Onbir
                                                   NaturalGasf
                                                   EPA POLLUTION PREVENTER
CJ
  OT nap-mepOB nporpaMMbi Natural Gas STAR
  USING PIPELINE PUMP-DOWN TECHNIQUES TO LOWER
  GAS LINE  PRESSURE BEFORE MAINTENANCE
  nPMMEHEHME TEXHOJIOrMM F1POKAHKM TPYBOFlPOBOflA
  flJlfl CBPOCAflABJIEHMfl TASAflO FlPOBEflEHMfl
  TEXO BC J1Y>KM BAH Mfl
  Onepaiopbi rasonpoBOflHbix cucieivi perynapHO c6pacbisaK)T flasneHne B rasonpoBOfle n BbinycKaicrr ras
  o6ecneKMBaHMfl n pewioHTHbix pa6oi. O6bNHO arm ainx uenei/i
  nepeKpbisaioT cawibie wienKne npaivionMHei/iHbie ynaciKM Tpy6onposofla n nponssoflflT c6poc flasneHMfl, BbinycKaa ras B
  aiMoccpepy. Flo oueHKaM, B 1998 rofly 255 MJIH. M3 (9 winpfl. cpyi.3) wieiaHa 6bino BbinymeHO B aiMoccpepy sa secb
  nepnofl nposefleHMfl TeKymero pewioHia n ociaHOBOK rasonposofla.
           lexHonornn npoKaHKM flna c6poca flasneHMfl rasa B Tpy6onposofle flo Hanana Texo6cny>KMBaHMfl
  pewioHTHbix pa6oi o6ecneKHO nonyHMTb flo 90% TosapHoro
  rasa us o6teivia, npeflnonaraewioro flna BbinycKa B aiMoccpepy us rasonposofla. TexHonornn npoKaHKM rasonposoflos
  Han6onee aKOHOMMHHbi npn 6onbujnx o6teiviax rasoflo6bNM, npn BbicoKOM flasneHnn B rasonposoflHbix nnHnax, npn
  nnaHMposaHMM rpacpMKa leKymnx pewioHTHbix pa6oi n B iex cnynaflx, Korfla Heo6xoflmvio nqqcoeflUHeHne o6ujnpHoi/i
  cein Tpy6onposoflOB K nepeflsn>KHOi/i KowinpeccopHoi/i yciaHOBKe.
  Mhorne napiHepbi nporpaMMbi Natural Gas STAR yxe nonyHnnn peanbHyio aKOHOMMK) cpeflcis OT
  TexHonorni/i npoKaHKM. B 1998 r. KOMnaHMfl-napiHep no ipaHcnopinpoBKe rasa caKOHOMnna B uenoM 1,1 winpfl. cpyi.3
  (32 MJIH. M3) B pesynbiaie npmvieHeHMfl lexHonornn npoKaHKM, HTO B flenexHOM BbipaxeHnn npn u,ene rasa
  $3,00/ibic. cpyi.3 ($106/ibic. M3) cocTasuno 6onee $3
flePicTBue
HpOKaHKa rasonpoeofla
nepefl Texo6cny>KMBaHMeM
CpeflHkiPi o6"beM
3KOHOMMM rasa, Tbic.
(Jjyr.3 (Tbic. M3)/rofl
200 000 (5663,4)*
CpeflHflfl CTOMMOCTb
C3KOHOMJieHHOrO
rasa ($/rofl)
$600 000
CpeflHflfl CTOMMOCTb
BbinonHeHMfl
pa6oj($)
$75 000
TunoBoPi
nepnofl
OKynaeMOCTM
<1 rofla**
* Ha ocHOse flaHHbix e>KeroflHoro OTnera, npeflOCTaeneHHoro napTHepaMM nporpaMMbi Natural Gas STAR, c 6ojibmnM pa36pocoM SHaneHMM. Oaicropbi,
onpeflensqioinne o6i>eM SKOHOMMM rasa w cronMOCTb BbinonHeHnsq pa6or, BKniOHaiOT fljiMHy raaonposofla M sennHMHy flaeneHnsq, run KOMnpeccopa,
KonnnecTBO ynacTKOB vmw npOKaneK. flaHHbie npus^qeHbi no oGbsqsneHHbiM peayjibraraM pa6orbi CTaunoHapHbix KOMnpeccopos M Mo6nnbHbix ycraHOBOK.
** flepnofl OKynaeMOCTM fljisi CTaunoHapHbix KOMnpeccopos Hacrynaer HeMeflneHHO ssufly OTcyrcTBusq KanmanbHbix aarpar.
HacToamm/i flOKywieHT - oflMH us OTHeios cepnn "Onbii npmvieHeHMfl", paspa6oTaHHOi/i EPA B coipyflHUHecTse c rasosoi/i
oipacnbK) B pawiKax npoeKios nporpaMMbi Natural Gas STAR.

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OnucaHne
TexHonoruM
         no flo6bNe, TpaHcnopinpoBKe n pacnpeflenenmo npupoflHoro
rasa nepeKaHnsaioT wieiaH n flpyrne nerKne yrnesoflopoflbi nofl flasneHnei
McnonbsyeMbie flna aioro rasonpoBOflbi ipe6yK)T pewioHia n
iexo6cny>KMBaHMfl B revenue scero nepnofla aKcnnyaiaunn ns-sa
o6pasoBaHMfl BHyipeHHei/i n BHewHei/i Kopposnn, yieKfleHm/i, BbissaHHbix BHeujHMMM cpaKiopaiviM. PewioHT rasonposoflos
               Ha neibipe o6mne Kaieropnn:
                           *  Knacc 1 - Heasapni/iHbii/i pewioHT, Koiopbii/i He npeflnonaraei nonnoi/i
                              OCTaHOBKM CMCTeMbl.

                           *  Knacc 2 - Heasapni/iHbii/i pewioHT, Tpe6yiomm/i nonHoi/i ociaHOBKM
                              CMCTeMbl.

                           *  Knacc 3 - asapm/iHbii/i pewioHT, Tpe6yiomm/i nonHoi/i ociaHOBKM cucieivibi.

                           *  Knacc 4 - KpynHOMacujTa6Hbie npoeKTbi, rfle HOBbie n ciapbie nnHnn
                              rasonposofla cpyHKUMOHMpyioT napannenbHO n ipe6yK)T speivieHHOi/i
                              ociaHOBKM
                           Bee flei/icTBMfl no pewioniy n iexo6cny>KMBaHMK) ocymecisnaioTCfl npn
                           c6poce flasnennfl B rasonposofle B uenax yflanenna rasa us nospe>KfleHHoro
                           ynaciKa n o6ecneHeHMfl 6esonacHbix ycnosni/i pa6oi. OflMH us cnoco6os
                           c6poca flasneHMfl saKnionaeTCfl B 6noKnpoBKe ynaciKa Tpy6onposofla,
                           noflnexamero BocciaHOBneHMK) n BbinycKe coflepxameroca B Hewi rasa B
                           aiMoccpepy. B Kanecise flononHmenbHbix wiep MO>KHO ncnonbsosaTb
                           TexHonoruK) npoKaHKM flna CHMxeHna flasneHna B rasonposofle flo MowieHia
                           BbinycKa rasa B aiMoccpepy. TexHonornn npoKaHKM flsnaioTCfl
                           npeflnoHTmenbHbiMM, iaK K3K o6ecneHMBaK)T 6onbium/i o6teM TosapHoro
                           rasa n coKpamenne aMnccnn wieiaHa.

