-------
Section 3
SYSTEM EVALUATION
This section provides a brief overview of procedures for
identification of non-storm water flows in storm water systems
which serve a number of facilities.
This initial phase of the procedures consists of three steps.
The first step is a mapping effort during which outfalls with a
potential for illicit connections. The second step involves
conducting field surveys in order to screen priority outfalls for
actual signs of contaimination associated with illicit
connections. In the third step, storm water outfalls (or other
suitable locations) are observed for signs of possible
contamination from illicit connections, physical characteristics
are observed, elementary chemical analyses are performed, flow
patterns are established, field tests are made, samples are
collected for comprehensive laboratory analyses, and relevant
information is documented.
Actual field testing procedures are discussed in detail in
Section 7 of this manual.
STEP 1 - MAPPING EFFORT
The purpose of the mapping effort is to identify all storm water
outfalls with potential for contamination from illicit
connections, and to identify industrial facilities that
potentially may be sources of non-storm water to these outfalls.
This process involves the acquisition and study of land-use,
drainage (topographic), and sewer maps for the area under
investigation.
-------
Once the industrial outfalls have been located and the
contributing area delineated, they can be classified as having
either high or low potential for illicit connections. The
purpose of this classification exercise is to organize the
outfalls according to their potential for illicit connections.
Those most likely to exhibit contamination from illicit
connections are the first to be visited during the field survey.
Several factors can aid in the classification of outfalls into
high or low potential for illicit connection categories. A few
of these factors are briefly described below:
Density of industrial activities within delineated
areas. If several industries are confined to a
relatively small area, then the potential for illicit
or inadvertent cross-connections is greater.
Type of industrial activity. The industrial activity
in terms of principal products or services provided
should be correlated with the nature of the water
quality problems of the receiving water, if such
information is known. Often a single industry may
contribute significant levels of pollutants to a water
body. For example, in one study, highly odorous and
colored discharges at an outfall were attributed to a
tannery.
Proximity of industries. The proximity of an industry
to an outfall should also be correlated with the water
quality of the receiving water if such information is
known.
Mapping and other available information required for outfall
identification and classification are described in the following
sections.
Land Use
Land use maps document the land surface according to generalized
uses. This is valuable because the type of land use has been
-------
found to be highly correlated to the pollution characteristics of
storm waters that originate from an area. Land use maps are
usually maintained by local and/or regional governments.
Generally, land use is categorized according to the following
classifications:
residential
industrial
commercial
recreational
agricultural
open space
Drainage/Topography
These maps document the elevations and general relief of the land
surface. The topography of a land surface determines the
direction of overland flow of storm water runoff. For example,
in an area drained by two streams, it is possible to identify the
contributing areas to the flows of each stream by examination of
topographic maps. Water will flow in the path of decreasing
elevation. Therefore, using topographic maps, it is possible to,
construct the probable drainage path of surface runoff.
Aerial Photographs
Aerial photographs are another means of determining features on
the land surface. The aerial photographs should be of large
enough scale so that industrial areas can be identified. Aerial
photographs can also be used to identify storage areas at
industrial sites that may contribute significant amounts of
pollutants during wet weather. Finally, they can also be used to
determine the proximity and density of industrial areas relative
to outfall locations. Aerial photographs may be obtained from
local land use planning committees as well as from state
agencies.
-------
Sewers
Developed areas in the United States have extensive networks of
sewers. They can be classified as follows:
Sanitary Sewer. These are conduits intended to carry
liquid and water-carried wastes from residences,
commercial buildings, industrial plants, and
institutions together with minor quantities of ground,
storm, and surface water that are not admitted
intentionally [40 CFR 35.2005(b) (37) ].
Storm Sewer. A sewer designed to carry only storm
waters, surface runoff, street wash waters, and
drainage [40 CFR 35.2005(b) (47)].
Combined Sewer. A sewer that is designed as a sanitary
sewer an a storm sewer [40 CFR 35.2005(b)(11)].
Sewer maps may be obtained from state agencies, local engineering
departments, or from other authorities such as publicly owned
treatment works. They can be used to determine where industrial
manufacturing process and operational wastestreams should
discharge.
Summary
Mapping and data obtained for the study area should be summarized
as follows:
Assign an identification number to each industrial
storm sewer outfall with potential industrial sources
Delineate a contributing industrial area to each
outfall
Identify industries within these areas
Based on the likelihood for illicit connections, the field
surveys should be organized such that outfalls exhibiting the
highest potential for illicit connections are the first to be
surveyed.
-------
STEP 2 - WALKING TOUR
The purpose of the walking tour is to identify storm water
outfalls exhibiting characteristics of possible contamination by
illicit connections for further analysis. In addition, other
outfalls not identified during the mapping effort may be
discovered. It is important to note that storm sewers may
discharge below the water level or may be inaccessible for some
other reason. Thus, the screening of both inaccessible and
directly accessible storm water outfalls is addressed.
Inaccessible Outfalls
If a storm sewer outfall is submerged under water or inaccessible
for some other reason, it will be necessary to evaluate the storm
sewer sewer at an accessible upstream location.
The storm sewer manhole nearest to the outfall discharge point
should be located. During a period of dry weather, the manhole
cover can be removed and visual observations made to detect any
non-storm water discharges. If a dry weather flow is discovered,
the flow can be evaluated in a number of ways. Odors or residues
can be indications of illicit connections. Grab samples can be
collected and analyzed using either simple colormetric methods or
comprehensive laboratory analysis. Noticeable physical and
elementary chemical properties of the discharge should also be
recorded. These signs indicate the need for additional
observations in order to detect the potential discharge at the
manhole.
Accessible Outfalls
If the outfall is accessible, the inspectors should visit each of
the selected outfalls to perform initial visual inspections for
signs of illicit discharges. When walking from one outfall to
the next, inspectors should check for outfalls from storm drains
8
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or other pipes which are not indicated on maps. Visual
observations should also be made at any newly-discovered outfalls
as well. Identification data should be noted for unmarked
outfalls so that current maps can be updated.
When performing a visual outfall inspection, the inspector should
first check for discharges or parameters which may indicate the
presence of discharges such as wet pavement or residues. Flows
during dry weather, when it has not rained recently, are a
definite sign of possible illicit connections.
After checking for the presence of discharges, the following
physical characteristics of any detected flows, the outfall, and
surrounding area should be observed.
Physical Characteristics
Odor
The odor of a discharge can vary widely and often directly
reflects the source(s) of contamination. Thus, potential non-
storm water discharges will often cause a flow to smell like a
particular spoiled product, sewage, oil, gasoline, certain
chemicals and solvents, or whatever else may be the cause or a
component of the contamination. For example, in many facilities
the decomposition of organic wastes will release sulfur into the
atmosphere creating a smell of rotten eggs. Industries involved
in the production of meats, dairy products, and the preservation
of vegetables or fruits, are commonly found to discharge organic
materials into storm drains. As these organic products or
byproducts spoil and decay, the sulfur production creates this
readily apparent and unpleasant smell.
-------
Color
Non-storm water discharge can be any color. Often they are a
darker color, such as brown, gray or black. Outfall discharges
may become highly colored from the direct discharge of industrial
wastes. For instance, the color of industrial wastewaters from
meat processing industries is usually a deep reddish-brown.
Paper mill wastes are also brown. In contrast, textile wastes
are varied, intense colors, while plating-mill wastes are often
yellow. The waste from spray paint booths which may be washed
down to floor drains may also result in varied colors. Field
measurements of color can be performed using a colorimeter.
Turbidity
Turbidity determines the clarity of an outfall discharge. It is
a measurement of the amount of suspended matter which interferes
with the passage of light through water. Turbidity may be caused
by both fine and coarse suspended materials. These materials may
range from purely inorganic substances to those that are largely
organic in nature. Turbidity values may range from essentially
zero in pure water to several thousand in highly polluted
conditions. Many industrial wastewaters are highly turbid.
Thus, a dry weather discharge at an outfall with a high degree of
turbidity is a strong sign of a possible contamination from an
industrial discharge.
Floatables
A contaminated flow may also contain floatables. These are any
floating solids or liquids derived from non-storm water discharge
or storm water washoff. Evaluation of floatables often leads to
the identity of the source of industrial pollution since these
substances are usually direct products or byproducts of a
manufacturing process. Floatables may include substances such as
animal fats, spoiled food products, oils, plant parts, solvents,
10
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sawdust, foams, packing materials, or any type of fuel.
Residue
Residue refers to any type of coating which remains after a non-
storm water discharge has taken place. Residues tend to coat the
area surrounding the outfall and are usually a dark color. They
often will contain fragments of floatable substances and may take
the form of a crystalline or amorphous powder. These situations
are illustrated by the grayish-black residue, containing
fragments of animal flesh and hair, which is often produced by
leather tanneries or the white crystalline powder which commonly
coats sewer outfalls at nitrogenous fertilizer plants.
Vegetation
Vegetation surrounding an outfall will also show the effects of
intermittent or random non-storm water discharge. Pollutants
will often cause a substantial alteration in the chemical
composition and pH of the discharge stream. This alteration will
affect plant growth even when the exposure is intermittent. For
example, decaying organic materials coming from various food
product wastes would cause an increase in plant life. The loss
of chemical dye and inorganic pigments from textile mills could
noticeably decrease vegetation as these non-storm water
discharges often have a very acidic pH. In either case, even if
the source of pollution is not continuous, the vegetation
surrounding the outfall may show the effects of the
contamination.
To evaulate if the vegetation surrounding an outfall is normal,
the observer should consider the climate as well as the time of
year. In addition, the vegetation of outfalls close in proximity
to the one under investigation should also be noted as a means of
comparison. Inhibited plant growth as well as dead and decaying
11
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foliage can indicate the season or weather conditions in addition
to being a sign of pollution.
Structural Damage
Structural damage is another highly visible indication of both
continuous and intermittent non-storm water discharge
contamination. This occurs when certain pollutants cause
structural damage such as cracking, deterioration, and spauling
of the concrete or peeling of surface paint. These contaminants
are usually very acidic or basic in nature. For example, batch
dumps of highly acidic wastes at primary metal industries can
cause structural damage.
STEP 3 - DISCHARGE ANALYSIS
Closer analysis of an outfall is warranted if any flows are
detected and/or any physical characteristics appear to indicate
the potential for illicit connections during the initial
inspection. If a flow is occurring during dry weather, the time
and day of the week should immediately be recorded. Next,
documentation of the observed physical characteristics at the
contaminated outfall should also be recorded.
Testing for pH, total dissolved solids, and conductivity can be
easily performed in the field with specialized meters. Further
testing for specific elements, total phenol, free cyanide, and
for many other chemicals can also be done in the field using
field kits (such as those using colormetric methods). These
parameters, as well as other pollutant parameters, can also be
analyzed through laboratory analysis of samples.
Observation of basic chemical characteristics may reveal a great
deal of information about the flow quality of a discharge as
well. Once preliminary documentation has been completed, an
12
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elementary chemical analysis of any discharges should also be
performed.
EH
Measurement of pH determines if a solution is either acidic or
alkaline. Several kinds of pH meters are available which can be
used to determine the approximate acidic or alkaline condition of
a discharge. The possibility of direct discharge of industrial
wastewater is often indicated by dry weather flows which are
found to be acidic, alkaline, or which alternate between the two
extremes.
The normal pH of storm water is usually between 6 and 7.5.
However, the pH of a discharge affected by a source of non-storm
water may vary in the range from 3 to 12. Illicit connections
conveying discharges from manufacturing or other commerical
processes could lead to extreme pH levels.
Acidic, non-storm water discharges in the range of 3 to 6 are
possible from textile mills, pharmaceutical manufacturers, metal
fabricators as well as companies producing resins, fertilizers,
pesticides, or other similar materials. Wastes containing
sulfuric, hydrochloric, or nitric acids are the common cause of
acidic contamination.
Alkalis may cause non-storm water discharges to become more basic
and enter the higher pH range of 8 to 12. Many industrial
alkaline wastes contain chemicals such as sodium cyanide, sodium
sulfide, and sodium hydroxide. High concentrations of these
contaminants are found in non-storm water discharges from soap
manufacturers, textile mills, metal plating industries, steel
mills, and producers of rubber or plastic. In addition, alkaline
wash waters used by many industries to clean floors or
manufacturing machinery are a typical source of illicit
13
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discharges.
Total Dissolved Solids
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) refers to the amount of solid
material completely dissolved in a water sample. Dissolved
solids consist mainly of inorganic salts, small amounts of
organic matter, and dissolved gases. A high amount of total
dissolved solids is a strong indication that flows from sources
other than storm water could be entering the storm water system.
Ranges of possible TDS readings are as follows:
Clear Water
Rainwater
Storm water Runoff
Non-Storm water Discharge
Undiluted Industrial Wastes
100 - 200 ppm
150 - 500 ppm
200 - 5,000 ppm
- greater than 2,000 ppm
- greater than 10,000 ppm
Conductivity
The conductivity of a solution is a measure of its ability to
conduct an electrical current. Conductivity measurements may be
taken with a special meter to provide a rapid estimate of the
dissolved solids content of a water sample.
Only charged particles such as ions carry electrical current.
Therefore, water samples with high proportions of uncharged
organic molecules will have low specific conductivity values. It
should be noted, however, that samples with very high or low pH
values will show high specific conductivities due to the high
concentrations of H* and OH' ions. Conductivity measurements are
also temperature dependent.
If a discharge is present at the time of the initial inspection,
elementary chemical analysis for pH, total dissolved solids, and
14
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specific conductivity can be performed. Results of any testing
should always be recorded. (Parameters of concern for laboratory
analysis are discussed in detail in the section on Field Survey
Techniques.)
SUMMARY
If signs of an illicit discharge appear evident but there is no
flow occurring, additional field surveys of the outfall will be
necessary. Further inspections of the outfall should be
scheduled for various times and days throughout the week in order
to completely evaluate the discharge. Or, as an alternative, an
automatic sampler may be installed and checked on a regular
basis. Once the discharge has been discovered, the time and day
of the week on which the flow occurred should be recorded.
Elementary chemical analysis can be performed using either field
testing methods or more comprehensive laboratory analysis.
Once the field surveys of all outfalls scheduled for the walking
tour have been completed and initial inspections for illicit
discharges have been fully documented, the identification of
potential industrial sources may be pursued.
15
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Section 4
IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL INDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF NON-STORM WATER
The purpose of this section is to define guidelines to assist in
finding sources of non-storm water at industrial facilities which
may be responsible for an illicit discharge to a municipal
seperate storm sewer. Information is also presented which will
aid in the correlation between an illicit discharge and the
suspected industrial source. This section should serve as a
basis for organizing data in a fashion which will allow the user
of this manual to narrow the choices and select the industrial
source most likely responsible for the illicit discharge.
In order to identify the potential sources of a non-storm water
discharge when industrial contributors are suspected, the
following questions should be considered:
What is the flow pattern of the non-storm water
discharge?
