United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Summary of Nominations for the
Third Contaminant Candidate List
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Office of Water (4607M)
EPA815-R-09-011
August 2009
www.epa.gov/safewater
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EPA-OGWDW CCL3: EPA 815-R-09-011
Summary of Nominations August 2009
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction 1
2.0 Requesting Nominations 2
3.0 Nominated Contaminants 3
3.1 Chemical Nominations 4
3.1.1 Additional Analysis of Nominated Chemical Contaminants 5
3.2 Microbial Nominations 7
4.0 References 8
5.0 Appendices 9
Appendix 1. Chemical Contaminants Nominated Al-1
Appendix 2. Microbial Contaminants Nominated A2-1
Appendix 3. Chemicals Nominated and CCL 3 Process Status A3-1
Appendix 4. References Provided Through Nominations A4-1
Table of Exhibits
Exhibit 1. Nominated Groups of Chemicals 4
Exhibit 2. Chemicals on the Draft CCL 3 that Were Included in Nominations 6
Exhibit 3. Pathogens on the Draft CCL 3 that Were Included in Nominations 7
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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
ARS
ATSDR
CADW
CASRN
CCL
CCL 3
CCOHS
CCRIS
CDC
CDPR
CEDI/ADI
CERCLA
CERCLIS
CESARS
CICADs
CPH
CUS/IUR
DSSTox
EAFUS
EFDB
EMAP
EPA
FAO
FDA
FIFRA
GAP
Alternate Crops and Systems (ARS)
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Canadian Drinking Water Quality
Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number
Contaminant Candidate List
EPA's third Contaminant Candidate List
Canadian Center for Occupational Health and Safety
Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
California Department of Pesticide Regulation
Cumulative Estimated Daily Intake/Acceptable Daily Intake
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability
Information System
Chemical Evaluation Search and Retrieval System
Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents
Classification of Pesticides by Hazard
Chemical update system/inventory update rule
Distributed Structure Searchable Toxicity Public Database Network
Everything Added to Food in the United States
Environmental Fate Databases
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Food and Agriculture Organization
United States Food and Drug Administration
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
Genetic Activity Profiles
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GRAS Generally Regarded As Safe
HA Health Advisories
HEAST Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables
HEDS Human Exposure Database System
HPV High Production Volume
HSDB Hazardous Substances Data Bank
I ARC International Agency for Research on Cancer
ICR Information Collection Rule
ILO International Labor Organization
IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety
IRIS Integrated Risk Information System
IRPTC International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals
ITER International Toxicity Estimates for Risk
JECFA Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives
JMPR Joint Meeting On Pesticide Residues
LCSS Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries
MPR Maximum Permissible Risk
MRL Minimal risk levels (from ATSDR); or, Minimum reporting level, for
analytical data
N Number of samples
NAS National Academies of Sciences
NAWQA National water quality assessment (USGS program)
NCEA National Center for Environment Assessment
NCFAP National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy
NCOD National contaminant occurrence database
NDWAC National Drinking Water Advisory Council
NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (CDC)
NHATS National Human Adipose Tissue Survey
NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NIRS National Inorganic and Radionuclide Survey
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NLM National Library of Medicine
NOES National Occupational Exposure Survey
NREC National Reconnaissance of Emerging Contaminants
NRC National Research Council
NSF National Sanitary Foundation
NSI National Sediment Inventory
NTP National Toxicology Program
OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
OEHHA California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
OPP Office of Pesticide Programs
OPPT Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
PAFA Priority-based Assessment of Food Additives
PAN Pesticide Action Network
PBT Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic Profiler
PCBs Polychlorinated biphenyls
PCCL Preliminary Contaminant Candidate List
PCS Permit Compliance System
PDF Pesticide Data Program
PEAC Palm Top Emergency Action for Chemicals
PELs Permissible Exposure Limits
PPIS Pesticide Product Information System
PPMP Pesticide pilot monitoring program
RAIS Risk Assessment Information System
REDDs Reregi strati on Eligibility Decision Documents
RTECS Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances
SCLP Superfund Contract Laboratory Program
SDWIS Safe Drinking Water Information System
SIDS Screening Information Data Sets
SRC Syracuse Research Corporation
SRD Source Ranking Database
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SRS Substances Registry System
STORE! STOrage and RETrieval
TEAM Total Exposure Assessment Methodology Study
TERA Toxicology Excellence in Risk Assessment
TOPKAT The Open Practical Knowledge Acquisition Toolkit
TRI Toxics Release Inventory
TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act
TSCATS Toxic Substances Control Act Test Submissions
UCM Unregulated contaminant monitoring
UCMR Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation
UCMR 1 First Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation
UCMR 2 Second Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
URCIS Unregulated Contaminant Information System
US United States of America
USDA United States Department of Agriculture
USGS United States Geological Survey
WERF Water Environment Research Foundation
WHO World Health Organization
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1.0 Introduction
Every five years the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is required to
publish a list of contaminants (1) that are currently unregulated, (2) that are known or anticipated
to occur in public water systems, and (3) which may require regulations under the Safe Drinking
Water Act (SOWA). This list is known as the Contaminant Candidate List or CCL. SDWA
section 1412(b)(l) requires that in the development of the CCL, EPA consider specific data
sources and include the scientific community. EPA must evaluate substances identified in section
101(14) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
(CERCLA) of 1980 and substances registered as pesticides under the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). SDWA also requires the Agency to consider the
National Contaminant Occurrence Database established under section 1445(g) of SDWA.
SDWA directs the Agency to consult with the scientific community, including the Science
Advisory Board (SAB). In addition, it directs the Agency to consider the health effects and
occurrence information for unregulated contaminants to identify those contaminants that present
the greatest public health concern related to exposure from drinking water.
EPA interprets the criterion that contaminants are known or anticipated to occur in public water
systems broadly. In evaluating this criterion, EPA considers not only public water system
monitoring data, but also data on concentrations in ambient surface and ground waters, releases
to the environment (e.g., Toxics Release Inventory), and production. While such data may not
establish conclusively that contaminants are known to occur in public water systems, EPA
believes these data are sufficient to anticipate that contaminants may occur in public water
systems and support their inclusion on the CCL. The Agency considered adverse health effects
that may pose a greater risk to life stages and other sensitive groups which represent a
meaningful portion of the population. Adverse health effects associated with infants, children,
pregnant women, the elderly, and individuals with a history of serious illness were evaluated. In
selecting contaminants for the CCL 3, each of the above requirements was met.
SDWA section 1412(b)(l) also requires EPA to determine whether to regulate at least five
contaminants from the CCL every five years. SDWA specifies that EPA shall regulate a
contaminant if the Administrator determines that:
The contaminant may have an adverse effect on the health of persons;
The contaminant is known to occur, or there is a substantial likelihood that the contaminant
will occur in public water systems with a frequency and at levels of public health
concern; and
In the sole judgment of the Administrator, regulation of such contaminant presents a
meaningful opportunity for health risk reduction for persons served by public water
systems.
Once contaminants have been placed on the CCL, EPA identifies if there are any additional data
needs or if there are sufficient information to make a regulatory determination. EPA interprets
these criteria for regulatory determination as more rigorous than what is used to place
contaminants on the CCL.
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EPA developed a multi-step approach to select contaminants for the third CCL (CCL 3), which
includes the following key steps:
(1) The identification of a broad universe of potential drinking water contaminants
(CCL 3 Universe);
(2) A screening process that uses straightforward screening criteria, based on a
contaminant's potential to occur in public water systems and thereby pose a
potential public health concern, to narrow the universe of contaminants to a
Preliminary-CCL (PCCL); and
(3) A structured classification process (e.g., a prototype classification algorithm
model) that objectively compares data and information as a tool and is evaluated
along with expert judgment to develop a CCL from the PCCL.
Steps 1, 2, and 3 in the process are described in other support documents: Final CCL 3
Chemicals: Identifying the Universe (USEPA, 2009a); Final CCL 3 Chemicals: Screening to a
PCCL (USEPA, 2009b), and Final Contaminant Candidate List 3 Chemicals: Classification of
the PCCL to the CCL (USEPA, 2009c)
As part of the process to develop the third Contaminant Candidate List (CCL 3) EPA published a
Federal Register notice (71 FR 60704 (USEPA, 2006)) requesting the public to submit
nominations for chemical and microbial contaminants that should be considered for CCL 3. This
document describes EPA's request for contaminant nominations, summarizes the nominations
received by EPA, describes EPA's analysis of the nominated contaminants, and reports on their
status for the draft and final CCL 3. The specific contaminants nominated are listed in the
appendices to this document. Appendix 1 lists the chemical nominations, provides the
nominating individual or organization, and describes the rationale for the nomination. Appendix
2 provides similar information for the microbial contaminants. Appendix 3 lists the chemicals
nominated and the result of the CCL process for that contaminant. Appendix 4 lists the
references cited by the individual or organization nominating the contaminant. More detailed
information on the specific contaminants or steps in the CCL process are available on the EPA
Web site (www.epa.gov/safewater) and in the CCL 3 support documents cited in this report and
that are available in the docket (Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OW-2007-1189; all documents in the
docket are listed on http://www.regulations.gov).
2.0 Requesting Nominations
The Agency sought nominations for contaminants for CCL 3 by framing the Safe Drinking
Water Act requirements in a series of questions to document the anticipated or known occurrence
in public water systems and the adverse health effects of potential contaminants. The Agency
requested that the public respond to these questions and provide the documentation and rationale
for including a contaminant for consideration in the CCL 3 process. The questions posed to the
public were:
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What are the contaminant's name, CAS number, and/or common synonym (if
applicable)?
What factors make this contaminant a priority for the CCL 3 process? EPA provided
examples of factors the public should consider. The examples included: widespread
occurrence; anticipated toxicity to humans; potentially harmful effects to susceptible
populations (e.g., children, elderly and immunocompromised); potentially
contaminated source water (surface or ground water), and/or finished water; releases
to air, land, and/or water; contaminants manufactured in large quantities with a
potential to occur in source waters.
What are the significant health effects and occurrence data available, which you
believe supports the CCL requirement(s)? To include a contaminant on the CCL
SDWA requires that a contaminant may have an adverse effect on the health of
persons and is known or anticipated to occur in public water systems.
Nominations were received via the EPA Web site and written submissions. The Agency
compiled the information from the nominations process to identify the contaminants
nominated, the rationale for the nomination, and to compare the supporting data submitted to
information already gathered by EPA. Where new information was of sufficient quality, that
information was used in the analysis following the CCL 3 protocols, to select the draft and
final CCL 3.
3.0 Nominated Contaminants
The nominations process identified 150 chemical and 24 microbial individual contaminants
submitted by 11 organizations and individuals. EPA received four general types of nominations:
- groups of chemicals/compounds,
- specific individual chemicals,
- genera or groups of organisms, and
- specific individual organisms.
The Agency did not require nominators to provide their name or an affiliated organization. One
nominator remained anonymous while providing documentation and rationale for the
contaminants. The organizations that nominated contaminants were:
- American Society of Microbiology (ASM),
- American Water Works Association (AWWA),
- Association of Metropolitan Water Authorities (AMWA),
- Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA),
- Mothers Against Acanthamoeba Disease
- Natural Resources Defense Council, (NRDC),
- Riverkeepers
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- State of New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection,
- State of New York Department of Health,
- State of Texas Commission on Environmental Quality
3.1 Chemical Nominations
Several organizations and individuals nominated broad groups representing classes of chemicals
(e.g., Pharmaceuticals). Some of the nominated groups were quite large and lacked a common
mechanism to aggregate health effects or occurrence information across the group. Contaminants
were often nominated by more than one individual or organization. There was overlap among
nominated groups, and also among specific compounds nominated within groups. For example,
perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and its salts were nominated as a group, while another
nomination specified PFOA, perfluorooctanoic sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorobutanoic acid
(PFBA). The Agency considered such groups and mixtures in its deliberations of the CCL 3
process but to be able to evaluate CCL 3 occurrence and health effects factors (e.g., potential to
occur in a PWS; actual or potential adverse health effects), required linking of data to specific
individual contaminants rather than groups of contaminants. Where sufficient data and
information were available, specific contaminants from the groups nominated were considered
individually in the CCL process. Exhibit 1 summarizes the 23 chemical groups nominated and
which organizations nominated them.
Exhibit 1. Nominated Groups of Chemicals
Group
Phthalates
TPH-total petroleum hydrocarbons
Unregulated aromatic hydrocarbons
Alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEs)
Fuel oxygenates
Solvent Stabilizers
PFOA and its salts; perfluorinated compounds
Unregulated pesticides
Herbicides and their environmental degradation products Herbicides,
as a broad class, and specifically ("including but not limited to..")
acetanilide degradates.
Cyanobacterial toxins
Microcystins
Disinfection by-products
Nitrosamines/NMOR
Aggregate of MX related halofuranones
Haloacetaldehydes
Halonitrimethanes/ Halopicrins
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs)
Pharmaceuticals
Antibiotics
Antimicrobials in Personal Care Products
Steroids/hormones
Endocrine disrupters
Human Biomonitoring Databases
Nominator (s)
ASDWA; NRDC
ASDWA
ASDWA
NRDC
NYDOH
NYDOH
ASDWA; NJDEP
ASDWA
NYDOH
ASDWA, AWWA
ASDWA
NYDOH; AWWA (see
below)
AWWA; AMWA
AWWA
AWWA
AWWA
NYDOH
NYDOH; Riverkeepers
Riverkeepers
NYDOH
Riverkeepers
ASDWA
NYDOH
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3.1.1 Additional Analysis of Nominated Chemical Contaminants
EPA compiled the information submitted with the nominations and compared it to the
information that EPA had already gathered as part of the CCL 3 process. The Agency then used
the best available information to select the CCL 3. Appendix 3 summarizes the data provided in
the nominations and how those contaminants progressed through the CCL 3 process. A total of
150 specific chemicals were identified among the received nominations. (Note, perchlorate was
nominated using both the CASRN for perchlorate and the CASRN for ammonium perchlorate;
hence effectively, there were 149 chemicals.) Eight of the nominated chemicals are currently
regulated in PWSs and therefore are not included in the CCL 3 process. Most of the chemicals
identified through the nominations process were already being considered by EPA for listing
based on the data EPA collected for the CCL 3 Universe (see Appendix 3).
Using the criteria developed to identify the CCL 3 Universe included 113 of the nominated
substances (USEPA, 2009a). Eighty-three chemicals had data available for screening from the
Universe to the PCCL (USEPA, 2009b) and 29 passed screening and were modeled for
consideration for the CCL (USEPA, 2009c). Sixteen chemicals on the draft CCL 3 list were also
nominated (thirteen chemicals plus 3 cyanobacterial toxins), listed in Exhibit 2.
The Agency evaluated the nominations to identify contaminants not previously considered for
the CCL 3 and new pertinent information provided by the public. Nominated contaminants were
evaluated to identify and compare supporting information provided with that being used in the
CCL 3 process. No new data sources (e.g., databases) were identified in the nominations process
(see USEPA, 2009a). The nominations did identify individual, recently published, specialized
studies from scientific literature whose data were subsequently incorporated in the CCL 3
evaluation process. These supplemental data provided with the nominations were used to screen
the nominated chemicals from the universe and/or score the attributes for those that passed the
screen using the CCL 3 process protocols (see USEPA, 2009b). The scored contaminants were
then processed through the classification models and the post-model evaluations (see USEPA,
2009c). Those contaminants that were included on the final CCL 3 demonstrated adverse health
effects and a potential to occur in PWSs.
Some of the data provided with the nominations allowed EPA to evaluate new or revised health
effects or occurrence scores for PCCL contaminants. Of note, the newly identified data allowed
three contaminants, metolachlor ethanesulfonic acid, metolachlor oxanilic acid, and N-
nitrosodimethylamine, to be scored and added to the draft CCL 3. Data for other contaminants
resulted in scores similar to prior scores, or lower scores, or the data were insufficient for
scoring.
The draft CCL 3 was published on February 21, 2008 (73 FR 9628, USEPA 2008). EPA
provided information and sought comment on the draft list, its efforts to expand and strengthen
the underlying CCL listing process, and EPA's efforts to improve the contaminant selection
process for future CCLs.
EPA received comments, including additional data to consider, from 177 individuals or
organizations on the draft CCL 3 (see USEPA, 2009c and USEPA, 2009d). The EPA SAB and
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its Drinking Water Committee also reviewed the draft CCL 3 during 2008, and provided an
Advisory to the EPA Administrator (USEPA, 2009e).
EPA evaluated all the data and information on chemical contaminants provided by commenters
and collected by the Agency after the draft CCL 3 was published. EPA used the CCL 3 process
described above (and in the cited support documents) to evaluate data that became available after
the publication of the draft CCL 3 (see USEPA, 2009c). The Agency added contaminants to the
Universe, adjusted the contaminants that passed through to the PCCL based on these new data
and reevaluated the PCCL using the CCL 3 protocols as described. In sum, 27 chemicals are on
the final CCL 3 that were included in nominations. These are listed in Exhibit 2.
Appendix 3 summarizes EPA's analysis of the 150 chemical contaminants that were nominated.
Each contaminant is identified by Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number and name.
Literature references provided by the nominators are listed and the chemicals CCL 3 status is
summarized.
Exhibit 2. Chemicals on the Final CCL 3 Included in Nominations.
Contaminant
1 ,2,3-Trichloropropane
1,4-Dioxane
Perchlorate
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS)
N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)
N-nitroso-di-n-propylamine (NDPA)
alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH)
Metolachlor
Metolachlor ESA
Metolachlor OA
Alachlor ethanesulfonic acid (ESA)
Alachlor oxanilic acid (OA)
Microcystin LR
Anatoxin a
Cylindrospermopsin
Erythromycin
17alpha-estradiol
Equilenin
Equilin
Estradiol (17-beta estradiol)
Estriol
Estrone
Ethinyl Estradiol (17-alpha ethynyl estradiol)
Type
Paint ingredient
Solvent
Propellent; explosive; industrial chemical
Industrial chemical; consumer products; PPCP
Industrial chemical; consumer products; PPCP
DBP
DBP
DBP
Former pesticide
Pesticide
Pesticide degradate
Pesticide degradate
Pesticide degradate
Pesticide degradate
Naturally occurring cyanotoxin
Naturally occurring cyanotoxin
Naturally occurring cyanotoxin
Antibiotic; PPCP
Estrogenic hormone; PPCP
Estrogenic hormone; PPCP
Estrogenic hormone; PPCP
Estrogenic hormone; PPCP
Estrogenic hormone; PPCP
Estrogenic hormone; PPCP
Estrogenic hormone; PPCP
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Contaminant
Mestranol
Norethindrone (19-Norethisterone)
Type
Estrogenic hormone; PPCP
Progesteronic hormone; PPCP
3.2 Microbial Nominations
As noted, 24 microbial contaminants were nominated by the public. Twenty-two of the microbes
were already included in the CCL 3 Microbial Universe for evaluation in the CCL 3 process. The
two additional pathogens nominated were Methylobacterium (with two species) and Mimivirus.
These were added to the CCL 3 Microbial Universe (USEPA, 2009f). The microbial nominations
were subjected to the CCL 3 criteria. Accompanying support documents in the docket describe
the screening to a PCCL (USEPA, 2009g) and selecting the draft and final CCL (USEPA,
2009h). These documents also discuss the specific contaminants in more detail. The list of
microorganisms nominated is provided in Appendix 2. The pathogens that are on the final CCL 3
that were included in the nominations are listed in Exhibit 3.
Exhib
it 3. Pathogens on the Final CCL 3 Included
in Nominations
Pathogen
Adenovirus
Caliciviruses
Campylobacterjejuni
Enterovirus
Escherichia coli (0157)
Helicobacter pylori
Hepatitis A virus
Legionella pneumophila
Mycobacterium avium
Naegleria fowleri
Salmonella enterica
Shigella sonnei
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4.0 References
USEPA, 2006. Request for Nominations of Drinking Water Contaminants for the Contaminant
Candidate List; Notice. Federal Register. Vol. 71. No. 199, p. 60704, October 16, 2006.
USEPA. 2008. Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 3 - Draft Notice. Federal Register.
Vol. 72. No. 35. p.9628. February 21, 2008.
USEPA. 2009a. Final Contaminant Candidate List 3 Chemicals: Identifying the Universe. EPA
815-R-09-006. August 2009.
USEPA. 2009b. Final Contaminant Candidate List 3 Chemicals: Screening to a PCCL. EPA 815-
R-09-007. August 2009.
USEPA. 2009c. Final Contaminant Candidate List 3 Chemicals: Classification of PCCL to the
CCL. EPA 815-R-09-008. August 2009.
USEPA. 2009d. Final Comment Response Document for the Third Drinking Water Contaminant
Candidate List 3 Categorized Public Comments. EPA 815-R-09-010. August 2009.
USEPA. 2009e. SAB Advisory on EPA's Draft Third Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate
List (CCL 3). EPA-SAB-09-011. January 2009.
USEPA. 2009f Final Contaminant Candidate List 3 Microbes: Identifying the Universe. EPA
815-R-09-004. August 2009.
USEPA. 2009g. Final Contaminant Candidate List 3 Microbes: Screening to the PCCL. EPA
815-R-09-005. August 2009.
USEPA. 2009h. Final Contaminant Candidate List 3 Microbes: PCCL to CCL Process. EPA
815-R-09-009. Final. August 2009.
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5.0 Appendices
The appendices that follow provide tabulated summaries that present a list of the chemical and
microbial contaminants nominated for consideration in CCL 3, a summary of the rational and
information the public provided when they nominated the contaminant, and a summary of EPA's
consideration of the contaminants and their resultant progression and status in the CCL 3
process. All of the contaminants and information were reviewed to determine if health effects
and occurrence information were available and if that information could be used by the Agency
to evaluate if it could anticipate that the contaminant may have adverse health effects, whether it
may occur in public water systems and may require regulation under SDWA. Appendix 1 and 2
lists the chemical and microbial nominations, respectively. They provide the nominating
individual or organization and describe the rationale for the nomination. Appendix 3 lists the
chemicals nominated, provides the references cited by the public, summarizes the types of health
effects and occurrence data provided, and indicates the result of the CCL process for that
contaminant. Appendix 4 provides the bibliographic references and citations provided by the
individual or organizations. More detailed information on the specific contaminants or steps in
the CCL 3 process are available in the CCL 3 support documents cited in this report and the
individual contaminant information sheets that are in the docket.
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Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
Common Name
Nominator
Health Effects
Occurrence
96184
1,2,3-Trichloropropane
NJDEP
Mutagenic; caused benign and malignant tumors in multiple organs
in rats and mice in an NTP bioassay. B2 Probable human
carcinogen; slope factor = 7 1/(mg/kg-d). NJ health-based drinking
water guidance value = 0.005 ug/L; 1999 based on slope factor of
7/mg-kg-day [benign and malignant tumors in rats]. (NJDEP)
NJ study: Detected in excess of health-based drinking water
guidance value in 30 of 2,640 private wells and 11 of
approximately 260 community water systems between 1999 and
2004 in NJ SOC Waiver Program sampling. Used as a solvent
and degreaser, an impurity in nematodicides and soil fumigants.
(NJDEP)
123911
1,4-dioxane
AWWA, USEPA
Region 3
Used as a stabilizer in TCE, but considered more toxic. Masked in
sampling with AA due to it's similarlity to TCE, when TCE is stripped
off it remains in the finished water. This is an emerging
contaminant, we've issued one Emergency Order at a CERCLA
site to protect a water system. (EPA Region 3)
Liver and kidney are target organs. Animal studies indicate liver
and nasal cancer. IARC: Possibly carcinogenic. EPA: take
immediate action of levels exceed 600 ug/L. New York State: MCL
= 50 ug/L. California has action level of 3 ug/L. (NYDOH)
One CERCLA remediation site known- Bally site in PA, others
may be associated with and TCE site. (EPA Region 3)
Stable, persistent, mobile in the environment. Not effectively
removed from water using technology designed to remove the
solvent to which it is added as a stabilizer. (NYDOH)
611596
1,7-Dimethylxanthine
Riverkeeper
May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to
more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. Combining
selected OWCs can produce synergistic effects.
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
57910
17a-estradiol
Riverkeeper
Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal
compounds may pose significant health risks, a human
contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and
environmentally relevant levels" [Pent et al, 2006]. Combining
compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose
an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers]
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
57636
17a-ethynyl estradiol
Riverkeeper
Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal
compounds may pose significant health risks, a human
contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and
environmentally relevant levels" [Pent et al, 2006]. Combining
compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose
an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers]
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
50282
17b-estradiol
Riverkeeper
Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal
compounds may pose significant health risks, a human
contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and
environmentally relevant levels" [Pent et al, 2006]. Combining
compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose
an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers]
None provided
Al-1
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CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
Common Name
Nominator
Health Effects
Occurrence
68224
19-norethisterone
Riverkeeper
Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal
compounds may pose significant health risks, a human
contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and
environmentally relevant levels" [Pent et al, 2006]. Combining
compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose
an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers]
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
90120
1 -methyl naphthalene
ASDWA
The toxicity of these compounds has been studied by EPA and
ATSDR. (ASDWA)
Among the most frequently detected aromatic compounds in
water samples based on a recent study. (Serdar, et al., 1999).
Diesel fuel widely used and released. (ASDWA)
91576
2-methyl naphthalene
ASDWA
The toxicity of these compounds has been studied by EPA and
ATSDR. (ASDWA)
Among the most frequently detected aromatic compounds in
water samples based on a recent study. (Serdar, et al., 1999).
Diesel fuel widely used and released. (ASDWA)
80057
NRDC
Methylethylidene)bisphenol
(Bisphenol A)
Bisphenol A is a monomer used as the building block of
polycarbonate plastics and other plastics including epoxy resins.
BPA is found in a wide variety of everyday consumer products, such
as the coating of food and drink packaging, dental sealants, baby
bottles, water bottles, microwave ovenware and eating utensils. As
these products age, the polycarbonate polymer breaks down,
releasing the BPA monomer. BPA is produced at over one million
pounds per year and is frequently found in the environment. BPA
releases to the environment in the U.S. totaled 1.4 million pounds in
2004, including 3,538 pounds released directly to water and
132,262 pounds released to the air.
A number of recent studies have revealed that early life exposures
to low-doses of BPA result in adverse effects later in life. The
developing fetus is especially vulnerable. Although many of these
studies were done in laboratory animals, the exposures were at
environmentally relevant concentrations.
In rats, in utero exposure to BPA causes long-term effects on
development of mammary tissue, causing preneoplastic lesions,
increased susceptibility to cancer and increased sensitivity to a
chemical known to cause breast cancer. ,
Perinatal exposure to low levels of BPA causes precancerous
prostate lesions (prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia) in rats. The
effect appears to result from the failure in exposed animals of a
gene to become hypermethylated as the rats age.
Experiments with mice reveal that chronic adult exposure to BPA
causes insulin resistance, a common problem in humans that can
lead to Type II diabetes and heart disease.
Al-2
BPA is a water contaminant. A study in Germany found BPA in
surface water (0.0005 to 0.41 ug/L), in sewage effluents (0.018
to 0.702 ug/L), in sediments (0.01 to 0.19 mg/kg) and in sewage
sludge (0.004 to 1.363mg/kg dw). Cousins et al. (2002)
reviewed previously published monitoring data for the United
States and found a median reported water concentration of 0.5
ug/l (below the detection limit of the studies) and a 90th
percentile of 4.4 ug/l. The same study also suggested a half-life
for BPA of 4.5 days in surface water, indicating that BPA can be
transported hundreds of kilometers in rivers before levels fall
below detection limits.
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CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
Common Name
Nominator
Health Effects
Occurrence
BPA has been shown to cause aneuploidy in mouse oocytes.