                           flpn npnivieHeHMM lexHonornn npoKaHKM onepaiopbi wioryi ncnonbsosaTb
                           flsa BMfla KOMnpeccopoB flna noHnxeHna flasneHMfl B rasonposofle:
                           ciaunoHapHbie KOMnpeccopbi n nepeflsn>KHbie KOMnpeccopHbie yciaHOBKM.
                           B sasMCMMOCTM oi cuiyauMM wioryi npmvieHflTbCfl ciaunoHapHbie
                           KOMnpeccopbi B oiflenbHocin nn6o cosMeciHO c nepeflsn>KHbiMM
                           KOMnpeccopHbiMM yciaHOBKaMM.

                           *  Mcnonb30BaHMe crauMOHapHbix KOMnpeccopoe pj\n c6poca
                                       B npeAenax orpaHnneHMM no creneHM OKarnsq. O6bNHO
                                           KOMnpeccopbi MMeioT KoacpcpnuneHT OKaina 2:1. Mepes
                              SnoKuposKy scacbisaiomero Knanana saflaHHoro ynaciKa Tpy6onposofla
                              npn pa6oTaiomeM HanopHOM KOMnpeccope MO>KHO flo6mbcfl
                              sennHUHbi pa6oKHO ociaHOBMTb n nponssec™ nonnyio 6noKnposKy
                              ynaciKa. flpn TaKOM noHnxeHHOM flasneHnn MO>KHO  nponssoflmb
                              yciaHOBKy coeflMHmenbHbix Mycpi Ha Mecia nospe>iKHbix KOMnpeccopoe pj\n AanbHeMiuero
                              noHM>KeHM5q AaeneHnsq. OnepaiopaM cneflyei TaioKe MMeib B
                              B03MO>KHOCTb flanbHei/Jiuero CHMxennfl flasnennfl nuxe
                              o6ecneKHbie
                              KOMnpeccopHbie ycianoBKH MMeioT KoacpcpnuneHT OKaina 5:1. l~lpn
                              coBMeciHOM npuMBHeHMM ciaunoHapHbix n Mo6nnbHbix KOMnpeccopos
                              nocneflHue cnoco6nbi o6ecneKHbie

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   KowinpeccopHbie yciaHOBKM wioryi McnonbsoBaTbca 6esonacHO TOJIBKO
   npn ycnoBnn, KHbi ciporo
     nepe,qBM>KHbie Kowinpeccopbi wioryi o6ecneHMTb nonyneHne
               40 % K nepBOHananbHOMy o6teiviy TosapHoro rasa us
rasonposofla, MX npmvieHeHne Han6onee L4enecoo6pa3HO B nepnoflbi
nposefleHMfl nnaHosoro Texo6cny>KMBaHMfl Knacca 1 n Knacca 2. 3io
o6tflCHfleTCfl cno>KHOCTflMM apeHflbi MJIM nnsuHra yciaHOBKM,  ee flociasKM n
CBoespeivieHHoro c6poca flasneHMfl B nepnofl asapni/i npn HeceHnn
HamvieHbiiJMX aKOHOMnnecKnx saipai. flpnivieHeHMe nepeflsn>KHbix
KowinpeccopHbix yciaHOBOK 6onee L4enecoo6pa3HO npn OTKnioHeHnn
HecKonbKnx ynaciKOB oflHospeivieHHO nnn nocneflOBaienbHO npn cepni/iHbix
peMOHTHbix pa6oiax.
Ha puc. 1  noKasaHbi Han6onee L4enecoo6pa3Hbie cnynan
TexHonorni/i npoKaHKM Tpy6onposofla npn pasnuHHbix Knaccax peMOHTHbix
pa6oi.
Pnc.1:
                     TexHO/ioruM
                                                  Tpy6onpoBOfla
  Knacc peMOHra    TexHOJiorna
                      npoKaHKM
                                L|ejiecoo6pa3HOCTb npMMeHeHMa
 Knacc 1
 Knacc2
                   nepeflBM>KHOi/i
                              flaHHoe oSopyflOBam/ie MO>KHO HanSonee
                              nojiHO ncnonbSOBaTb npn peMOHTHbix
                              paSoiax Knacca 1 n Knacca 2,
                              npeflnonaraeMbix f\nn npoeeflenna B nepsyio
                              onepeflb npn Heaeapm/iHbix cmyai4nax n
                                      Texo6cny>KMBaHMM.
 Knacc3
             TOJlbKO
PeMOHTHbie paSoibi Knacca
npOBOflaica B CPOHHOM nopaflKe f\nn
Bosspaia ipySonpOBOfla
Korfla He ocTaeica BpeMenn
nepeflBM>KHOi/i KOMnpeccopnoi/i ycraHOBKM.
 Knacc4
             TOJlbKO
HpoeKTbi peMOHTHbix paSoi Knacca 4 Moryi
SblTb KpynHOMaCliliaSHblMM M
npeflycMaipuBaib sanycK HOBOM JIMHMM
rasonpOBOfla npn napannenbHOM coxpaneHnn
           . CoxpaHaeica BO3MO>KHOCTb
         rasa na ciapux flei/iCTByiOLL(MX
      npi/i sanycKe HOBbix n TinaienbHOM
                  npeflycMOipeHHbix
npoeKTOM.

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                              Ha PMC. 2 noKasana nocneflOBaienbHOCTb ocHOBHbix flei/Jcism/i Arm c6poca
                                       Ha ynaciKe rasonposofla.
                                PMC. 2: FlocneflOBaTenbHOCTb AGMCTBHM p.na c6poca
                                         1. OnpeAenMTb ynacTOK raaonpoBOAa, Tpe6yiomMM peMonra

                                         faaonpoBOA   KnMHoeaa 3aABM>KKa   KnMHoeaa 3aABM>KKa  TaaonpoBOA
                                                  KOMnpeccopa OTKpbira  KOMnpeccopa OTKpbira
                                        2. C6poc AaeneHMa Ha ynacTKe Ha 50% c npMMeneHMeM craLtMOHapHoro
                                        KOMnpeccopa

