Transport Partnership
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
        at Clean Freight Strategies:
         Cleaner Fuels for Drayage
            Alternative fuel use can reduce the consumption ofdieselfuel and lower emissions of
            greenhouse gases and various air pollutants. One fuel alternative, B20 biodiesel could save
            more than 1,100 gallons of fuel, eliminating 12 tons of carbon dioxide per truck each year and
            reducing sulphur dioxide emissions by 3-11 %.
         What is the challenge?
         Emissions generated through the daily
         convergence of diesel trucks on port
         facilities can undermine local air quality.
          These trucks emit substantially more
         particulate matter (PM), volatile organic
         compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxide
         (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO) and
         carbon dioxide (CC^) per mile than light-
         duty vehicles. While trucks are critical to
         local and national economies, they can
         have costly health impacts in the
         communities they travel through.
         Emissions from diesel trucks have
         improved with cleaner engine and after
         treatment technologies, but the
         challenge to minimize pollution per trip
         remains for drayage trucks that typically
         predate newer control technologies.

         What is the solution?
         Alternatives to conventional diesel fuel
         can reduce the air quality impacts of
         freight.  Drayage fleets can be suited to
         alternative fuel use due to frequent
         travel to port and warehouse facilities
         where refueling stations could be
         located. The higher cost of these fuels
         can sometimes be offset by government
         grants. Options for heavy-duty on-road
         applications include:

         Biodiesel
         Biodiesel is a renewable alternative to
         petroleum diesel that can be refined
         from a variety of animal fats and
         vegetable oils. It is an attractive option
         because at lower percentage blends
biodiesel can run in unmodified diesel
engines, and is compatible with many
emission control devices.  Potential
sulfur dioxide (802) and C02 reductions
can be significant depending on the
percentage of biodiesel used.  B20, a
common biodiesel blend, contains a
mixture of 20% biodiesel and 80%
petroleum diesel.  Most major engine
companies  recognize the use of blends
up to B20 as compatible with engine
warranties.

Diesel Emulsion
Diesel/water emulsions combine 80%
diesel fuel with water and additives.
This can reduce nitrogen oxide and
particulate matter emissions by altering
combustion temperatures and  patterns
to more completely burn the fuel.
Emulsions do not require vehicle
modifications and can be used in with
many after-treatment technologies.
Emulsions can be easily applied to
centrally fueled fleets.

Ultra-low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
ULSD has been refined to have a lower
sulfur content then conventional diesel
and can be used in any on-road diesel
engine applications. Today, diesel fuel
has a maximum sulfur content of 500
parts per million (ppm) while USLD
ranges from 15 to 30 ppm of sulfur.
EPA has mandated the use of USLD in
all on-road diesel engines by 2006.

The results are in ...
Each alternative fuel option has different
        U.S. EPA Office of Transportation & Air Quality • EPA420-F-06-007 • (734) 214-4767 phone
                                         www.epa.gov/smartwav
                 smartway_transport@epa.gov

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 advantages for use in drayage
 applications.

 •   Biodiesel can reduce lifecycle
    greenhouse gas emissions over
    conventional diesel 10-20% for B20
    and 40-90% for B100. carbon
    monoxide, particulate matter, volitale
    organic compounds and sulphur
    dioxide reductions can range from 3-
    11 % for B20, with a potential
    increase in NOX emissions.
 •   Purinox diesel/water emulsion
    produced by Lubrizol Corp. has been
    verified by the California Air
    Resources Board (GARB) to reduce
    NOX and PM emissions. Estimates
    include a PM reduction of 50% and
    15% for NOX. However, such
    emulsions can result in fuel economy
    losses of 15% and up to a 20%
    reduction in engine power.

 •   In addition to reducing the maximum
    sulfur content of diesel by  97%,
    ULSD provides the greatest
    emissions benefits when used with
    emission  control devices. ULSD
    enables the effective use of
    particulate traps and catalytic
    converters resulting in reductions of
    PM, VOC and CO by as much  as
    90%.

 Next steps
 Ports and nearby communities can act
 as a central point for the refueling  of
 alternative fueled trucks, and support
 the development of refueling stations.
 Information on heavy-duty applications
 for alternative fuels and  diesel fuel
 regulatory programs can be found
 through the EPA's National Clean  Diesel
 Campaign (www.epa.gov/cleandiesen
 and the Alternative Fuel Data Center
 (www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/).
U.S. EPA Office of Transportation & Air Quality • EPA420-F-06-007 • (734) 214-4767 phone • smartway_transport@epa.gov •
                                www.epa.gov/smartwav

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