EPA
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Voluntary Guidelines for
Methamphetamine Laboratory Cleanup
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Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction 3
1.1 Background 3
1.2 Purpose and Scope 3
1.3 Methodology 4
1.4 Need for Future Research 5
1.5 How to Use this Document 5
2.0 Remediation Standards 6
3.0 Remediation Sequence and Techniques 7
3.1 Overview of Remediation Sequence 7
3.2 Hiring a Contractor 8
3.3 Ventilation 8
3.4 Worker Safety and Health 8
3.5 Preliminary Assessment 9
3.6 Pre-Remediation Sampling 10
3.7 Cleanup Plan 11
3.8 Removal of Contaminated Materials 11
3.9 Waste Characterization and Disposal Procedures 12
3.10 High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Vacuuming 13
3.11 "Once-Over" 13
3.12 Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) 13
3.13 Detergent-Water Solution Washing 14
3.14 Post-Remediation Sampling 15
3.15 Encapsulation 16
3.16 Plumbing 16
3.17 Sewer/Septic 17
3.18 Outdoor Remediation 17
3.19 Final Report 18
4.0 Item- and Material-Specific Best Practices 19
4.1 Walls 19
4.2 Ceilings 19
4.3 Floors 19
4.4 Kitchen Countertops 20
4.5 Concrete, Cement and Brick 20
4.6 Appliances 20
4.7 Wood 21
4.8 Windows 21
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4.9 Electrical Fixtures, Outlets and Switch Plate Covers 21
4.10 Dishes, Flatware and Other Hard Non-Porous Household Goods 21
4.11 Toys and Other Children's Items 21
4.12 Carpets 22
4.13 Clothing and Other Fabrics 22
4.14 Leather or Fabric Upholstered Furniture 22
4.15 Mattresses 22
4.16 Paper Items/Books 22
4.17 Mobile Residences 22
5.0 Potential Sampling Constituents, Theory and Methods 23
5.1 Sampling Constituents 23
5.2 Sampling Theory 24
5.3 Wipe Sampling Methods 25
5.4 Microvacuum Sampling Methods 26
5.5 Other Emerging Sampling Methods 26
5.6 Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) 26
Endnotes and Other References 27
Key Contributors 28
Appendix A: Primary Methods of Production and Associated Hazards 29
Appendix B: List of Potential Research Topics 30
Appendix C: Costs Associated with Meth Lab Cleanup 31
Appendix D: Properties of Chemicals Associated with Methamphetamine 32
Appendix E: State Resources 43
Appendix F: Acronyms 45
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I II II II II II
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background
The production and use of methamphetamine (meth)
across the United States continues to pose considerable
challenges to our nation. Meth is easy to make, is highly
addictive and its production and use can have serious
impacts on both human health and the environment.
Despite a decline in domestic production of meth in
recent years, vigilance is warranted not only because
of the destructive nature of meth itself, but also due to
the significant environmental hazards meth laboratories
(labs) generate.
Our nation first demonstrated its commitment to
better understand the hazards associated with meth
labs in March 1990, when the Joint Federal Task Force
(Task Force) published the Guidelines for the Cleanup
of Clandestine Drug Laboratories (commonly referred to
as the Redbook). The Task Force was created as a result
of Section 2405 of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988
(Public Law 100-690) and included representatives
from the Drug Enforcement Administration (DBA),
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and
the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). The Task Force's charge
was to issue guidelines to assist state and local officials
conducting clandestine laboratory cleanups. The
Redbook, updated in 2005, presents national guidelines
for safely approaching and securing meth lab sites for
first responders and other officials with immediate
need to enter the site. The Redbook also addresses at
length the gross removal of hazardous chemicals and
chemical wastes found in former meth labs. Whereas the
Redbook focuses primarily on procedures related to first-
entry and gross removal of meth-related chemicals, this
document addresses remediation (the cleanup of residual
contamination after gross removal has occurred), which
is necessary to allow unrestricted future use of the former
meth lab.
In 2006, the White House Office of National Drug Control
Policy (ONDCP) published the Synthetic Drug Control
Strategy: A Focus on Methamphetamine and Prescription
Drug Abuse (Synthetics Strategy) as a companion to the
National Drug Control Strategy. The Synthetics Strategy
acknowledges that, "compared to first responder issues,
a more complicated and less understood area of science
is the optimal set and sequencing of response actions at
former meth lab sites that may possess residual chemical
contamination." Thus, the Synthetics Strategy tasked EPA
with identifying best practices related to the remediation
of former meth labs.
In December 2007, the Methamphetamine Remediation
Research Act (Public Law 110-143) was passed, which
directed EPA to establish voluntary guidelines for the
remediation of former meth labs based on the best
currently available scientific knowledge. This document,
in addition to new research, will serve to meet both
the Synthetic Strategy's and the Methamphetamine
Remediation Research Act's goals of improving "our
national understanding of identifying the point at which
former methamphetamine laboratories become clean
enough to inhabit again."1
1.2 Purpose and Scope
EPA prepared this document to provide voluntary
cleanup guidelines to homeowners, cleanup contractors,
industrial hygienists, policy makers and others involved
in meth lab remediation. It does not set requirements,
but rather suggests a way of approaching meth lab
remediation. Those using this document should also
consult their appropriate municipal, county or state
guidance documents, regulations and statutes. This
document is not meant to supersede municipal, county
or state guidance documents, regulations or statutes
(however this document may be useful to municipalities,
counties and states as they develop and/or review and
revise their own guidelines). EPA did not design this
document for real-estate transaction purposes.
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Removal vs. Remediation
As stated previously, making a former meth lab safer for
reoccupation requires two basic efforts: 1) the removal
of the gross contamination (i.e., containers of chemicals
and equipment and apparatus that could be used to
make illegal drugs) by law enforcement; and 2) the
remediation of interior structures and the surrounding
land, surface waters and groundwater. This document
provides voluntary guidelines related to remediation. As
the Synthetics Strategy explains, "remediation involves
utilizing recognized procedures and technology-
based standards to restore former meth labs to a state
in which the property can be inhabited again—or,
instead, identifying properties that are not yet ready
for reoccupation and must undergo further treatment."
Remediation always occurs after gross chemical removal,
when the site is secured and is no longer subject to
criminal investigation.
Synthetic Meth Labs
Synthetic drugs other than meth may be manufactured
in clandestine labs, however, these voluntary guidelines
specifically address the remediation of former meth labs
and the specific dangers and hazards associated with
them. These voluntary guidelines may be applied to
all meth labs, which vary greatly. For the reasons listed
below, no two meth labs are alike:
• Meth labs range from crude makeshift operations to
highly sophisticated and technologically advanced
facilities.
• Meth labs can be set up almost anywhere and are often
found in private residences, motel and hotel rooms,
apartments, trailers, automobiles, campgrounds and
commercial establishments. Labs are also found in
rural outbuildings, barns and other structures that
may appear uninhabitable.
• There are many different ways to make meth, and
the precursor chemicals, by-products and hazards
associated with each production method differ (see
Appendix A for a more detailed description).
Partial Labs
The manufacture of meth is a multi-stage process. In
some cases, the various steps are performed in more
than one lab or structure. For example, unrefined drug
precursors may be chemically altered in one location and
used in the final steps of the meth manufacture process
later at a different location. Labs in which only a partial
step of the meth manufacturing process was performed
are called "partial labs." While each lab should be
evaluated on a case-by-case basis, it is generally
recommended that "partial labs" be cleaned with the
assumption that meth manufacture (or associated
processes) may have taken place in all areas of the
structure. Thus, the remediation techniques contained in
this document are applicable to partial labs.
Cooking vs. Smoking
Studies have shown that the smoking of meth alone
can produce levels of airborne meth that may result in
a general contamination of the structure in which it is
smoked (although contamination levels will depend
upon how much meth was smoked and the smoker's
technique).2 While EPA intends these guidlines to
apply to structures in which meth was manufactured
or "cooked," and while it is not EPA's intent to imply
that municipalities, counties and states should require
cleanup at sites where meth was smoked, the voluntary
guidelines contained in this document may be useful for
cleaning up all sites contaminated by meth. However, the
remediation process described in this document accounts
for the possibility that precursor chemicals, in addition to
meth, may be present in the structure.
1.3 Methodology
A research team reviewed federal and state meth
remediation guidance documents and other relevant
studies and noted potential best practices as well as
discrepancies in recommended practices.
After this research was completed, a group convened
at EPA headquarters in Washington, D.C. in December
2007 to review the findings, provide feedback and
share individual opinions. The group of 13 individuals
(internal and external to EPA) included environmental,
public health, industrial hygiene and toxicology
professionals. During the meeting, these subject matter
experts confirmed existing best practices, discussed the
discrepancies in recommended practices and shared
other best practices based on their own experiences. EPA
compiled both the findings from the research effort and
the opinions expressed in the meeting to develop these
voluntary guidelines.
This document was then revised and distributed
for wider review. EPA received comments from
the Association of State and Territorial Solid Waste
Management Officials (ASTSWMO), the Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the National
Association of Counties (NACO), the National Institute
of Standards and Technology (NIST), ONDCP and
several other stakeholders. Updates were made based on
these comments, as appropriate.
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Finally, in August 2008, the National Alliance of Model
State Drug Laws (NAMSDL) convened a forum of its
Cleanup and Remediation Working Group in Santa
Fe, New Mexico to discuss the issues surrounding the
cleanup and remediation of properties contaminated by
meth labs. As part of the forum, working group members
provided feedback on these voluntary guidelines and
addressed outstanding questions. These voluntary
guidelines were updated as a result of this input and
other feedback from experts around the country. A list of
key contributors to this document can be found on page
28.
1.4 Need for Future Research
Because state approaches to cleaning up meth labs
vary, there are sometimes differences in recommended
practices or techniques. This variance in opinion
indicates a need for further research. In many cases, the
remediation techniques and approaches included in
this document have not been vetted through rigorous
scientific review. Instead, the recommendations are
based on the lessons learned and practical experience
of experts in the field. A list of potential research topics
is included in Appendix B. These voluntary guidelines
will be augmented by EPA's research and development,
with support from DBA, NIST and other agencies, as it is
made available.
1.5 How to Use this
Document
This document begins with background information on
quantitative meth remediation standards from across the
United States. Next, this document presents users with a
possible sequence of remediation activities from securing
the site to delivering the final report. Once the process for
remediation is understood, users will find best practices
on how to clean specific items and/or materials found
within a former meth lab (e.g., walls, floors, appliances,
electronics, fabrics, toys). Finally, this document provides
detailed information on sampling techniques and
methods. Additional information and resources are
included in the appendices.
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2.0 Remediation Standards
Due to the variety of chemicals that could potentially
be used to manufacture meth, it can be time consuming
and prohibitively expensive to sample for all of
them. In addition, many of the chemicals used in the
manufacturing process are already present in most
homes. [Note: In cases where the manufacturing method is
known to employ chemicals that present unique hazards (such
as a Phenyl-2-Propanone (PIP) lab), testing for individual
components of manufacture may be warranted.]
With this in mind, meth is often used as an indicator for
the effectiveness of cleanup activities. This is based on
the following assumptions:
• Bulk chemicals will be removed during the gross
removal;
• Furniture, appliances or building materials with
obvious stains (i.e., contamination) will be discarded;
• Many of the other potential contaminants are volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) and will tend to volatilize
before and/or during cleanup; and
• The activities needed to clean up a structure to meet
the applicable state standard for meth should be
sufficient to reduce concentrations of other potentially
hazardous chemicals as well.
EPA does not intend this document to set, establish
or promote quantitative cleanup standards. Many
municipalities, counties and states have already
established quantitative cleanup standards for meth and
chemicals associated with its production. As of June 2009,
22 states require or recommend that meth labs be cleaned
to meet certain quantitative meth remediation standards.
Current state standards range from 0.05 ug/100 cm2 to
0.5 ug/100 cm2. The most common standard is set at 0.1
ug/100 cm2. Those using this document should consult
their appropriate municipal, county or state guidance
documents, regulations and statutes.
Because the long-term health effects of exposure to low
levels of residual meth have not been studied in-depth,
most state remediation standards are based on analytical
detection limits and feasibility—they are not health-
based standards. It is important to note, however, that
these standards are believed to be set at sufficiently
conservative levels to still be health-protective.3 In other
words, remediation standards have been set at what are
believed to be conservative levels in order to account
for the scientific uncertainty involved in meth lab
remediation in the interest of protecting human health
and the environment.
In December 2007, California's Department of Toxic
Substances Control (DTSC) announced that it had
calculated a health-based target remediation standard
for meth of 1.5 ug/100 cm2.4 In February 2009, DTSC
finalized the scientific documents that form the basis for
this health-based cleanup standard. The development
of this health-based standard could help homeowners,
cleanup contractors and state legislators reevaluate the
question, "How clean is clean?"
In addition to including remediation standards for meth,
some state regulatory and/or guidance documents
include standards for VOCs, corrosives, lead, mercury
and iodine. Cleanup standards for meth and VOCs are
deemed applicable to all meth manufacturing sites,
regardless of the cooking method(s) used. Cleanup
standards for lead and mercury are especially relevant in
instances where the P2P method of manufacturing meth
was employed.
As of June 2009,10 states include VOC standards for
VOC air monitoring of less than 1 ppm. Five states set
corrosive standards of a surface pH of 6 to 8 (note the
challenges associated with pH sampling described in
Section 5.1). Fifteen states include lead standards in their
remediation guidelines; standards range from 40 ug/ft2
(or its equivalent of 4.3 ug/100 cm2) to a more protective
standard of 20 ug/ft2 (or its equivalent of 2 ug/100
cm2). Fifteen states include mercury standards in their
remediation guidelines; standards range from 50 ng/m3
to 0.3 ug/m3 of mercury in air. One state set an iodine
standard of 20 ug/100 cm2 for iodine stained surfaces
that are cleaned rather than removed. These standards
and sampling techniques are addressed in greater detail
in Section 5.0.
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3.0 Remediation Seq
and Techniques
Section 3.0 suggests a remediation sequence and
techniques.
3.1 Overview of Remediation
Sequence
Below is an overview of the possible sequence in which
remediation activities may occur. Each of the processes
highlighted below is described in greater detail later
in this section. The sequence in this list begins after
gross removal has occurred and any law enforcement
investigation has concluded. Gross removal includes
the removal and disposal of bulk chemicals, equipment
and apparatus (hazardous wastes) that could be used
to manufacture meth and typically occurs immediately
following the seizure of a clandestine lab by law
enforcement. [Note: Chemical containers, equipment or
apparatus from the lab may be left behind during the gross
removal step. If these items are encountered, stop work and
contact local law enforcement personnel (or other appropriate
agencies). If law enforcement does not need these items and
they can be handled safely, dispose of them appropriately as
outlined in the Redbook.]
1. Secure the property to prevent unauthorized entry.
The structure should not be reoccupied until after
remediation is complete.
2. Hire a contractor to ensure these steps are completed
correctly.
3. Ventilate or "air out" the structure with fresh, outdoor
air [e.g., open doors and windows; use fans, blowers,
and/or a negative air unit with a high efficiency
particulate air (HEPA) filtration system]. Continue
ventilation during the remediation process.
4. Ensure worker safety and health.
5. Perform a preliminary assessment.
a. Conduct an off-site evaluation using relevant
documentation.
b. Conduct an on-site evaluation.
c. Assess the need for pre-remediation and post-
remediation samples.
6. Conduct pre-remediation sampling, if applicable.
7. Develop a work plan using information from the
preliminary assessment. This should include a waste
disposal plan.
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8. Remove contaminated materials. Any materials or
objects that will be disposed of should be discarded
before cleanup begins.
9. Complete a "once over" or precursory washing of
the walls and floors to cut heavy concentrations of
contamination.
10. Clean and seal the heating, ventilation and air
conditioning (HVAC) system. Do not run this system
again until all other cleanup is complete.
11. Flush plumbing traps, unless wastewater from the
detergent-water washing process will be flushed
through the plumbing system. In this case, wait to
flush plumbing until all wastewater has been flushed.
12. Vacuum using a vacuum with a HEPA filter.
13. Use a detergent-water solution to wash ceilings, walls,
floors, non-porous furniture and other items that will
be kept.
14. Conduct post-remediation sampling, if applicable.
(Ensure structure/items are completely dry before
sampling.)
15. Encapsulate washed ceilings, walls and floors once
they meet remediation standards.
16. Ventilate the structure once more after indoor cleanup
is complete.