                                        FaaonpoBOA   KnMHoeaa 33ABM>KKa   KnMHoeaa 33ABM>KKa  FaaonpoBOA
                                                  KOMnpeccopa aaKpbira  KOMnpeccopa OTKpbira
                                        3. flanbHeiiiuMM cSpoc AaBrieHMa Ha ynacTKe AO 90% npw nocheAOBarenbHOM
                                                 nepeABM>KHOM KOMnpeccopnoii ycraHOBKM M craL(MOHapHoro KOMnpeccopa
                                        FaaonpoBOA   KnMHOBaa 33ABM>KKa   KnMHOBaa 33ABM>KK3  FsaonpoBOA
                                                  KOMnpeccopa aaKpbira  KOMnpeccopa aaKpbira
                                                                       riepeABM>KHaa
                                                                   KOMnpeccopnaa ycraHOBKa
                                         ^B HopManbHoe AaBJieHMe B raaonpoBOAe
                                         KXd FaaonpoBOA npw AaBJieHMM, CHM>KeHHOM Ha 50%
                                         C771 TaaonpoBOA npw AaBJieHMM, cnn>KeHHOM na 90%
SKOHOMMHeCKMe
n 3Kono
Bbiroflbi
KowinaHMM wioryi nonyHMTb SHaHmenbHbie aKOHOMnnecKne n
Bbiroflbi OT npnivieHeHMfl ciaunoHapHbix n nepeflsn>KHbix HarHeiaTenbHbix
KowinpeccopoB flna c6poca flasneHna B rasonposofle flo nposefleHna
Texo6cny>KMBaHMfl nnn pewioHTHbix pa6oi. Bo3MC»KHoe nonyneHne
BKnionaeT cneflyiomee.

* nonyneHne n npoflaxa npupoflHoro rasa, Koiopbii/i npeflnonaranca
   Bbi6poca B aiMoccpepy. Ecnn 310 pacnpeflenmenbHbii/i rasonposcfl, TO
   nociynaiomm/i ras MOKST coflepxaib ueHHbie Tflxenbie yrnesoflopoflbi.

* CoKpameHne aMnccnn wieiaHa.

* CHMxeHne HenpuflTHoro sanaxa n tuyivia.

* McKTHOHeHne MJIM SHanmenbHoe CHMxeHne aMnccnn onacHbix
   sarpasHMTenei/i sosflyxa  (O3B), B nepsyio onepeflb 6eHsona, Tonyona,
   3Tnn6eH3oaTa n Kcunona (BTEX).

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        CeMb 3Tanoe OMGHKM npmvieHeHMfl cTaijMOHapHbix M
                   nepeflBM>KHbix KOMnpeccopoe:
  1.Oi48HKa KOJiMHecTsa M CTOMMOCTM rasa, nonynaeMoro npn
   CTai4MOHapHbix KOMnpeccopoe.

  2. Onpeflenem/ie TexHMHecKOM uenecooSpasHOCTM npuMSHeHna nepe,qBM>KHOM
   KOMnpeccopHOM yciaHOBKn.

  3. OnpefleneHMS Tpe6yeMOi/i MOLUHOCTM nepeflBM>KHOro KOMnpeccopa Ana
   npoeKia.

  4. BbmBJieHne Hajinnna n onpefleneHne noKynHOi/i ueHbi MJIM nnsuHra nepeflBM>KHOro
   KOMnpeccopa.

  5. Oi48HKa 3KcnnyaTai4MOHHbix saipai, csasaHMbix c npuMSHeHneM nepeflen>KHbix
   KOMnpeccopHbix yciaHOBOK.

  6. Pacnei oSteivia n CTOMMOCTM rasa, nonynaeMbix npM npMMeneHMM nepeflBM>KHOM
   KOMnpeCCOpHOM yCT3HOBKM.

  7. Ol48HKa 3KOHOMMH8CKMX nOKaSaTSJieM OT COBMSCTHOrO npMMSHeHMa nep8flBM>KHOM
   KOMnpeccopHOi/i ycTaHOBKM M CTai4MOHapHoro KOMnpeccopa.
Korfla Heo6xoflMMO nposefleHne pewioHTHbix pa6oi nnn Texo6cny>KMBaHMfl,
KowinaHMM Moryi cflenaib cneflyiomee:

* BbinyciMTb ras us nospe>KfleHHoro ynaciKa rasonpoBqqa B aiMoccpepy.

* OiKanaib MaKcmvianbHO BO3MO>KHbii/i o6teM rasa us rasonposofla.

3ran 1: OueHKa KonnnecTBa M CTOMMOCTM rasa, nonynaeMoro npM
npMM6H6HMM CTaUMOHapHblX KOMnpGCCOpOB. B SaBMCMMOCTM OT
KoacpcpnuneHia OKaina, Koiopbii/i o6ecneKHbii/i
                KowinpeccopaiviM.
PMC. 3: 3KOHOMMH rasa OT npMMGHeHMfl
KOMnpeccopa
flano:
L
I
P
Ri
0)
M
(2)
Ni
(3)
Vi
CTai|MOHapHoro

= flflMHa TpySonpOBOfla M8>Kfly KJlMHOBblMM 33flBM>KKaMM, MMJlb
= BHyTpeHHMM flM3M8Tp TpySonpOBQqa, c}3yT. (304,8 MM)
= PaSonee flaaneHMe B TpySonposofle, psig
= KoscJjcJjMLtMeHT c>KaTMa CTai4MOHapHoro KOMnpeccopa
PacHST: M = oSteM rasa B rasonposofle
= L x (5 280 $yr./MMJw) x (H x P/4 )x (P/14,65 psig) x (1 Tbic. 0yr.3/1 000 $yT.3)
PacHST: Ni = fas, nojiynaeMbiM OT npMMeneHMa CTai4MOHapHoro KOMnpeccopa
=M -(M/Ri)
PacHST: Vi =CTOMMOCTb rasa, nonyneHHOro OT npMMeneHMa CTai4MOHapHoro
KOMnpeccopa
=Ni x $3/Tbic. cJjyT.3 ($1067 Tbic. M3)

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3ran 2: OnpefleneHMe rexHMHecKOM uenecoo6pa3HOCTM
              KOMnpeccopHou ycraHOBKM. flocne pacneia
              BO3MO>KHoro o6teivia nonyneHMfl rasa us Tpy6onposofla B
pesynbTaie npmvieHeHMfl ciaunoHapHoro Kowinpeccopa onepaiopy cneflyei
onpeflennib Hannnne lexHunecKnx BO3MO>KHOCTei/i
nepe,qBM>KHOi/i KOMnpeccopHoi/i yciaHOBKM.

