Cruise Ship Plume
Tracking Survey
Report
-------
Acknowledgements
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Water prepared this Cruise Ship
Plume Tracking Survey Report. The EPA's Ocean Survey Vessel Peter W. Anderson
(Anderson) was used as the platform to conduct operations. Appreciation is extended to the crew
of the Anderson, as contracted by Metson Marine, Inc., in the management of ship operations
and Battelle for assistance in the design and implementation of sampling protocols. Royal
Caribbean and Carnival Cruise Lines were most accommodating in providing access to cruise
ships and working with EPA personnel to assure the sampling protocols would be successfully
coordinated and performed with their vessels.
Special Appreciation is accorded to the following individuals whose technical expertise and
assistance made this report successful.
David Redford, EPA Office of Water
Kennard Potts, EPA Office of Water
Robert Howard, EPA Region IV
Nancy Wheatley, Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines
William Wright, Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines
Jim Walsh, Carnival Cruise Lines
Elaine Heldewier, Carnival Cruise Lines
Kenwyn George, State of Alaska
Don Kim, AMSEC,LLC
Stan Deno, International Council of Cruise Lines
Office of Water
Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds
EPA842-R-02-001
www.epa.gov/owow/oceans/
September 2002
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction 1
2. Methods 3
2.1 Vessel Specifications and Test Conditions for Cruise Ships 3
2.2 Methods Description 3
3. Survey Results and Discussion 7
4. Findings and Conclusions 17
5. References 18
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Survey Party and Responsibilities 1
Table 2. Vessel Specifications and Test Conditions for Cruise Ship 4
Table 3. Summary of Field Instrument Measurements 5
Table 4. Numbers of Samples Collected and Plume Tracking Transects Completed 6
Table 5. Analyte, Sampling Method, Volume, Preservation, and Holding Times 7
Table 6. Locations of Buoys Deployments from Cruise Ships and Buoy Retrieval by the OSV
Anderson During Each Plume Tracking Event 8
Table 7. Average Dye Concentrations in Each Transect for Each Cruise Ship 15
Table 8. Calculated and Measured Dye Concentrations and Dilutions for Each of the Four
Cruise Ships 17
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Miami, FL, Offshore Study Area Showing Tracks of the OSV Anderson Through the
Plumes of Each of Four Cruise Ships Monitored 2
Figure 2. Background and Plume Tracking Transects and Sampling Locations for M/S Majesty,
August 10, 2001 10
Figure 3. Background and Plume Tracking Transects and Sampling Locations for M/S
Explorer, August 11, 2001 11
Figure 4. Background and Plume Tracking Transects and Sampling Locations for M/S
Paradise, August 12, 2001 12
Figure 5. Background and Plume Tracking Transects and Sampling Locations for M/S
Fascination, August 13, 2001 13
Figure 6. Current Profile Data Taken Aboard the Explorer and Provided by the NOAA Office
in Miami, FL 14
in
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APPENDICES
Appendix A: Drifter Tracks Three of the Four Cruise Ships Monitored
Appendix B: Sampling Log Table
Appendix C: Ship Tracks Showing Dye 2 Concentrations vs. Depth using Color Codes
Appendix D: Time Series Plots of Depth vs. Dye for Each Cruise Ship/Plume Tracked
Appendix E: Scatter Plots of Dye 2 Concentration vs. Depth
Appendix F: Discrete Dye Sample Data
Appendix G: Calculations for Calculated vs. Measured Dye Dilutions for Each Cruise Ship
IV
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1. Introduction
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is developing a Cruise Ship Discharge
Assessment Report in response to a petition the agency received in March 2000. The petition
requested that EPA assess and where necessary control discharges from cruise ships. Comments
received during public hearings, in 2000, resulted in the EPA agreeing to conduct a survey to
assess the discharge plumes resulting from cruise ships, operating in ocean waters off the Florida
coast and to compare the results to the Alaska dispersion models.
The EPA conducted a survey to track and quantify the plume dilution and dispersal, offshore
Miami, Florida (Figure 1), and within the normal transit lanes for cruise ships operating out of
Miami, on August 7-15, 2001. The survey was conducted aboard the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's Ocean Survey Vessel Peter W. Anderson (OSV Anderson). The survey
participants along with affiliation and survey responsibility are listed in Table 1. Mobilization
for the survey was conducted at the U.S. Coast Guard Base in Miami, Florida on August 7, 8 and
9,2001.
Table 1. Survey Party and Responsibilities.
Name
Dave Redford
Ken Potts
Wayne Trulli
Bob Mandeville
Stacy Abramson
Tim Kaufman
Brandy Curtis
Kenwyn George
Bob Howard
Don Kim
Stan Demo
Affiliation
EPA Headquarters
EPA Headquarters
Battelle
Battelle
Battelle
Battelle
Battelle
Alaska DEC
EPA Region IV
AMSEC
ICCL
Survey Responsibility
Chief Scientist
Work Assignment Manager
Battelle Lead Scientist
BOSS Operator
Sampling Technician
Winch operator
Sampling technician
Observer
Observer
Observer
Observer
Survey Dates
Aug 7-14, 2001
Aug 7-14, 2001
Aug 7-14, 2001
Aug 7-14, 2001
Aug 7-14, 2001
Aug 7-14, 2001
Aug 7-14, 2001
Aug 10-13, 2001
Aug 10-13, 2001
Aug 10-13, 2001
Aug 10-13, 2001
EPA worked with the International Council of Cruise Lines to identify cruise ships, their
location, transit routes and sailing schedules, and to coordinate with the needs of the survey.
EPA worked closely with Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines and Carnival Cruise Lines
representatives and ship personnel to understand the complexities of identifying holding tanks,
and to coordinate the addition of dye to tanks, and the discharge of dye and drogues. The bridge
officers from the OSV Anderson and cruise ships also met to discuss protocols of handling the
ships while in close proximity of each other.
The dye plumes of four cruise ships were monitored: the Majesty of the Seas, the Explorer of the
Seas, the Paradise, and the Fascination. The Majesty of the Seas and the Explorer of the Seas
from Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines were monitored on August 10 and 11, respectively; and the
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Paradise and Fascination from Carnival Cruise Lines were monitored on August 12 and 13,
respectively. The tracklines followed during monitoring for each ship are shown in Figure 1.
O2S°-| 3.1 25'M
N
E >: p I
Miami Coast
Guard Base
J
" \
J
F- i s c i n ;
.SSSTvJ
Figure 1. Miami, FL, Offshore Study Area Showing Tracks Through the Plumes of Each
of Four Cruise Ships Monitored.
This survey report describes the daily activities of August 2001 Cruise Ship Plume Tracking
Survey, and provides a synopsis of the observations from the survey. It also provides data that
can be used to assess dispersion of cruise ship wastewater discharges, while in transit. A
description of the survey methods is provided in Section 2. Survey results are presented in
Section 3. Findings and conclusions are discussed in Section 4.
This study finds that dilution of discharges behind cruise ships moving at between 9.1 and 17.4
knots are diluted by a factor of between 200,000:1 and 640,000:1. Measured dilutions are
significantly higher than the 40,000:1 initial dilution predicted by a model developed by Colonell
et al (2000), suggesting that secondary dilution is an important factor.
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2. Methods
The following subsections briefly summarize the methods used during this survey. The
combined work/quality assurance project plan (W/QAPP) for Cruise Ship Sampling (Battelle
2001)1 contains additional details on survey sampling methods.
2.1. Vessel Specifications and Test Conditions for Cruise Ships
The vessels provided a range of study platforms in terms of vessel sizes, types, and rates of
discharge studied. Table 2 lists each vessel's specifications as they pertain to the study.
2.2. Method Descriptions:
Navigation. Vessel positioning during sampling operations was accomplished using the OSV
Anderson Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) interfaced to Battelle's NavSam©
navigation system. The DGPS receiver has six dedicated channels and is capable of locking onto
six different satellites at one time. To correct the Global Positioning System (GPS) calculations,
the DGPS receives correction data from one of the United States Coast Guard DGPS broadcast
sites in Florida: Key West, Virginia Key, Cape Canaveral, Macdill AFB, and Egmont Key. This
capability ensured strong signal reception, and accurate and reliable positioning with 2-second
updates. The DGPS was operated and maintained according to the operator's manual.
A calibration check of the navigation system vs. known benchmarks was conducted twice daily
to verify that the system was working properly. The checks were conducted prior to departing
the dock and following arrival at the dock during daily operations.