What distinctive qualities of the non-storm water
discharge are revealed by the observed physical and
chemical properties?
Answering these questions will lead to a characterization of the
discovered illicit discharge. The following text describes the
evaluation process to determine which industrial "facilities could
be responsible according to non-storm water discharge
characterization. Step 1 begins with establishing the flow
pattern of the non-storm water discharge. In Step 2, documented
data is analyzed to reveal any distinguishing characteristics.
Step 3 involves making the correlation between an illicit
discharge and the most likely industrial source.
16
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STEP 1 - EVALUATE FLOW PATTERN
The flow pattern of an illicit discharge may be either continuous
or intermittent, as described below.
Continuous Dry Weather Flow
Dry weather flows in a storm water drainage system pipe or
drainage ditch may be a visible sign of non-storm water
discharges. Flow in the absence of a storm events clearly
indicates that a secondary source (or sources) is contributing
flows to the storm drain flow.
Continuous discharges will release water or other liquids at a
uniform and uninterrupted rate. Typical sources of continuous
flows include leaks from manufacturing equipment, constant
overflows from wet processes, and released non-contact cooling
water which has been contaminated. Continuous dry weather flows
are not always contaminated. They may also originate from either
groundwater infiltration and/or industrial discharges authorized
by an NPDES permit.
Continuous discharges may result from non-industrial sources as
well. Several examples of potential non-industrial sources are
listed below:
Sewage Sources:
raw sewage from leaking sanitary sewers
septage from improperly operating septic tank systems
Groundwater infiltration
Intermittent Dry Weather Flow
Intermittent flow during dry weather can also be a strong
indicator of non-storm water discharge. Intermittent discharges
release flow periodically. This may be a fixed cycle, for
17
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example at every half hour, or at variable intervals. If the
source is industrial, discharge may occur on a regular basis or
randomly, depending on production schedules. The main sources
are rinse waters, batch dumps, process dumps, process line
discharge, or spills.
Intermittent discharges may result from non-industrial sources as
well. Several examples of potential non-industrial sources are
listed below:
Household Automobile and Maintenance:
car washing runoff
radiator flushing
improper oil disposal
Residential Watering Runoff
Roadway and Other Accidents:
fuel spills
spills of truck contents
pipeline spills
Other:
washing of ready-mix trucks
laundry wastes
improper disposal of other household toxic substances
sump pump discharges
Infiltration of groundwater into sewers in areas with high
groundwater tables may result in flows observed in sewer systems
as noted above. However, flows will typically not exhibit
fluctuations, such as short-term, hourly variations which may be
more typical for industrial discharges.
If the flow pattern was not established during the initial
outfall inspection from the walking tour, additional field
18
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surveys will be necessary. These inspections should be scheduled
for various times and days throughout the week or an automatic
monitor may be used to determine the flow pattern.
STEP 2 - ANALYSIS OF DATA
The purpose of this step is to review all recorded data for
distinguishing characteristics of the potentially illicit
discharge. This review typically includes an analysis of all
physical observations and chemical parameters which appear as
unusual.
Physical observations which work well include the odor and color
of the discharge as well as any floating material or residues.
Extremely high or low values for the various parameters as
measured from the elementary chemical analysis or the
comprehensive laboratory testing are also strong indicators.
These factors can be used to identify possible industrial
sources.
All distinguishing characteristics should be noted before
proceeding to the next step.
STEP 3 - CORRELATION TO POSSIBLE INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
In this step, an answer to the following question is sought:
Which industrial sources could be responsible for this
particular non-storm water discharge?
The following support data has been provided to simplify the task
of selecting the most likely industrial source for an illicit
discharge.
19
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Sources of Non-Storm Water Discharge Related to Industry
Table l is provided to rank the most likely ways in which various
facilities could produce non-storm water discharges. The
categories considered included loading and unloading of dry bulk
or liquids, water usage in reference to cooling and process
waters, and illicit or inadvertent industrial connections. The
likelihood of a facility producing a non-storm water discharge in
each of these categories was rated on the basis of high,
moderate, or low potential or not applicable if there was no
evident correlation.
Chemical and Physical Properties
The information in Table 2 indicates possible chemical and
physical characteristics of contaminated non-storm water
discharge which could come from various facilities. The chemical
properties considered are pH and Total Dissolved Solids. The
physical properties included are odor, color, turbidity,
floatable substances, vegetation, and structural damage. The
descriptions in each of these categories explain the most likely
test results for a contaminated non-storm water discharge coming
from a particular industrial facility. It should be noted that
any combination of these characteristics may occur at an outfall.
Waste Characterization
Appendix A provides detailed information regarding wastestream
identification and characterization for various facilities listed
under industrial SIC categories. The following data are included
for each SIC code:
SIC Subcategory Listing
Typical Sources of Wastestream Flows
Wastestream Characterization
20
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TADLE 1
SOURCES Of NON-STORMWATER DISCHARGE RELATED TO INDUSTRY
INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES LOADING/UNLOADING
MAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS DRY
SIC GROUP NUMBERS BULK LIQUIDS
PRIMARY INDUSTRIES
20 FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS
201 MEAT PRODUCTS
202 DAIRY PRODUCTS
PROCESSING INDUSTRY
203 CANNED AND PRESERVED
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
204 GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS
2C5 BAKERY PRODUCTS
206 SUGAR AND CONFECTIONARY
PRODUCTS
207 FATS AND OILS
202 BEVERAGES
21 TOCACCO MANUFACTURES
22 TEXTILE MILL PRODUCTS
23 APPAREL AND OTHER FINISHED
PRODUCTS MADE FROM FABRICS
AND SIMILAR MATERIALS
MATERIAL MANUFACTURE
24 LUMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS
25 FURNITURE AND FIXTURES
26 PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS
27 PRINTING, PUBLISHING,
AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES
31 LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS
32 STONE, CLAY, GLASS,
AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS
33 PRIMARY METAL INDUSTRIES
34 FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS
37 TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT
CHEMICAL MANUFACTURE
23 CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS
231 INDUSTRIAL INORGANIC
CHEMICALS
222 PLASTIC MATERIALS AND
SYNTHETICS
2£3 DR'JCS
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
L
H
H
L
L
H
H
11
M
M
H
H
H
L
L
L
M
H
M
H
M
H
H
H
H
H
L
WATER
COOLING
H
H
H
H
NA
L
H
H
NA
H
NA
NA
NA
H
NA
L
L
H
H
H
H
H
H
USAGE
PROCESS
H
H
H
H
H
M
H
H
M
H
H
H
L
H
M
H
H
H
H
H
H
M
M
ILLICIT/
INAOVERTANT
CONNECTIONS
H
H
H
H
L
L
M
L
M
H
L
L
L
H
L
H
L
H
H
H
K
H
L
(H - HIGH, M - MODERATE, L - LOW, NA - NOT APPLICABLE)
^\
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TABLE 1
SOURCES OF NON-STORMUATER DISCHARGE RELATED TO IKDUSTRY
INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES
MAJOR CLASS If .'CATIONS
SIC CRO'JP NUMBERS
LOADING/UNLOADING
DRY
DULK LIQUIDS
WATER USAGE
COOLING PROCESS
ILLICIT/
1NADVERTANT
CONNECTIONS
CHEMICAL MANUFACTURE (continued)
284 SOAP, DETERGENTS, AND
CLEANING PREPARATIONS
285 PAINTS, VARNISHES, LACQUERS,
ENAMELS, AND ALLIED
PRODUCTS
H
236 INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC CHEMICALS H
2S7 AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS L
L
M
L
29 PETROLEUM REFINING AND RELATED INDUSTRIES
291 PETROLEUM REFINING L H
295 PAVING AKD ROOFING MATERIALS H H
H
NA
L
M
30 RUGGER AND MISCELLANEOUS
PLASTICS PRODUCTS
TRANSPORTATION AND CONSTRUCTION
15 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION M
16 HEAVY CONSTRUCTION M
NA
NA
RETAIL
52 BUILDING MATERIALS, HARDWARE,
GARDEN SUPPLY, AND MOBILE
HOME DEALERS
53 GENERAL MERCHANDISE STORES
54 FOOD STORES
55 AUTOMOTIVE DEALERS AND
GASOLINE SERVICE STATIONS
56 APPAREL AND ACCESSORY STORES
57 HOME FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS,
AND EQUIPMENT STORES
58 EATING AND DRINKING PLACES
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
L
M
H
H
L
L
L
M
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
L
L
M
M
L
L
L
M
L
L
L
H
L
L
L
M
OTHER
COAL STEAK ELECTRIC POWER
NUCLEAR STEAM ELECTRIC POWER
H
NA
L
NA
(H - HIGH, M - MODERATE, L - LOW, NA - NOT APPLICABLE)
-------
TABLE i
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES
KAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS
S1C GROUP NUMBERS
PRIMARY
20
201
202
203
204
INDUSTRIES
fOOO AND KINDRED PRODUCTS
HEAT PRODUCTS
DAIRY PRODUCTS
CANNED AND PRESERVED
FRUITS AMD VEGETABLES
GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS
ODOR COLOR
SPOILED HEATS BROUN TO
ROTTEN EGGS AND FLESH REDDISH-BROWN
SPOILED HILK GREY TO WHITE
RANCID BUTTER
DECAYING PRODUCTS VARIOUS
COMPOST PILE
SLIGHTLY SWEET AND MUSTY BROUN TO
GRAINY REDDISH-BROWN
TURBIDITY FLOATABLES RESIDUE STRUCTURAL VEGETATION pH 1!
HIGH AN/HAL FATS, BYPRODUCTS BKOUH 10 BLAC< HIGH
PIECES OF PROCESSED MEATS
HIGH ANIMAL FATS GREY TO HIGH
SPOILED MILK PRODUCTS LIGHT-BROWN
HIGH VEGETABLE WAXES, SEEDS, BROUN LOU
SKINS, CORES, LEAVES
HIGH GRAIN HULLS AND SKINS LIGHT BROWN LOW
STRAW AND PLANT FRAGMENTS
FLOURISH VORK-U H
FLOURISH ACIDIC H
NORMAL WIDE RANGE H
NORMAL NORMAL H
?05 BAKERY FRODUCIS
206 SUGAR AND CONFECTIONARY
PRODUCTS
SUEET AWD OR SPOILED
NA
BROUN TO BLACK HIGH
NA
COOKING OILS, LARD
FLOUR, SUGAR
LOW LOW POTENTIAL
GREY TO LOU
LIGHT BROUN
NORMAL NORMAL H
WHITE CRYSTALS LOU NORMAL NORMAL H
207 FATS AND OILS
SPOILED HEATS
LARD OR GREASE
BROUN TO BLACK HIGH ANIMAL FATS, LARD
GREY TO
LIGHT-BROWN
LOU NORMAL NORMAL
208 BEVERAGES
21 TOBACCO MANUFACTURES
22 TEXTILE HILL PRODUCTS
23 APPAREL AND OTHER
FINISHED PRODUCTS
FLAT SODA, BEER, OR WINE VARIOUS
ALCOHOL. YEAST
DRIED TOBACCO
CIGARS, CIGARETTES
WET BURLAP, BLEACH
SOAP, DETERGENTS
NA
VARIOUS
VARIOUS
MODERATE GRAINS AND HOPS, BROKEN GLASS LIGHT BROUN
DISCARDED CANNING ITEMS
HIGH INHIBITED WIDE RANGE
BROWN TO BLACK LOU
TOBACCO STEMS AND LEAVES
PAPERS AND FILLERS
BROWN
LOU
HIGH FIBERS, OILS, GREASE
LOU SOME FABRIC PARTICLES
NA
LOW
NORMAL NORMAL i
GREY TO BLACK LOU INHIBITED BASIC >
NORMAL NORMAL L
-------
TABLE Z.
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES
KAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS
SIC GROUP NUMBERS
OOOR
COLOR
TURBIDITY
FLOATABLES
RESIDUE
STRUCTURAL VEGETATION pH
IDS
MATERIAL MANUFACTURE
24 LUMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS
<5 FURNITURE AND FIXTURES
26 PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS
27 PRINTING, PUBLISHING,
AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES
NA
VARIOUS
BLEACH
VARIOUS CHEMICALS
INC. SOLVENTS
NA
VARIOUS
VARIOUS
LOU SOME SAWDUST
LOW SOME SAUDUST, SOLVENTS
MODERATE SAUDUST, PULP PAPER
WAXES, OILS
BROUM TO BLACK MODERATE PAPER DUST, SOLVENTS
LIGHT BROUN LOU
LIGHT BROUN LOU
LIGHT BROUN LOU
GREY TO LOU
LIGHT-BROUN
NORMAL NORMAL LOU
NORMAL NORMAL LOU
NORMAL U1DE RANGE LOU
INHIBITED NORMAL H1C
31 LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS LEATHER, BLEACH
ROTTEN EGGS OR FLESH
33 PRIMARY KETAL INDUSTRIES
VARIOUS
34 FABRICA1ED METAL PRODUCTS DETERGENTS
ROTTEN EGGS
32 STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND UET CLAY, MUD
CONCRETE PRODUCTS DETERGENTS
VARIOUS HIGH ANIKAL FLESH AND HAIR
OILS, GREASE
BROUN TO BLACK MODERATE ORE, COKE, LIMESTONE
MJLLSCALE, OILS
BROUN TO BLACK HIGH DIRT, GREASE, OILS
SAND, CLAY DUST
BROUN TO MODERATE GLASS PARTICLES
REDD1SH-BROUN DUST FROM CLAY OR STONE
GREY TO BLACK HIGH
SALT CRYSTALS
GREY TO BLACK HIGH
GREY TO BLACK LOU
GREY TO LOU
LIGHT-BROUN
HIGHLY UIDE RANGE HIC
INHIBITED
INHIBITED ACIDIC HIC
INHIBITED UIDE RANGE HIC
NORMAL BASIC LOU
CHEMICAL MANUFACTURE
28 CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS
2812 ALKALIES AND CHLORINE
STRONG HALOGEN OR CHLORINE
PUNGENT BURNING
ALKALIES - NA LOW
CHLORINE • YELLOW
TO GREEK
2816 INORGANIC PIGMENTS NA
28 CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS
?82 PLASTIC MATERIALS PUNGENT, FISHY
AND SYNTHETICS
VARIOUS
VARIOUS
HIGH
NA
LOW POTENTIAL
HIGH PLASTIC FRAGMENTS, PIECES
OF SYNTHETIC PRODUCTS
ALKALIES - UH1THIGH
CARBONATE SCALE
CHLORINE - NA
VAR1OUS
VARIOUS
LOU
LOU
HIGHLY BASIC HIC
INHIBITED
HIGHLY UIDE RANGE HIC
INHIBITED WIDE RANGE nlC
-------
TABLE 2.