l~lepeflBM>KHafl KOMnpeccopHaa yciaHOBKa MOKST o6ecneHMTb
c6poc flasneHMfl B Tpy6onposofle, oiiecHflfl flo 40 % ociaBiuerocfl OT
nepBOHananbHoro o6teivia rasa B sony nosbiiueHHoro flasneHMfl KnuHosoi/i
saflBM>KKM, oflHaKO npuwieHeHne nepeflsn>KHOi/i KowinpeccopHoi/i yciaHOBKM
BOSMOKHO TonbKO B cuiyauMflx, Korfla cymecTsyei peanbHaa BO3MO>KHOCTb
noflcoeflMHeHMfl Kowinpeccopa K Tpy6onposofly. Ha puc. 4 npeflCTasneH
Tunosoi/i pasBeTBneHHbii/i rasonposofl. floflcoeflMHeHne nepeflsn>KHOi/i
KowinpeccopHoi/i yciaHOBKM flon>KHO npeflycMaTpusaib Hannnne
npo6ooi6opHbix KnanaHOB, Koiopbie ycTaHasnuBaioTCfl Bbiiue no noioKy
rasa, n KnuHosyio saflBM>KKy B MarncipanbHOM rasonposofle, pasiviemaeiviyK)
HM>Ke. MuHMManbHbii/i pasiviep npo6ooi6opHbix KnanaHOB sasucm OT
pasiviepa nepeflsn>KHoro Kowinpeccopa. TexHunecKMi/i npeflciaBHTenb
         -MsroTOBMTenfl nepeflsn>KHoro KOMnpeccopa nnn nnsMHrosoi/i
          Moxei npeflocTasmb 6onee TOHHyio HHCpopMaumo no
Tpe6oBaHMflM noflcoeflMHeHMfl passeTEnem-ibix Tpy6onposoflOB K
           ™naM yciaHOBOK.
    PMC. 4: CucTeivia paseeTB/ieHHoro raaonpoeofla c KJIMHOBOM
                             33flBM>KKOM
                                              nepenycKHoe
                                              ycrpoMCTBO
    nepenycmoe
     ycrpoMCTBO
          •—iTpyooAe p>KaTen b
          ronoBKa p,nn
  BblXOAB 6 AKIMMOB MJ1M
   6onbiuero paaiwepa
                                                cnycKHOM KpaH KOMrmeKTyeTCfl
                                                ^	.KOHMH6CKOM npo6KOM
     BTVJlKa
      6 AKIMMOB)
                                                t iM.npMBapeHHaa rpy6Haa
                                                 o6BH3Ka K narpyfky M aa>KMMy
                                                     o.-1 in.
                  TpV6HblM 33>KMM
                    (CM.
                                       McnOJlHMTejlbHblM
                                       MexaHM3M KnanaHa OTK./33K.
                                             rn. raaonpoBOAa
UJryuep pfist M3MepeHna
flaeneHMfl (2 flioMMa) flna neeoro
McnonHMTenbHoro    »
MexaHM3Ma Knanana
  •  V  nOTOK —i 	 -
                 BeroHHoe ocHOBaHMe
   MCTOHHMK: Gas Engineers Handbook

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3ran 3: OnpeAe/ieHue Tpe6yeMOM MOUJHOCTM
KOMnpeccopa pj\n BbinojiHeHMH npoexra. Bbi6op MOLIJHOCTM
nepeflBM>KHoro KOMnpeccopa, cooTBeicTByiomero ycnosMflM npoeKia
(Hanpniviep, o6teM rasa, Heo6xoflMM3fl sennHMHa flasneHMfl HameTaH
rpacpMK pa6oi), MO>KHO cflenaib npasunbHO, ecnn BocnonbsoBSTbca
ycnyraMM nnsuHroBoi/i KowinaHnn nnn peKOMeHflauMflMM TexHunecKoro
cneunanncia
3ran 4: BbisqeneHne Hannnnsq n onpeAeneHne noxynHou Ljei-ibi vinvi
jiM3MHra nepeABMWHoro KOMnpeccopa. KowinaHMM, paccMaTpusaiomMe
BO3MO>KHOCTb npMMeHeHMfl nepeflBM>KHOrO KOMnpeCCOpa, H3CTO
paccMaipuBaioT sonpoc era nnsuHra nnn npno6peTeHHfl. OneHb
orpaHnneHHoe HMCJIO nepeflsn>KHbix KowinpeccopHbix yciaHOBOK
npeflnaraioTCfl Ha ycnosuflx apeHflbi, a KOMnaHnn-apeHflaiopbi o6bNHO
npeflnonmaioT flonrocpoHHbie nnsMHrosbie ycnosufl. Ecnn npeflnonaraeica
nocTOflHHoe npmvieHeHne nepeflsn>KHbix KowinpeccopoB flna c6poca
flasneHMfl B rasonposofle, TO KowinaHnn flon>KHbi paccMoipeib BO3MO>KHOCTb
npno6peTeHMfl TaKMX yciaHOBOK. Ho flaxe n B aioivi cnynae cneflyei
yHMTbisaTb cpaicrop HannHMfl yciaHOBOK Ha pbiHKe n BHyipMCMCTeiviHbie
pacxoflbi. Ha puc. 5 npeflCTasneH tunpoKMi/i fluanason u,en no
    PMC. 5: fluanasoH MGH n CTOMMOCTM nnsuHra nepeABM>KHoro
                          KOMnpeccopa*
                                             300 4>yHT/AK)MM2 (2 Mfla)
                                                - HM3KMM DaCXOA
  1 000 4>yHT/flK>MM2       600 4>yHT/flK
      (6,8 Mfla) -          (4,1 Mfla) - cpe
MaKCMMajibHbiii pacxofl         pacxofl
npnoSpeieHne
                     npnoSpeieHne
                     npnoSpeieHne
 $2 - $5 MMJIJI.
           $60 000 -
           $150000e
$0,8-$1,2
MMJIJI.
$24 000 -
$36 000 B
$400 000 -
$600 000
$12000-
$18000e
   B npeflnono>KeHMM, HTO U,BHB HS BKnionaeT cionMOCTb cjjpaxra n MOHia>Ka, a cionMOCTb
   nnsMHra cociaanaeT 3% OT CTOMMOCTM noKynKM.
        Apyrux (paxropoB npn noKynKe. floivimvio noKynHoi/i ueHbi nponne
   KannTanbHbie saTpaTbi BKnionaioT Hanorn, aflMUHUCTpaTHBHbie nnaTexn,
   CTOMMOCTb CppaXTa M MOHT3>Ka. CTOMMOCTb MOHT3>KHblX pa6OT H3CTO
                cneuncpMKOi/i ynacTKa. Flo flaHHbiM oflHoro us
               HamvieHbLune saTpaTbi Ha STOT sufl pa6oT flna
   KOMnpeccopa wianoi/i MOUJHOCTM (i.e. ivienee 100 n.c.) wioryT cocTasnaTb
   $3 000, a Han6onbUJMe - $15 000. flna 6onee MoujHoro KOMnpeccopa
   (T.e. CBbiiue 2 000 n.c.) pas6poc u,en sapbupyeTca OT $15 000 flo
   $60 000. CTOMMOCTb cppaxTa TaioKe cneuncpuHHa flrm Ka>Kfloro ynacTKa n
   MoxeT cocTasjiflTb OT $6 000 flo $10 000 flna ManoMomHbix
   KOMnpeccopos n $20 000- $30 000 flna MomHbix ycTaHOBOK.  Bee
   npusefleHHbie ueHOBbie cpaKTOpbi flon>KHbi BKruonaTbCfl B o6myio
   CTOMMOCTb noKynKM KOMnpeccopa B npouecce ee pacneTa n aHannsa.
   CpoK cny>K6bi KOMnpeccopa, onpefleneHHoro npoflasuoM, cocTasrmeT
   15-20 neT npn npasunbHoi/i
   y«H6T Apyrux (paxropoB npn nuanHre. KoMnpeccopbi, ssaTbie B
   MM6K)T CXO>KyK) CTOMMOCTb CppaXTa M MOHT3>Ka.
                exeMecflHHO. Flo flam-ibiM oflHoro us
                pacxoflbi Ha onnaTy nnsunra cocTaBrmioT npuMepno 3%
   OT noKynHoi/i ueHbi. flpyroi/i npoflaseu npeflocTasun ueny apeHflbi,
   ocHosaHHyK) Ha MomnocTM KOMnpeccopa. CTOMMOCTb exeMecaHHOi/i
   apeHflbi MoxeT cocTasnaTb $10 sa n.c. flna KOMnpeccopa 6onbiuoi/i
             n $15 sa n.c. flna KOMnpeccopa M3noi/i

