United States Office of Water EPA-822-R-06-014
Environmental Protection Office of Science and Technology January 2006
Agency 4304T
Biennial Review of
40 CFR Part 503
As Required Under the
Clean Water Act
Section 405(d)(2)(C)
Reporting Period
2005 Biennial Review
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EPA-822-R-06-014
Biennial Review of 40 CFR Part 503
As Required Under the Clean Water Act Section 405(d)(2)(C)
Reporting Period Biennial Review 2005
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Water
Office of Science and Technology
Health and Ecological Criteria Division
Ecological and Health Processes Branch
Washington, D.C.
January 2006
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NOTICE
This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. EPA policy and approved for
publication. This report was prepared with the support of Research Triangle Institute, and its
subcontractors, under the direction and review of the Office of Science and Technology.
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
This document can be downloaded from EPA's website at:
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/biosolids/
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In 1993, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated regulations in 40 CFR
Part 503 as amended, setting numerical standards for certain metals in sewage sludge, requiring
vector attraction reduction (e.g., reducing birds, rodents and insects) for pathogens, and
establishing operational standards for emissions from sewage sludge incinerators. Section
405(d)(2)(C) of the Clean Water Act (CWA) states that EPA shall review the sewage sludge
regulations not less often than every two years for the purpose of identifying additional toxic
pollutants and promulgating regulations for such pollutants consistent with the requirements of
section 405(d).
In fulfilling this commitment for the 2005 Biennial Review Cycle, EPA collected and
reviewed publicly available information. The Agency searched databases with articles published
in English and in refereed journals for information on occurrence, fate and transport in the
environment, human health and ecological effects, as well as other relevant information for
pollutants that may occur in U.S. sewage sludge. If such data are available for pollutants that
may occur in sewage sludge, the agency is able to characterize the potential risk associated with
exposure to such pollutants when sewage sludge is applied to land as a fertilizer or soil
amendment, placed in a surface disposal site, or incinerated.
The data search identified 137 pollutants for which some data were available for 118
pollutants, but the data were not sufficient to allow the Agency to either conduct exposure and
hazard assessments or determine what, if any, regulatory action may be needed. For the
remaining 19 pollutants, data are available to enable EPA to evaluate exposure and hazard. This
evaluation will use existing data, data collected during the 2005 Biennial Review, and results
from the recent Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey. When EPA evaluates potential risk for
these pollutants, EPA will be able to determine what, if any, regulatory action may be needed
pursuant to Section 405(d) of the CWA. However, at this time EPA has not identified additional
toxic pollutants for regulation under Section 405(d)(2)(C) of the CWA.
in
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CONTENTS
Notice ii
Executive Summary iii
Introduction 1
History of the Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge 1
Biennial Reviews 5
2003 Biennial Review 5
2005 Biennial Review 6
Ecological Assessment 6
Human Health Assessment 7
Results of the 2005 Biennial Review 7
Additional Information 14
TABLES
1. Metals Regulated in 40 CFR 503 2
2. Selected Chemicals Evaluated in the Literature Search 9
3. Literature Search Chemicals 11
ATTACHMENT
1. Literature Search Results and Database Update Technical Background Report..Attachment 1-1
IV
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Introduction
This document summarizes the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) activities
related to the 2005 biennial review of pollutants pursuant to the Clean Water Act (CWA) Section
405(d)(2)(C). That section requires EPA to review existing sewage sludge regulations at least
every two years to identify additional pollutants for possible regulation. The biennial review
covered by this report summary - the 2005 Biennial Review - obtained biosolids-related
literature through March 2005. This document summarizes the analysis of that literature (a more
detailed report is included in Attachment 1). In this document, we use the term "biosolids"
interchangeably with "sewage sludge," which is defined in the regulations and used in the
statute.
History of the Standards for Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge
In Section 405 of the CWA, Congress set forth a comprehensive program designed to
reduce potential health and environmental risks associated with using or disposing of sewage
sludge. Under Section 405(d), EPA establishes numeric limits and management practices that
protect public health and the environment from the reasonably anticipated adverse effects of
chemical and microbial pollutants in sewage sludge. Section 405(d) prohibits any person from
using or disposing of sewage sludge from publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) or other
treatment works treating domestic sewage, unless the use or disposal complies with regulations
promulgated under section 405(d).
On February 19, 1993, EPA identified pollutants which, on the basis of available
information on their toxicity, persistence, concentration, mobility, or potential for exposure, were
present in sewage sludge in concentrations which may adversely affect public health or the
environment. At that time, the Agency promulgated regulations (58 FR 9248) - CFR 40 Part 503
Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge - specifying acceptable management
practices, numeric standards for ten metals (see Table 1) and operational standards for microbial
organisms.
The 1993 rule established requirements for the final use or disposal of sewage sludge
when it is: (1) applied to land as a fertilizer or soil amendment; (2) placed in a surface disposal
site, including sewage sludge-only landfills; or (3) incinerated. These requirements apply to
1
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publicly and privately owned treatment works that generate or treat domestic sewage sludge and
to anyone who uses or disposes of sewage sludge. The rule also requires monitoring, record
keeping, and reporting of specific information regarding sewage sludge management.
Table 1: Metals Regulated in 40 CFR 503
Metal
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Selenium
Zinc
Land Application
X
X
X1
X
X
X
X1
X
X
X
Incineration
X
X
X
Surface Disposal
X
X
X
X
X
- Minor amendments published in 1994 and 1995 improved clarity and responded to the results
of judicial review resulting in changes in land application limits for chromium (deleted all limits)
and molybdenum (deleted limits in Tables 2, 3, and 4 of Section 503.13).
— Mercury emissions are regulated as limits to air emissions either by monitoring the exhaust air
from the incinerator or the ambient air around the incinerator. In either case, the concentration in
the air must meet the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs, 40
CFR Part 61). Total hydrocarbons (THC) or carbon monoxide (CO) is monitored to represent all
organic compounds in the exhaust gas that are covered by the Part 503 Rule. See Subpart E,
Section 503.43 for other incineration requirements.
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Section 405(d)(2)(C) of the CWA also requires the Agency to review from time to time,
but not less often than every 2 years (i.e., biennial reviews), the regulations for the purpose of
identifying additional toxic pollutants and promulgating regulations for such pollutants (the
Agency uses the term pollutant as defined in the CWA). The purpose of reviewing information
on pollutants, or potential pollutants, is to assess the availability and sufficiency of the data to
conduct exposure and hazard assessments. Such exposure and hazard assessments, where
sufficient data exist, allow the Agency to determine the potential for harm to public health or the
environment following use or disposal of biosolids. To inform the exposure and hazard
assessments of pollutants in biosolids, EPA typically collects the following data:
• Toxicity to human and ecological receptors (e.g., toxicity defined in terms of reference
dose, reference concentrations, cancer slope factor, lethal dose, lethal concentration, or
chronic endpoints related to fecundity).