Plume Tracking Using the Battelle Ocean Sampling System. Plume tracking was conducted
using the Battelle Ocean Sampling System (BOSS) deployed from the OSV Anderson. Three
types of plume tracking activities were conducted during the survey: a shakedown survey, four
background surveys conducted on each survey day for each of the four ships, and the four plume
tracking surveys. Each type of survey is briefly discussed below.
The towfish with in situ sensor package (BOSS) was used to conduct all of the plume tracking
activities. The sensor package included a conductivity, temperature, depth (CTD) sensor, and a
fluorescence sensor (set at 0-5|o,g/L - referred to as Dye 1). A second fluorescence sensor (set at
0-50|o,g - referred to as Dye 2), was used in case concentrations exceeded the range of the first
sensor. Table 3 lists the field measurements acquired from the BOSS during each monitoring
event.
1 Battelle. 2001. Work/Quality Assurance Project Plan for Cruise Ship Sampling. Prepared for U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency Oceans and Coastal Protection Division, Washington, DC. Contract No. 68-C-OO-l 21, Work
Assignment 1-23. 33pp+apps.
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Table 2. Vessel Specifications and Test Conditions for Cruise Ships.
Most of the data were provided by the cruise lines.
Specification or Test Condition | Cruise Ship
Majesty Explorer Paradise \ Fascination
Vessel Specifications
Length/Beam
Draft to lowest tip of screws
Draft to bottom of ship
Size of tank in study
Type of tank
Location of discharge port
Vertical depth
Distance from bow
Distance from stern
Distance from screws
Distance from keel
Distance from water line
Size of discharge pipe and
through-hull fitting
Discharge pump rate (rated)
Number of propellers
Diameter of propellers
Direction of propeller rotation (aft
view)
268.3m/32.6m
7.50m
7.70m
220m3
Gray water
N/A
5.6m
—172. 36m from
forward PP
-65. 64m from aft PP
54.25 m
1.9m
5.6m
203mm
220 m3/hr
2
4.9 m (4 blades)
CW (port)
CC (starboard)
311.13m/38.6m
8.80m
8.80m
25.9m3
Black water
DN150
FRAME 75-76
6.4
225m
66.6m
57.6m
2.4m
6.4m
203mm
50m3/h
3
5.4 m fixipod
5.6 m azipods
CC (starboard)
CW (port)
CW (fixipod)
260.6/31.4
7.75m
7.75m
175m3
Gray water
Starboard, frame 136
6m
146 m at waterline
1 14.6 m at waterline
99.8m
55.16m
6m
200mm
50m3/hr
2
5.2 m Azipods
CC (port)
CW (starboard)
260.6/31.4
1.5m
7.75m
30m3
Gray water/ laundry
Port side, frame 32
6.35 m
200.8 m at waterline
59.8m at waterline
~15.2+m
28.81 m
1.25m
88.9 mm
50m3/hr
2
5.2m
CC (port)
CW (starboard)
Test Conditions
Vessel speed during test:
Speed Over Water (SOW)
Volume of seawater added to tank
Volume of test solution at
discharge Time Zero (T0)
Date - Time discharge began (T0)
Time discharge completed (Tend)
Volume in tank when discharge
completed (Ten(j)
Volume in tank after 20 min
(calculated)
Number of pumps used to
discharge water/dye solution for
20 min.
Discharge rate of pump(s)
(rated/actual)
Amount of dye in tank at T0
17.4 knots
113m gray water
only
113m3+114Ldye
(-0. 1m3 dye)
8/10/01 - 18:44
19:41
7m3
78m3
1 0-20 min
2 20+ min
220/1 12 nvVhr
30 gal.
19 knots
16.6m3
18m3 (includes
133 L dye -
-O.lm3 dye)
8/11/01 -19:43
20:01
1.2 m3
~1.2m3
1
50/56 m3/hr
35 gal.
15.0 knots (see
Survey Chronology)
108m gray water
only
108m3 + 133Ldye
(~0.1m3dye)
8/12/01 - 19:00
19:30
40m3
62.6 m3 **
2
50/68.0 nvVhr
35 gal.
9.1 knots (see Survey
Chronology)
27 m gray/ fresh
water
27m3 + 137Ldye
(~0.1m3dye)
8/13/01 -19:15
19:35
3m3
3m3***
1
50/72 m3/hr
36 gal.
** Calculation: 108 m3 - 40 m3 = 68 m3 , and 68 m3 in 30 min pumping = 2.27 nrVmin, then 2.27 m3/min * 20 min = 45.4 m3, and 108 m3 - 45.4
3 f^ f- 3
m = 62.6 m .
***Calculation: 27 m3 - 3 m3 = 24 m3 , and 24 m3 in 20 min pumping = 1 .2 m3/min, then 1 .2 m3/min * 20 min = 24 m3, and 27 m3 — 24 m3 = 3
m3.
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Table 3. Summary of Field Instruments Measurements
Parameter
Conductivity
Temperature
Pressure
Transmissometry /turbidity
Bottom depths
Navigational position
Ocean current velocity
Sigma-t
Salinity
Rhodamine fluorescence
Lab
Battelle
Battelle
Battelle
Battelle
Anderson
Anderson
Battelle
Battelle
Battelle
Battelle
Units
Mmhos/cm
°C
M
m-1
M
Degrees
Cm/sec
no units
PSU
ug/L
Instrument
OS200 CTD
OS200 CTD
OS200 CTD
Seatech 20-cm (660nm) (2)/Seapoint RWT
Sensor
Furuno FCV-52
Northstar 942X
RD Instruments ADCP WHM600-I-UG6
OS200 CTD (calculated)
OS200 CTD (calculated)
Seapoint RWT fluorometer
The rhodamine fluorometer measures dye concentrations (ppb) directly. All dye data reported in
this document were collected from the Dye 2 sensor (set to measure dye concentrations ranging
from 0-50 (ig/L). These in-situ fluorescence measurements were electronically recorded
continuously throughout multiple passes for each plume monitored. All rhodamine dye
fluorescence data presented in this report are corrected for temperature.
The station/sample location number, GPS coordinates, date and time, depth of the water column,
and any observations associated with the sampling at each sampling location were made in the
field survey logbook. Each sample was assigned a unique ID and label by NavSam©, which also
electronically stored the field and sensor data. Exceptions are noted in Section 5.
BOSS sensor data were collected continuously during plume tracking activities. The BOSS was
deployed approximately 10 ft. off of the port side of the Anderson using the boom crane to
minimize the impact of the Anderson's wake and propellers on the monitoring activities.
Shakedown Survey. A shakedown survey was conducted to determine whether the in-situ
fluorescence sensors were able to detect dye concentrations of <10(ig/L. The Anderson transited
to a location in the ocean in the vicinity of the study area. Dye was carefully added directly into
the ocean (less than 0.5 gal.) via a funnel and a long Tygon tube as the Anderson transited at a
speed of approximately 5 kts. After the dye addition, the Anderson was maneuvered to run a
transect through the dye. When the in-situ dye fluorescence instruments registered faint spikes
indicating that dye was detected by both sensors, the Anderson headed back to Miami to make
preparations for tracking the Majesty plume on the following day.
Background Transect Monitoring and Sampling. A single background transect was conducted
on each survey day in the vicinity of the rendezvous point before the respective cruise ship
arrived on station (Figures 2-5). BOSS sensor data was collected continuously along transects
while on station waiting for the cruise ship. Samples for dye sensor calibration were collected at
various depths ranging from 2 to 12 m at locations along the length of the transect.
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Plume Transect Monitoring and Sampling. The transect configuration and the sampling
locations along each plume transect were different for each cruise ship. Each configuration
varied based on how the dye plume behaved in the existing currents after the dye was released.
During the release of the dye from each cruise ship, drogued buoys equipped with lights and
radar reflectors were released at approximately two-minute intervals (beginning when dye
release was initiated) to permit easier tracking of the sub-surface plume. The drogues for each
buoy were tethered ~2 m below the bottom of its associated buoy so that any existing surface
currents would carry the drogues along with the targeted plume. Buoys were used to aid in
tracking the plume. The deployment and retrieval locations were recorded by hand for all
vessels except the Majesty.