-------
    nonyneHMfl Han6onbiiJMX Bbirofl OT HHBecTuposaHMfl Heo6xoflmvio
npeflnpuHMMaib CKOopflMHUposaHMbie, nnaHOBbie flei/iciBUfl no
Texo6cny>KMBaHMK) n CHUxeHMK) saipai Ha nepewiemeHne n nepeycianoBKy
KowinpeccopHbix yciaHOBOK. TaKafl KoopflMHauna flei/Jcism/i oco6em-io sa>KHa
npn o6cny>KMBaHMM rasonposoflos wianoi/i MomHocin c HMSKMM
T3K K3K pasiviep npn6bmn ywieHbiuaeTCfl npn
B03MO>KHbix o6teMOB nonyHeHMfl rasa.
3ran 5: OueHKa axcruiyaTaLjMOHHbix sarpar, cefisaHHbix c
npuMeneHneM nepeABM>KHbix KOMnpeccopHbix ycraHOBOK.
3KcnnyaTai4MOHHbie saipaibi BKnionaioT ciomviocTb
TonnnBa/aneKipoaHeprnn, Texo6cny>KMBaHMfl n TpyqosaipaTbi. B OCHOBHOM B
         Tonnnsa flna KowinpeccopoB Mcnonbsyeicfl npupoflHbii/i ras. Flo
            nociasmMKOB, exeMecflHHbii/i pacxqq Tonnnsa Ha
acpcpeKTMBHyio Momnocib B nac cociaBJifleT 7 000 - 8 400 Btu (1 764 -
2117 KKan). Saipaibi Ha Texo6cny>KMBaHMe wioryi BapbuposaTbca  B
npeflenax $4 - $9 na n.c. B iviecflu B sasucmviocTM OT MOUJHOCTM
Kowinpeccopa. OflnaKO B 6onbUJMHCTBe cnynaes u,ena Texo6cny>KMBaHMfl
         B CTOMMOCTb apeHflbl.
3ran 6: Packer o6teMa n CTOMMOCTM rasa, nonynaeMbix npn
npuMGHeHMM nepeABM>KHOM KOMnpeccopHOM ycraHOBKM. fas,
flnfl nonyneHMfl c npmvieHeHMeM nepeflsn>KHOi/i KowinpeccopHoi/i yciaHOBKM, -
3TO ras, coxpaHfliomm/icfl Ha ynaciKe rasonposofla, na KoiopoM seflyica
pewioHTHbie pa6oibi. TaK K3K nocne npuMenennfl ciaunoHapHoro
Kowinpeccopa o6teM rasa ywieHbiuaeTCfl, TO nepeflsuxHaa KOMnpeccopHaa
yciaHOBKa pa6oiaeT npn wieHbiueM o6teivie rasa.
KowinpeccMfl rasa o6ycnaBnnBaeTCfl flei/icTByiomei/i cieneHbio
O6teM rasa, npoKaHnsaeivioro nepeflsn>KHbiM KowinpeccopoM, cooTseTCTByei
o6teiviy rasa B rasonposofle sa MMHycoM sennHUHbi o6teivia, flenem-ioro Ha
cienenb OKaina. Banosaa ciomviocTb rasa, nonynaeivioro OT
nepe,qBM>KHOi/i KowinpeccopHoi/i yciaHOBKM, onpeflenaeicfl
o6teivia B Tbic. cpyi.3 Ha ueny rasa $/Tbic. cpyi.3. flaHHbii/i pacnei
npeflCTasneH Ha puc. 6.
PMC. 6: PacneT OKOHOMMM rasa npM npMMetieHMfl nepeflBMWHOM
KOMnpeCCOptiOM yCT3HOBKM
flano:
M
Ni
Rp
Vi
0)
Np
(2)
vg

= nepBOHaHanbHbii/i o6teM rasa, BOSMOKHNM A™ npOKanKM, Tbic. $>yj.3
= ras, npOKannBaeMbii/i CTaunoHapHbiM KOMnpeccopOM, Tbic. $>yj.3
= CieneHb OKaina nepeflBM>KHOi/i KOMnpeccopHOi/i yciaHOBKM
= CionMOCTb rasa, npOKaneHHoro CTaitnoHapHbiM KOMnpeccopOM, $
Pacnei: Np = fas, npOKannBaeMbii/i nepeflBM>KHOi/i
yciaHOBKOi/i
KOMnpeccopHOi/i
=Ni - (Ni/Rp)
Pacnei: Vg = CionMOCTb rasa, npOKaneHHoro nepeflBM>KHOi/i KOMnpeccopHOi/i
yciaHOBKOi/i
=Np x $3,00/Tbic. $yT.3 ($106/ibic. M3)

-------
3ran 7: OueHxa SKOHOMUHGCKHX noKaaareneM OT coeMecTHoro
            nepeABUWHOM KOMnpeccopHou ycraHOBKH n
               KOMnpeccopa. Muciaa ciomviocTb rasa, nonynaeivioro c
peMOHTMpyeivioro ynaciKa rasonpoBOfla, onpeflermeTCfl nyieivi BbNmaHUfl
saipai (i.e. aKcnnyaiaunoHMbix, nnsMHrosbix nnn nepecHmam-ibix Ha rofl) us
CTOMMOCTM rasa, nonyneHHoro c npmvieHeHMeM yciaHOBKM. Onepaiopbi
wioryi SHanmenbHO CHUsmb ciomviocTb npmvieHeHMfl nepeflsn>KHOi/i
KowinpeccopHoi/i yciaHOBKM nyieivi nnaHnposaHMfl nnn nocneflOBaienbHoro
           cepnn npoeKTOB. O6maa ciomviocTb nonyneHHoro rasa OT
           flsyx suflos KowinpeccopoB onpeflermeTCfl
flsyx oiflenbHbix pacneioB. O6maa aKOHOMMHecKaa oueHKa
saipaibi Ha nposeflenne flaHHbix pacneioB. Ha puc. 7 npeflciasneH
OU6HKM.
PMC. 7: PacneT SKOHOMMM npn COBMGCTHOM npuMGHeHMM
nepeflBM>KHOM KOMnpeccopHoPi ycjaHOBKM n cTai|MOHapHoro
KOMnpeccopa
flano:
Vi
vg
Vcf
Vcl
Vcm
Vci
Vcs
Vcp
Vet
CR
1
N