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
IKDUS1RIAI. CAIE COSIES
KAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS
SIC CROUP NUMBERS
ODOR
COLOR
TuRBiDiTi FLOATABLES
RESIDUE STRUCTURAL VEGETATION pH
ID'
CHEMICAL MANUFACTURE (Continued)
283 DRUGS
2M SOAP, DETERGENTS, AND
CLEANING PREPARATIONS
285 PAIHTS, VARNISHES.
LACOUERS, ENAMELS,
AND ALLIED PRODUCTS
(SB = SOLVENT BASE)
NA
SWEET OR FLOWERY
VARIOUS
VARIOUS
LATEX - AMMONIA VARIOUS
SB - DEPENDANT UPON SOLVENT
(PAINT IHINNER.
MINERAL SPIRITS)
HIGH GELATIN BYPRODUCTS FOR
CAPSUUT/WG DRUGS
HIGH OILS. GREASE
HIGH LATEX - NA
SB - ALL SOLVENTS
VARIOUS
LOU
GREY 10 BLACK LOU
HIGHLY NORMAL H|(
INHIBITED BASIC HIC
GREY TO BLACK LOU INHIBITED LATEX - BASHK
S8 - WQRKAL
286 INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC CHEMICALS
2861 GUM AND WOOO CHEMICALS PINE SPIRITS
BROUN TO BLACK HIGH ROSINS AND PINE TARS
GREY TO BLACK LOU
INHIBITED ACIDIC HC
2B65 CYCLIC CRUDES, AND CYCLIC
INTERMEDIATES, DYES, AND
ORGANIC PIGHENIS
SWEET ORGANIC SMELL
NA
LOW TRANSLUCENT SHEEN
k'A
LOU HIGHLY NOflKAL 101-
1NH1BMED
267 AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS
2873 NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS
NA
NA
LOW NA
WHITE CRYSTALLIHIGH INHIBITED ACIDIC Hi:
2874 PHOSPHAIIC FERTILIZERS PUNGENT SWEET
2875 FERTILIZERS, MIXING ONLT VARIOUS
MILKY WHITE HIGH NA
BROWN TO BLACK HIGH PELLETIZED FERTILIZERS
WHITE AMORPHOUSHJGH
POWDER
BROWN AMORPHOUSLOW
POWDER
INHIBI TED ACIDIC Hi;
NORMAL NORMAL Hit
29 PETROLEUM REFINING
AND RELATED INDUSTRIES
291 PETROLEUM REFINING
30 RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS
PLASTICS PRODUCTS
ROTTEN EGGS
KEROSENE, GASOLINE
ROTTEN EGGS
CHLORINE, PEROXIDE
BROWN TO BLACK HIGH ANY CRUDE OR
PROCESSED FUEL
BLACK LOU
SALT CRYSTALS
BROWN TO BLACK MODERATE SCHREDDED RUBBER GREY TO BLACK LOU
PIECES OF FABRIC OR METAL
INHIBI TED U1DE RANGE H.'C
INHIBITED WIDE RANGE Hid
-------
TABLE 2.
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES
MAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS
SIC GROUP NUMBERS
OOOR
COLOR
TURBIDITY FLOATABLES
RESIDUE STRUCTURAL VEGETATION pH
TDS
POUDER
IRANSPORTATION AND CONSTRUCTION
IS BUILDING CONSTRUCTION VARIOUS
16 HEAVY CONSTRUCTION VARIOUS
RETAIL
52 BUILDING MATERIALS, HARDWARE, NA
GARDEN SUPPLY, AND
MOBILE HOME DEALERS
53 GENERAL MERCHANDISE STORES NA
5d FOOO STORES
55 AUTOMOTIVE DEALERS AND OIL OR GASOLINE
GASOLINE SERVICE STATIONS
56 APPAREL AND KA
ACCESSORY STORES
57 HOME FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS, NA
AND EQUIPMENT STORES
58 EATING AND DRINKING PLACES SPOILED FOODS
OIL AND GREASE
BROWH TO BLACK HIGH OILS. GREASE, FUELS
BROWH TO BLACK HIGH OILS. GREASE, FUELS
DILUTED ASPHALT OR CEMENT
BROUH TO BLACK LOW
NA
SPOILED PRODUCE
RANCID, SOUR
NA
VARIOUS
NA
LOU
SOME SEEDS, PLANT PARTS,
DIRT, SAWDUST, OR OIL
NA
FRAGMENTS OF FOOD
DECAYING PRODUCE
BROUN TO BLACK MODERATE OIL OR GASOLINE
LOW NA
NA
LOU NA
BROWH TO BLACK LOW
SPOILED OR LEFTOVER FOODS
OIL AND GREASE
GREY TO BLACK LOW
GREY TO BLACK LOW
LIGHT BROUN LOU
NA
BROWN
LOU
LOW
LOW
NORMAL NORMAL HIGH
NORMAL NORMAL HIGH
NORMAL NORMAL LOU
NA LOU NORMAL NORMAL LOU
LIGHT BROUN LOU FLOURISH NORMAL LOW
BROUH LOU INHIBITED NORMAL LOU
NORMAL NORMAL LOW
NORMAL NORMAL LOU
NORMAL NORMAL LOU
COAL STEAM ELECTRIC POWER
NUCLEAR STEAM ELECTRIC POWER
NA
NA
BROWH TO BLACK HIGH COAL DUST
LIGHT BROWH LOW OILS, LUBRICANTS
BLACK AMORPHOUSLOU
POWER
LIGHT BROUN LOU
NORMAL SLIGHTLY LOU
AC/D/C
NORMAL NORMAL LOW
2'4
-------
Common sources of wastestream flows as well as typical values for
conventional and.toxic pollutants are presented to aid in the
industrial identification process.
These tables and appendix were organized according to the SIC
code. The intent of classifying by SIC code was that similar
facilities should produce non-storm water discharges in basically
the same manner with fairly identical characteristics.
Furthermore, SIC codes give the best estimate of typical
wastewater discharges by virtue of principal manufacturing
operations. Thus, those facilities which are not individually
listed should iiave qualities resembling those of other facilities
with which they are classified in the SIC code.
Correlation Process
The correlation process begins by generating a list of all
industries in the area which could have a connection to the
drainage system pipe network leading to the contaminated storm
water outfall. Once this list is completed, the selected
industries should be organized according to their appropriate SIC
classification and, if possible, by subcategory. Next, the
outstanding characteristics which were determined in the previous
steps should be compared - industry by industry - to the coded
support data.
The flow pattern established in Step 1 should be compared to
Table 1. High cooling and process water usage indicates a
greater likelihood for a continual discharge or a very frequent
intermittent discharge. While low water usage would generally
indicate a random discharge of little volume or perhaps none at
all.
The distinguishing characteristics as determined in Step 2 should
be compared to Table 2, A particular industrial facility could
27
-------
be the actual source when there are several correlations between
noted features and those listed in the table.
The results from the comprehensive laboratory testing of the grab
samples should be compared to the typical conventional and toxic
pollutant values listed in Appendix A. Strong similarities
between the test results and typical listed values may indicate a
particular facility as the possible industrial source of the non-
storm water discharge.
Age of Facilities
A final factor of consideration is the age of an industrial
facility. There is a high potential for unauthorized connections
for industries that occupy older buildings. Sanitary sewers may
not have been in existence, since storm sewers predate the
development of sanitary sewers. During the time of an industry's
development there may have been a lack of information regarding
the location of sanitary and storm sewer lines which led to
confusion as to the proper function of a storm sewer line. In
addition, over time as the activities within an industry change
or expand, there is a possibility for illicit or inadvertent
connections as floor drains and other storm sewer connections may
begin to process non-storm water discharges which require
treatment.
Also, since pollution control requirements regarding storm water
have been minimal or non-existent in the past, older industrial
facilities possess a greater potential for having illicit
connections to the storm water drainage system.
Upon the completion of this correlation process, it will become
evident that many of the previously listed industrial facilities
should be eliminated as possible sources of the illicit
discharge. In most cases, either one particular industry may
28
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clearly appear to be the most likely source or several facilities
may still seem to all be possible sources.
At this point, the only way of identifying the actual source of
an illicit discharge is to perform an on-site industrial
investigation for illicit connections to the storm water drainage
system. On-site industrial investigations should proceed from
the most to the least likely facility appearing to be the source
of the illicit discharge. A priority listing of investigations
should be generated based upon the findings of the correlation
process.
A brief discussion of common types of industrial non-storm water
discharges and illicit connections is presented in Section 5.
This information is provided to serve as a basis for Section 6
which defines a methodology for performing an on-site industrial
investigation for illicit connections.
29
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Section 5
INDUSTRIAL WATER USE AND SPILL POTENTIAL
This section describes typical water uses and potential sources
of spills at industrial facilities and is intended to provide
technical background for the investigative team. The
descriptions provided are by no means exhaustive. Therefore, the
investigative team is encouraged to consult with plant personnel
for more complete descriptions of water use processes during
actual on-site investigations.
NON-CONTACT COOLING WATER
Non-contact cooling water is water that decreases the temperature
of a particular part or process without ever physically touching
it. "Non-contact" is achieved by allowing cooling waters to
circulate around the part or process in a contained jacket or
external channel.
In order to discharge non-contact cooling water into a storm
drain, an industry must obtain an NPDES permit. These discharges
should not be contaminated as long as cooling waters remain fully
separated from the part or process they are cooling, the
discharges are not above permit temperature limits, and chemical
additives are not used. However, when cooling systems are not
functioning properly, they become potential sources for
contamination as cooling waters may come in contact with various
toxic substances and carry them into storm sewers.
Industries will use large amounts of non-contact cooling water
for several reasons. Non-contact water is often used to cool raw
materials, final products, and machinery such as compressors or
30
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rectifiers. For example, the turbines and boilers used in coal
steam electric power generation are cooled by using non-contact
waters. These cooling waters are also frequently used for
temperature control of chemical reaction vats or metal plating
baths. The temperature of reactor vessels used in the production
of plastics and synthetics is controlled by non-contact cooling
waters. These could become contaminated by leaks and spillovers
in the primary process.
At some industrial facilities chemicals are added to cooling
waters to prevent the deposition of scale on pipes and equipment,
and also to prevent rust formation. They are also added to
cooling waters to prevent biological growth. These chemicals may
be toxic or harmful to animal, plant, or aquatic life. Such
cooling water discharges are usually discharged into sanitary
sewers, with appropriate pretreatment when applicable.
RINSE WATER
Rinse water is water which cleans or reduces the temperature of
an object through actual physical contact with the object.
Discharges resulting from rinse waters are often allowed to enter
floor drains which may be inadvertently connected to storm sewers
rather than to sanitary sewers. They can also enter storm sewers
through direct connections by piping. A high potential for
continuous or intermittent dry weather flow exists for those
industries in which raw materials, final products, or production
machinery must be sanitized or cooled by using rinse waters.
Rinse waters may originate from facilities that utilize regular
washdown procedures. For instance, soft drink bottling plants
use rinse waters for removal of waste liquids, debris, and labels
from returned bottles. Rinse waters can also be used for
temperature reduction by dipping, washing, or spraying objects
31
-------
with cool water. For example, rinse water is sometimes sprayed
over the final products in the metal plating industry in order to
cool them.
Rinse waters which are most likely to cause an intermittent flow
are those used for clean-up at the end of a work shift, before
product changeover, or after raw materials have been unloaded.
One such case could be the flushing of a chemical delivery tank
at an unloading dock. This would lead to contamination if toxic
chemicals were washed down to floor drains connected to the storm
water system.
PROCESS WATER
Process water may also be discharged into floor drains or could
be piped directly into the storm water sewer system. Process
water is used in a facility to perform a variety of functions or
an actual product ingredient. Process waters which are likely to
cause continual dry weather flows are those used for filtration,
dilution, soaking, and conveyance.
PROCESS LINE DISCHARGE
Process line discharge refers to the disposal of anything used in
or resulting from a manufacturing process including substances
such as wastes, byproducts, chemicals, and fuels. This type of
waste is often seen in the food processing industry. For
instance, cannery procedures for vegetables often produce process
line discharge. The process line wastes usually consist of
solids from sorting, peeling, and coring operations as well as
can spillage from filling and sealing procedures.
32
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BATCH DUMPS
Batch dumps are the disposal of process batches which may be
composed of a wide variety of substances. However, some of the
more common batches include combinations of chemicals, solvents,
dyes, paints, or may simply be rinse water baths. A common
example of batch dump waste comes from the pickling process used
in steel mills. To remove dirt and grease, steel is immersed in
dilute batches or sulfuric acid. This process produces a waste
known as "pickling liquor" which is mainly composed of iron
sulfate. Batch dump disposal occurs when the iron sulfate
concentration has increased enough to inhibit the pickling
process. At this point the pickling liquor is replaced by a
fresh batch of sulfuric acid.
In the cases of both batch dumps as well as process line
discharge described above, these substances may be disposed of by
allowing them to drain to the storm water sewer system.
SLOWDOWN
Slowdown represents a portion of water purposely wasted from a
water system to help control buildup of solids or minerals. Two
common examples are blowdown from boilers as well as that from
cooling towers. In some cases the volume of blowdown generated
by an individual plant is significant and it may require
treatment before discharge. More frequently, however,
contributions of blowdown are very small, and it is merely
combined with other wastewater prior to discharge.
The water used in boilers or cooling towers is often subjected to
treatment designed to control corrosion and scale formation. In
most cases, chemical agents such as zinc or sodium chromate,
caustics, and acids are used for these purposes. Therefore, the
existence of these chemicals qualifies blowdown as an industrial
33
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process wastestream.
INDUSTRIAL SPILLS
The previous situations are most likely to cause continuous or
intermittent dry weather flows on a fairly regular basis. In
some cases, observed flows may exhibit random behavior. A
primary cause of random flows is industrial spills, since they
are accidental. After a spill has taken place, the spilled
materials are often washed down to floor drains which may be
connected to storm sewers. Unless there is some dilution (such
as rainwater), this type of pollution will be very concentrated.
Spills result from many activities, but among the most common
are:
Boil Overs; Boil overs principally result from bulk
overheating, hot spots, uncontrolled exothermic reactions, and
overloading.
Transfer To and From Storage; Inadequate personnel
training, poor maintenance and irregular inspections may be
causative factors for spills during transfer. In addition,
inadvertent damage to facilities, i.e., valves, piping and
storage tanks by vehicles or work crews may contribute to
accidental discharge.
Transfer To and From Carriers; Spills during transfer to
and from carriers generally result from improper or poorly
maintained facilities and equipment, malfunctions of equipment,
and operator error.
Storage Facility Leaks and Failures; Leaks in storage tanks
that escape detection may result in large amounts of pollutants
reaching separate storm sewers via illicit connections. These
spills are typical for storage tanks and/or lagoons used for the
temporary storage of concentrated wastes or reject materials.
Process Facilities and Failures; This type of spill may
result from operator inattention, poor equipment up-keep, or
34
-------
faulty piping connections.