Meiotic aneuploidy is the most common cause of miscarriage in
In a small prospective study, researchers in Japan found women
with a history of repeated spontaneous miscarriages had higher
levels of BPA. The researchers found evidence of aneuploidy in
several of the miscarried fetuses in concordance with previous
studies showing BPA causes meiotic aneuploidy.
BPA lowers sperm count in adult rats even at extremely low levels.
15972608
Alachlor
NYDOH
Co-occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks
beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical.
(NYDOH)
Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental
persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water
supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY
(SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)
142363539
Alachlor ethanesulfonic acid
NYDOH
Co-occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks
beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical.
(NYDOH)
Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental
persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water
supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY
(SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)
171262172
Alachlor oxanilic acid
NYDOH
Co-occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks
beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical.
(NYDOH)
Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental
persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water
supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY
(SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)
18559949
Albuterol
Riverkeeper
May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to
more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. Combining
selected OWCs can produce synergistic effects.
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
116063
Aldicarb
NRDC, AWWA
Cholinesterase inhibitor. RfD (EPA, mg/kd/d)=0.001. Observed toxic
effect with both long-term and single-dose administration is
acerylchlinesterase inhibition. Evidence suggests it is not genotoxic
or carcinogenic. [AWWA]
Aldicarb is an N-methyl carbamate insecticide that causes
reversible red blood cell and plasma Cholinesterase inhibition. This
pesticide is classified as Toxicity Category 1 because of its high
toxicity through all routes of exposure (oral, dermal and inhalation).
Symptoms of acute aldicarb exposure observed in animal studies
include decreased motor activity, lacrimation, tremors, salivation,
pinpoint pupils, and decreased grip strength. A rat study by
EPA/ORD demonstrated that young animals are more susceptible
to aldicarb-induced brain Cholinesterase inhibition than adults.
Al-3
A systemic pesticide used to control nematodes in soil and
insects and mites on a variety of crops. Degrades mainly by
biodegredations and hydolysis, persisting for weeks to months. It
is one of the most acutely toxic pesticides in use. Frequently
found as a contaminant in groundwater - aldicarb sulfoxide and
aldicarb sulfone residuals are found in an approx. 1:1 ration in
groundwater. [AWWA]
'EPA placed aldicarb under Special Review in 1984 due to
concerns about groundwater contamination. Aldicarb
degradation in groundwater is slow. This chemical is persistent
and mobile in soil, and degrades in the environment to aldicarb
sulfoxide and aldicarb sulfone, both of which are Cholinesterase
inhibitors. In 1991 EPA established MCLs of 0.003 ppbfor
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August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
Common Name
Nominator
Health Effects
Occurrence
Although it is generally believed that acute high level exposure to
aldicarb will not cause chronic health effects, one case study by
Grendon et al. (1994) in Washington State documented long-term
health problems in men and sheep resulting from a single poisoning
incident.
EPA has not assessed the risks of chronic exposure to aldicarb in
its 2006 Revised Human Health Risk Assessment (HRA). The
Agency reasoned that since cholinesterase inhibition due to aldicarb
exposure is reversed in less than 24 hours, such an assessment is
unnecessary and chronic exposure can be treated as a series of
acute exposures. However, EPA mentioned in the Revised HRA
that effects such as pale kidneys and hydroceles in the oviducts
occurred in dams in a developmental study, symptoms that suggest
chronic damage not seen in acute single-exposure cases. In
addition, some studies suggest that chronic exposure to aldicarb
may have longer-term effects on the immune and nervous systems.
Fiore et al (2006) analyzed immune function in two groups of
women, one exposed to aldicarb at environmental concentrations in
groundwater at levels below 61 ppb (23 subjects), and an
unexposed group (27 subjects). No women in either group had
known reasons for immune problems. The researchers found a
significant association between aldicarb exposure and abnormalities
in T-cell subset ratios. Hajoui et al. (1992) also found changes in
the percentages of certain T-cell subsets after subchronic, but not
chronic exposure. The results of a rat study by Smulders et al.
(2003) suggest that exposure to carbamates such as aldicarb may
also lead to chronic changes in the nervous system resulting from
the inhibition of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. A similar
study of the carbamates fenoxycarb, carbaryl, and S-ethyl N,N-
dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC), which have the same mechanism of
action, showed that increasing the pesticide dose or the length of
exposure reduced the rate of reversal of acetylcholine receptor
inhibition. Therefore, two mechanisms, cholinesterase inhibition
and acetylcholine receptor inhibition may lead to chronic
neurotoxicity from exposure to carbamate pesticides such as
aldicarb. This raises concerns about chronic low-level exposure
such as may result from aldicarb contamination of drinking water.
[NRDC]
aldicarb, 0.004 ppb for aldicarb sulfoxide and 0.002 ppb for
aldicarb sulfone, but these MCLs never went into effect. Instead,
EPA issued a 7 ppb health advisory for each of the aldicarb
species and for combined aldicarb residues.
EPA based its drinking water risk assessment in the HRA on the
highest aldicarb concentrations in groundwater found in eight
regions where aldicarb was used. The concentrations ranged
from 0 to 24 ppb. The region with no aldicarb detections was
removed from the analysis. Surface water concentrations, on the
other hand, were derived from models for lack of sufficient
monitoring data.
Acute dietary exposure estimates from food alone exceeded the
level of concern for children 1 to 2 years old (159% of the acute
Population Adjusted Dose, or aPAD), and children 3 to 5 years
old (129% aPAD), so that any additional exposures from
drinking water would increase these risks of concern. The
highest exposure from groundwater calculated for the regions
where this pesticide was detected was 945% aPAD for the 95th
percentile of the most exposed population sub-group. For the
general U.S. population and other sub-groups, exposure ranged
from 20% aPAD to 393% aPAD.
It is clear from EPAs own analysis that aldicarb is a water
contaminant that poses
health risks of concern at levels found in food and drinking
water. Given that food
exposure alone exceeds levels of concern for children, drinking
water exposure
creates an additional unacceptable risk. EPA must move to
establish a protective
MCL for aldicarb. [NRDC]
Al-4
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EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
Common Name
Nominator
Health Effects
Occurrence
1646884
aldicarb sulfone
AWWA
Cholinesterase inhibitor. RfD (EPA, mg/kd/d)=0.001. Observed toxic
effect with both long-term and single-dose administration is
acerylchlinesterase inhibition. Evidence suggests it is not genotoxic
or carcinogenic.
A systemic pesticide used to control nematodes in soil and
insects and mites on a variety of crops. Degrades mainly by
biodegredations and hydolysis, persisting for weeks to months. It
is one of the most acutely toxic pesticides in use. Frequently
found as a contaminant in groundwater - aldicarb sulfoxide and
aldicarb sulfone residuals are found in an approx. 1:1 ration in
groundwater
1646873
aldicarb sulfoxide
AWWA
Cholinesterase inhibitor. RfD (EPA, mg/kd/d)=0.001. Observed toxic
effect with both long-term and single-dose administration is
acerylchlinesterase inhibition. Evidence suggests it is not genotoxic
or carcinogenic.
A systemic pesticide used to control nematodes in soil and
insects and mites on a variety of crops. Degrades mainly by
biodegredations and hydolysis, persisting for weeks to months. It
is one of the most acutely toxic pesticides in use. Frequently
found as a contaminant in groundwater - aldicarb sulfoxide and
aldicarb sulfone residuals are found in an approx. 1:1 ration in
groundwater
319846
Alpha-HCH
AWWA
Can cause respitory difficulty, skin irritation, skin senitization scabis
and pediculosis
Component of benzene hexachloride a former insecticide.
Degradeded more rapidly under anaerobic conditions.
Hydrolysis half life ranges between 92 to 71 hours in natural
waters (but may be even slower). A Canadian study found levels
in finished water.
7790989
Ammonium Perchlorate
NRDC
Interferes with function of the thyroid; blocks iodide uptake into the
gland. Causes neurodevelopmental deficits (detailed in comments).
Several studies demonstrate human exposure and toxic effects
(Blount et al., 2006; Brechner et al., 2000; Schwartz et al, 2001).
Studies indicate that DWEL of 24.5 ppb is inadequate. (NRDC)
Widespread contamination may be exposing millions to
perchlorate throughout the country. Detected in PWSs of 26
states and two territories under UCMR 1. Detections range from
4 - 420 ppb; mean = 10 ppb. Major state studies performed in
Arizona, California, Massachusetts and Texas. EPA lists 109
sites of known perchlorate releases in 29 states. U.S.
Government Accountability Office report (May 2005) lists
perchlorate release sites and detections in PWSs and private
wells. [18 refs in text] (NRDC)
Al-5
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CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
Common Name
Nominator
Health Effects
Occurrence
64285069
Anatoxin-a
ASDWA,
AWWA
A high degree of uncertainty remains as to the sufficiency of the
uncertainty factors applied during extrapolation from animals to
humans (factor 10), when considering the observed species
(human-animal) differences in organic anion transporter profile
(Fischer et al., in press) and hence kinetic and dynamic
dissimilarities (Batista et al., 2003). Despite these caveats, it
appears that for the time being, the WHO guidance value for
drinking water with 1.0 |jg MC-LR/I should provide for sufficient
protection of the consumer. In contrast, the application of guidance
values for EGAS (Gilroy et al., 2000) appears misguided as the
TDIs of infants and children, as well as adult consumers, are readily
exceeded due to repeated contamination of EGAS and consumer
dependent variation in daily EGAS consumption. (AWWA)
Many states have had algal blooms severe enough to prompt public
health concerns. (ASDWA)
Significant amount of data on occurrence, health effects and
treatment of cyanobacterial toxins. A national review would help
to coalesce the data. (ASDWA)
1912249
Atrazine
NYDOH
Co-occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks
beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical.
(NYDOH)
Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental
persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water
supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY
(SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)
86500
Azinphos-methyl
NRDC
This organophosphate pesticide is classified as toxicity category 1
for oral exposure. Exposure to azinphos-methyl causes plasma, red
blood cell and brain cholinesterase inhibition, with symptoms
including headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, anxiety, muscle
tremors and weakness. Studies by Souza et al. (2004, 2005) found
that azinphos-methyl affected human placental enzymatic activity,
which may have adverse consequences for fetal development. ,
Exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OPs) such as azinphos-
methyl has been associated with lower performance on
neurobehavioral tests in exposed adults. Children are more
vulnerable than adults to the neurotoxic effects of OPs and may
suffer developmental effects from low-level chronic exposures.
Azinphos-methyl has a high potential to pollute surface waters
due to runoff and spray drift. , Data on environmental
concentrations of azinphos-methyl in the United States are
limited, but studies in South Africa suggest that under certain
conditions azinphos-methyl may also reach high concentrations
(40 ppb) in groundwater.
EPA indicated in its drinking water assessment in the Interim
Reregistration Eligibility Decision (IRED) document for azinphos-
methyl that the estimated environmental concentration (EEC) of
this pesticide in surface water is 16 ppb at typical application
rates in peaches. This concentration is over three times the
acute drinking water level of comparison (DWLOC) the agency
calculated for infants less than a year old (5 ppb), and over twice
the DWLOC for children 1-6 years (6 ppb). The highest annual
mean concentrations in surface water according to monitoring
data and EPA models ranged from 0.27 ppb to 7.2 ppb. The
latter concentration exceeds the chronic DWLOC the agency
calculated for infants less than a year old (7 ppb).
While EPA argued in the IRED that the phase-out of the peach
use will eliminate
drinking water risks of concern, EPA is still allowing the use of
Al-6
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CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
Common Name
Nominator
Health Effects
Occurrence
azinphos-methyl on
apples (the most frequently treated crop) at application rates
equal to or higher than
those for peaches (1.0-1.5 Ib ai/A per application, 4.5 Ib ai/A per
year maximum on apples vs. 1.125 Ibs ai/A per application, 4.5
Ibs ai/A per year maximum on peaches).
Furthermore, the total amount of azinphos-methyl used on
apples (890,000 Ib active ingredient) is over seven times the
amount used on peaches (120,000 Ib).
Therefore, the EPA assessment indicates that azinphos-methyl
poses a risk to drinking water supplies. While EPA has issued a
four-year limited registration for azinphos-methyl use on apples
and seven other crops, the Agency has stated that these
registrations may be extended, thus creating the need to
regulate azinphos-methyl as a drinking water contaminant.
25057890
Bentazone
AWWA
Long term studies have not indicated a carcinogenic potential
Broad specturm herbicide used on a variety of crops - very
mobile in soils and moderately persistent in the environement
85687
Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP)
NRDC, ASDWA
BBP is used as a plasticizer for PVC and other plastics. End uses
include PVC floorings and wall coverings, expanded leather, PVC
foams, films, sealing and adhesive systems. BBP is a high
production volume chemical, produced in volumes of over 1 million
pounds per year.
BBP is an anti-androgenic endocrine disrupter with developmental
and reproductive toxicities. Post-pubertal and adult exposures in rat
studies are without apparent effects except at high doses, however,
exposures in pregnant rats have been shown to adversely affect
development of the male reproductive tract. Adverse effects include
a cluster of outcomes that has been called "phthalate syndrome"
and includes underdeveloped or absent reproductive organs,
retained nipples, cryptorchidism, decreased anogenital distance
(AGO), hypospadias, and decreased or abnormal sperm. DINP
does not bind to the androgen receptor and these effects are likely
mediated through interference with testosterone synthesis. ,
In humans, Swan et al. (2005) found associations between
exposure to phthalates and one of the most sensitive endpoints for
anti-androgen exposure, anogenital distance. Although this
endpoint is well-recognized in animal studies, it is not a standard
measurement in humans. However, a decrease in AGO precedes a
common birth defect in the penis, hypospadias. In this study, the
researchers found that prenatal maternal urinary levels of the
phthalate metabolites monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monobenzyl
There are multiple studies showing BBP detections in surface
waters:
Canada: up to 1 ug/l (ENVIRODAT 1993)
Mississippi River south of St. Louis: up to 2.4 ug/l (Gledhill et al.
1980)
Lake Scandarello, Italy: up to 6.6 ug/l (Vital! et al. 1997)
Rhine River and its tributaries: up to 5.2 ug/l (ECPI 1996)
Inflow and outflow from sewage treatment plants in Sweden
and Norway: up to 2.4 ug/l and 0.58 ug/l, respectively (ECPPI
1996, NIWR1996)
The full extent of BBP contamination of water in the U.S. is not
known, but the fact that it is present at detectable levels in
surface waters indicates the need for EPA to conduct water
monitoring studies and to take appropriate regulatory action.
(NRDC)
Frequently detected in surface waters. (ASDWA)
Al-7
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CCL 3:
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EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
CASRN
98136993
5589968
83463621
26482315
71133147
Common Name
bromochloroacetaldehyde
bromochloroacetic acid
Bromochloroacetonitrile
bromochloronitromethane
bromodichloroacetic acid
Nominator
AWWA
NYDOH
AWWA
AWWA
NYDOH
Supporting Information
Health Effects
phthalate (MBzP), mono butylphthalate (MBP) and monoisobutyl
phthalate (MiBP) were significantly associated with reduced AGO
and ano-genital index (AGI = AGD/bodyweight) in male infants.
(NRDC)
CDC (2005) has documented health effects. (ASDWA)
Known to cause adverse health effects. (NYDOH)
None provided
Known to cause adverse health effects. (NYDOH)
Occurrence
This class of disinfection by-products was the third highest in
concentration (albeit, not as high as THMs or HAAs). Except
monochloro- (difficult to analyze) and monobromo-(not studied
yet), all others are easily measured by conventional methods.
These four HAAs typically constitute 20-50% of total chlorine
and bromine containing HAA observed in finished waters
(Roberts, et al., 2002). (NYDOH)
- None provided
This class was studied by Plewa (University of Illinois) and
DeAngelo (USEPA). Plewa found some of them to be 1-2
orders of magnitude more toxic than the HAAs by his assays.
Their concentration is 1 -2 orders of magnitude lower than that of
the HAAS.
These four HAAs typically constitute 20-50% of total chlorine
and bromine containing HAA observed in finished waters
(Roberts, etal., 2002). (NYDOH)
Al-8
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Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
Common Name
Nominator
Health Effects
Occurrence
918014
bromodichloronitromethane
AWWA
None provided
This class was studied by Plewa (University of Illinois) and
DeAngelo (USEPA). Plewa found some of them to be 1-2
orders of magnitude more toxic than the HAAs by his assays.
Their concentration is 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than that of
the HAAS.
563702
bromonitromethane
AWWA
None provided
This class was studied by Plewa (University of Illinois) and
DeAngelo (USEPA). Plewa found some of them to be 1-2
orders of magnitude more toxic than the HAAs by his assays.
Their concentration is 1 -2 orders of magnitude lower than that of
the HAAS.
1689845
Bromoxynil
AWWA
RfD (EPA, mg/kd/d)=0.02. Developmental or reproductive toxin,
moderate acute (PAN)
Occurrence (0.046 ppb 95%ile)
6804075
Carbadox
Riverkeeper
Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes
the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. Some
antibiotics are suspected carcinogens. (Mackie et al, 2006; Health
Canada 2001)
Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.
Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates
widespread exposure.
298464
Carbamazepine
NYDOH
Emerging contaminant of possible health concern. (NYDOH)
NYDOH surveyed the New York city watershed; in nearly every
WWTP effluent sample. Kolpin, et al, 2002 reported similar
findings. Mobile and stable in the environment. (NYDOH)
63252
Carbaryl
NRDC, AWWA
Known carcinogenic. 10-6 cancer risk 40 |jg/L. Primary exposure
route is through ingestion (WHO report). [AWWA]
This N-methyl carbamate pesticide is a neurotoxic
acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and a "likely" carcinogen according to
the Office of Pesticide Programs Cancer Assessment Review
Committee. The systemic effects of carbaryl include headache,
dizziness, weakness, shaking, nausea, stomach cramps, diarrhea,
and sweating. Effects may also include loss of appetite, weakness,
weight loss, and general malaise. Carbaryl is particularly toxic to the
developing nervous system of fetuses, infants, and young children.
Exposure to elevated levels of carbaryl may cause developmental
neurotoxicity and "significant changes in some of the morphometric
measurements of the brain". [NRDC]
In the referenced USGS report detected at concentrations above
0.1 |jg/L with frequencies of ~1 % in agricultural streams and ~15
% in urban streams and at concentrations below 0.1 |jg/L with
frequencies of-10% in agricultural streams and -50 % in urban
streams
Solubility: 120 mg/L half-life: 17 days in soil & 11 days in water
annual use 9 million Ibs. [AWWA]
'Approximately 3.9 million pounds of carbaryl active ingredient
are used annually in the U.S. When EPA issued its Revised Risk
Assessment for carbaryl in 2003, its water assessment did not
consider non-agricultural sources of carbaryl, which constitute a
total of 40% of carbaryl use by weight, and which are the
dominant sources of surface water carbaryl pollution. Despite
ignoring non-agricultural uses, the carbaryl health risk
assessment in the Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision
(IRED) found that acute surface water risks presuming
maximum label application rates exceeded the drinking water
level of concern (DWLOC) for children and the general
population when combined with estimated food exposures. U.S.
Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment (USGS
NAWQA) monitoring data presented in the carbaryl assessment
Al-9
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CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
CASRN
16887006
Common Name
Chloride
Nominator
Riverkeeper
Supporting Information
Health Effects
Road salting leads to degradation of vegetation and habitat;
drinking water impacts. (Riverkeeper)
Occurrence
demonstrated that streams draining urban areas had both higher
concentrations of carbaryl and more frequent detections, when
compared with streams draining agricultural or mixed land use
areas. It is clear that contamination of water is predominantly
from non-agriculture uses of carbaryl, and that by not
considering these uses, the Agency dramatically underestimated
the amount of carbaryl in drinking water (Estimated
Environmental Concentration, or EEC), which is likely to be two-
times higher than EPA estimates. Twenty-one (21) percent of
surface water samples in the NAWQA database contained
detectable levels of carbaryl. EPA discussed in its IRED the
limitations of existing monitoring data:"Carbaryl is fairly mobile,
but is not likely to persist or accumulate in the environment. As
such, it is difficult for monitoring studies to detect peak
concentrations that can occur. EPA determined that currently
available monitoring studies for carbaryl are limited in this
regard, and did not use them to define peak values for carbaryl."
As a result of these data limitations, EPA used models to
estimate drinking water EECs for currently registered uses in the
carbaryl IRED. The Agency reported that the acute drinking
water EECs ranged from 23 to 410 ppb for acute exposure, and
from 1 .3 to 23 ppb for chronic exposure, which exceeded the
acute DWLOC for children 1-2 years old (7.4 ppb) and for the
general population (200 ppb). This is especially concerning,
given that these calculations are likely to underestimate risk by
excluding non-agricultural uses of carbaryl, which comprise 40%
of total carbaryl used. Therefore, it is likely that actual EEC's
are even higher, possibly 40% higher, than what the Agency
calculates. The high toxicity of carbaryl, coupled with the high
exceedances of acceptable levels in drinking water, make this
level of risk to infants and children unacceptably high. Given the
limitations in the monitoring data that the Agency has
acknowledged, and the fact that the highest EEC estimated by
EPA models was 55 times the acute DWLOC for children 1 to 2
years old, it is clear that carbaryl presents risks of concern from
drinking water exposure and should be regulated as a drinking
water contaminant by establishing an MCL. [NRDC]
Road salts can enter air, soil, groundwater and surface water
from direct or snowmelt run-off and release from surface soils
and/or wind-borne spray. NYCDEP reports that most of the
Croton watershed have displayed steady increases in
conductivity since the 1 990s. (Riverkeeper)
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CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
Common Name
Nominator
Health Effects
Occurrence
1794849
chloronitromethane
AWWA
None provided
This class was studied by Plewa (University of Illinois) and
DeAngelo (USEPA). Plewa found some of them to be 1-2
orders of magnitude more toxic than the HAAs by his assays.
Their concentration is 1 -2 orders of magnitude lower than that of
the HAAS.
1897456
Chlorothalonil
AWWA
None provided
Fungicide used on a variety of crops. Can be degraded both
aerobically and anaerobically with half-lives ranging between .2 -
9 days
Chlorothalonil has been identified in groundwater in 2 US states.
2921882
Chlorpyrifos
NRDC, AWWA
Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide used at approximately
21-24 million pounds active ingredient (a.i.) annually in the United
States. Most Chlorpyrifos is used in agriculture on crops such as
corn and cotton, but other uses include golf courses, road medians,
food processing plants, manufacturing plants, ship holds, railroad
boxcars, and non-structural wood treatments. Chlorpyrifos is applied
aerially, by chemigation, groundboom, hand wand, airblast sprayer,
and other methods.
With Chlorpyrifos and other developmental neurotoxic chemicals,
risk to the fetus, infant, and child comes primarily from the timing of
exposure. Even a very small dose, for even a short duration, during
a developmental period of vulnerability will result in permanent
neural dysfunction. There is no demonstrated reliable threshold of
safety for this highly toxic chemical, as indicated in the IRED, where
a no-effect level could not be determined for developmental
neurotoxicity. However, there is demonstrated evidence of
neuropathology and increased vulnerability of fetuses when
exposed to Chlorpyrifos . EPA has acknowledged this susceptibility
in the Chlorpyrifos Human Health Risk Assessment:
"In conclusion, the weight of the evidence raises concern for an
increase in both the sensitivity and susceptibility of the fetus or
young animal to adverse biochemical, morphological, or behavioral
alterations from Chlorpyrifos treatment during brain development.
With respect to cholinesterase inhibition, an increase in sensitivity of
the young compared to adults was seen all along the dose response
curve, even at relatively low doses." [NRDC]
Broad-spectrum organophosphorus insecticide. Stronly
absorbed by soil and does not readily leach from it - persists in
soil for 60-120 days and biodegrades - non-polar nature - has a
low solubility in water and great tendency to partition from
aqueous into organic phases.[AWWA]
'Although EPA said in the IRED that the drinking water risk is
below the level of concern, the Agency noted that there have
been cases of high levels of drinking water well contamination
associated with localized applications of Chlorpyrifos as a
subterranean termiticide. This was addressed, EPA said, by
eliminating all termiticidal uses. However, despite EPA's
assertions that only termiticidal use leads to water contamination
problems, USGS and others have found contamination of
ground and surface water with Chlorpyrifos and its metabolites,
and EPA's own modeling shows that it is likely that in certain
areas of heavy use, Chlorpyrifos (and its metabolites) present
significant water risks. There is no evidence that the water risks
of Chlorpyrifos and its metabolites are limited to termiticidal use.
There is extensive evidence of the potential of Chlorpyrifos to
contaminate surface and groundwater. Combined USGS data
for state, local, national, and multi-state studies that measured
Chlorpyrifos concentrations in surface water detected the
pesticide at 7 of 108 (6%) sites sampled. Chlorpyrifos has
medium runoff potential due to its relatively low water solubility,
2 mg/L , . A Chlorpyrifos flux as a percentage of use of 0.15 has
been measured in the Minnesota River. Chlorpyrifos is also, of
course, used in non-agricultural settings, and can thus drift or
runoff directly into surface water bodies in areas of high
population density.
Data from the Mid-Continent Pesticide Study show that
Chlorpyrifos was present in the ground water in 4.2% of the wells
sampled. Chlorpyrifos has been detected in 0.6% of wells
sampled, according to the U.S. EPA's Pesticides in Ground
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CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
CASRN
57625
57885
85721331
Common Name
Chlortetracycline
Cholesterol
Cipro-floxacin
Nominator
Riverkeeper
Riverkeeper
Riverkeeper
Supporting Information
Health Effects
Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes
the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et
al, 2006)
Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal
compounds may pose significant health risks, a human
contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and
environmentally relevant levels" [Pent et al, 2006]. Combining
compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose
an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers]
Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes
the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et
al, 2006)
Occurrence
Water Database. Long (1989) detected chlorpyrifos in the
ground water of 30% of 56 sites examined beneath pesticide
mixing and loading facilities in Illinois. The maximum
concentration detected was 0.5 ppb.
Water monitoring sample sites are not necessarily correlated
with chlorpyrifos use sites, and in particular, may miss sites
where multiple fields are treated with chlorpyrifos resulting in
pooled runoff into a common water source. In fact, the IRED
states, "it is not clear that they [monitoring data] represent the
most vulnerable groundwater where chlorpyrifos is used most
intensively" (IRED p. 18). Monitoring of surface water is likely to
be subject to the same problem. Levels of chlorpyrifos in pooled
runoff sites are likely to be many times higher than single field
sites. Similarly, data collection is not timed to correspond with
worst-case scenarios, such as closely following chlorpyrifos
applications, or following large storm runoff events, and thus
most often misses these highly toxic environmental exposures.
Using the PRZM/EXAMS screening model, EPA estimated that
90-day average and peak chlorpyrifos concentrations were 6.7
and 40 ppb respectively. Meanwhile, acute DWLOCs for infants
less than a year old, children 1-6 years and females 13 to 50
years ranged from 0.9 to 9 ppb.
Chronic DWLOCs for these population groups ranged from 0.2
to 0.72 ppb.
EPA's modeling estimates therefore show that chlorpyrifos
exposure in drinking water has the potential to exposed
vulnerable groups of the population to unacceptable levels of
this chemical. [NRDC]
Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.
Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates
widespread exposure.
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.
Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates
widespread exposure.
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Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
Common Name
Nominator
Health Effects
Occurrence
53418
cis-Androsterone
Riverkeeper
Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal
compounds may pose significant health risks, a human
contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and
environmentally relevant levels" [Pent et al, 2006]. Combining
compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose
an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers]
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
76573
Codeine
Riverkeeper
None provided
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
360689
Coprostanol
Riverkeeper
Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal
compounds may pose significant health risks, a human
contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and
environmentally relevant levels" [Pent et al, 2006]. Combining
compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose
an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers]
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
486566
Cotinine
Riverkeeper
May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to
more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining
selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects.