= CionMOCTb rasa, npOKaneHHoro CTaunoHapHbiM KOMnpeccopOM, $
= CionMOCTb rasa, npOKaneHHoro nepeflen>KHOi/i KOMnpeccopHOi/i yciaHOBKOi/i, $
= CionMOCTb Tonnnea (CM. 3ian 5)
= CionMOCTb Tpyflosaipai
= CionMOCTb Texo6cny>KMBaHMa (CM. 3ian 5)
= KanmanbHbie saipaibi Ha MOHia>K yciaHOBKn (CM. 3ian 4)
= CionMOCTb cjjpaxra CM. (3ian 4)
= noKymaa U,BHB KOMnpeccopa (CM. 3ian 4)
= Hanom n aflMUHMCTpaTHBHbie njiaie>KM
= Kosc^cJjimMeHT BOCCTaHoaneHna Kanmana (rfle CR = [I (1+1)"] / [(1+l)"-1])
= npoi48HTHaa ciaBKa
= FoflOBaa npOflOJi>KMTenbHOCTb KOHipaKia (npi/i nnsuHre) MJIM cpOK cny>K6bi
(npi/i noKynKe).
(1 ) PacHei: Vcr = Bosepai nHBeciimm/i sa KOHipaKTHbii/i nepnofl ncnojibsoeaHna
KOMnpeccopa
Vcr
= (Vci +Vcs +Vcp +Vct)CR
(2) Pacnei: Vc = OSmne saipaibi, ceasaHHbie c npuMSHeHneM nepeflen>KHOi/i
KOMnpeccopHOi/i ycraHOBKM
Vc
= Vcf +Vcl +Vcm +Vcr
(3) Pacnei: VP =HncTaa cionMOCTb rasa nepeiqBM>KHOi/i KOMnpeccopHOi/i ycraHOBKM (Vp)
Vp
Vp
Vp
= Muciaa cionMOCTb rasa OT npOKanKM nepeflBM>KHOi/i KOMnpeccopHOi/i
yciaHOBKOi/i
= CionMOCTb rasa OT npOKanKM nepeflBM>KHOi/i KOMnpeccopHOi/i yciaHOBKOi/i -
3KcnnyaTai4MOHHbie saipaibi, $
= Vg -Vc
Pacnei: Vt = O6maa cionMOCTb nonyneHHOro rasa
Vt
Vt
Vt
= O6maa CTOMMOCTb rasa OT npOKaneK CTaitnoHapHbiM KOMnpeccopOM n
nepeflBM>KHOi/i yciaHOBKOi/i
= O6maa CTOMMOCTb rasa CTaitnoHapHoro KOMnpeccopa + nucTaa CTOMMOCTb
rasa nepeflBM>KHOi/i KOMnpeccopHOi/i ycTaHOBKM
= Vi +Vp

-------
           ripuMep  nnana
           A6MCTBMM  flJlfl
                            rasa
      AGMCTBUM c npuMeneHneM nepeABMWHOM KOMnpeccopHou
yCTaHOBKM

Ha rasonpoBOfle c BHeiuHnwi fluawieTpowi 30 flioi/iwioB (9,1 M) n BHyipeHHUM
28,5 flKMM (8,6 M) cpyHKUMOHMpyiommvi npn flasneHnn 600 cpyHT/flioi/iwi2
(4,1 Mfla), Heo6xoflMMO nponssec™ npoflysKM flo Texo6cny>KM Banna Ha
          ynaciKax flriMHOi/i 10 MM/IB (16 KM). HameTaTenbHbie
              nopiuHesbie Kowinpeccopbi nwieioT cieneHb OKaina 2 : 1 v\
wioryi McnonbsosaTbCfl 6esonacHO flna c6poca flasneHMfl B Tpy6onposofle.
ApeHflyewibii/i nepeflsn>KHOi/i Kowinpeccop c acpcpeKTMBHOi/i cieneHbio OKaina
8 : 1 mvieei pa6oHyK) MomHocib 1000 n.c. npn u,ene $24 000 B iviecflu
(BKruonafl Texo6cny>KMBaHMe) v\ MOKST 6biib noflcoeflUHeH ipy6Hoi/i
o6Bfl3KOI/i K OflHOM M3 CMCT6M  KTlMHOBOI/i 3aflBM>KKM. l~lepeflBM>KHOI/i
Kowinpeccop cnoco6eH npoKaHnsaib ras co CKOpocibK) npniviepHO 416 Tbic.
cpyi.VHac (11,7 Tbic. M3/Hac), npn MomHocin noTpe6neHMfl 7 000 Btu
1 764 KKan. Ha n.c./Hac. Bpurafla Texo6cny>KMBaHMfl MOKST MOHTHposaib v\
sanycKaib Kowinpeccop 6es flononnnTenbHoi/i onnaibi. CioniviocTb
ipaHcnopinpoBKH nepeflsn>KHoro Kowinpeccopa OT KOMnannn-apeHflaTopa fl
nonbsoBaienfl cociaBrmeT $15 000. FlpoKaHKa v\ Texo6cny>KMBaHMe 6yflyi
BbinOJIHflTbCfl B CpeflHSM 4 p333 B MBCf\U,. l~lepeflBM>KHOI/i KOMflpeCCOp
apeHflyeica na 12
                                           pacneia npn6bmn npn npmvieHeHMM nepeflsn>KHoro Kowinpeccopa B
                                                   co ciaunoHapHbiM onepaiopy cneflyei BbinonHHTb pafl
                                                M paccHMiaib HuciyK) npn6binb OT nonynaeivioro rasa. B nepsyKi
                                               , onepaiop onpeflenaei o6mni/i o6teM rasa, Bosivio>KHbii/i
                                             PMC. 8:
                      o6~beivi rasa,
                                                                                      f\na
                                        O6\H\Af\ oSteM rasa, flOCiynHbii/i Ana nojiyneHna Ana Ka>KAoro ynaciKa npcn~a>KeHHOCTbK)
                                        10 MMJib (16 KM):