• Acceptable concentration data in sewage sludge. Both the ability to detect a given
pollutant in sewage sludge and the concentrations at which that pollutant is present are
highly dependent on the existence of acceptable analytical methods for that pollutant in
the sewage sludge matrix. Analytical methods for water, effluent, or soil may not
necessarily be appropriate for detecting pollutants in biosolids.
• Fate and transport data for pollutants that may be present in sewage sludge. These data
are necessary for assessing exposure. Chemical and physical properties that are
developed for a given pollutant in sewage sludge should generally include:
Parameter
Molecular weight
Solubility
Vapor pressure
Henry's law constant
Soil-water partitioning coefficient
Soil adsorption coefficient (Kj and Koc)
Degradation rates in various media
Log octanol-water partition coefficient (Log Kow)
Diffusivity in air
Diffusivity in water
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Air-to-plant transfer factor
Root uptake factor for above ground vegetation
Root concentration factor
Bioconcentration factors for animal products
The Agency evaluates the sufficiency of such data for pollutants having acceptable
analytical methods, source concentration values, human health benchmarks, and other pertinent
data for two general purposes:
1. To conduct sewage sludge exposure and hazard assessments for humans and the
environment.
2. To support potential rulemaking under 40 CFR Part 503.
EPA did not meet the timetable in section 405(d) for promulgating the first round of
regulations, and a citizen's suit was filed (Gearhardt v. Reilly (Civ. No. 89-6266-HO (D. Ore.))
to require EPA to fulfill this mandate. A consent decree was entered by the court in that case,
establishing schedules for two rounds1 of sewage sludge rules. To comply with the consent
decree, EPA was required to:
• Identify toxic pollutants in sewage sludge (not identified pursuant to 33 U.S.C.
Section 1345(d)(2)(A)(i) and (ii)) that may adversely affect public health and the
environment. In compliance, on February 19, 1993, EPA promulgated the first
rule codified at 40 CFR Part 503 (58 FR 9248) ("Round One")1.
• Sign a notice for publication proposing Round Two1 regulations no later than
December 15, 1999, and to sign a notice taking final action on the proposal no
later than December 2001. In compliance, on December 21, 2001 EPA published
in the Federal Register (66 FR 66228) its determination not to regulate dioxin and
~ The terms "Round One" and "Round Two" were used by the consent decree. EPA uses the
term "Biennial Review" to refer to subsequent reviews of Part 503 pursuant to Section 405(d) of
the CWA.
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dioxin-like compounds [i.e., polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs),
polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like coplanar
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)] in sewage sludge that is incinerated or placed
in sludge landfills or containment ponds. EPA based its decision on an evaluation
of the risk of exposure for people most likely to be exposed to dioxin from these
sources. EPA concluded that existing regulations for incinerators, landfills or
containment ponds adequately protect human health and the environment by
limiting exposure to pollutants, including dioxins in sewage sludge that is
disposed of at a surface disposal site or incinerated in a sewage sludge
incinerator.
• The consent decree (as amended) required EPA to take final action on the land
application Round Two rulemaking from the original date of December 15, 2001,
to a new date of October 17, 2003. In compliance, on October 24, 2003 EPA
announced its final decision not to regulate dioxins in land-applied sewage
sludge, concluding that dioxins from land-applied sewage sludge do not pose a
significant risk to human health or the environment. (68 FR 61084).
Biennial Reviews
2003 Biennial Review
Consistent with the consent decree mentioned above, EPA agreed to publish a notice in
the Federal Register describing how the Agency intends to respond to the National Research
Council (NRC) report (http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/biosolids/nas/complete.pdf)
recommendations and to seek public comment on its planned response. EPA also agreed to
review publicly available information to identify additional toxic pollutants in sewage sludge and
to publish a notice and seek public comment on the results of the review. Fulfilling these
commitments, EPA published a notice in the Federal Register on December 31, 2003 (68 FR
75531).
For its 2003 Biennial Review, EPA assessed available data on chemical pollutants that
had been detected in sewage sludge and that had not been regulated or previously assessed. The
Agency collected and reviewed publicly available information published between 1990 and 2003
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on the occurrence of chemicals in sewage sludge; data on environmental properties such as
mobility and persistence; and available human health benchmarks (HHBs). Following this
review, EPA made preliminary determinations regarding sufficiency of information for
conducting an exposure and hazard-based screening assessment. That literature review identified
803 chemicals reported to occur in sewage sludge. Sufficient data for evaluation were available
for 40 of these 803 pollutants. EPA conducted a human health and an ecological hazard
screening assessment for these 40 pollutants. Of the 40 pollutants evaluated, EPA determined
that 15 pollutants presented a potential risk to human health and/or the environment. EPA further
reduced the 15 pollutants to nine pollutants based on an updated biosolids exposure and hazard
assessment. The results of EPA's review do not mean that EPA has concluded that these nine
pollutants in sewage sludge adversely affect human health or the environment. EPA will use the
results from the recently completed Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey (TNSSS)
(www.epa.gov/waterscience/biosolids) to complete its risk evaluation for these 9 pollutants. EPA
will use that evaluation to inform what action, if any, to take under section 405(d) of the CWA.
2005 Biennial Review
The remainder of this document presents the 2005 Biennial Review. In conducting its
2005 Biennial Review, EPA again collected and reviewed publicly available information on
pollutants for evaluating potential harm to human health or the environment following use or
disposal of sewage sludge.
Ecological Assessment
EPA conducted a literature search through March 2005. EPA searched databases and the
published literature to capture available information needed to conduct ecological and
environmental risk evaluations (e.g., occurrence, fate and transport in the environment, and
ecological effects) for pollutants in U.S. sewage sludge. The Agency used articles published in
English in peer-reviewed journals, databases such as ECOTOX, Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries
Abstracts, Biological Sciences Database, and the Environmental Sciences and Pollution
Management Database, as well as secondary sources of data for eco-toxicity benchmarks (e.g.,
the recent Ecological Soil Screening Level documentation for certain metals). The Agency
assessed whether data were sufficient to conduct an ecological exposure and hazard assessment.
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Human Health Assessment
To conduct human health risk evaluations, EPA did a literature search from 2003 through
March 2005. EPA searched databases and the published literature, such as PubMed, TOXLINE,
and the Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management Database for information such as
occurrence, fate and transport in the environment, and human health effects for pollutants in U.S.
sewage sludge.