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
143545908
cylindrospermopsin
ASDWA,
AWWA
A high degree of uncertainty remains as to the sufficiency of the
uncertainty factors applied during extrapolation from animals to
humans (factor 10), when considering the observed species
(human-animal) differences in organic anion transporter profile
(Fischer et al., in press) and hence kinetic and dynamic
dissimilarities (Batista et al., 2003). Despite these caveats, it
appears that for the time being, the WHO guidance value for
drinking water with 1.0 |jg MC-LR/I should provide for sufficient
protection of the consumer. In contrast, the application of guidance
values for EGAS (Gilroy et al., 2000) appears misguided as the
TDIs of infants and children, as well as adult consumers, are readily
exceeded due to repeated contamination of EGAS and consumer
dependent variation in daily EGAS consumption.
'Cyanobacteria (algal toxins). Potential severe acute hepatotoxicity
at low concentrations and possible liver damage. (AWWA)
Many states have had algal blooms severe enough to prompt public
health concerns. (ASDWA)
Significant amount of data on occurrence, health effects and
treatment of cyanobacterial toxins. A national review would help
to coalesce the data. (ASDWA)
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Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
Common Name
Nominator
Health Effects
Occurrence
67035227
Dehydronifedipine
Riverkeeper
May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to
more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining
selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects.
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
1007289
deisopropylatrazine
NYDOH
Co-occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks
beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical.
(NYDOH)
Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental
persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water
supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY
(SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)
6190654
desethylatrazine
NYDOH
Co-occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks
beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical.
(NYDOH)
Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental
persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water
supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY
(SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)
84742
Di(n-butyl) phthalate
NRDC, ASDWA
DBP is an anti-androgenic endocrine disrupter with developmental
and reproductive toxicities. Post-pubertal and adult exposures in rat
studies are without apparent effects except at high doses.
However, exposures in pregnant rats have been shown to adversely
affect development of the male reproductive tract. Adverse effects
include a cluster of outcomes that has been called "phthalate
syndrome" and includes underdeveloped or absent reproductive
organs, retained nipples, cryptorchidism, decreased anogenital
distance (AGO), hypospadias, and decreased or abnormal sperm.
DBP does not bind to the androgen receptor and these effects are
likely mediated through interference with testosterone synthesis.
In humans, Swan et al. found associations between exposure to
phthalates and one of the most sensitive endpoints for anti-
androgen exposure, anogenital distance (AGO). Although this
endpoint is well-recognized in animal studies, it is not a standard
measurement in humans. However, a decrease in AGO precedes a
common birth defect in the penis, hypospadias. In this study, the
researchers found that prenatal maternal urinary levels of the DBP
metabolite, monobutyl phthalate (MBP), were significantly
associated with reduced AGO and anogenital index (AGI =
AGD/bodyweight) in male infants.
Other effects noted in animal studies which are not thought to be
mediated by decreases in testosterone include an increase in fetal
mortality and changes in the expression of some genes in the
testes, such as c-kit. Changes in gene expression have been shown
to occur at very low doses doses that are below those associated
with the gross anatomical changes noted in phthalate syndrome.
(NRDC)
CDC (2005) has documented health effects. (ASDWA)
DBP is a plasticizer found in numerous consumer products
including cosmetics, hair sprays, nail polish, shampoos, lotions,
and fragrances. DBP also is used as a solvent for oil-soluble
dyes, insecticides, peroxides, and other organics as an antifoam
agent as a fiber lubricant in the textile industry as a
solvent/plasticizer for nitrocellulose lacquers and as epoxy
resins.
DBP is produced at over one million pounds per year and there
is widespread potential for human exposure from discharges to
water. DBP has been previously detected in drinking water in
Poland and surface water in Germany. A recent study of water
in southern California found DBP in raw and finished drinking
water samples. (NRDC)
Frequently detected in surface waters. (ASDWA)
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CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
Common Name
Nominator
Health Effects
Occurrence
3397624
diaminochloro triazine
NYDOH
Co-occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks
beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical.
(NYDOH)
Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental
persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water
supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY
(SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)
333415
diazinon
ASDWA
Detected levels near EPA Health Advisory
Detected in Lake Whatcom, Washington study near EPA Health
Advisory level. (ASDWA)
3039132
dibromoacetaldehyde
AWWA
None provided
This class of disinfection by-products was the third highest in
concentration (albeit, not as high as THMs or HAAs). Except
monochloro- (difficult to analyze) and monobromo-(not studied
yet), all others are easily measured by conventional methods.
5278955
dibromochloroacetic acid
NYDOH
Known to cause adverse health effects. (NYDOH)
These four HAAs typically constitute 20-50% of total chlorine
and bromine containing HAA observed in finished waters
(Roberts, etal., 2002). (NYDOH)
1184890
dibromochloronitromethane
AWWA
None provided
This class was studied by Plewa (University of Illinois) and
DeAngelo (USEPA). Plewa found some of them to be 1-2
orders of magnitude more toxic than the HAAs by his assays.
Their concentration is 1 -2 orders of magnitude lower than that of
the HAAS.
598914
dibromonitromethane
AWWA
None provided
This class was studied by Plewa (University of Illinois) and
DeAngelo (USEPA). Plewa found some of them to be 1-2
orders of magnitude more toxic than the HAAs by his assays.
Their concentration is 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than that of
the HAAS.
1918009
Dicamba
AWWA
Slight expected toxicity. Some aquatic plants are highly sensitive to
dicamba, with EC50 values for sensitive species between 0.1 and
0.2 ppm toxic to many terrestrial broadleaf and conifer species, less
toxic to grasses. Based on acute toxicity tests dicamba is classified
as slightly toxic to experimental mammals. Livestock may graze
dicamba-treatead areas withtou restriction, unless they are actively
producing milk. Meat animals must be removed from treated areas
30 days before slaughter (C&P Press 1998). Based on an acute oral
LD50 of 2740 mg/kg in rats, the U.S. EPA places dicamba in
Category III (Rowland 1998). This category is associated with a
code word of CAUTION that indicates that the compound may be
harmful if swallowed (US. EPA 1998).
Herbicide used in the control of annual and perennial broadleaf
weeds, brush, and vines in rangeland and non-cropland areas.
Halftimes of dicamba in soil usually are between 1 and 6 weeks
(Cox 1994, Muller and Buser 1997).Dicamba was detected in
0.32% of stream samples and 0.12% of samples from major
aquifers (USGS 1998) highest level detected was 0.00016 mg/L.
In an agricultural area where herbicides are used extensively,
dicamba was found in 17%- 55% of water samples from farm
ponds and dugout waters (Grover et al. 1997). USGS (1998)
found dicamba in 0.11%-0.15% of the groundwaters surveyed.
The maximum level detected was 0.0025 mg/L no apparent
correlation between the prevalence of dicamba in groundwater
from agricultural areas (0.11%) compared with non-agricultural
urban areas (0.35%). Several additional studies summarized in
SERA (1994b) and studies published in the more recent
liberatura (Miller et al. 1995, Ritter et al. 1996) report higher
frequencies of occurrence of dicamba in groundwater from
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CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
CASRN
79027
7119893
Common Name
dichloroacetaldehyde
dichloronitromethane
Nominator
AWWA
AWWA
Supporting Information
Health Effects
None provided
None provided
Occurrence
agricultural areas. Dicamba is relatively volatile, and this process
may be a significant factor in the dispersion of dicamba in the
enviroment.
In a recent review, Majewski and Capel (1995) cite te
occurrence of dicamba, along
with several other pesticides in rain water at sites distant from
any known
agricultural application. Halftimes of dicamba in soil between 1
and 6 weeks
(Cox 1994, Muller and Buser 1997) at a level of 10 mg/kg in
sandy loam soil,
dicamba caused a transient decrease in nitrification after 2 but
not 3 weeks of
incubation
This class of disinfection by-products was the third highest in
concentration (albeit, not as high as THMs or HAAs). Except
monochloro- (difficult to analyze) and monobromo-(not studied
yet), all others are easily measured by conventional methods.
This class was studied by Plewa (University of Illinois) and
DeAngelo (USEPA). Plewa found some of them to be 1-2
orders of magnitude more toxic than the HAAs by his assays.
Their concentration is 1 -2 orders of magnitude lower than that of
the HAAS.
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Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
Common Name
Nominator
Health Effects
Occurrence
62737
Dichlorvos (DDVP)
NRDC
Dichlorvos, or DDVP, is an organophosphate insecticide widely
used in agriculture. Like other organophosphates, dichlorvos is an
acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. DDVP exposure may cause
symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, muscle spasms,
and seizures. According to a 2000 EPA Cancer Assessment review,
there is suggestive evidence that dichlorvos may cause cancer.
The National Toxicology Program has stated that there is "clear
evidence" of carcinogenic activity of dichlorvos in a mice study.
One study has linked dichlorvos exposure to leukemia in children
under 15. Another study has also found an association between
dichlorvos exposure and leukemia in adult men. Furthermore, EPA
has determined that "dichlorvos has been shown to be a direct
acting mutagen by common in vitro bacterial genetic toxicity assays
and in vitro mammalian test systems."
Dichlorvos is soluble in water and may enter surface waters in
runoff. However, no data on its occurrence in surface waters has
been collected there is also little data on dichlorvos in
groundwater. Two other pesticides, naled and trichlorfon,
degrade to dichlorvos in the environment and represent
additional inputs of dichlorvos to water. However, monitoring
data on these two pesticides is also very limited.
Given the lack of monitoring data, EPA used IR-PCA
PRZM/EXAMS models to
calculate estimated drinking water concentrations (EDWCs) of
dichlorvos in surface water. The models produced estimates
that were below the EPA level of concern. However, the
complete lack of monitoring data raises questions about whether
an exclusive reliance on modeling results is appropriate for a
neurotoxic and potentially carcinogenic pesticide such as
dichlorvos. EPA should collect data monitoring data for
dichlorvos by requiring such data from the registrants or
commissioning its own studies to better assess drinking water
risks and set an MCL if necessary.
115322
Dicofol
NRDC
Dicofol is an organochlorine pesticide used in agriculture, primarily
on cotton and citrus crops. Approximately 860,000 pounds of active
ingredient are used every year. Animal studies have found that
dicofol causes toxicity in the liver, adrenal glands, kidneys, thyroid,
reproductive organs, heart and stomach. Liver and thyroid effects
occurred at relatively low doses (100 ppm and 10 ppm,
respectively). Dicofol is a possible human carcinogen. Dicofol has
shown endocrine disrupter activity in vivo and in vitro. This chemical
has been shown to interfere with blastocyst implantation in rats.
EPA used its SCI-GROW model to estimate dicofol
concentrations in groundwater and calculated a 90-day average
peak concentration of 0.069 ppb. An overall mean surface water
concentration of 0.5 ppb was estimated with the PRZM-EXAMS
model. Both concentrations were below the Drinking Water
Levels of Comparison (DWLOCs) for children and the general
U.S. population for both acute and chronic exposure. However,
there are some important shortcomings in EPAs assessment of
dicofol exposure and risk. The first problem with the assessment
is related to the way EPA calculated the Reference Dose (RfD).
EPA is supposed to apply an additional safety factor of 10x to
the RfD calculation to protect infants and children, who may
have increased susceptibility to health effects from chemical
exposures compared to adults. The Agency reduced the FQPA
safety factor of 10x to 3x based on the lack of increased pre-
natal or post-natal susceptibility to dicofol in developmental
toxicity studies. However, EPA stated that a developmental
neurotoxicity study was necessary because dicofol produced
neurotoxicity in rats and such a study might identify an endpoint
for dietary risk. Despite lacking such a study, EPA improperly
reduced the safety factor to 3x. If the 10x factor had been
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CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
Common Name
Nominator
Health Effects
Occurrence
applied as mandated by the Food Quality Protection Act, a more
protective acute RfD of 0.015 mg/kg day-1 would have been
chosen instead of the 0.05 mg/kg day-1 dose EPA used in its
assessment. Had EPA applied the 10x safety factor, dicofol
exposure from food alone would have exceeded the acute RfD
and the EPA level of concern for all population groups (see
Table 1). This would have resulted in a DWLOC of zero (0), so
that any drinking water exposure would have been of concern.
Table 1. Comparison of acute dietary exposure values from food
at the 99.9th percentile
Population ~ Exposure (mg/kg/day) ~ % of Acute RfD With 3x
safety factor* ~ % of Acute RfD With 10x safety factor**
US Population ~ 0.017523 ~ 35%~ 117%
Non-nursing infants (1 year old) ~ 0.044923 ~ 90% ~ 299%
Children (1-6 years old) ~ 0.034919 ~ 70% ~ 233%
Children (7-12 years old) ~ 0.024705 ~ 49% ~ 165%
*With 3x safety factor RfD = 0.05 mg/kg/day
"With 10x safety factor RfD = 0.015 mg/kg/day
The unwarranted reduction of the FQPA safety factor also
affected the outcome of the chronic dietary exposure
assessment. As shown in Table 2, if the 10x factor had been
applied, chronic exposures from food alone for infants and
children 1 to 6 years old would have exceeded the level of
concern. Therefore, any drinking water exposure would have
been of concern as well.
Table 2. Chronic Dietary Food Exposure and Risk Estimate to
Dicofol (from food alone)
Population ~ Exposure (mg/kg/day) ~ % of Chronic RfD With 3x
safety factor* ~ % of Chronic RfD With 10x safety factor**
US Population ~ 0.000076- 19% ~ 63%
Non-nursing infants (1 year old) ~ 0.000129 ~ 32% ~ 108%
Children (1-6 years old) ~ 0.00015 ~ 38% ~ 125%
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August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
Common Name
Nominator
Health Effects
Occurrence
Children (7-12 years old) ~ 0.000104 ~ 26% ~ 87%
*With 3x safety factor RfD = 0.0004 mg/kg/day
"With 10x safety factor RfD = 0.00012 mg/kg/day
Another shortcoming in the EPA assessment is that the Agency
relied on models to estimate environmental concentrations in
surface and groundwater, but did not have a robust set of
monitoring data. EPA should require the collection of surface
and groundwater monitoring data in areas where dicofol is
applied. The Agency should use these data to corroborate its
exposure estimates and make a regulatory determination for
dicofol under the SDWA.
84662
Diethyl phthalate (DEP)
NRDC, ASDWA
In animal studies, DEP has been shown to cause increases in
kidney and liver weight. DEP causes death at high doses. In
humans, Swan et al. (2005) found associations between exposure
to phthalates and one of the most sensitive endpoints for anti-
androgen exposure, ano-genital distance. Although this endpoint is
well-recognized in animal studies, it is not a standard measurement
in humans. However, a decrease in AGO precedes a common birth
defect in the penis, hypospadias. In this study, the researchers
found that prenatal maternal urinary levels of the DEP metabolite,
monoethyl phthalate (MEP), was significantly associated with
reduced AGO and ano-genital index (AGI = AGD/bodyweight) in
male infants. MEP has not been associated with the development of
"phthalate syndrome" in male rats exposed in utero. (NRDC)
CDC (2005) has documented health effects. (ASDWA)
DEP is a plasticizer used in a wide variety of consumer
products. DEP is used in photographic films, blister packaging,
toothbrushes, toys, nail polish, fragrances and other cosmetics,
and pharmaceutical coatings. DEP is a high production volume
chemical, produced in volumes of over 1 million pounds per
year. DEP has been detected in raw and finished drinking water
samples in Southern California. ATSDR also reported
measurable levels of DEP in groundwater and surface waters at
NPL sites. (NRDC)
Frequently detected in surface waters. (ASDWA)
1672464
Digoxigenin
Riverkeeper
May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to
more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining
selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects.
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
20830755
Digoxin
Riverkeeper
May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to
more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining
selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects.
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
28553120
Diisononyl phthalate (DINP)
NRDC
DINP is a plasticizer used in a number of consumer products
including building materials such as flooring and wood veneers,
artificial leather, wires and tubing, and children's toys. DINP is a
high production volume chemical, produced in volumes of over 1
million pounds per year.
DINP is an anti-androgenic endocrine disrupter with developmental
Al-19
The Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP) of the
European Chemicals Bureau has estimated a half life in surface
water for DINP of 50 days. According to the IHCP, 82 percent of
any DINP discharged by sewage treatment plants will be
adsorbed on to sludge, 10 percent will be degraded and 1
percent will be stripped to air. The remaining 7 percent will be
released in the effluent. Given the widespread use and high
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
CASRN
108203
42399417
564250
76420729
Common Name
diisopropyl ether
Diltiazem
Doxy-cycline
Enalaprilat
Nominator
NYDOH
Riverkeeper
Riverkeeper
Riverkeeper
Supporting Information
Health Effects
and reproductive toxicities. Post-pubertal and adult exposures in rat
studies are without apparent effects except at high doses, however
exposures in pregnant rats have been shown to adversely affect
development of the male reproductive tract. Adverse effects include
a cluster of outcomes that has been called "phthalate syndrome"
and includes underdeveloped or absent reproductive organs,
retained nipples, cryptorchidism, decreased anogenital distance
(AGO), hypospadias, and decreased or abnormal sperm. DINP
does not bind to the androgen receptor and these effects are likely
mediated through interference with testosterone synthesis. ,
In humans, Swan et al. (2005) found associations between
exposure to phthalates and one of the most sensitive endpoints for
anti-androgen exposure, ano-genital distance.
Although this endpoint is well-recognized in animal studies, it is not
a standard
measurement in humans. However, a decrease in AGO precedes a
common
birth defect in the penis, hypospadias. In this study, the researchers
found that
prenatal maternal urinary levels of the DINP metabolite,
monoisobutyl phthalate
(MiBP), was significantly associated with reduced AGO and ano-
genital index
(AGI = AGD/bodyweight) in male infants.
Can cause adverse effects on the liver, kidney and CNS. (NYDOH)
May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to
more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining
selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects.
Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes
the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et
al, 2006)
May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to
more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining
selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects.
Occurrence
production volumes of DINP, these releases could pose risks for
water quality. However, there does not appear to be surface
water monitoring data for DINP in the United States. EPA should
attempt to fill this data gap and establish an MCL for DINP if
appropriate.
Use of oxygenates other than MtBE expected to increase (Shih,
et al., 2004; NEIWPCC, 2001). Mobile in the environment.
(NYDOH)
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.
Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates
widespread exposure.
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
Al-20
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EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
CASRN
115297
93106606
517099
Common Name
Endosulfan
Enrofloxacin
Equilenin
Nominator
NRDC
Riverkeeper
Riverkeeper
Supporting Information
Health Effects
Endosulfan is an organochlorine insecticide and acaricide.
Technical grade endosulfan is made of both alpha and beta
stereoisomers whose toxicity is manifested through blockage of
inhibitory GABA (gamma amino butyric acid) gated chloride
channels, resulting in over-stimulation of the central nervous
system. Endosulfan is a recognized neurotoxin and endocrine
disrupter , making even extremely low-dose exposures of very great
concern, especially to vulnerable populations such as children and
fetuses.
Endosulfan is similar in its acute oral toxicity to the related
insecticides aldrin and dieldrin, except that it is slightly more toxic
than these substances in female laboratory animals. Inhalation of
endosulfan dust by humans has been associated with slight nausea,
confusion, excitement, flushing, and dry mouth . Nine employees
who had been working with 50-percent water-wettable endosulfan
powder for only a few days had convulsions .
Endosulfan is a significant endocrine disrupter and reproductive
toxicant. This pesticide increases the rate of testosterone
breakdown and excretion. In immature rats, endosulfan causes
significant dose-related decreases in sperm counts, and causes
sperm deformities at low exposure levels. In fish, endosulfan
elevates levels of thyroxine and suppresses levels of
triiodothyronine, probably by inhibiting the conversion of thyroxine to
T3. The developing brain is potentially most severely affected by
this pesticide via altered levels of critical neurotransmitters
such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin the altered
neurotransmitter levels are associated with deficits in learning and
memory.
Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes
the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et
al, 2006)
Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal
compounds may pose significant health risks, a human
contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and
environmentally relevant levels" [Pent et al, 2006]. Combining
compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose
an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers]
Occurrence
The EPA estimates that 1 .4 million pounds of endosulfan are
applied annually to US crops. According to the EFED risk
assessment for the RED on endosulfan, monitoring data show
widespread contamination of surface water. EPA modeled
surface water contamination and calculated acute estimated
environmental concentrations ranging from 4.49 ppb to 23.86
ppb. Chronic EECs ranged from 0.53 ppb to 1 .5 ppb. The acute
and chronic EEC for endosulfan in groundwater was 0.012 ppb.
EPA concluded in the RED that "residues of endosulfan in
drinking water are of concern" for acute exposure for infants less
than one year old and for children 1-6 years old. EPA
determined that exposure from food alone created risks of
concern for children 1 to 6 years old and set a DWLOC of zero
(0) ppb for this population.
EPA proposed mitigation measures to address risks from
endosulfan contamination of drinking water (1 1 0-foot setbacks
for ground applications, 3-foot vegetative buffers, and reductions
in application rates). However, the implementation of required
mitigation measures to reduce pesticide risks is rarely
monitored or enforced. Given the risk indicated in the drinking
water exposure
assessment, EPA should require more widespread monitoring
for endosulfan
and take regulatory action to establish an MCL for endosulfan.
Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.
Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates
widespread exposure.
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
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EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
CASRN
474862
114078
50271
53167
637923
2164172
54910893
25812300
2163680
Common Name
Equilin
Erythoromycin-H20
Estriol
Estrone
ethyl-tert-butyl ether
Fluometuron
Fluoxintine
Gemfibrozil
hydroxyatrazine
Nominator
Riverkeeper
Riverkeeper
Riverkeeper
Riverkeeper
NYDOH
AWWA
Riverkeeper
Riverkeeper
NYDOH
Supporting Information
Health Effects
Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal
compounds may pose significant health risks, a human
contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and
environmentally relevant levels" [Pent et al, 2006]. Combining
compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose
an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers]
Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes
the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et
al, 2006)
Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal
compounds may pose significant health risks, a human
contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and
environmentally relevant levels" [Pent et al, 2006]. Combining
compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose
an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers]
Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal
compounds may pose significant health risks, a human
contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and
environmentally relevant levels" [Pent et al, 2006]. Combining
compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose
an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers]
Can cause adverse effects on the liver, kidney and CNS. (NYDOH)
RfD (EPA, mg/kd/d)=0.013. Possible carcinogen slight acute (PAN)
May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to
more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining
selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects.
May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to
more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining
selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects.
Co-occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks
beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical.
(NYDOH)
Occurrence
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.
Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates
widespread exposure.
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
Use of oxygenates other than MtBE expected to increase (Shih,
et al., 2004; NEIWPCC, 2001). Mobile in the environment.
(NYDOH)
Occurrence (0.046 ppb 95%ile (USGS)
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental
persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water
supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY
(SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)
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EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
Common Name
Nominator
Health Effects
Occurrence
154212
Lincomycin
Riverkeeper
Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes
the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et
al, 2006)
Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.
Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates
widespread exposure.
330552
Linuron
NRDC
Linuron is a urea-based herbicide used primarily on soybeans (79
percent of usage). It has been shown to cause non-malignant
testicular and liver tumors in animals. Investigation of the testicular
tumors revealed that this herbicide acts by blocking the function of
male androgens. In animals, at relatively low doses, linuron is a
recognized anti-androgen. This chemical has been shown in
laboratory studies to decrease male sex organ weights, cause
testicular atrophy, delay puberty, and increase estrogen levels in
males.
About 400,000 pounds of linuron are used in U.S. agriculture
each year. This herbicide persists for 1-5 months in soil, and has
been shown to run off of fields into surface and groundwater
supplies. EPA concluded in its Reregistration Eligibility Decision
(RED) that linuron exceeded the Levels of Concern (LOG) for
groundwater quality. EPA also expressed "moderate concerns"
for drinking water supply systems relying on surface water
sources.
Several factors in EPAs drinking water exposure assessment
raise concerns about groundwater contamination. In the
groundwater portion of the assessment, data were present for
only four states: Georgia, Missouri, Virginia, and Wisconsin. In
Georgia linuron was found in groundwater in concentrations up
to 5 ppb. EPA later cast doubt on the reliability of the data and
removed it from consideration in the final RED, basing its
decision on new information received from the State of Georgia.
Valid groundwater detections in Missouri (up to 1.9 ppb), Virginia
(up to 1.31 ppb in 4 of 8 wells) and Wisconsin (up to 2.7 ppb)
may seriously underestimate linuron levels throughout the
country because these three states are not among the 16-20
states where linuron is most heavily used. The sixteen states
listed on page 3 of EPAs Overview of Linuron Risk Assessment
appear to account for well over 80% of linuron use in the United
States, so the complete absence of any data on groundwater in
any of these states is a critical data gap. The USGS has also
reported on areas where linuron is most heavily used on a per-
acre basis. The USGS maps indicate that Indiana, Ohio,
Michigan, Delaware, and Maryland are heavy use states. These
states are not among the ones from which groundwater data are
available. Strangely, only one of these (Michigan) is listed by
EPA as among heavy use states.
Casting further doubt on EPAs estimates of the risks of linuron
in drinking water sources is the fact that the model used for
surface water assessment was not tested against any data
whatsoever. The exposure estimates (18 ppb) for infants and
children exceed EPA's chronic DWLOC (6 ppb) by three-fold.
This result is of particular concern in light of the serious flaws in
the drinking water risk assessment that conspire to
underestimate the actual risk. EPA admits that "residues of
linuron and its metabolites in drinking water may represent a
Al-23
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EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
Common Name
Nominator
Health Effects
Occurrence
chronic human health risk..." (p. 42).
Since linuron is not regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act
water supply systems are not required to sample or analyze for
it. This is a particular problem because EPA admits that drinking
water treatment is unlikely to remove linuron and its degradates.
The Agency must move rapidly to collect more data on linuron in
water and must make a high priority of regulating linuron under
the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA).
121755
Malathion
AWWA
None provided
Commonly used insecticide - log n-octanol-water partition
coefficient 2.36 - 2.89, solubility in water 145 mg/L at 25 oC.
WHO states that the presence of malathion in drinking water
under usual conditions is unlikely to represent a hazard to
human health and has not proposed a guideline in drinking
water
7439965
Manganese
NRDC
At high doses manganese is known to cause neurological damage
resulting in an illness which closely resembles Parkinson's disease.
Somewhat lower doses have been shown to cause subtle
neurologic problems such as delayed reaction time, tremors, and
memory impairment. In addition to the neurologic effects, exposure
may cause respiratory problems such as an increased susceptibility
to bacterial infections and bronchitis. A recent report of a cross-
sectional investigation of intellectual function in 142 10-year-old
children in Bangladesh, who had been consuming well water with
an average concentration of 793 ppb found that water manganese
was associated with reduced scores on standardized intelligence
testing. In the United States, roughly 6% of domestic wells have
manganese concentrations that exceed 300 ppb. The authors
concluded that in both Bangladesh and the United States, some
children are at risk for manganese-induced neurotoxicity from
drinking contaminated water. In addition, prenatal exposure to
manganese is associated with delayed psychomotor development in
children.
Manganese was included in CCL1, but EPA made the
determination not to regulate it. However, recent neurological
and developmentnal data that was not available during the
assessment of the CCL1 contaminants support the inclusion of
manganese in CCL3.
Al-24
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EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
CASRN
93652
72333
657249
298000
51218452
171118095
152019733
101043372
Common Name
Mecoprop
Mestranol
Metformin
Methyl parathion
Metolachlor
Metolachlor ethanesulfonic
acid
Metolachlor oxanilic acid
Microcystin LR
Nominator
ASDWA
Riverkeeper
Riverkeeper
AWWA
NYDOH
NYDOH
NYDOH
ASDWA,
AWWA
Supporting Information
Health Effects
None provided
Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal
compounds may pose significant health risks, a human
contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and
environmentally relevant levels" [Pent et al, 2006]. Combining
compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose
an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers]
May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to
more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining
selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects.