17. Perform outdoor remediation activities.
18. Secure the property once more to prevent
unauthorized entry.
19. Develop a final report.
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3.2 Hiring a Contractor
Hire a contractor who has hazardous waste expertise
and is certified (if certification is required by the state) to
conduct cleanup operations at known or suspected meth
labs. Several states have developed meth lab remediation
certification programs for contractors, which help to
ensure remediation processes are adequately conducted.
Contractors who have not been certified in a similar
program should, at a minimum, complete the 40-hour
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response
(HAZWOPER) training [Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) 29 CFR 1910.120].
It may also be appropriate to involve a certified
industrial hygienist (CIH) in cleanup operations. Some
states require that a CIH or experienced industrial
hygienist (IH) conduct the preliminary assessment and
post-remediation sampling. A CIH is trained in the
assessment and control of chemical hazards and can play
a significant role in ensuring that working conditions are
safe during the remediation process. It is recognized that
a CIH may not be available to accompany contractors
to every cleanup site and that the use of a CIH can be
expensive if he/she is involved in the entire remediation
process. Therefore, contractors may consult a CIH to
establish a general meth lab cleanup strategy. Other
potential resources that may be consulted include local
health jurisdictions and environmental health specialists.
3.3 Ventilation
For the safety of on-site personnel, ventilate or "air out"
meth labs with fresh, outdoor air (by opening doors and
windows, and using fans, blowers and/or a negative air
unit with a HEPA filtration system) before, during and
after the remediation process. HVAC systems should be
shut down and remain off until remediation of the former
meth lab is complete.
Pre-Remediation Ventilation
Ventilate the lab prior to the entry of cleanup personnel.
In some cases, law enforcement personnel will have
already ventilated the lab before conducting criminal
investigation activity or the gross removal of chemicals.
If the lab was sealed after these activities, ventilate the
lab again before remediation occurs. Ventilation should
be performed per the contractor's recommendation or
for a minimum of 24 hours (based on the National Jewish
Medical and Research Center's study).5
While several state guidance documents recommend
"baking," or heating the structure with the doors
and windows closed to promote the volatilization of
chemicals, its effectiveness has not been documented.
It is believed that baking may mobilize and redistribute
chemicals, thereby spreading contamination. For this
reason, baking is not recommended until further research
is conducted.
Continued Ventilation
It is important to continue ventilation throughout the
remediation process (except when it would interfere
with air monitoring). To protect workers and to limit
cross-contamination, leave windows open and use fans,
blowers and/or a negative air unit with a HEPA filtration
system during the cleanup. A negative air unit equipped
with a HEPA filtration system limits or prevents the
transfer of airborne contamination from dirty to clean
areas.
Post-Remediation Ventilation
Ventilate the property after cleanup is completed. After
cleaning and ventilating the property, recheck for new
staining and odor (the presence of which would indicate
that additional cleaning is necessary).
3.4 Worker Safety and Health
All procedures should adhere to OSHA HAZWOPER
Standard, 29 CFR 1910.120 and other applicable state
or local worker safety and health regulations. Do not
begin remediation work until gross chemical removal is
complete, law enforcement personnel have cleared the
structure of defense measures placed by the lab operators
(such as anti-personnel devices or "booby traps"),
and the structure has been ventilated. Use "the buddy
system" when making initial entry for remediation work,
in case unforeseen dangers are encountered, and conduct
air quality monitoring to ensure the atmosphere is safe
for entry.
Personnel who enter a former meth lab should have
safety and health training (40-hour HAZWOPER
training), and should use the appropriate level of
personal protective equipment (PPE) based on the
site-specific conditions. PPE for meth labs may include
protective eye glasses, disposable gloves, foot coverings,
steel toe boots and long-sleeved coveralls or a disposable
protective suit (such as Tyvek®). Decontaminate or
discard, as appropriate, all clothing and PPE worn during
remediation.
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Types and Levels of Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE)
Level A-Best respiratory and skin protection [positive pressure
self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and fully encapsulated
chemical protective suit]
Level B—High level of respiratory protection but less for skin
(positive pressure SCBA, splash-resistant chemical suit, chemical-
resistant gloves and boots)
Level C—Air-purifying respirators (APR) and modest skin protection
(full or half-mask APR and hooded chemical resistive clothing)
Level D-Ordinary work uniform-minimal protection (coveralls,
proper boots and eye protection required)
Because meth can be injected intravenously, loose
hypodermic needles may be present in a former meth lab
and may pose a danger to those involved in remediation
activities. Therefore, wear heavy work gloves and thick-
soled leather shoes when collecting and removing trash,
bedding, clothing, drapes, furniture, carpet, flooring or
materials from any location that could conceal needles.6
Dispose of all needles in a labeled sharps container
following local or state regulatory guidance.
Use respiratory protection (full- or half-face respirators)
when removing carpet and other flooring or working in
highly contaminated areas. Respirators should also be
used if the inhalation of sampling materials and cleanup
solvents poses a threat to human health. Never eat,
drink or smoke in a former meth lab prior to or during
remediation.
3.5 Preliminary Assessment
Once the materials and equipment used in the
manufacture of meth have been removed by law
enforcement, a preliminary assessment should be
conducted. The goal of the preliminary assessment is to
provide information that will inform the development
of the sampling and cleanup plan (if needed). The
preliminary assessment should be documented in a
written summary and include a review of records, a site
survey and other activities.
Record Review
To perform the record review, coordinate with local and/
or state health departments and review copies of law
enforcement or hazardous waste removal contractor
reports (if available) for information on the duration of
lab operation, manufacturing method, chemicals found,
cooking locations, storage locations, disposal areas
and observed contamination. This information, when
coupled with the professional judgment of a cleanup
professional, can provide a foundation for the cleanup
plan. Information gathered from those directly involved
with the meth lab should be evaluated carefully because
they may not be reliable sources of information.
Based on law enforcement or hazardous waste removal
contractor reports or based on the professional judgment
of the assessor, the record review can help you:
1) Establish the cooking method(s) employed during the
manufacturing process.
2) Determine the quantities of chemicals found at the
site and types of chemicals expected to have been on-
site, based on the cooking methods.
3) Identify areas of expected contamination.
Site Survey
After compiling all available information, conduct a
site survey. The purpose of the site survey is to confirm
the information gathered during the record review,
document actual conditions of the site, conduct sampling
for chemicals used to produce meth or that might pose
a threat to cleanup personnel and provide information
for developing the cleanup plan. Whenever possible,
document conditions of the site with photographs.
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In conducting the assessment, the assessors should
always take precautions to ensure their safety and health.
Contamination can be removed prior to the preliminary
assessment if it poses an imminent threat to human
or environmental health. The structure(s) should be
ventilated before entry, and assessors should wear the
appropriate PPE.
Assessors should notify law enforcement personnel
(or other appropriate agencies) if additional materials
likely to have been used in the manufacture of meth are
discovered.
In order to complete the site survey:
1. Compile a description and diagram of the site
that includes: address, description and location
of all structures; the layout of the property; and a
description of adjacent properties and structures. For
structures, the diagram should document the size and
location of all rooms (e.g., basement, attic, closets),
how the rooms connect and their expected use (e.g.,
bedroom, closet). In addition, the location of doors,
windows, the ventilation system and appliances
should be noted on the diagram. This description
should include interior surfaces (e.g., walls, ceilings,
floors, countertops) and any furnishings that remain
on-site after gross removal.
2. Document areas of heaviest contamination. These
areas could be identified by visible evidence of
contamination (such as staining) or based on the
professional judgment of the assessor. If visible signs
of contamination do not exist, this does not mean
there is no contamination. Residual meth should be
routinely expected throughout the structure.
3. Determine or confirm the cooking method(s)
employed during the manufacturing process.
4. Examine the ventilation system for signs of
contamination (e.g., rust, odor). If contamination is
suspected, sample the cold air return.
5. Examine the plumbing system (e.g., sinks, toilets,
showers, tubs, drains) for damage. In addition, the
assessor should identify the type of wastewater
disposal system present (e.g., sewer connection, septic
system).
6. Investigate any adjacent or multiple units for
avenues of potential contamination (e.g., common
spaces, hallways, shared ventilation system). Cross
contamination can often occur in townhouses,
motels/hotels, apartments, duplexes, etc.
7. Determine if outside disposal occurred (e.g., burning,
dumping, burying, drainage to septic system) and
caused soil or groundwater contamination. Look for
signs of burned or dead vegetation and stained soil.
3.6 Pre-Remediation Sampling
The decision whether to conduct pre-remediation
sampling (and for which constituents) is best made
on a property-specific basis because, although pre-
remediation sampling may be useful in some cases (for
the reasons that will be described in this section), it is not
always necessary and increases costs.
Pre-remediation sampling is necessary to show that
contamination is not present in a specific area of a
structure, and therefore that area of the structure does
not need to be remediated. If pre-remediation sampling
is conducted it should be conducted using the same
protocols used for post-remediation sampling (see Section
5.0). Generally, it is more cost-effective to remediate an
entire lab than to take pre-remediation samples in an
attempt to avoid having to remediate certain areas of a
former lab.
Pre-remediation sampling may also be performed for the
following reasons:
• To ensure the safety and health of those working on a
site before or during remediation.
• To inform the cleanup plan and process by identifying
the extent of contamination in areas of the former lab.
• To corroborate or augment information that law
enforcement officers gathered from those directly
involved with the meth lab. (Note: Information gathered
from those directly involved with the meth lab should be
evaluated carefully because they may not be reliable sources
of information.)
• To help quantify cost estimates for cleanup.
• To sample for lead and mercury, two elements
commonly associated with the P2P method of
production (if there is suspicion this method was
employed).
• To meet pre-remediation sampling requirements of a
bank, insurance agency, mortgage holder, other private
entity, municipal/county ordinance or state regulation.
• To allow for the comparison of pre- and post-
remediation samples to show the reduction of
contaminants achieved through remediation. (Note:
The same sample collection method should be used for both
pre- and post-remediation sampling if parties intend to
compare results.)
• To establish a record of baseline conditions prior to
remediation.
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3.7 Cleanup Plan
The information from the preliminary assessment and
pre-remediation sampling (if conducted) should be
used to develop a cleanup plan. This plan will guide the
remedial actions at the site and should:
• Describe security provisions in place for the site.
• Contain a summary of all information gathered in the
preliminary assessment.
• Provide information on the contractor, project
manager and site supervisor performing the cleanup
(if applicable). This should include verification and
documentation of the contractor's certification and/or
qualifications.
• Contain a list of emergency contacts and telephone
numbers.
• Determine whether utilities should be disconnected
from the structure until cleanup and remediation
activities are complete and make appropriate
provisions for power needs, if necessary.
• Determine what level of PPE workers should wear
while in the contaminated portion of the site. This
section should describe any safety and health
procedures (including personnel decontamination
procedures) that will be followed throughout cleanup.
All procedures should adhere to OSHA regulations
and guidelines and other applicable state or local
worker safety and health regulations. The location
and route to the nearest hospital or emergency service
facility should also be noted.
• Contain a shoring plan, if structural integrity was
determined to be a concern during the preliminary
assessment.
• Describe the cleanup methods to be used including:
- a list of the items to be removed from the structure;
- a list of all surfaces or items to be cleaned on-site;
- procedures for cleaning;
- areas to be encapsulated;
- locations and procedures for on-site
decontamination; and
- containment plans for the cleanup to prevent off-site
contamination.
• Describe the plan for waste disposal that complies
with local, state and federal statutes regarding
materials removed from the structure. This plan
applies to hazardous waste and solid waste, as well as
wastewater. The plan should include the name of the
disposal facility and documentation that the facility
is equipped to handle the types of wastes generated
(such as hazardous materials).
• List any permits that will be required for the cleanup.
• Describe pre-remediation (if applicable) and post-
remediation sampling methods, including where
and how many samples will be collected and the
remediation standards that will be used.
• List the personnel collecting the samples, the name of
the analytical laboratory and the analytical methods
for the samples.
• List Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC)
practices that will be followed.
• Contain a schedule of anticipated actions.
• Outline the post-remediation walk-through and final
report to document the effectiveness of the cleanup.
Once developed, the work plan should be accepted by
the owner and the decontamination contractor, and any
necessary government approvals should be sought and
received.
3.8 Removal of Contaminated
Materials
After gross removal has occurred and the structure has
been ventilated for a minimum of 24 hours, properly
discard all materials that will be removed from the
lab per the cleanup plan. [Note: If you find chemical
containers, equipment or apparatus from the lab left behind
during the gross removal step, stop work and contact local law
enforcement (or other appropriate agencies). If law enforcement
does not need these items and they can be handled safely,
dispose of them appropriately.]
Discard any visibly stained, odor-emitting or damaged
materials and decide whether to clean or discard other
items on a case-by-case basis using information from
the preliminary assessment and a cost-benefit analysis.
Although there is no single determinant that can be used
to decide which items should be discarded and which
items can be cleaned and kept, consider the following
during the decision-making process:
Potential for Contact — Consider whether inhabitants of
the structure are likely to come into contact with the item
regularly (such as bedding). Discard contaminated items
with a high potential for human contact more readily
than items with a low potential for human contact. Take
extra consideration when deciding whether to discard
items that children are likely to come into contact
with (e.g., toys, bottles) as children may be especially
vulnerable to environmental toxins.
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Intrinsic or Emotional Value — Weigh the intrinsic or
emotional value of the item with how much it would
cost to effectively clean the item. If sampling will be
conducted, the cost of cleanup includes the cost of
sampling to ensure the item is cleaned. In many cases it
is more cost-effective to dispose of an item and replace
it than it is to clean it. In some circumstances, however,
items of great emotional value, such as wedding albums,
may be salvaged.
Porosity — Consider the porosity of the item or material.
In general, porous items and materials are easily
penetrated or permeated by hazardous gases, liquids or
residues. Non-porous surfaces are more resistant to this
type of contamination. As a result, contamination is often
located in porous items and on the surface of non-porous
items. Thus, it is generally more difficult to eliminate
contamination from porous items and materials.
(Note: Because definitions of "porous," "semi-porous"
and "non-porous" in guidance documents differ, the
recommendations in Section 4.0 Item and Material-Specific
Best Practices are organized according to item or material.)
Considering the potential for human contact, the intrinsic
and emotional value and the porosity of an item or
material may help guide decisions as to whether the
item or material should be discarded. For example,
carpet should always be discarded because it has a high
potential for human contact (especially since young
children tend to crawl on the floor), has relatively low
intrinsic and emotional value and is extremely porous
and, therefore, difficult to successfully decontaminate.
Items Brought into a Lab After the Cook Has
Vacated
In some unfortunate cases, innocent and unsuspecting
individuals and families move into former meth labs
before the structure has been properly cleaned. These
individuals/families later discover that their home was
a lab (by talking to a neighbor, finding lab paraphernalia
or experiencing health symptoms, etc.), and therefore
their belongings may be contaminated. Given these
circumstances, contents brought into a former lab after
the cook has vacated should be given special consideration.
These items are likely to be less contaminated and,
therefore, may be easier to clean.
3.9 Waste Characterization
and Disposal Procedures
Some items or materials removed from a former meth
lab may be classified as hazardous—depending upon
federal, state or local regulations—and may not be
appropriate for disposal at a local landfill. Refer to the
appropriate federal, state or local solid waste authority
to determine what disposal procedures are necessary.
Additionally, contact the local landfill operator prior to
disposal to ensure the facility will accept the wastes.
Several state guidance documents suggest that all
contaminated materials be wrapped and sealed before
they are removed from the site to avoid spreading
the contamination to unaffected areas. Most guidance
documents also stress the importance of disposing
items in a manner to prevent re-use (i.e., salvaging).
For example, couches and other furniture should be
physically destroyed so that they cannot be re-used.
Bear in mind that asbestos and lead-based paint may
be present in the structure. This possibility should be
considered during the preliminary assessment, and all
suspect building materials should be properly sampled
and tested prior to disturbance or removal. If asbestos
and lead-based paint are present, and it is determined
that they should be removed, their removal and disposal
should be compliant with all federal, state and local
requirements.
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3.1O High Efficiency
Particulate Air (HEPA)
Vacuuming
Vacuum the floors of the structure after removing
carpets and flooring, using a vacuum with a HEPA filter.
Additionally, HEPA filter vacuum walls or other hard
surfaces to remove dirt and cobwebs prior to washing
with a detergent-water solution (see Section 3.13). HEPA
filter vacuuming is conducted in addition to detergent-
water washing.