The Agency followed the same methodology as for the 2003 Biennial Review to
determine whether the identified data were sufficient for proceeding with an exposure and hazard
screening assessment. This methodology involved identifying the pollutants for which EPA peer-
reviewed final human health benchmarks (HHBs) had been developed by the Agency's Office of
Pesticide Programs Programs (OPP) for Reregi strati on Eligibility Decisions (REDs), or by
EPA's Office of Research and Development for Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
health assessments. For this biennial review, EPA did not include pollutants for which the
scientific basis of HHBs was being reassessed at the time of review. For future biennial reviews,
the Agency is re-evaluating which HHBs to be used for assessment purposes.
Results of the 2005 Biennial Review
During the Agency's search of known databases and the open literature during 2005
Biennial Review, the Agency collected reviewed publicly available information for pollutants
listed in Tables 2 and 3. The Agency evaluated the availability and acceptability of data
addressing toxicity to human and ecological receptors, pollutant concentrations in sewage sludge
based on acceptable analytical methods, physical and chemical properties, and fate and transport
in the environment in order to be able to conduct an exposure and hazard assessment.
For its 2005 Biennial Review, EPA identified articles published since the 2003 Biennial
Review as potential sources of information on pollutants in biosolids. The Agency evaluated the
articles as potentially relevant sources containing new information that was not previously
available or evaluated for pollutants in a prior biennial review, as well as previously collected
information. Two criteria were established for selecting a pollutant for an exposure and hazard
evaluation if relevant data were available: 1) the pollutant has either an OPP or IRIS HHB and
that the HHB study was not undergoing reevaluation, and (2) the pollutant has nationally
representative or otherwise acceptable measured concentrations in U.S. sewage sludge based on
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acceptable analytical methodology that can be used to detect and quantify such concentrations.
EPA compiled a list of 137 chemical pollutants for which some information was found.
The Agency divided the list of pollutants identified into two major groups:
1. For pollutants listed in Table 2 (i.e., 19 pollutants), the Agency updated any
information that may have been made available since 2003. Where sufficient data
exist, EPA will be able to evaluate these pollutants using results from the TNSSS
to evaluate potential risk and determine what, if any, regulatory action may be
needed pursuant to Section 405(d) of the CWA. The Agency also continues to
evaluate certain pollutants according to the following reasons:
• Barium, beryllium, manganese, silver, fluoranthene, pyrene, 4-
chloroaniline, nitrate and nitrite were previously identified during the 2003
Biennial Review based on a human health and ecological risk evaluation
(68 FR 75531). When updated occurrence and concentration data are
available from the Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey (TNSSS)
(www.epa.gov/waterscience/biosolids), EPA plans to evaluate these nine
pollutants and conduct a risk evaluation to determine whether to propose
regulating any of these pollutants under Section 405(d) of the CWA.
• The EPA-Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) recently issued
human health benchmarks for antimony, barium, and 2-
methylnaphthalene.
• Thallium, benzo(a)pyrene, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and fluoride were
included based on comparison of theoretical hazard quotients to exposure
and hazard screening results. These compounds are currently undergoing a
human health benchmark reevaluation.
• The U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and EPA are evaluating
cobalt and iron during re-vegetation and remediation of soils with
biosolids.
• The Agency is interested in obtaining information about phosphate levels
in the sewage sludge; such knowledge may help the Agency and states
address nutrient management during the application of sewage sludge.
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• The Agency is reevaluating molybdenum for a revised numerical standard
based on updated sewage sludge concentration and other data.
2. Pollutants listed in Table 3 (i.e., 118 pollutants) represent those for which EPA
searched published literature for the availability of relevant data aimed at identifying
other pollutants to evaluate pursuant to Section 405(d) of the CWA. Currently there
are significant data gaps for pollutants listed in Table 3. EPA does not have sufficient
information on these pollutants to evaluate even a minimal number of exposure
pathways. Examples of missing information include environmental properties,
adequate human health and eco-toxicity benchmarks, and acceptable concentration
data in sewage sludge. Therefore, there is not sufficient information at this time on
these pollutants to conduct exposure and hazard assessment for deriving scientifically
supportable numerical standards.
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Table 2. Selected Chemicals Evaluated in the Literature Search
Chemical
CAS Registry Number
Metals
Antimony1
Barium* :
Beryllium*
Cobalt3
Iron3
Manganese*
Molybdenum5
Silver*
Thallium2
7440-36-0
7440-39-3
7440-41-7
7440-48-4
7439-89-6
7439-96-5
7439-98-7
7440-22-4
7440-28-0
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Benzo(a)pyrene2
Fluoranthene*
2-Methylnaphthalene1
Pyrene*
50-32-8
206-44-0
91-57-6
129-00-0
Semi-volatiles
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate2
4-Chloroaniline*
117-81-7
106-47-8
Inorganic Ions
Fluoride2
Nitrate*
Nitrite*
Phosphate (total)4
16984-48-8
14797-55-8
14797-65-0
14265-44-2
* Chemicals evaluated during BR 2003 (68 FR 75531).
(1) EPA-Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) recently issued or retained
human health benchmarks.
(2) Included based on comparison of theoretical hazard quotients to exposure
and hazard screening results. These compounds are currently ongoing
human health benchmark assessments.
(3) USD A and EPA are evaluating during re-vegetation and remediation of
soils with biosolids.
(4) Included based on concerns surrounding P loading to soils and runoff.
(5) Reevaluating pollutant for a revised numerical standard based on updated
sewage sludge concentration and other data.
