Evaluating Mercury Exposure:
Information for Health Care Providers
This fact sheet is designed to increase the primary care provider's knowledge of
environmental elemental (metallic) mercury exposure, and to aid in the clinical
evaluation and treatment of patients who have been exposed to elemental mercury.
Elemental Mercury
The elemental (metallic) form
ft*. of mercury is a heavy, silver-
4^ gray liquid that volatilizes
L. slowly at room temperature.
Elemental mercury, also
A known as quicksilver, poses a
negligible risk of severe
toxicity after a single ingestion dose. However,
mercury vapors are readily absorbed when
inhaled and mercury is rapidly distributed
through the body, including the central nervous
system and the placenta. Exposures can result in
central nervous system and renal toxicity which
may be insidious in onset and non-specific.
Possible Exposure Sources
Improper clean-up (vacuuming) of broken
mercury-containing household items
(thermometers, thermostats, electrical
switches, compact fluorescent light bulbs).
Recent application of mercury-containing
paint or caulk.
Occupation and hobbies of home occupants.
Recent move to a residence contaminated with
mercury by previous tenant.
Use of folk remedies.
Use of elemental mercury in a school labora-
tory.
Misuse of mercury by collecting large quanti-
ties and using it for recreational activities.
This is especially hazardous if mercury is kept
in an open container.
Signs, Symptoms and Health Effects
Signs, symptoms and health effects from elemental
mercury exposure will vary based on concentration of exposure,
route of exposure, duration of exposure as well as individual
susceptibility.
Acute Inhalation (High Dose)
Inhalation of high concentrations of elemental mercury vapor may
rapidly produce cough, dyspnea, chest pain, nausea, vomiting,
stomatitis, diarrhea, fever, and a metallic taste in the mouth. Later,
interstitial pneumonitis, necrotizing bronchiolitis, and pulmonary
edema may develop. Children less than 30 months of age appear
to be at increased risk for pulmonary toxicity, usually following an
incident of mercury vaporization in the home. Renal manifesta-
tions include proteinuria, acute tubular necrosis, and oliguric renal
failure. Conjunctivitis and an erythematous, pruritic rash have
been reported with relatively mild exposure to mercury vapor.
Acute Ingestion
Ingested liquid elemental mercury is poorly absorbed and therefore
poses only limited risk of toxicity. Individuals with gastrointestinal
abnormalities (fistula, perforation) may sequester mercury and
have subsequent absorption.
Acute Direct Contact
Contact with liquid mercury has been associated with a dermatitis
characterized by a papular erythema.
Chronic Inhalation
Chronic exposure primarily affects the central nervous system.
Chronic exposure produces a classic triad of tremor, gingivitis and
erethism (insomnia, excessive shyness, and emotional lability.
Other psychological findings include headache, short-term mem-
ory loss, and anorexia. Fine tremors in the fingers, eyelids, and
lips are early signs of mercury toxicity. Other peripheral nervous
system findings include distal paresthesias, motor and sensory
nerve conduction delay, and limb weakness. Gingivitis, stomatitis
and excessive salivation may occur. Acrodynia, a non-allergic
hypersensitiviry reaction, may develop in children exposed to
mercury vapors. In children, developmental milestones should be
Call ATSDR at (913) 669-3924 or 669-2589 if you have health-related
questions about mercury. If you have questions about cleaning up a
mercury spill of any size, call the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) Region 7 office at (913) 281-0991.
ATSDR
AGENCY FOR TOXIC SUBSTANCES
AND DISEASE REGISTRY
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Laboratory Tests
Urine levels of mercury provide the most appropriate assessment of elemental mercury exposure and are useful for the
assessment of acute and chronic exposures. A 24-hour urine specimen collected in an acid-washed plastic container is
the preferred specimen. A first morning void can provide a close approximation of the urine (using specific gravity or
amount of creatinine present). A urinary mercury concentration of less than 4 micrograms per liter ((ig/L)1 (the 95th
percentile for adult females) would be considered within the background range.
Mercury has a short half-life in blood (3 days), so blood analysis may be performed during the first 3 days after an acute
high level exposure. Interpretation of blood Hg levels may be complicated by dietary sources of mercury. Blood samples
should be collected in vacutainers containing heparin and then refrigerated. The blood Hg level for the 95th percentile of
the adult population is below 5 micrograms per liter ((ig/L)1 ; a blood concentration of 50 (ig/L or greater is considered
the threshold for symptoms of toxicity2. Although some individuals with high blood mercury levels do not exhibit clini-
cal symptoms.
Hair analysis primarily measures organic (methyl) mercury exposure only and is not useful for assessing recent
exposures.
Relationship of Urinary Mercury Concentration with Effects
Urinary Mercury Concentration
(Mg/L)
<20
20 to 100
100 to 500
500 to 1000
Signs and Symptoms
None
• Decreased response on tests for nerve conduction, brain- wave activity, and verbal
• Early indication of tremor on testing
skills
• Irritability, depression, memory loss, minor tremor, other nervous system disturbances
• Early signs of disturbed kidney function
• Kidney inflammation
• Swollen gums
• Significant tremor and nervous system disturbances
Elemental Mercury Ireatment and Managemen
Symptomatic patients who have experienced acute high-dose elemental mercury inhalation exposure should receive supportive
care and be monitored for development of acute pneumonitis and pulmonary edema in a hospital setting. For severe symptoms
and highly elevated circulating levels of elemental mercury, chelation may be required. Agents, such as dimercaptosuccinic
acid (DMSA) contain sulfhydryl groups, which bind mercury ions and facilitate their excretion through urine and feces. These
drugs may be expensive and are not always covered by health insurance.
Consult your regional Poison Control Center, 1-800-222-1222, or a medical toxicologist
experienced in chelation therapy for decisions regarding administration of chelation therapy.
For More Information
• ATSDR Medical Management Guidelines for Mercury - http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/MHMI/mmg46.html
• ATSDR Region 7 Office in Kansas City, Kan. (913) 551-1310 or (913) 551-1312.
References
1 - CDC National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2001-2002); summarized in Third National
Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/default.htm)
2 - ATSDR Chemical Agent Briefing Sheet for Mercury (http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/cabs/mercury/index.html)
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