Use a vacuum cleaner of commercial grade, equipped
with a HEPA dust collection system (HEPA filter). Bag-
less vacuum cleaners and household vacuums equipped
with HEPA filters, such as those purchased at retail
stores, are not recommended.7
Several guidance documents suggest that HEPA filter
vacuuming can be used on surfaces that cannot be
cleaned with detergent and water (i.e., porous materials
such as upholstered furniture). While HEPA filter
vacuuming collects some particulate contamination,
it does not remove contamination entirely. Therefore,
HEPA filter vacuuming is not encouraged as a stand-
alone remediation technique but may be useful in select
cases when the decision has been made to save an item
of intrinsic or emotional value that cannot be detergent-
water washed.
While it is generally recommended that contaminated
unfinished structural wood be power-washed (and
that a wet vac be used to draw out excess water),
power-washing exposed wood may not be advisable in
structures susceptible to mold. In these cases, use HEPA
filter vacuuming as an alternative.
3.11 "Once-Over"
After all materials and items that will not be cleaned
have been disposed of and the structure has been
vacuumed with a HEPA filter vacuum, conduct a "once-
over" or precursory washing of the walls and floors to
cut contamination using a detergent-water solution (see
Section 3.13). Conducting a "once-over" will not only help
to ensure the safety of those who enter the structure (e.g.,
contractors, subcontractors), but it will also lessen the
possibility that contamination on the walls and floors will
re-contaminate other areas of the structure later in the
remediation process.
3.12 Heating, Ventilation and
Air Conditioning (HVAC)
If a meth lab is located in a structure with an HVAC
system or other residential forced air system (e.g., kitchen
or bathroom exhausts) it can be expected that fumes,
dust and other contaminants have collected in the vents,
ductwork, filters and on walls and ceilings near the
ventilation ducts. It should be noted that a single HVAC
system can service multi-unit structures (e.g., apartments,
storage facilities), and allow contamination to be spread
throughout. To limit this possibility, the HVAC system
should be shut down and remain off until remediation of
the former meth lab is complete. During the preliminary
assessment, sampling should be conducted in all areas/
rooms/units serviced by the HVAC system to determine
the spread of contamination and should be noted in the
cleanup plan.
Contractors who specialize in cleaning ventilation
systems—or who have experience cleaning ventilation
systems in former meth labs—should be used to clean
HVAC systems. These contractors have specialized tools
and training to ensure thorough cleanup.
It is important to remember that not all ventilation
system ducts can be cleaned. For example, some ducts
are lined with fiberglass or other insulation (which, if
damaged during cleaning, can release fiberglass into
living areas). Also, flexible ductwork frequently has a
porous inner surface and in most cases cannot be cleaned
economically. For this reason, the ductwork should be
discarded and replaced after the ventilation system is
cleaned.
If it is determined that the HVAC system can be cleaned,
it should be cleaned early in the remediation process,
after the "once-over" cleaning has been conducted.
Once cleaned, the HVAC system should be sealed at all
openings to prevent potential recontamination.
Several state guidance documents offer a step-by-step
explanation of the ventilation system cleaning process.
At a minimum, when approaching a ventilation system
constructed of non-porous materials, ventilation
contractors should:8
1. Perform a walk-through of the structure to establish
a specific plan for decontamination of the ventilation
system.
2. Follow safety and health procedures, in accordance
with OSHA regulations and guidelines and other
applicable state or local worker safety and health
regulations, to protect workers and others in the
vicinity of the structure during the decontamination
process.
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3. Place protective coverings in areas where work is
being performed, including plastic or drop cloths
around each area where the duct is penetrated.
4. Shut off and lock out all air handler units before
working on each air conveyance system.
5. Perform a visual inspection of the interior ductwork
surfaces and internal components.
6. Draw a negative pressure on the entire ductwork,
using HEPA exhausted vacuum filters, throughout the
cleaning process.
7. Remove and clean all return air grilles.
8. Clean the ventilation system using pneumatic or
electrical agitators to agitate debris into an airborne
state (beginning with the outside air intake and return
air ducts). Additional equipment may also be used in
the cleaning process, such as brushes, air lances, air
nozzles and power washers or HEPA filter vacuuming
followed by washing with a detergent-water solution
(see Section 3.13). Controlled containment practices
should be used to ensure that debris is not dispersed
outside the air conveyance system during cleaning.
9. Open and inspect air handling units, and clean all
components.
10. Remove and clean all supply diffusers.
11. Clean the supply ductwork using the techniques
described in item 8 above.
12. Reinstall diffusers and grilles after cleaning is
complete.
13. Seal shut access points that were opened.
14. Bag and label all debris, including all air filters, and
properly dispose of at a landfill.
(Note: There are various types of forced-air systems, therefore,
the above steps may need to be modified based on the type of
system being cleaned.)
Controlling moisture in ventilation systems is one of the
most effective ways to prevent biological growth (such
as mold). Therefore, if wet cleaning methods are used
(detergent-water washing or power washing), ventilation
systems need to be checked to ensure they have dried
thoroughly.
Cleaning methods should be left to the discretion
of ventilation contractors at each lab. Experts agree,
however, that no chemicals should be added to either
break down meth or disinfect ducts. Further research is
needed to define the most effective method for cleaning
ventilation systems.
The first few minutes of system restart after cleaning is
usually when the greatest amount of dust is released.
Therefore, after remediation is completed, restart the
ventilation system but ensure the structure is properly
ventilated (i.e., open doors and windows, use fans,
blowers, and/or a negative air unit with a HEPA
filtration system) so that any dust that is released will
have a chance to be moved out of the structure.
3.13 Detergent-Water
Solution Washing
Using a detergent-water solution, wash ceilings, walls,
floors, furniture and other household items that will not
be discarded. Most experts and guidance documents
recommend using a household detergent or soap product
(such as Simple Green®).
Follow the detergent manufacturer's recommendation
to determine the concentration of the solution. Cleaning
should thoroughly cover the entire surface, not just
spots. The wash water does not have to be hot. Hot water
has not been proven more effective than cold water for
cleaning.
Repeat the cleaning and rinsing process three times,
especially if post-remediation sampling will not
be conducted before the walls are repainted (i.e.,
encapsulated). If post-remediation sampling will occur
before repainting, the walls should be cleaned until they
meet the required remediation standard. Most guidance
documents recommend cleaning from ceiling to floor.
Follow each wash with a thorough rinse using clean
water and a clean cloth rag. When washing, change cloth
rags and detergent-water solutions frequently. After
washing, dispose of cloth rags appropriately.
The use of harsh chemicals should be avoided. Be
advised of the following when using bleach, trisodium
phosphate, methanol and peroxide-based or other
proprietary chemicals:
Bleach — The interaction of bleach and meth is not
fully understood and their by-products are currently
unknown.9 Until further research is conducted to identify
these by-products and their health effects, bleach should
not be used as a cleaning agent in a former meth lab.
The use of bleach should be specifically avoided if the
Red Phosphorus method of production was used to
manufacture meth because the reaction between bleach
and iodine (which is used in the Red Phosphorus method
of production) could produce a toxic gas. If bleach is used
(in cases where mold is present), properly ventilate the
structure while cleaning.
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Trisodium Phosphate (TSP) — The use of TSP is
recommended in some guidance documents. TSP is a
strong cleaning agent, but it can also be irritating to the
person using it.
Methanol — Although some guidance documents
recommend using methanol as a cleaning agent, the
use of methanol should be avoided because it produces
flammable vapors and has a low flash point.
Peroxide-based and Other Proprietary Chemicals —
The effectiveness of peroxide-based and other
proprietary chemicals should be verified before they
can be recommended for cleaning former meth labs.
Additionally, research should be conducted to ensure that
these chemicals do not react adversely with meth and its
associated precursors and by-products.
Wash Water Disposal
Wash water left over from the detergent-water washing
process will usually not be contaminated enough to
qualify as hazardous waste. Capturing and testing the
water before disposing of it is generally not necessary
(except in the case of a P2P lab where meth production
uses mercury and lead and where the wash water may
pose additional hazards) and will increase cleanup costs.
However, some states may require the testing of wash
water depending on the sensitivity of their hazardous
waste criteria. Generally, wash water can be disposed of
via the wastewater system (sanitary sewer).
Sequence of Remediation to Prevent
Reeontamination
While some states advocate cleaning the areas of highest
contamination first, it is often impossible to know where
those areas are. Instead of attempting to clean the most
contaminated areas first and the least contaminated last
(or alternatively the least contaminated first and the
most contaminated last), clean the rooms and areas in the
structure from the back to the front, sealing those areas
and continuing through the structure.
To avoid recontaminating a room that has been cleaned,
seal the room and do not re-enter it. The room can be
cordoned off at doors and other openings using plastic
sheeting 4 to 6 mm thick. This practice will not only help
to minimize potential tracking of contamination into
already-cleaned rooms, but also could save time and
money spent re-cleaning areas. Taking these steps to
prevent recontamination is especially important when
post-remediation sampling will not be conducted. Post-
remediation sampling provides greater certainty that
cleaning was effective. By sealing each area/room after
it has been cleaned, there can be more confidence that
recontamination will not occur.
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Cleaning Items On-site
To avoid contaminating another structure, clean items
that will not be discarded on-site. Once items are
cleaned, store the items in an already-cleaned room of the
structure. It may be beneficial to bag or wrap in plastic
those items that are cleaned to prevent recontamination.
Items may also be stored off-site if they are properly
cleaned, tested and bagged or wrapped in plastic. Do not
bring items stored off-site back into the structure until
after the structure has met remediation standards (i.e.,
after it has cleared post-remediation sampling).
3.14 Post-Remediation
Sampling
The purpose of post-remediation sampling is to show
that cleanup effectively reduced contamination and, thus,
the potential for exposure. Post-remediation sampling
can also verify that cleaning was actually completed
and that previously contaminated areas were cleaned to
applicable standards. If post-remediation samples return
results that exceed standards, the site should be cleaned
again. In some cases, when portions of the site or structure
cannot be cleaned, owners may consider encapsulation
or removal if allowed by the oversight agency (see Section
3.15).
Because the selection of sampling sites greatly influences
the results of post-remediation sampling, having an
independent third-party conduct the sampling may be
appropriate and is a requirement in some states. Areas
that were involved directly with meth manufacturing
activities should always be sampled after cleanup. Post-
remediation sampling may not be required in areas where
contamination was deemed to be light, and where adjacent
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sampling showed no residual contamination. Typically,
post-remediation sampling requires more samples than
pre-remediation sampling (see Section 5.0).
3.15 Encapsulation
Encapsulation (sealing with primers, paints and other
sealants) may provide a protective barrier to help prevent
the migration of volatile chemicals to the surface of
the material. Encapsulation should never be used as a
substitute for cleaning. The extent to which meth and
other lab-related chemicals migrate through materials
and potentially volatilize is still unknown. For this
reason, further research is needed on the effectiveness of
encapsulation in preventing the re-surfacing of meth.
Generally, encapsulation should occur after surfaces
(e.g., ceilings, walls, floors) have met the applicable (i.e.,
state or local) remediation standards (i.e., after post-
remediation sampling). If post-remediation sampling
will not be conducted (although this is not advised), all
surfaces and materials should still be encapsulated after
they have been washed as thoroughly as possible.
If allowed by the oversight agency, encapsulation may
be performed before the remediation standard has
been met if the remediation standard cannot be met
after at least three repeated washings [especially in
states with exceptionally protective clearance levels
(such as 0.05 ug/100 cm2)] or if the removal of the
contaminated material (such as concrete foundations)
would compromise the integrity of the structure. If
contamination is left in place under these circumstances,
it should be fully disclosed in the final report and
communicated to the proper authority and property
owner.
Oil-based paint, epoxies or polyurethane should be
used to encapsulate interior surfaces. To encapsulate
floors, most experts recommend the use of polyurethane.
It is generally recommended that a primer that will
not deteriorate over time be applied first in order to
provide a firm bond between the surface and the finish
coat. Though finish coats are often applied for aesthetic
purposes, they can also offer additional protection.
To achieve complete coverage, it may be necessary to
apply more than one coat of primer, paint or sealant.
Allow primers, paints or sealants to dry for the time
stipulated by the manufacturer before applying
additional coats. Further, encapsulated areas should
be ventilated thoroughly prior to sampling for VOCs
remaining from the meth cooking process.
Several guidance documents recommend that products
applied to encapsulate surfaces be sprayed on and not
hand-rolled. This is a valid recommendation especially
for textured surfaces that cannot withstand physical
agitation. However, there are no data currently available
to suggest the physical motion of using a roller brush
agitates residual meth on smooth surfaces. Before an
official recommendation can be made on the application
method for encapsulation materials, further research is
required.
3.16 Plumbing
Because meth chemicals are frequently poured down
the drain during active cooking, concentrations of these
chemicals may remain in the traps of sinks and other
drains. As a result, plumbing in structures may be
compromised and require attention during remediation.
Furthermore, plumbing connections and outfalls for
wastewater and/or gray water should be verified.
Because VOCs are often corrosive or flammable, test
plumbing for these chemicals during pre-remediation
sampling using a photoionization detector (PID).
Visibly contaminated (etched or stained) sinks, bathtubs
and toilets should be removed and properly disposed of
as they are difficult to clean. Porcelain and stainless steel,
unless pitted or damaged, may be cleaned in the same
manner as other hard, non-porous surfaces.
When staining is noted around sinks, toilets or tubs,
or if a strong chemical odor is coming from household
plumbing, the plumbing system should be flushed with
generous amounts of water to reduce the concentration
of residual chemicals. When remediation of plumbing
fixtures begins, all plumbing traps should be flushed. If
wastewater from detergent-water washing is disposed of
down drains within the structure, the system should be
flushed after remediation.
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3.17 Sewer/Septic
Generally, meth lab waste chemicals discarded in sewer
systems are flushed from the system within minutes or
hours of disposal. However, chemicals may remain in
the system longer if connections are on a line of very low
flow. During the preliminary assessment, it should be
noted if the flow in the line is low.
Large volumes of meth lab wastes can pose a problem
if they are flushed and end up in on-site septic systems
or in privately-owned wastewater treatment systems or
those shared by small communities (e.g., trailer parks,
apartment complexes). If there is evidence that meth
lab wastes may have been disposed of into the septic
system or privately-owned system, field screening of
the septic tank or privately-owned system should be
performed. Evidence of waste disposal may include, but
is not limited to: witness statements; stained or etched
sinks, bathtubs or toilets; chemical odors coming from
plumbing or septic tank; visual observations of unusual
conditions within the tank (dead tank); or stressed or
dead vegetation in the leach field.
If wastewater from the remediation process will be
disposed of in the sewer system, the system should not
be flushed until remediation is complete (and wastewater
has been flushed). (Note: Some cleaning agents kill the
flora of a septic system, therefore it is not recommended that
wastewater be disposed of in a septic system.)
Systems should generally not be pumped if they contain
only VOCs. However, if the leach field is not functioning
due to wastes previously sent to the system, pumping
may be necessary. Monitoring for VOCs will determine
the proper course of action, and disposal of contaminated
material, if required, should comply with local, state and
federal disposal requirements. Wastewater sampling
from septic tanks may be appropriate in order to
characterize waste while using methods that minimize
VOC losses.10 Field screening of septic systems should
include pH testing which may provide an indication
of potential issues with the leach field. Field screening
should be used to evaluate septic system contamination
and the steps described below should be conducted for
wastewater sampling activities:
1. Prior to sampling, sufficiently excavate the septic tank
to determine whether the tank consists of one or two
chambers.
2. Remove the access cover from the first (or only)
chamber and locate the outlet baffle.
3. Move any floating surface matter away from the
insertion point of the Sludge Judge®. Do not collect
any matter in the Sludge Judge*.
a. For sampling locations in tanks with one chamber,
collect samples from the baffle on the outlet end of
the chamber.
b. For sampling locations in tanks with two
chambers, collect samples from the baffle on the
outlet end of chamber one.
4. Follow instructions for correct usage of a Sludge
Judge*.
5. Insert the Sludge Judge* into the tank, lowering it
until you hit the bottom.
6. Trap the sample inside the Sludge Judge®.
7. Remove the Sludge Judge® and fill two 40 mL vials.
8. Samples may be taken without preservative or with
preservative in the vial. Sampling procedure is
determined by the sampler's confidence and ability to
maintain sample integrity.
9. Place sample containers in a cooler with enough ice or
ice packs to maintain a temperature of 4° C.