10
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Table 3. Literature Search Chemicals
Chemical
Metals
Aluminum
Boron
Cerium
Rubidium
Tin
Vanadium
Yttrium
Organics
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Cyanide
Dimethyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Ethylbenzene
Nitrophenol, p-
Octylphenol
Polyethylene glycol
Styrene
Tetrabromobisphenol A
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate
Trichlorobenzene, 1,3,5-
Organics / disinfectants, antiseptics
Triclosan
Organics / surfactants
Nonylphenol
Nonylphenol (branched), 4-
Nonylphenol, 4-
Organics / odorants
Dimethyl-3,5-dinitro-4-tert-butylacetophenone, 2,6-
Hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-g-2-benzopyran,
1,3,4,6,7,8-
Musk Xylene
Organics / pesticides
Cresol,p- (4-methylphenol)
Dichlorobenzene, 1,3-
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
CASRN
7429-90-5
7440-42-8
7440-45-1
7440-17-7
7440-31-5
7440-62-2
7440-65-5
56-23-5
67-66-3
57-12-5
131-11-3
117-84-0
100-41-4
100-02-7
67554-50-1
25322-68-3
100-42-5
79-94-7
115-96-8
108-70-3
3380-34-5
25154-52-3
84852-15-3
104-40-5
81-14-1
1222-05-5
81-15-2
106-44-5
541-73-1
106-46-7
Evaluated
Previously
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
11
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Chemical
Dimethoate
Endosulfan alpha
Endosulfan beta
Fenthion
Heptachlor epoxide
Monuron
Nitrofen (TOK)
Pentachloronitrobenzene
Trichlorofon
Triphenyl phosphate
CASRN
60-51-5
959-98-8
33213-65-9
55-38-9
1024-57-3
150-68-5
1836-75-5
82-68-8
52-68-6
115-86-6
Evaluated
Previously
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Organics / pharmaceuticals
17 (alpha)-estradiol
17 (alpha)-ethynyl estradiol
17 (beta)-estradiol
1 9-norethisterone
Acetaminophen
Albuterol
Aspirin
Bezafibrate
Benzenesulfonic acid,2,2'- (l,2-ethenediyl)bis[5-amino]
Butylated hydroxy toluene
Caffeine
Carbamazepine
Carbadox
Cholesterol
Cimetidine
Ciprofloxacin
Clofibric acid
Codeine
Cotinine
Cyclophosphamide
Diazepam
Diclofenac sodium
Digoxin
Diltiazem
Dimethylaminophenazone
Dimethylxanthine, 1,7-
Di-tert-butylphenol, 2,6-
57-91-0
57-63-6
50-28-2
68-22-4
103-90-2
18559-94-9
50-78-2
41859-67-0
42615292
128-37-0
58-08-2
298-46-4
6804-07-5
57-88-5
51481-61-9
85721-33-1
882-09-7
76-57-3
486-56-6
50-18-0
439-14-5
15307-79-6
20830-75-5
42399-41-7
58-15-1
611-59-6
128-39-2
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
A
A
B
A
A
12
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Chemical
Doxycycline
Equilin
Erythromycin
Estriol
Estrone
Fenofibric acid
Floxacillin
Fluoxetine
Gemfibrozil
Ibuprofen
Indometacine
Ketoprofen
L-Norgestrel (levonorgestrel)
Mefenamic acid
Mesalazine
Mestranol
Metoprolol
N,N-diethyltoluamide (DEBT)
Nadolol
Naproxen
Norfloxacin
Oxytetracycline
Phenazone
Phenoxymethylpenicyllin
Progesterone
Propranolol
Quinine sulfate
Ranitidine
Salicylic acid
Sodium valproate
Sulfamerazine
Sulfamethazine
Sulfasalazine
tert-butyl-4-hydroxy anisole, 3-
Trimethoprim
Tylosin
Virginiamycin
CASRN
564-25-0
474-86-2
114-07-8
50-27-1
53-16-7
26129-32-8
5250-39-5
54910-89-3
25812-30-0
15687-27-1
53-86-1
22071-15-4
797-63-7
61-68-7
89-57-6
72-33-3
37350-58-6
134-62-3
42200-33-9
22204-53-1
70458-96-7
79-57-2
60-80-0
87-08-1
57-83-0
525-66-6
7778-93-0
66357-35-5
69-72-7
1069-66-5
127-79-7
57-68-1
599-79-1
25013-16-5
738-70-5
1401-69-0
11006-76-1
Evaluated
Previously
A
A
A
A
A
B
A
A
A
A
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Organics / plasticizers
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Chemical
Ethanol, 2- butoxy-phosphate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs)
Hexabromobiphenyl, 2,2',4,4',5,5'-
Organics / solvents
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Xylene, m-
Xylene, o-
Xylene, p-
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs)
Chloronaphthalene, 2-
Polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Benzo(a)anthracene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Chrysene
Naphthalene
CASRN
78-51-3
84-74-2
59080-40-9
127-18-4
108-88-3
108-38-3
95-47-6
106-42-3
25586430
56-55-3
205-99-2
207-08-9
218-01-9
91-20-3
Evaluated
Previously
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A = Evaluated during 2003 Biennial Review (68 FR 75531)
B = No previous evaluation
The Agency will continue to assess the availability of sufficient information for these and
other pollutants during subsequent biennial reviews pursuant to Section 405(d)(2)(C) of the
CWA. In addition, the Agency is evaluating its process for how future biennial reviews will be
conducted. For example, for future biennial reviews, the Agency is re-evaluating its process of
only relying solely on IRIS or OPP HHBs.
Additional Information
For more information about EPA's Biosolids program, contact Rick Stevens in the Health
and Ecological Criteria Division, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20460
(telephone: 202-566-1135 ore-mail: stevens.rick@epa.gov).
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Attachment 1
Literature Search Results and Database Update
Technical Background Report
Attachment 1-1
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Literature Search Results and Database Update
Technical Background Document
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Water
Ariel Rios Building
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20460
January 2006
Attachment 1-2
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Table of Contents
Section Page
Introduction 5
1.0 Physical-Chemical Property Data 6
2.0 Bioconcentration Data 7
3.0 Ecotoxicity Data from Secondary Sources of Information 9
4.0 Ecotoxicity Data from Primary Sources of Information 11
Dose Benchmarks 12
Benzo(a)pyrene 12
Water Concentration Benchmarks 12
Fluoride 12
Pyrene 13
Manganese 13
Silver 13
Sediment Concentration Benchmarks 13
Cobalt 13
Manganese 13
Nitrite 13
Soil Concentration Benchmarks 13
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 13
Fluoranthene 13
Pyrene 14
Manganese 14
5.0 Data Search and Identification of Additional Pollutants 14
Pollutants with Health Benchmarks 14
Pollutants without Health Benchmarks 16
6.0 Conclusions
7.0 References 22
Appendices
A - List of All Sources for Physical-Chemical Properties Data Collection
B - Available Physical-Chemical Properties
C -Potential Sources of Physical-Chemical Data
D - Bioaccumulation and Bioconcentration Factors for Ecological Analysis
E - Potential Sources of Bioaccumulation and Bioconcentration Data
F - Ecotoxicity Data from Secondary Sources
G - Potential Sources of Ecotoxicological Data
H - Sources of Information Screened for Possible New Pollutants in Sewage Sludge
1-3
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List of Tables
Table Page
1 Chemicals and Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry Numbers Considered
in Data Collection 6
2 Results of Abstract Screening for Bioaccumulation and Bioconcentration Factors 8
3 Secondary Sources for Ecological Benchmarks 9
4 Ecological Benchmarks Availability in Secondary Sources 11
5 Ecological Benchmarks Availability in Primary Sources 12
6 List of Pollutants with Health Benchmarks 15
7 List of Pollutants without Health Benchmarks 16
1-4
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Introduction
This technical report constitutes an RTI International (RTI) deliverable under U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Contract No. 68-C-04-006, Work Assignment 1-20.
Sections 1 through 4 of this report present information that updates the results of the literature
search for physical and chemical properties conducted under previous work assignments and
considers papers from November 2004 through April 2005. Because previous literature reviews
included only a limited review of data on bioconcentration/biotransfer factors and ecotoxicity
benchmarks, EPA included papers, reports, and journal articles from 2000 through April 2005
for these parameters. The literature search focused on the open literature, as well as chemicals
listed in Table 1 (i.e., chemicals identified in EPA's 2003 Biennial Review). The literature search
followed the search strategy described in the memorandum submitted to EPA on April 25, 2005.