Methyl parathion interferes with the normal way that the nerves and
brain function. Exposure to very high levels of methyl parathion for a
short period in air or water may cause death, loss of consciousness,
dizziness, confusion, headaches, difficult breathing, chest tightness,
wheezing, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, tremors, blurred vision, and
sweating. Rfd (EPA, mg/kd/d)=0.00025.Acute toxicity,
chlolinestarase inhibitor (PAN)
Co-occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks
beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical.
(NYDOH)
Co-occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks
beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical.
(NYDOH)
Co-occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks
beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical.
(NYDOH)
Cyanobacteria toxin that causes blood to spill into liver tissue. This
bleeding can lead swiftly to death. (AWWA)
Many states have had algal blooms severe enough to prompt public
health concerns. (ASDWA)
Occurrence
Detected in Lake Whatcom, Washington study near EPA Health
Advisory level. (ASDWA)
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
Methyl parathion is a pesticide used to kill insects on crops.
Occurrence (0.006 ppb 95%ile and 0.061 max (USGS)
Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental
persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water
supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY
(SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)
Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental
persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water
supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY
(SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)
Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental
persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water
supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY
(SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)
Significant amount of data on occurrence, health effects and
treatment of cyanobacterial toxins. A national review would help
to coalesce the data. (ASDWA)
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EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
CASRN
17157481
107200
77439760
91203
14797558
14797650
55185
62759
Common Name
monobromoacetaldehyde
monochloroacetaldehyde
MX
naphthalene
nitrate
nitrite
N-Nitrosodiethylamine
(NDEA)
N-nitrosodimethylamine
Nominator
AWWA
AWWA
AWWA,
NYDOH
ASDWA
ASDWA, TCEQ
ASDWA, TCEQ
AMWA, AWWA
ASDWA,
AMWA, AWWA
Supporting Information
Health Effects
None provided
None provided
High Potential Toxicity. [AWWA].
Induces thyroid and bile duct tumors; animal studies indicate
carcinogenicity. DBP that has been shown to cause advserse health
outcomes (carcinogenicity) (NYDOH)
The toxicity of these compounds has been studied by EPA and
ATSDR. (ASDWA)
Adverse health effects on infants and pregnant or nursing women.
(TXCEQ, ASDWA)
Adverse health effects on infants and pregnant or nursing women.
(TXCEQ, ASDWA)
Probable human carcinogen. (AMWA)
Probable human carcinogen. (AMWA)
DHHS has determined NDMA"may reasonably anticipated to be a
human carcinogen." (ASDWA)
Occurrence
This class of disinfection by-products was the third highest in
concentration (albeit, not as high as THMs or HAAs). Except
monochloro- (difficult to analyze) and monobromo-(not studied
yet), all others are easily measured by conventional methods.
This class of disinfection by-products was the third highest in
concentration (albeit, not as high as THMs or HAAs). Except
monochloro- (difficult to analyze) and monobromo-(not studied
yet), all others are easily measured by conventional methods.
Found in Massachusetts drinking water at 4-80 ng/L (Wright, et
al., 2002). In 12 water treatment plants, representing all 9 EPA
regions, MX found in finished water at a median concentration of
20 ng/L and a 75%ile of 60 ng/L. (Krasner, et al., 2006). Found
in drinking water in Japan, UK, and Finland. (NYDOH)
Among the most frequently detected aromatic compounds in
water samples based on a recent study. (Serdar, et al., 1999).
Diesel fuel widely used and released. (ASDWA)
Issue of chloranimation and nitrification. Texas study indicated
half of water systems using chloramines had detectable nitrite,
and as many as 10% detected nitrite in excess of the MCL in at
least one sample. (TXCEQ, ASDWA)
Issue of chloranimation and nitrification. Texas study indicated
half of water systems using chloramines had detectable nitrite,
and as many as 10% detected nitrite in excess of the MCL in at
least one sample. (TXCEQ, ASDWA)
This class of non-halogenated disinfection by-products includes
the aggregate of all nitrosamines measurable by a single
method and NMOR. NMOR is the second most prevalent
nitrosamine found in wastewater and has been found in an
effluent-impacted river used as a drinking water supply. NMOR
can be analyzed for by all nitrosamine methods except for the
one developed by the EPA. (AWWA)
Disinfection by-product. Occurrence may increase with
increased chloramination (AMWA)
This class of non-halogenated disinfection by-products includes
the aggregate of all nitrosamines measurable by a single
method and NMOR. NMOR is the second most prevalent
nitrosamine found in wastewater and has been found in an
effluent-impacted river used as a drinking water supply. NMOR
can be analyzed for by all nitrosamine methods except for the
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EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
Common Name
Nominator
Health Effects
Occurrence
one developed by the EPA. (AWWA)
Disinfection by-product.Occurrence may increase with increased
chloramination (AMWA)
Found in groundwater associated with rocket fuel; may be a
DBF. (ASDWA)
621647
N-Nitrosodi-n-propylam ine
(NDPA)
AMWA, AWWA
Probable human carcinogen. (AMWA)
This class of non-halogenated disinfection by-products includes
the aggregate of all nitrosamines measurable by a single
method and NMOR. NMOR is the second most prevalent
nitrosamine found in wastewater and has been found in an
effluent-impacted river used as a drinking water supply. NMOR
can be analyzed for by all nitrosamine methods except for the
one developed by the EPA. (AWWA)
Disinfection by-product.Occurrence may increase with increased
chloramination. (AMWA)
25154523
Nonylphenol (NP)
NRDC
An estimated 450,000,000 pounds of Alkylphenols and
polyethoxylates (APEs) are produced annually in the United States,
and about half that amount is estimated to be released to
wastewater. Alkylphenols were first reported to be estrogenic in the
1930s. In 1991, publication of the effects of nonylphenol on cultured
human breast cancer cells led to health concerns. Estrogenic
effects have also been shown in the mouse. Estrogenic effects are
present at tissue concentrations of 0.1 |jM for octylphenol and 1 |jM
for nonylphenol. A recombinant yeast screen using the human
estrogen receptor has shown similar results.
Alkylphenols and polyethoxylates do not break down effectively
in sewage treatment plants or in the environment. Instead they
degrade to alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates, which
persist for longer. Nonylphenol and its ethoxylates, and other
alkylphenols, have been detected in wastewater and in
waterways.
9016459
Nonylphenol ethoxylate
(NPE)
NRDC
These compounds include:
An estimated 450,000,000 pounds of Alkylphenols and
polyethoxylates (APEs) are produced annually in the United States,
and about half that amount is estimated to be released to
wastewater. Alkylphenols were first reported to be estrogenic in the
1930s. In 1991, publication of the effects of nonylphenol on cultured
human breast cancer cells led to health concerns. Estrogenic
effects have also been shown in the mouse. Estrogenic effects are
present at tissue concentrations of 0.1 |jM for octylphenol and 1 |jM
for nonylphenol. A recombinant yeast screen using the human
estrogen receptor has shown similar results.
Alkylphenols and polyethoxylates do not break down effectively
in sewage treatment plants or in the environment. Instead they
degrade to alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates, which
persist for longer. Nonylphenol and its ethoxylates, and other
alkylphenols, have been detected in wastewater and in
waterways.
70458967
Norfloxacin
Riverkeeper
Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes
the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et
al, 2006)
Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.
Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates
widespread exposure.
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EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
Common Name
Nominator
Health Effects
Occurrence
27193288
Octylphenol (OP)
NRDC
These compounds include:
An estimated 450,000,000 pounds of Alkylphenols and
polyethoxylates (APEs) are produced annually in the United States,
and about half that amount is estimated to be released to
wastewater. Alkylphenols were first reported to be estrogenic in the
1930s. In 1991, publication of the effects of nonylphenol on cultured
human breast cancer cells led to health concerns. Estrogenic
effects have also been shown in the mouse. Estrogenic effects are
present at tissue concentrations of 0.1 |jM for octylphenol and 1 |jM
for nonylphenol. A recombinant yeast screen using the human
estrogen receptor has shown similar results.
Alkylphenols and polyethoxylates do not break down effectively
in sewage treatment plants or in the environment. Instead they
degrade to alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates, which
persist for longer. Nonylphenol and its ethoxylates, and other
alkylphenols, have been detected in wastewater and in
waterways.
9036195
Octylphenol ethoxylate
(OPE)
NRDC
These compounds include:
An estimated 450,000,000 pounds of Alkylphenols and
polyethoxylates (APEs) are produced annually in the United States,
and about half that amount is estimated to be released to
wastewater. Alkylphenols were first reported to be estrogenic in the
1930s. In 1991, publication of the effects of nonylphenol on cultured
human breast cancer cells led to health concerns. Estrogenic
effects have also been shown in the mouse. Estrogenic effects are
present at tissue concentrations of 0.1 |jM for octylphenol and 1 |jM
for nonylphenol. A recombinant yeast screen using the human
estrogen receptor has shown similar results.
Alkylphenols and polyethoxylates do not break down effectively
in sewage treatment plants or in the environment. Instead they
degrade to alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates, which
persist for longer. Nonylphenol and its ethoxylates, and other
alkylphenols, have been detected in wastewater and in
waterways.
79572
Oxytetracycline
Riverkeeper
Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes
the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et
al, 2006)
Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.
Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates
widespread exposure.
Paroxetine metabolite
Riverkeeper
May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to
more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining
selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects.
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
14797730
Perchlorate
Anonymous
None provided -
None provided -
375224
Perfluorobutanoic acid
ASDWA,
USEPA Region
3
Suspected toxicity, Risk assessment in progress
refer to OPPT's PFOA web site
Also associated checmicals PFOS and PFBA should be included
with PFOA (AWWA)
Health effects data limited. (ASDWA)
Used in stain resistance coatins in food processing and in
numerous processes for flame retardant foams, surfactants in
polymer manufacturing and numerous other manufacturing
uses. PFOS was phased out by 3M, in 2002 due to toxicity.
PFOA and PFBA replaced PFOS in many application, but all
three are highly persistant in the environment and appear to
accumulate in the blood proteins of humans with a half life of
about 4 years. (AWWA)
Low, but consistently detectable levels in water systems in a
number of states. (ASDWA)
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-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
Common Name
Nominator
Health Effects
Occurrence
335671
Perfluorooctanoic acid
ASDWA,
NJDEP, USEPA
Region 3
Suspected toxicity, Risk assessment in progress
refer to OPPT's PFOA web site
Also associated checmicals PFOS and PFBA should be included
with PFOA (nominator)
EPA and NJDEP assessing health effects. (NJDEP)
Health effects data limited. (ASDWA)
Used in stain resistance coatins in food processing and in
numerous processes for flame retardant foams, surfactants in
polymer manufacturing and numerous other manufacturing
uses. PFOS was phased out by 3M, in 2002 due to toxicity.
PFOA and PFBA replaced PFOS in many application, but all
three are highly persistant in the environment and appear to
accumulate in the blood proteins of humans with a half life of
about 4 years, (nominator)
2006 Occurrence data from NJ indicate PFOA was quantitated
at 65% of water systems sampled (78% of systems if non-
quantifiable detects are considered). Concentrations ranged
from 0.003 ppb to 0.039 ppb. (NJDEP)
Low, but consistently detectable levels in water systems in a
number of states. (ASDWA)
1763231
Perfluorooctanoic sulfonate
ASDWA,
NJDEP, USEPA
Region 3
Suspected toxicity, Risk assessment in progress
refer to OPPT's PFOA web site
Also associated checmicals PFOS and PFBA should be included
with PFOA (nominator)
EPA and NJDEP assessing health effects. (NJDEP)
Health effects data limited. (ASDWA)
Used in stain resistance coatins in food processing and in
numerous processes for flame retardant foams, surfactants in
polymer manufacturing and numerous other manufacturing
uses. PFOS was phased out by 3M, in 2002 due to toxicity.
PFOA and PFBA replaced PFOS in many application, but all
three are highly persistant in the environment and appear to
accumulate in the blood proteins of humans with a half life of
about 4 years, (nominator)
2006 Occurrence data from NJ indicate PFOS was quantitated
at 30% of water systems sampled (57% of systems if non-
quantifiable detects are considered). Concentrations ranged
from 0.0023 ppb to 0.019 ppb. (NJDEP)
Low, but consistently detectable levels in water systems in a
number of states. (ASDWA)
61949777
Permethrin, trans
AWWA
IARC classified as group 3 for expected toxicity. No human data
regarding carcinogenicity and is not genotoxic
Mixture of 4 stereoisomers (trans and cis). Contact insectide
used for a broad ranges of pests. Water solubility 0.2 mg/L and
log octanol water partition coefficient 6.5. Surface waters may
become contaminated when applied directly for mosquito
control. Soil half-life approx. 28 days.Occurrence 0.006 ppb
95%ile (USGS). Concentrations as high as 0.8 mg/L have been
detected in surface water. Levels in drinking water have not
been reported. WHO has not established a drinking water
guideline as it is believed to occur below levels of concern
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-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
Common Name
Nominator
Health Effects
Occurrence
732116
Phosmet
NRDC
Organophosphate. Neurotoxic; causes red blood cell, plasma,
serum and brain Cholinesterase inhibition; mutagenic. May affect
fetal development. Suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity. NRDC
disagrees with EPA's determination of a NOAEL as presented in
IRED. (NRDC)
1.25 M lobs/year applied to apples, peaches, walnuts, almonds
and pears. Mobile in runoff; has potential to contaminate
drinking water sources. IRED drinking water assessment based
on limited monitoring data estimating concentrations from 0.4 to
140 ppb and basis of PAD are flawed (details in submitted
comments.) [NRDC]
57830
Progesterone
Riverkeeper
Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal
compounds may pose significant health risks, a human
contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and
environmentally relevant levels" [Pent et al, 2006]. Combining
compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose
an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers]
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
1610180
prometon
ASDWA
Detected levels near EPA Health Advisory
Detected in Lake Whatcom, Washington study near EPA Health
Advisory level. (ASDWA)
114261
Propoxur
NRDC
None provided -
- None provided
129000
pyrene
ASDWA
The toxicity of these compounds has been studied by EPA and
ATSDR. (ASDWA)
Among the most frequently detected aromatic compounds in
water samples based on a recent study. (Serdar, et al., 1999).
Diesel fuel widely used and released. (ASDWA)
13233324
Radium 224
AWWA,
Anonymous
Radium is a class A carcinogen, that is, a demonstrated carcinogen
in human populations. It is biochemically similar to calcium and
barium when ingested, and concentrates in bone. The USEPA has
established a Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for radium in
public drinking water supplies. The MCL is 5 pCi/L for combined
radium, which is defined as the sum of Ra-226 and Ra-228 (USEPA
2000a). The MCL for gross alpha-particle activity is 15 pCi/L.
However, due to its short half life (3.66 days), the concentration of
Ra-224 is not included in the definition of combined radium as
posed by USEPA. Because of its short half life, much of the
ingested Ra-224 decays on bone surfaces, where it may have
enhanced effectiveness (Mays et al. 1985 Schleien 1992). Re-
evaluation by USEPA indicates that lifetime cancer risk from
ingestion of Ra-224 is less than that from ingestion of an equal
amount of Ra-226 or Ra-228, but greater than that suggested in the
Mays et al study (USEPA 1999). The concern is that previously
undetected presence of Ra-224 may pose an additional,
quantifiable radium health risk that currently is not accounted for by
the 5-pCi/L MCL for combined radium in drinking water.
Extensive monitoring in the State of New Jersey over the past
several years has established the presence of unsupported Ra-
224 as the significant source of the elevated alpha-particle
radioactivity (Parsa 1998). A follow-up national survey by the
USEPA and USGS has demonstrated that Ra-224 may be
present in significant quantities in ground water (Focazio et al.
2001). Since then, the USEPA has issued a Notice of Data
Availability (NODA) recommending the gross alpha-particle
analysis of public water supplies be performed within 48-72
hours from the sample collection time to capture the
contributions from Ra-224 (USEPA 2000b). A recent study by
USGS, NJDEP, and NJDHSS confirms that Ra-224 contributes
considerable gross alpha-particle activity to drinking water
produced from the New Jersey Coastal Plain aquifer system
(Szabo et al. 2005). Radium-224 occurrence in drinking water
should be expected in any area of the country that is
geologically similar to New Jersey.
'In Final Radionuclides in Water Rule on December 7, 2000
(USEPA 2000a), USEPA agrees that Ra-224 is a health concern
and believes that collecting data to determine if Ra-224 is of
national concern is the appropriate next step for detemining if
Ra-224 should be regulated separately. It states that "The
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EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
CASRN
66357355
80214831
98105998
7440235
7647145
122112
127797
57681
144821
723466
Common Name
Ranitidine
Roxithromycin
Sarafloxacin
Sodium
Sodium chloride
Sulfadimethoxine
Sulfamerazine
Sulfamethazine
Sulfamethizole
Sulfamethoxazole
Nominator
Riverkeeper
Riverkeeper
Riverkeeper
Riverkeeper
Riverkeeper
Riverkeeper
Riverkeeper
Riverkeeper
Riverkeeper
Riverkeeper
Supporting Information
Health Effects
May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to
more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining
selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects.
Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes
the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et
al, 2006)
Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes
the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et
al, 2006)
Road salting leads to degradation of vegetation and habitat;
drinking water impacts. (Riverkeeper)
Road salting leads to degradation of vegetation and habitat;
drinking water impacts. (Riverkeeper)
Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes
the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et
al, 2006)
Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes
the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et
al, 2006)
Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes
the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et
al, 2006)
Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes
the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et
al, 2006)
Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes
the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et
al, 2006)
Occurrence
Agency plans to collect additional occurrence information for Ra-
224, which may involve coordination with the USGS, and will
evaluate whether future regulatory action or guidance is
necessary".
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.
Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates
widespread exposure.
Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.
Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates
widespread exposure.
Road salts can enter air, soil, groundwater and surface water
from direct or snowmelt run-off and release from surface soils
and/or wind-borne spray. NYCDEP reports that most of the
Croton watershed have displayed steady increases in
conductivity since the 1990s. (Riverkeeper)
Road salts can enter air, soil, groundwater and surface water
from direct or snowmelt run-off and release from surface soils
and/or wind-borne spray. NYCDEP reports that most of the
Croton watershed have displayed steady increases in
conductivity since the 1990s. (Riverkeeper)
Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.
Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates
widespread exposure.
Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.
Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates
widespread exposure.
Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.
Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates
widespread exposure.
Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.
Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates
widespread exposure.
Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.
Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates
widespread exposure.
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EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
CASRN
72140
75854
919948
994058
75650
58220
60548
75967
464108
Common Name
Sulfathiozole
tert-amyl alcohol
tert-amyl ethyl ether
tert-amyl methyl ether
tert-butyl alcohol
Testosterone
Tetracycline
tribromoacetic acid
tribromonitromethane
(bromopicrin)
Nominator
Riverkeeper
NYDOH
NYDOH
NYDOH
NYDOH,
NJDEP
Riverkeeper
Riverkeeper
NYDOH
AWWA
Supporting Information
Health Effects
Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes
the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et
al, 2006)
Can cause adverse effects on the liver, kidney and CNS. (NYDOH)
Can cause adverse effects on the liver, kidney and CNS. (NYDOH)
Can cause adverse effects on the liver, kidney and CNS;
carcinogen. (NYDOH)
Can cause adverse effects on the liver, kidney and CNS. (NYDOH)
Kidney toxicity; kidney tumors in male rats in NTP bioassay. Toxic
to thyroid and bladder in male and female mice; thyroid tumors in
male and female mice. Health-based groundwater criterion of 100
ug/L based on nephropathy in female rats in NTP study; NTP
LOAELfrom kidney study = 175 mg/kg-d; Group C possible human
carcinogen. Applied UF of 10,000 from LOAEL and 10 for poss.
care., assuming RSC of 20% (NJDEP)
Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal
compounds may pose significant health risks, a human
contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and
environmentally relevant levels" [Pent et al, 2006]. Combining
compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose
an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers]
Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes
the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et
al, 2006)
Known to cause adverse health effects. (NYDOH)
None provided
Occurrence
Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.
Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates
widespread exposure.
Use of oxygenates other than MtBE expected to increase (Shih,
et al., 2004; NEIWPCC, 2001). Mobile in the environment.
(NYDOH)
Use of oxygenates other than MtBE expected to increase (Shih,
et al., 2004; NEIWPCC, 2001). Mobile in the environment.
(NYDOH)
Use of oxygenates other than MtBE expected to increase (Shih,
et al., 2004; NEIWPCC, 2001). Mobile in the environment.
(NYDOH)
NJ Study: Occurs in GW. Octanol enhancer, co-contaminant
with MTBE, other uses. Detected in 36 out of 3,048 private
wells. Min: 10ppb;max: 251 ppb; mean: 67 ppb. (NJDEP)
Use of oxygenates other than MtBE expected to increase (Shih,
et al., 2004; NEIWPCC, 2001). Mobile in the environment.
(NYDOH)
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.
Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates
widespread exposure.
These four HAAs typically constitute 20-50% of total chlorine
and bromine containing HAA observed in finished waters
(Roberts, etal., 2002). (NYDOH)
This class was studied by Plewa (University of Illinois) and
DeAngelo (USEPA). Plewa found some of them to be 1-2
orders of magnitude more toxic than the HAAs by his assays.
Their concentration is 1 -2 orders of magnitude lower than that of
the HAAS.
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EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
Common Name
Nominator
Health Effects
Occurrence
52686
Trichlorfon
NRDC
Neurotoxic; cholinesterase inhibitor. Associated with kidney, lung
and gastrointestinal abnormalities. Anemia reported; caused a
statistically significant increase in mononuclear cell leukemia. Also
a developmetnal toxicant. Although a group E carcinogen, NRDC
feels there is evidence of potential carcinogenicity. (NRDC)
Despite cancelled feed and food crop uses, still approved for
agricultural uses. Detected in Georgia groundwater in 12 of 179
wells up to 10 ppb. Highly mobile in soil. RED does not address
drinking water exposure. (NRDC)
75876
trichloroacetaldehyde
AWWA
None provided
This class of disinfection by-products was the third highest in
concentration (albeit, not as high as THMs or HAAs). Except
monochloro- (difficult to analyze) and monobromo-(not studied
yet), all others are easily measured by conventional methods.
76062
trichloronitromethane
(chloropicrin)
AWWA
None provided
This class was studied by Plewa (University of Illinois) and
DeAngelo (USEPA). Plewa found some of them to be 1-2
orders of magnitude more toxic than the HAAs by his assays.
Their concentration is 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than that of
the HAAS.
101202
triclocarban
NYDOH
Used in high volume; limited data; similar to halogenated biphenyls,
suggesting potential endocrine, developmental and reproductive
risk. (NYDOH)
Documented in surface waters and wastewater, but data limited.
In common use; largely unchanged by wastewater treatment.
(NYDOH)
55335063
triclopyr
ASDWA
Detected levels near EPA Health Advisory
Detected in Lake Whatcom, Washington study below EPA
Health Advisory level. (ASDWA)
3380345
Triclosan
NRDC, NYDOH
Triclosan is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent that is widely
used in personal care products such as soaps, toothpastes,
cosmetics, skin creams and deodorants kitchen accessories such
as cutting boards and utensils and in textiles such as sportswear,
shoes and carpets.
Triclosan is produced at over one million pounds per year. The
chemical structure of triclosan is similar to other endocrine
disrupting compounds and potential breakdown products of triclosan
include dioxins.
Recently, low levels of triclosan were found to interfere with the
metamorphosis of frogs. Exposure to as little as 0.15 micrograms/l
triclosan caused an earlier metamorphosis than normal, with effects
on the tadpole brain and tail. Triclosan activates the human
pregnane X receptor (hPXR), which is involved in the enzymatic
metabolism of steroids and xenobiotics. (NRDC)
Potential endocrine disrupter; structurally similar to polybrominated
diphenyl ethers, dioxins and furans. There are substantial in vitro
data on the mammalian pharmacokinetics of triclosan interactions
Al-33
Triclosan has been found in wastewater treatment effluent and
drinking water sources. Triclosan was detected in Louisiana
sewage treatment plant effluent at 10-21 ng/l. Boyd (2004)
reported triclosan concentrations of ND - 29 ng/l in two
stormwater canals in New Orleans. Triclosan has also been
detected in raw and finished drinking water samples from
Southern California. (NRDC)
Widespread occurrence in surface water and biota (Kolpin, et
al., 2002 and others) and some detections in ground water.
Ubiquitous in Not effectively removed from wastewater by
conventional treatment. Ubiquitous and used in high volume as
disinfectant in personal care products. Occurs in plasma and
human breast milk. (NYDOH)
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations
CASRN
738705
1401690
21411530
81812
Common Name
trimethoprim
Tylosin
Virginiamycin
Warfarin
Nominator
NYDOH,
Riverkeeper
Riverkeeper
Riverkeeper
Riverkeeper
Supporting Information
Health Effects
with molecular and biochemical receptor
targets. Subchronic and chronic whole animal studies are sparse.
(NYDOH)
Emerging contaminant of possible health concern. 25th ranked
presciption medicine in the US. (NYDOH)
Known or suspected toxicity. [Riverkeepers]
Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes
the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et
al, 2006)
Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes
the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et
al, 2006)
None provided
Occurrence
NYDOH surveyed the New York city watershed; in each of four
WWTP effluent sampled and at high frequency. Detected as
high as 8,090-37,000 ng/L. USGS detected in groundwater at
concentrations ranging from 0.1-100 ng/L in Long Island.
Median NREC concentration 103 ng/L. Relatively stable and
moderately mobile. (NYDOH)
Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates
widespread exposure. Meets definition of "emerging
contaminants" because not historically considered contaminant
but present on a global scale. [Riverkeepers]
Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.
Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates
widespread exposure.
Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.
Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates
widespread exposure.
The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the
public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what
is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight.
[Riverkeepers]
Al-34
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EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations
Supporting Information
Microbial
Contaminant
(organism or
toxin)
Adeno virus
Adeno virus
(enteric serotypes)
Astrovirus
Campylobacter
jejuni
Coxsackieviruses
Nominator
AWWA
ASDWA
ASDWA
AWWA
AWWA
Health Effect
Although many adenoviruses
replicate efficiently in the
intestine, only the enteric
adenoviruses 40 and 41 have
been recognized as important
causes of gastroenteritis in
children. Adenoviral
gastroenteritis occurs mostly in
children under the age of 2,
particularly during the first year of
life. Symptoms are watery
diarrhea and sometimes vomiting.
Other susceptible populations are
at risk.
None Provided.
None Provided.
Major enteric pathogen: infant
mortality. C. jejuni infections
peaks during infancy and again in
young adults aged 15-44 years.
Acute self-limited gastrointestinal
illness, characterized by diarrhea,
fever, and abdominal cramps.
However, one in 1 000 infections
may lead to Guillian-Barre
syndrome. Fluoroquinolone
resistance has been reported in
C.jeuni since the 1980s in Europe
and since 1 995 in USA.
Health effects are aseptic
meningitis, febrile illness,
vomiting, pleurodynia, respiratory
illness, myocarditis, possible
chronic sequelae
Occurrence
Over a 1 year period [June 2002-
03] adenoviruses were detected
in 5.32% of treated drinking water
and 22.22% of river water
samples using nested PCR. Most
of the river samples were
serotypes 40 and 41 and three
drinking water samples were 40
and 41 . [van
None Provided.
None Provided.
1 980-2003 there have been 20
waterborne Campylobacter
outbreaks reported, involving
1 1 ,608 cases [Martin et al]. In
May 2000, E.coli 157:H7 and C.
jejuni contaminated the drinking
supply in Walkerton, Ontario.
Seven people died and over
2,000 were ill [Holme 2003]
Frequently detected in water.