Storm Water Drainage: Storm water may discharge large
quantities of pollutants from areas that include:
Spilled dry materials,
Dust collector accumulations,
Small leaks which are impounded by topography,
Rubbish piles, and
Containers with residues.
The causes of such storm water runoff hazards can include
operator neglect, poor maintenance, and poor housekeeping.
Loading and unloading areas as well as outdoor storage of raw or
waste materials are where spills are most likely to occur.
35
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Section 6
ON-SITE INDUSTRIAL INVESTIGATION
This section presents a methodology for conducting on-site
investigations to detect illicit connections to the storm water
drainage system at an industrial site. The methodology for the
on-site industrial investigation is divided into four steps.
Step 1 - Data Collection
Step 2 - Preliminary Analysis of Water Use and Other
Discharges
Step 3 - On-Site Investigation
Step 4 - Confirmatory Analysis
It is suggested that industry personnel participate as members of
the investigative team since they are the most familiar with the
processes and operations within a facility.
STEP 1 - DATA COLLECTION
The objective of this step of the methodology is to obtain and
evaluate all relevant mapping and spill history information
pertaining to the industrial site under investigation. The
information necessary to complete this step is discussed below.
Mapping Information
Mapping information is essential for identification of key
features of the storm water drainage system relative to potential
sources of non-storm water at an industrial site. Key features
of the storm water drainage system may include swales, open
ditches, channels, brooks, closed pipes, or sewer lines. Various
industrial processes and operations are determined on a site-by-
site basis.
36
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Pertinent mapping information, when available, should include;
Plant Layout Drawings (Schematics)
Sewer System Maps
Topographic Maps
Available mapping usually reflects the intended design of the
facility. Due to process modification these maps may not
represent existing conditions and may need to be updated.
The following sections describe the various types of mapping
information.
Plant Layout Drawings (Schematics)
These drawings should show the actual physical layout of an
industrial plant. They may also indicate the locations of major
industrial or commercial processes and equipment within the
facility. Plant layout drawings will show the geographic
orientation of the facility relative to local streets as well.
Additionally, plant layout drawings may show an overview of the
in-facility piping and sewer locations. The piping and sewer
plans show the location of floor drains and hard piping
connections to plumbing fixtures, wet processes or other
equipment. Plant layout drawings may also show the locations of
both indoor and outdoor storage areas. Figure 1 shows a typical
plant layout drawing.
Sewer System Maps
Most municipalities provide storm and sanitary sewer service at
the property line. Facilities may have complete drawings of
and storm water sewers to which its wastewaters and
37
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Figure 1
TYPICAL PLANT LAYOUT AND SETTER OVERVIEW
NORTH STREET
T
T-—r
. ROOF DRAIN
SAWITARY
HUff-DRAIN
f 'HARD- PIPING
CROSS SECTION
STORM WATER
SEWER
NpN-RCCULA7tD
0
(S)
OPERATION J
OPLRAT10N 2
OPERATION 3
OPERATION 4
OPLRAT10N 5
STORM DRAIN SYSTEM 0
(ROOF DRAINS. YARD DRAINS AND CATCH-BASINS)
SANITARY SYSTIU O
BUILDING PEWMETtR — • — • —
r • ~
_L
L !J LL*—"
^ ~ ~ m ~v>i£r__ _ JT_J -T"— —
SOUTH STREET
-------
storm water runoff drain. Sewer maps also show the junction
points at which storm and sanitary laterals from a facility
connect to the municipal sewer systems. Figure 2 is a diagram
showing storm and sanitary sewers in an industrial area.
Municipal sewer system schematics are generally shown on street
maps. These maps will show connection locations to municipal
sewer systems. During this initial mapping overview effort, it
is important to note and distinguish between storm water and
sanitary sewer lines. Manholes for each type of sewer (sanitary
or storm) should be clearly labeled or numbered. This is
necessary for manhole observations which are discussed in a later
section.
Topographic Maps
Topographic maps, which show the ground elevations at a site, are
useful when determining the direction of flow of storm water
runoff. In situations where raw or waste materials at a facility
are stored outdoors, storm water runoff may carry pollutants into
separate storm water drainage systems.
Summary
The following check list summarizes the necessary actions for
acquiring accurate mapping data.
Data Collection
Make a listing of all available maps and schematics
Note the dates when such maps and schematics were
printed
Obtain, if possible, older versions of the maps and
schematics and determine if changes have occurred
Note what changes were made
39
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Figure 2
STORM AND SANITARY SETTERS DIAGRAM
QDQ DDO
.URFACE
RUNOFF
FROU
RAJNFALt
SHOY.V.EU
STREET
WASH WATERS
g'00TIN'S DRAiKS ~~\
CATCH BASINS
WANKOLE
MUNICIPAL
STORM SEV.-tR
MUNICIPAL
INTERCEPTOR SEWER
TO WASTIWATCR
TREATMENT PLANT
•
STORM SEWtR OUTFALL
DISCHARGE INTO
RECEIVING WATERS
-------
Plant Layout Drawings
List all major processes and equipment at the facility
from the most recent maps (schematics)
Identify and label all indoor and outdoor material
storage areas
Note and label all floor drains within the facility
Sewer Maps
Distinguish between sanitary and storm sewers
Identify all manhole locations and label accordingly
Spill History
Spill history records should be examined in order to determine
the nature of. materials which have been spilled as well as the
frequency of occurrence of any spills. Typical sources of
industrial spills were listed in the previous section. Drainage
patterns of areas where spills can occur should be evaluated.
The specific process or area in which the spill occurred should
be investigated in greater detail.
A facility may have developed a spill contingency plan, which may
provide details regarding the spill potential at a facility. If
a plan is not available, the necessary information will have to
be determined from facility records and industry personnel.
If an industry has previously experienced a spill which resulted
in the discharge of unacceptable material to a separate storm
sewer, information should be gathered so that the corrective
actions taken to eliminate contaimination associated with these
spills can be evaluated.
The following check list summarizes the actions for acquiring
accurate spill history data.
Obtain spill history records and prevention plan
Evaluate the potential of spills in process and storage
area(s)
Determine frequency and nature of past spills
41
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Note volumes and type of materials spilled
Note the recorded cause of any spills
Note corrective actions taken
STEP 2 - PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF WATER USE AND OTHER DISCHARGES
The purpose of this step is to evaluate the water usage and other
discharges at the industrial facility under consideration. This
information can serve as a useful aid in determining the probable
source of an illicit connection.
Typical sources of industrial water use were listed in the
previous section. These processes, as well as any other water-
consuming operations, should be identified for the industrial
site. Facilities may also use a wide array of solvents, oils,
and other liquids for various applications in manufacturing.
Processes utilizing these substances should be determined as
well.
A preliminary step in listing these processes is the examination
of all discharge permits. These permits generally provide
information on the characteristics and quantities of all
discharges allowed to surface waters or in some cases to sanitary
sewer collection systems. Other discharges of non-storm water
not requiring a discharge permit may be identified through
inquiry with industry personnel and/or from an evaluation of
plant operations.
The following check list summarizes the data which should be
gathered during this step.
List which processes use water and which use other
liquids.
Note any distinctive physical or chemical
characteristics of the other liquids used.
42
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Note the potential for contamination associated with
water use at the facility.
Note the flow pattern of any unconfined discharges
(e.g. cleaning, rinse and wash waters, etc.) and
potential spills.
Note the point of discharge as either connecting to the
sanitary sewer, storm sewer, or as an unknown connection.
STEP 3 - ON-SITE INVESTIGATION
The previous steps described the collection and evaluation of
available data and information at a given facility. It was noted
that availabl'e information may not reflect existing conditions at
a site. Therefore, the purpose of the third step is to:
Confirm, modify and update available information
Identify processes or areas that exhibit the potential
for illicit connections
The on-site investigation procedure should add to the already
existing information. For example, not all manholes may have
been indicated on the sewer maps. Therefore, the actual on-site
investigation may result in the identification of additional
manholes.
The success of the on-site investigation depends upon careful
visual inspections of both indoor and outdoor areas of the
facility.
Outdoor Inspection
Depending upon the size of the facility, the outdoor inspection
may be conducted by walking and/or driving. The specific
objectives of the inspection are to locate all:
Manholes
Catch basins
Storm water runoff directions and inlets
Material storage areas
43
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In addition, the general condition of the site grounds should be
observed. These observations should focus on:
Cleanliness of loading and unloading areas
Spill control of outdoor material storage areas
The nature and condition of waste storage facilities at
the site
The potential for contact of outdoor material storage
with storm water runoff
Indoor Inspection
The indoor inspection should be conducted in a similar fashion to
the outdoor inspection (i.e., careful visual observation). This
step of the procedure can be expediently executed by using a list
(as determined in Step 2) of manufacturing processes, equipment
locations, and on-site storage facilities. The investigative
team should query the plant personnel on the following issues:
Processes and Equipment
Record name and brief description
Identify nature of chemicals used
Determine the nature of discharges (continuous,
intermittent, or batch)
Identify if the process wastes are regulated for
discharge
Floor Drains/Other Discharge Points for the Process
Identify the point of discharge for the process
Locate nearest floor drain
Identify the catch basin
Determine the sump pump location
Inside Storage Locations
Determine all storage areas
Identify if spill control measures are in place
At the conclusion of the indoor inspection, all existing
information should be updated. Processes or equipment whose
44
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discharge points are not known should be considered suspect
(i.e., exhibiting illicit connections). Material storage areas
that show any physical evidence of spills (e.g., powder, stains,
or discoloratiorls) should also be considered suspect. Additional
guidance regarding typical sources of wastestream flows within
various facilities as classified by SIC codes is provided in
Appendix A of this manual.
By using the updated information from both the indoor and outdoor
inspections, it is now possible to conduct the confirmatory
analysis.
STEP 4 - CONFIRMATORY ANALYSIS
Upon conclusion of the on-site investigation, one or several
sources from the industrial facility may appear to be the cause
of an illicit discharge. The purpose of the fourth step is to
determine the actual location of the illicit connection to the
storm water drainage system.
This step of the procedure involves implementation of
investigative strategies to pinpoint the source of the
contaminated discharge. The confirmatory analysis begins with
examination for dry weather storm sewer discharges from the
industrial facility. This is followed by pipeline examination to
verify the location of the illicit connection.
Dry Weather Discharge Examination
The examination for dry weather discharges to the storm sewerage
system fulfills the following two objectives:
Verification that the discharge from the particular
industrial site under investigation is the same one as
originally detected at the storm water outfall.
45
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Indication of the industrial source of the illicit
discharge by virtue of relative site location as well
as by discharge composition.
Procedure
This procedure involves determining outfall locations or the
junction points at which a storm water sewer line from the
facility connects to a municipal separate storm sewer line.
Direct access to these junction points may be possible as
manholes are often placed prior to private-municipal separate
storm sewer line connections.
Observation for dry weather discharges from the facility entails
either direct observation of an outfall or physically removing
manhole covers at the selected locations and visually inspecting
for the presence of flow. Proper precautions should be taken to
ensure worker safety.
Tming of the observations is a crucial factor. Observations
should take place at those times when various sources of non-
storm water are being used at the facility and flows from illicit
connections may be occurring. How much earlier the inspection
should take place is dependent upon the distance from the sewer
line connection to the contaminated storm sewer outfall. In
general, the farther apart these two locations are, the earlier
the manhole inspection time should take place from the time of
the recorded outfall discharge detection.
If a dry weather discharge is detected during a manhole
observation, the flow should be characterized in the same manner
as was discussed in Section 3.
The following physical and chemical properties of the dry weather
discharge should be observed and recorded:
46
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Physical Properties
Odor
Color
Temperature
Turbidity
Floatables
Residue
Chemical Properties
pH
Total Dissolved Solids
Specific Conductivity
Grab samples of the dry weather discharge can be taken to a
laboratory for detailed chemical analysis. This analysis should
focus upon chemicals known to be used at the industry. Guidance
regarding typical conventional and toxic pollutant concentrations
is provided as part of the industrial wastestream
characterization classified by SIC codes in Appendix A of this
manual. Additional information regarding chemical parameters,
which should be tested for, may also be obtained through
reference to NPDES discharge limitations or consultation with
industry personnel.
It should be noted, however, that the detected dry weather
discharge may be a permitted discharge (such as non-contact
cooling water) from the industrial facility to the storm sewerage
system. This case may be confirmed by checking if a discharge
permit exists for that particular sewer line connection, as well
as from the chemical composition and physical nautre of the flow.
If the observed dry weather discharge is determined as being non-
permitted and/or contaminated, the results of the recorded
analysis should be compared against potential sources of non-
storm water at the facility.
comparisons should seek to find common pollutant characteristics
47
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between the observed dry weather discharges, and potential non-
storm water sources at suspect industrial processes or spill
areas.
If waste flows can be established as essentially identical, then
it may be assumed that the industrial source responsible for the
detected illicit discharge has been identified.
In some cases, more than one dry weather discharge may be
observed at various manholes. It is possible that more than one
illicit connection to the storm water drainage system may exist
within the industrial facility and that the contaminated outfall
discharge is the result of a culmination of several flows.
Therefore, all suspect industrial sources of observed manhole
discharges should be identified before proceeding on to the
pipeline examination.
Summary
Locate industrial-municipal sewer line connections
Select manhole observation points
Determine the presence of dry weather discharges
Characterize observed dry weather discharges
Determine if discharge is permitted or contaminated
If discharge is not permitted, conduct a comparison of
characteristics to identify the industrial source
Identify all industrial sources of all dry weather
discharges observed
Pipeline Examination
The major objective of the pipeline examination is to identify
the specific point at which the illicit connection exists.
Illicit connections may result from failing plumbing fixtures,
direct connections, or in many cases inadvertent connections.
The pipeline examination also serves to verify the industrial
source responsible for an observed discharge.
48
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Inadvertent connections result when a storm sewer is mistaken for
a sanitary sewer. In some cases, illicit connections were
actually permitted at the time they were built. Regardless of
the reason behind an illicit connection, a number of procedures
have proven to be successful in identifying their actual
locations. The main objective of these procedures is to trace
the path taken by a discharge from a process to a downstream
point. Two procedures recommended for use are:
Dye tracer tests
Internal pipe investigations
Manual visual inspections
Television (TV) inspections
Dye Tracer Tests
Dye tracer tests involve the introduction of a fluorescent dye
such as fluorescein into the discharge point of the industrial or
commercial process suspected of exhibiting illicit connections.
The discharge points for all processes were determined during the
indoor investigation of the facility.
The dye, once introduced, is flushed down with clear water.
Various observation points are then observed. If the fluorescent
dye comes through, then an illicit connection has been
identified. In most cases, illicit connections can be identified
by conducting dye tracer studies. However, situations may arise
in which the dye tracing process fails to identify illicit
connections. This may be the case when there is a break or crack
in an adjacent sanitary sewer. In such cases, an internal
investigation of the sewer lines may be necessary.