After the cruise ship deployed the first buoy prior to passing the Anderson indicating the
beginning of dye release, the Anderson began maneuvering to enter the plume on a track nearly
perpendicular to the cruise ship's heading. The first transect (considered to be the initial
dilution) was conducted at the surface (approximately 2 m deep). Samples for dye were
collected on this first transect at the surface for every ship. The second, third, and fourth
transects were with few exceptions taken at 5m, 8m, and 12m, respectively. In general, the dye
samples were taken along these transects as well. As time progressed, transect depths and
sampling locations were determined at the discretion of the EPA Chief Scientist (see Sampling
Log Data in Appendix B). Table 4 shows the number of background and in-plume transects
conducted for each cruise ship and the number of dye samples collected from locations along the
selected transects. Additionally, the holding tanks (spiked with the Rhodamine dye) of each
monitored cruise ship were sampled to determine actual dye concentration in the tanks prior to
discharge. The numbers of samples collected from these tanks are also shown in Table 4.
Table 4. Numbers of Samples Collected and Plume Tracking Transects Completed.
Cruise Ship
Majesty
Explorer
Paradise
Fascination
Survey Total
Number of
Plume
Transects
23
19
17
7
66
Numbers of Discrete Samples
Cruise Ship
Samples
Rhodamine
Dye
4*
5
5
5
19
Background
Discrete
Samples
Rhodamine
Dye
5
5
5
5
20
Plume Discrete
Samples
Rhodamine
Dye
2
5
g**
9**
24
*First sample collected before T=0. Not included in calculations.
** Additional samples were collected (only five samples were planned for each
transect).
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Average values of depth and dye concentration were taken along each transect for each cruise
ship from the point where dye values exceeded background levels until they returned to
background levels. Plume width measurements were also made using the same points for
obtaining average depth and dye concentrations.
Additional samples, above the five planned dye samples, were taken during monitoring
operations for the Paradise and Fascination.
Upon survey completion, the samples were shipped in coolers containing ice to Battelle for final
analysis. Before shipping, the sample custody forms were completed and placed in a sealed
Ziploc bag that was taped to the inside of the cooler lid. The Battelle Field Custodian, Mr. Tim
Kaufman, shipped in-situ plume dye samples from Miami and received them at Battelle. He
also received sample shipments from the cruise lines for samples collected aboard the cruise
ships.
Sample Storage Conditions. Discrete rhodamine dye samples collected aboard the cruise ships
were stored chilled at ~ 4°C. Each cruise ship was provided a shipping cooler and given
instructions to store and ship samples on ice. Additional sample storage conditions are presented
in Table 5.
Table 5. Analyte, Sampling Method, Volume, Preservation, and Holding Times.
Analyte (Analytical
Laboratory)'3'
Matrix
Method
Sample
Volume
Container Type
Preservation
Holding
Time
Laboratory Analyses
Rhodamine dye
(Battelle)
Water
Seapoint RWT
Sensor
500 mL
Polyethylene plastic
Cool, ~4°C
undetermined
Field Analyses
Temperature (EDO)
Depth (EDO)
Transmi ssometry/
Turbidity (EDO)
Conductivity (EDO)
Water
Water
Water
Water
OS200 CTD
OS200 CTD
Seatech 20-cm
(660nm)
OS200 CTD
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
In situ
In situ
In situ
In situ
(a) EDO: Battelle Duxbury Operations
NA = Not applicable.
Acoustic Doppler Profiles. Current data from an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) on
board Royal Caribbean Cruise Line's Explorer was obtained from NOAA. This data was
collected during transit through the site during the plume tracking survey on August 11.
3. Survey Results and Discussion
All plume tracking and sampling operations were successfully completed over the targeted 4-day
period (spanning August 10-14) during which four separate cruise ship discharge plumes were
continuously monitored and sampled. Numbers of transects conducted and samples collected are
presented in Table 4.
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Drogues. The initial and final locations for the drogues are shown in Appendix A and listed in
Table 6. The figures in Appendix A indicate that the drogues drifted almost due north at an
average speed of 7 Km/Hr and distances ranging from 12 to 20 km for the Fascination to 30 to
34 km for the Explorer and Paradise over the three to five hour sampling periods. The fact that
the relative positions of the drogues remained the same indicates that the plumes did not break
apart in this time frame as the Florida Current was carrying them northward.
Table 6. Locations of Buoy Deployments from Cruise Ships and
Retrieval by Anderson During Each Plume Tracking Event.
Cruise Ship
Majesty
Explorer-
Paradise
Fascination
Begin
Date
08-10-01
08-11-01
08-12-01
08-13-01
Buoy
Activity
Time
(24-h)
Latitude
(N)
Longitude
(W)
No data collected
1
2
o
J
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
Deploy
Retrieve
Deploy
Retrieve
Deploy
Retrieve
Deploy
Retrieve
Deploy
Retrieve
Deploy
Retrieve
Deploy
Retrieve
Deploy
Retrieve
Deploy
Retrieve
Deploy
Retrieve
Deploy
Retrieve
Deploy
Retrieve
Deploy
Retrieve
Deploy
Retrieve
Deploy
Retrieve
1943
25°55.697
79°52.697
Not recovered
1945
0030
1946
0040
1948
0050
1950
0058
1859
2350
1901
0000
1903
0010
1905
0020
1907
0027
1910
2138
1914
2130
1916
2221
1918
2112
1921
2104
26°13.080
26°13.35
25°55.5
26°12.950
25°55.9
26°12.470
25°56.405
26°11.989
25°38.5
25°52.8
25°38.1
25°53.8
25°37.6
25°54.1
25°37.3
25°55.2
25°36.8
25°56.3
25°26.70
25°26.77
25°26.39
25°35.4
25°26.09
25°34.5
25°26.81
25°33.5
25°27.09
25°32.7
79°52.697
79°51.03
79°52.8
79°51.795
79°51.5
79°52.424
79°50.724
79°52.993
79°51.4
79°50.0
79°50.9
79°50.7
79°50.6
79°51.6
79°50.2
79°52.3
790497
79°53.1
79°53.55
79°51.9
79°53.39
79°52.0
79°53.30
79°52.2
79°59.37
79°52.6
79°53.34
79°52.6
Bruise ship time, position, and activity
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The order of deployment vs. recovery did reverse during monitoring of activities for both the
Explorer and Paradise. Since the buoys were not labeled prior to deployment, the order of
recovery may have been recorded incorrectly. Otherwise the local currents would have to be
highly variable which is not evident from the current data provided by NO A A (Figure 6).
Field Data. All field data (date, time, sampling coordinates, bathymetry, and sample depth)
associated with the collection of discrete samples during this survey are presented Appendix B.
Plume Transects, Tracks, and Dye Data. Maps showing the background and survey tracks for
each set of plume-tracking events are shown in Figures 2 through 5. Appendix C presents survey
tracks and depths for each plume survey. The transect lines are color coded to indicate relative
amount of fluorescence and depth of the sensor during a particular transect.
Initial dye concentrations varied considerably depending on the ship and tank specifications at
the time of discharge. Table 7 presents several measurements taken during monitoring activities
along multiple transects for each cruise ship plume.
The Majesty and Paradise discharges exhibited the lowest initial average concentrations of
<0.5(ig/L. The Explorer had the highest initial average concentration exceeding 5(ig/L with a
maximum of > 36(ig/L. The Fascination had the second initial highest average concentration
>3(ig/L with maximum >9(ig/L (Table 7).
Time Series Plots and Scatter Plots. Time series plots of dye fluorescence/depth are presented
in Appendix D. These plots show the time line of the entire plume survey for each cruise ship
and the spikes in dye fluorescence and the transect depth at which the spikes occurred.
Appendix E presents the scatter plots of dye fluorescence versus depth. In these plots, the extent
of the dye plume relative to depth is evident. These plots were prepared by combining all data
files and represent dye concentrations above background levels (0.02 (ig/L). All four cruise-ship
plumes exhibited high dye concentrations in the surface waters. However for the Majesty and
Paradise, the dye plumes are most concentrated between 5 and 10m, but both plumes penetrate
the water column to a depth of approximately 18m. The dye plume of the Explorer is very
concentrated at the surface and penetrates the water column no deeper than 10 or 12m, possibly
because of the propulsion configuration of that vessel. The pattern of the dye-plume scatter plot
for the Fascination is between the pattern exhibited by the plumes of the Paradise and Explorer.
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025-56,115'N
026"05.629'N
I"
Q25°55.157'N
Q79°53.342W
02S°S4.09Q'N
079°54.220 W
079"48.058 W
079B52.597W
.02 .52 1.01 1.51 2.