10. Replace the access cover.
Remediation of septic systems should occur at the end
of the remediation process in order to ensure that any
chemicals that are disposed of into the septic system are
appropriately removed. However, if the leach field is not
functioning, remediation of the system should occur as
soon as possible, and no wash water or wastes should be
added to the system.
3.18 Outdoor Remediation
Meth cooks often pour waste chemicals outside of the
structure. For this reason, the preliminary assessment
may include some outdoor sampling, especially if the
ground is visibly stained or otherwise affected (e.g.,
odors, burn piles, dead vegetation or remnants of
reaction waste). If burn or trash pits, discolored soil
or dead vegetation are found, refer to state or local
regulations (related to hazardous and/or solid waste)
to determine the appropriate authority and/or agency
responsible for outdoor remediation.
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3.19 Final Report
A final report should be prepared by the cleanup
contractor, CIH/IH or other qualified environmental
professional to document that the property has
been decontaminated per applicable state or local
requirements before the structure can be considered
acceptable for reoccupation.
All inspections and assessments that were conducted
during the remediation process should be fully
documented in writing. The report should include
the dates that activities were performed and the
names of the people/companies who performed the
work. Photographic documentation of pre- and post-
decontamination property conditions and all sample
locations should also be included. Any documents such
as drawings, handwritten notes and photographs should
be signed, dated and included as part of these cleanup
records.
The final report should include, at a minimum, the
following information:
Introduction — The introduction should include a case
narrative, site description and site assessment. This
information should have been collected prior to the start
of remediation during both the record review and site
assessment. The information should be documented in
the Preliminary Assessment (see Section 3.5). The type of
information and documentation in this section should
include:
• Physical address of property, number and type of
structures present and description of adjacent and/or
surrounding properties.
• Law enforcement reports, documented observations
and pre-remediation sampling results that provide
information regarding the manufacturing method,
chemicals present, cooking areas, chemical storage
areas and observed areas of contamination or waste
disposal.
• Cleanup contractor, CIH/IH or other qualified
environmental professional statement of qualifications,
including professional certification and description of
experience in assessing contamination associated with
meth labs.
Methods — This section of the final report should
document cleanup and disposal activities. The cleanup
plan (see Section 3.7) and documentation that cleanup
was in fact carried out according to the plan should be
incorporated in this section. The type of information and
documentation in this section should include:
• Worker safety and health information.
• Decontamination (e.g., removal, encapsulation)
procedures for each area that was decontaminated.
• Waste management procedures, including handling,
final disposition of wastes and waste disposal records.
Results — This section of the final report should
document that the structure was cleaned to acceptable
levels. The type of information and documentation in this
section should include:
• A sampling plan, including sample collection,
handling and QA/QC.
• A description of the analytical methods used and
laboratory QA/QC requirements.
• A description of the location and results of post
decontamination samples, including written and
graphic descriptions of individual sample locations.
• References to appropriate state or local regulatory
requirements.
• Sampling results, in writing, certified by the laboratory
that performed the analyses.
The final report should be signed by the cleanup
contractor, CIH/IH or other qualified environmental
professional who prepared it and submitted to the
appropriate state or local authority. The property owner
and consultant should each retain a copy of the report.
The report may be reviewed by the appropriate state
or local authority responsible for deeming the property
suitable for re-occupancy Decisions about re-occupancy
are made by the appropriate state or local authorities.
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4.0 Item- and Material-Specific
Best Practices
Section 4.0 provides possible best practices.
4.1 Walls
Remove and replace wall surfaces (especially those
made of absorbent materials, such as drywall or plaster)
that show visible signs of staining or are emitting
chemical odors. Exceptions may be made if removal of
the contaminated material threatens the integrity of the
structure.
Clean smooth, painted walls (i.e., those without
"popcorn" texture) using a detergent-water solution (see
Section 3.13). After cleaning, conduct post-remediation
sampling (if applicable) and encapsulate walls (see
Section 3.15).
Before textured walls are cleaned or removed, they
should be sampled for asbestos. Textured walls that
do not contain asbestos should also be washed with a
detergent-water solution and encapsulated. If asbestos
is present but meth is not (or it has been cleaned to
an acceptable level), several guidance documents
suggest sealing the surface with a spray-on asbestos
encapsulation product. If the wall meets neither the
remediation standard for meth nor asbestos, a certified
asbestos abatement contractor should remove the
material.
4.2 Ceilings
Ceilings contain some of the heaviest concentrations of
residual meth. Although they have a low potential for
human contact, ceilings should be cleaned thoroughly
in case they are disturbed in the future. When present,
ceiling fans should also be cleaned (or discarded). Any
ceiling surface that shows visible signs of staining or is
emitting chemical odors should always be removed and
replaced.
Smooth, painted ceilings that were not removed should
be washed with a detergent-water solution and then
encapsulated (see Sections 3.13 and 3.15). Encapsulating
ceilings should not be used as an initial attempt to reduce
meth levels below clearance standards. The exception
to this will be surfaces that are not amenable to cleaning
(such as textured "popcorn" ceilings).
Textured (i.e., "popcorn" or spray-on) ceilings should
be sampled for asbestos and meth contamination.
Textured ceilings that do not contain asbestos should be
encapsulated.
Tiled (suspended or attached) ceilings should be sampled
for asbestos and meth contamination. Tiled ceilings
that show visible signs of contamination or that were
in areas of suspected high contamination but do not
contain asbestos should be discarded. Tiled ceilings in
areas of low contamination that do not contain asbestos
should be HEPA filter vacuumed (see Section 3.10) and
encapsulated.
For both textured and tiled ceilings, if asbestos is
present but meth is not, several guidance documents
suggest sealing the surfaces with a spray-on asbestos
encapsulation product if decontamination would disturb
the material containing asbestos. If the ceiling meets
neither the remediation standard for meth or asbestos, a
certified asbestos abatement contractor should remove
the material.
Remove any absorbent building material (such as
insulation) that shows visible signs of staining or is
emitting chemical odors.
4.3 Floors
Before removing or cleaning floors, consider the type
of material from which it was made. Resilient flooring
such as, sheet, laminate or vinyl tile can be kept unless
it is stained or melted. (Note: Vinyl flooring or underlying
mastic may contain asbestos. If it is removed, removal and
disposal should be compliant with all federal, state and local
requirements.) Porous flooring material, such as cork or
unfinished wood, should be removed and discarded.
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Also, consider disposing of floors in high-traffic areas,
even when distant from cooking areas, as they often
contain high levels of contamination.
Always vacuum using a HEPA filter after removing
any primary flooring (e.g., carpeting, vinyl, laminate)
to remove contaminated dust and other debris from the
sub-flooring. In addition conduct a "once-over" washing
with a detergent-water solution (see Section 3.13) to sub-
flooring prior to beginning the cleanup of the rest of the
structure.
Wash floors that will not be replaced with a detergent-
water solution and re-seal the floors with a product such
as polyurethane. Do not cover potentially contaminated
flooring with new flooring as this remediation approach
does not prevent unrestricted future use of the structure.
If ceramic or stone tiles are not removed, they should
be washed with a detergent-water solution and then
re-glazed depending on the porosity of the tile. It is
recommended that grout be ground down, re-grouted
and then sealed, or at a minimum, encapsulated with an
epoxy-based sealant.
4.4 Kitchen Countertops
Because kitchen countertops have high potential for
human contact and are food preparation surfaces, there
is debate as to whether they should be automatically
discarded or whether they can be kept as long as they
meet remediation standards. Thus, further research is
needed to determine the migration potential of meth (and
precursor chemicals) through common types of kitchen
countertops.
Currently, several guidance documents suggest the
following for various types of countertop materials:
• All countertops with visible signs of contamination
(e.g., stained, emitting odors, etched) should be
discarded.
• Countertops made of porous materials (e.g., wood,
granite) should be discarded.
• Countertops made of solid materials (such as Corian®)
can be sanded down and washed with a detergent-
water solution (see Section 3.13).
• Countertops made of stainless steel can be washed
with a detergent-water solution.
• Countertops made of ceramic and stone tile should
be removed when in high-contact areas. If ceramic or
stone tiles are not removed, they should be washed
with a detergent-water solution and possibly re-glazed
(depending on the porosity of the tile). At a minimum,
grout should be encapsulated with an epoxy-based
sealant or ground down, re-grouted and then sealed.
4.5 Concrete, Cement and
Brick
Exposed painted or unpainted brick, concrete and cement
should be washed with a detergent-water solution (see
Section 3.13). Most guidance documents also recommend
power-washing concrete and cement as long as a water
collection system such as a wet vac is used to absorb
excess moisture. Because brick is an especially absorbent
material, it can absorb cleaning solutions used in the
wet cleaning method. [Note: It may not lie possible (even
following adequate remediation) to achieve a neutral pH with
concrete since it is normally very basic.]
Other guidance documents discuss the use of HEPA
microvacuums rather than wet cleaning methods.
However, HEPA microvacuuming is very time
consuming and does not remove contamination entirely
(see Section 3.10).
In areas of suspected high contamination, the removal
of concrete, cement and brick materials should be left to
the discretion of the cleanup contractor if the removal
could impact the integrity of the structure. In such
cases, encapsulation methods can be used after washing
procedures to add an extra layer of protection.
4.6 Appliances
Discard all appliances, electronics and tools that show
visible signs of contamination. Also dispose of large
and small appliances that could have been used in the
production of meth or storage of meth products (e.g.,
refrigerators, stoves, ovens, microwaves, hotplates,
toaster ovens, coffee makers). In order to protect handlers
at waste or recycling facilities who may come into contact
with appliances, the outside of appliances should be
washed before the items are discarded. Be sure to render
appliances unusable so that they will not be reused even
if they are brought to a recycling facility.
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It is generally agreed that large appliances, electronics
and other tools should be evaluated on a case-by-case
basis. Further research is needed to determine whether
it is safe to continue to use appliances that were located
in a former meth lab. Some guidance documents suggest
washing with a detergent-water solution (see Section 3.13)
the exteriors and interiors of large appliances that were
not exposed to high concentrations of meth and show
no visual contamination. All appliances with insulation
should be sampled and discarded if clearance standards
are not met (e.g., dishwashers, refrigerators, storage
freezers). Sampling and cleaning inside motors and
circuitry of appliances or electronics is extremely difficult
and expensive, thereby constituting the primary reasons
these items may be discarded.11
4.7 Wood
Consider the porosity, the degree of exposure (e.g., a
wooden hand rail vs. a section of wainscoting high on the
wall), level of contamination and the quality of the finish
on wooden materials or items when deciding whether to
discard or clean them. As a general principle, discard (in
a manner to prevent reuse) any wooden surface or item
that shows visible signs of contamination (e.g., stained,
emitting odors, etched).
If wooden materials or items are not discarded, wash the
items using a detergent-water solution (see Section 3.13).
Additionally, cleaned surfaces should be encapsulated
with a non-water based sealant.
Untreated wood will absorb moisture if detergent-water
washing or power-washing techniques are used. Be
sure to collect excess water using a wet vac to dry the
unfinished wood in order to prevent the growth of mold.
Encapsulate the wood after cleaning and sampling.
4.8 Windows
Window glass can be cleaned at the same time as
walls. Glass should be triple-washed using a standard
household glass cleaner. Clean cloths and solution should
be used for each washing.
Wooden trim and hard plastic trim and tracking should
be washed with a detergent-water solution (see Section
3.13) and sealed if it is not removed and replaced.
Stainless aluminum tracks and trim are often difficult to
clean. If track and trim cannot be adequately cleaned it
should be removed and replaced.
4.9 Electrical Fixtures, Outlets
and Switch Plate Covers
It is generally agreed that electrical outlet covers and wall
switch plate covers should be replaced. These items are
low in cost, tend to be high collection points for meth and
also have great potential for repeated human contact.
If electrical fixtures are not discarded, wash them using
a detergent-water solution (see Section 3.13). Always
shut off power before removing electrical fixtures, outlet
covers and switch covers. When using wet cleanup
methods for electrical fixtures, ensure that the parts
handling electricity do not get wet and that the fixtures
are completely dry before reassembly.
4.1O Dishes, Flatware and
Other Hard Non-Porous
Household Goods
Dishes, flatware and other hard non-porous household
goods including ceramics, hard plastics, metals and
glass should be discarded to prevent reuse if they show
any signs of having been used during the meth cooking
process (i.e., acid etched or chemical staining).
Dispose of all plastic infant bottles, nipples and any
infant/toddler eating utensils or dishes in a manner to
prevent reuse, regardless of their contamination level.
Wash all items made of ceramic, metal, hard plastic or
glass that were not used in the meth cooking process,
using a detergent-water solution (see Section 3.13).
4.11 Toys and Other
Children's Items
Infant toys that have the potential to be placed in the
mouth (e.g., teether, pacifier, rattle) as well as any toys
that show visible signs of contamination (e.g., stained,
emitting odors, etched) should be disposed of in a
manner that prevents reuse. Stuffed and other porous
toys are very difficult to clean and should be discarded.
It is generally agreed that toys made of metal or hard
plastic may be washed using a detergent-water solution
(see Section 3.13). The decision to decontaminate or
dispose of softer plastic toys, items with electronic
features or toys that have small crevices should be left
to the discretion of the cleanup contractor (but disposal
is highly recommended). Exceptions can be made for
medical items (e.g., eye glasses, artificial limbs) if they are
effectively cleaned to the prescribed clearance levels.
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4.12 Carpets
Remove all carpet and discard it in a manner that
prevents reuse. Do not HEPA filter vacuum, steam-clean
or shampoo carpet. Carpet should always be discarded
rather than cleaned because it is extremely difficult to
remove all of the contamination from the fibers and
weave of the carpet.
Additionally, carpet padding and flooring beneath carpet
in a former meth lab are often contaminated. Leaving the
carpet in place could pose a threat to future occupants
who may decide to remove the carpet and unknowingly
come into contact with this contaminated padding or
flooring.
4.13 Clothing and Other
Fabrics
Discard clothing or fabrics with visible staining or
contamination. Machine-washable clothing may be safely
cleaned in a washing machine. If a washing machine is
used to wash potentially contaminated fabric, consider
the following:
• Use the washing machine available on-site. Do not
wash contaminated fabric off-site.
• Run an empty load before washing the fabric.
• Wash fabric three times in small- to medium-
sized loads using the cycle setting that is normally
recommended for the fabric type.
• Use a standard laundry detergent. Do not use
detergents with bleach, oxidizing detergents or fabric
softener.
• Do not dry items between washes. After washing
items three times, bag the items and take them off-site
to dry.
• Run an empty load after contaminated items have
been washed before using the washing machine again.
Discard non-machine-washable fabrics in a manner that
prevents reuse. Exceptions may be made in some cases
for items of intrinsic value, such as a wedding dress, if
the owner understands and accepts the risk associated
with keeping it. Do not dry clean items, as doing so could
contaminate other people's clothing.
4.14 Leather or Fabric
Upholstered Furniture
Discard upholstered furniture. In some cases, however,
furniture can be stripped of its upholstery (including
cushions) and cleaned like hard furniture with a
detergent-water solution (see Section 3.13). Always
discard plastic furniture. Destroy furniture before
discarding it to prevent it from being reused.
4.15 Mattresses
Most guidance documents suggest that mattresses
should always be discarded. However, some guidance
documents note that a mattress can be saved when:
• pre-remediation samples indicate low levels of meth in
the structure;
• the mattress was far removed from the area of cooking;
and
• the mattress was not located in a room serviced by the
same HVAC system as the room in which meth was
cooked.
4.16 Paper Items/Books
Discard paper items and books found in the former
meth lab. Exceptions may be made for important legal
documents or photographs, papers or books of historical
value.
4.17 Mobile Residences
Generally speaking, mobile residences should be cleaned
like any other structure identified as a meth production
site. However, past experience with the cleanup of mobile
homes, campers and other mobile residences (such as
vehicles) indicate that they may contain more porous/
absorbent materials than fixed structures. For this reason,
in some states, it has been found to be cost-prohibitive to
clean the structure. Demolition may be considered a more
cost-effective option.
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5.0 Potential Sampling Constituents,
Theory and Methods
5.1 Sampling Constituents
Depending on the nature of contamination at the site,
owners or contractors may decide to sample for a variety
of constituents ranging from VOCs to lead, to meth
itself. In all cases, persons collecting samples should use
approved sampling methods as prescribed by local, state
and federal government agencies [including EPA, the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH)andOSHA].
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
VOCs are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids.
VOCs include a variety of chemicals, some of which may
have both short- and long-term adverse health effects.