To augment that search strategy, EPA conducted an independent literature search and review
focused exclusively on biosolids-related literature (e.g., identified from biosolids Web sites such
as Cornell University) and key authors in this field of study (e.g., Dr. M.B. McBride, Dr. G.A.
O'Connor). This independent search and review was designed as a quality assurance (QA) step
to ensure that the literature search strategy captured all relevant data sources and articles. The
results presented below include information gleaned from the primary literature survey, review,
and the biosolids-specific review.
Section 5 of this report presents information pertinent to the identification of additional
pollutants in U.S. sewage sludge and, in particular, examines the availability of human health
benchmarks on cancer and non-cancer endpoints. The purpose of this section was to provide
information on the suitability for modeling and potential rulemaking for pollutants that have
been identified in sewage sludge but have not yet been included in the exposure and hazard
modeling conducted by EPA.
1-5
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Table 1. Chemicals and Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry
Numbers Considered in Data Collection
Chemical
Antimony
Barium
Benzo(a)pyrene
Beryllium
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
4-Chloro aniline
Cobalt
Fluoraiithene
Fluoride
Iron
Manganese
2 -Methy Inaphthalene
Molybdenum
Nitrate
Nitrite
Pyrene
Silver
Thallium
CAS
7440-36-0
7440-39-3
50-32-8
7440-41-7
117-81-7
106-47-8
7440-48-4
206-44-0
16984-48-8
7439-89-6
7439-96-5
91-57-6
7439-9,8-7
14797-55-8
14797-65-0
129-00-0
7440-22-4
7440-28-0
In 2003 Screening
Assessment
S
S
S
s
s
s
s
s
s
1.0 Physical-Chemical Property Data
For this task, EPA retrieved all available data for the selected chemicals from an internal
physical-chemical properties database using the same hierarchy established for the 2003
screening assessment (U.S. EPA, 2003a). The database contains data from known public
databases, EPA, peer-reviewed and other published literature, and estimation software. Appendix
A provides a list of all these existing sources. For the chemicals that are new to this analysis, the
available data from those sources are presented in Appendix B (for others the data are the same
as used in the 2003 assessment). With the exception of fluoride, EPA identified a relatively
complete data set for all of the chemicals shown in Table 1. Significant data gaps included the
following:
1 - 6
-------
o Soil -water partition coefficients (Kd) was not found for iron
o Hydrolysis rates (Kh) were not found for 2-methylnaphthalene and bis (2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate.
o Fish bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were not found for iron.
EPA focused on filling data gaps for the newly added constituents and identifying
additional data for existing constituents. On average, the search returned 25 papers per chemical
with more than 200 papers identified for some chemicals. These papers were initially screened
by reading titles and abstracts to determine relevancy (papers on marine systems were excluded),
and EPA retained the references shown in Appendix C. Due to the volume of papers that were
produced by the literature search and screen, the investigation was limited to a review of
abstracts. No additional data were identified in the abstracts that could be used in the
environmental fate and transport modeling.
2.0 Bioconcentration Data
Based on the 2003 screening analysis, the following methodology was used for obtaining
bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) and bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for the new constituents
listed in Table 1. These values are presented in Appendix B for terrestrial plants and in Appendix
D for terrestrial vertebrates, invertebrates, and aquatic plants.
o Terrestrial vertebrates (small mammals, small birds, small herps, omnivorous
vertebrates, and herbivorous vertebrates)
For metals, BAF values were collected from the U.S. Army Risk Assessment Modeling
System (ARAMS) (ERDC and USACHPPM, 2004); these sources rely heavily on Sample
et al., 1998, which provides data on bioaccumulation in small mammals. The small mammal
BAFs were applied to all other terrestrial prey items due to the lack of other data. ARAMS
did not contain data for any of the new organic constituents.
o Terrestrial invertebrates (worms and other soil invertebrates)
Earthworm BAFs were also obtained from ARAMS for most of the new metals and for
benzo(a)pyrene.
o Terrestrial plants (exposed vegetables, exposed fruits, forage, silage, grains, and roots)
For organics, values were calculated for the human ingestion pathway using the Travis and
Arms regression (Travis and Arms, 1988). These values were obtained from RTFs internal
chemical-physical properties database. For metals, values were identified in Baes et al.,
1984.
1-7
-------
o Aquatic Fauna (TL3fish, TL4fish, and benthic filter feeders)
For metals and organics, Estimations Programs Interface for Windows (EPIWIN) BCFs
were used for fish. The same BCFs were also used for benthic filter feeders (Bffs) in the
absence of other data. These values were obtained from RTFs internal chemical-physical
properties database.
o Aquatic plants (aquatic plants and algae)
EPIWFN BCFs were used for metals and organics.
EPA conducted a literature search to fill the remaining data gaps. Table 2 summarizes the
data availability for the new constituents listed in Table 1. Due to the large number of abstracts
(more than 200), the primary literature review was restricted to screening the abstracts for useful
data rather than reviewing the entire article (although EPA did obtain and review the entire text
for key references, such as McBride et al., 2004). Based on this review, the abstracts were
divided into three groups:
Group 1: Number of abstracts with readily available data. These abstracts contain actual
data, but the full articles would require additional technical review to verify the
applicability of these values.
Group 2: Number of abstracts suggesting applicable data. These abstracts contain
summary information or language that suggests applicable data might be available in the
full document.
Group 3: Number of articles with no indication of applicable data. These abstracts do not
contain any information that suggests that useful quantitative data may have been
reported by the study.
Table 2. Results of Abstract Screening for Bioaccuinulatiou
and Bioconceiitration Factors
Constituent
Antimony
Benzo(a)pyrene
Bi s -(2-etfaylfaexyl)plithalate
Cobalt
Fluoride
Iron
Manganese
Molybdenum
Thallium
Total
Abstracts
Obtained
14
96
9
71
19
124
103
14
7
Number of Abstracts
with readily
available data
0
*y
0
T
0
0
1
0
1
suggesting
applicable data
S
6
0
•->
0
•1
4
4
4
mo indication of
applicable data
9
88
'">
67
19
122
98
10
-5
1 - 8
-------
The references for the papers under Groups 1 and 2, as well as all other relevant
references, are presented in Appendix E. The abstracts in Group 1 contained the following
information.
o Benzo(a)pyrene: Klosterhaus, S.L., et al. (2002) presents BAFs for aquatic plants.
Samsoee- Peterson, L. et al. (2002) lists BCF values for vegetables. Overcash, M., et al.