Track Key - Dye2 ugl
BACKGROUND TRANSECT
.02 .14 .26 .38 .5
Track Key - Dye2 ug/L
IN-PLUME TRANSECTS
Figure 2. Background and Plume Tracking Transects and Sampling Locations for M/S
Majesty, August 10, 2001.
(Current had an average speed of ~ 7 Km/ Hr)
10
-------
025'56.137'N
026°11 .343'N
e s
034
025'55.747'N
079D52.950W
079'52.519W
.02 .52 1.01 1,51 2.
Track Key -Dye2ugl
025-54.14Q'N
079-55.439 W
079-47.551 W
.02 2.52 5.01 7.51 10.
Track Key - Dye2 ug>L
Background Transect
In-plume Transects
Figure 3. Background and Plume Tracking Transects and Sampling Locations for M/S
Explorer, August 11, 2001.
(Current had an average speed of ~ 7 Km/ Hr)
11
-------
025-37.863'N
025°S1.271 'N
025°37.808'N
079-51.175W
079°51.137W
.02 .52 1.01 1.51 2.
Track Key - Dye2 ug.1_
025-37.300'N
079°54.214 W
079°44.827W
.02 .14 .26 .38 .5
Track Key - Dye2 ug/L
Background Transect
In-plume Transects
Figure 4. Background and Plume Tracking Transects and Sampling Locations for M/S
Paradise, August 12, 2001.
(Current had an average speed of ~ 7 Km/ Hr)
12
-------
025"29.780'N
Q25°29.677'N
7 2
A 3
D 4
FO 5
025°29.713'N
079°51.901W
079°51.871W
025"26.761'N
Q79°53.949W
Q79°52.277W
.02 .52 1 .01 1 .51
Track Key - Dye2
2.
.02 .52 1.01 1.51 2.
Track Key - Dye2 ug/L
Background Transect
In-plume Transects
Figure 5. Background and Plume Tracking Transects and Sampling Locations for M/S
Fascination, August 13, 2001.
(Current had an average speed of ~ 7 Km/ Hr)
13
-------
ADCPData from the M/S Explorer.
Figure 6 shows the current profile structure in the depths ranging from 14 to 44 meters over a
four-hour period. These data are provided by the NOAA office located in Miami, Florida. The
top segment of Figure 6 shows the depth range from 0 to -44m and the number of pings
(ensemble) overtime from 0 to ~4.5 hours. The middle and bottom segments of the figure show
the direction and magnitude of the currents over the same time period (0 to ~4.5 hours). The
date that the data were collected is 8/11/01 (shown as 01/08/11 on the figure); the same day the
Explorer plume was monitored. The time period of data collection ranged from 22:17 to 02:42
GMT (17:17to21:42 EDT) (within the time frame of the plume tracking survey).
The data were taken in 10-meter bins. A bin is a slice of the water column. In this case each
slice is 10 meters thick. The top 4 bins are shown (middle and bottom segment of Figure 6): bin
001 (light blue) is centered at -14m, bin 002 (dark blue) is centered at -24m, bin 003 (green) is
centered at -34m, and bin 004 (red) is centered at -44m. The course followed by the Explorer
takes it through the study area and across the Florida Current. The coordinates of the segment
extend from 25.78 N latitude, 80.18 W longitude to 26.28N latitude, 78.95 W longitude.
an irri i TO 301 3ra -on
too tsa ran
fan fan Tea 7*a caa mo
-------
measurements for all samples collected in the cruise ship plumes aboard the Anderson. Table F-
2 shows discrete sample data collected from the specified cruise ship tanks. It also provides the
amount of dye added to the tanks as well as the average measured dye concentrations based on
measurements of dye fluorescence from discrete tank samples taken for each cruise ship.
Plume Dilution. Dye concentrations after discharge were measured above background behind
every plume. Measured concentrations were lower than calculated concentrations (see Appendix
H) except for the Explorer and Paradise, indicating that initial dilutions are greater than
anticipated. Initial dye dilution estimates both calculated and measured were made after
discharge. These estimates exceeded dilutions of 100,000:1 and in some cases exceeded
600,000:1 (Table 8 and Appendix G). The calculated estimates were made from tank dye
concentration calculations and plume volume estimates based on length, width, and depth of the
plume at T=0. The measured estimates are based on fluorescense measurements from tank
samples and direct plume measurements (Table 8). In general, dye concentrations generally
decreased overtime and with depth (Table 7).
Table 7. Average Dye Concentrations in Each Transect for Each Cruise Ship.
Pass
Date
Time
Depth of tow (m)
Average
Std. Dev.
Estimated
Plume Width
(m)
Dye Concentration (jig/L)
Average
Maximum
Std. Dev.
Filename
Cruise Ship: Majesty
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
10-Aug-Ol
10-Aug-Ol
10-Aug-Ol
10-Aug-Ol
10-Aug-Ol
10-Aug-Ol
10-Aug-Ol
10-Aug-Ol
10-Aug-Ol
10-Aug-Ol
10-Aug-Ol
10-Aug-Ol
10-Aug-Ol
10-Aug-Ol
10-Aug-Ol
10-Aug-Ol
10-Aug-Ol
10-Aug-Ol
10-Aug-Ol
10-Aug-Ol
10-Aug-Ol
10-Aug-Ol
10-Aug-Ol
18:48
18:53
18:58
19:04
19:14
19:20
19:27
19:32
19:40
19:48
19:54
20:00
20:11
20:18
20:23
20:32
20:45
20:53
21:01
21:12
21:21
21:31
21:39
1.92
5.07
7.89
6.67
2.24
5.11
8.73
11.77
3.40
2.12
5.19
8.33
6.82
2.07
4.38
8.88
10.38
12.03
14.26
17.41
2.17
5.28
8.82
0.09
0.06
0.05
5.51
0.08
0.19
0.08
7.80
1.67
0.03
0.02
0.16
7.68
0.03
0.04
0.08
0.06
0.03
0.06
0.07
0.06
0.02
0.17
66
26
75
66
137
37
125
66
300
48
95
76
124
35
92
114
67
40
111
30
298
124
202
0.35
0.42
0.31
0.29
0.20
0.18
0.26
0.29
0.11
0.37
0.27
0.18
0.07
0.19
0.39
0.12
0.21
0.18
0.09
0.04
0.06
0.06
0.02
1.08
0.86
1.10
0.93
0.62
0.36
0.51
1.22
1.13
0.72
1.07
0.67
0.34
0.36
0.98
0.25
0.61
0.40
0.29
0.07
0.15
0.10
0.10
0.37
0.32
0.36
0.27
0.16
0.11
0.17
0.39
0.23
0.25
0.36
0.17
0.07
0.13
0.30
0.07
0.21
0.12
0.08
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
W23PT059-00137.Pat
W23PT059-00256.Pat
W23PT059-0040 I.Pat
W23PT059-00553.Pat
W23PT060-00049.Pat
W23PT060-00190.Pat
W23PT060-00378.Pat
W23PT060-00503.Pat
W23PT060-00708.Pat
W23PT060-00925.Pat
W23PT060-01084.Pat
W23PT060-01230.Pat
W23PT061-00206.Pat
W23PT061-00393.Pat
W23PT061-00528.Pat
W23PT062-00129.Pat
W23PT062-00462.Pat
W23PT062-0066 I.Pat
W23PT062-00888.Pat
W23PT063-0000 I.Pat
W23PT063-0024 I.Pat
W23PT063-00498.Pat
W23PT063-00709.Pat
Cruise Ship: Explorer
1
2
3
ll-Aug-01
ll-Aug-01
ll-Aug-01
19:44
19:48
19:54
1.95
4.04
7.54
0.11
0.83
0.22
147
157
86
5.13
3.08
3.02
36.15
17.56
9.81
10.02
5.06
3.20
W23PT087-00080.Pat
W23PT087-00176.Pat
W23PT087-00339.Pat
15
-------
Pass
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Date
ll-Aug-01
ll-Aug-01
ll-Aug-01
ll-Aug-01
ll-Aug-01
ll-Aug-01
ll-Aug-01
ll-Aug-01
ll-Aug-01
ll-Aug-01
ll-Aug-01
ll-Aug-01
ll-Aug-01
ll-Aug-01
ll-Aug-01
ll-Aug-01
Time
20:01
20:07
20:11
20:22
20:25
20:30
21:02
21:05
21:19
21:42
22:05
22:08
22:20
23:00
23:26
23:54
Depth of tow (in)
Average
5.35
4.05
2.24
2.51
1.66
3.89
2.59
2.84
6.82
3.98
2.29
2.29
4.58
1.78
5.03
1.87
Std. Dev.