                                        =10 MMJib x 5 280 dpyr. na MMJIK) x ((2 375 $yT.)2 - 4) x (600 psig + 14,65 ) •*• 14,65 psig)) x
                                         1 Tbic. cjjyr.3 Ha 1 000 $yT.3
                                        = 9 814 Tbic. $yT.3 (278 Tbic. M3)
                                       3aT6M oneparap paccnuTbisaeT o6teM M cramviocTb rasa, nonynaeivioro OT
                                                                 Kowinpeccopa.
                                           PMC. 9: HMCTan 3KOHOMMfl npM npuMGHeHMM cTai|MOHapHoro
                                                                   KOMnpeccopa
                                        O6"beM rasa, nonynaeMoro OT OAHOM npOKanKM craunoHapHbiM KOMnpeccopOM:
                                        = 9 814 Tbic. cfiyT.3 (278 Tbic. M3) - (9 814 Tbic. cfiyT.3 (278 Tbic. M3) •*• 2,0 CTeneHb
                                         CTai4MOHapHoro KOMnpeccopa)
                                        = 4 907 Tbic. cf>yT.3 (139 Tbic. M3), nonynaeMbix OT OAHOM npOKaHKi/i CTai4MOHapHbiM
                                         KOMnpeccopOM
                                        CTOMMOCTB rasa, nojiynaeMoro OT OAHOM npOKanKM craunoHapHbiM KOMnpeccopOM:
                                        = 4 907 Tbic. cJjyT.3 (139 Tbic. M3) x $3 Tbic. cjjyr.3 ($160/Tbic. M3) = $14 721
                                         npOKaHKy.
                                               croMMOCTb nojiyHaeMoro rasa, npn ycjiosnn 4 npOKaneK B
                                        = $14721 x4BMecaux 12
                                        = $706 608
10

-------
flanee onepaiop paccHMTbisaeT o6teM n BanosyK) ciomviocTb rasa,
nonyneHMbie OT npmvieHeHMfl nepeflsuxHoro Kowinpeccopa.
   PMC. 10: Bane-Ban 3KOHOMMfl npn npuMGHeHMM nepeflBM>KHoro
                              KOMnpeccopa
 fas, BOSMOWHbiM fifm nojiyieHMfl c npnMeneHneM nepeflBMWHOro KOMnpeccopa:
 = O6inMi/i oSteM MMeioineroca rasa - ras, npOKaHneaeMbii/i CTaunoHapHbiM KOMnpeccopOM
 = 9814 Tbic. $yT.3 (277 Tbic. M3) - 4 907 Tbic. $yT.3 (139 INC. M3)
 = 4 907 Tbic. cf>yT.3 (139 Tbic. M3) rasa f\nn npOKaHKH nepeflen>KHbiM KOMnpeccopOM
 Banoean CTOMMOCTB rasa, nonynaeMoro OT KawflOM npOKaiKM
 nepeflsn>KHoro KOMnpeccopa:
 = ras, nonynaeMbin OT npuMSHeHna nepeflen>KHoro KOMnpeccopa x u,ena rasa
 =[4 907 Tbic. cfiyT.3 (139 Tbic. M3) - (4 907 Tbic. cfcyr.3 (139 Tbic. M3) •*• 8 CTeneHb
   nepeiqBM>KHOro KOMnpeccopa )] x $3 Tbic. cfiyT.3 ($160/1 Tbic. M3) = $12 881
 Banoean cronMOCTb rasa, nonyieHHOro sa 12 Mecsmes, npi/i ycjiosnn 4x npOKaneK B
 =$12881 x4x12
 =$618288
Onepaiop flon>KeH TaioKe ynmbiBaTb ciomviocTb Tonnnsa, Texo6cny>KMBanna
n nepewiemeHMfl nepeflsn>KHOi/i KowinpeccopHoi/i yciaHOBKM.
 PMC. 11: CTOMMOCTb npmvieHeHMfl nepeflBM>KHOM KOMnpeccopHoPi
                               yCTaHOBKM
 flna pacHSTa CTOMMOCTM TonnuBa, B nepsyio onepeflb, HeoSxoflMMO onpeflennTb
 KOJIMHSCTBO paSOHMX H3COB KOMnpSCCOpa M H3 OCHOB8 3TOfO paCCHMTaTb OStSM
         nna TonnuBa Ha Ka>KflOM ynacTKe AnnHOi/i 10 Munb (16 KM):
 KojiuiecTBO pa6oHnx nacos pf\s\ npOKanKM o6i>eMa rasa nepeflsn>KHbiM
 KOMnpeccopOM
  = ras, npOKannBaeMbii/i c npi/iMeHem/ieM nepeflBM>KHoro KOMnpeccopa •*• CTeneHb
   KOMnpeccopa
 = (4 907 Tbic. cfiyT.3 (139 Tbic. M3) - (4 907 Tbic. cfcyr.3 (139 Tbic. M3) •*• 8 CTeneHb OKaTna
   416 Tbic. cfiyT.3 B nac (11,7 Tbic. M3 B nac)
 = 10 nacoB
 noTpe6jieHne ronjinsa, npn ycjiosnn, HTO renjiocoflepHOHne npnpoflhoro rasa
 1 020 Btu/4>yr.3 (9178 KKan/M3)
 = 7 000 Btu/n.c/nac. x 1 000 n.c. x 10 nacos - 1 020 Btu/cjjyr.3 - 1 000 cfiyT.3 / Tbic. c}3yT.3
   69 cf>yT.3 Ha Ka>Kflbii/i ynacTOK ATIMHOM 10 Munb (16 KM)
              pacxofl ronjinsa na ynacrKe AJIMHOM 10 MMJIB (16 KM)
 = $3 Tbic. c}3yT.3 ($106 Tbic. M3) x 69 Tbic. cfiyT.3 (2 Tbic. M3) x 4
 = $828 B
 CTOMMOCTB jin3MHra M
 =$24 000 B
 Mena 4>paxra
 =$15 000
                  npMM6H6HMn nepeflsn>KHOM KOMnpeccopnoM ycraHOBKM sa
 12
 = CTOMMOCTb TonnuBa + CTOMMOCTb nMSMHra M Texo6cny>KMBaHMa + uena cjjpaxra
 = 12 x ($828 + $24 000) + $15 000 = $312 936
                                                                            11

-------
                                                 saipaibi Ha npmvieHeHne nepeflsn>KHOi/i KowinpeccopHoi/i yciaHOBKM
                                        OT sennHUHbi 3KOHOMMM, nonyHaeM HuciyK) npn6binb, o6ecne
                                        npmvieHeHMeM flam-ioi/i yciaHOBKM.
                                             PMC. 12: HiicTafl npn6bmb npn npuMGHeHMM nepeflBM>KHOM
                                                             KOMnpeccopHoPi
                                         O6maa Huciaa npuSbinb sa CHST nonyneHna rasa sa 12 Mecai4ee Jinsm-ira oSopyfloeaH
                                         =$618 288-$312 936
                                         =$305 352
                                                   HuciyK) npn6binb, nonynaeiviyK) npn npmvieHeHMfl
                                        n nepeflBM>KHoro Kowinpeccopa, nonynaeivi o6myio sennHMHy npn6bmn no
                                                 nnany
                                              PMC. 13: HiicTafl npn6binb no no/iHoiviy nnany
                                                                               rasa
                                               cionMOCTb rasa, nonyneHHaa no nonHOMy nnany flei/iCTBHi/i (CTai4MOHapHbii/i +
                                         nepeflBM>KHOi/i KOMnpeccopbi)
                                         =$706 608 +$305 352
                                         =$1 011 960
                                                      MsyneHiie KOHKpeTHoro onbua napTHepa