(2005) lists an uptake range for crops that could be useful.
o Cobalt: In two separate abstracts, Kahle, J. and G-P. Zauke (2003) list BCFs for aquatic
fauna. The article by Perez-Espinosa et al. (2005) can be used to calculate soil-to-plant
bioconcentration factors.
o Manganese: El-Shenawy, NS (2004) lists a minimum BCF for aquatic fauna.
o Molybdenum: The data presented in McBride et al. (2004) are based on extracted metal
concentrations from soil and sludge. A methodology would need to be developed to
quantify the relationship between total metal concentrations in soil (required by the
model) and the extracted metal concentrations reported in the study. Because the study
approach used by authors may gain wide acceptance, EPA may want to investigate the
use of extracted concentrations in the future. In addition, three articles were reviewed on
plant uptake that did not contain adequate information to derive quantitative values
(O'Connor et al., 2001a; O'Connor et al., 2001b; and O'Connor et al., 2001c).
o Thallium: Borgmann, U. et al. (2004) presents aquatic plant BCFs. McBride, M.B. (2003)
lists crop uptake factors for thallium.
3.0 Ecotoxicity Data from Secondary Sources of Information
For each of the chemicals listed in Table 1, EPA searched primary and secondary sources
for benchmarks for surface water, sediment, and soil, as well as benchmarks in units of dose for
mammals and birds in the 2003 screening assessment (U.S. EPA, 2003a). Table 3 presents the
data quality hierarchy established for the 2003 screening assessment and presents the list of
secondary sources that we reviewed.
Table 3. Secondary Sources for Ecological Benchmarks
Be&chmark Tjpe
Water
Soil
Secondary Data Sources
1.
~»
3.
4.
5
1.
•-j
3.
U.S. EPA, 2004 (NAWQC)
Sitter and Tsao. 1996
Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment.
U.S. EPA, 2003b (EFED Database)
California EPA. 2003
U.S. EPA, 2005 (ECO-SSL)
Effrovmson et al.. 1997
Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment.
2003
2003
(continued)
i - 9
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Table 3. (continued)
Benchmark Type
Sediment
Mammals and Birds
Secondary Data Sources
1.
->
1.
~s
3.
4.
Jones etal, 1997
Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. 2003
U.S. EPA. 2005 (ECO-SSL)
STAG, 2002
Sample etal.s 1996
U.S. EPA, 2003 (EFED Database)
The data from secondary sources were entered to the corresponding modeling database as
illustrated in Appendix F, Ecotoxicity Data from Secondary Sources. Appendix F also presents
the benchmark values that were used in the 2003 screening assessment for comparative purposes
whenever a new value was identified. In instances when there is more than one value for the
same combination chemical/benchmark/receptor concentration, the recommended value was
flagged according to the following criteria:
1. The Table 3 hierarchy for secondary data is used; for primary data, studies must come
from a peer-reviewed source.
2. Chronic effects data are preferred over acute data.
3. Study reports should include test species, test species body weight, and study duration.
4. Reproductive or developmental effects are preferred over other endpoints.
5. For ingestion benchmarks, only ingestion exposures may be used with feeding studies
preferred to gavage (i.e., orally induced) studies.
6. For two or more values satisfying the above criteria, the most current value was
preferred.
7'. For two or more values satisfying the above criteria, the most conservative (i.e.,
lowest) value was preferred.
Table 4 shows the availability of data coming from secondary sources. Overall, EPA
identified new values for one or more ecological benchmarks except for 4-chloroaniline, pyrene,
and silver for which 2003 screening assessment data already exist.
i -10
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Table 4. Ecological Benchmarks Availability in Secondary Sources
Chemical
Antimony
Barium
Benzo(a)pyrene
Beryllium
Bis,(2-ethylhexyl}plithalate
4-Chloroamline
Cobalt
Fluoranthene
Fluoride
Iron
Manganese
2-Methylnaphthalene
Molybdenum
Nitrate
Nitrite
Pyrene
Silver
Thallium
CASRN
7440-36-0
7440-39-3
50-32-8
7440-41-7
117-81-7
106-47-8
7440-48-4
206-44-0
16984-48-8
7439-89-6
7439-96-5
91-57-6
7439-98-7
14797-55-8
14797-65-0
129-00-0
7440-22-4
7440-28-0
Ecological Benchmarks Availability
Dose
Mammals
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
Birds
/
/
/
/
/
/
Water
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
Sediment
/
/
/
/
Soil
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
4.0 Ecotoxicity Data from Primary Sources of Information
Primary sources of ecotoxicy data were also considered. EPA searched the following
databases: MEDLINE, PubMed, Toxline, Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts, Biological
Sciences Database, and the Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management Database and
retrieved the abstracts of papers from year 2000 to present using a previously defined list of
keywords (see technical memorandum submitted to EPA on April 25, 2005). Because of the
large volume of references produced by this search, we further screened the results by reading
the titles and abstracts to include only the most relevant papers (see Appendix G).
Table 5 summarizes the availability of ecotoxicity benchmarks identified during the
review of hundreds of article abstracts; however, additional technical review will be required to
determine the quality and applicability of the benchmarks presented in these papers before they
can be used for biosolids risk modeling. Information about the receptors and endpoints, as well
as the key papers that were identified, is presented in the following paragraphs (organized around
benchmark type).
1-11
-------
Table 5. Ecological Benchmarks Availability in Primary Sources
Chemical
Antimony
Barium
Benzot'ajpyrene
Beryllium
Bis{2-ethylhexyi)pfathalate
4-Chloroaiiiline
Cobalt
FluGfiinthene
Fluoride
Iron
Manganese
2-Metliyinaphthaiene
Molybdenum
Nitrate
Nitrite
Pyrene
Silver
Thallium
CASRN
7440-36-0
7440-39-3
50-32-8
7440-41-7
117-81-7
106-47-8
7440-48-4
206-44-0
16984-48-8
7439-89-6
7439-96-5
91-57-6
7439-98-7
14797-55-8
14797_65-0
129-00-0
7440-22-4
7440-28-0
Ecological Benchmarks Availability
Dose
Mnmmnls
---
Birch
/
Water
--
-'-
--
/
/
/
/
Sediment
/
/
/
--
Soil
/
/
/
/
-|T
Shaded cells correspond to previously found data from secondary sources.
* Data is available from the 2003 screening assessment.
Dose Benchmarks
o Benzo(a)pyrene: Stoncius and Lazutka (2003) present threshold values considering
effects in spleen and liver function in advanced developmental stages of the black-
headed gull embryo.
Water Concentration Benchmarks
o Fluoride: Two studies were identified that could potentially provide data. Metcalfe-
Smith et al. (2003) present LCso values for different aquatic invertebrates. Saxena et al.