6.61
4.18
0.03
0.38
1.61
3.35
0.10
0.06
0.57
3.61
0.05
0.06
3.11
0.08
0.04
1.06
Estimated
Plume Width
(m)
144
53
59
69
279
293
67
48
102
119
104
122
68
125
574
909
Dye Concentration (ug/L)
Average
1.93
4.30
5.46
0.85
2.98
2.56
0.56
2.11
2.28
1.19
1.69
0.50
0.68
1.40
0.38
0.36
Maximum
10.77
8.89
20.79
3.56
8.54
8.07
2.01
3.59
4.27
4.86
3.08
0.82
1.54
1.94
1.88
1.12
Std. Dev.
3.19
3.62
6.99
1.17
1.85
2.49
0.58
0.76
1.29
0.94
0.93
0.18
0.55
0.26
0.24
0.24
Filename
W23PT087-00506.Pat
W23PT087-00662.Pat
W23PT087-00769.Pat
W23PT088-00207.Pat
W23PT089-0000 I.Pat
W23PT089-00152.Pat
W23PT089-00972.Pat
W23PT090-0000 I.Pat
W23PT091-00199.Pat
W23PT092-00198.Pat
W23PT093-00194.Pat
W23PT094-0000 I.Pat
W23PT095-00133.Pat
W23PT096-0000 I.Pat
W23PT097-0042 I.Pat
W23PT098Z-00196.pat
Cruise Ship: Paradise
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
12-Aug-Ol
12-Aug-Ol
12-Aug-Ol
12-Aug-Ol
12-Aug-Ol
12-Aug-Ol
12-Aug-Ol
12-Aug-Ol
12-Aug-Ol
12-Aug-Ol
12-Aug-Ol
12-Aug-Ol
12-Aug-Ol
12-Aug-Ol
12-Aug-Ol
12-Aug-Ol
12-Aug-Ol
19:19
19:24
19:34
19:43
19:54
20:04
20:12
20:26
20:34
20:44
21:04
21:16
21:48
22:05
22:23
22:30
22:44
2.11
8.40
9.66
12.62
13.63
4.61
15.54
17.93
2.11
16.28
5.11
15.23
7.97
2.07
5.20
5.06
8.16
0.07
0.13
1.09
0.24
0.20
0.50
0.47
0.28
0.12
7.12
0.14
6.39
0.06
0.21
0.31
0.52
0.26
182
76
93
57
84
143
109
64
274
296
305
580
341
455
210
135
480
0.08
0.42
0.41
0.17
0.14
0.39
0.08
0.09
0.12
0.02
0.21
0.01
0.21
0.21
0.18
0.22
0.11
0.42
1.28
0.96
0.48
0.34
1.31
0.25
0.31
0.38
0.37
0.62
0.11
0.67
0.56
0.36
0.47
0.50
0.10
0.47
0.31
0.15
0.09
0.38
0.06
0.08
0.11
0.03
0.15
0.01
0.17
0.15
0.11
0.13
0.12
W23PT119-00066.Pat
W23PT119-00199.Pat
W23PT120-00225.Pat
W23PT120-00457.Pat
W23PT120-00737.Pat
W23PT121-00084.Pat
W23PT122-00040.Pat
W23PT122-00392.Pat
W23PT122-00595.Pat
W23PT123.Pat
W23PT125-00104.Pat
W23PT126.Pat
W23PT128-00165.Pat
W23PT129-00090.Pat
W23PT130-00081.Pat
W23PT131-00001.Pat
W23PT131-00365.Pat
Cruise Ship: Fascination
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
13-Aug-Ol
13-Aug-Ol
13-Aug-Ol
13-Aug-Ol
13-Aug-Ol
13-Aug-Ol
13-Aug-Ol
19:29
19:34
19:42
19:51
20:02
20:20
20:34
2.30
4.70
8.23
12.07
7.53
2.52
8.35
0.13
0.07
0.11
0.17
5.88
0.12
0.17
88
84
87
189
54
174
471
3.40
3.80
2.27
1.08
0.31
0.30
0.36
8.65
8.52
9.40
4.89
2.74
1.80
0.94
2.66
2.58
3.12
1.22
0.67
0.45
0.20
W23PT149-00042.Pat
W23PT149-00188.Pat
W23PT149-00390.Pat
W23PT149-00625.Pat
W23PT149-00896.Pat
W23PT150-00168.Pat
W23PT151-00245.Pat
16
-------
Table 8. Calculated and Measured Dye Concentrations and Dilutions for Each of the Four
Cruise Ships.
Calculated
Values
Measured
Values
Parameter
Dye-v(L)/wt.(kg)
Volume of water + dye in tank (L)
lank Concentration (g/L)
Dye discharged (kg)
Calculated Plume Volume (L)
Calculated plume concentration (g/L)
Calculated Dilution
VIeasured Tank Concentration (g/L)
VIeasured Plume Concentration (g/L)
Measured Dilution
Vessel
Majesty
114/22.6
113,114
0.1998
21,201
36,302,904,000
5.84E-07
342,123:1
0.13,512
3.50E-07
386057:1
Explorer
133/26.4
18,300
1.443
24,669
15,517,320,000
1.59E-06
907,547:1
1.002
5.13E-06
195,322:1
Paradise
133/26.4
108,133
0.244
16,635
45,503,640,000
3.66E-07
666,667:1
0.2704
4.20E-07
643,810:1
Fascination
137/27.1
27,137
0.999
24103
6,172,100,000
3.91E-06
255,499:1
0.9806
3.40E-06
288,412:1
4. Findings and Conclusions
The August 2001 plume tracking survey was designed to provide field data on the cruise ship
discharge (effluent) plume characteristics in offshore waters, and provide information on whether
or not the cruise ship blackwater or graywater discharge-plumes behave as predicted by a model
developed for Alaska waters (Colonell et al. 2000)2.
Based on the Alaska model, effluent discharges from cruise ships were expected to undergo an
initial dilution of approximately 40,000:1. Colonell et al. (2000)2 defines initial dilution as the
physical mixing of a relatively small and moving discharge entering the water body and
secondary dilutions as caused by mixing by the ship propellers. In this plume and tracking
report, initial and secondary are not distinguished, but are called initial dilution.
The following findings for each ship were:
M/S Majesty
Calculated dilution:
Measured dilution:
342,000:1
386,000:1
M/S Explorer
Calculated dilution:
Measured dilution:
908,000:1
195,000:1
2 Colonell, JM, SV Smith, and RB Spies. 2000. Cruise Ship Wastewater Discharge into Alaskan Coastal Waters.
Alaska SeaLife Center Technical Report Number 2000-01. 48pp.
17
-------
M/S Paradise
Calculated dilution: 667,000:1
Measured dilution: 643,000:1
M/S Fascination
Calculated dilution: 255,000:1
Measured dilution: 288,000:1
This survey indicates that discharges from cruise ships undergo a dilution that is much greater
than the initial dilution predicted by a model developed by Collonel et al (2000)2. Measured
dilutions ranged from 195,000 : 1 to 666,000 :1. This indicates that secondary dilution, as the
effluent passes through the propellers is an important factor when considering the ambient
concentrations of discharge effluents. The effluent will undergo a dramatic and rapid dilution
after mixing with ambient water in the prop wash.
In this study, the observed dilution is unlikely to have been influenced by shear currents. The use
of surface drogues allowed the OSV Anderson to maintain position with the dye plume as it
moved northward in the Florida current. The drogues maintained a relative position during their
drift, which indicates that the plume was not exposed to highly variable currents. The acoustic
Doppler current profiler data, obtained from the Majesty, also indicates that the plumes did not
encounter shear or variability in the current.
5. References
Battelle. 2001. Work/Quality Assurance Project Plan for Cruise Ship Sampling. Prepared for
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Oceans and Coastal Protection Division, Washington,
DC. Contract NO. 68-C-00-121, Work Assignment 1-23.
Battelle. 2001a. Survey Plan for Cruise Ship Sampling. Prepared for U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency Oceans and Coastal Protection Division, Washington, DC. Contract NO. 68-
C-00-121, Work Assignment 1-23.