Common in sewage
Additional
Information
EPA Notes: This group
was included on the
Final CCL 3.
EPA Notes: The final
CCL 3 includes
enterovirus. The CDC
includes the
polioviruses,
coxsackieviruses,
echoviruses, and other
enteroviruses under
this group.
CCL 3 Process Status
Universe
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
(as
Enterovirus)
PCCL
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
(as
Enterovirus)
Draft
CCL
3
Yes
Final CCL
3
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
(as
Enterovirus)
A2-1
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations
Supporting Information
Microbial
Contaminant
(organism or
toxin)
Cyanobacteria
£. coli (toxigenic)
Nominator
AWWA
AWWA
Health Effect
A high degree of uncertainty
remains as to the sufficiency of
the uncertainty factors applied
during extrapolation from animals
to humans (factor 10), when
considering the observed species
(human-animal) differences in
organic anion transporter profile
(Fischer et al., in press) and
hence kinetic and dynamic
dissimilarities (Batista et al.,
2003). Despite these caveats, it
appears that for the time being,
the WHO guidance value for
drinking water with 1 .0 |jg MC-
LR/I should provide for sufficient
protection of the consumer. In
contrast, the application of
guidance values for EGAS (Gilroy
et al., 2000) appears misguided
as the TDIs of infants and
children, as well as adult
consumers, are readily exceeded
due to repeated contamination of
EGAS and consumer dependent
variation in daily EGAS
consumption
Cyanobacteria (algal toxins).
Potential severe acute
hepatotoxicity at low
concentrations and possible liver
damage
People have died because of
waterborne outbreaks with this
group of organisms. Mortality
1991 -2002 2 deaths
Occurrence
None Provided.
Several outbreaks in the US and
around the worlk. E. coli
recovered from 188 drinking
water sources with 1 5 were
pathogenic serotypes.
References list causes of drinking
water outbreaks in the United
States. 1961 -1970 4 outbreaks
and 188 cases 1971 -2000
Additional
Information
EPA Notes: E. coli is
included on the final
CCL 3.
Most strains of E. coli
O1 57: H7 will not be
detected by currently
approved methods
used for regulatory
monitoring within the
CCL 3 Process Status
Universe
Yes
Yes
PCCL
Yes
Yes
Draft
CCL
3
Yes
Yes
Final CCL
3
Yes
Yes
A2-2
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations
Supporting Information
Microbial
Contaminant
(organism or
toxin)
Echo viruses
Encephalitozoon
hellem
Encephalitozoon
intestinalis
Nominator
AWWA
AWWA
AWWA
Health Effect
Health effects are aseptic
meningitis, seizure and coma in
some children, vomiting,
respiratory illness, myocarditis.
Each year in the United States,
an estimated 30 million non-polio
enterovirus infections cause
aseptic meningitis hand, foot, and
mouth diseases and non-specific
upper respiratory diseases- the
most common causes of these
infections are echoviruses
ibid.
The prevalenece of E. bieneusi
infections among HIV-infected
patients reached up to 50%
during the years 1993-2001 ,
however the administration of
antiretroviral therapy can result in
remission of HIV-associated
intestinal microsporidiosis.
Although predominantly
described among adults suffering
from immunodeficiency due to
HIV infection, E. bieneusi
infections are also reported from
HIV-naegative patients who were
immuocomprOmised due to
underlying disease or therapeutic
immunosuppression when
undergoing organ
transplantation. E. cuniculi,
persons with exposure to infected
rabbits have become infected.
Patients undergoing organ
transplantation. E. helium has
been diagnosed in around 50 HIV
infected persons. Has also been
identified on two occasions in
Occurrence
Common in sewage and also
detected in treated drinking water
ibid.
Detection of E. bieneusi and
confirmation to the species level
achieved by PCR and
subsequent sequence analysisof
part of the ssrRNA gene in
surface water but not ground
water samples. None of the E.
cuniculi strains found in humans
have been detected in surface
water, however, the mouse strain
was identified by PCR in one of
50 water samples from
Switzerland. E. intestinalis has
been identified by sequence
analysis of PCR amplicons from
surface water and ground water
and from samples of source
water. Also from species-specific
PCR in zebra mussels from a
river.
Additional
Information
water industry.
EPA Notes: The final
CCL 3 includes
enterovirus. The CDC
includes the
polioviruses,
coxsackieviruses,
echoviruses, and other
enteroviruses under
this group.
In addition to the E.
intestinalis and hellem,
there are two other
species that should be
included in the the
name of contaminant.
They are
Encephalitozoon
cuniculu and
Enterocytozoon
bieneusi. The
contaminant field was
truncated at a certain
length which it did not
allow to store these two
other names.
CCL 3 Process Status
Universe
Yes
Yes
Yes
PCCL
Yes (as
Microsporidia
)
Yes
(as
Microsporidia
)
Draft
CCL
3
Final CCL
3
A2-3
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations
Supporting Information
Microbial
Contaminant
(organism or
toxin)
Enterovi ruses
(includes
poliovirus,
echo-virus,
coxsackievirus)
GWR, LT2 Viruses
in ground water
Nominator
ASDWA
ASDWA
Health Effect
nonimmunosuppressed and HIV
seronegative patients and in fecal
samples from travelers.
E.intestinalis is the second most
prevalent microsporidial species
infecting HIV-positive patients.
Has also been identified in HIV-
negative travelers.
None Provided.
Viruses can cause a range of
adverse health effects. Specific
viruses that may be of concern
are described in the preambles to
EPA's Ground Water Rule (GWR)
and Long Tej.iii 2 Enhanced
Surface Water Treatment Rule.
Viral inactivation is the basis for
much of the Ground Water Rule.
However, no nationwide data for
viral occurrence in drinking water
wells is available, so it is not
possible to ascertain the breadth
of the problem. Many specific
case studies exist, and these are
helpful in guiding research.
However, no broad study linicing
hyd.rogeologic sensitivity, well
characteristics, and viral
presence has been performed.
Monitoring under the Ground
Water Rule may provide some
insight but few systems will do
actual virus testing in response to
this rule. More detailed virus
studies are needed and only
EPA, through the CCL process,
has the resources to conduct
such valuable research.
Occurrence
None Provided.
Viruses may be present in
aquifers, as demonstrated by
studies on hydrogeologically
sensitive wells. Ore recent
studies have shown the
possibility of viral contamination
in wells that are relatively well
protected from surface water
intrusion.
Additional
Information
CCL 3 Process Status
Universe
Yes
Group
PCCL
Yes
Draft
CCL
3
Final CCL
3
Yes
A2-4
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations
Supporting Information
Microbial
Contaminant
(organism or
toxin)
Helicobacter pylori
Hepatitis A virus
Hepatitis E virus
Legionella
Nominator
AWWA
ASDWA
ASDWA
AWWA
Health Effect
Helicobacter pylori is the cause of
60-95% of all peptic ulcers.
Other gastric disorders including
chronic gastritis, mucosal-
associated lymphoid tissue
(MALT) lymphoma of the
digestive tract, and
adenocarcinoma of the stomach
have been attributed to H. pylori
infection (Blaser and Atherton,
2004). Helicobacter pylori is
classified as a class I carcinogen
by the International Association of
Cancer Registries.
None Provided.
None Provided.
Legionnaires' desease, which has
a high fatality rate, produces
pneumonia and also affects the
nervous, gastrointestinal and
urinary systems
Occurrence
Hegarty et al. (1999) isolated
actively respiring H. pylori from
40% of surface and 65% of
shallow ground water samples
tested. H. pylori has also been
detected in lakes in the Canadian
artic (McKeown et al. 1999),
private wells and municipal tap
water in Sweden (Hulten et al.
1998), in well water in Japan
(Horiuchi et al. 2001), and private
well water samples (Baker and
Hegarty, 2001). Water source
was identified as a risk factor of
H. pylori infection among
Peruvian children (Klein et al.
1991) irrespective of
socioeconomic status.
Standardized methods for
detection of Helicobacter from
water do not exist and negative
occurrence data may be
unreliable since low nutrient and
hyperosmotic conditions can
induce a rapid viable
nonculturable state (Percival et
al.,2004).
None Provided.
None Provided.
Blackburn et al surveillance
summary includes drinking water-
associated outbreaks of
Legionnaires disease (LD) six
outbreaks of LD occurred during
2001 -2002. In water and the
environment Legionella require
the presence of other bacteria or
protozoa in order to grow.
However, biofilm may be an area
where Legionella may multiply.
Additional
Information
EPA Notes: H. Pylori s
included on the final
CCL 3
EPA Notes:
L.pnuemophilla is
included on the final
CCL 3
CCL 3 Process Status
Universe
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
PCCL
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Draft
CCL
3
Yes
Yes
Yes
Final CCL
3
Yes
Yes
Yes
A2-5
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations
Supporting Information
Microbial
Contaminant
(organism or
toxin)
Methylobacteria
Microcystin LR
(Cyanobacterial
toxin)
Mi mi virus
Nominator
AWWA
AWWA
Anon/ASM
Health Effect
I mmunocom promised patients.
Suggested to monitor for the
Methylobacteria in distribution
systems in hospital units for
immunocompromised patients
'Cyanobacteria toxin that causes
blood to spill into liver tissue. This
bleeding can lead swiftly to death.
At present, Mimivirus has been
implicated in various cases of
pneumonia. However, its recent
discovery has not provided
sufficient time to fully recognize
or understand the scope of its
health effects and risks. Its
ecology is also uncertain, so it is
not yet possible to ascertain
whether it constitutes an
emerging risk, or how it may
respond to environmental
change. The impact of the
Mimivirus on pneumonia warrants
further study of it as a CCL 3
organism.
Occurrence
Isolated from chlorinated and raw
water supplies: potable water and
distribution system
None Provided.
Mimivirus is a recently discovered
giant virus that infects amoeba.
The virus was discovered in
studies of cooling tower water in
Bradford, England containing the
free-living amoeba,
Acanthamoeba polyphaga, which
was implicated in a pneumonia
outbreak in 1992. Studies of the
water revealed a microbe growing
in the amoebae that resembled
small Gram-positive cocci. The
agent has characteristic viral
morphology, an icohsahedral
capsid, and contains a double-
stranded, circular DNA genome of
about 800 kilobase pairs. The
agent has a typical virus
developmental cycle, including an
eclipse phase, but it resembles a
bacterium when Gram-stained. It
has been named Mimivirus for
Mimicking microbe, and is the
largest known virus. The ecology
of Mimivirus is poorly understood,
but it is apparently associated
with natural waters containing
free-living amoeba, and in that
respect it resembles Legionella
bacteria in its behavior.
Genetically similar giant viruses
have now been discovered to be
widespread in ocean waters as
well as freshwater aquatic
environments, where they play an
important role in controlling
Additional
Information
Considered an
emerging pathogen in
Japan
CCL 3 Process Status
Universe
Yes
Yes
Yes
PCCL
Yes
Draft
CCL
3
Yes
Final CCL
3
Yes
A2-6
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations
Supporting Information
Microbial
Contaminant
(organism or
toxin)
Mycobacterium
avium complex
(MAC)
Nominator
AWWA
Health Effect
Human infections due to MAC
include three principal
syndromes: cervical
lymphadenitis in children,
pulmonary infections in adults,
and disseminated infection in
AIDS patients. Mycobacterium
avium ssp. paratuberculosis has
also been implicated in human
disease and is suspected of
causing a human gastrointestinal
ailment (Crohn's disease)
[AWWA]
Occurrence
phyto- and bacterioplankton
populations. Hence, these
viruses are quite ubiquitous in
aquatic habitats. Furthermore,
Mimivirus has been implicated in
cases of human illness,
specifically pneumonia. When
Mimivirus is used as an antigen in
microimmunofluorescense
assays, seroconversion has been
documented in patients with both
community- and hospital-acquired
pneumonia. Additionally,
Mimivirus DMA has been found in
respiratory samples of patients
with hospital-acquired
pneumonia. These data suggest
that Mimiviruses need to be
considered as CCL candidates.
They are waterborne microbes
and they have been implicated in
human illness associated with
water exposure, in a manner and
natural history similar to that of
Legionella, an EPA-regulated
pathogen in drinking water.
Because little is known about
Mimivirus and analytical methods
are available to detect it, it
deserves consideration and
further study.
MAC have been isolated from all
natural water systems, drinking
water, distribution systems, and in
biofilms (Grange et al., 1990
Pryor et al. 2004 Whan et al.
2005 Lehtola et al. 2006 Hilborn
2006). Occurrence has been
shown to be independent of the
presence of coliforms or fecal
coliforms (Whan et al. 2005).
[AWWA]
Additional
Information
EPA Notes: M. avium
is included on the final
CCL 3.
This organization also
noted: 'MAC are highly
resistant to disinfection
(Taylor etal., 2000).
The organisms are
capable of persistence
and replication within
free-living protists
(Mura et al. 2006) ###
CCL 3 Process Status
Universe
Yes
PCCL
Yes
Draft
CCL
3
Final CCL
3
Yes
A2-7
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations
Supporting Information
Microbial
Contaminant
(organism or
toxin)
Mycobacterium
avium complex
(MAC)
Nominator
NRDC
Health Effect
Mycobacterium Avium Complex
(MAC) causes lung infections in
immunocompromised individuals.
Mycobacteria are able to survive
and grow in aquatic environments
due to their protective outer
coating, which also makes them
resistant to chlorine treatment of
water. Environmental sources are
thought to be the main route of
transmission of these pathogens.
These bacteria are widely present
in water sources and can also be
found in biofilms that form on the
inside of water pipes. About 20
to 30 percent of people with AIDS
become infected with MAC.
Although adults usually do not get
MAC disease until their T-cell
Occurrence
Mycobacteria are able to survive
and grow in aquatic environments
due to their protective outer
coating, which also makes them
resistant to chlorine treatment of
water. Environmental sources are
thought to be the main route of
transmission of these pathogens.
These bacteria are widely present
in water sources and can also be
found in biofilms that form on the
inside of water pipes. EPA
researchers estimate that
approximately 1500 individuals
with advanced AIDS ingest tap
water with detectable
concentrations of MAC organisms
each day. [NRDC]
'MAC have been isolated from all
Additional
Information
Mura, M., Bull, T.,
Evans, H. Sidi-
Boumedine, K.,
McMinn, L, Rhodes,
G., Pickup, R., and J.
Hermon-Taylor.
Replication and Long
Term Persistence of
bovine and human
strains of
Mycobacterium avium
subsp. paratuberculosis
within Acanthamoeba
polyphaga. Appl. Env.
Microbiol. 72:1:854-
859. ### Taylor, R.
Falkinham, J., Norton,
C., and M.
LeChevallier. 2000.
Chlorine, chloramine,
chlorine dioxide, and
ozone susceptibility of
Mycobacterium avium.
Appl. Env. Microbiol.
66:4:1702-1705.
M. avium is included on
the final CCL 3.
CCL 3 Process Status
Universe
Yes
PCCL
Yes
Draft
CCL
3
Final CCL
3
Yes
A2-8
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EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations
Supporting Information
Microbial
Contaminant
(organism or
toxin)
Naegleria fowleri
Nominator
Anon/ASM
Health Effect
count drops below 50, children
can get it earlier. People with
disseminated MAC disease
develop fever, night sweats,
weight loss, abdominal pain,
tiredness, and diarrhea. EPA
researchers estimate that
approximately 1500 individuals
with advanced AIDS ingest tap
water with detectable
concentrations of MAC organisms
each day. A related species
typically considered MAC,
Mycobacterium avium
intracellulare, has been listed in
Contaminant Candidate Lists
(CCLs) 1 and 2. MAC should be
included
again in CCLS. The health effects
and demonstrated occurrence in
drinking water of MAC support
the establishment of an MCL for
this microbial
contaminant. [NRDC]
Humans and other mammals
contact N .fowleri via swimming,
bathing, or in the case of cattle
and domesticated animals,
drinking from or swimming in
water sources where N. fowleri is
present. The organism is inhaled
and travels up the nasal
passageway to t
Occurrence
natural water systems, drinking
water, distribution systems, and in
biofilms (Grange et al., 1990
Pryor et al. 2004 Whan et al.
2005 Lehtola et al. 2006 Hilborn
2006). Occurrence has been
shown to be independent of the
presence of coliforms or fecal
coliforms (Whan et al. 2005).
[AWWA]
Documented cases of PAM have
been noted worldwide, including
the United States, England,
Czechoslovakia, and Mexico.
The largest number of cases has
been observed in the United
States (Cabanes, 2001 Rivera, et
al, 1993 Kadlec, Cerva, and
Skvarova, 1978).
Additional
Information
EPA Notes: N. Fowleri
is included on the final
CCL 3.
This nominator also
noted :'Humansand
other mammals contact
N .fowleri via
swimming, bathing, or
in the case of cattle and
domesticated animals,
drinking from or
swimming in water
sources where N.
fowleri is present. The
organism is inhaled and
travels up the nasal
passageway to the
ethmoid sinuses.
Penetration of the
CCL 3 Process Status
Universe
Yes
PCCL
Yes
Draft
CCL
3
Yes
Final CCL
3
Yes
A2-9
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations
Supporting Information
Microbial
Contaminant
(organism or
toxin)
Nominator
Health Effect
Occurrence
Additional
Information
mucosa and invasion of
olfactory nerves is
followed by movement
through the cribiform
plate to brain tissue
and cerebral spinal
fluid. Once infected the
brain tissue produces
toxins that attempt to
kill the parasite, but end
up emulsifying tissue.
The immune response
leads to swelling and
RAM (Marshall, et al,
1997). N. fowleri is the
only member of the
species known to be
pathogenic to humans.
Clinical signs of
infection include
headache, nausea,
vomiting, high fever,
lethargy, coma,
seizures, and
eventually death due to
infection and swelling
of brain tissue
(Marshall, et al, 1997).
The average time for
onset of symptoms is 4
days. Mean time
between onset of
symptoms and death is
6.4 days (Parija and
Jaykeerthee, 1999
Marshall, et al, 1997).
The short onset period
and symptoms mimic
the flu, allergic reaction
or hangover from
alcohol. As a result,
many cases have been
misdiagnosed or not
treated in time.
CCL 3 Process Status
Universe
PCCL
Draft
CCL
3
Final CCL
3
A2-10
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations
Supporting Information
Microbial
Contaminant
(organism or
toxin)
Norovirus
Norwalk and other
Calicivi ruses
Rota virus
Toxoplasma
gondii
Nominator
AWWA
ASDWA
ASDWA
AWWA
Health Effect
Infection lasts 12-60 hours and is
characterized by sudden onset of
nausea, vomiting, and watery
diarrhea. Norovirus is highly
infective and can be of increased
risk for complications because of
volume depletion and electrolyte
disturbances
None Provided.
None Provided.
Infectious in healthy adults are
usually asymptomatic however,
severe disease can occur in
immunocompromised individuals
and newborns.Wide spectrum of
clinical disease occurs in
congenitally infected
children. Toxoplasmic encephalitis
[TE] is a serious clinical
complication in
immunocompromised patients
especially AIDS
Occurrence
None Provided.
None Provided.
In certain areas of Brazil,
approximately 60% of 6-8 year
old children have antibodies to T
gondii linked to the ingestion of
oocysts in a heavily contaminated
environment with T. gondii
ooocysts.An outbreak of
tosoplasmosis in humans of a
western Canadian city was linked
epidemiologically to oocyst
contamination of a municipal
water supply. Between 2894 and
771 8 persons were considered to
have acquired T. gondii
infections. 1 00 cases of acute
toxoplasmosis were reported in
patients 8-63 years of age.
Although oocysts were not
identified in the municipal
reservoir, runoff from soil
contaminated with feces of
infected domestic cats or cougars
was considered the likely
source. 31 infected young army
recruits on a jungle exercise in
Panama. Numerous reports exist
of T. gondii infections in marine
mammals including sea otters,
dolphins, seals, whales.
Additional
Information
Severity of health
effects on children
CCL 3 Process Status
Universe
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
PCCL
Yes (as
Calicivirus)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Draft
CCL
3
Yes
Final CCL
3
Yes
A2-11
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
96184
123911
611596
57910
57636
50282
68224
90120
91576
Common Name
1,2,3-
Trichloropropane
1 ,4-Dioxane
1 ,7-Dimethylxanthine
17a-Estradiol
17a-Ethynyl estradiol
17b-Estradiol
19-Norethisterone
1 -Methylnaphthalene
2-Methylnaphthalene
References
Cited
[NJDEP]
[NYDOH] [EPA
Region 3]
No
[Riverkeepers]
(Pent et al.,
2006)
[Riverkeepers]
[Riverkeepers]
Serdar, D, et al.
(1999); Diesel
fuel widely used
and released.
[ASDWA]
Serdar, D, et al.
(1999)
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
None Provided.
Liver and kidney are target organs.
Animal studies indicate liver and nasal
cancer. IARC: Possibly carcinogenic.
EPA: take immediate action of levels
exceed 600 ug/L. New York State: MCL
= 50 ug/L. California has action level of 3
ug/L. [NYDOH]
None Provided.
None Provided.
No. Screening Category = Screening
Category 1 .
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
N J study: Detected in excess of health-
based drinking water guidance value in
30 of 2,640 private wells and 1 1 of
approximately 260 community water
systems between 1999 and 2004 in NJ
SOC Waiver Program sampling. [NJDEP]
One CERCLA remediation site known-
Bally site in PA, others may be
associated with and TCE site. [EPA
Region 3]
None Provided.
None Provided.
Removal efficiency in sewage plants:
influent concentration: 0.003 ug/L,
effluent concentration: 0.0004 ug/L,
maximum removal: 85% (Pent et al.,
2006)
None Provided.
None Provided.
5/12 detection frequency from lake water
(range of concentrations 0.001 6-0.012
ug/L). Six samples taken at two sampling
events for a total of 1 2 samples. (Serdar
et al 1 999). Diesel fuel widely used and
released. [ASDWA]
5/12 detection frequency from lake water
(range of concentrations 0.001 6-0.012
ug/L). Six samples taken at two sampling
events for a total of 1 2 samples. (Serdar
et al 1 999). Diesel fuel widely used and
released. [ASDWA]
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Yes
Yes
Final
PCCL
53
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Yes
Yes
Final
CCL 3
28
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
A3-1
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
77439760
80057
3380345
Common Name
3-Chloro-4-
(dichloromethyl)-5-
hydroxy-2-(5H)-
furanone
4,4'-(1-
Methylethylidene)bis
phenol (Bisphenol A)
5-Chloro-2-(2,4-
dichlorophenoxy)-
phenol (Triclosan)
References
Cited
Wright et al
2002; Krasner
et a I 2006
In-text
reference cited
by NRDC:
"Cousins et al.,
2002".
Alonso-
Magdalena, et
al. 2006.
Hunt, et al.
2003 P
Sugiura-
Ogasawara et
al. 2005
Occurrence
Data Citations:
Biles etal. 1997
Fromme et al
2002
(Boyd etal.,
2004); (Halden
et al., 2005);
(Lorraine et al.,
2006); (Latch et
al., 2004); (Rule
et al., 2005)
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
None Provided.
LOEL 20 ug/kg; effect decrease in
testicular weight and daily sperm
production in adult rats fed BPA for 6
days and observed for 18 weeks. [Sakaue
etal 2001].
LOAEL 100 ug/kg-day for 4 days in mice
by oral administration; effect: insulin
resistance/ intolerance (cited in Alonso-
Magdalena et al., 2006, original source
vom Saal and Hughes 2005).
LOAEL Rapid nongenomic effect at a
subcutaneousdose of 10 ug/kg/day,
which produces 2.5-fold increase in
plasma insulin and a 20% decrease in
blood glucose levels, 30 min after its
application; delivering BPA either via
injection or through oral intake, induced
insulin resistance at doses much lower
than the LOAEL used up to now (50
mg/kg/day) (Alonso-Magdalena et al.,
2006).
BPA cone, of 0.02-0.04 mg/kg body
weight/day elicited significant meiotic
aneuploidy (Hunt et al., 2003).
Elevated serum concentrations of BPA
are associated with miscarraige (Sugiura-
Ogasawara et al., 2005).
(Triclosan) acts as by inhibiting bacterial
fatty acid synthesis. Triclosan is not
banned or restricted as with the other
organochlorine compounds included in
the test set, as the traditional toxicity test
indicate a low toxic effect, with an acute
oral LD50 of approx. 4000 mg/kg in rat
and mouse, Jinnoetal., 1997, (Jacobs
et al., 2005).
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
27.5 ng/L mean, 79.9 ng/L max (Wright
et al, 2002)20 ng/L med, 310 ng/L max
(Krasner et al, 2006)
Release (U.S) = 1 .4 million pounds
(2004); 3,538 pounds released directly to
water; 132,262 pounds released to the
air. [NRDC]
Cone, in surface water = 0.0005-0.41
ug/L; [NRDC]
Median reported water concentration =
0.5 ug/l (below the detection limit of the
studies) and a 90th percentile = 4.4 ug/l
(Cousins et al., 2002).
Half-life = 4.5 days in surface water;
sol.300 g/m3; Log Kow=3.4; HLC
(dimensionless) -9.01; HLC 4.03 E-6 Pa
m3/mol; Koc 640-930. (Cousins et al.,
2002).
Production volume = 350 000 t/year
(cited in Sugiura-Ogasawara et al., 2005,
original sources Biles et al.,
1997; Oleaetal., 1996; Biles etal.,
1999).
Cone, in surface water = 0.0005-0.41
mg/L ; Cone, in sewage effluents =
0.018-0.702 mg/L; Cone, in sediments =
0.01-0.19mg/kg; Cone, in sewage sludge
= 0.004-1 .363 mg/kg dw. (Fromme et al.,
2002).
Triclosan was detected in Louisiana
sewage treatment plant effluent at 10-21
ng/l. Boyd (2004) reported triclosan
concentrations of ND - 29 ng/l in two
stormwater canals in New Orleans.
' Annual loadings of antimicrobials
(triclocarbon, TCC and triclosan, TCS) to
water resources is as follows: activated
sludge treatment plants (39-67%)
followed by trickling filters (31-45%), and
combined and sanitary sewer
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Yes
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Yes
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Final
PCCL
53
Yes
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Final
CCL 3
28
A3-2
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
Common Name
References
Cited
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
overflows(2-7% and 0.2%) respectivley.
The water solubility of TCS is 1 .97-4.6
mg/L at 25 degrees C. A strong positive
linear correlation was observed between
TCC and TCS occurrences across all
aquatic environments and water types we
examined in a concentration range
spanning 5 orders of magnitude.
Regression analysis of these data
resulted in the empirical model: LoglO
Crcc = 0.9491 LoglO Crcs (Halden,
2005).
Triclosan was detected in most canal
waters at concentrations up to 29 ng/L.
The median triclosan concentration in
Lake waters (4.6 ng/l) was lower
compared to canal waters (1 5 and 15.2
ng/l) and contributed to the possible
removal degradation process (Boyd, et
al. 2004).
'Occurence of triclosan in raw drinking
water was as follows: 4 out of 1 3 sample
contained triclosan; mean detected =
0.515 ug/L, MDL = 0.096, range 0.326-
0.818 ug/L. Occurence of triclosan in
finished drinking water was as follows: 1
out of 15 samples, mean detected =
0.734ug/L, no range, no MDL.
Occurence of triclosan in reclaimed
wastewater was as follows: 3 out of 6
samples, mean detected = 1 .43 ug/L,
MDL 0.25 ug/L, range = 0.28-2.1 1 ug/L,
total mean 0.71 ug/L, literature values =
0.04-0.21 ug/L. Average triclosan
concentrations (ug/L ) in raw drinking
water (ROW), reclaimed water (RW) and
wastewater influent (WWI) in the dry
season and wet season: ROW dry =
0.73, ROW wet = ND, RWdry = 2.0, RW
wet = 0.28, WWI dry = 0.45, WWI wet =
0.30 (Lorraine et al., 2006).