Internal Pipe Investigations
When sewer systems are large enough, they should be inspected by
49
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walking through them in order to locate the entry points of
polluted discharges. In such cases, appropriate safety
precautions as described under the OSHA confined space entry
requirements should be employed.
The use of TV inspections is relatively expensive. This is an
alternative to manual inspections and may be used when sewers are
smaller or for safety reasons.
50
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Section 7
FIELD SURVEY TECHNIQUES
The objective of this section is to provide detailed information
regarding the field survey techniques discussed in previous
sections of this manual. The relative success of this
methodology for identifying illicit industrial connections relies
heavily upon careful field organization. Topics are addressed in
the following order:
Necessary Equipment and Materials
Personnel Requirements
Estimated Timeline
Organizational Ideas
NECESSARY EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
Necessary equipment and materials must be gathered prior to
conducting the field survey. A list of essential equipment and
materials for both the outfall screening and the on-site
investigation is provided in Table 3 and discussed below.
Field Test Kit
Elementary chemical analysis can be performed with a field test
kit. These kits can be used to provide estimates of
concentrations of varous parameters in flow samples. There are
several brands of kits with features suited to the needs of this
manual. Information regarding typical field test kits is
presented in Appendix B. The data provided includes the
manufacturer, model number, general capabilities, and cost.
51
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pH and Conductivity Meters
The pH meter and conductivity meter are also used to determine
initial values for discharges detected at storm water outfalls
and during manhole observations. Highly sophisticated models are
generally not be necessary. Rather, a moderately priced meter
can be selected. Buffer solutions are also essential and should
always be brought along to calibrate the meters prior to taking
readings. Information regarding typical pH and conductivity
meters is presented in Appendix B. The data provided include the
manufacturer, model number, general capabilities, and cost.
Automatic Sampler
An automatic sampler can be used at the storm water outfall to
detect flows, collect samples, and determine flow patterns. The
use of an automatic sampler eliminates the need for inspectors to
constantly observe a sampling point for intermittent discharges
at sampling locations exhibiting characteristics of industrial
contamination. There are many brands of automatic samplers
available with a diversity of characteristics. Table 4 presents
a list of considerations for an automatic sampler suitable to the
needs outlined in this manual. Additional information regarding
typical automatic samplers is presented in Appendix B. The data
provided include the manufacturer, model number, general
capabilities, and cost.
Instant Camera and Film
An instant camera should be used to photograph all locations
exhibiting signs of contamination by potential illicit
connections. This photo will serve as a visual aid for each
location and also supplement the written documentation of the
observed pollutant characteristics. Photographs may also be
taken during the on-site investigation to log various suspect
52
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processes or potential spill areas. This may be especially
helpful for large facilities with extensive manufacturing
operations.
It is important to note that most facilities have strict policies
concerning photographs taken by visitors. The inspector should
always ask the plant manager about the plant's policy before
carrying a camera into a manufacturing area. The inspector might
need to obtain special permission or agree to have all
photographs reviewed by the plant manager.
The instant camera selected for use should produce color
photographs. A one-step model is generally the easiest to use as
no waste paper is produced from the photographing.
Collecting Samples
Samples of discharges are collected at storm water outfalls, from
manholes, and occasionally from industrial processes. Plastic
bottles are preferred for a container since they will not break
and are easily labeled. A waterproof marker should be used to
label each sample immediately after it has been collected.
Identification data should always include the date, time of day,
inspector name, sample number, and the location from which the
sample was taken. Once labeled, all samples should be tightly
sealed and packed in ice.
Recordkeepinq
Recordkeeping materials include a clipboard, pad of paper, and
pen or pencil. Data Inventory Forms on which to summarize
pertinent information should also be used to simplify
documentation during field surveys. Typical forms are discussed
the topic of organizational ideas at the end of this
53
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section. In addition, any maps or plant layout drawings should
be kept with the recordkeeping material. Maps and drawings
brought along should be of manageable size, if possible, 8-1/2 by
11 inches. Finally, it is highly suggested that all
documentation be organized into a three-ring binder. This will
keep information readily available and ensure that little
potential exists for losing or misplacing important data.
Outfall Identification
All contaminated and newly discovered storm water outfalls should
be physically labeled with an identification number, in order to
prevent confusion or mix-ups during additional field surveys.
Visible outfall id numbers will also reduce unnecessary
referencing to maps and thus save time as well. Outfall marking
can be accomplished with wooden stakes. The stakes should be
spray painted a fluorescent color with the id number of the
outfall carefully marked in black. A thick waterproof marker
should be used for stake labeling. Each stake should be placed
next to its corresponding storm water outfall in an area away
from trees or shrubbery for easy visibility. A hammer may be
necessary to pound the stakes into the ground as it may be quite
hard due to the fact that analysis is conducted during dry
weather.
Manhole Observation Equipment
Manhole observation for illicit discharges requires several kinds
of equipment. A crowbar will be necessary in order to remove the
manhole lid. Also, a bright flashlight will be helpful for
visual inspection inside of the manhole.
If dry weather flows are detected inside of a manhole but entry
to obtain a sample is impossible or unsafe, an alternative
sampling procedure must be employed. If the manhole is not too
54
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deep, one method of obtaining a sample is to tape the sampling
bottle to a long stick which can reach the discharge. A fold-up
tape measure is a compact way of carrying a long stick. Heavy
duty tape should also be used to ensure that the sampling bottle
remains affixed.
Finally, if the manholes are located along a roadway or street,
precautionary measures should be taken to protect the inspectors
and minimize traffic disruption. Orange safety cones and/or a
flashing barricade should be used to segregate the necessary
working area. Also, all inspectors should wear orange safety
vests.
Pipeline Examination
Fluorescein dye tracer may be needed to conduct pipeline
examinations. Ample dye should be brought along as several tests
may be necessary.
Inspector Safety
Attention to safety procedures is a must during all field
surveys. This includes inspector apparel from head to toe. Work
clothes should always be worn for all inspections. Rubber boots
should be brought along in case of wet or muddy conditions during
the screening of storm water outfalls. Essential materials for
the industrial on-site investigation include safety shoes, safety
glasses, a hard hat, and hearing protection. Protective gloves
should always be worn when collecting samples of any potentially
dangerous discharges. Finally, a complete first aid kit should
always be kept on hand in case of an emergency.
55
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TABLE 3
FIELD EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
Field Test Kit
pH Meter and Buffer Solution
Conductivity Meter and Buffer Solution
Batteries
Automatic Sampler
Instant Camera and Film
Sampling Bottles and Waterproof Marker
Tracer
Cooler
Clipboard, Pad, Pen or Pencil
Data Inventory Forms
Maps
Marked Stakes
Hammer
Flashing Barricade
Orange Safety Cones
Orange Safety Vest
Crowbar
Flashlight and
Fold-Up Tape Measure
Heavy Duty Tape
Fluorescein Dye
Work Clothes
Rubber Boots
Safety Shoes
Safety Glasses
Hard Hats
Hearing Protection
Protective Gloves
First Aid Kit
56
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TABLE 4
CONSIDERATIONS FOR AUTOMATIC SAMPLER
Capability for AC/DC operation with adequate dry battery
energy storage for 120-hour operation at l-hour sampling
intervals
Total weight including batteries
Sample collection interval (adjustability from 10 minutes to
4 hours)
Capability for time proportional sample - constant sample
volume, time interval between samples proportional to stream
flow
Capability for collecting discrete samples in 24 containers
Watertight exterior case to protect components in the event
of rain or submersion
Exterior case capable of being locked to prevent tampering
and provide security
No metal parts in contact with waste source or samples
An integral sample container compartment capable of
maintaining samples at 4 to 6°C for a period of 24 hours at
ambient temperatures ranging from -30 to 50°c
Operation capabilities in the temperature range from -30 to
50°C
Sampler exterior surface painted light color to reflect
sunlight
57
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PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
The objective of the following discussion is to provide general
information regarding the personnel demand and training necessary
to perform the methodology outlined in this manual.
Clearly, as the size of the industrial area to be investigated
increases, so too does the demand for personnel. The following
suggestions are based upon an optimum fixed number of inspectors
per phase of the field survey. These suggestions were offered in
order to set a standard as well as to simplify the overall
procedure.
Phase I - Screening of Storm Water Outfalls
It is suggested that a minimum of two (2) investigators perform
the observations and analyses at a storm water outfall. There
are several reasons behind this selected minimum among which the
most important are the following:
Correspondence regarding visual observations and
elementary chemical analyses
Safety in numbers
Load distribution for carried equipment
Thus, a coupled effort will result in greater efficiency as well
as mobility. When very large numbers of storm water outfalls
exist for screening in an industrial area, it is suggested that
several pairs of investigators perform outfall surveys in order
to expedite the process.
Phase II - Industrial On-site Investigation
In order to perform the industrial on-site investigation, it is
suggested that either three investigators be aided by one
industry personnel or two investigators be aided by two industry
58
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personnel. The reasoning behind a total number of four being
such that the on-site investigation may be divided into two
tasks. Thus, one pair of investigators may perform the outside
inspection while the other pair focuses their attention upon the
inside inspection.
The selected industry personnel should have a thorough knowledge
of the operations performed at the facility. In addition, it is
beneficial if they also have a practical understanding of
environmental management procedures as well.
Personnel Training
In addition to efficiency, the inspectors performing a field
survey must also be accurate. High levels of accuracy may only
be obtained through complete and proper training. Training
should encompass a formal orientation of the methodology
presented in this manual along with practical field techniques.
Therefore, inspectors should have an understanding of the various
identification strategies presented in this text. They should
also be knowledgeable of typical kinds and sources of industrial
uaste. If possible, training should include an actual field
orientation of common industrial water use processes and types of
spills. Factual information should also be provided summarizing
the contacts and access details necessary for obtaining pertinent
data such as sewer maps or environmental records.
Inspectors must be able to correctly operate all field equipment
- in particular specialized meters and automatic samplers.
Training should include the proper procedures for collecting
samples as well as for performing manhole observations. Finally,
steps must always be taken to make personnel aware of potential
occupational hazards, precautionary measures to prevent them, and
special plans to follow in the event of an emergency.
59
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TIMELINE
There are several steps to be performed when following the
methodology outlined in this manual. The following chart is
intended to provide a generalized indication of the time required
for each step.
It is important to note that the chart provided does not take
into account unexpected problems such as poor weather or
equipment failure. In addition, the time needed to conduct the
on-site industrial investigation and confirmatory analysis is
highly dependent upon the size of the facility. Thus, these
estimates should be considered only as idealized guidelines.
Procedure and StepTime Range fdavs^
Outfall Evaluation
Step 1 - Mapping Effortl-3
Step 2 - Walking Tour2 outfalls surveyed/day*
Step 3 - Outfall Analysis2 outfalls analyzed/day
Identification of Potential Industrial Sources
Step 1 - Establish Flow Patterns-?
Step 2 - Analysis of Recorded Datal-3
Step 3 - Correlation to Possible Industrial Sourcesl-3
On-Site Industrial Investigation
Step 1 - Data Collection2-4
Step 2 - Preliminary Evaluation of Water Use and2-4
other Discharges
Step 3 - On-Site Investigations-?
Step 4 - Confirmatory Analysis3-7
*NOTE:
Inspectors should be able to complete the initial survey and
analysis for two outfalls per day.
60
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ORGANIZATIONAL IDEAS
The use of Data Inventory Forms can greatly simplify the process
of recording information. A variety of Data Inventory Forms are
provided in Appendix C of this manual. Thus, the objective of
the following discussion is to briefly describe the function for
each form.
outfall Analysis Data
This three-page form should be used to record data collected from
the screening of storm water outfalls. The form organizes
information regarding the detected flow pattern, physical
observations, and elementary chemical analysis results for a
particular outfall.
Laboratory Analysis
This two-page form should be used to check off the parameters
which should be tested for in a grab sample laboratory analysis,
The form summarizes the grab sample identification details,
laboratory information, and provides a listing for conventional
as well as toxic pollutants. The toxic pollutants were
determined according to the listing provided originally in the
Clean Water Act.
Process Data: Direct Discharge
This form summarizes information regarding industrial processes
which directly discharge into a receiving water body. Data
regarding a particular industrial process as well as any permit
details are to be recorded on this form.
61
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Process Data: Indirect Discharge
This form summarizes information regarding industrial processes
which discharge to the local POTW for treatment before entrance
to a receiving water body. The information recorded includes
details of the particular industrial process and any pretreatment
for it discharges as well as general data for the local POTW.
Spill History
This form should be used to record information regarding any past
spills which occurred at an industrial facility.
Spill Potential
This form should be used to summarize information regarding
industrial processes which have spill potential.
Facility Runoff
This form should be used during the outside portion of the
industrial on-site investigation. The form summarizes potential
sources of pollutants associated with storm water runoff.
Correlation of Data
This form should be used during the correlation process to
determine similarities between the detected illicit discharge and
suspect industrial process discharges. Comparisons are drawn
based upon the wastestream characterization of discharges from
the contaminated outfall, manhole observations, and suspect
industrial process discharges.
62
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Section 8
SUMMARY
This manual has outlined a procedure which begins with the
screening of stormwater outfalls for signs of contamination from
sources of non-storm water. The methodology then proceeds to the
identification of likely sources for the detected non-stormwater
discharge. Then, procedures to pinpoint the location of the
industrial illicit connection are discussed. This manual
concludes with a section focusing upon field survey techniques as
the success of this methodology depends largely upon the careful
collection and analysis of site information.
The strategy underlying this methodology involves correlating the
characteristics of discharges observed at outfalls and that of
various sources of non-storm water, such as industrial
manufacturing or operational process discharges.
By applying common sense and professional judgement to the
procedures outlined in this manual, successful evaluation of a
facility's separate storm sewer for the presence of non-storm
water discharges can be accomplished.
63
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APPENDIX A
WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
10123
-------
WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
The objective of the following section is to provide a general survey of information
regarding wastestream identification and characterization for various facilities listed
under industrial SIC categories. Listings of the subcategories falling under each
industrial SIC category will be followed by potential sources of wastestream flows. In
addition, a characterization of the potential wastewaters discharged from each of the
defined subcategories will be presented. This characterization will define typical values
for chemical and physical parameters as determined from laboratory wastestream
analysis.
Some of the subcategories for listed classifications have been eliminated due to their
insignificance in the industry. In addition, the parameters defined for the wastestream
characterization vary according to the data available for a particular industrial category.
Thus, the tables presented in this appendix list various combinations of conventional,
toxic, and non-toxic pollutants. The values presented in each table may be typical
wastestream concentrations or ranges of concentrations. In either case, these tables
should provide the user of this manual with guidelines as to the types and general
concentrations of pollutants likely to be identified for a specific industrial subcategory.
It is also important to note that each wastestream characterization presents values
taken from raw wastewaters prior to discharge into a sewerage system. Thus, the
concentrations actually detected at a storm sewer outfall are likely to be lower due to
possible dilution from storm water or other wastewaters.