Colonell, JM, SV Smith, and RB Spies. 2000. Cruise Ship Wastewater Discharge into Alaskan
Coastal Waters. Alaska SeaLife Center Technical Report Number 2000-01. 4
18
-------
APPENDIX A
DRIFTER TRACKS FOR THREE OF THE FOUR CRUISE SHIPS MONITORED
-------
026 "
025°52.287'N
079*58.613 W
079°39.873W
Figure A -1. Explorer Drifter Tracks (S -Start and F -Finish) for Set of Five Drifters
Deployed and Recovered during the Miami Plume Tracking Survey.
A-l
-------
025'56.765'N
025036.0341x1
079°54.083W
079°37.660W
Figure A2. Paradise Drifter Tracks (S-Start and F-Finish) for Set of Five Drifters
Deployed and Recovered during the Miami Plume Tracking Survey.
A-2
-------
Q25°37.324'N
025e24.641'N
079*54.397W
079°42.683W
FIGURE A-3. FASCINATION DRIFTER TRACKS (S-START AND F-FINISH) FOR SET OF FIVE
DRIFTERS DEPLOYED AND RECOVERED DURING THE MIAMI PLUME TRACKING SURVEY.
A-3
-------
APPENDIX B
SAMPLING LOG TABLE
-------
TABLE B-l. SURVEY SAMPLING LOG DATA (WA23PT).
Sample ID
W23PT092
W23PT095
W23PT099
W23PT09C
W23PT09F
W23PTOAD
W23PTOBO
W23PTOF9
W23PTOFD
W23PT100
W23PT103
W23PT106
W23PT119
W23PT11C
W23PT11F
W23PT122
W23PT126
W23PT16A
W23PT171
W23PT174
W23PT177
W23PT17A
W23PT196
W23PT199
W23PT19C
W23PT19F
W23PT1A2
W23PT1B2
W23PT1BD
W23PT1CO
W23PT1E4
W23PT1E7
W23PT1EA
W23PT1ED
W23PT1FO
W23PT203
W23PT206
W23PT20A
W23PT20D
W23PT210
W23PT215
W23PT219
W23PT21B
W23PT21E
Ship ID
Majesty
Explorer
Paradise
Fascination
Sample
Type
Background
Background
Background
Background
Background
Plume 1
Plume 2
Background
Background
Background
Background
Background
Plume 1
Plume 2
Plume 3
Plume 4
Plume 5
Background
Background
Background
Background
Background
Plume 1
Plume 2
Plume 3
Plume 4
Plume 5
Plume 6
Plume 7
Plume 8
Background
Background
Background
Background
Background
Plume 1
Plume 2
Plume 3
Plume 4
Plume 5
Plume 6
Plume 7
Plume 8
Plume 9
Station
ID
MA
MA
MA
MA
MA
MS
MM
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
El
El
El
El
E2
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PD
PD
PD
PD
PD
PI
PI
PI
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
Fl
Fl
Fl
Fl
X position
-79.88248
-79.88265
-79.88290
-79.88310
-79.88323
-79.88088
-79.87875
-79.87872
-79.87880
-79.87922
-79.87930
-79.87935
-79.88685
-79.88557
-79.88425
-79.88245
-79.87970
-79.85248
-79.85277
-79.85278
-79.85280
-79.85280
-79.82998
-79.82890
-79.82697
-79.82595
-79.82447
-79.81818
-79.81831
-79.81693
-79.86463
-79.86465
-79.86470
-79.86477
-79.86487
-79.89098
-79.89038
-79.88975
-79.88860
-79.88792
-79.88635
-79.88723
-79.88603
-79.88564
Y position
25.92343
25.92487
25.92792
25.92938
25.93038
25.91123
25.91643
25.93027
25.93005
25.93278
25.93365
25.93422
25.91358
25.91823
25.92412
25.93236
25.94833
25.63095
25.63038
25.63032
25.63025
25.63022
25.62868
25.63082
25.63947
25.53440
25.65557
25.71717
25.75858
25.76465
25.49623
25.49608
25.49590
25.49572
25.49542
25.44878
25.45128
25.45665
25.46193
25.46668
25.48020
25.48180
25.48833
25.48873
Z position
1.72
5.23
7.90
4.79
2.12
1.77
4.95
2.15
4.79
8.16
9.99
12.03
1.73
4.37
7.43
2.50
5.69
2.08
12.08
9.96
8.24
4.91
2.11
8.45
10.31
12.68
13.69
5.00
7.93
7.93
2.10
5.09
8.18
10.07
12.44
2.48
4.75
8.08
12.04
15.20
2.64
2.41
8.12
8.18
Sample DateTime
08/10/2001 16:nn:51
08/10/2001 16:nn:51
08/10/2001 16:nn:39
08/10/2001 16:nn:25
08/10/2001 16:nn:51
08/10/2001 18:nn:52
08/10/2001 18:nn:27
08/11/2001 16:nn:28
08/11/2001 16:nn:29
08/11/2001 16:nn:43
08/11/2001 16:nn:18
08/11/2001 16:nn:18
08/11/2001 19:nn:02
08/11/2001 19:nn:ll
08/11/2001 19:nn:43
08/1 1/2001 20:nn:44
08/1 1/2001 20:nn:40
08/12/2001 18:nn:25
08/12/2001 18:nn:19
08/12/2001 18:nn:08
08/12/2001 18:nn:30
08/12/2001 18:nn:01
08/12/2001 19:nn:08
08/12/2001 19:nn:02
08/12/2001 19:nn:16
08/12/2001 19:nn:39
08/12/2001 19:nn:20
08/12/2001 21 :nn:34
08/12/2001 21 :nn:06
08/12/2001 21 :nn:09
08/13/2001 18:nn:27
08/13/2001 18:nn:51
08/13/2001 18:nn:45
08/13/2001 18:nn:ll
08/13/2001 18:nn:04
08/13/2001 19:nn:29
08/13/2001 19:nn:52
08/13/2001 19:nn:08
08/13/2001 19:nn:33
08/13/2001 20:nn:49
08/13/2001 20:nn:20
08/13/2001 20:nn:07
08/13/2001 20:nn:02
08/13/2001 20:nn:42
Bathymetry
279.2
279.2
299.3
298.3
280.0
291.3
295.8
301.8
117.7
140.0
140.5
128.9
286.8
282.9
277.7
300.3
301.3
147.7
146.7
123.9
129.6
148.4
149.1
127.6
144.9
123.5
143.8
148.5
130.3
129.4
107.1
131.5
142.5
112.6
92.3
101.0
89.8
140.3
85.2
146.9
148.1
118.8
86.1
137.2
Comments
land entered
land entered
land entered
land entered
land entered
land entered
land entered
land entered
land entered
land entered
land entered
B-l
-------
APPENDIX C
SHIP TRACKS SHOWING DYE 2 CONCENTRATIONS vs. DEPTH USING
COLOR CODES
-------
MAJESTY
026"05.448'N
r
j
r
025"53.527'N
Q79"53.327W
079n47.716W
.02 .14 .26 .38 .5
Track Key - Dye2 ugfl.
026a05.448'N
025=53.527'N
079°53.327 W
079°47.716W
2. 5. 8. 11. 14.
Track Key - Depth m
Figure C-l Majesty Track - Dye/Depth
C-l
-------
EXPLORER
026°11 .61 9'N
025-54.092'N
079-55.01 5W
026°11.4961M
079-48 .S55W
Q25D53.500'N
Q79"56.05SW
079"47.292W
.02 2.52 5.01 7.51
Track Key - Dye2
2. 5.5 9. 12.5 16.
Track Key - Depth m
Figure C-2. Explorer Track - Dye/Depth
C-2
-------
PARADISE
025°51 .297'N
025-51 .297'N
025°37.347'N
079-52.416 W 079°47.374 W
02S°37,347'N
079°52.41 6 W
079°47.374 W
.02 .14 .28 .38 .5
Track Key - Dye2 uglL
.02 4.02 8.01 12.01 16.
Track Key - Depth m
Figure C-3. Paradise Track - Dye/Depth.
C-3
-------
FASCINATION
025°29.728'N
\
V
->*
02S°26.725'N
Q79°53.7S8W
O2SB29.728'N
079°52.579W
O25B26.725'N
O79"53.758 W
079"52.579 W
.02 .52 1 .01 1 .51
Track Key - Dye2
2.
2. 5.5 9. 12.5 16.