VOCs are emitted by a wide array of chemicals found
in former meth labs, which include but are not limited
to: acetone, benzene, ether, freon, hexane, isopropanol,
methanol, toluene, Coleman fuel, naphtha, ronsonol and
xylene.
Monitoring for VOCs should be done for indoor air
quality (in the adult and child breathing zones), in the
plumbing and/or septic system and over outdoor areas
with suspected soil contamination. VOC monitoring
should be conducted using a PID. Some guidance
documents suggest using a Summa canister for air
monitoring, however Summa canisters are expensive and
their results are often difficult to interpret.
Summary of Quantitative State Remediation
Standards (as of June 2009)
States that set VOC standards for VOC air monitoring in their
remediation guidelines set the standard at less than 1 ppm.
pH
States that set corrosive standards in their remediation guidelines
set a surface pH standard of 6 to 8.
Mercury
State standards range from 50 ng/m3 to .3>t/g/m3 of mercury in air.
Lead
State standards range from 40/,/g/ft2 (or its equivalent of 4.3
yt/g/100 cm2) to 20>t/g/ft2 (or its equivalent of 2>t/g/100 cm2).
Meth
State standards range from 0.05 >t/g/100 cm2 to 0.5 >t/g/100 cm2.
The most common standard is set at 0.1 ji/g/100 cm2.
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pH
pH is a term used to indicate the corrosiveness of
a substance as ranked on a scale from 1.0 to 14.0.
Corrosives commonly found in former meth labs
include, but are not limited to: hydrochloric acid,
hypophosphorous acid, sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid,
anhydrous ammonia, phosphoric acid and other common
acids and bases. pH sampling should be used to confirm
that levels of acids and bases do not pose a health
hazard. pH sampling should be conducted during pre-
remediation sampling and is done onsite with pH paper.
pH testing should occur on food preparation countertops,
stained materials (where there is visible contamination)
and anything that leads to the septic system. pH testing
should also occur within the septic system, on at least
three locations in each room within the areas with
visible contamination and within areas known to have
been used for storage or handling of chemicals. [Note: It
may not be possible (even following adequate remediation) to
achieve a neutral pH with concrete since it is normally very
basic.]
Lead, Mercury and Asbestos
Lead and mercury are commonly associated with labs
where the P2P method was used to produce meth. If
the P2P method was used, sample for airborne mercury
and take surface samples for lead. In addition, former
labs where meth is known to have been manufactured
for several years should be tested for lead and mercury.
Sampling for these constituents may be complicated
because lead-based paints may be present in structures
built prior to 1978, and mercury can be found in
structures built prior to 1990. A variety of common
household items also can contain small amounts of
mercury.
When conducting sampling for lead and mercury, be sure
to test the plumbing and septic systems, in addition to
the structure. If either mercury or lead is detected in pre-
remediation sampling, test for it after completing cleanup
activities.
Asbestos can be found in a variety of construction
materials in homes and other structures. Many
construction products on the market today still contain
asbestos. In cases where portions of the structure (e.g.,
walls, floors, ceilings) will be removed, an asbestos
survey should be performed. If a structure has a sprayed
on, "popcorn" ceiling it should be sampled for meth-
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related contamination. If not contaminated, it should be
left intact and/or encapsulated because of the potential
presence of asbestos.
(Note: When removing any materials contaminated with
lead or mercury, federal or state disposal requirements or
regulations should be followed. In addition, some materials
removed from the site should be tested for asbestos per federal
or state guidelines.)
Iodine and Red Phosphorous
Sampling for iodine and red phosphorous generally is
not necessary, since these chemicals leave visible stains
that should be detected during the site survey. In most
cases, surfaces or appliances that are visibly stained will
typically be removed and will not need to be sampled.
Methamphetamine
Sampling for meth is the most common way to establish
whether portions of a structure are contaminated and
in need of remediation. Most states encourage property
owners to hire a qualified environmental or health
professional to conduct sampling and testing. Because
every meth manufacturing site is unique, sampling
plans will differ and should be tailored to each specific
case. In most cases, samples for meth are collected by
wipe sampling; however, many states have established
regulatory guidelines that dictate the sampling
methodology. All sampling plans should comply with
state or local requirements.
5.2 Sampling Theory
When conducting sampling for meth contamination,
follow an authoritative sampling approach. This process
does not assign an equal probability of being sampled
to every part of the structure. Instead, authoritative
sampling targets areas suspected to have the highest
levels of contamination. The validity of this sampling
method depends on the professional judgment,
knowledge and qualifications of the person conducting
the sampling, who should have a detailed understanding
of the individual site conditions and the suspected
manufacturing method.
Several states reference two types of authoritative
sampling, both of which are described in the American
Society for Testing and Materials Method (ASTM) D6311-
98 (2003), Standard Guide for Generation of Environmental
Data Related to Waste Management Activities: Selection and
Optimization of Sampling Design. A description of the
two methods, biased sampling and judgmental sampling,
follows:
Biased sampling seeks to identify the "best" and "worst"
locations at the site, rather than find the average
concentration of contamination. By sampling at
locations that are highly suggestive of contamination
(e.g., cook sites, spill sites), this approach helps identify
the maximum levels of contamination expected to be
present at the site. Biased sampling also is useful in post-
remediation sampling, since samples will be taken at the
locations known or expected to be most contaminated
before a site meets standards for reuse.
Judgmental sampling relies heavily on the experience
of the person conducting the sampling to gauge the
"average" concentration of contamination present
in the structure. Judgmental sampling can be useful,
assuming that the person conducting the sampling has
sufficient information on the former manufacturing
activities at the site and the necessary experience to select
appropriate sampling locations. Judgmental sampling
can become less accurate when only partial or incomplete
information exists about past activities at the site or
the person conducting the sampling intentionally or
accidentally selects sampling locations that misrepresent
the site.
Hypothesis Testing
Both biased and judgmental sampling should be
informed by data quality objectives (DQO). DQOs
establish the type, quality and quantity of data needed
and specify tolerable levels of potential decision errors.12
DQOs should be established before environmental data
collection activities begin. Sampling plans should be
designed to meet DQOs, be cost-effective and minimize
the likelihood of error. (Note: For additional information on
QA/QC see Section 5.6). Each sampling plan should set
forth a hypothesis and sampling should be conducted to
either prove or disprove that hypothesis. The hypothesis
initially set forth will be different for pre-remediation and
post-remediation sampling.
For pre-remediation sampling, the hypothesis being
tested is that the site is clean and that there is no evidence
of meth or its production. To test this hypothesis, a
sampling plan is devised to answer the question, "Is
there evidence of the presence of meth production
in this area?" All data gathered will be weighed
against this question, including information from the
preliminary assessment as well as samples collected.
Data that disprove the hypothesis suggest that the area is
contaminated with meth or other associated materials.
In post-remediation sampling, the hypothesis is that the
site has not been thoroughly cleaned. Thus, the owner or
contractor will seek to prove, through biased sampling,
that the site contains contaminant levels that exceed the
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relevant standard. Statistically speaking, as the site is
cleaned, the hypothesis becomes more difficult to prove;
and instead, the site will prove to be compliant. Once
every habitable structure on the site is deemed compliant,
the site can be released. Post-remediation sampling can
be used as an oversight mechanism to ensure cleaning
was adequate. Post-remediation sampling can also
provide owners with a liability shield, quantifying that
the structure meets the applicable standards.
5.3 Wipe Sampling Methods
Wipe sampling is the most often recommended method for
sampling surface concentrations of meth. There are two
conventional methods for wipe sampling: discrete and
composite. In many remediation efforts, a combination of
both composite and discrete sampling will be needed.
In discrete sampling, also known as "individual" sampling,
single samples are taken at spatially discrete locations.
This sampling technique should be used in areas that
are "hot spots" highly suggestive of contamination.
Discrete sampling should be performed in areas where
there is a high probability of exposure (e.g., countertops,
ventilation systems).
In composite sampling multiple discrete samples are
combined and treated as a single sample for analytical
purposes. This sampling technique can be useful because
it is more cost-effective. Composite sampling strategies
should be used when the distribution of contamination
is expected to be homogeneous. Composite sampling can
be used on personal items (e.g., furniture, photo albums)
and other belongings that the owner would like to save.
Many jurisdictions have prescribed methods for
collecting wipe samples. Before conducting a sampling
effort, be sure to consult and comply with applicable
state or local guidelines. In general, collecting discrete
wipe samples for surface meth contamination contains
the following steps:
1. Document the area(s) of the structure to be sampled
in a map or sketch.
2. Make a template of each individual area to be
sampled. This template should be made with chalk,
masking tape, Teflon or another material that will not
contaminate the sample and is resistant to the solvent
being used. Most guidance documents suggest a
minimum sample area of 100 cm2.
3. Use a new set of clean, non-powdered impervious
gloves for each sample collected.
4. Wet the sample media with solvent.
5. Press firmly with the sample media, using caution
to avoid touching the surface within the template.
Smooth surfaces should be wiped; rough surfaces
should be blotted.
6. When wiping the sampling area, two methods may be
used:
a. The square method involves wiping in a square
around the outside edge of the sample site and
wiping in concentric squares towards the center.
b. The "S" method involves wiping from side-to-
side in an overlapping "S" motion until the entire
sample surface is covered.
7. Fold the sample media with the sampled side in
without allowing the media to contact any other
surfaces.
8. Repeat the wiping method with the folded sample
media. If using the "S" method, wipe from top-to-
bottom on the second pass.
9. Again, fold the media in half with the sampled side
in. Seal the sample media in a sample container and
label with the sample number and location.
10. Collect at least one sample media blank for every 10
samples collected. This media should be treated with
solvent and folded but not wiped.
For composite samples, the same procedure should be
used with the following considerations:
1. Use a single pair of gloves to collect all component
samples that will make up a composite sample.
2. All component samples that will make up a
composite sample should be placed in the same
sample container.
3. Use enough solvent on the sampling media to
properly collect all samples. The composite sample
should consist of no more than five discrete samples.
Sample Media
Sample media can consist of a number of materials,
which vary according to state or local guidelines.
Examples of recommended sample media include:
• rayon/polyester or cotton general-purpose medical
sponges;
• 11 cm filter paper (Whatman™ 40 ashless or
equivalent);
• filter paper, including Whatman™ 40,41,42,43,44,
540,541, Ahlstrom 54, VWR 454, S&S WH Medium, or
other filter paper with equivalent performance; and
• cotton gauze pad, including Johnson & Johnson cotton
squares or equivalent.
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Solvent
Agreement has not yet been reached as to which solvent
should be used in sampling for meth. The three most
common lifting agents—deionized water, isopropyl
alcohol and methanol—are described below:
• Deionized water is safe for use and is generally
adequate for sampling surface concentrations of meth.
However, the use of deionized water as a solvent
requires an additional extraction step once the sample
is sent to the lab for analysis.
• Methanol is very effective at picking up meth;
however, it may mine paint from wipe surfaces and
over-represent the levels of contamination available
through normal exposure pathways (such as touching
a wall).
• In terms of safety and effectiveness for meth sampling,
isopropyl alcohol lies somewhere between deionized
water and methanol.
It is important that sampling methods be performed in
a consistent fashion throughout the site. The degree to
which various solvents lift or extract contaminants from
the sampling surface will become more important as
remediation standards become health-based.
5.4 Micro vacuum Sampling
Methods
Microvacuum sampling can be used to determine the
presence of meth contamination on porous materials
(e.g., furniture, upholstery) that cannot be sampled by
wiping. This method does not quantitatively represent
the mass of meth in the material, but the results
may be used qualitatively to indicate the presence
of meth. Though less sensitive than wipe sampling,
microvacuums can be useful for site-screening purposes
or the evaluation of personal items. Microvacuuming
is not recommended for post-remediation sampling
when wipe sampling is possible. When conducting
microvacuuming, follow the appropriate prescribed
guidelines (e.g., EPA, NIOSH, ASTM).
5.5 Other Emerging Sampling
Methods
New methods are emerging to conduct surface meth
sampling. Until additional studies are available, it is not
possible to determine the accuracy of these new methods
for use in meth lab cleanup.
5.6 Quality Assurance/Quality
Control (QA/QC)
QA/QC in sample analysis does not begin in the lab,
but rather in the field. The following practices should be
considered to maximize the integrity of samples:
• Collect samples in a uniform manner.
• Ensure as few people as possible handle the samples.
• Collect at least one sample media blank, treated in the
same fashion but without wiping, for every 10 samples
collected.
• Handle sample media with stainless steel forceps,
tweezers or gloved fingers.
• Change gloves with each sample to avoid cross-
contamination.
• Complete a sample label for each sample with
waterproof, non-erasable ink and note sample number,
date, time, location and sampler's ID.
• Seal samples immediately upon collection and always
document when seals are broken or replaced and
reseal open boxes of unused containers.
• Keep samples in a secure (locked) location.
• Properly store samples until they are transported to
the lab for analysis per the laboratory's specifications.
• Deliver samples to the laboratory. The timeframe for
sample delivery will depend on the sampling method,
material and laboratory protocol.
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Endnotes
1 White House Office of National Drug Control Policy. (2006). Synthetic Drug Control Strategy: A Focus on
Methamphetamine and Prescription Drug Abuse, 37.
2 National Jewish Medical and Research Center. (2004). Methamphetamine Contamination on Environmental Surfaces Caused
by Simulated Smoking of Methamphetamine.
3 Colorado Department of Public Health. (2005). Support for Selection of a Cleanup Level for Methamphetamine at Clandestine
Drug Laboratories.
4 California Department of Toxic Substances Control. (2007). Development of a Health-Based Meth Cleanup Standard.
5 National Jewish Medical and Research Center. (2005). A 24-Hour Study to Investigate Chemical Exposures Associated with
Clandestine Methamphetamine Laboratories.
6 North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. (2005). Illegal Methamphetamine Laboratory Decontamination
and Re-Occupancy Guidelines, 13.
7 Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation. (2004). Guidance and Standards for Cleanup of Illegal Drug-
Manufacturing Sites, 29.
8 Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. (2005). 6 CCR 1014-3 Regulations Pertaining to the Cleanup of
Methamphetamine Laboratories, Appendix C.
9 California Department of Toxic Substances Control. (2004). Preliminary Analysis of the Efficacy of Using Cleaning Products
to Break Down Methamphetamine.
10Washington State Department of Health, Division of Environmental Health. (2005). Guidelines for Environmental
Sampling at Illegal Drug Manufacturing Sites, 12.
11 American Industrial Hygiene Association. (2007). Clandestine Methamphetamine Laboratory Assessment and Remediation
Guidance, 22.
12 United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2000). Data Quality Objectives Process for Hazardous Waste Site
Investigations,
Other References
Association of State and Territorial Solid Waste Management Officials. (2006). Clandestine Drug Laboratory Remediation: A
Guide to Post Emergency Response.
National Jewish Medical and Research Center. (2004). Chemical Exposures Associated with Clandestine Methamphetamine
Laboratories Using the Anhydrous Ammonia Method of Production.
United States Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration. (2005). Guidelines for Law Enforcement for the
Cleanup of Clandestine Drug Laboratories,
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2008). RCRA Hazardous Waste Identification of Methamphetamine
Production Process By-products,
University of Arizona Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Illegal Methamphetamine Laboratories.