(2001) studied the freshwater fish Channapunctatus exposed to different concentrations
of fluoride and evaluated the 96-hour median lethal concentration (LCso).
1 - 12
-------
o Pyrene: Two studies were identified. Landrum et al. (2003) present LCso and ECso values
considering immobility (failure to swim on prodding) for the amphipod, Diporeia spp.
Weinstein and Polk (2001) present LCso and LDso values for the freshwater mussel
Utterbackia imbecillis exposed to water concentrations of photoactivated pyrene.
o Manganese: Three studies were identified. Barnhoorn et al. (2001) presents LCso values
considering haematological and osmoregulation effects on a fish species (Oreochromis
mossambicus). Soltan and Rashed (2003) present threshold values from studying the
survival and behavior of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) under varying conditions
of manganese concentrations. Lasier et al. (2000) presents LCso and chronic ICso values
for the crustaceans Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyalella azteca.
o Silver: Five studies were identified. Mann et al. (2004), Morgan and Wood (2004), Van
Genderen et al. (2003), and Bury et al. (2003) present LCso values for juvenile rainbow
trout, Pimephalespromelas, and aquatic invertebrates. Peng et al. (2004) presents LCso
values for Crustacea dubia.
Sediment Concentration Benchmarks
o Cobalt: Two studies were identified that could potentially provide data. Dave and
Nilsson (2004) present threshold values from both acute and chronic tests that were
made with the crustacean Ceriodaphnia dubia considering reproductive effects.
Borgmann et al. (2004) presents threshold effect concentrations obtained from chronic
tests performed in amphipods.
o Manganese: One study was identified. Dave and Nilsson (2004) presented sediment
toxicity values for cobalt and manganese that could potentially be used.
o Nitrite: Neumann et al. (2001) present lethality concentration values after studying the
complete larval development until eclosion, larval mortality, and morphological
modifications of the abdominal appendages (ventral tubules and anal papillae) in benthic
organisms (Chironomuspiger and Ch. riparius).
Soil Concentration Benchmarks
o Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: Two studies were identified with potential data. Jensen et al.
(2001) presents ECioand ECso values considering effects in survival and reproduction of
a soil invertebrate (collembolan Folsomiafimetaria). Van Wezel et al. (2000) is a review
document that presents ER-L values for survival, growth, and reproduction.
o Fluoranthene: Three studies were identified that could potentially serve as data sources,
Sverdrup et al. (2002a, 2002b, and 2001). These studies present ECio values and
threshold values derived using a QSAR methodology. They consider survival and
reproduction effects on soil invertebrates.
1 - 13
-------
o Pyrene: Five studies were identified. Herbert et al. (2004) presents LCso, ECso (juvenile),
and NOEC values for the invertebrate Folsomia Candida. Jensen and Sverdrup (2004)
present ECso and ECio values that consider survival and reproduction of the collembolan
Folsomia fimetaria. Sverdrup et al. (2002a and 2002b) presents ECio values considering
survival and reproduction of the enchytraeid worm Enchytraeus crypticus and Folsomia
fimetaria, respectively. Sverdrup et al. (2002c) measured toxic effects on the
collembolan Folsomia fimetaria as reductions in survival and reproductive output after
three weeks of exposure.
o Manganese: Kuperman et al. (2004) presents EC20 and ECso values obtained from tests
measuring reproductive effects on the earthworm (Eisenia fetida) cocoon, the
enchytraeid (Enchytraeus crypticus), and the collembolan (Folsomia Candida).
5.0 Data Search and Identification of Additional Pollutants
EPA examined pollutant data available from previous work assignments (2002-2004) and
newly reviewed literature (November 2004 - present). The search for new data was based on the
strategy developed under the previous work assignment (Contract 68-C-04-006, Work
Assignment #B-20); results from bibliographic databases were limited to articles published in
English in refereed journals. The bibliographic databases included MEDLINE, PubMed, Toxline,
Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts, Biological Sciences Database, and the Environmental
Sciences and Pollution Management Database. The data search key words included:
Topic/Keyword: Sewage sludge, biosolids, pollutants, toxicants, treated
sewage, sludge treatment, sewage treatment, land
application
From well over 100 articles, we identified the 72 articles shown in Appendix H as
sources of information on pollutants in biosolids (Appendix H includes abstracts when
available). We divided the list of pollutants identified in these articles into two major groups; (1)
pollutants that have not previously been modeled but have readily available health benchmarks
and (2) pollutants that have been identified in recent studies on biosolids for which health
benchmarks were not identified in a major reference.
Pollutants with Health Benchmarks
Table 6 lists the chemicals (n=30) with health benchmarks (not limited to IRIS or OPP)
that fit the following criteria: (1) identified in the National Sewage Sludge Survey- NSSS (1989),
(2) not currently on EPA's list of potential candidates for addition to the Part 503 standards, and
(3) not previously regulated for sewage sludge. The chemicals are organized by analyte groups
defined by similarity in structure as well as typical uses when appropriate.
1 - 14
-------
Table 6. List of Pollutants with Health Benchmarks
Constituent Name
CASKS'
Metals
Aluminum
Boron*
Tin
Vanadium
7429-90-5
7440-42-8
7440-31-5
7440-62-2
Organic?
Carbon tetrachloride*
Chloroform*
Cyanide*
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Ethylbetizene*
Styrene*
56-23-5
67-66-3
57-12-5
117-84-0
100-41-4
100-42-5
Organics desinfectaufs, antiseptics
Tetrachloroethyleiie*
127-18-4
Orgauics/ pesticides
1 ,4-Diclilorobenzene
Cresol, p- (4-methylphenol)
Dimetlioate*
Endosulfan I*
Endosulfan II*
Heptachlor epoxide*
Nitrofen (tox)
Pentachloromtrobenzene *
106-46-7
106-44-5
60-51-5
959-98-8
33213-65-9
1024-57-3
1836-75-5
82-68-8
Organics/ plasticizers
Di-n-bittyl phthalate*
84-74-2
Organics/ solvents
Toluene*
Xylene. —
Xylene, o-
Xylene. p-*
108-88-3
108-38-3
95-47-6
106-42-3
(continued)
1 - 15
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Constituent Name
CASKS
Polycfalorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Benz(a)anthracene
56-55-3
Beiizo (b)fliioranthene
Beiizo (k)fluoranthene
Chry&ene
Naplirhalene*
205-99-2
207-08-9
218-01-9
91-20-3
Polychlarinated !Saphthaleues (PCNs)
Chloronaplithalene. 2- (beta)*
91-58-7
* Oral benchmark is available in IRIS and/or OPP.