In a recent reconnaissance for PPCPs,
the USGS detected triclosan in 57% of
the 139 streams tested. (Latch etal.,
2004).
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Final
Universe
Data
131
Draft
PCCL
37
Final
PCCL
53
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Final
CCL 3
28
A3-3
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
298464
15972608
1 42363539
1 71 2621 72
18559949
Common Name
5H-
dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-
carboxamide
Alachlor
Alachlor
ethanesulfonic acid
Alachlor oxanilic acid
Albuterol
References
Cited
Stackelberg et
al. 2004;
Benotti, et al.
2005; Potency:
RTECS;
Severity:
PEDIAU
Pediatrics.
(American
Academy of
Pediatrics, P.O.
Box 1034,
Evanston, IL
60204) V.1-
1948-
Volume(issue)/
page/year
73,841,1984;
Prevalence/
Magnitude:
NREC.
Barbash et al
2001
USGS & NYS
DEC 1998
USGS & NYS
DEC 1998
No
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
Surveys have measured triclosan in
wastewater treatment plants (WWTP)
influents at levels ranging from 0.0062 to
21 .9 ug/L. Reported WWTP effluent
concentrations range from 0.042 to 22.1
ug/L (Rule, et al., 2005).
Highest concentration in finished water:
0.258 ug/l (Stackelberg et al. 2004)
Long Island Ground Water Shallow well-
median concentration in NG/L = 57.9;
Shallow well Freq. of Detect (n=20) = 50;
Deep-well median cone, (ng/l) = 3.8;
Deep well Freq of detect (n=52) = 55.8.
Jamaica Bay Conclusions: Measured
effluent cone ng/l 65.3; Dynamic Range
66.6; Microbrial Degradation (amount of
spike removed in 4 weeks) <5% (Benotti,
et al.2005)
Detection in ground water at
concentrations >1 ug/L. (Barbash et al
2001).
Maximum concentrations in well water
greater than 20 ug/L. (USGS & NYS
DEC 1998)
Maximum concentrations in well water
greater than 20 ug/L. (USGS & NYS
DEC 1998)
None Provided.
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Reg
Yes
Yes
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Reg
Yes
Yes
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Yes
Yes
Final
PCCL
53
Yes
Yes
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Yes
Yes
Final
CCL 3
28
Yes
Yes
A3-4
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
1 1 6063
1 646884
1 646873
31 9846
Common Name
Aldicarb
Aldicarb sulfone
Aldicarb sulfoxide
Alpha-HCH
References
Cited
Fiore et al 1 986
Hajoui et al
1992
Smulders 2003
USEPA2000a;
Mayset al.
1985; Schleien
1992; USEPA
1999; Parsa
1998; Focazio
etal. 2001;
USEPA 2000b;
Szabo et al.
2005 (AVWVA)
AVWVA.
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
Statistically significant negative
correlation was noted between
household well aldicarb levels (ppb) and
T4:T8 ratio values (r = -0.34, P < 0.02).
Statistically significant negative
correlation was observed between
average daily aldicarb ingestion (txg/day)
and T4:T8 ratio values (r = -0.30, P <
0.05). When average aldicarb ingestion
values (ixg/day) are grouped into three
dose categories (no aldicarb, 0.3-10.0
and 10.1 to 48.3 txg/day), this dose-
response trend is evident. Significant
positive correlations were noted between
average daily aldicarb ingestion
(p~g/day) and both the Candida
proliferation assays (r = +0.42, P < 0.01)
and the Candida stimulation indices (r =
+0.37, P < 0.01). No significant
correlations were noted for the other
antigen or mitogen assays. (Fiore 1986)
IC50 > 1 mM. (Smulders 2003)
Cholinesterase inhibitor. RfD (EPA,
mg/kg/d)=0.001 . Observed toxic effect
with both long-term and single-dose
administration is acetylcholinesterase
inhibition. Evidence suggests it is not
genotoxic or carcinogenic.
(AVWVA)
Cholinesterase inhibitor. RfD (EPA,
mg/kg/d)=0.001 . Observed toxic effect
with both long-term and single-dose
administration is acetylcholinesterase
inhibition. Evidence suggests it is not
genotoxic or carcinogenic.
(AVWVA)
Can cause respiratory difficulty, skin
irritation, skin senitization scabis and
pediculosis. (AWWA)
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
More than 1 100 wells tested positive for
aldicarb residues above 7 ppb in New
York's Suffolk County. First detected in
Wisconsin groundwater, more than 300
wells have tested positive for aldicarb
residues at levels ranging from I to IOO
ppb. (Fiore 1986)
Detected in well water near potato fields
in Ontario, Quebec and the Maritimes at
low levels of up to 6 ppb, exceptionally
reaching as high as 30 ppb. (Hajoui et al
1992)
Degrades mainly by biodegradations and
hydolysis, persisting for weeks to
months. It is one of the most acutely toxic
pesticides in use. Frequently found as a
contaminant in groundwater - aldicarb
sulfoxide and aldicarb sulfone residuals
are found in an approx. 1 :1 ratio in
groundwater (AWWA)
Degrades mainly by biodegradations and
hydrolysis, persisting for weeks to
months. It is one of the most acutely toxic
pesticides in use. Frequently found as a
contaminant in groundwater - aldicarb
sulfoxide and aldicarb sulfone residuals
are found in an approx. 1 :1 ratio in
groundwater (AWWA)
Hydrolysis half life ranges between 92 to
71 hours in natural waters (but may be
even slower). A Canadian study found
levels in finished water. (AWWA)
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Reg
Reg
Reg
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Reg
Reg
Reg
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Yes
Final
PCCL
53
Yes
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Yes
Final
CCL 3
28
Yes
A3-5
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
7790989
64285069
1 91 2249
86500
25057890
Common Name
Ammonium
perchlorate
Anatoxin-a
Atrazine
Azinphos-methyl
Bentazone
References
Cited
Blount et al.,
2006Brechner
etal.,
2000Schwartz
etal, 2001 U.S.
Government
Accountability
Office May
2005[NRDC]
(Fischer et al.,
in press);
(Batista etal.,
2003); (Gilroy
etal., 2000);
(USEPA2006)
[AVWVA];
[ASDWA]
Barbash et al
2001
USGS & NYS
DEC 1998
Souza et al
2004
Dabrowski et al
2005
Rothleinetal
2006
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
DWEL of 24.5 ppb is inadequate (Blount
et al., 2006; Brechner et al., 2000;
Schwartz et al, 2001)
NOAEL 0.5 mg/kg-day (no observed
effect); RfD 5x10-4 mg/kg-day (sub-
chronic) (USEPA 2006). WHO guidance
value for drinking water 1 .0 ug MC-LR/I
[AVWVA]
None Provided.
repro-placental enyzymatic activity.
Long term studies have not indicated a
carcinogenic potential. (AVWVA)
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
Detected in PWSs of 26 states and two
territories under UCMR 1. Detections
range from 4 - 420 ppb; mean = 10 ppb.
1 09 sites of known perchlorate releases
in 29 states (U.S. Government
Accountability Office May 2005, [NRDC])
None Provided.
Detection in ground water at
concentrations >1 ug/L. (Barbash et al
2001)
Maximum concentrations in well water 1-
10 ug/L. (USGS & NYS DEC 1998)
Presence in 66% of the groundwater
samples analysed (Souza et al 2005)
Detected in carpet dust samples from 18
out of 26 farmworkers' homes (69%) at
median concentration of 5.30 ug/g. LO D
for AZM is reported as 0.1 ug/g (Rothlein
et al. 2006)
Ambient concentrations: 0.1-1 .7 ug/L
(Dabrowski 2005)
IRED EEC 1 6 ppb/ 0.27-7.2 ppb high ann
mean. Use - apples4X peaches in IRED -
COULD NOT FIND THIS IN ORIGINAL
REFERENCES
Broad specturm herbicide used on a
variety of crops - very mobile in soils and
moderately persistent in the
environment. (AVWVA)
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Yes
Reg
Yes
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Yes
Reg
Yes
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Final
PCCL
53
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Yes
Yes
Final
CCL 3
28
Yes
Yes
A3-6
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
85687
98136993
5589968
Common Name
Benzyl butyl
phthalate (BBP)
Bromochloroacetalde
hyde
Bromochloroacetic
acid
References
Cited
IPCS INCHEM
1999Lorraineet
al., 2006
Gray et al.
2000Gray et al.
2006Serda
[Krasner et
al.06]
DBP ICR
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
Oral LD50 values for rats from 2 to 20
g/kg body weight, weight loss, apathy,
leukocytosis, toxic splenitis and
degenerative lesions of the central
nervous system with congestive
encephalopathy, myelin degeneration,
and glial proliferation; detected in one
sample in Canada at 2.8 ug/litre (IPCS
INCHEM 1999)0.75 g severely alters
sexual differentiation in male rat;
proposed preliminary PE-TEDs = 1;
Reduced pup weight at birth; As infants,
males displayed female-like
areolas/nipples; 84% of males with
malformations; every reproductive organ
significantly affected in male offspring
(Gray et al. 2000)LDRE/LDHC =
250/750; High-dose AGO effect, %
(mg/kg/day) = 25 (750); Hypospadias at
high doses (%) = 30; Cryptorchidism at
high doses (%) = 50; Epididymal
agenesis at high doses (%) = 65 (Gray et
al. 2006).
None Provided.
None Provided.
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
1) Occurrence and concentrations of BBP in
Raw Drinking Water: Occurrences = 2 of 13
samples; MDL = 0.033 |jg/L; mean
detected = 0.622 |jg/L; range = 0.053-1.19
|jg/L; total mean = 0.96 |jg/L; literature
values = 2.95 |jg/L 2) Occurrences and
concentrations of BBP in Finished Drinking
Water: Occurrence = 5 out of 1 5 samples;
mean = 0.552 |jg/L; range = 0.056-0.91 1 ;
total mean = 0.1184 |jg/L; literature values =
0.7. 4) Average BBP concentration in the
dry season (August to November) and the
wet season (January to June): Raw
Drinking Water dry = 0.62 (0.05-1 .19) ug/L;
Raw Drinking Water Wet = ND; Reclaimed
Water Dry = 0.65 |jg/L; Reclaimed Water
Wet = ND; Wastewater Influent Dry = 3.50
(2.93-4.07); Wastewater Influent Wet = ND
(Lorraine et al., 2006).Water sample
concentrations: 0.036 ug/L to 0.5 ug/L
(Serdar et al. 1999)Concentrations in
surface waters generally less than 1 |jg/L.
Manufacturing facilities released 176 tonnes
to the environment in 1993, with about 99%
released to the atmosphere; Half-life 1-7
days (IPCS INCHEM 1999)
Mississippi River south of St. Louis: up to
2.4 ug/l. Environmental levels of BBP
averaged less than 1 ug/l. Residues of BBP
in Natural Waters: Waukehagn Harbor, IL,
11/8/77, 0.25 ug/l; Waukegean Creek, IL,
11/8/77, 0.23 ug/l; Up. Saginaw River, Ml,
11/10/77, 0.43 ug/l; Low. Saginaw River, Ml,
11/10/77, 0.43 ug/l; Illinois River, IL,
11/14/77, 0.47 ug/l; Meramec River, MO,
11/14/77, 0.38 ug/l; Missouri River, St.
Louis, MO, 11/16/77, 0.2 ug/l; Missouri
River, Weldon, MO, 11/16/77, 0.25 ug/l;
Mississippi River N. St. Louis, MO, 11/30/77
0.30 ug/l; Misssissippi S St. Louis, MO,
11/30/77, 2.4 ug/l, San Francisco Bay, ND
(Gledhilletal. 1980).
"sum of haloacetaldehydes," 4 ug/L med,
20 ug/L max, [Krasner et al.06]
72% det; 2.8 u(m?)g/L med; 41 .9 ug/L
max
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Yes
Final
PCCL
53
Yes
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Final
CCL 3
28
A3-7
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
83463621
26482315
71133147
918014
563702
1 689845
Common Name
Bromochloroaceto
nitrile
Bromochloronitro
methane
Bromodichloroacetic
acid
Bromodichloronitro
methane
Bromonitromethane
Bromoxynil
References
Cited
Muellner et al,
2007; DBP ICR
Plewa2004A;
DeAngelo?
[EPA Research
on HE];
[Krasner et
al.06]
DBP ICR
Plewa2004A
Plewa2004A;
DeAngelo?
[EPA Research
on HE]
httDV/Dmec.cce.
cornell.edu/Drofi
les/extoxnet/24
i
cactan/bromoxv
nil-ext.html
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
in vitro data from Muellner et al, 2007
Plewa2004A has in vitro data
None Provided.
Plewa2004A has in vitro data
Plewa2004A has in vitro data
Dogs fed bromoxynil for 90 days at low
doses showed unspecified adverse
effects at and above 5 mg/kg. In the
same type of test, the compound had no
observable effect on rats at or below a
16.6 mg/kg/day dose (1). In another
study at low doses (up to 50 mg/kg), rats
developed no significant abnormalities. In
other tests with rats administered low
doses (up to 5 mg/kg) for up to two
years, there were no significant changes
in blood chemistry or in urine. In one
documented case of chronic exposure of
humans, workers showed symptoms of
weight loss, fever, vomiting, headache
and urinary problems. Chronic exposure
for these four individuals had lasted for
about one year. Suspected teratogen,
produced birth defects in rats at low oral
doses (above 35 mg/kg); compound toxic
to mother and fetus at these low doses
as well. Toxic effects included abnormal
rib formation, and reduced fetal weight.
Newborn rabbits had birth defects when
bromoxynil was administered to pregnant
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
62% Det, 1 .00 ug/L med, 1 3.4 ug/L max
(DBP ICR)
"sum of halonitromethanes" in effluent.
med = 1 ug/L; max = 10 ug/L [Krasner et
al.06]
75% det; med 0; max 32 ug/L
None Provided.
"sum of halonitromethanes" in effluent.
med = 1 ug/L; max = 10 [Krasner et
al.06]
0.046 ppb - 95%ile (AVWVA)
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Yes
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Final
PCCL
53
Yes
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Final
CCL 3
28
A3-8
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
63252
Common Name
Carbaryl
References
Cited
USEPA. Interim
Reregistration
Eligibility
Decision for
Carbaryl. Case
No. 0080.
Revised Oct 22,
2004WHO,
uses
(AVWVA)
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
mothers at doses above 30 mg/kg. In the
rabbit, birth defects included changes in
bone formation in the skull and
hydrocephaly. The available evidence
indicates that bromoxynil may pose a
teratogenic risk to humans.
(http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/exto
xnet/24d-captan/bromoxynil-ext.html)
RfD (EPA, mg/kg/d)=0.02.
Developmental or reproductive toxin,
moderate acute (PAN)
Primary mode of toxic action is through
cholinesterase inhibition (ChEl) after
single or multiple exposures; Cancer:
Q1* for carbaryl is 8.75 x 1 0-4
(mg/kg/day)-1 ; Acute Dietary general
population (including infants and
children) NOAEL = 1 , UF = 1 00; Chronic
Dietary (all populations) LOAEL = 3.1 ,
UF = 300. (USEPA. Interim
Reregistration Eligibility Decision for
Carbaryl. Case No. 0080. Revised Oct
22, 2004)'WHO 10-6 cancer risk 40 ug/L
Thus, 1 0-4 cancer risk is 4,000 ug/L.
(AVWVA)
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
Based on available usage information for
the years 1 992 through 2001 , an annual
estimate of total carbaryl domestic usage
in agriculture averaged approximately 1 .9
million pounds of active ingredient for
over 1 .3 million acres treated. In 1 998,
Bayer had estimated approximately 3.9
million pounds total active ingredient
sold. The most recent data available to
EPA reflects a decline in agricultural
usage; carbaryl usage for 2001 was
between 1 to 1 .5 million pounds active
ingredient; Out of 5220 surface water
samples analyzed, about 21 % (1 082)
had detections greater than the minimum
detection limit (0.063 ppb). The maximum
observed concentration for carbaryl in
surface water from the non-targeted
USGS NAWQA study is 5.5 ppb.
Concentrations were low (roughly 0.002
to 0.031 ppb) in raw water and generally
lower in treated drinking water; however,
the highest concentration detected were
in finished drinking water (0.181 ppb);
Carbaryl was reported in the raw water of
all four community water systems
(CWSs) selected to represent impacts
from home and garden uses.
Concentrations measured in raw water at
these sites were low (roughly 0.002 to
0.044 ppb), and detection frequencies
ranged from approximately 1 to 20%; In
groundwater, US EPA's Pesticides in
Groundwater Database reports carbaryl
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Yes
Final
PCCL
53
Yes
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Final
CCL 3
28
A3-9
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
6804075
16887006
Common Name
Carbodox
Chloride
References
Cited
(Mackie et al,
2006);
NYCDEP 2004,
(Kaushal et al.,
2005);( Hesig et
al., 2000)
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
Carcinogen. [Health Canada]
Increases in salinity up to 1000 mg/L can
have leathal or sub-lethal effects on
aquatic plants and invertebrates and
chronic concentrations of chloride as low
as 250 mg/L have been recognized as
harmful to freshwater life and not potable
for humans (Kaushal et al., 2005).
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
detections in only 0.4% of wells sampled
in several states (i.e., California,
Missouri, New York, and Rhode Island)
as a result of normal agricultural use.
Although the maximum concentration
detected was 61 0 ppb in a well in New
York, the typical measured
concentrations were orders of magnitude
lower. The EPA STORET database
contains 9389 records showing analysis
for carbaryl. Of these, only four reported
concentrations above the detection limits,
all from one well in Oklahoma in 1988,
with concentrations between 0.8 and 1
ppb. In the USGS NAWQA program,
1 .1% of groundwater samples recorded
results above the detection limit (0.003
ppb), with a maximum concentration of
0.021 ppb. (USEPA. Interim
Re registration Eligibility Decision for
Carbaryl. Case No. 0080. Revised Oct
22, 2004)
None Provided.
Surface water: 7.3 - 83.03 mg/L
(NYCDEP 2004)
In the White Mountains (NH), chloride
concentrations in some rural streams
now exceed 1 00 mg/L on a seasonal
basis, which is similar to the salt of the
Hudson River Estuary. In the Baltimore
area, streams with high levels of
choloride were associated with
impervious surfaces and in many
suburban and urban streams now
already exceed the maximum limit of 250
mg/L (Kaushal et al., 2005).
The concentrations of chloride in
baseflow streams sampled in this study
ranged from 1 .8-280 mg/L (Hesig et al.,
2000).
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Final
PCCL
53
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Final
CCL 3
28
A3-10
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
1 794849
1 897456
2921882
57625
57885
85721331
53418
76573
360689
Common Name
Chloronitromethane
Chlorothalonil
Chlorpyrifos
Chlortetracycline
Cholesterol
Cipro-floxacin
cis-Androsterone
Codeine
Coprostanol
References
Cited
Plewa2004A;
DeAngelo
??[EPA
Research on
HE]; [Krasneret
al.06]
AVWVA.
Makris 1 998
EPA 2000;
WHO (AVWVA)
(Mackie et al,
2006);
[Riverkeepers];
[NYDOH]
[Riverkeepers]
(Mackie et al,
2006);
[Riverkeepers];
[NYDOH]
[Riverkeepers]
No
[Riverkeepers]
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
Plewa2004A has in vitro data
None Provided.
Prenatal: Maternal NOEL 0.1 & LOEL 3
(plasma and RBC ChEl); Fetal NOEL
greater than equal to 1 5 (No
developmental toxicity observed (fetal
ChEl not assessed). Multi-generation
repduction: Parental NOEL 0.1 & LOEL
1 .0 (plasma and RBC ChEl;
histopathology of adrenal in&s; at 5.0
mg/kg/day: brain ChEl), Offspring NOEL
1 .0 & LOEL 5.0 (pup weight and survival
decreased; ChEl not assessed in pups).
No subchronic neurotoxicity. 28-day
human oral c: Acute NOEL 01., UF 10, &
RfD 0.01 , Chronic NOEL 0.03, UF 1 0, &
RfD 0.003. (Makris 1998)
Dev neurotoxin. Classified as
"moderately hazardous" and has a
recommended drinking water guideline of
30ppb. (AVWVA)
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
"sum of halonitromethanes" in effluent.
med = 1 ug/L; max = 10 ug/L [Krasneret
al.06]
half-lives ranging between 0.2 - 9 days
(AVWVA) chronic EEC 1 .3 to 23 ppb;
mobile, not persistent.
USGS 6% prev/PRZM/EXAMS est.6.7
ppb.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Yes
Final
PCCL
53
Yes
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Final
CCL 3
28
A3-11
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
486566
1 43545908
67035227
1 007289
6190654
Common Name
Cotinine
Cylindrospermopsin
Dehydronifedipine
Deisopropylatrazine
Desethylatrazine
References
Cited
No
(Fischer et al.,
in press);
(Batista et al.,
2003); (Gilroy
et al., 2000)
(USEPA2006);
[AVWVA];
[ASDWA]
No
USGS & NYS
DEC 1998
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
None Provided.
LOAEL 60ug/kg-day; NOAEL 30 ug/kg-
day; RfD 3x10-5 mg/kg-day (sub-chronic
increased kidney weight) (USEPA 2006).
WHO guidance value for drinking water
1 .0 ug MC-LR/I [AVWVA]
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
Maximum concentrations in well water 1-
10 ug/L. (USGS & NYS DEC 1998)
None Provided.
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Yes
Yes
Yes
Final
PCCL
53
Yes
Yes
Yes
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Yes
Final
CCL 3
28
Yes
A3-12
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
84742
Common Name
Di(n-butyl) phthalate
References
Cited
Serdaret al.
1999
Lehmann et al.
2004
Lorraine et al.
2006
Swan et al.
2005
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
endocrine disrupter [NRDC]
prenatal maternal urinary levels (Swan et
al. 2005)
For rats: LORE = 50; LDHC = 500. Oral
DBP treatments fail to accelerate vaginal
opening or induce constant oestrus in the
intact female rat. For Rabbits: In rabbits
exposed to 400 mg DBP kg/day in utero,
(GD 15-29), male offspring exhibited
reduced numbers of ejaculated sperm
(down 43%), testis weights (at 12 weeks,
down 23%) and accesroy sex gland
weights (at 1 2 and 25 weeks down 36%
and 25% respectivley). DBP caused an
increase from 16% to 30%, p , 0.01 of
abnormal sperm were present in 1/17
DBP-treated male rabbits (Gray et al.,
2005).
Fetal testicular testosterone was
significantly reduced at DBP doses> 50
mg/kg/day. Our results establish 50 mg
DBP/kg/day as the LOEL and 1 0 mg
DBP/kg/day as the NOAEL for reductions
in genes and proteins associated with
testosterone production together with
reductions in intra-testicular testosterone
(Lehmann etal., 2004).
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
1) Occurrence and concentrations of
dibutyl phthalate in Raw Drinking Water:
Occurrences = 4 of 13 samples; MDL =
1 .35 ug/L; mean detected = 5.00 ug/L;
range = 1 .44-8.34 ug/L; total mean =
1 .54 ug/L; literature values = 0.0.12-8.8
ug/L. 2) Occurrences and concentrations
of dibutyl phthalate in Finished Drinking
Water: Occurrence = 1 out of 15
samples; mean = 2.73 ug/L; range = N/A;
total mean = 0.18 ug/L. 3) dibutyl
phthalate in Reclaimed Wastewater:
Occurrences = 1 of 6 samples; MDL =
2.70 ug/L; mean detected = 3.71 ug/L;
range = N/A; total mean = 0.352 ug/L;
literature values = N/A. 4) Average
dibutyl phthalate concentration in the dry
season (August to November) and the
wet season (January to June): Raw
Drinking Water dry = 5.00 (1 .44-8.3)
ug/L; Raw Drinking Water Wet = ND;
Reclaimed Water Dry = 3.71 ug/L;
Reclaimed Water Wet = ND; Wastewater
Influent Dry = 7.54; Wastewater Influent
Wet = 214.6 (Lorraine et al., 2006).
Water sample concentrations: 0.16 ug/L
to 0.2 ug/L (Serdar et al. 1 999)
Produced at over one million pounds per
year [NRDC]
DBP in raw and finished drinking water
samples [NRDC]
DBP was found in only minor
concentrations. Surface water
concentrations were from 0.12 to 8.80
ug/l-1 (median = 0.50 ug/l -1) for DBP.
Out of 39 sewage works outlet samples,
DBP could be measured in 34. A large
range, from 0.2 to 1 0.4 ug/l-1 was seen
for outlet levels (Fromme et al., 2000).
Mean recoveries (%) from water: 104;
RSD = 0.3. Minimum Detectable
Quantities (MDQ)and limits of detection
of the analytical method (LDM): MDQ =
0.003 ng; LDM for water = 0.006 ug/L
(Vital! et al., 1997).
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Final
PCCL
53
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Final
CCL 3
28
A3-13
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
3397624
333415
30391 32
5278955
1184890
598914
Common Name
Diaminochlorotriazine
Diazinon
Dibromoacetaldehyde
Dibromochloroacetic
acid
Dibromochloronitro
methane
Dibromonitrome thane
References
Cited
Serdaret al.
1999
Frans 2004
[Krasner et
al.06]
DBP ICR
Plewa2004A;
DeAngelo
??[EPA
Research on
HE] [Krasner et
al.06]
Plewa2004A
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
Plewa2004A has in vitro data
Plewa2004A has in vitro data
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
None Provided.
Concentrations of diazinon above
recommended maximum concentrations;
ambient water samples range from 0.023
- 0.42 ug/L (Serdar et al. 1 999)
Ambient water concentration range:
0.008-0.586 ug/L (Frans 2004)
"sum of haloacetaldehydes," 4 ug/L med,
20 ug/L max, [Krasner et al.06]
31 % Det; 0.00 med; 22 ug/L max
"sum of halonitromethanes" in effluent.
med = 1 ug/L; max = 10 ug/L [Krasner et
al.06]
None Provided.
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Yes
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Yes
Final
PCCL
53
Yes
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Final
CCL 3
28
A3-14
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
1 91 8009
79027
7119893
Common Name
Dicamba
Dichloroacetaldehyde
Dichloronitromethane
References
Cited
Rowland 1998;
USEPA1998;
Cox 1 994,
Muller and
Buser 1997;
USGS 1998;
Groveret al.
1997; SERA
1994b; Miller et
al. 1995; Ritter
etal. 1996;
Majewski and
Capel 1995.
Krasner et al
2006
Plewa2004A;
DeAngelo
??[EPA
Research on
HE]; [Krasner et
al.06]
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
EC50 values for sensitive species
between 0.1 and 0.2 ppm (ecological
value); acute oral LD50 of 2740 mg/kg in
rats. (AVWVA)
None Provided.
Plewa2004A has in vitro data
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
Dicamba was detected in 0.32% of
stream samples and 0.12% of samples
from major aquifers (USGS 1998) highest
level detected was 0.00016 mg/L. In an
agricultural area where herbicides are
used extensively, dicamba was found in
17%- 55% of water samples from farm
ponds and dugout waters (Grover et al.
1997). USGS (1998) found dicamba in
0.11%-0.15% of the groundwaters
surveyed. The maximum level detected
was 0.0025 mg/L no apparent correlation
between the prevalence of dicamba in
groundwater from agricultural areas
(0.1 1 %) compared with non-agricultural
urban areas (0.35%). Several additional
studies summarized in SERA (1994b)
and studies published in the more recent
liberature (Miller et al. 1995, Ritter etal.