Front cover inset and photo on page 15 courtesy of Tacoma Pierce County, Washington Health Department
U.S. EPA Voluntary Guidelines for Methamphetamine Laboratory Cleanup
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Key Contributors
• Curry Blankenship, Cherokee Nation Environmental Programs
• Lisa Boynton, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
• Colleen Brisnehan, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment
• Jeff Burgess, MD, MPH, University of Arizona
• Steven Connolly, New Mexico Environment Department
• Ryan Costello, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
• Jace Cuje, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
• Jim Faust, Idaho Department of Health and Welfare
• Anna Fernandez, Hawaii Department of Health
• Sherry Green, National Alliance of Model State Drug Laws
• Deb Grimm, Montana Department of Environmental Quality
• Leo Henning, Kansas Department of Health and Environment
• Thomas Hunting, Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality
• Erik Janus, University of Maryland University College
• Shalece Koffard, Utah Department of Health
• Kim Leingang, Kentucky Division of Waste Management
• Kathy Marshall, Illinois Department of Public Health
• John Martyny, PhD, CIH, National Jewish Medical and Research Center
• Greg McKnight, Washington State Department of Health
• Terrel Mitchell, Cherokee Nation Environmental Programs
• Jim Morrison, Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation
• Marilyn Parker, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services
• Bill Rees, Utah Department of Environmental Quality
• Rick Rosky, National Meth Chemicals Initiative Southwest Meth Initiative
• Charles Salocks, California Environmental Protection Agency
• Will Service, North Carolina Division of Waste Management
• Brett Sherry, Oregon Department of Human Services
• Kent Schierkolk, Kansas Department of Health and Environment
• Larry Souther, Minnesota Department of Health
• Ed Thamke, Montana Department of Environmental Quality
• Scot W. Tiernan, Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation
• Greg Art Vollmer, New Mexico Environment Department
• Corey Yep, California Department of Toxic Substances Control
U.S. EPA Voluntary Guidelines for Methamphetamine Laboratory Cleanup
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Appendix A: Primary Methods of
Production and Associated Hazards
Ammonia Lab Profile
Precursor:
Product:
Method:
Other Names:
Unique Hazards:
Variations:
Ephedrine or Pseudoephedrine
d-Methamphetamine
Ephedrine reduction using anhydrous ammonia and lithium, sodium metal or
elemental potassium
"Lithium-Ammonia" Lab, "Birch Reduction" Lab, "Nazi" Lab or "Sodium Metal" Lab
Sodium metal from molten sodium hydroxide flammability
Irritant toxicity hazard from concentrated ammonia atmospheres
Reaction of water with sodium or lithium metals
Use of acid gas generators
Use of an acetone/dry ice bath to keep original anhydrous ammonia mixture
from evaporating prematurely
Recovery of lithium ribbon from camera batteries
P2P Lab Profile
Precursor:
Product:
Method:
Other Names:
Unique Hazards:
Variations:
Phenyl-2-Propanone
Mixtures of l-Methamphetamine (50%) and d-Methamphetamine (50%)
P2P reduction using methylamine and mercuric chloride
"Amalgam" Lab, "Prope Dope" Lab or "Biker" Lab
Methylamine could cause severe eye and skin irritation and may cause blindness.flammable in high concentrations, a skin
absorbent and a central nervous system (ONS) toxicant
Lead acetate
Use of highly toxic mercuric chloride
Use of acid gas generators
Occasional use of methylamine compressed gas cylinders
Acidify the oil layer directly (i.e., delete solvent washing step)
Red Phosphorus Lab Profile
Precursor:
Product:
Method:
Other Names:
Unique Hazards:
Variations:
Ephedrine or Pseudoephedrine
d-Methamphetamine
Ephedrine reduction using red phosphorus and hydriodic acid
"Red P" Lab, "Tweaker" Lab, "HI" Lab or "Mexican National" Lab
Phosphine gas production
Conversion of red phosphorus to white phosphorus
Use of acid gas generators
Exothermic/incompatible reaction of red phosphorus
Iodine vapors
Use iodine and water instead of hydriodic acid
Use hypophosphorus acid instead of red phosphorus
Use liquid from tablet extraction directly in reflux step
From EPA's Office of Emergency Management (OEM)
U.S. EPA Voluntary Guidelines for Methamphetamine Laboratory Cleanup
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Appendix B: List of Potential Research
Topics
The table below lists potential research topics identified during the development of this document.
Sampling
Study whether meth is a good indicator for contamination by other chemicals used in meth labs.
Test the effectiveness and error of meth "gunner" technologies.
Determine what solvent should be used when taking meth wipe samples (de-ionized water, isopropyl alcohol or methanol).
Remediation
Investigate the dispersion and persistence of chemical contaminants.
Determine whether meth is a good indicator of other contaminants.
Examine possible off-gassing of contaminants from building materials.
Evaluate cleaning agents for remediation of former meth labs including efficacy; time required for them to work; degradation by-products and
their potential toxicity; physical effects on materials being cleaned; and potential toxicity to persons using the agents.
Determine whether carpet and flooring can be remediated safely and effectively.
Evaluate methods for skin decontamination - determine whether soap and water washing accelerates the dermal absorption of
methamphetamine.
Evaluate the transfer efficiency of meth from unremediated and remediated surfaces to improve estimates of exposure.
Evaluate the effectiveness of performance-based cleanup.
Research the reliability of immunoassay to determine whether it is a reliable alternative to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS).
Study the effectiveness of "baking."
Determine the extent to which meth resurfaces after remediation on walls, floors, ceilings and kitchen countertops made of various materials.
Test the extent to which running the HVAC system after remediation has been completed re-contaminates the structure.
Determine the best way to clean acoustic and "popcorn" ceilings.
Determine the most effective way to clean an HVAC system.
Study the effectiveness of various primers, paints and other sealants used in the encapsulation process in preventing the resurfacing of meth.
Determine how to best encapsulate floors.
Evaluate the effectiveness of encapsulation.
Test whether primer/paint should be rolled-on or sprayed.
Determine whether spray on solutions such as sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide can decontaminate meth.
Determine the toxicity of meth and the risk residual meth poses in an environmental setting.
Research whether salvaging appliances is safe.
Encourage published reports on remediation of former meth labs.
Examine the effects of long-term, low level exposure to methamphetamine residues on neurological development in children.
Evaluate risks associated with exposure to surface residues resulting from smoking other legal and illegal drugs (e.g., tobacco, marijuana) to
determine which poses a greater risk.
U.S. EPA Voluntary Guidelines for Methamphetamine Laboratory Cleanup
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Appendix C: Costs Associated with Meth
Lab Cleanup
As explained previously in this document, meth labs range from crude makeshift operations to technologically
advanced facilities and are found almost anywhere: in private residences, motel and hotel rooms, apartments and
trailers. Because no two meth labs are alike, the cost of cleanup varies. The Institute for Intergovernmental Research
recently estimated that the average cost of cleanup can range from $5,000-$150,000.* The following variables may
impact the cost of meth lab remediation:
Size of Property and Structure
• Larger labs are usually more costly to remediate simply because there is more surface area to clean.
Property Accessibility
• Meth labs are sometimes found in remote locations. If the lab is located in an area that is difficult to access, costs will
increase.
Contractor Rates
• Contractor rates vary depending on geographical location.
Amount of Debris
• A considerable amount of debris is generated during meth lab cleanup (e.g., carpet, contaminated household items).
The more contaminated debris that needs to be discarded, the more the cleanup will cost.
Presence of Asbestos
• If asbestos is found in materials that have to be cleaned or removed, the cost of the cleanup may increase.
Contamination Level
• Labs with high levels of contamination may cost more to clean than labs with lower levels of contamination.
Pre- and Post-remediation Sampling
• Pre-remediation sampling may be useful in some cases (see Section 3.6); however, it is generally more cost-effective
to remediate an entire lab than to take pre-remediation samples in an attempt to avoid having to remediate certain
areas of a former lab.
• The results of post-remediation samples demonstrate whether previously contaminated areas have been cleaned
to an acceptable level. Although post-remediation sampling may increase costs, it is an important step in meth lab
remediation and should not be skipped.
Inclusion of Refurbishment Costs
• The cost of cleanup will increase if one includes refurbishment activities (e.g. repainting, re-carpeting) within the
scope of "cleanup."
The Methamphetamine Problem: Question and Answer Guide, Institute for Intergovernmental Research, http://www.iir.com/centf/guide.htm
U.S. EPA Voluntary Guidelines for Methamphetamine Laboratory Cleanup
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Appendix D: Properties of Chemicals
Associated with Methamphetamine
Chemical and CAS Number Form Hazard Health Effect Fate and Transport
Acetic Acid (64-1 9-7)
[manufacture of Phenyl-2-Propanone
(P2P)]
Ref:11,44, 51
Acetic Anhydride (108-24-7)
(manufacture of P2P)
Ref:11,44, 51
Acetone (67-64-1)
(solvent)
[syn: dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone]
Ref:8, 10, 12, 51
Ammonia (7664-41 -7)
(Birch/Nazi method)
Ref:11,44,45, 51
Ammonium Hydroxide (1336-21-6)
Ref: 13
Benzaldehyde (100-52-7)
(Precursor for amphetamine or P2P)
Ref: 14, 51
Benzyl Chloride (100-44-7)
Ref: 7, 15, 51
Colorless liquid
Colorless liquid
Colorless liquid with
fragrant odor
Colorless gas
with pungent odor
anhydrous form is
liquid under pressure
Clear colorless
solution with
ammonia odor
Colorless liquid,
bitter almond odor
Colorless to pale
yellow liquid with
pungent aromatic
odor
Corrosive
Corrosive
Flammable
Corrosive
Corrosive and
Poison
Combustible
Combustible
Vapors cause eye irritation.
Exposure to high concentrations
causes inflammation of airway
and ulcers of eyes. IDLH: 50 ppm;
l\IIOSHREL:TWA10ppm(25mg/
m3)ST15ppm(37mg/m3);OSHA
PEL: TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m3).
Vapors cause eye irritation.
Exposure to high concentrations
may lead to ulcerations of the
nasal mucosa and can severely
damage the eye. IDLH: 200 ppm.
NIOSH REL: C 5 ppm (20 mg/m3);
OSHA PEL: TWA 5 ppm (20 mg/
m3).
Vapors may cause skin irritation.
Prolonged exposure to high
concentration may lead to blurred
vision, fatigue, convulsions and
death. IDLH: 2,500 ppm; NIOSH
REL: TWA 250 ppm (590 mg/m3);
OSHA PEL: TWA 1000 ppm (2400
mg/m3).
Liquid anhydrous ammonia causes
severe skin burns on contact. Lung
irritant at low concentrations.
IDLH: 300 ppm; NIOSH REL: TWA
25 ppm (18 mg/m3) ST 35 ppm (27
mg/m3); OSHA PEL: TWA 50 ppm
(35 mg/m3).
Ammonium solution (10-35%
ammonia) can cause upper
respiratory irritation. Exposure
to greater than 5,000 ppm can
be fatal. Can cause irritation and
burns to skin. Ingestion of as little
as 2-3 ml can also be fatal.
Mild irritant to lungs. Central
nervous system depressant.
Eye, skin, and respiratory irritant.
IDLH: 10 ppm; NIOSH REL: C1
ppm (5 mg/m3) [15-minute]; OSHA
PEL: TWA 1 ppm (5 mg/m3).
Miscible in water. While
reacting with soil components,
likely to be neutralized
or diluted in soil. Readily
biodegrades by aerobic or
anaerobic mechanisms.
Dissolves slowly in water.
Specific gravity is greater than
1 so there is potential that
it will sink in ground/surface
water. Will degrade over time
to acetic acid.
Miscible in water. Not
persistent. Readily biodegrades
in soil or water.
Lighter than air gas, likely to
dissipate into atmosphere.
Toxic to aquatic life. 28%
solution has high vapor
pressure and is likely to
evaporate if spilled.
If released in sufficiently large
quantities, can migrate to
shallow water table. Slightly
soluble in water with specific
gravity of 1.05. Moderately
biodegradable.
Not persistent. Hydrolysis
in moist conditions. Readily
biodegradable.
From EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD)
U.S. EPA Voluntary Guidelines for Methamphetamine Laboratory Cleanup
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Chemical and CAS Number Form Hazard Health Effect Fate and Transport
Benzene (7 1-43-2)
(Solvent in meth process)
Ref: 8, 10,44,51
Chloroform (67-66-3)
Ref: 16
Coleman Fuel (6841 0-97-9)
(Birch/Nazi and red phosphorus)
Ref: 46, 51
Ephedrine (299-42-3)
(Precursor for meth)
Ref: 1,51
Ethanol(64-17-5)
Ref: 8, 44, 51
Diethyl Ether (60-29-7)
[syn: ether, ethyl ether, ethyl oxide]
Ref: 9, 11,44,51
Formic Acid (64- 18-6)
Ref: 11, 18,44, 51
Colorless liquid with
aromatic odor
Colorless liquid with
a pleasant odor
Clear colorless
liquid with odor
of rubber cement.
Mixture of light
petroleum distillates
containing up to 25%
n-hexane and 1 5%
cyclohexane.
Odorless white
crystal
Clear colorless liquid
Clear colorless liquid
with sweet pungent
odor
Colorless fuming
liquid with a pungent
odor
Flammable
Flammable
None
Flammable
Highly Flammable
Corrosive and
moderate fire
hazard
Vapor in high concentrations
may cause dizziness, headache,
coughing. Chronic exposure may
cause anemia or leukemia. IDLH:
500 ppm; NIOSH REL: Ca TWA
0.1ppmST1 ppm;OSHAPEL:
(1910.1028) TWA 1 ppmST5
ppm.
Irritation eyes, skin; dizziness,
mental dullness, nausea,
confusion; headache, lassitude
(weakness, exhaustion);
anesthesia; enlarged liver, suspect
carcinogen. IDLH: 500 ppm;
NIOSH REL: CaST 2 ppm (9.78
mg/m3) [60-minute]; OSHA PEL: C
50 ppm (240 mg/m3).
Skin irritant. Central nervous
system suppressant (dizziness,
nausea, blurred vision, drowsiness,
loss of coordination). Chronic
exposure can cause damage to
sensory and motor nerve cells,
kidneys and liver.
Skin and respiratory irritant.
Respiratory irritant. Central
nervous system suppressant.
IDLH: 3,300 ppm; NIOSH REL:
TWA 1,000 ppm (1900 mg/m3);
OSHA PEL: TWA 1,000 ppm
(1900 mg/m3).
Inhalation may cause headache,
drunkenness, and vomiting. IDLH:
1,900 ppm; NIOSH REL: none;
OSHA PEL: TWA 400 ppm (1200
mg/m3).
Highly toxic with inhalation for
short duration. Produces blisters
and burns on contact with skin.
Prolonged exposure to low
concentrations may cause liver
and kidney damage. IDLH: 30 ppm;
NIOSH REL: TWA 5 ppm (9 mg/
m3); OSHA PEL: TWA 5 ppm (9
mg/m3).
Mobile in soils. Lighter than
water and slightly soluble. Will
biodegrade over time. MCL of
Bjwg/L.
Chloroform has a high
vapor pressure and is likely
to evaporate if spilled. In
the event of a large spill,
it may migrate to shallow
groundwater. It is not toxic to
aquatic life.
Vapors are heavier than air
and may accumulate in low
spots. Small spills are likely
to evaporate. Large spills can
penetrate soil and may reach
groundwater. Will biodegrade
overtime.
Not available.
Miscible with water. Large
spills may reach water table.
Very biodegradable.
Spilling of small amounts to
ground or soil will likely result
in volatilization. Expected to be
mobile in soil and resistant to
biodegradation.
Miscible in and heavier than
water. When released in
quantity to soil is expected to
leach to shallow groundwater
with moderate biodegradation.
Because of its fire hazard and
tendency to react explosively
with oxidizing agents should
not be flushed into sanitary
sewer.
U.S. EPA Voluntary Guidelines for Methamphetamine Laboratory Cleanup
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Chemical and CAS Number Form Hazard Health Effect Fate and Transport
Normal Hexane (11 0-54-3)
Rpf • 11 79 44
Fid. 1 lf L-\Jt *T*T
Cyclohexane (11 0-82-7)
Rpf- 11 17
nci . ii, i /
Hydrochloric Acid (7647-01-0)
[syn: muriatic acid]
Rpf- 1Q R1
nci . i tj, j i
Hydriodic Acid (10034-85-2)
Red phosphorus method
Rpf- 70 R1
nci . t-\jf u i
Hydrogen Sulfide (7783-06-4)
Rpf- 41
nci . T1 1
Clear colorless liquid
with slight odor
Clear colorless liquid
with faint ether-like
odor
Clear colorless liquid
with pungent odor
Clear colorless liquid
with pungent odor
(hydrogen iodide
dissolved in water)
Clear colorless gas
with rotten egg odor.
Heavier than air.
Highly Flammable
Highly Flammable
Corrosive and
Poison
Corrosive and
Poison
Flammable and
Poison
May cause skin irritation.
Inhalation irritates respiratory
system, and overexposure may
cause light headedness, nausea.
headache and blurred vision.
Chronic inhalation may cause
peripheral nerve disorders and
central nervous system damage.
Potential teratogen. IDLH: 1,100
ppm; NIOSH REL: TWA 50 ppm
(180mg/m3);OSHAPEL:TWA
500ppm(1800mg/m3).
Causes irritation to respiratory
tract. High concentrations have a
narcotic effect. Chronic exposure
may cause skin effects. IDLH:
1,300 ppm; NIOSH REL: TWA 300
ppm(1050mg/m3);OSHAPEL:
TWA300ppm(1050mg/m3).