Pollutants without Health Benchmarks
Based on a review of abstracts and selected articles in Appendix H, Xia et al. (2005)
emerged as the most comprehensive article on pollutants that may be present in biosolids that
were not identified specifically in our literature reviews under previous work assignments
covering the years 2002 to 2004. Table 1 lists a large number of additional pollutants of concern
(e.g., Pharmaceuticals, pesticides) in sewage sludge that do not have human health benchmarks
available in any of the sources reviewed under this work assignment. We identified toxicity data
that may support development of human health benchmarks for most of these pollutants except
those presented in shaded, bold rows in the table below. The table also flags pollutants reported
in Xia et al. (2005) as being found in wastewater treatment plant influents. This document
reports different percent removals of the pollutants (30-90%) and states that it is uncertain
whether this removal is due to solids partitioning or degradation; therefore, the pollutants could
potentially accumulate in the sewage sludge.
Table 7. List of Pollutants without Health Benchmarks
Constituent Name
CASKS*
Metals
Cerium
Rubidium
Sulfur
Yttrium
7440-45-1
7440-17-7
7704-34-9
7440-65-5
(continued)
1 - 16
-------
Table 7. (Continued)
Constituent Xaine
Organic s
Dimethyl- 3 , 5-dimtro-4-tert-butylac etopkenone. 2 . 6-
Diniethylphthalate
NitrophenoL p-
Octylphenol
Polv(ethyleiie glycol)s
Tetrabromobisphenol A
Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate
Tnchlorobenzene, 1,3,5-
Hexahvdro-4. 6. 6, 7 , 8. 8-hexamethvlcvclopenta-g-2-benzop\Tan. 1 , 3 . 4. 6, 7 , 8-
Organics/ conditioners
Ferrous sulfate
Organic s; disinfectants, antiseptics
Triclosau*
Organic?' surfactants
Nonylplienol*
Nonylphenol (branched), 4-*
Noirylphenol, 4-
Organics/ odorants
Musk Xylene
Oi'ganics/ pesticides
Dichlorobeiizene ,1,3-
Fenthion
Monuroii
Trichlorofon
Triphenyl phosphate
CASRN
81-14-1
131-11-3
100-02-7
67554-50-1
25322-68-3
79-94-7
115-96-8
108-70-3
P22-05-5
7720-78-7
3380-34-5
25154-52-3
84852-15-3
104-40-5
81-15-2
541-73-1
55-38-9
150-68-5
52-68-6
115-86-6
(continued)
1 - 17
-------
Table 7. (Continued)
Constituent Name
CASRN
Organics/ pharmaceuticah
17 (aipfaa)-estradiol
17 (alpha)-ethynyl estradiol'
17 (beta)-estradiol
1 9-norethisterone
Ac etaminopheii
Albuteral
Aspirin
Bezalibrate
bis[(4-aiiiliiio-6-morpliolino-l,3,5-tnazui-2-yl)-aniitio]stilbeiie-2,2*-disulfoiiaTe (DAS), 4,4'-
Butylated hydroxy toluene
Caffeine'
Carbamazepine"
Carbodox
Cholesterol
Cimetidine
Ciprofloxacin
C'lofibric acid
Codeine
Cotinine
Cyclophosphamide
Diazepam
Diclofenac sodium*
Digoxin
Diltiazem
57-91-0
57-63-6
50-28-2
68-22-4
103-90-2
18559-94-9
50-78-2
41859-67-0
81-11-8
128-37-0
58-08-2
298-46-4
6804-07-5
57-88-5
51481-61-9
85721-33-1
882-09-7
76-57-3
486-56-6
50-18-0
439-14-5
15307-79-6
20830-75-5
42399-41-7
(continued)
1 - 18
-------
Table 7. (Continued)
Constituent Name
Diinetliyla miiio p Leiia z one
Dimethvlxanthiae, 1,7-
Di-tert-butylphenol, 2.6-
Doxycvcline
Equiliii
Erythromycin-FGO
Estradioi (estriol)
E&trone
Fenofibnc acid
Flucoxacillim sodium
Fluoxetine
Gemfibrozil
Ibuprofen*
Indometacine*
Ketoprofen*
Levonorgestrel
Mefenamic acid
Mesalazine
Mesrratiol
Metoprolol*
N,N-dietliyltoluaniide
Nadolol
Naproxeii*
Norfloxacin
Oxytetracycline
CASRN
58-15-1
611-59-6
128-39-2
564-25-0
474-86-2
114-07-8
50-27-1
53-16-7
26129-32-8
5250-39-5
54910-89-3
25812-30-0
15687-27-1
53-86-1
22071-15-4
797-63-7
61-68-7
89-57-6
72-33-3
37350-58-6
134-62-3
42200-33-9
22204-53-1
70458-96-7
79-57-2
(continued)
i -19
-------
Table 7. (Continued)
Constituent Name
Phenazone*
Phenoxymethylpenicyllim
Progesterone
Propranolol '
Qiiiiiiiie sulphate
Raiiitidiiie
Salicylic acid
Sodium valproate
Sulfamerazine
Sulfatnetiiazine
Sulpha&alazine
tert-butyl-4-hvdroxy anisole, 3-
Tnnietliopnin
Tylo&iii
Virginianiycin
CASKS"
60-80-0
87-08-1
57-83-0
525-66-6
7778-93-0
66357-35-5
69-72-7
1069-66-5
127-79-7
57-68-1
599-79-1
25013-16-5
738-70-5
1401-69-0
21411-53-0
Organic*/ plasticizers
Butoxy-phosphate etlianol, 2-
78-51-3
Polybromiuated Biphenyls (PBBs)
Hexabromobipheiiyl. 2.2',4.4',5,5'-
59080-40-9
'Pollutants listed in Xia et al. (2005)
6.0 Conclusions
For new pollutants and selected pollutants that were identified by EPA for further data
collection efforts, EPA retrieved physical-chemical property data from existing internal
databases as well as in the open literature. Based on a review of the open literature, we identified
a number of additional pollutants that have not been modeled and investigated the availability
benchmarks and toxicological data from multiple sources (EPA-approved sources such as IRIS
as well as alternate sources of benchmarks such as the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry reports). In addition, we: (1) obtained or calculated parameter values for BAFs and
BCFs for terrestrial vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, and fish and aquatic plants, and (2)
evaluated the availability of ecological benchmarks and identified new values for surface water,
sediment, soil, mammals, and birds from primary and secondary sources. These data often
represent information gleaned from studies conducted during the past few years, particularly
1 - 20
-------
studies conducted in the previous six months; however, for some chemical pollutants that were
not previously evaluated, EPA expanded its search and collected data from a wide range of
sources dating back to the early 1980's. EPA did not identify any sources or references
presenting chemical concentration data in biosolids. Despite the collection of data on other input
parameters and the availability of EPA-approved health benchmarks, we lack sufficient
information on pollutant concentrations in biosolids to support running the exposure and hazard
assessment model.
1-21
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