issues.
5. Understand the importance of two questions: What to  measure?  How to decide?
The failure  to develop a systematic approach  to answering these two  questions  has  derailed many
monitoring and assessment programs before they get off the ground.

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It is generally important to avoid the use of species as indicators. They are not widely distributed enough
to provide strong  signal in  a  wide diversity of circumstances.  Moreover,  population sizes of single
species are often so naturally variable that it is difficult to sort out signal from noise.
Several other thoughts on this  general topic.  First, theory and logic are often  not a good guide to metric
selection.  Empirical evidence of a consistent relationship across a gradient of human influence is crucial.
When  selecting measures be  sure to pick  measures that  are relevant to  the  societal  endpoints  that
encompass the  primary goal.  That goal is most often some framing of biological condition.  Counts of
bureaucratic activity (permits issued, fines levied, and other such bean counts) rarely directly connect to
that biological  condition.  In streams, trophic dynamics are  often  mentioned as the best measures.
Empirical evidence suggests otherwise.  Here again don't trust theory and logic.
It is important to have multiple measures from diverse levels of biology (individual health, population,
community, landscape, etc.) that reflect biological sensitivity to various human influences and over a
range of spatial scales. (Note that the levels and the scales here are not the same although they are often
confused.)
6.  Be  careful about habitat goals.  Scientists and mangers often resort to language that says to restore
habitat. Remember that the goal is biological and just as connections between permits issued or chemical
water quality standards and biology are often  not strong, our presumptions about the desired configuration
of habitat is often not connected to the real habitat needs of species. Besides, the goal here is to protect
biological or ecological integrity, not manage places to maximize the presumed optimal habitat of some
narrowly defined species.
7.  The goal needs to be understanding  of the importance of "whole things."  Here I quoted from my
paper in the Ecological Integrity book mentioned above. The title of that paper is "Health, integrity, and
biological assessment: The importance of measuring whole things" (pages 209-226).
8.  Think carefully  about organizing and  framing indicators in new ways.  Current discussions of
indicator development focus on huge list of measures. Attempt to find the common measures or classes
of measures that will boil the metrics down to 10 or 12, and discuss them as the same set of a dozen or so
indicators, framed to  convey biological character regardless of habitat type. We use the same  set of
indicators to assess the condition of small  streams in areas as wide ranging as  the Tennessee River
system, the Pacific Northwest (Oregon,  Washington,  and  Idaho), Rocky Mountains (Wyoming)  and
several regions in  Japan.  Rather than being buried  in indicators, we select using the 2 questions listed
above. We invoke a standard process of indicator evaluation and assessment.  Low and behold, when this
happens, a very similar set of measures emerges.  The process of indicator  development and selection
should work harder to define that common ecological principle and context framework, as opposed to the
current one which seems more attuned to making long lists, repetitively at sequential meetings.
9.  Keep  in mind that the  goal is assessment, not monitoring.  Biologists and water managers  in a
larger sense have monitored for most of the last century or more.  It can be shown without much trouble
that not much useful  has come from much of that monitoring.  A process that simply advocates more of
the same  "unguided or poorly guided monitoring" will  not  change the situation.  Frame and form the
process as one with an assessment goal, not a data collection (monitoring) goal. By doing that we refocus
the energies and efforts to more effectively answer the two questions above as well as to place the task in
the larger 5-phase process that I mentioned in item 4 above.  That should both strengthen the intellectual
foundations of the process as well as the probability that it will produce policy relevant information that
can be communicated to diverse stakeholders.
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5.0   FUTURE STEPS

Non-native species have been used to develop the initial case studies, but future development requires us
to examine other stressors such as climate change, habitat fragmentation, pollution, genetically modified
organisms (GMOs), and possibly many other factors that can affect the biological integrity of the Great
Lakes basin ecosystem.

The next major goal to determine the affects of these factors is to produce an initial report on biological
integrity  for further discussions at  SOLEC 2002.   Specific breakout  groups will  be designed with
biological integrity as a common theme in order to build on the achievements of this  workshop and any
additional knowledge developed before the October 2002 conference in Cleveland, Ohio.
                      The Pathway to Assessing
                   Biological  Integrity in the  Great
                                   Lakes  Basin

        Process for developing Biological Indicators
                       Biological
                       Integrity
                       Workshop
                      (focus on the
                     impacts of non-
                     native species)
                  Biological Integrity
                     Workshop
                  Proceedings and
                     proposed
                     Indicators
                     Biological
                   Integrity White
                     Paper with
                     Proposed
                     Indicators
                                                          \       \
                  Assessment of the
                  state of biological
                 integrity in the Great
                   Lakes based on
                     indicators
                                                    LaMP/Other input  Consider other stressors
  Fall 2001
December 2001
Spring 2002
October 2002
October 2004
Figure: 5.1

In preparation for the first report, various activities will be created to stimulate ideas and discussion that
may feed into the conference breakout sessions. These activities may include posting information on web
sites, creating technical panels to further investigate other factors affecting biological integrity, etc. The
information posted on the web site may include reports, group discussions, and data by possibly using a
GIS interface further in the future.
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                          BIOLOGICAL
                           INTEGRITY
          CHEMICAL
          IIVH:<;KITY
   Figure 5.2: Future steps to assessing the biological, chemical and physical integrity of the Great Lakes basin ecosystem.

Only one slice of the biological integrity pie has been examined so far, as shown in Figure 5.2. It is quite
complex to disentangle biological integrity from chemical and physical integrity, but with the help from
many individuals all over the Great Lakes basin, it may be possible to begin understanding its role within
the whole system.  In addition, Figure 5.2 demonstrates SOLEC's commitment to support the  purpose of
the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement "..to restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological
integrity of the waters of the Great Lakes Basin ecosystem" by further defining the scope of biological,
chemical and physical integrity of the Great Lakes basin ecosystem during future conferences.
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6.0   LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: SOLEC BACKGROUND	A-l
APPENDIX B: GREAT LAKES BASIN INDICATORS LIST	B-l
APPENDIX C: WORKSHOP AGENDA	C-l
APPENDIX D: CASE STUDIES	D-l
APPENDIX E: COLLABORATOR PRESENTATIONS	E-l
APPENDIX F: WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS	F-l
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Appendix A: SOLEC BACKGROUND
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Appendix B: GREAT LAKES BASIN INDICATORS LIST
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Appendix C: WORKSHOP AGENDA
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Appendix D: CASE STUDIES
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Appendix E: COLLABORATOR PRESENTATIONS
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Appendix F: WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS
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