Skin exposure will cause
burns. Long-term exposure to
concentrated vapors may cause
erosion of teeth. Inhalation can
lead to permanent lung and
respiratory tract damage. IDLH:
50 ppm as HCI gas; NIOSH REL: C
5 ppm (7 mg/m3); OSHA PEL: C 5
ppm (7 mg/m3).
Vapors cause severe irritation and
burns to respiratory tract. Liquid
may cause burns to skin.
If in gas cylinder, escaping gas
can cause frostbite. Short term
inhalation exposure depending
upon concentration can cause
irritation, cough, eye sensitivity to
light, changes in blood pressure.
nausea, vomiting, breathing
difficulty, headache, drowsiness.
dizziness, disorientation, tremors.
hallucinations, coma and death.
Long-term exposure can cause loss
of appetite, weight loss, irregular
heart beat, headache, nerve
damage, lung congestion, paralysis
and brain damage. IDLH: 100 ppm;
NIOSH REL: C 10 ppm (1 5 mg/
m3)[10-minute];OSHAPEL:C20
ppm 50 ppm [10-minute maximum
peak].
When spilled on the ground
expected to evaporate. If it
penetrates the ground, not
likely to leach (Log Kow of >
3.0) to groundwater. Not very
soluble and lighter than water.
Moderate biodegradation
expected.
When spilled on the ground
expected to evaporate. If it
penetrates the ground, may
leach to groundwater. Not very
soluble, lighter than water.
Moderate biodegradation
expected.
Small spills may evaporate
(water and HCI gas). Miscible
with water and slightly
heavier. What does not react
with soil may reach shallow
groundwater through leaching
process.
Small spills may evaporate
(water and HI gas). Miscible
with water and slightly
heavier. What does not react
with soil may reach shallow
groundwater through leaching
process.
Hydrogen sulfide is heavier
than air and may accumulate in
low-lying areas.
U.S. EPA Voluntary Guidelines for Methamphetamine Laboratory Cleanup
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Chemical and CAS Number Form Hazard Health Effect Fate and Transport
Hypophosphorus Acid (6303-21-5)
Used in place of red phosphorus
Rpf- 71 R1
nci . L. \ , j i
Iodine (7553-56-2)
Reagent in making hydriodic acid
Rpf- 77 R1
Fid . £-£-j U 1
Iodine, Tincture, No CAS number.
Reagent in synthesis of Hydriodic
Acid
Ref: 23, 51
Lead Acetate (6080-56-4)
Reagent in P2P synthesis
Rpf- 74 R1
nci . ^t, j i
Lithium (metal) (7439-93-2)
Used in Birch/Nazi method
Rpf- R 47
nci . u, T1 /
Lithium Aluminum Hydride
(16853-85-3)
Hydrogenation in multiple processes
Ref: 25, 51
Clear colorless and
odorless liquid
Solid purple crystals
or flakes with sharp
odor
Dark Red Solution
(Mixture of ethanol.
iodine crystals and
sodium iodide)
Solid white crystals
or grey, brown in
commercial grades
with slight acetic
acid odor
Soft silvery -white
metal
Solid white to grey
odorless powder
Corrosive and
Reactive. Strong
reducing agent.
heat may cause
fire or explosive
decomposition
liberating
phosphine gas
(poison).
Corrosive,
Reactive, and
Poison
Flammable
(ethanol)
Poison
Flammable,
Water-Reactive
to give off
hydrogen gas
and form LiOH,
a strong highly
corrosive base
and corrosive
lithium oxide
fumes.
Flammable,
Reactive (water
to form hydrogen
gas and corrosive
LiOH), and
Corrosive
Destructive to mucus and upper
respiratory tract tissue. Symptoms
may include coughing, wheezing.
laryngitis, shortness of breath.
headache, nausea and vomiting.
May cause redness and burning of
skin tissue.
Inhalation may result in severe
irritation and burns to respiratory
tract. Inhalation of concentrated
vapors may be fatal. Highly toxic
to eye tissue. Chronic exposure
may cause insomnia, tremors.
conjunctivitis, bronchitis, diarrhea
and weight loss. IDLH: 2 ppm;
NIOSHRELC0.1 ppm(1mg/m3);
OSHAPEL:C0.1ppm(1 mg/m3).
See description for ethanol and
iodine.
Unless a large amount is ingested.
lead acetate is a chronic poison
that accumulates lead through
ingestion and inhalation of dust.
Chronic exposure symptoms are
like those of ingestion poisoning:
restlessness, irritability, visual
disturbances and hypertension.
Can have a negative affect on the
mental development of children
(lower IQ). IDLH: 100 mg/m3 as
lead.
The moisture-reactive property
of lithium makes it corrosive to
any tissue it contacts. Inhalation
of fumes generated from a water
reaction will irritate or damage
upper respiratory tract tissues.
When inhaled is destructive to
mucus membranes and tissues
of respiratory tract. Corrosive to
skin, may cause redness or burns.
Not available.
Slightly soluble in water (300
mg/L) with very low vapor
pressure.
Not available.
As a solid, unlikely to move
into ground but could be
spread by wind. If left
exposed to weathering is very
soluble (60gm per 100gm
water) and will likely move
with precipitation into the
subsurface. Subsurface
mineral content will determine
whether it stays in solution.
Lead bioaccumulates.
Only small quantities of lithium
are likely to be used in a
meth laboratory and should
not present an environmental
problem. In a release scenario.
the metal will likely be
transformed to LiOH and Li20.
Can ignite with friction. LiOH
may be mobile in soil.
U.S. EPA Voluntary Guidelines for Methamphetamine Laboratory Cleanup
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Chemical and CAS Number Form Hazard Health Effect Fate and Transport
Mercuric Chloride (7487-94-7)
Reagent in meth synthesis using P2P
method
Rpf- 7fi R1
nci . t-\jf \j i
Methyl Alcohol (67-56-1)
(MEET Gas Line Antifreeze is 99%
methanol)
[syn: methanol, wood alcohol.
carbinol]
Rpf- 8 1 1 77 44 R1
nci. o, i i , L. i f TT1/ J i
Methylamine (74-89-5)
Precursor for meth
[syn: aminomethane]
Rpf- 8 11 44 R1
nci. o, i i, ""/ J i
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (78-93-3)
[syn: 2-butanone, methyl acetone]
Rpf- 8 1fl 78 44
nci .0, i u, £u, tt
Solid white crystals
Clear colorless liquid
Clear colorless gas
with rotten fish/
ammonia odor.
(Usually encountered
in dissolved state in
water)
Clear, colorless liquid
with a sharp mint-
like odor
Poison and
Corrosive
Flammable and
Poison
Flammable and
Corrosive
Extremely
flammable
Vapor inhalation can burn the
mucus membranes of nose and
throat as well as allow mercury
sorption in blood stream. Causes
irritation and burns to the skin.
Chronic exposure can result
in mercury poisoning: muscle
tremors, personality and behavior
changes, memory loss, metallic
taste, loosening of the teeth.
digestive disorders, skin rashes.
brain and kidney damage. IDLH: 10
mg/m3 as mercury.
Inhalation acts on nervous system.
Overexposure symptoms may
include headache, drowsiness.
nausea, vomiting, blindness, coma
and death. Usual fatal ingestion
dose is 100-125 ml. Chronic
exposure may cause marked
impairment of vision. IDLH: 6,000
ppm; NIOSH REL: TWA 200 ppm
(260 mg/m3) ST 250 ppm (325
mg/m3); OSHA PEL: TWA 200 ppm
(260 mg/m3).
Exposure to vapors may cause
irritation to eye and mucus
membranes. Skin contact may
result in irritation or burns.
Symptoms may include coughing.
shortness of breath and
headaches. IDLH: 100 ppm; NIOSH
REL: TWA 10 ppm (12 mg/m3);
OSHA PEL: TWA 10 ppm (1 2 mg/
m3).
Inhalation causes irritation to nose
and throat at high concentrations.
May cause headache, dizziness.
nausea, shortness of breath
and nervous system depression.
Contact with skin and eyes may
cause irritation-skin absorption
with possible systemic affects.
Chronic exposure may cause
dermatitis or central nervous
system effects. IDLH: 3,000 ppm;
NIOSH REL: TWA 200 ppm (590
mg/m3) ST 300 ppm (885 mg/m3);
OSHA PEL: TWA 200 ppm (590
mg/m3).
As a solid, unlikely to move
into ground but could be
spread by wind. If left
exposed to weathering is
very soluble (7.6gm per
100gm water) and will likely
move with precipitation into
the subsurface. Subsurface
mineral content will determine
whether it stays in solution.
Mercury bioaccumulates; if
mercuric chloride is disposed
of into surface water it will
have negative affects on the
biota.
Methanol is miscible in and
lighter than water. When
released to the ground in
sufficient quantities to get into
the subsurface it will leach
into percolating water and
may reach the groundwater.
Methanol is biodegradable.
A spill of methylamine
(dissolved in water) to the
ground will tend to evaporate.
If it enters the soil it is likely
to leach rapidly through the
soil to groundwater (log Kow
of -0.57). Methylamine is
biodegradable.
Methyl Ethyl Ketone is fairly
soluble in water (239,000
mg/L) and has a log Kow of
0.29. If released to the ground
it will partially evaporate.
and if the release has a
sufficient quantity to enter
the subsurface will leach to
shallow groundwater. It does
not biodegrade readily.
U.S. EPA Voluntary Guidelines for Methamphetamine Laboratory Cleanup
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Chemical and CAS Number Form Hazard Health Effect Fate and Transport
Nitric Acid (7697-37-2)
Rpf- ?n
nci . ou
Nitroethane (79-24-3)
Precursor in P2P synthesis
Ref: 4, 11,44,51
Nitromethane (75-52-5)
Ref: 31,44
Perchloric Acid (7601 -90-3)
Rpf- ?7
nci . \j£.
Petroleum Distillates (Naphtha)
(8002-05-9) Note that there are many
Naphthas and they contain different
ratios of petroleum hydrocarbons and
have somewhat different properties
in terms of toxicity. CAS 8002-05-9
is the one characterized by OSHA.
Rosonol, a lighter fluid, is made up of
Naphthas.
Ref: 44, 51
Phenylacetic Acid (103-82-2)
Precursor for P2P synthesis
[syn: benzeneacetic acid, alpha-toluic
acid]
Ref: 51
Clear colorless to
yellowish liquid with
suffocating acrid
odor
Colorless oily liquid
with a mild fruity
odor
Clear oily liquid
Clear to yellowish
odorless liquid
Clear colorless liquid
with a hydrocarbon
odor
Solid white crystal
with a floral odor
Corrosive
Oxidizer
Flammable
Flammable
Corrosive
Oxidizer.
Unstable at
normal pressure
and temperature
and may
decompose
explosively.
Flammable
None
Inhalation causes extreme
irritation of upper respiratory
tract. Skin contact can result in
deep ulcers and staining of skin.
IDLH:25ppm;NIOSHREL:TWA2
ppm (5 mg/m3) ST 4 ppm (10 mg/
m3); OSHA PEL: TWA 2 ppm (5
mg/m3).
Skin contact may cause
dermatitis. Eye contact may cause
corneal damage. Inhalation causes
respiratory irritation and may
cause dizziness and suffocation.
IDLH: 1,000 ppm; NIOSHREL:
TWA 100 ppm (310 mg/m3); OSHA
PEL: TWA 100 ppm (3 10 mg/m3).
Vapors may cause irritation to
respiratory tract. A weak narcotic.
higher concentrations may cause
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and
headaches. Skin contact can
cause irritation, pain and redness.
Absorbed through skin. Prolonged
exposure can cause dermatitis
and liver damage. IDLH: 750 ppm;
NIOSH REL: none; OSHA PEL:
TWA 100 ppm (250 mg/m3).
Inhalation may cause irritation
to upper respiratory tract. Skin
contact may result in burns and
discoloration.
Inhalation may cause dizziness.
drowsiness, headache, and
nausea. Skin contact will cause
defatting and cracking. Vapors are
an irritant to eyes nose and throat.
IDLH: 1,100 ppm; NIOSH REL:
TWA 350 mg/m3 C 1800 mg/m3
[15-minute]; OSHA PEL: TWA 500
ppm (2000 mg/m3).
Contact is irritating to skin and
eyes. Inhalation may cause
upper respiratory tract irritation.
Potential teratogen.
Incompatible with most
materials.
With small spills on an
impervious or wet ground.
evaporation may be significant.
After entering the subsurface.
likely to move through the soil
to shallow groundwater (log
Kow of 0.18) or pond on low
permeability soils. Slightly
denser than water; water
solubility of 4.5% by weight.
Biodegradable under aerobic
conditions.
May form sensitive explosive
mixtures with organic
materials.
Naphthas are hydrophobic and
lighter than water. In sufficient
volume, they will move through
the subsurface until they
encounter a low permeability
soil or the groundwater.
Naphthas are biodegradable.
but the process is lengthy.
Not available.
U.S. EPA Voluntary Guidelines for Methamphetamine Laboratory Cleanup
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Chemical and CAS Number
Phenyl-2-Propanone (103-79-7)
Precursor for meth
Ref: 51
Phosphine (7803-51 -2)
Ref: 44, 48, 50, 51
Phosphoric Acid (7664-38-2)
Precursor for meth
Ref: 33, 44, 51
Phosphorus Pentachloride
(10026-13-8)
Used in Emde method
Ref: 5, 44
Pseudoephedrine (90-82-4)
Meth precursor
Ref: 2, 51
Pyridine (110-86-1)
Reagent in the synthesis of P2P from
phenylacetic acid in the presence of
acetic anhydride
Ref: 8, 11,42,44,51
Form
Clear, moderately
viscous liquid
Colorless gas with
a fish- or garlic-
like odor. Note:
commercially made
product has odor
phosphine itself is
odorless.
Thick, odorless
crystalline solid often
used in an aqueous
solution
White to pale yellow
crystalline powder
with pungent
unpleasant odor
Nearly odorous,
white crystalline
powder
Colorless to yellow
liquid with a
nauseating fish-like
odor
Hazard
None
Flammable and
Poison
Corrosive
Corrosive
None
Flammable
Health Effect
Irritating to eyes and skin.
Inhalation may lead to headache,
nausea and dizziness.
Inhalation may cause dizziness,
drowsiness, nausea, chest
pressure, tremors, convulsions and
central nervous system damage.
Exposure symptoms can be
delayed for up to 48 hours. IDLH:
50 ppm; NIOSH REL: TWA 0.3
ppm (0.4 mg/m3) ST 1 ppm (1 mg/
m3); OSHA PEL: TWA 0.3 ppm (0.4
mg/m3).
Not an inhalation hazard
unless misted or heated to high
temperatures. Skin contact may
cause burns. IDLH: 1,000 mg/m3;
NIOSH REL: TWA 1 mg/m3 ST 3
mg/m3; OSHA PEL: TWA 1 mg/m3.
Causes severe irritation of
respiratory tract and at high
concentrations can be fatal. Skin
contact results in burns. Chronic
exposure can cause liver and
kidney damage. IDLH: 70 mg/m3;
NIOSH REL: TWA 1 mg/m3; OSHA
PEL: TWA 1 mg/m3.
Contact with skin or eyes may
result in irritation. Inhalation may
result in respiratory irritation.
Skin and eye irritant. Short-term
inhalation may cause irritation,
headache, drowsiness, dizziness
and loss of coordination. Long-
term inhalation may cause nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain,
loss of appetite, dizziness, sleep
and emotional disturbances, loss
of coordination, nerve, heart,
kidney and liver damage. IDLH:
1,000 ppm; NIOSH REL: TWA 5
ppm (15 mg/m3); OSHA PEL: TWA
5 ppm (15 mg/m3).
Fate and Transport
Not available.
Heavier than air. May
accumulate in low spots.
High reactivity will minimize
environmental effects.
When released in sufficient
quantities may reach shallow
groundwater. Neutralization
leaves phosphate.
Hydrolyzes in water (even in
humid air) to form hydrochloric
acid and phosphoric acid.
Completely soluble in water
with a log Kowof 1.74. As
crystal may be transported by
wind. Dissolved in water or
subjected to water (rain) will
leach through soil. Moderately
biodegradable.
Pyridine is miscible in water
and has a log Kow of 0.65.
As such, when released
in sufficient quantity it
should move freely through
the subsurface, and lesser
amounts will leach with
rainfall. Very biodegradable.