Track Key - Depth rn
Figure C-4. Fascination Track - Dye/Depth
C-4
-------
APPENDIX D
TIME SERIES PLOTS OF DEPTH vs. DYE FOR EACH CRUISE SHIP/PLUME TRACKED
-------
Dye2 (ugrt_)
Depth (m)
0
500
1000
1 500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
^ 6500
W
•~- 7000
y> 7500
E 8000
l~ 8500
9000
9500
10000
10500
11000
11500
12000
12500
13000
13500
14000
14500
15000
15500
iRnnn
10 20 30 4
C
" «*«'_*. ™ " " -
• l«4^««
L*5ff , - . .
•Mm.
•ET"
-
to,
- :
t"
-
-
|
•
'
t
<
i i i
0
10 20 3
"^X_ '
- JBI Mp^^^P^*
ijr^
^_ -*
*-
_ ^....«.<.^_. •
^^^r
j""
;*•*,
-*"yililBB1
L
• f^*.....
j
_i
jm ft ••-•»«••
:.±D :
7-
-
-
-
-
-
•
3
500
1000
1 500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
8000
8500
9000
9500
10000
10500
11000
11500
1 2000
12500
13000
13500
14000
14500
15000
15500
1 finnn
E
H
Figure D -1.
Plume.
Majesty Time Series Plot of Dye Concentration vs. Depth for All Transect Passes Through
D-l
-------
Dye2 (ug/L)
0 10 20 30 4
C
• . • • ' i * w i ' m
500 -« «m m « i
1000 •*•**"
1 500 i -g,^pjp
pM *••••• * * %
2000 ^
2500 ^.^
winjg™1
JMwWl1
3500 1
4000 •
4500 t
5000 fci
5500 •
6000 P»
~ 6500 r
•2- 7000 1-
<1> 7500 »
,| 8000 Ate
(~ 8500 1
9000^
9500 L
10000 B
1050of
11000|
nsool-
1 2000 a
1250of
13000
1 3500 p
14000
14500 •
15000
15500
•imnn 1 1 1
Depth (m)
-j
10 20 3
£ ' '
-^^^
- *p^^^p^^
" ^™*
"^ _
VI *«••••* ^—pp
^^f~
J«*««»«MWk
v
- tjiy^ ^
"IB VT!JJ-^-in.
L
_r
_f**"
J
- C'i".".
J
-g'"-"'"
i
- _-l
I
1
-^J
-I
-I
, ,
0
500
1000
1 500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
8000
8500
9000
9500
10000
10500
11000
11500
12000
12500
13000
13500
14000
14500
15000
15500
1 Rnnn
j-^
M
(P
E
F
Text!
Figure D-2. .Explorer Time Series Plot of Dye Concentration/Depth for All
Transect Passes Through the Plume.
D-2
-------
Dye2 (ug/L)
1 .5
Depth (rn)
10 20
16000
30
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
1SOOO
16000
4)
E
h
Textl
Figure D-3. Paradise Dye Concentration/Depth for All Transect Passes Through
the Plume.
D-3
-------
APPENDIX E
SCATTER PLOTS OF DYE 2 CONCENTRATION vs. DEPTH
-------
Dye2 (ugrt_)
.5 1
1.5
E
*-^
£
4-1
-------
10
Dye2 (ug/L)
20 30
§
JC
15
20
25
30
Figure E-2. Scatter Plot of Dye Concentration/Depth for Explorer.
E-2
-------
Dye2 (ug/L)
1
1.5
20
25
30
Textl
Figure E-3. Scatter Plot of Dye Concentration/Depth for Paradise.
E-3
-------
Dye2 (ug
246
10 12
15
20
Textl
Figure E -4. Scatter Plot of Dye Concentration/Depth for Fascination.
E-4
-------
APPENDIX F
DISCRETE DYE SAMPLE DATA
-------
Table F-l. Discrete Dye Sample Data Collected from Each Plume Used for Calibrating the in-
situ Rhodamine Dye Sensor
Ship
Majesty
Explorer
Paradise
Fascination
Sample ID
W23PT092
W23PT095
W23PT099
W23PT09C
W23PT09F
W23PTOAD
W23PTOBO
W23PTOF9
W23PTOFD
W23PT100
W23PT103
W23PT106
W23PT119
W23PT11C
W23PT11F
W23PT122
W23PT126
W23PT16A
W23PT171
W23PT174
W23PT177
W23PT17A
W23PT196
W23PT199
W23PT19C
W23PT19F
W23PT1A2
W23PT1B2
W23PT1BD
W23PT1CO
W23PT1E4
W23PT1E7
W23PT1EA
W23PT1ED
W23PT1 FO
W23PT203
W23PT206
W23PT20A
W23PT20D
W23PT210
W23PT21B
W23PT21E
W23PT215
W23PT219
Dye Concentration (ug/1)
MDL
MDL
MDL
MDL
MDL
0.446
0.532
MDL
MDL
MDL
MDL
MDL
25.658
0.563
4.529
2.002
0.207
MDL
MDL
MDL
MDL
MDL
MDL
0.426
0.527
0.075
MDL
0.116
MDL
0.129
0.433
MDL
MDL
MDL
MDL
3.629
1.166
2.707
MDL
MDL
0.365
0.439
MDL
1.280
F-l
-------
Table F-2. Measured Dye Concentrations and Average Concentration for Each Cruise Ship
Monitored during the Survey.
Ship
Explorer
Fascination
Majesty
Paradise
Sample ID
ET=1D
ET=2C
ET=3C
ET=4C
ET=OD
FT=1D
FT=2D
FT=3D
FT=4D
FT=OD
MT=0
MT=1C
MT=2C
MT=3C
MT=4C
PT=1C
PT=2C
PT=3C
PT=4C
PT=OC
Value ug/L
0.54
41.90
42.79
23.29
0.89
2.45
1.54
1.29
1.00
5.97
<0.024
10.19
12.37
14.17
17.32
17.30
18.42
34.23
42.55
22.72
Tank Cone.
(ug/L)
(after
accounting
for dilution )
1077030.44
838024.33
855741 .66
465898.95
1773055.80
Sum
980549.92
615647.82
517182.18
401364.81
2388029.43
Sum
101881.14
123746.47
141709.15
173159.56
Sum
173018.30
184170.35
342336.78
425474.73
227152.75
Sum
Tank Cone.
(g/L)
1.08
0.84
0.86
0.47
1.77
5.01
0.98
0.62
0.52
0.40
2.39
4.90
0.00
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.17
0.54
0.17
0.18
0.34
0.43
0.23
1.35
Average
Tank Cone.
(g/L)
1.00
0.98
0.14
0.27
Calculated
Tank Cone.
(g/L)
1.44
1.00
0.20
0.24
Amount
of Dye
Added
(gallons)
35
36
30
35
Amount
of Dye
Added
(kg)
26.4kg
27.1kg
22.6kg
26.4kg
*Not used in calculations
F-2
-------
APPENDIX G
CALCULATIONS FOR CALCULATED vs. MEASURED DYE DILUTIONS FOR EACH CRUISE SHIP.
-------
M/S Majesty
Majesty calculated dye concentration in tank
Volume of gray water in tank (V^) - 113 m3X 1000L/m3 =113,OOOL graywater/blackwater
Volume of dye (Vdy) - 30gal. dye = 113.6L
Vgw + Vdy = 113,114
Wt. Of active ingredient in 30 gal, dye - 22.6 kg active ingredient/114 L dye
therefore Concentration of active ingredient in tank (Ctc) = 22.6kg dy/113,114 L gw or 22600 g dy/113,114 L gw
Calculated Tank Dye Concentration (C,c)= 0.1998 g dy/L
Measured Tank Dye Concentration (C tm) from Appendix F -Table F- 2 = 0.13512 g dy/L
Amount of dye not discharged (left in the tank)
Of the 113,114 L of Dye in the tank at the initiation of pumping 7000 L (7 m3) were not pumped overboard.
0.1998 g dy/L (cone dye in tank)= Xg/7000L where X=amount of dye not discharged
0.1998 g dy/L* 7000 L = X g = 1398.6 g dy
Distance traveled Dx in 57 min at a speed of 17.4 kts.
Dx/57=17.4/60
Dx = 57 min. * 17.4 kts./60 min.
Dx = 991.8 min kts./60 min
Dx = 16.5 nmi traveled
Majesty calculated initial concentration based on length (ship pumping specifications - Table
2), width, and depth of initial plume transect.