1 996) report higher frequencies of
occurrence of dicamba in groundwater
from agricultural areas. (AVWVA)
1 ug/L med, 1 4 ug/L max (Krasner et al
2006)
"sum of halonitromethanes" in effluent.
med = 1 ug/L; max = 10 ug/L [Krasner et
al.06]
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Final
PCCL
53
Yes
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Final
CCL 3
28
A3-15
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
62737
Common Name
Dichlorvos (DDVP)
References
Cited
Leiss&Savitz
1995Brown et
al. 1990NTP
1995
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
Known carcinogen in animals; associated
with leukemia in adult men; several
cases of childhood leukemia following
exposure to dichlorvos. (Leiss & Savitz
1995)Odds Rations (ORs) for leukemia
for subjects who ever personally mixed,
handled, or applied dichlorvos (for
subjects who first mixed, handled, or
applied these insecticide at least 20
years before interview): Without latency
considerations, significantly elevated
risks were seen (OR 2.0), Significantly
elevated risks by histological type
(without latency considerations) were
seen for CLL among persons who ever
handled the dichlorvos (OR 2.2, 95% Cl
1 .0-4.6; 1 1 cases) and for CML among
farmers who ever handled dichlorvos
(OR 3.3, 95% Cl 1 .0-10.6; 4 cases); risks
were greatest for subjects who handled
the insecticide for >10 days/year; ORs for
the most frequent users were significantly
elevated for dichlorvos (OR 3.8). (Brown
et al. 1990)Using more current EPA data
than the 2000 USEPA. HED preliminary
risk assessment for Dichlorvos. NTP clear
evidence
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
USDA's Pesticide Data Program water
monitoring data were available and all
samples had non-detectable residues
(LODs ranged from 6 to 22.5 ppt) and
were not considered sufficiently
representative; Dichlorvos appears to
degrade through aerobic soil metabolism
and abiotic hydrolysis, but is secondary
to volatilization. Hydrolysis is pH
dependant where the half lives were 1 1
days at pH 5, 5 days at pH 7 and 21
hours at pH 9. (USEPA Interim
Re registration Eligibility Decision for
Dichlorvos DDVP 2006)
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Yes
Final
PCCL
53
Yes
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Final
CCL 3
28
A3-16
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
1 1 5322
Common Name
Dicofol
References
Cited
Hoekstra
2006Thibaut et
a I 20040 PP
1998
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
The o,p'- and p,p'-substituted isomers of
dicofol were found to induce b-
galactosidase production and/or
transactivation using the yeast-based
steroid hormone receptor gene
transcription assay; EC50 for activity of
p,p'- and (±)-o,p'-dicofol was 4.2x10-6
and 1.6x10-6 M, respectively, which were
significantly greater than the EC50 for
(+)-17b-estradiol (3.7x10-10 M).
Enantiomer-specific activity of o,p' -dicofol
with the hER (assumed from b-
galactosidase activity) was observed.
The b-galactosidase induction by (-)-o.p'-
dicofol (EC50: 5.1x10-7 M) was greater
than the racemic mixture. (Hoekstra
2006)Dicofol at a concentration of 100
uM significantly inhibited the synthesis of
T by 1 6%; The strongest inhibitor was
dicofol, at a concentration of 100 uM led
to 90% inhibition; Concerning the
synthesis of 5 -DHT, dicofol was the
strongest inhibitor (74%). Significantly
inhibited T glucuronidation (81 %
inhibition; IC50 293±1 1 uM) with no
significant effect on E2-UGT (Thibaut et
a I 2004)
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
Since the first-order degradation half-
lives for dicofol in water is <1-85 days
(pH 5-9), it is unlikely that environmental
concentrations will meet or exceed the
threshold values calculated in this study.
(Hoekstra 2006)SciGrow90d avg peak =
0.69; Mean SW=0.5ppb
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Yes
Final
PCCL
53
Yes
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Final
CCL 3
28
A3-17
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
84662
1 672464
20830755
Common Name
Diethyl phthalate
(DEP)
Digoxigenin
Digoxin
References
Cited
Serdaret al.
1999
Vital! et.al,
1997Lorraine et
al. 2006Swan
etal.
No
No
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
prenatal maternal urinary levels (Swan et
al. 2005)
None Provided.
None Provided.
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
Water sample concentrations: 0.015 ug/L
to 0.34 ug/L (Serdar et al. 1999).
1 ) Occurrence and concentrations of
DEP in Raw Drinking Water:
Occurrences = 2 of 13 samples; MDL =
0.49 ug/L; mean detected = 1 .20 ug/L;
range = 0.899-1 .49 ug/L; total mean =
0.096 ug/L; literature values = 0.16-0.3
ug/L. 2) Occurrences and concentrations
of DEPin Finished Drinking Water:
Occurrence = 1 out of 15 samples; mean
= 2.47 ug/L; range = N/A; total mean =
0.16 ug/L. 3) DEP in Reclaimed
Wastewater: Occurrences = 1 of 6
samples; MDL = 0.97 ug/L; mean
detected = 2.10 ug/L; range = N/A; total
mean = 0.394ug/L; literature values =
N/A. 4) Average DEP concentration in
the dry season (August to November)
and the wet season (January to June):
Raw Drinking Water dry = 1 .49 ug/L;
Raw Drinking Water Wet = 0.90;
Reclaimed Water Dry = 2.10 ug/L;
Reclaimed Water Wet = ND; Wastewater
Influent Dry = 14.8 (6.31-23.7);
Wastewater Influent Wet = 7.5 (5.3-9.7)
(Lorraine etal., 2006).
Mean recoveries (%) from water: 78;
RSD = 0.8. Minimum Detectable
Quantities (MDQ)and limits of detection
of the analytical method (LDM): MDQ =
0.004 ng; LDM for water = 0.008 ug/L
(Vital! etal., 1997).
None Provided.
None Provided.
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Yes
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Yes
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Final
PCCL
53
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Final
CCL 3
28
A3-18
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
285531 20
108203
42399417
564250
76420729
1 1 5297
Common Name
Diisononyl phthalate
(DINP)
Diisopropyl ether
Diltiazem
Doxy-cycline
Enalaprilat
Endosulfan
References
Cited
Gray et al. 2000
Swan et al.
2005
[NRDC]
[NYDOH] ;
NEIWPCC,
2001)
No
(Mackie et al,
2006);
[Riverkeepers];
[NYDOH]
No
Wilson &
LeBlanc1998
Sinha et al
1997
Sinha etal 1991
Lakshmana &
Raju 1 994
USEPA2002.
Reregistration
Eligibility
Decision for
tndosultan
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
Reduced pregnancy weight gain to
gesgational day 21 by 14 grams; 22% of
infant males displayed female-like
areolas/nipples; 7.7% of males with
malformations; maternal treatment (0.75
g/kg/day from GD 14 to day 3 of
lactation) significantly increased the
incidence of male offpsring with
reproductive malformations on an
individual (Gray et al. 2000)
DINP produced in volumes of over 1
million pounds per year [NRDC]
endocrine disrupter [NRDC]
prenatal maternal urinary levels (Swan et
al. 2005)
Animal studies have indicated that ethers
have toxic effects such as "increased
adrenal gland, liver, kidney weights and
neurological effects" NEIWPCC, 2001 .
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
Chronic Dietary: NOAEL = 0.6, UF = 100,
FQPA SF = 10, LOAEL = 2.9 mg/kg/day
based on reduced body weight gain,
enlarged kidneys, increased incidences
of marked progressive
glomerulonephrosis; & blood vessel
aneurysms in male rats; Chronic RfD =
0.006 mg/kg/day cPAD = 0.0006
mg/kg/day. Endosulfan is highly toxic
following acute oral exposure and
moderately toxic following acute
inhalation exposure. In rats, oral median
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
The Institute for Health and Consumer
Protection (IHCP) of the European
Chemicals Bureau has estimated a half
life in surface water for DINP of 50 days.
According to the IHCP, 82 percent of any
DINP discharged by sewage treatment
plants will be adsorbed on to sludge, 1 0
percent will be degraded and 1 percent
will be stripped to air. The remaining 7
percent will be released in the effluent.
[NRDC]
Water solubility(Cs(o)) ( mg/l) = 9000@
20 degrees C, 2039; Log Kow = 1 .52;
Henrys Law Kh (atm-m3)/(gmole) =
{9.97E-3, 4.77E-3, 5.87E-3}; Henry's Law
Dimensionless(h/rt) = {4.045E-1 , 1 .95E-
1 , 2.399E-1 }; Log Koc {1 .82, 1 .46}
NEIWPCC, 2001.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
The STORET data are not reliable
enough to enable an accurate
quantitative assessment of the
endosulfan distribution throughout the
U.S., but it does give some insight into
where endosulfan is being found. The
mean concentration found in this data is
0.17 ppb, with a standard deviation of
0.98 ppb. The 90th percentile value (one
in ten year value) was 0.31 ppb and the
median value was 0.03 ppb. The
Pesticides in Ground Water Database
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Yes
Final
PCCL
53
Yes
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Final
CCL 3
28
A3-19
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
Common Name
References
Cited
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
lethal doses (LD50 values) are 82 mg/kg
(males) and 30 mg/kg (females). Median
lethal concentrations (LC50 values) in
rats following acute inhalation exposure
range from 0.1 6 to 0.5 mg/L. Endosulfan
is considerably less lethal, however,
following acute dermal exposure (LD50 is
2.0g/kg). (USEPA2002. Reregistration
Eligibility Decision for Endosulfan)
All female mice exposed to endosulfan
survived and appeared normal. Exposure
of mice to 7.5 mg/kg/day of endosulfan
resulted in an 3.6-fold increase in the rate
of urinary elimination of [14C]androgen.
Overall, 7.5 mg/kg/day of endosulfan
resulted in a 1 .6-fold increase in
testosterone hydroxylation; however, 16b
hydroxylation was increased ;3. 3-fold,
with lesser effects in 6a and 1 6a
hydroxylation. (Wilson & LeBlanc 1998)
A dose dependent reduction in the
number of sperm count was recorded in
all the group. The percent decrease
observed were 39, 62 and 75 % for 2.5,
5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg endosulfan
respectively as compared to the control
group. A significant elevation in the
activities of the enzymes LDH, GGT and
G6PDH was recorded in all the treated
group in a dose dependent manner
(P<0.001). The degree of elevation being
maximum in the highest dose group i.e.
10 mg/kg body weight (95.73% for LDH,
50.1 9% for GGT and 45.43 % for
G6PDH) as compared to the control.
However, SDH registered a decrease in
its activities in a dose (p(O.001)
dependent manner, the highest group
showing maximum effect (58.94 %) as
compared to the controls. (Sinha et al
1997)
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
(PGWDB) reports detections of
endosulfan, ranging from trace to #20
ppb, in 1 .3% of 2410 discrete samples
(32 wells). Detections were reported in
California, Maine, and Virginia. All
sampling was conducted on or before the
year 1989. The abbreviated nature of the
PGWDB does not capture important
factors such as depth of the water table,
soil permeability, proximity of crops to
wells, usage (application) of the chemical
in the years prior to sampling, suitability
of the analytical methodology used
and/or limits of detection. Endosulfan
sulfate was detected in 0.3% of the
samples (6 out of 1 ,969), with detections
ranging from < 0.005 to 1 .4 ppb. The
detections were reported in Indiana and
New York. Sampling occurred at or prior
to 1 990. (USEPA 2002. Reregistration
Eligibility Decision for Endosulfan)
RED EEC = 0.53 -1.5 ppb
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Final
Universe
Data
131
Draft
PCCL
37
Final
PCCL
53
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Final
CCL 3
28
A3-20
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
93106606
51 7099
474862
1 1 4078
50271
53167
637923
Common Name
Enrofloxacin
Equilenin
Equilin
Erythoromycin-H20
Estriol
Estrone
Ethyl-tert-butyl ether
References
Cited
(Mackie et al,
2006);
[Riverkeepers];
[NYDOH]
[Riverkeepers]
[Riverkeepers]
(Mackie et al,
2006);
[Riverkeepers];
[NYDOH]
[Riverkeepers]
(Boyd etal.,
2004)
[NYDOH];
NEIWPCC,
2001)
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
Animal studies have indicated that ethers
have toxic effects such as "increased
adrenal gland, liver, kidney weights and
neurological effects" (NEIWPCC, 2001)
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
Estrone was detected, but determined
non-quantifiable in 6 of 7 samples from
Lake Pontchartrain. Surrogate standards
in ultra-pure water yielded recoveries of
57-67% for estrone-d4.
water solubility (Cs(o)) =-26,000 mg/L';
Log Kow = 1 .74; H=2.66E-3 (atm-m3)/(g-
mole); H/RT=1.087E-1; Log Koc={2.2,
0.95} ; (NEIWPCC).
Min. Cone, detected in GWfrom leaking
USTs = 0.35 ug/L; Max. Cone, detected
in GWfrom leaking USTs = 7,500 ug/L;
Median Cone, detected in GWfrom
leaking USTs = 4 ug/L; Mean Cone.
detected in GWfrom leaking USTs = 260
ug/L (Shih et al., 2004).
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Yes
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Final
PCCL
53
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Final
CCL 3
28
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
A3-21
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
2164172
5491 0893
2581 2300
2163680
154212
Common Name
Fluometuron
Fluoxintine
Gemfibrozil
Hydroxyatrazine
Lincomycin
References
Cited
httD://www.eca.
aov/iris/subst/0
241.htm
httD://extoxnet.o
rst.edu/Dics/fluo
metu.htm
EPA, PAN,
uses
(AVWVA)
No
No
USGS & NYS
DEC 1998
(Mackie et al,
2006);
[Riverkeepers];
[NYDOH]
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
NOAEL: 250 ppm diet (12.5 mg/kg/day).
RfD 1 .3E-2 mg/kg/day. 90-Day Feeding -
rat: NOEL=7.5 mg/kg/day; LEL=75
mg/kg/day (decrease in body weight and
enlarged spleens); no core grade. 90-
Day Feeding - dog: NOEL=10 mg/kg/day;
LEL=100 mg/kg/day (inflammatory
reaction in kidney and liver); no core
grade. Teratology - rabbit: Maternal and
Fetotoxic NOEL not established; LEL=50
mg/kg/day; minimum for teratogenicity
otherwise supplementary. 103-Week
Feeding - mouse: NOEL=500 ppm (75
mg/kg/day); LEL=1000 ppm (150
mg/kg/day) (marginal increase in liver
tumors); no core grade.
(http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0241.htm)
RfD (EPA, mg/kd/d) = 0.013. Possible
carcinogen. (AWWA)
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
Highly persistent in water, half-life of
fluometuron in water 1 1 0 to 1 44 weeks;
stable at pH values ranging from 1 to 13,
at 20 C. However, exposure of 1 0 ppm
aqueous solutions of fluometuron to
natural sunlight resulted in 88%
decomposition in 3 days, with a half-life
of 1 .2 days.
(http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/fluometu.ht
m)
0.046 ppb 95%ile (AWWA)
None Provided.
None Provided.
Maximum concentrations in well water
0.1 to 1 ug/L. (USGS & NYS DEC 1998)
None Provided.
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Yes
Final
PCCL
53
Yes
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Final
CCL 3
28
A3-22
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
330552
Common Name
Linuron
References
Cited
httD://extoxnet.o
rst.edu/Dics/linu
ron.htmUSGS
1 992 Pesticide
Use MacsCook
et al 1 993Grav
99
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
Chronic toxicity: Skin sensitization was
seen in guinea pigs repeatedly exposed.
Alterations in red blood cells were seen
in rats given 2.75 mg/kg/day over 2
years. Anemia was seen in dogs at
doses above 6.25 mg/kg/day.
Reproductive effects: In a three-
generation study, no reproductive effects
were observed at doses of 1 2.5
mg/kg/day. These data suggest that
reproductive effects are unlikely in
humans at expected exposure levels.
Teratogenic effects: Pregnant rabbits fed
high doses of linuron during the sensitive
period of pregnancy had normal offspring
at doses of up to 25 mg/kg/day, even
though maternal weight gain was
reduced. In rats, doses of 6.25 mg/kg/day
did not produce teratogenic effects.
These data suggest that linuron is not
likely to cause birth defects. Linuron is
either nonmutagenic or slightly
mutagenic. Carcinogenic effects: Several
animal studies of mice, rats, and dogs
have shown that it produces
nonmalignant liver and testicular tumors.
In these studies, doses of 72.5
mg/kg/day in rats caused testicular
adenomas and 180 mg/kg/day in mice
caused hepatocellular adenoma. These
data are not sufficient to determine
linuron's carcinogenicity to humans.
Organ toxicity: Rats and dogs fed linuron
for 2 years had detectable residues of
linuron in their blood, fat, kidney, and
spleen, but these did not seem to be
associated with adverse effects. Fate in
humans and animals: In rats, linuron
breaks down completely after passing
through the liver. It is thus unlikely to
bioaccumulate in mammalian systems.
(http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/linuron.htm)
Testosterone IC50(nM) 64,000 +/-
11,000. (Cooketal 1993)
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
1992 estimated annual agricultural use:
1,920,784 total pounds applied in US.
(USGS 1992 Pesticide Use Map)State
Monitoring data. SWEst. 18 ppb.
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Yes
Final
PCCL
53
Yes
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Final
CCL 3
28
A3-23
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
121755
7439965
93652
72333
657249
298000
51 21 8452
17111 8095
1 5201 9733
Common Name
Malathion
Manganese
Mecoprop
Mestranol
Metformin
Methyl parathion
Metolachlor
Metolachlor
ethanesulfonicacid
Metolachlor oxanilic
acid
References
Cited
WHO, AWWA
Wasserman et
al. 2006
Taskeret al.
2003
Serdaret al
1999
Frans 2004
(Pent et al.,
2006)
No
EPA, PAN,
uses
(AWWA)
USGS & NYS
DEC 1998
USGS & NYS
DEC 1998
USGS & NYS
DEC 1998
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
WHO: the presence of malathion in
drinking water under usual conditions is
unlikely to represent a hazard to human
health. (AWWA)
Investigation of intellectual function in
142 10-year-old children in Bangladesh,
who had been consuming well water with
an average concentration of 793 ppb
found that water manganese was
associated with reduced scores on
standardized intelligence testing; adverse
neurologic effects (Wasserman et al.
2006)
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
Interferes with the normal way that the
nerves and brain function. RfD (EPA,
mg/kd/d)=0.00025. Chlolinesterase
inhibitor (AWWA)
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
log n-octanol-water partition coefficient
2.36 - 2.89, solubility in water 145 mg/L
at25oC (AWWA)
Roughly 6% of domestic wells have
manganese concentrations that exceed
300 ppb; (Wasserman et al. 2006).
Mother blood: 6.3 - 151 .2 ug/l;
cord/newborn blood: 14.9 - 92.9 ug/l;
mother hair: 0.10 - 3.24 ug/l;
cord/newborn hair: 0.05 - 13.33 ug/l;
mother placental: 0.01 - 0.49 ug/l (Tasker
et al. 2003)
Ambient water concentrations up to 0.1 9
ug/L (Serdar et al 1999)
Ambient water concentrations up to 0.69
ug/L (Frans 2004)
"A survey in the U.S.A showed
that. ..maximum and median. ..levels of
mestranol were 407 and 74 ng/L,
respectively". Detected in 10 of 16
stream samples. (Pent et al,06 citing
Kolpin 2002).
None Provided.
0.006 ppb 95%ile and 0.061 max
(AWWA)
Maximum concentrations in well water
greater than 20 ug/L. (USGS & NYS
DEC 1998)
Maximum concentrations in well water
greater than 20 ug/L. (USGS & NYS
DEC 1998)
Maximum concentrations in well water
greater than 20 ug/L. (USGS & NYS
DEC 1998)
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Final
PCCL
53
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Yes
Yes
Yes
Final
CCL 3
28
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
A3-24
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
1 01 043372
17157481
107200
91203
14797558
14797650
55185
Common Name
Microcystin LR
monobromoacetalde
hyde
monochloroacetalde
hyde
Naphthalene
Nitrate
Nitrite
N-
Nitrosodiethylamine
(NDEA)
References
Cited
(USEPA 2006)
[AVWVA];
[ASDWA]
Krasner et al
2006 (?-not on
analyte list)
(Serdar et al,
1999);
[ASDWA]
[TXCEQ,
ASDWA]
[TXCEQ,
ASDWA]
AMWA; (no
useful data in
AWWARF
Reports 2867
or 2900; other
AWWARF
reports not yet
released)
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
Cyanobacteria toxin that causes blood to
spill into liver tissue. This bleeding can
lead swiftly to death. "[A WWA] NOAEL 3
ug/kg-day (no observed effect); RfD
3x10-6 mg/kg-day (chronic) (USEPA
2006)
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
Probable human carcinogen [AMWA]
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
None Provided.
"sum of haloacetaldehydes," 4 ug/L med,
20 ug/L max. Incl. Monobromo? [Krasner
et al.06]
"sum of haloacetaldehydes," 4 ug/L med,
20 ug/L max, [Krasner et al.06]
7/12 detection frequency from lake water
(range of concentrations 0.01 6 - 0.083
ug/L) Six samples taken at two sampling
events for a total of 1 2 samples. (Serdar
et al, 1 999); Diesel fuel widely used and
released. [ASDWA]
Texas study indicated half of water
systems using chloramines had
detectable nitrite, and as many as 10%
detected nitrite in excess of the MCL in at
least one sample. [TXCEQ, ASDWA]
Texas study indicated half of water
systems using chloramines had
detectable nitrite, and as many as 10%
detected nitrite in excess of the MCL in at
least one sample. [TXCEQ, ASDWA]
None Provided.
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Yes
Yes
Reg
Reg
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Reg
Reg
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Yes
Yes
Yes
Final
PCCL
53
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Yes
Yes
Final
CCL 3
28
Yes
Yes
A3-25
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
62759
621647
25154523
Common Name
N-
Nitrosodimethylamine
(NDMA)
N-Nitrosodi-n-
propylamine (NDPA)
Nonylphenol (NP)
References
Cited
AMWA
nomination,
ASDWA
nomination,
AVWVARF
Report 2867,
AVWVARF
Report 2900
(other
AVVWARF
reports not yet
released)
AVVWARF
Report 2867
(no useful data
in AVWVARF
Report 2900;
other AWWARF
reports not yet
released)
Occurrence
Data Citations:
Ying, et al.
2002; Gatidou,
et al. 2007
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
Probable human carcinogen [AMWA].
DHHS has determined NDMA "may
reasonably anticipated to be a human
carcinogen." [ASDWA] Cancer lowest
TD50 = 0.096 mg/kg/day in rat with target
organs liver, kidney, lungs, testes and
vasculature; also found TD50 of 0.189
mg/kg/day in mouse with target organs
liver and nervous system (study by Gold,
2005). Predicted LOAEL = 2.7 mg/kg/day
according to TOPKAT model (AWWA
Report 2867)
Cancer TD50 in rat = 0.1 86 mg/kg/day
(AWWARF 2867)
Estrogenic effects are present at tissue
concentrations of 0.1 uM for octylphenol
and 1 uM for nonylphenol [NRDC]
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
Found in groundwater associated with
rocket fuel [ASDWA] Levels of NDMA
found in drinking water are generally
below 10 ng/L. Valentine et al 2005 found
a median NDMA concentration of 0.0005
ug/L and a max (or 90th %ile?)
concentration 0.001 1 ug/L in chlorinated
water (AWWARF Report 2867). NDMA
can be formed by reaction of chloramines
with NOM under normal conditions used
by chloraminating facilities (AWWARF
report 2900).
None Provided.
Production Volume = 450,000,000 pounds
of Alkylphenols and polyethoxylates (APEs)
produced annually (U.S.) [NRDC]Production
volume = 500,000 tons produced annually
worldwide (cited in Ying et al., 2002, original
source Renner, 1997; Sole etal.,
2000)Concentration in Sewage Treatment
Plants = 0.18- 15.9 ug/L (cited in Ying et
al., 2002, original source Naylor et al.,
1992). Half-life in river water = 35-58 days
(cited in Ying et al., 2002, original source
Ekelund et al., 1993). LOD in wastewater +
sewage sludge = 0.03 ug/L; LOQ in
wastewater + sewage sludge =0.11 ug/L
(Gatidou et al., 2007) NP concentration
records for surface waters, (ug/l): 1)
Sample number = 1 4; range=
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
901 6459
70458967
27193288
Common Name
Nonylphenol
ethoxylate (NPE)
Norfloxacin
Octylphenol (OP)
References
Cited
Occurrence
Data Citations:
Ying.et al.
{NRDC}
(Mackie et al,
2006);
[Riverkeepers];
[NYDOH]
[NRDC], Ying et
al 2002;
Gatidou et al
2006.;
NEIWPCC,
2004
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
Estrogenic effects are present at tissue
concentrations of 0.1 uM for octylphenol
and 1 uM for nonylphenol [NRDC]
None Provided.
Animal studies have indicated that ethers
have toxic effects such as "increased
adrenal gland, liver, kidney weights and
neurological effect" NEIWPCC, 2001.
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
Production Volume = 450,000,000
pounds of Alkylphenols and
polyethoxylates (APEs) produced
annually (U.S.) [NRDC]
'Nonylphenol mono ethoxylate
concentrations (ug/l for the following
records:!) Sample number = 22; range
= 0.056-0.326; median =0.145 2)
Sample Number = 30 (rivers) (ug/l) range
= <0. 06-0. 60; median = 0.09 (Ying et al.,
2002).
Nonphenyl diethylate concentrations for:
1 ) Sample number = 22; range = 0.038-
0.398; median = 0.176. 2) Sample
number = 30 (rivers) , range = <0.07-1 .2;
median = 0.1 (Ying et al. 2002).
Nonylphenol Triethyloxylate
concentrations for: 1) Sample number =
22; range = 0.026-0.398; median =
0.153. 2) 30 samples (rivers) (ug/l), range
= <1 .6-14.9; median = 2, 3) Sample
number = 14;, range =
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
90361 95
79572
14797730
Common Name
Octylphenol
ethoxylate (OPE)
Oxytetracycline
Paroxetine
metabolite
Perchlorate
References
Cited
[NRDC],Yinget
al 2002;
Gatidou et al
2006.
(Mackie et al,
2006);
[Riverkeepers];
[NYDOH]
No
Glinoer, D.
2001. Rovet,
JF. 2002.
Haddow, JE,
1999. Allan
WC, 2000.
Clewell RA,
2003 Kirk AB,
2005;Blount
BC, 2006
Blount BC,
2006 ;Brechner
RJ, 2000
USEPA.
Unregulated
Contaminant
Monitoring Rule
(Jan 2005).
USEPA (2004).
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
Epi Study in Az determined 6 ppb in
drinking water associated with decreased
newborn TSH levels. [Brechneret al
2000]
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
Octylphenol monoethoxylate (OPE1):
Water solubility (at 20°C) = 8.0 mg/l; log
Kow = 4.1 0(Yingetal. 2002).
Octylphenol diethoxylate (OPE2): Water
solubility (at 20°C) = 13.2 mg/l; log Kow =
4.00 (Ying et al. 2002).
Octylphenol triethoxylate (OPES): Water
solubility (at 20°C) = 18.4mg/l; log Kow =
3.90 (Ying et al. 2002).
Octylphenol tetraethoxylate (OPE4):
Water solubility (at 20°C) = 24.5 mg/l; log
Kow = 3.90 (Ying et al. 2002).
Detection in 3 WWTP samples [Gatidou
etal]
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Mix
Yes
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Mix
Yes
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Yes
Final
PCCL
53
Yes
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Yes
Final
CCL 3
28
Yes
A3-28
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
375224
335671
1 763231
61 949777
Common Name
Perfluorobutanoic
acid
Perfluorooctanoic
acid
Perfluorooctanoic
sulfonate
Permethrin, trans
References
Cited
Known
perchlorate
releases in the
US.