                                         B 1998 r. KOMnaHna Southern Natural Gas Company flocinma SKOHOMMM
                                         32 550 Tbic. cf>yT.3 (921 INC. M3) rasa, ncnonbsya OTKaHMBatoinne KOMnpeccopbi
                                         paspa>KeHMa rasonpoeofla. KoMnanna Mcnojibsoeana KOMnpeccop, yciaHOBJieHMbii/i Ha
                                         OflHOM M6CT6, Tpn paS3 S3 TOfl M npl/l 3TOM 88 Saipaibl COCTaBMJlM $52 600. flO
                                         O148HK3M KOMnaHMM, 3KOHOMM3 H3 OTK3HK8 raS3 COCTaBMJia OKOJ1O $93 200 npM 148H8
                                         $2,86/ Tbic. dpyj.3 ($102/Tbic. M3) sa ras, KOiopbii/i He BbiSpacbieaeica B aiMOCC^epy.
                                         riocne BbiHUTanna CTOMMOCTM npOKanKM OT o6mei/i CTOMMOCTM csKOHOMJienHoro rasa
                                         Huciaa npuSbinb KOMnaHMM cociaBmia $40 600. B flaHHOM cnynae nepnofl
                                         OKynaeMOCTM nepeflBM>KHoro KOMnpeccopa, no ou,eHi
-------
flpmviei-mfl TexHonormo npoKaHKM AJ"m c6poca AasneHMfl B Tpy6onposoAe B
nepnoA nnaHosoro TexHunecKoro o6cny>KM Banna, KowinaHMfl MOWST
nonyHMTb OT 50% AO 90% npupoAHoro rasa, Koiopbii/i npn o6bNHOi/i
TexHonornn npocio Bbi6pacbisaeTCfl B aiMoccpepy. flapiHepbi wioryi
npeAJio>KMTb cneAyiomm/i co6cTBeHHbii/i onbii npmvieHeHMfl nepeAsn>KHOi/i
KowinpeccopHoi/i yciaHOBKM ana nonyneHMfl rasa npn c6poce AasneHMfl B
rasonposoAe:

*  BcerAa ocymecTBrmib npoKaHKy Tpy6onposoAa ciaunoHapHbiM
   KowinpeccopoM B KanecTse cociaBJifliomero Meponpuflina  nporpawiMbi
   nnaHosoro Texo6cny>KMBaHMfl. flaxe npn OTcyicTBUM nepeABM>KHOi/i
   KOMnpeccopHoi/i yciaHOBKM ciaunoHapHbie KOMnpeccopbi cnoco6Hbi
   coKpaiMTb 3MMCCMK) rasa B aiMoccpepy.

*  BKruonaib TexHonoruK) npoKaHKM ciaunoHapHbiM  Kowinpeccopoivi B
   nporpaMMbi asapni/iHbix pa6oi. Xoia BbinonHeHne npoKaneK rasonposoAa
   B asapm/iHbii/i nepnoA ocno>KHeHO (nanpniviep, ycipaHeHneivi yieneK
   rasonposoAa) no cpasHeHMK) c nposeAeHneivi pa6oi nnaHosoro
   Texo6cny>KMBaHMfl, npoKaHKM B asapm/iHOM pexnivie cnoco6Hbi
   o6ecneHMTb SHanmenbHyK) aKOHOMMK) rasa n ASHe>KHbix cpeACTB.

*  flapiHepbi wioryi Ao6mbCfl MaKcmvianbHoi/i aKOHOwinn rasa n nonyneHMfl
   npn6bmn nyieivi 6onee ujupoKoro npmvieHeHMfl nepeABMXHbix
   KOMnpeccopHbix yciaHOBOK, BbinonHflfl pewioHTHbie pa6oibi n
   MOAepHnsaunK) noonepeAHO Ha HecKonbKnx  OTKnioHeHMbix ynaciKax
   rasonposoAa. l~lpn nnaHMposaHUM pa6oi peKowieHAOBaHO onpeAenmb
   B03MO>KHOCTb npno6peTeHMfl nepeABMXHoro  KOMnpeccopa  n era
   Tpe6yeiviyK) MomHocib. Ana HeKoiopbix oiAanem-ibix ynaciKOB BOSMOXMH
   npo6neivibi c HannHneivi nepeABUXHbix KOMnpeccopHbix yciaHOBOK.
*  Xoifl 6bi oflHa us flByx rnasHbix KnuHOBbix saflsuxeK flon>KHa mvieib
   passeiBneHMfl flna noflKnioHeHMfl K nepeflsn>KHOi/i KowinpeccopHoi/i
   yciaHOBKe.

*  Ecnn BOSMOKHO, paccHMTbisaib aKOHOMnnecKne noKasaienn
   npupoflHoro rasa B nepnofl flo nposefleHna nnaHosoro
   Texo6cny>KMBaHMfl. TaKoi/i noflxofl rapaHinpyei aKOHOMMHecK
   acpcpeKTMBHOCTb npnivieHeHMfl npeflnoKem-ioi/i TexHonornn.

*  BKruonaib o6teMbi coKpameHna aMnccnn wieiaHa npn
   TexHonornn npoKaHKM B roflosbie oineTbi no nporpawiMe Natural Gas
   STAR.
                                                                   13

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                                    American Gas Association. Gas Engineers Handbook, 1965.
          JlMTepaiypa
                                    Ariel Gas Compressors, personal contact.

                                    Crane Co. Flow of Fluids. Technical Paper No. 410, 1974.

                                    Daniels, John. JW Operating, personal contact.

                                    Field Gas Compressor Association, personal contact.

                                    Gunning,  Paul M. Natural Gas STAR Program, personal contact.

                                    Henderson, Carolyn. Natural Gas STAR Program, personal contact.

                                    Ivey, Bobby. Universal Compression Incorporated, personal contact.

                                    Knox Western Gas Compressors, personal contact.

                                    Natural Gas Processors Suppliers Association. Engineering Data Book,
                                    1966.

                                    Perry,  Robert H.  Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Fifth Edition. McGraw-
                                    Hill Book Company, 1973.

                                    Society of Petroleum Engineers. Petroleum Engineering Handbook, 1987.

                                    Tingley, Kevin, Natural Gas STAR Program, personal contact.
14

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&EPA
    United States
    Environmental Protection Agency
    Air and Radiation (6202J)
    1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW
    Washington, DC 20460

    EPA430-B-04-002
    Oeepanb 2004 r.

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