The source referenced to for all detailed information and tables provided in this section
was Volume II of the 1980 USEPA Treatability Manual.
10123MAP
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INDUSTRIAL LAUNDRIES
Facilities belonging to this category are Jinked by the fact that they provide cleaning
services for their clients. The main subcategories falling under industrial laundries
are as follows:
Subcateaories
- Industrial Laundries
- Unen Laundries
• Power Laundries
- Coin-Operated Laundries
- Dry Cleaning Plants
• Car Washes
Sources of Wastestream Rows
The four basic process divisions in the industrial laundries category include water wash,
dry cleaning, dual-phase processing, and car wash processes. Typical sources of
wastestream flows for industrial laundries will be generated from the operations
involved for these processes.
Facilities utilizing a water wash first sort soiled materials. Stains which may set are
removed which generally involves the use of acids, bleaches, and/or various organic
solvents. Wetting, sudsing with detergents, and rinsing of the materials then takes
place to clean the fabric.
Primary cleaning for dry cleaning processes is accomplished through the use of an
organic-based solvent along with detergent and a controlled amount of water. Solvents
are generally filtered and recovered for further use.
In dual-phase processing, the water-detergent wash is followed by a separate solvent
wash. This is used almost exclusively to clean items that contain large amounts of
water-soluble soils as well as oil and grease, such as for work shirts and wiping rags.
10123MAP
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Car washes are considered a variation of the water wash process. Facilities are
designed for either automatic or self-service washing of vehicles. Operational
processes generally include washing with various detergents, waxing, rinsing, and
drying.
Wastestream Characterization
The chemical and physical characteristics of laundry wastewaters are influenced by
three primary factors: the type of cleansing process utilized, the types and quantities of
soil present, and the composition of the various chemical additives used in the
process. Wastestream flows deriving from water wash operations may contain all of
the soil removed from the materials as well as the chemical cleaning agents or
detergents added to facilitate the laundering process. While wastestream flows from
dry cleaning processes tend to contain removed soils along with appreciable quantities
of organic-based solvent. The primary wastes present in car wash wastewater are
suspended and dissolved solids, oil and grease, lead, and zinc.
An important factor to keep in mind when investigating facilities falling under this
category is that the sources of wastes may originate from the cleaning processes as
well as from the materials being cleaned. This in turn increases the potential number of
pollutants to be found in wastestream flows from industrial laundries and car washes.
Table 1 presents subcategory wastewater descriptions for conventional and toxic
pollutants found in this industry.
10123MAP
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TABLE 1
WASTEWATER CHARACTERIZATION OF
AUTO AND OTHER LAUNDRIES
Pollutant
(mg/l)
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
Total Phosphorus
Total Phenols
Oil and Grease
pH, pH Units
Industrial
Laundries
Linen
Laundries
Number
Analyzed
Mean
Number
Analyzed
Mean
Power
Laundries
Number
Analyzed
Mean
51
60
24
69
12
19
66
62
1,300
5,000
1,400
1,000
12.2
0.32
1,100
10.4
50
26
28
59
5
7
52
58
620
1,600
400
400
18.7
0.12
330
10.1
8
11
4
11
6
5
9
14
340
660
150
220
7.3
0.31
110
9.4
Toxic Pollutant
(mg/I)
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
22
24
14
36
35
36
28
36
24
36
16
26
36
240
77
<1
88
880
1,700
140
4,500
2
290
8
26
3.000
7
7
36
36
15
7
36
36
36
7
7
7
37
10
7
9
100
520
33
460
3
61
2
8
5
900
6
6
5
7
7
5
7
8
7
7
6
160
<15
11
76
160
<28
110
0.7
14
<7
37
10123TBL
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Pollutant
(mg/l)
TABLE 1 (cont.)
WASTEWATER CHARACTERIZATION OF
AUTO AND OTHER LAUNDRIES
Coin-Operated Dry Cleaning
Laundries Plants Car Washes
Number
Analyzed
Number
Mean Analyzed
Number
Meari Analyzed
Mean
BOD5
COD
TOC
TSS
Total Phosphorus
Total Phenols
Oil and Grease
pH, pH Units
31
18
1
28
2
3
13
29
140
340
—
140
9.8
0.10
26
7.9
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
< 0.003
45
NA
NA
45
NA
6
45
7
58
...
...
270
...
< 0.006
26
7.1
Toxic Pollutant
(mg/l)
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
10
<10
8
<5
67
36
1
2
2
25
20
310
7
7
7
7
7
7
45C
7
7
7
7
7
45C
7,9
230
<5
17
34
340
890
<1
260
<5
<5
<2
750
10123TBL
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ELECTROPLATING
Facilities which belong to the electroplating category are those that apply a metallic
surface coating to a second material. This is generally done by electrodeposition but
may also be accomplished through various coating processes or through electroless
plating. The main subcategories falling under electroplating are as follows:
Subcateoories
- Common Metals Plating
- Precious Metals Plating
- Anodizing
- Coating
- Chemical Milling and Etching
- Electroless Plating
- Printed Circuit Board Manufacture
Sources of Wastestream Flows
The three basic process divisions in electroplating include: surface preparation,
plating, and posttreatment. These steps are common to all subcategories and are the
sources from which wastewater flows will be generated.
Surface preparation of the basic material is necessary to ensure that the exterior is
cleaned and descaled prior to plating. Cleaning removes oil, grease, and any other dirt
which may interfere in the plating of the material. Several cleaning methods can be
used for this step including solvent, alkaline, acid, emulsion with organic solvents, and
salt bath descaling.
In the plating step, a surface coating is applied to a material for either functional or
decorative purposes. The type of electroplating done at facilities can vary greatly in
size as well as character. However, all tend to rely upon appreciable use of various
acid and alkaline solutions. In addition, large quantities of rinse water are also gener-
ated often containing these solutions in a diluted form.
Posttreatment after the initial plating of a material is completed in order to provide an
additional coating. This extra coating is applied for a variety of reasons such as
corrosion protection or to prepare the surface for painting. Posttreatment processes
include chromating, phosphating, and conversion coating operations.
10123MAP
-------
Wastestream Characterization
Wastewater from electroplating processes is typically due to the processing and
finishing solutions generated from alkaline and acid cleaning operations, plating
processes, and posttreatment. While the quantities of wastewater generated are not
excessive, they tend to be very strong in nature. Untreated wastestreams may contain
appreciable amounts of acids, detergents, solvents, and metals in significant quantities.
Predominant wastewater constituents for the electroplating industry include various
chemical cleaners and plating solutions as well as the following metals: copper, nickel,
chromium, zinc, lead, tin, cadmium, gold, silver, and platinum.
Table 2 presents raw discharge pollutant concentration ranges for the subcategories of
the electroplating industry.
10123MAP
-------
TABLE 2
POLLUTANT CONCENTRATION RANGES
FOR THE SUBCATEFORIES OF THE
ELECTROPLATING INDUSTRY
Concentration Range
Common
Metals
Platino
Precious
Metals
Ptatinq
Electroless Anodizina
Pollutant
Parameter
Conventional Pollutants, mo/1
TSS 0.1 • 10,000
Toxic Inorganic Pollutants. mo/1
Cadmium
Chromium, Total
Chromium, VI
Copper
Cyanide, Total
Cyanide, A
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
7 - 21,6,000
88 - 530,000
5 - 330,000
32 - 270,000
5-15,000
3-130,000
660 - 25,000
19-3,000,000
110-250,000
0.1 - 10,000
50-180,000
0.1 -39.0
28 - 47,000
36.0 - 920
5-10,000
3 - 8,400
2 - 48,000
5-12,000
5 - 1 ,000
270 - 79,000
5 - 5,000
5 - 78,000
4 - 68,000
Non-Toxic Pollutants, mg/i
Fluoride
Gold
Iron
Palladium
Phosphorus
Platinum
Rhodium3
Tin
22-140,000
250-1,500,000
20-140,000
60- 100,000
13-25,000
27 - 630
20- 140,000
110-6,500
34
110- 18,000
30- 109,000
60 - 90,000
180-33,000
10123TB2
-------
TABLE 2 (cont.)
Pollutant
Parameter
Conventional Pollutants. mg/J
TSS
Coating
19.0-5,300
Concentration Range
Chemical
Milling &
Etching
0.1 -4,300
Printed
Circuit
_Boafds
1.0-610
Toxic Inorganic Pollutants, mg/l
Cadmium
Chromium, Total
Chromium, VI
Copper
Cyanide, Total
Cyanide, A
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
190-79,000
5 - 5,000
5-130,000
4 - 68,000
88 - 530,000
5 - 330,000
210-270,000
5-130,000
5-100,000
5 - 48,000
5 - 4,400
200 - 540,000
5-11 ,000
5-9,400
10-10,000
27- 13,000
1 -480
140-200
110-200,000
Non-Toxic Pollutants. mg7l
Fluoride
Gold
Iron
Palladium
Phosphorus
Platinum
Rhodium3
Tin
410- 170,000
60 - 53,000
100-6,600
22-140,000
75 • 260,000
60-140,000
340 - 6,600
2BO - 660,000
6-110
5-230
51 -54,000
60-54,000
NOTE: Blanks indicate data not available.
a Only one plant had a measurable level of this pollutant.
10123TB2
-------
INORGANIC CHEMICALS MANUFACTURING
Facilities belonging to this category are those which produce alkalies and chlorine,
industrial gases, inorganic pigments, and those producing other inorganic chemicals.
The main subcategories falling under inorganic chemicals manufacture are as follows:
Subcategories
- Aluminum- Fluoride
- Chlor-Alkali {Mercury Cell and Metal Anode)
- Chrome Pigments
- Copper Sulfate
- Hydrofluoric Acid
- Hydrogen Cyanide
- Nickel Sulfate
- Sodium Bisulfate
- Sodium Dichromate
- Sodium Hydrosuifite
- Titanium Dioxide (Chloride and Sulfate)
Sources of Wastestream Flows
The sources of wastestream flows for the inorganic chemicals industry can vary
considerably. Each subcategory will have unique waste sources which would not be
found in another type of inorganics facility. Descriptions of all these sources is beyond
the scope of this manual. However, there are several wastestream flows which have a
potential for being common to all of these subcategories. The following is a listing of
typical wastestream sources:
• Noncontact Cooling Water
- Rinse Water
- Roor and Equipment Washings
- Scrubber Wastewater
- Spent Chemical Solutions and Solvents
• Condenser Drainage
- Boiler Slowdown
10123MAP
-------
Wastestream Characterization
The pollutants which may be found in ihe wastewaters from the inorganic chemicals
industry also vary widely for each of the subcategories listed. Toxic pollutants are
generally metals. In addition, the concentrations of the wastewater flows may vary from
insignificant to appreciable concentrations. Table 3 presents the maximum
concentration of each toxic pollutant found in each subcategory for the inorganic
chemicals industry.
10123MAP
-------
TABLE 3
MAXIMUM RAW WASTEWATER CONCENTRATIONS
OF TOXIC POLLUTANTS FOUND AT
SAMPLED INORGANIC CHEMICAL PLANTS
Toxic Pollutant
(ug/i)
Chlor-Alkali
Aluminum
Fluoride
Mercury Cell
Metal Anode
Chrome
Pigments
Antimony
Arsenic
Asbestos
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
200
0,85
77
120
2
150
110
<200
<10
0,4
7,7
350
1
150
<100
0,6
<250
230
20
10
2
940
525
255
9
54,400
<9
14
24
7,700
79
55,000
7,500
360
36,000
160
<10
7
4,100
Copper
Sulfate
Toxic Pollutant
(ug/0
Hydrofluoric
Acid
Antimony
Arsenic
Asbestos
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
307
3,500
870
1,850,000
175
112,000
1 1 ,000
70
10
2
73
770
5,190
2
150
25
5.5
8,120
Hydrogen
Cyanide
1,300
166
25
Nickel
Sulfate
9
73,300
55
4
175,500
<235
21
-------
TABLE 3 (cont.)
MAXIMUM RAW WASTEWATER CONCENTRATIONS
OF TOXIC POLLUTANTS FOUND AT
SAMPLED INORGANIC CHEMICAL PLANTS
Sodium Sodium Sodium .Titanium Dioxide
Bisulfate Dichromate Hydrosulfite Chloride Sulfate
Toxic Pollutant
(ug/0
Antimony 30 20
Arsenic 11
Asbestos
Beryllium
Cadmium 6 43 338
Chromium 17 252,000 9,300 15,200 124,000
Copper 375 35 1,450 1,480
Cyanide 101
Lead 8 1,290 5,150 3,730
Mercury 3 28
Nickel 250 12,500 1,660 6,230 6,370
Selenium <5 34
Silver 2 <0.5 128 64
Thallium 19
Zinc 2,480 544 27,400 3,110 3.840
NOTE: Blanks indicate data not available.
10123TB2
-------
Tables 5, 6, and 7 summarize conventional and toxic wastestream characteristics lor
these subcategories as they represent the largest portion of the leather tanning and
finishing industry.