NJDEP 2006
Statewide
survey. Minn;
NJ;Ohio;WV
NJDEP 2006
Statewide
survey. Minn;
NJ;Ohio;WV
NJDEP 2006
Statewide
survey. Minn;
NJ;Ohio;WV
IARC
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
Suspected toxicity, Risk assessment in
progress refer to OPPT's PFOA web site
[nominator. SB note - only says
'nominator' in spreadsheet. Assuming
this to be E PARS]. EPA and NJDEP
assessing health effects. [NJDEP]
Suspected toxicity, Risk assessment in
progress refer to OPPT's PFOA web site
[nominator. SB note - only says
'nominator' in spreadsheet. Assuming
this to be E PARS]. EPA and NJDEP
assessing health effects. [NJDEP]
Suspected toxicity, Risk assessment in
progress refer to OPPT's PFOA web site
[nominator - assumed to be EPA R3].
EPA and NJDEP assessing health
effects. [NJDEP]
IARC classified as group 3
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
PFOA and PFBA replaced PFOS in
many application, but all three are highly
persistant in the environment and appear
to accumulate in the blood proteins of
humans with a half life of about 4 years.
[nominator, assumed EPA R3]
PFOA and PFBA replaced PFOS in
many application, but all three are highly
persistent in the environment and appear
to accumulate in the blood proteins of
humans with a half life of about 4 years.
[nominator, assumed EPA R3]. 2006
Occurrence data from NJ indicate PFOA
was quantitated at 65% of water systems
sampled (78% of systems if non-
quantifiable detects are considered).
Concentrations ranged from 0.003 ppb to
0.039 ppb. [NJDEP]
PFOS was phased out by 3M, in 2002
due to toxicity. PFOA and PFBA
replaced PFOS in many application, but
all three are highly persistent in the
environment and appear to accumulate in
the blood proteins of humans with a half
life of about 4 years, [nominator,
assumed EPA R3]. 2006 Occurrence
data from NJ indicate PFOS was
quantitated at 30% of water systems
sampled (57% of systems if non-
quantifiable detects are considered).
Concentrations ranged from 0.0023 ppb
to 0.01 9 ppb. [NJDEP]
Water solubility 0.2 mg/L; log octanol
water partition coefficient 6.5; Soil half-
life approx. 28 days. Occurrence 0.006
ppb 95%ile (USGS). Concentrations as
high as 0.8 mg/L have been detected in
surface water. (AWWA)
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Yes
Final
PCCL
53
Yes
Yes
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Yes
Final
CCL 3
28
Yes
Yes
A3-29
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
732116
Common Name
Phosmet
References
Cited
Taylor 1999
EPA IRED
2001
Raffaelle 1999
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
Subchronic oral neurotoxicity study: The
LOAEL is 22 ppm (equivalent to 1 .5/1 .6
mg/kg/day [Male/Female], the LOT),
based on dose-related decreases in
plasma, RBC, whole blood, and brain
cholinesterase activity levels. The
NOAEL was not established. In a rat
developmental toxicity study , treatment-
related clinical signs were observed at
the 15 mg/kg/day dose level, which
consisted of tremors/shaking and
subdued behavior. In the mouse
carcinogenicity study, convulsions were
observed in males at 25 ppm. In a 2-
generation reproduction study in rats,
tremors were observed at the high-dose
level [23.4 mg/kg/day]. In the
developmental toxicity study in rabbits,
unsteady gait and shaking were
observed at 15 mg/kg/day. Maternal
Toxicity in Rats: NOAEL 10 mg/kg/day &
LOAEL 15 mg/kg/day (decreased body
weight gain and food consumption and
clinical signs; No developmental toxicity
in rats. Maternal Toxicity in Rabbits:
NOAEL 5 mg/kg/day & LOAEL 15
mg/kg/day (clinical signs and decreased
body weight). Developmental Toxicity in
Rabbits: NOAEL 5 mg/kg/day & LOAEL
15 mg/kg/day (increased incidence of
skeletal variations in fetuses). Parental
systemic toxicity in rats: NOAEL equal to
and less than 1 .5 mg/kg/day & LOAEL
6.1 (RBC ChEl). Offspring toxicity in
rats: NOAEL 1 .5 mg/kg/day & LOAEL 6.1
mg/kg/day (decreased # of live pups, pup
weights, fertility and lactation index).
Delayed Neurotoxicity: unsteadiness,
subdued behavior, recumbency,
salivation; no ataxia; no decreases in
brain or spinal cord NTE; brain ChE
decreased 63%; no neuropathology.
Acute Neurotoxicity NOAEL 4.5 mg/kg
LOAEL 22.5 mg/kg, based on
cholinesterase inhibition [plasma, RBC,
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
EEC 0.4-1 40 ppb
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Yes
Final
PCCL
53
Yes
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Final
CCL 3
28
A3-30
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
57830
1610180
1 1 4261
129000
13233324
66357355
8021 4831
Common Name
Progesterone
Prometon
Propoxur
Pyrene
Radium 224
Ranitidine
Roxithromycin
References
Cited
[Riverkeepers]
Frans
2004USGS &
NYS DEC 1998
Serdar, D, et al.
(1999);
[ASDWA]
Mayset al.
1995
USEPA2000
Schleien 1992
No
(Mackie et al,
2006);
[Riverkeepers];
[NYDOH]
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
brain] and decreased motor activity in
both sexes. (Taylor 1999)
IRED NOAELunc.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
Lifetime cancer risk from ingestion less
than that from ingestion of an equal
amount of Ra-226 or Ra-228, but greater
than that suggested in the Mays et al
study. Concern that previously
undetected presence of Ra-224 may
pose an additional, quantifiable radium
health risk that currently is not accounted
for by the 5-pCi/L MCL for combined
radium in drinking water. (USEPA 2000)
Because of its short half life, much of the
ingested Ra-224 decays on bone
surfaces, where it may have enhanced
effectiveness (Schleien 1992)
None Provided.
None Provided.
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
None Provided.
Ambient water concentrations up to 0.1 9
ug/L (Frans 2004)Maximum
concentrations in well water 0.1 to 1 ug/L.
(USGS& NYS DEC 1998)
None Provided.
6/12 detection frequency from lake water
(range of concentrations 0.001 6-0.012
ug/L). Six samples taken at two sampling
events for a total of 1 2 samples. (Serdar
et al 1 999). Diesel fuel widely used and
released. [ASDWA]
Extensive monitoring in the NJ over past
several years established presence of
unsupported Ra-224 as the significant
source of the elevated alpha-particle
radioactivity (Parsa 1998)
Survey by USEPA and USGS
demonstrated that Ra-224 may be
present in significant quantities in
groundwater (Focazio et al. 2001)
Study by USGS, NJDEP, and NJDHSS
confirms that Ra-224 contributes
considerable gross alpha-particle activity
to drinking water produced from New
Jersey Coastal Plain aquifer system
(Szabo et al. 2005)
Half life of 3.66 days (Mays et al. 1 995)
None Provided.
None Provided.
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Yes
Yes
Reg
Yes
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Reg
Yes
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Yes
Final
PCCL
53
Yes
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Final
CCL 3
28
A3-31
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
98105998
7440235
76471 45
122112
127797
57681
144821
723466
72140
75854
91 9948
Common Name
Sarafloxacin
Sodium
Sodium chloride
Sulfadimethoxine
Sulfamerazine
Sulfamethazine
Sulfamethizole
Sulfamethoxazole
Sulfathiozole
tert-Amyl alcohol
tert-Amyl ethyl ether
References
Cited
(Mackie et al,
2006);
[Riverkeepers];
[NYDOH]
NYCDEP 2004
(Hesig et al.,
2000)
(Mackie et al,
2006);
[Riverkeepers];
[NYDOH]
(Mackie et al,
2006);
[Riverkeepers];
[NYDOH]
(Mackie et al,
2006);
[Riverkeepers];
[NYDOH]
(Mackie et al,
2006);
[Riverkeepers];
[NYDOH]
(Mackie et al,
2006);
[Riverkeepers];
[NYDOH]
(Mackie et al,
2006);
[Riverkeepers];
[NYDOH]
No.
[NYDOH] (Shih,
etal., 2004;
NEIWPCC,
2001)
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
Animal studies have indicated that ethers
have toxic effects such as "increased
adrenal gland, liver, kidney effects and
neurological effect" NEIWPCC, 2001.
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
None Provided.
Surface water: 5.06 - 44.6 mg/L
(NYCDEP 2004)
Road salt application rate, in tons per
mile of roadway per year: Town, county,
state roads (2 land) = 3y; Taconic
Parkway (4 lane) = 75; Interstate 84 (4
lane) = 298 (Hesig et al., 2000).
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
Med = 20 ug/L; Percent Detects 18.3% in
CA leaking UST sites. [Shih et al 2004.]
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Yes
Final
PCCL
53
Yes
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Final
CCL 3
28
A3-32
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
994058
75650
58220
60548
75967
4641 08
Common Name
tert-Amyl methyl
ether
tert-Butyl alcohol
Testosterone
Tetracycline
Tribromoacetic acid
Tribromonitrome thane
(bromopicrin)
References
Cited
New England
Water Pollution
Control
Commission,
2001.
Shihetal.,
2004
NTP Shihetal.,
2004New
England Water
Pollution
Control
Commission,
2001.
[Riverkeepers]
(Mackie et al,
2006);
[Riverkeepers];
[NYDOH]
Roberts et al
2002
(discusses
classes only);
DBP ICR
Plewa2004A,
Krasner et al,
2006
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
Animal studies have indicated that ethers
have toxic effects such as "increased
adrenal gland, liver,
and kidney weights and neurological
effects" (NEIWPCC, 2001)
Kidney tumors in male rats (NTP)Thyroid
tumors in male and female mice
(NTP)Health-based groundwater criterion
of 1 00 ug/L based on nephropathy in
female rats (NTP)LOAEL from kidney
study = 175 mg/kg-d (NTP)Group C
possible human carcinogen
(NTP)Applied UF of 10,000 from LOAEL
and 10 for poss. care., assuming RSC of
20% [NJDEP]Animal studies have
indicated that ethers have toxic effects
such as "increased adrenal gland,
liver.and kidney weights and neurological
effects". Tertiary-butyl alcohol (TEA), an
alcohol, is not considered to be a viable
alternative to MtBE giventhat animal
studies have produced evidence that it
may be a carcinogen (NEIWPCC, 2001)
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
Plewa2004A has in vitro data
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
Min. Cone, detected in GWfrom leaking
USTs = 0.38 ug/L; Max. Cone, detected
in GWfrom leaking USTs = 12,000 ug/L;
Mean Cone, detected in GWfrom leaking
USTs = 240 ug/L; Med. Cone, detected in
GWfrom leaking USTs = 20 ug/L (Shih
eta I., 2004)
Water solubility (Cs(o)) ( mg/l) = -20,000;
Log Kow = N/A; Henrys Law Kh (atm-
m3)/(gmole) = 1 .27E-3; Henry's Law
Dimensionless(h/rt) = 5.191E-2; Log Koc
= {2.2, 1 .27} (NEIWPCC, 2001 ).
Detected in 36 out of 3,048 private wells.
Min: 10 ppb; max: 251 ppb; mean: 67
ppb. [NJDEP]Min. Cone, detected in GW
from leaking USTs = 6 ug/L; Max. Cone.
detected in GWfrom leaking USTs =
4.4E-06 ug/L; Mean Cone, detected in
GWfrom leaking USTs = 30,120 ug/L;
Med. Cone, detected in GWfrom leaking
USTs = 1 ,880 ug/L (Shih et al.,
2004)Water solubility (Cs(o)) ( mg/l) =
infinatley soluble; Log Kow = 0.35;
Henrys Law Kh (atm-m3)/(gmole) =
{1.175E-5, 1.19E-5, 1.04E-5, 1.47E-5};
Henry's Law Dimensionless(h/rt) =
{4.803E-4, 4.864E-4, 4.251 E-4, 5.927E-
4, 4.8E-4}; Log Koc = {1 .21 , 0.20}
(NEIWPCC, 2001).
None Provided.
None Provided.
3% Det, 0.00 mg/Lmed, 19.00 mg/L max
(DBP ICR)
ND med, 5 ug/L max (Krasner et al,
2006)
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Yes
Final
PCCL
53
Yes
Yes
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Final
CCL 3
28
A3-33
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
52686
75876
76062
101202
Common Name
Trichlorfon
Trichloroacetaldehyde
Trichloronitromethane
(chloropicrin)
Triclocarban
References
Cited
EPA IRED,
1997
Plewa2004A;
DeAngelo-
USEPA (could
not identify
report); DBP
ICR; Krasner et
al, 2006
(Pruden et al,
2006; Halden et
a I., 2005)
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
None Provided.
None Provided.
Plewa2004A has in vitro data
None Provided.
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
None Provided.
"sum of haloacetaldehydes," 4 ug/L med,
20 ug/L, max. Incl. Trichloro? [Krasner et
al.06]
26% Det, 0.50 ug/L med, 13.6 ug/L max
(DBP ICR); 0.2 ug/L med, 2.0 ug/L max
(Krasner et al, 2006)
Annual loadings of antimicrobials
(triclocarban, TCC and triclosan, TCS) to
water resources is as follows: activated
sludge treatment plants (39-67%)
followed by trickling filters (31-45%), and
combined and sanitary sewer
overflows(2-7% and 0.2%) respectivley.
The magnitude and frequency of TCC
contamination (regional) 6750 ng/L, 68%;
(predicted nationwide for 1999-2000),
1 150 ng/L 60%. 84% of all animicrobial
bar soaps sold in the United States
contain triclocarban. Approx. 500,000-
1 ,000,000lb (227, 00-454,00 kg) of
triclocarban are used in the US every
year. The water solubility of triclocarban
is is 0.65-1 .55 mg/L at 25 degrees C.
We estimated nationwide rates of
triclocarban in personal care products
disposed into wastewater at >330,000
kg/yr. Detectable concentrations of
triclocarban were predicted for 49 US
streams in 21 states. A strong positive
linear correlation was observed between
triclocarban and triclosan occurrences
across all aquatic environments and
water types we examined in a
concentration range spanning 5 orders of
magnitude. Regression analysis of these
data resulted in the empirical model:
LoglO Crcc = 0.9491 LoglOCrcs. In this
study, estimated concentrations ranged
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Yes
Final
PCCL
53
Yes
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Final
CCL 3
28
A3-34
-------
EPA-OGWDW
CCL 3:
Summary of Nominations
EPA-815-R-09-011
August 2009
Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations
Supporting Information
CASRN
55335063
738705
1401690
21411530
81812
Common Name
Triclopyr
Trimethoprim
Tylosin
Virginiamycin
Warfarin
References
Cited
[NYDOH]
(Mackie et al,
2006);
[Riverkeepers];
[NYDOH]
(Mackie et al,
2006);
No
Supplemental HE DATA provided with
Nomination
None Provided.
25th ranked prescription medicine in the
US, (NYDOH).
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
Supplemental OCC DATA provided
with Nomination
from 9 to 1550 ng/L, with a mean and
median of 213 and 109 ng/L,
respectivley. In this study, TCC has an
overall frequency of detection of 60% (55
of 91 streams total) Triclocarbon is
expected to rank in the top 20 in
maximum concentration among 96
Pharmaceuticals, hormones and organic
wastewater contaminants considered.
(Halden, 2005).
None Provided.
NYDOH surveyed the New York city
watershed; in each of four WWTP
effluent sampled and at high frequency.
Detected as high as 8,090-37,000 ng/L.
USGS detected in groundwater at
concentrations ranging from 0.1-100 ng/L
in Long Island. Median NREC
concentration 103 ng/L. Relatively stable
and moderately mobile (NYDOH).
None Provided.
None Provided.
None Provided.
CCL 3 Process Status
Draft
Universe
Data
117
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Final
Universe
Data
131
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Draft
PCCL
37
Final
PCCL
53
DRAFT
CCL 3
17
Final
CCL 3
28
A3-35
-------
EPA-OGWDW CCL3: EPA-815-R-09-011
Summary of Nominations August 2009
Appendix 4: References
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), ToxFAQs 4-di-n-butyl phthalate, http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts135.html
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Toxicological Profiles, diethyl phthalate (DEP) PV/95/264214/AS. Updated Jun 1995. Accessed
12/11/06. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp73.html.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Toxicological Profile for Manganese. (2000) http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp151 .pdf
Allan WC, Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, Williams JR, Mitchell ML, Hermos RJ, Faix JD, Klein RZ. (2000) Maternal thyroid deficiency and pregnancy
complications: implications for population screening. J Med Screen. 7(3): 127-30.
Alonso-Magdalena, P, Morimoto, S, Ripoll, C, Fuentes, E, Nadal, A. (2006) The estrogenic effect of bisphenol A disrupts pancreatic beta-cell function in vivo
and induces insulin resistance. Environ Health Pespect. 114(1): 106-12.
Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ), Perchlorate in Arizona: occurrence study of 2004 (revised),
http://www.azdeq.gov/function/about/perch.html
Association of American Pesticide Control Officials Inc. 1969 as cited in ACGIH 1986/ Ex 1-3, p. 230.
AwwaRF. 2867. Use of Toxicological and Chemical Models to Prioritize DBP Research.
AwwaRF. 2900. Organic Nitrogen in Drinking Water and Reclaimed Wastewater.
AwwaRF. 2979. Strategies for Minimizing Nitrosamine Formation During Disinfection of Drinking Water.
AwwaRF. 3014. Occurrence and Formation of Nitrogenous Disinfection By-Products.
AwwaRF. 3135. Analysis, Toxicity, Occurrence, Fate and Removal of Nitrosamines in the Water Cycle.
Barbash, JE, Resek, EA. (1996) Pesticides in Ground Water: Distribution, Trends and Governing Factors. Chelsea, Ml: Ann Arbor Press, 588 p. at p.98-9. and
at p. 167. (NAWQA).
Barbash, JE; Thelon, GP; Kolpin, DW; Gilliom, RJ. (2001) Major herbicides in groundwater: Results from the National Water Quality Assessment. Journal of
Environmental Quality, 30 (3: 831-845).
Batista et al. (2003) Microcystin-LR causes the collapse of actin filaments in primary human hepatocytes. Aquatic Toxicology. 8 October 2003. 65(1): 85-91.
Becker, RL, Herzfeld, D, Ostlie, KR, and Stamm-Catovich, EJ. (1989) Pesticides: Surface runoff, leaching, and exposure concerns. Univ. of Minnesota,
Minnesota Extension Service Publication AG-BU-3911, 32 p.
Benotti and Brownwell (2005) Occurrence and fate of high volume Pharmaceuticals in wastewater impacted environments.
http://www.epa.gov/ncer/publications/meetings/h-23-2005/abstract/benotti.html
Blount BC, Pirkle JL, Osterloh JD, Valentin-Blasini L, Caldwell KL. (2006) Urinary perchlorate and thyroid hormone levels in adolescent and adult men and
women living in the US. Environ Health Perspec. Dec. 114(12): 1865-71.
Blount BC, Valentin-Blasini L, Osterloh JD, Maulden JP, Pirkle JL. Perchlorate exposure of the US population, 2001-2002. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2006
Oct 18. (Epub ahead of print)
Boyd, GR, Reemtsma H, Grimm, DA, Mitra, S. (2004) Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) in
Stormwater Canals and Bayou St. John in New Orleans, LA, USA. Sci Total Environ. Oct 15. 333 (1-3): 137-48.
Brechner RJ, Parkhurst GD, Humble WO, Brown MB, Herman WH. (2000) Ammonium perchlorate contamination of Colorado River drinking water is associated
with abnormal thyroid function in newborns in Arizona. J Occup Environ Med. Aug. 42(8): 777-82.
Brenda Tarplee. USEPA, Health Effects Division. Carbaryl - 2nd Reassessment Report of the FQPA Safety Factor Committee. Memorandum April 30, 2001,
Tox Review No. 014553.
Brenda Tarplee. USEPA, Health Effects Division. Carbaryl Reassessment Report of the FQPA Safety Factor Committee. Memorandum Dec 13, 1999, Tox
Review No. 013891.
Brown, LM, Blair, A, Gibson, R, et al. (1990.) Pesticide exposures and other agricultural risk factors for leukemia among men in Iowa and Minnsota. Cancer Res
50(20):6585-91.
A4-1
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EPA-OGWDW CCL3: EPA-815-R-09-011
Summary of Nominations August 2009
Appendix 4: References
Burkart, MR, Kolpin, DW. (1993) Hydrologic and land-use factors associated with herbicides and nitrate in near surface aquifers. J Environ Qual. 22 (4): 646-
56. (NAWQA).
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Cappon, GD. Phosmet: acute neurotoxicity study. (GD Cappon, lead investigator: Gowan Company Yuma, AZ, sponsor). MRID No 44673301. WIL Research
Labs, Ashland, OH, Oct 8 1998.
(Title might be "An acute neurotoxicity study of phosmet in rats.")
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2005) 3rd National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, Atlanta, GA. Available:
www.cdc.gov/exposurereport
Clewell RA, Merrill EA, Yu KO, Mahle DA, Sterner TR, Mattie DR, Robinson PJ, Fisher JW, Gearhart JM. (2003) Predicting fetal perchlorate dose and inhibition
of iodide kinetics during gestation: a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic analysis of perchlorate and iodide kinetics in the rat. Toxicol Sci 2003 June. 73(2):
235-55. Epub 2003 April 15.
Cook, JC, Nullin, LS, Frame, SR, Biegel, LB. (1993) Investigation of a mechanism for Leidig cell tumorigenesis by linuron in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 119:
195-204.
Cousins, IT, Staples, CA, Klecka, GM, Mackayl, D. Multimedia assessment of the environmental fate of bisphenol A. (2002) Human and Ecological Risk
Assessment 8(5): 1107-1135.
Dabrowski, JM, Bennett, ER, Bollen, A, Schultz, R. Mitigation of Azinphos methyl in a vegetated stream: Comparison of runoff- and spray-drift. Chemosphere.
2006. Jan: 62 (2): 204-12. Epub 2005 July 5.
DeAngelo (USEPA)
Durando, M, Cass, L, Piva, J, Sonnenschein, C, Soto, AM, Luque, EH, Munoz-de-Toro, M. Prenatal Bisphenol A exposure induces preneoplastic legions in the
mammary gland in Wistar rats. Environ Health Perspect. 2006. Aug 29. (Epub ahead of print).
ECPI. Phthalates in the Aquatic Environment. Brussels, European Council for Plasticizers and Intermediates. 1996.
ENVIRODAT Surveys and Information Systems Branch, Environment Canada, 1993.
Etoxnet. Pesticide Information Profile. Bromoxynil. May 1994. http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/24d-captan/bromoxynil-ext.html
Etoxnet. Pesticide Information Profile. Fluometuron. June 1996. http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/fluometu.htm
European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, di-C8-10-branched alkyl esters, C9-
rich and di-"isonono"phthalate (DIMP), CAS No. 68515-48-0 and 28553-12-0, EINECS Nos. 271-090-9 and 249-079-5, Summary Risk Assessment Report,
2003. http://ecb.jrc.it/DOCUMENTS/Existing-Chemicals/RISK_ASSESSMENT/SUMMARY/dinpsum046.pdf
Extension Toxicology Network (EXTOXNET), Pesticide Information Profiles. June, 1996. http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/linuron.htm
Fent, et al. Erratum notice. (2006) "Erratum to 'Ecotoxicology of human Pharmaceuticals (200) 122-159." published in a subsequent issue of Aquatic Toxicology,
78(2): 207.
Fent, Ketal. (2006) Ecotoxicology of human Pharmaceuticals. Aquatic Toxicology, 78(2): 122-159 At 143
Fiore, MC, Anderson HA, Hong R, Golubjatnikov R, Seiser JE, Nordstrom D, Hanrehan L, Belluck D. (1996) Chronic exposure to aldicarb contaminanted
groundwater and human immune function. Environ Res. Dec: 41(2): 633-45.
Fischer et al.
Focazio et al. (2001) Occurrence of Selected Radionuclides in Ground Water Used for Drinking Water in the United States: A Targeted Reconnaissance
Survey, 1998. USGS. Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4273.
Frans, LM. (2004) Pesticides detected in urban streams in King County, WA, 1998-2003. USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5194.
Fromme, H, Kuchler, T, Auto, T, Pilz, K, Muller, J, Wenzel, A. (2002) Occurrence of phthalates and bisphenol A and F in the environment. Water Res 36(6):
1429-38.
A4-2
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EPA-OGWDW CCL3: EPA-815-R-09-011
Summary of Nominations August 2009
Appendix 4: References
Gatidou G, Thomaidis NS, Stasinakis AS, Lekkas TD. Simultaneous determination of the endocrine disrupting compounds nonylphenol, nonylphenol
ethoxylates, triclosan, and bisphenol A in wastewater and sewage sludge by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatog A. 2006 Oct 27 (Epub
ahead of print)
German Human Biomonitoring Commission. (2006) Umweltbundesamtes. Available: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/uba-info-daten-e/monitor/pub.htm
Gilroy et al. (2000) Assessing Potential Health Risks from Microcystin Toxins in Blue-Green Algae Dietary Supplements. Environmental Health Perspectives.
May. 108(5): 435-39.
Gledhill, WE, Kaley, RG, Adams, WJ, Hicks, O, Michael, PR, Saeger, VW. (1980) An environmental safety assessment of butyl benzyl phthalate. Environ. Sci.
Tech. 14(3): 301-305.
Glinoer, D. (2001) Potential consequences of maternal hypothyroidism on the offspring: Evidence and implications. Horm Res. 55: 109-114.
Goss, DW. (1992) Screening procedure for soil and pesticides relative to potential water quality impacts. J Weed Technol. 6: 701-8.
Gray, LE Jr., Ostby, J, Furr, J, Price, M, Veeramachaneni, DN, Parks, L. (2000) Perinatal exposure to the phthalates DEHP, BBP, and DINP but not DEP,
DMP, or DOTP, alters sexual differentiation of the male rat. Toxicol. Sci. 58 (2): 350-65.
Gray, LE Jr., Wilson, VS, Stoker, T, Lambright, C, Furr, J, Noriega, N, Howdyshell, K, Ankley, GT, Guillette, L. (2006) Adverse effects of environmental anti-
androgens and androgens on reproductive development in mammals. Int J Andro. 29 (1): 96-108
Gray, LE Jr., Wolf, C, Lambright, C., Mann, P, Price, M, Cooper, RL, Ostby, J. (1999) Administration of potentially anti-androgenic pesticides (procymidone,
linuron, iprodione, clozolinate, p, p'-DDE, and ketoconazole) and toxic substances (dibutyl- and diethylhexyl phthalate, PCB169, and ethane dimethane
sulfonate) during sexual differentiation produces diverse profiles of reproductive malformations in the male rat. J Toxicol Ind Health. Jan-Mar 15(1-2): 94-118.
Grendon, J, Frost F, Baum L. (1994) Chronic health effects among sheep and humans surviving an aldicarb poisoning incident. Vet hum toxicol. June: 36 (3):
218-23
Greyshock, AE, Vikesland, PJ. (2006) Triclosan reactivity in chloraminated waters. J Environ Sci Tech. Apr 15. 40 (8): 2615-22.
Haddow, JE, Palomaki, GE, Alan, WC, Williams, JR, Knight, GJ, Gagnon, J, O'Heir, CE, Mitchell, ML, Hermos, RJ, Waisbren, SE, Faix, JD, Klein, RZ. (1999)
Maternal Thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child. N Engl J Med. Aug 19; 341(8): 549-55.
Comments in: N Engl J Med 1999 Aug 19:341(8): 601-2.
N Engl J Med 1999 Dec 23; 341 (26): 2015-6; discussion 2017.
N Engl J Med 1999 Dec 23; 341 (26): 2015; discussion 2017.
N Engl J Med 1999 Dec 23; 341 (26): 2016-7.
N Engl J Med 1999 Dec 23; 341(26): 2016; discussion 2017.
Hajoui, O, Flipo D, Mansour S, Founier M, Krzystyniak K. (1992) Immonotoxicity of subchronic versus chronic exposure to aldicarb in mice. Int J
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Appendix 4: References
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Appendix 4: References
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