Plume dimensions and volume
1 nmi = 1852m
1852x16.5 = 30,558m
Plume width = width of plume at first transect = 66m
Depth of plume ~ 18 m
Volume of plume- 66m * 18m * 30,558= 36,302,904 m3 * 1000L/m3 = 36,302,904,000 L
Calculated concentration of dye in plume (Cpc) = g/L
Cpc = 22600g - Xg from above/36,302,904,000 = 22600g -1399g/36,302,904,000 L= 21201/36,302,904,000 L
Cpc = 5.84* 10(-7)g/L =
Majesty Initial Calculated Dye Concentration (Cpc) = 0.584 ug/L
Majesty - Calculated Dilution = Tank Concentration/Seawater Concentration
0.1998g/0.584ug/L = 0.1998g/L/.000000584g/L =
Majesty Calculated Dilution = 342,123:1
Majesty - Average Initial Measured Dye Concentration (dye 2) in Plume = 0.35 jig/L (First
Transect)
Majesty - Measured Dilution = Tank Concentration/Seawater Concentration
0.13512g/L/0.35ug/L = 0.13512g/L/.00000035g/L =
Majesty Measured Dilution 386,057:1
G-l
-------
M/S Explorer
Explorer calculated dye concentration in tank
Volume of blackwater and dye in tank ( Vbw+dy) - 18.3 m3 *1000L/m3 =18,300L gw+dye
Volume of dye (Vdy) - 35 gal. dye = 133 L (already measured as part of the gray water volume)
Wt. Of active ingredient in 35 gal (133 L) dye - 26.4 kg active ingredient/133 L dye
26.4kg dy/18300 L gw+dye therefore 26400 g dy/18300 L gw+dye
Calculated Tank Dye Concentration =1.443 g/L
Measured Tank Dye Concentration = 1.002 g/L
Amount of dye not discharged (left in the tank)
Of the 18300L of Dye in the tank at the initiation of pumping 1200 L (1.2 m3) were not pumped overboard.
1.443 g dy/L (cone dye intank)= Xg/1200 L where X=amount of dye not discharged
1.443 g dy/L* 1200 L = X g = 1731 g dy
Distance traveled (Dx) in 18 min at a speed of 19 kts.
Dx/18=19/60
Dx =18min.*19kts./60min.
Dx = 342 minkts./60 min
Dx =5.7 nmi traveled
Explorer calculated initial concentration based on length (ship pumping specifications - Table
2), width, and depth of initial plume transect.
Plume dimensions and volume
1 nmi= 1852m
1852x5.7 nmi =10556
Plume width = width of plume at first transect = 147m
Depth of plume ~ 10 m
Volume of plume- 147m * 10m * 10556 = 15,517,320 m3 * 1000L/m3= 15,517,320,000 L
Calculated concentration of dye in plume (Cpc) = g/L
Cpc = 26400g -Xg dy from above/15,517,320,OOOL = 26400g -1731g dy/15,517,320,OOOL= 24,669g
dy/15,517,320,OOOL
1.59* 10(-6)g/L =
Explorer - Calculated Initial Dye Concentration = 1.59 ug/L
Explorer- Calculated Dilution = Tank Concentration/Seawater Concentration
1.443g/L/1.59ug/L =1.443g/L.00000159g/L =
Explorer Calculated Dilution = 907,547:1
Explorer - Average Initial Measured Dye Concentration (Dye 2) in Plume = 5.13 ug/L (First
Transect)
Explorer - Measured Dilution = Tank Concentration/Seawater Concentration
1.002g/5.13ug/L = 1.002g/.00000513g/L =
Explorer Measured Dilution = 195,321:1
G-2
-------
M/S Paradise
Paradise calculated dye concentration in tank
Volume of graywater in tank (V^) - 108 m3 * WOOL/ m3 = 108,OOOL gw+dye
Volume of dye (Vdy ) 35gal. = 133 L dye
Vgw + Vdy = 108,133
Wt. Of active ingredient in 35 gal (133 L) dye - 26.4 kg active ingredient/133 L dye
26.4 kg dye/108,133L gw+dy therefore 26400 g dy/108,133 L gw+dy
Calculated Tank Dye Concentration = 0.244 g/L
Measured Tank Dye Concentration = 0.2704 (from Table F-2 in Appendix F)
Amount of dye not discharged (left in the tank)
Of the 108,133 L (108.133 m3 )of dye + graywater in the tank at initiation of pumping 40,000 L (40 m3) were not
pumped overboard (pumping lasted for 30 min).
0.244 g/L (cone dye in tank) = Xg/40,OOOL where Xg = amount of dye not discharged
0.244 g/L * 40,OOOL =Xg therefore Xg = 9765g
Distance traveled (Dx) in 30 min at a speed of 15 kts.
Dx/30=15/60
Dx =30 min * 15 kts./60 min.
Dx = 450 min kts./60 min
Dx = 7.5 nmi traveled
Paradise calculated initial plume concentration based on length (ship pumping
specifications - Table 2), width, and depth of initial plume transect.
Plume dimensions and volume
1 nmi = 1852 m/nmi
1852* 7.5=13,890 m
Plume width = width of plume at first transect = 182 m
Depth of plume ~ 18 m
Volume of plume- 182m * 18m * 13890= 45,503,640 m3 * 1000L/m3 = 45,503,640,000 L
Calculated concentration of dye in plume (Cpc) = g/L
26400 g - Xg from above/45,503,640,000 L = 26400g -9765g/45,503,640,000 L =
16635/45,503,640,000 L = 3.656 *10(-7) g/L =
Paradise Initial Calculated Dye Concentration = 0.3656 ug/L
Paradise Calculated Dilution = Tank Concentration/Seawater Concentration
0.244g/L/0.366ug/L = 0.244g/L/.000000366g/L =
Paradise Calculated Dilution =666,667:1
Paradise - Average Initial Measured Dye Concentration (Dye 2) in Plume = 0.42 ug/L (First
Transect)
Paradise - Measured Dilution = Tank Concentration/Seawater Concentration
0.2704g/L/0.42ug/L = 0.2704g/L/.00000042g/L =
Paradise Measured Dilution = 643,809:1
G-3
-------
M/S Fascination
Fascination calculated concentration in tank
'gw)
Volume of graywater in tank (V^) - 27m3 * 1000L/m3 =27,OOOL gw
Volume of dye (Vdy ) 36gal. = 137 L dye
Vgw + Vdy = 27,137
Wt. Of active dye ingredient in 36 gal, 27.1 kg dye
27.1 kg dye/27,137L gw+dy therefore 27100 g dy/27,137 L gw+dy
Calculated Tank Dye Concentration = 0.999 g/L
Measured Tank Dye Concentration = 0.9806 (from Table F-2 in Appendix F)
Amount of dye not discharged (left in the tank)
Of the 27,137 L (108.1370m3) of Dye in the tank at initiation of pumping
3000 L (3 m3) were not pumped overboard, (pumping lasted for 30 min).
0.999 g/L (cone dye in tank)= Xg/3,OOOL where Xg=amount of dye not discharged
0.999g/L * 3,OOOL = Xg therefore Xg = 2997g
Distance traveled in 20 min at a speed of 9.1 kts.
X/20=9.1/60
X =20 min * 9.1 kts./60 min.
X= 182minkts./60min
X = 3.03 nmi traveled
FASCINATION CALCULATED INITIAL CONCENTRATION BASED ON LENGTH (SHIP PUMPING
SPECIFICATIONS - TABLE 2), WIDTH, AND DEPTH OF INITIAL PLUME TRANSECT.
Plume Dimensions and Volume
1852* 3.03=5612 m
Plume width = width of plume at first transect = 88m
Depth of plume ~ 12.5 m
Volume of plume- 88m x 12.5m x 5612= 6,172,100 m3 * 1000L/m3 = 6,172,100,000 L
Calculated concentration of dye in plume (Cpc) = g/L
27100 g - Xg from above/6,172,100,000 L = 27100g dye -2997g/6,172,100,000 L =
24103g dye/6,172,100,000 L = 3.91 * 10(-6) g/L =
Initial Calculated Dye Concentration = 3.91 ug/L
Fascination - Calculated Dilution = Tank Concentration/Seawater Concentration
0.999g/3.91ug = 0.999g/.00000391g/L =
Fascination Calculated Dilution = 255,499:1
Fascination -Average Measured Dye Concentration (Dye 2) in Plume= 3.4 ug/L (First Transect)
Fascination Measured Dilution = Tank Concentration/Seawater Concentration
0.9806g/L/3.4ug/L = 0.9806g/L/.0000034g/L =
Fascination Measured Dilution = 288,411:1
G-4
------- |