10123MAP
-------
TABLES
WASTEWATER CHARACTERIZATION OF
LEATHER TANNING AND FINISHING
Pollutant
BOD5
COD
TSS
TKN
Total Phenols
Suifides
Oil and Grease
Total Chromium
Ammonia
Hair Pulp/Chrome Tan/Retan-Wet Finish Subcateaory
Concentration fmg/l)
Number of
Data Points
205
170
210
58
15
170
75
180
168
Range of
Individual
Data Points
210-4,300
180-27,000
25 - 36,000
90.0 - 630
0.140- 110
0.800 - 200
15-10,000
3.00 - 350
17.0-380
Mean
1,600
4,600
2,400
330
1.0
64
400
76
100
Concentration (mo/fl
Toxic Pollutant
Number of
Data Points
Metals and Inorganics
Chromium 3
Copper 3
Cyanide 2
Lead 3
Nickel 3
Zinc 3
Range of
Individual
Range
43,000- 180,000
50 • 380
20-60
1,100-2,400
20-60
200 - 580
Mean
80,000
173
40
1,700
40
430
10123TBL
-------
TABLE 6
WASTEWATER CHARACTERIZATION OF
LEATHER TANNING AND FINISHING
Pollutant
BOD5
COD
TSS
TKN
Total Phenols
Sulfides
Oil and Grease
Total Chromium
Ammonia
Hair Save/Chrome Tan/Retan-Wet Finish Subcateoorv
Concentration fmo/0
Number of
Data Points
101
30
82
56
24
70
30
56
31
Range of
Individual
Data-Points
140-2,800
700 - 5,700
94.0 - 8,600
63.0 - 3,600
0.440 - 6,80
0.030 - 300
49.0 - 620
0.006 - 390
0.400 - 660
Mean
980
2,600
1,900
140
2.2
20
240
31
90
Toxic Pollutant
Number of
Data Points
Metals and Inorganics
Concentration (mg/n
Range of
Individual
Data Points
Mean
Chromium
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
2
2
2
2
2
31,000-150.000
20-50
100-1,300
5-40
240 - 400
90,500
35
700
22
15
10123TBL
-------
TABLE 7
WASTEWATER CHARACTERIZATION OF
LEATHER TANNING AND FINISHING
Nonchrome Tan/Re1an-Wet Finish Subcateoory
Pollutant
BOD5
COD
TSS
TKN
Total Phenols
Sulfides
Oil and Grease
Total Chromium
Ammonia
Toxic Pollutant
Number of
Data Points
48
40
55
21
16
29
32
30
20
Number of
Data Points
Concentration
Range of
Individual
Data Points
1.00-7,800
1,100-75,000
28.0 • 8,200
130-1,200
0.280- 100
1.100-330
2.00-1,300
0.250-110
23 - 680
Concentration
Range of
Individual
Data Points
fma/l)
Mean
1,200
5,100
1,700
200
1.2
68
340
11
90
fma/n
Mean
Metals and Inorganics
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
4
4
3
4
4
4
430-10,000
100-740
60 - 100
100-200
40-95
300 - 700
5,100
380
80
140
61
490
10123TBL
-------
APPENDIX B
COST ESTIMATES
10123
-------
INDIVIDUAL FIELD TEST KITS
TEST
Acidity
Alkalinity
Aluminum
Chloride
Chlorine,
low range
(Free and
Total)
Chlorine,
high range
(Total)
MODEL
AC-6
2223-01
AC-DT
20640-00
AL-AP
1433-01
AL-DT
20637-00
DR 100
41101-01
8-P
1440-01
CD-DT
20635-00
CN-80
21290-00
DR100
41100-02
CN-65
2254-01
CN-DT
0-1000
HACH COMPANY
METHOD/CHEMISTRY
Drop Count Titration/
Sodium Hydroxide
Digital Titrator/
Sodium Hydroxide
Drop Count Titration/
Sulfuric Acid
Digital Titrator/
Sulfuric Acid
Colorimeter/
Eriochrome Cyanine R
Drop Count Titration/
Silver Nitrate
Digital Titrator/
Mercuric Nitrate
Color Disc/
DPD
Colorimeter/
DPD
Drop Count Titration/
Thiosulfate
Digital Titrator/
Thiosulfate
PRICE
$25.75
$136.50
$20.75
$136.50
$215.00
$25.00
$136.50
$67.75
$215.00
$45.00
$139.00
10123-2
-------
HACH COMPANY
TEST
Chromium,
low range
(hexavalent)
Chromium,
high range
(hexavalent)
Copper
(free)
Cyanide
(free)
Detergents
Dissolved
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Sulfide
Lead
MODEL
CH-8
1834-00
DR 100
41100-03
CH-14
2227-02
CH-DT
20634-00
CU-5
14213-00
DR 100
41100-06
CYN-3
2010-02
DR100
41100-07
DE-2
1432-03
OX-2P
1469-00
OX-DT
20631-00
HS-7
2239-00
DR100
41100-48
METHOD/CHEMISTRY
Color Disc/
Diphenylcarbazide
Colorimeter/
Diphenylcarbazide
Drop Count Titration/
Thiosulfate
Digital Titrator/
Thiosulfate
Color Disc/
Bicinchoninate
Colorimeter/
Bicinchoninate
Color Disc/
Pyridine-pyrazolone
Colorimeter/
Pyridine-pyrazolone
Color Disc/
Drop Count Titration/
Modified Winkler
Digital Titrator/
Modified Winkler
Color Chart/
Effervescence of Pbg
Colorimeter/
Fast Column Extraction
PRICE
$35.00
$215.00
$31.50
$140.00
$37.50
$215.00
$91.00
$215.00
$155.00
$39.95
$160.00
$16.75
$215.00
10123-2
-------
HACH COMPANY
TEST
Manganese
Nickel
Phosphate
(Total)
Silver
Sulfate
Sulfite
Zinc
MODEL
MN-5
1 467-00
DR100
41100-11
DR 100
41100-41
PO-24
2250-01
DR100
41100-42
SF-1
2251-00
DR100
41100-19
SU-5
1480-02
SU-DT
20633-00
DR100
41100-20
METHOD/CHEMISTRY
Color Disc/
Cold Periodate
Colorimeter/
Cold Periodate
Colorimeter
PAN
Color Disk/
Ascorbic Acid
Colorimeter/
Colorimetric
Extinction/
Turbidimetric
Colorimetric/
Turbidimetric
Drop Count Titration/
lodimetric
Digital Titrator/
lodimetric
Colorimeter
Zincon
PRICE
$66.75
$215.00
$275.00
$99.75
$275.00
$33.00
$215.00
$45.00
$140.00
$215.00
NOTE: Listed analysis kits and prices are those available for 1990.
10123-2
-------
FIELD TEST KIT
VWR SCIENTIFIC
BASIC KIT
Complete Water
Action Set
MODEL
Milton Roy 33-10-41
FEATURES
Mini 20 Spectophotorneter
Portable, lightweight
Includes nephelometer module,
DPD chlorine reagent system
Chlorine reagent system
PRICE
S1.245.0C
ADDITIONAL
INDIVIDUAL TESTS
Alkalinity
Chloride
Chloride (5-300)
Chlorine (free
and total
Chromium
(hexavalent)
Copper
Copper (.05-.50)
(.3-5.0)
Cyanide
(0.002-0.03 ppm)
Cyanide
(0.03-0.7 ppm)
MODEL
3-09-01
66122-304
33-09-12
66122-406
EM-14401-1
33-09-03
66122-428
33-09-17
66122-461
33-09-17
66122-508
EM-14414-1
EM-14417-1
EM-14417-1
EM-14429-1
METHOD/CHEMISTRY
Titration drop count
CaCO3 alkalinity/liter
Titration drop count
Cl/liter
Manual Test
Spectophotometric, DPD
C!2/liter
Spectophotometric, alkaline
hypobromite oxidation
Spectophotometric, cuprethol
Manual Test
Manual Test
PRICE
$56.00
$80.00
$82.95
*E7n nn
V* w.w\J
$70.00
$72.00
$82.95
$82.95
$87.10
$82.95
10123-F
-------
VWR SCIENTIFIC
ADDITIONAL
INDIVIDUAL TESTS
MODEL
METHOD/CHEMISTRY
PRICE
Dissolved Oxygen
Hydrogen Sulfide
(0.02-0.25 ppm)
Hydrogen Sulfide
(0.2-5.0 ppm)
Manganese
Nickel (0.25-8.0)
Phosphate (Total)
Phosphate (.1-.16)
Phosphate (.1-2.5)
Sulphate
Sulphate (25-300)
Zinc (0.1-5)
33-09-08
66123-034
EM-14416-1
EM-14435-1
33-09-21
66122-756
EM-14420-1
33-09-23
66123-147
EM-14409-1
EM-1443M
33-09-14
66123-227
EM-14411-1
EM-14412-1
Titration drop count S80.00
Dissolved oxygen/liter
Manual Test S82.95
Manual Test 382.95
Spectophotometric $120.00
Manual Test S82.95
Spectophotometric acid S72.00
hydrolysis and persulphate oxidation
Manual Test S82.95
Manual Test S82.95
Spectophotometric, $70.00
Turbidimetric, SO4/liter
Manual Test S82.95
Manual Test $82.95
NOTE: Listed analysis kits and prices are those available for 1990.
10123-F
-------
INDIVIDUAL FIELD TEST KITS
COLE-PARMER INSTRUMENT COMPANY
TEST
Acidity (0-500 ppm)
Alkalinity
(0-300 ppm)
Aluminum
(0-.5 ppm)
Chloride
(0-2.5 ppm)
Copper
(0-1, 1-10 ppm)
(total soluble)
Cyanide
Dissolved Oxygen
(0-10 ppm)
Lead (CLSOppb)
Phosphate
(0-5 ppm)
Sulphate
(0-750 mg/l)
Sulphite
(0-200 ppm)
Zinc (0-10 mg/l)
MODEL
L-02652-20
L-02652-02
L-05554-20
L-02652-10
95-00290-50
L-05542-09
L-02652-00
L-00291-50
L-02652-38
L-05542-23
L-02652-24
L-05542021
METHOD/CHEM'STRY
Titrimetric
Titrimetric
Titrimetric tablets
Mercurimetric titration
Colorimetric
Winkler titration
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
lodometric titration
PRICE
S23.95
S21.95
S37.50
S23.95
S53.00
S52.00
$37.95
$64.50
$23.95
$58.50
$30.75
$72.50
10123-F
-------
SUPPLIER
MODEL
pH METER
CAPABILITIES
PRICE
Hach
Hach One System
No. 43800-00
Non-Clogging Reference Junction
mV Resolution of 0.1 Unit
Auto and Manual Mode for Calibration
One Year Warranty
S395.00
Cole-Parmer
pH Wand with Electrode
Module N-05830-00
Easy to Replace Electrode Module
Automatic Signal Amplification
Automatic Temp. Compensation
+.0.01 pH Accuracy
S 120.00
V.W.R Scientific Beckman BK123132
Auto Buffer Recognition/Standardization
• Auto Read Stability Indicator
• Simultaneous Temp. Display
• Standardization Indicators
• Error Messages
• Auto Display Off
$310.00
McMaster Carr
Compact pH Meter
(LCD) No. 8508T9
Oto 14pH Range
LCD Display for Outdoor Use
+.0.01 pH Accuracy
$217.00
Omega
Model PHH-43
-Combination pH, Milli Volt,
And Temperature Meter
-Easy pH Calibration
-Microprocessor Based
Temperature Compensation
And pH Calibration
$255.00
10123-M2
-------
CONDUCTIVITY METER
SUPPLIER
Cole-Parmer
MODEL
Hand Held Model
No. N-01481-40
CAPABILITIES
Adjustable Temp. Coefficient
Auto. Temp. Compensation
Wide Conductivity Range
PRICE,
S275.00
V.W.R. Scientific
NBS Digital Meter
Cat. No. 23266-501
Chemical Resistant ABS Housing
Fast Response Probe
Battery
NBS Certificate
$218.00
Hach
Digital Model 44600
Digital Display
Conductivity, TDS, Temp.
Patented Probe
Carrying Case
$395.00
Omega
Portable Model CDH-70
Chemical Resistant Case
Temp., Conductivity, Cell Constant
Built-in Temp. Compensation
• Membrane Keyboard
$291.00
Extech Instruments P341650
-3 1 /2 Digit LCD Display S229.00
-Adjustable Hinged Cover
-Neckstrap For Hands Free Operation
-9V or AC Adaptor
-Measures Conductivity 0.1 to 200,OOOyS/cm
-Automatic 0 to 100°c Temperature
Compensation
10123-M2
-------
PORTABLE AUTOSAMPLER
MANUFACTURER:
American Sigma
MODEL.
CAPABILITIES:
Model No. 800SL
Compact design passes through 18" manhole
opening.
24#dry wt.
Accepts 8# ice in base.
Corrosion resistant Delrin pump.
Peristalic pump has no contact with media.
Liquid sensing system.
Serial interface for downloading to IBM P.C. or
Hand Held Data Transfer Unit.
Large 16 character display.
Electronic isolation sealed in NEMA 4X, 6 housing.
Vertical lift 27 ft.
Transport velocity of 2.7 ft/sec.
Temperature limits 32°F - 120°F.
Time and flow proportional sampling capabilities
REQUIRED ACCESSORIES:
1 • Compact base part No. 1405.
1 -Gel electrolyte, 12 VDC, 6 AMP/HR battery No.
1414.
1 - Battery charger No. 913.
2 - 24-575 ml polypropylene bottles w/caps No. 1369.
1 -Retainer ring No. 1376.
1 - Distributor assembly for compact base No. 1375.
25*-3/8" I.D. Vinyl tubing No. 920.
1 -Teflon/S.S. weighted strainer No. 926.
1 -Silicone pump tubing insert No. 1358.
PRICE:
$2,535.00
NOTE: Listed accessories included as part of total price.
10123-4
-------
PORTABLE AUTOSAMPLER
MANUFACTURER:
MODEL
CAPABILITIES:
Manning
Model No. S-4040
- Max. sample lift 22 ft.
- Time and flow proportional sampling capabilities.
- Watertight, ABS plastic housing.
- Superior sample transport velocity of 3 ft/sec
minimum.
- Precise equal volume samples.
- Reliable operation w/discreet sampling and
rotating spout assembly.
- Purge pressure minimum 20 psi.
- Temperature limits 32°F - 120°F.
• Interface for Manning portable flowmeters.
- 31 pound dry weight.
REQUIRED ACCESSORIES:
24 - 500 ml autoclave polypropylene bottles w/caps
1 - Battery charger.
1-12 VDC, 16 amp/hr wet cell battery.
1 - Composite base.
1-(.375") I.D. nylon reinforced PVC tubina
w/weighted PVC strainer, various lengths
available.
PRICE:
$2,090.00
NOTE: Listed accessories not included as part of total price.
10123-4
-------
PORTABLE AUTOSAMPLER
MANUFACTURER:
MODEL:
CAPABILITIES:
REQUIRED ACCESSORIES:
PRICE:
ISCO
Model No. 3700
- Rugged corrosion resistant exterior.
- Exclusive LD90 liquid presence detector.
- Watertight, dust tight, corrosion resistant.
- Peristalic pump.
- No cross contamination.
- User friendly programming.
- 40 character LCD.
- Real time date clock.
- Sealed controller.
- Sequential 24 bottle sampling.
- Time and flow proportional sampling capabilities.
- Temperature limits 32°F • 120°F.
- Pump rate 3500 ml/min. (3 ft. head)
- 37 pound dry weight.
1 - Nickel cadmium battery.
1 - AC-power converter/battery charger.
1 - 25'-3/8" I.D. vinyl suction line with strainer.
$2,865.00
NOTE: Listed accessories included as part of total price.
10123-4
-------
ESTIMATED MISCELLANEOUS SURVEY COSTS
ITEM
Instant Camera
Color Film
Plastic Sampling Bottles
Storage Cooler
Wooden Stakes
Hammer
Flashing Barricade
Orange Safety Cones
Orange SAfety Vests
Crowbar
Flashlight & Batteries
Fold-Up Tape Measure
Heavy Duty Tape
Fluorescein Dye Tracer
pH Buffer Solution
Conductivity Buffer Solution
Gloves
Rubber Boots
Safety Shoes
Safety Glasses
Hard Hats
Work Coveralls
First Aid Kit
AMOUNT
1 - Polaroid One-Step
1 - 20 Exposure Film
150-1602. Bottles
1 - 48 qt. Cooler
20 - 2 in. x 4 in. x3ft.