U.S. EPA Voluntary Guidelines for Methamphetamine Laboratory Cleanup
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Chemical and CAS Number
Red Phosphorus (7723-1 4-0)
Red phosphorus method for meth
production
Rpf- 4Q R1
nei . ^>j, j i
Sodium (7440-23-5)
Rpf- ?R R1
nei . ou, j i
Sodium Hydroxide (1310-73-2)
Drano® contains 30-60% by weight
of sodium hydroxide.
Ref: 35, 44, 51
Sulfuric Acid (7664-93-9)
Battery acid is sulfuric. Used battery
acid may contain high concentrations
of lead. Liquid Fire Drain Cleaner
contains sulfuric acid.
Rpf- ?7 44 R1
nci . o/ , ^^, J i
Thionyl Chloride (7719-09-7)
Ref: 38, 44, 51
Form
Odorless red to violet
solid
Silvery white solid
Colorless to white
solid (flakes, beads.
pellets)
Colorless to yellow
viscous liquid
Pale yellow to red
liquid with a pungent
characteristic odor
Hazard
Less reactive
than white
or yellow
phosphorus.
Flammable
and explosive
when mixed
with organic
materials. In
the presence
of water vapor
and oxygen
decomposes to
form phosphine
gas.
Flammable
and Corrosive.
Severe fire risk
in contact with
water in any
form. Reaction
forms hydrogen
gas and sodium
hydroxide. Ignites
spontaneously
in dry air when
heated.
Corrosive and
Poison
Corrosive
Corrosive and
Poison
Health Effect
May cause eye and skin irritation.
Inhalation may cause respiratory
tract irritation. Chronic ingestion
or inhalation may induce systemic
phosphorous poisoning. Liver
damage, kidney damage, jaw/tooth
abnormalities, blood disorders and
cardiovascular effects can result.
Reacts with moisture on skin.
mucus membranes, and eyes to
cause chemical and heat burns.
Contact with skin will cause
irritation to severe burns.
Inhalation depending upon
concentration can cause mild
irritation to severe damage to
upper respiratory tract. IDLH: 10
mg/m3; NIOSH REL: C 2 mg/m3;
OSHA PEL: TWA 2 mg/m3.
Contact with skin or eyes
can cause severe deep burns.
Inhalation of fumes can result
in severe damage to upper
respiratory tract. IDHL: 15 mg/m3;
NIOSH REL: TWA 1 mg/m3; OSHA
PEL: TWA 1 mg/m3.
Extremely destructive to tissues
of the mucous membranes and
upper respiratory tract when
inhaled; can be fatal. Skin and
eye contact may cause irritation
and blistering burns. Prolonged
or repeated exposure may cause
conjunctivitis, dermatitis, rhinitis
and pneumonitis. IDLH: none;
NIOSH REL: C 1 ppm (5 mg/m3);
OSHA PEL: none.
Fate and Transport
Harmful to aquatic organisms.
Insoluble in water. Will remain
on ground surface if released.
High reactivity with air and
moisture will quickly eliminate
the metallic form. In a lab, it
should be found as solids under
a hydrocarbon solution.
Dissolves in water with release
of heat, creating a high pH
solution.
Miscible with water with
evolution of heat. In sufficient
quantity may leach to shallow
groundwater. Release to a
surface water may be toxic to
aquatic organisms if sufficient
energy is not available for
quick dilution.
Reacts violently with water to
form HCI and S02. Not likely
to remain in the environment
as thionyl chloride.
U.S. EPA Voluntary Guidelines for Methamphetamine Laboratory Cleanup
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Chemical and CAS Number Form Hazard Health Effect Fate and Transport
Thorium Oxide (1314-20-1)
Catalyst for P2P synthesis
Rpf- T R1
nci . o, u i
Toluene (108-88-3)
[syn: methyl benzene, phenylmethane]
Ref:8, 10,39,44,51
1,1,2-Trichloroethane (79-00-5)
Gun-cleaning solvent
Rpf- 4? 44
rid . T"U/ T'T1
1 , 1 ,2-Trichloro- 1 ,2,2-Trif luoroethane
Ref: 8, 11,40,44,51
White heavy
crystalline powder
Clear colorless liquid
with an aromatic
odor
Colorless liquid with
sweet odor
Clear colorless liquid
with a slight ethereal
odor
None
Flammable and
Poison
None
None
Irritant to skin and eyes. May
cause mild irritation to respiratory
system when inhaled. Thorium
is a confirmed human carcinogen
producing anglosarcoma, liver and
kidney tumors, lymphoma and
other tumors of the blood system.
Chances of developing cancer
increase with increased exposure.
Toluene is a central nervous
system depressant and an irritant
of the eyes, mucous membranes
and skin in humans. In contact
with the eyes, toluene causes
reversible corneal injury; prolonged
skin contact causes defatting
and dermatitis. Exposure while
pregnant may affect fetal
development. IDLH: 500 ppm;
NIOSHREL:TWA100ppm(375
mg/m3)ST 150 ppm (560 mg/
m3); OSHA PEL: TWA 200 ppm
C300ppm500ppm[10-minute
maximum peak].
Inhalation may cause irritation.
irregular heartbeat, headache.
symptoms of drunkenness and
kidney and liver damage. IDLH:
100ppm;NIOSHREL:CaTWA10
ppm (45 mg/m3) [skin]; OSHA PEL:
TWA 10 ppm (45 mg/m3) [skin].
Eye and skin contact may
cause redness and pain. Causes
irritation to upper respiratory
tract. Air concentrations above
2,500 ppm may cause feeling of
excitement and incoordination.
Fatal arrhythmias are possible at
high concentrations. IDLH: 2,000
ppm; NIOSHREL: TWA 1,000 ppm
(7600 mg/m3) ST 1250 ppm (9500
mg/m3); OSHA PEL: TWA 1,000
ppm (7600 mg/m3).
Thorium oxide may spread
through the environment by
runoff or wind. It is insoluble
in water and will likely remain
where it is spilled.
Toluene has a solubility in
water of about 534 mg/L.
When released to the soil
near-surface toluene will
evaporate, with deeper
releases leaching to shallow
groundwater. Toluene will
slowly biodegrade in both the
soil and groundwater. It is
lighter than water, so it will
stop migrating down at the
water table. (Howard Vol II)
Slightly soluble in water
(4,420 mg/L). Has a log Kow of
2.07; unlikely to sorb to soil. If
released in sufficient quantities
may migrate to shallow ground
water. Heavier than water and
will sink through the water
table. Not likely to biodegrade.
Small spills likely to evaporate.
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-
Trifluoroethane has a very high
vapor pressure and releases
to soil or water will evaporate
quickly. In the subsurface, it is
hydrophobic (solubility in water
of 1,100 ppm) and denser than
water (1.56 specific gravity).
it should move through the
subsurface and with sufficient
head, through the water
table. 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-
Trifluoroethane does not
readily biodegrade.
C - Ceiling REL
Ca - Potential Carcinogen
CAS - Chemical Abstracts Service
HCI - Hydrochloric Acid
HI - Hydrogen Iodide
IDLH - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health
LiOH — Lithium Hydroxide
Li20 - Lithium Oxide
LogKow — Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient
MCL — Maximum Contaminant Level
NIOSH REL - NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit
OSHA PEL - OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits
S02 - Sulphur Dioxide
ST - Short-Term Exposure Limit
TWA - Time Weighted Average
U.S. EPA Voluntary Guidelines for Methamphetamine Laboratory Cleanup
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Appendix D References:
1. BASF. (2002). Material Safety Data Sheet: Ephedrine HCL Crystal, 5.
2. BASF. (2002). Material Safety Data Sheet: Pseudoephedrine HCL Crystal, 5.
3. Electronic Space Products International. (1998). Material Safety Data Sheet: Thorium Oxide, 3.
4. Fischer Scientific. (2005). Material Safety Data Sheet: Nitroethane, 8.
5. Fischer Scientific. (2005). Material Safety Data Sheet: Phosphorus Pentachloride, 4.
6. FMC. (2005). Material Safety Data Sheet: Lithium, 5.
7. Howard, P. (1990). Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Vol. I Large Production and
Priority Pollutants. Lewis Publishers, 574.
8. Howard, P. (1991). Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Vol. II Solvents. Lewis
Publishers, 546 pp.
9. Howard, P. (1993). Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Vol. IV Solvents 2. Lewis
Publishers, 578.
10. Montgomery, J. and L. Welkom. (1991). Groundwater Chemicals Desk Reference. Lewis Publishers, 640.
11. Montgomery, J. (1991). Groundwater Chemicals Desk Reference Volume 2. Lewis Publishers, 944.
12. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (2004). Material Safety Data Sheet: Acetone.
13. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (2004). Material Safety Data Sheet: Ammonium Hydroxide, 11.
14. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (1999). Material Safety Data Sheet: Benzaldehyde, 10.
15. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (2005). Material Safety Data Sheet: Benzyl Chloride, 11.
16. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (2004). Material Safety Data Sheet: Chloroform, 11.
17. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (2003). Material Safety Data Sheet: Cyclohexane, 9.
18. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (2005). Material Safety Data Sheet: Formic Acid, 9.
19. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (2006). Material Safety Data Sheet: Hydrochloric Acid (10%-33%), 9.
20. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (2004). Material Safety Data Sheet: Hydriodic Acid, 8.
21. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (2005). Material Safety Data Sheet: Hypophosphorus Acid, 8.
22. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (2005). Material Safety Data Sheet: Iodine, 8.
23. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (1999). Material Safety Data Sheet: Iodine Tincture, 8.
24. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (2005). Material Safety Data Sheet: Lead Acetate, 9.
25. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (2001). Material Safety Data Sheet: Lithium Aluminum Hydride, 9.
26. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (2005). Material Safety Data Sheet: Mercuric Chloride, 11.
27. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (2004). Material Safety Data Sheet: Methyl Alcohol, 9.
U.S. EPA Voluntary Guidelines for Methamphetamine Laboratory Cleanup
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28. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (2005). Material Safety Data Sheet: Methyl Ethyl Ketone, 11.
29. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (2004). Material Safety Data Sheet: N-Hexane, 10.
30. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (2004). Material Safety Data Sheet: Nitric Acid.
31. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (2004). Material Safety Data Sheet: Nitromethane, 11.
32. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (2004). Material Safety Data Sheet: Perchloric Acid.
33. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (2004). Material Safety Data Sheet: Phosphoric Acid, 9.
34. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (2006). Material Safety Data Sheet: Phosphorus Amorphous, 9.
35. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (2004). Material Safety Data Sheet: Sodium Hydroxide, 11.
36. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (2005). Material Safety Data Sheet: Sodium Metal, 10.
37. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (2005). Material Safety Data Sheet: Sulfuric Acid, 52-100%, 10.
38. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (2005). Material Safety Data Sheet: Thionyl Chloride, 8.
39. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (2004). Material Safety Data Sheet: Toluene, 9.
40. Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. (2005). Material Safety Data Sheet: l,l,2-Trichloro-l,2,2-Trifluoroethane, 8.
41. Matheson Trigas. (2006). Material Safety Data Sheet: Hydrogen Sulfide, 8.
42. Matheson Trigas. (2004). Material Safety Data Sheet: Pyridine, 7.
43. Matheson Trigas. (2004). Material Safety Data Sheet: 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 7.
44. National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety. (2005). Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, NIOSH Publication
No. 2005-149. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
45. Office of Environmental Health Hazard. (2003). Ammonia. State of California, 2.
46. Office of Environmental Health Hazard. (2003). Coleman Fuel. State of California, 2.
47. Office of Environmental Health Hazard. (2003). Lithium. State of California, 2.
48. Office of Environmental Health Hazard. (2003). Phosphine. State of California, 2.
49. Office of Environmental Health Hazard. (2003). Red Phosphorus. State of California, 2.
50. Praxair. (2004). Material Safety Data Sheet: Phosphine, 7.
51. Zuckerman College of Public Health. (Undated). Hazardous Chemicals in Illicit Methamphetamine and Amphetamine
Laboratories. University of Arizona, Tucson, 9.
U.S. EPA Voluntary Guidelines for Methamphetamine Laboratory Cleanup
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Appendix E: State Resources
State Resources
Alaska
http://www.state.ak.us/dec/spar/perp/docs/druglab_guidance.pdf
Arizona
http://www.btr.state.az.us/regulations/drug_lab.asp
Arkansas
http: / /www.healthyarkansas.com/pdf/adh_methguidelines.pdf
California
http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/SiteCleanup/ERP/Clan_Labs.cfm
Colorado
http://www.cdphe.state.co.us/hm/methlab.pdf
http://www.cdphe.state.co.us/regulations/boardofhealth/101403methlabrules.pdf
Connecticut
http://www.ct.gov/dph/LIB/dph/environmental_health/EOHA/pdf/METH_LAB_CLEANUP_PROTOCOL.pdf
Hawaii
http: / /hawaii.gov/health/environmental/hazard/methlab.html
Idaho
http://www.healthandwelfare.idaho.gov/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=WBCiSR3blas%3D&tabid=95&mid=948
Illinois
http://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/factsheets/meth-cleanup.htm
Indiana
http://www.in.gov/idem/4178.htm
Iowa
http://www.idph.state.ia.us/eh/common/pdf/hseess/meth_lab_cleanup.pdf
Kansas
http: / / www.kdheks .gov /methlabs / ml_cleanup .html
Kentucky
http://www.waste.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/6226B37B-5E46-4037-BC4F-9C324D3AE942/0/
KentuckyMethamphetamineLabDecontaminationGuidanceForInhabitableProperties.pdf
Michigan
http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdch/CDL_Guidance_6-5-07_Final_198589_7.pdf
U.S. EPA Voluntary Guidelines for Methamphetamine Laboratory Cleanup
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Minnesota
http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/meth/lab/guidance0407.pdf
Missouri
http://www.dhss.mo.gov/TopicsA-Z/MethLabCleanupGuidelines.pdf
Montana
http://data.opi.state.mt.us/bills/mca_toc/75_10_13.htm
Nebraska
http://www.hhs.state.ne.us/puh/enh/EnvironmentalRiskAssessment/docs/DraftRegs.pdf
New Mexico
http://cdli.nmenv.state.nm.us/guidance.php
North Carolina
http: / /www.methlabcleanup.com/NC%20Standards
North Dakota
http://www.ndhealth.gov/wm/Publications/BestManagementPracticesForCleanupsAtMethamphetamineLabs.pdf
Ohio
http://www.odh.ohio.gov/ASSETS/F66188EC6FAC4E9F80A87D8FE09127BA/MethCleanup.pdf
Oklahoma
http://www.deq.state.ok.us/LPDnew/MethLabs/meth.htm
Oregon
http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/druglab/index.shtml
South Dakota
http://denr.sd.gov/des/wm/hw/documents/MethLabCleanup.pdf
Tennessee
http: / /www.state.tn.us/environment/dor/pdf/Meth_RAP_Guidance.pdf
Utah
http://health.utah.gov/meth/html/RegulationsandLegislation/392-600.html
Washington
http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/cdl/guide-envirsamp.pdf
West Virginia
http://www.state.wv.us/swmb/MethLabHP.htm
Wisconsin
http://www.dhfs.state.wi.us/eh/ChemFS/fs/MethClnUp.htm
Wyoming
http://wdh.state.wy.us/phsd/epiid/methcleanup.html
U.S. EPA Voluntary Guidelines for Methamphetamine Laboratory Cleanup
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Appendix F: Acronyms
APR
ASTM
ASTSWMO
ATSDR
CIH
CNS
DBA
DQOs
DISC
EPA
HAZWOPER
HEPA
HVAC
IH
WACO
NAMSDL
NIOSH
WIST
OEM
ONDCP
OSHA
P2P
PID
PPE
QA/QC
SCBA
TSP
USCG
VOCs
Air-Purifying Respirator
American Society for Testing and Materials
Association of State and Territorial Solid Waste Management Officials
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Certified Industrial Hygienist
Central Nervous System
Drug Enforcement Administration
Data Quality Objectives
California Department of Toxic Substances Control
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response
High Efficiency Particulate Air
Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning
Industrial Hygienist
National Association of Counties
National Alliance of Model State Drug Laws
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
National Institute of Standards and Technology
U.S. EPA Office of Emergency Management
White House Office of National Drug Control Policy
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Phenyl-2-Propanone
Photoionization Detector
Personal Protective Equipment
Quality Assurance/Quality Control
Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus
Trisodium Phosphate
U.S. Coast Guard
Volatile Organic Compounds
U.S. EPA Voluntary Guidelines for Methamphetamine Laboratory Cleanup
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