1 - One-Piece Steel
1 - 36* Barricade
10 - Fluorescent 18" Cones
2 - Nylon Vests
1 - Crowbar
2 - Explosion Proof
1 - 8 ft. Tape Measure
1 - 60 yd. 2 in. Duct Tape
200 Tablets
1 Pint
1 Pint
2 Pair
• 1 Pair-10in. Overshoe
2 Pair
2 Pair
2 Hats
2 Coveralls
1 - Basic Unit
PRICE
45.00
18.00
60.00
20.00
15.00
15.00
70.00
70.00
10.00
20.00
15.00
8.00
8.00
18.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
35.00
100.00
8.00
15.00
50.00
35.00
TOTAL ESTIMATED COST $650.00
10123-M2
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APPENDIX C
DATA INVENTORY FORMS
10123
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OUTFALL ANALYSIS DATA
Outfall ID Date
Inspector(s) Time
Weather Conditions
Surrounding lndustrial_
Facilities
Flow Pattern
TIME/51 OF DETECTED DISCHARGE
Dav of Week
D
2)
3}
4}
5)
Stan Time
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
End Time
D
2)
3)
4)
5)
Other Comments
10123FRM
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OUTFALL ANALYSIS DATA (cont.)
Outfall ID Date
Inspector(s) Time
PHYSICAL OBSERVATIONS
Odor
Color
Turbidity
Floatables
Residue
Vegetation
Structural Damage
Other Comments
10123FRM
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OUTFALL ANALYSIS DATA (cont.)
Outfall ID
Inspector(s)
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
EM
Type of Test
Manufacturer
Model No.
Total Dissolved Solids
Type of Test
Manufacturer _
Model No. _
Conductivity
Type of Test _
Manufacturer
Model No. _
Grab Samples
Sample ID
Laboratory Address
Date
Time
Reading 1)_
2).
3).
Reading 1)_
2).
3).
Reading 1)_
2).
3)
Phone
10123FRM
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LABORATORY ANALYSIS
Inspector(s) Date
Time
Sample Location
Sample ID
Laboratory Address
Phone
Date Submitted
Date Completed
Parameters for Testing
CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS
pH
Conductivity
Total Solids
Total Suspended Solids
Total Dissolved Solids
BOD (5 day)
Organic Solids
Inorganic Solids
Oil and Grease
1Q123FRM
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LABORATORY ANALYSIS (cont.)
Sample Location
Sample !D
TOXIC POLLUTANTS ^As Lifted bv the Clean Wa:er Act)
Acenaphthene
Acrolein
Acrylonitrile
Aldrin/Dieldrin
Antimony and compounds
Arsenic and compounds
Asbestos
Benzene
Benzidine
Beryllium and compounds
Cadmium and compounds
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlordane
Chlorinated benzenes
Chlorinated ethanes
Chloroalkyl ethers
Chlorinated naphthalene
Chlorinated phenols
Chloroform
Chloropheno!
Chromium and compounds
Copper and compounds
Cyanides
DDT and metabolites
Dichlorobenzenes
•
Dichlorobenzidine
Dichloroethylenes
2,4-Dichlorophenol
Dichloropropane & dichloropropene
" 2,4-Dimethylphenol
Dinitrotoluene
Diphenylhydrazine
Endosulfan and metabolites
Endrin and metabolites
E'.hylbenzene
Fluoranthene
Haloethers
Halomethanes
Heptachlor and metabolites
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclohexane
Hexachlorocycfopentadiene
Isophorone
Lead and compounds
Mercury and compounds
Naphthalene
Nickel and compounds
Nitrobenzene
Nitrophenols
Nitrosamines
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Phthalate esters
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
Selenium and compounds
Silver and compounds
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-diox;n
Tetrachloroelhylene
Thallium and compounds
Toluene
Toxaphene
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl chloride
Zinc and compounds
OTHER PARAMETERS
10123FRM
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PROCESS DATA: DIRECT DISCHARGE
Snspector(s) Date
Industrial Facility
Industrial Address
Industrial Contact Phone
Process Description
Discharge Point Location
Discharge Point ID
Receiving Water
Is Discharge Covered by an NPDES Permit?
If No, Why Not?
NPDES Permit No. Expiration Date
Issuing Agency Contact Phone_
Permitted Parameters
Exceedence History
Other Comments
10123FRM
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PROCESS DATA: INDIRECT DISCHARGE
Inspector(s) Date
Industrial Facility
Industrial Address
Industrial Contact Phone
Process Description
Discharge Point Location
Discharge Point ID
Final Receiving Water_
Name of POTW
POTW Contact Phone
Is Discharge Covered by a POTW Contract?
Has POTW Instituted a Pretreatment Program?
II Yes, Describe Type of Treatment
Limited Parameters
Other Comments
10123FRM
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SPILL POTENTIAL
Inspector(s)
Industrial Facility
Industrial Address
Industrial Contact
SPCC Plan Available
Other Sources
of Data
Type of Spill
Process Location
Type of Materials
Potential Volume
Possible Causes
Spill Containment
Other Comments
Date
Phone
If Yes, Date Written
10123FRM
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SPILL HISTORY
Inspector(s)
Industrial Facility
Industrial Address
Industrial Contact
SPCC Plan Available
Olher Sources
of Data
Date of Spill
Type of Spill
Process Location
Spilled Materials
Volume Spilled
Recorded Cause
Corrective Actions
Other Comments
Date
Phone
If Yes, Date Written
10123FRM
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FACILITY RUNOFF
Inspector(s) Date
Industrial Facility
Industrial Address
Industrial Contact Phone
Runoff Collection Point
Description of Contributing Area
POTENTIAL RUNOFF CHARACTER
Description Contamination Drainage
of Source Potential Path
Parking Lots
Shipping Areas
Receiving Areas
Material Storage
Other Areas
10123FRM
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CORRELATION OF DATA
Inspector(s) Dale
Industrial Facility
Industrial Address
Industrial Contact Phone
Outfall ID
Outta!! Location
Manhole ID
Manhole Location
Process ID
Process Location
Process Description
Other Comments
10123FRM
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CORRELATION OF DATA (cont.)
SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICS
Outfall Manhole Process
ID ID ID
Physical Observations
Odor
Color
Turbidity
Floatables
Residue
Vegetation
Structural Damage
Chemical Analysis
pH
TDS
Conductivity
Other Parameters
10123FRM
-------
FACILITY RUNOFF
Inspectors) Dale
Industrial Facility
Industrial Address
Industrial Contact Phone
Runoff Collection Point
Description of Contributing Area
POTENTIAL RUNOFF CHARACTER
Description Contamination Drainage
of Source Potential Path
Parking Lots
Shipping Areas
Receiving Areas
Material Storage
Other Areas
10123FRM
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Pipeline Examination
Fluorescein dye tracer will be needed to conduct pipeline examinations. Ample dye
should be brought along as several tests may be necessary to identify one or more
illicit connections at an industrial site.
Inspector Safety
Attention to safety procedures is a must during all field surveys. This includes inspector
apparel from head to toe. Work clothes should always be worn for all inspections.
Rubber boots should be brought along in case of wet or muddy conditions during the
screening of storm water outfalls. Essential materials for the industrial on-site
investigation include safety shoes, safety glasses, a hard hat, and hearing protection.
Protective gloves should always be worn when collecting samples of any potentially
dangerous discharges. Finally, a complete first aid kit should always be kept on hand
in case of an emergency.
TABLE 3
FIELD EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
Field Test Kit Orange Safety Vest
pH Meter and Buffer Solution Crowbar
Conductivity Meter and Buffer Solution Flashlight and Batteries
Automatic Sampler Fold-Up Tape Measure
Instant Camera and Film Heavy Duty Tape
Sampling Bottles and Waterproof Marker Fluorescein Dye Tracer
Cooler Work Clothes
Clipboard, Pad, Pen or Pencil Rubber Boots
Data Inventory Forms Safety Shoes
Maps Safety Glasses
Marked Stakes Hard Hats
Hammer Hearing Protection
Flashing Barricade Protective Gloves
Orange Safety Cones First Aid Kit
10123SC7 51
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TABLE 4
CONSIDERATIONS FOR AUTOMATIC SAMPLER
Capability for AC/DC operation with adequate dry battery energy storage for
120-hour operation at 1-hour sampling intervals
Total weight including batteries
Sample collection interval (adjustability from 10 minutes to 4 hours)
Capability for:
Flow proportional sample - constant time interval between samples,
sample volume proportional to stream flow at time of sampling (variation
inflow >15%)
———
Time proportional sample - constant sample volume, time interval
between samples proportional to stream flow
Capability for collecting discrete samples in 24 containers
Watertight exterior case to protect components in the event of rain or submersion
Exterior case capable of being locked to prevent tampering and provide security
No metal parts in contact with waste source or samples
An integral sample container compartment capable of maintaining samples at 4
to 6°C for a period of 24 hours at ambient temperatures ranging from -30 to
50°C
Operation capabilities in the temperature range from -30 to 50°C
Sampler exterior surface painted light color to reflect sunlight
10123SC7 52
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PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
The objective of the following discussion is to provide general information regarding the
personnel demand and training necessary to perform the methocology outlined in this
manual.
Clearly, as the size of the industrial area to be investigated increases, so too does the
demand for personnel. The following suggestions are based upon an optimum fixed
number of inspectors per phase of the field survey. These suggestions were offered in
order to set a standard as well as to simplify the overall procedure.
Phase I • Screening of Storm Water Outlalls
It is suggested that a minimum of two (2) investigators perform the observations and
analyses at a storm water outfall. There are several reasons behind this selected
minimum among which the most important are the following:
Correspondence regarding visual observations and elementary chemical
analyses
Safety in numbers
Load distribution for carried equipment
Thus, a coupled effort will result in greater efficiency as well as mobility. When very
large numbers of storm water outfalls exist for screening in an industrial area, it is
suggested that several pairs of investigators perform outfall surveys in order to expedite
the process.
Phase II • Industrial On-Site Investigation
In order to perform the industrial on-site investigation, it is suggested that either three
investigators be aided by one industry personnel or two investigators be aided by two
industry personnel. The reasoning behind a total number of four being such that the
on-site investigation may be divided into two tasks. Thus, one pair of investigators may
perform the outside inspection while the other pair focuses their attention upon the
inside inspection.
10123SC7 53
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The selected industry personnel should have a thorough knowledge of the operations
performed at the facility. In addition, it is beneficial if they also have a practical
understanding of environmental management procedures as well.
Personnel Training
In addition to efficiency, the inspectors performing a field survey must also be accurate.
High levels of accuracy may only be obtained through complete and proper training.
Training should encompass a formal orientation of the methodology presented in this
manual along with practical field techniques.
Therefore, inspectors should have an understanding of the various identification
strategies presented in this text. They should also be knowledgeable of typical kinds
and sources of industrial waste. If possible, training should include an actual field
orientation of common industrial water use processes and types of spills. Faciuai
information should also be provided summarizing the contacts and access details
necessary for obtaining pertinent data such as sewer maps or environmental records.
Inspectors must be able to correctly operate all field equipment • in particular
specialized meters and automatic samplers. Training should include the proper
procedures for collecting samples as well as for performing manhole observations.
Finally, steps must always be taken to make personnel aware of potential occupational
hazards, precautionary measures to prevent them, and special plans to follow in the
event of an emergency.
10123SC7 54
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TIMELINE
There are several steps to be performed when following the methodology outlined in
this manual. The following chart is intended to provide a generalized indication of the
time required for each step.
It is important to note that the chart provided does not take into account unexpected
problems such as poor weather or equipment failure. In addition, the time needed to
conduct the on-site industrial investigation and confirmatory analysis is highly
dependent upon the size of the facility. Thus, these estimates should be considered
only as idealized guidelines.
Procedure and Step Time Range (days)
Outfall Evaluation
Step 1 • Mapping Effort 1-3
Step 2 - Walking Tour 2 outfalls surveyed/day*
Step 3 • Outfall Analysis 2 outfalls analyzed/day
Identification of Potential Industrial Sources
Step 1 > Establish Flow Pattern 3-7
Step 2 • Analysis of Recorded Data 1 -3
Step 3 - Correlation to Possible Industrial Sources 1 -3
On-Site Industrial Investigation
Step 1 • Data Collection 2-4
Step 2 • Preliminary Evaluation of Water Use and 2-4
Other Discharges
Step 3 - On-Site Investigation 3-7
Step 4 - Confirmatory Analysis 3-7
'NOTE:
Inspectors should be able to complete the initial survey and analysis for two
outfalls per day.
10123SC7 55
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ORGANIZATIONAL- IDEAS
The use of Data Inventory Forms can greatly simplify the process of recording
information. A variety of Data Inventory Forms are provided in Appendix C of this
manual. Thus, the objective of the following discussion is to briefly describe the
function for each form.
Outfall Analysis Data
This three-page form should be used to record data collected from the screening of
storm water outfalls. The form organizes information regarding the detected flow
pattern, physical observations, and elementary chemical analysis results for a particular
outfall.
Laboratory Analysis
This two-page form should be used to check off the parameters which should be tested
for in a grab sample laboratory analysis. The form summarizes the grab sample
identification details, laboratory information, and provides a listing for conventional as
well as toxic pollutants. The toxic pollutants were determined according to the listing
provided originally in the Clean Water Act.
Process Data: Direct Discharge
This form summarizes information regarding industrial processes which directly
discharge into a receiving water body. Data regarding a particular industrial process as
well as any permit details are to be recorded on this form.
Process Data: Indirect Discharge
This form summarizes information regarding industrial processes which discharge to
the local POTW for treatment before entrance to a receiving water body. The
information recorded includes details of the particular industrial process and any
pretreatment for it discharges as well as general data for the local POTW.
10123SC7 56
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$pill History
This form should be used to record information regarding any past spills which
occurred at an industrial facility.
Spill Potential
This form should be used to summarize information regarding industrial processes
which have spill potential.
Facility Runoff
This form should be used during the outside portion of the industrial on-site
investigation. The form summarizes potential sources of illicit discharges due to storm
water runoff contamination.
Correlation of Data
This form should be used during the correlation process to determine similarities
between the detected illicit discharge and suspect industrial process discharges.
Comparisons are drawn based upon the wastestream characterization of discharges
from the contaminated outfall, manhole observations, and suspect industrial process
discharges.
10123SC7 57
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Section 8
SUMMARY
This manual has outlined a procedure which begins with the screening of stormwater
outfalls for signs of industrial discharge contamination. The methodology then
proceeds to the identification of likely sources for the detected non-stormwater
discharge. Ultimately, the actual location of the industrial illicit connection to the storm
drainage system is pinpointed. This manual concludes with a section focusing solely
upon necessary field survey techniques as the success of this methodology depends
largely upon the careful collection of data and analysis of pertinent information.
The actual strategy underlying this methodology involves a correlation process
between the characteristics Of discharges observed at outfalls and that of various
industrial manufacturing or operational process discharges. It is possible that several
options may appear to be viable solutions while at other times no alternatives may
seem to be the correct choice. Therefore, more than one on-site industrial
investigation may be necessary in order to identify the source of an illicit connection.
By applying common sense and professional judgement to the procedures outlined in
this manual, successful assessments of a facility's illicit storm water connections can
be accomplished.
10123SC8 58
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