EPA240-R-01-002
STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY FOR ASSIGNING
EMISSIONS TO INDUSTRIES
IN THE UNITED STATES: 1970 TO 1990
Benefits Assessment and Methods Development Division
National Center for Environmental Economics
Office of Policy, Economics and Innovation
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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SUMMARY
This report presents the results of a study that develops a methodology to assign emissions
to the manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries that comprise the industrial sector of the
EPA's national emission estimates for 1970 to 1990. First, the methodology followed by the U.S.
EPA to estimate national emissions of the six criteria air pollutants is described. Next, the procedures
employed in this study to assign emissions to specific industries are discussed. Finally, the
methodology is implemented and the emission estimates for each of the industries are presented in
two spreadsheets. The U.S. EPA has replaced the methodology that derives the emissions used in
thisreport. Asaresult, the U.S. EPA revised its estimates of emissions for 1970to 1990. Statistical
Methodology for Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States, Revised Estimates: 1970
to 1997 uses many of the procedures developed in this report to assign the revised estimates of
emissions for 1970 to 1997.
This is a technical report whose intended audience consists of individuals interested in
developing environmental accounts.
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Ill
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY i
TABLES v
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS vii
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Purpose of the Project 2
1.2. Organization of the Report 4
2. THE EPA'S NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES 4
2.1. Sources of Emissions 4
2.2. Methodology 5
2.3. Level of Aggregation of the Industrial Emission Estimates 9
2.4. Caveats Regarding the Emission Estimates 17
3. EMISSION ESTIMATES FOR INDUSTRIES OF THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR .... 17
3.1. Sources of Emissions 17
3.2. Methodology for Disaggregating the Emission Estimates 19
3.3. Considerations in Excluding Certain Categories of Emissions 27
3.4. Weaknesses of the Disaggregation Procedure 28
4. OVERVIEW OF THIS REPORT 28
BIBLIOGRAPHY 30
APPENDIX A A-l
APPENDIX B B-l
APPENDIX C C-l
APPENDIX D D-l
APPENDIX E E-l
APPENDIX F F-l
APPENDIX G G-l
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TABLES
Table 1: Major Source Categories and Subcategories for
Emission Estimates 6
Table 2: EPA Estimates of PM Emissions from Major
Source Categories and Subcategories 7
Table 3: Economic Activity, Emission Factors, Sources of
Information and Assumptions for Emission Estimates 10
Table 4: Emission Estimates in the Spreadsheets and the Percentage of
EPA National Estimates of Emissions in the Spreadsheets 20
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Vll
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AIRS
AIRS/FS
AP-42
ASM
BEA
EOF
Br
Btu
CO
Cu
DAEMEC
EAF
EIA
Eurostat
ex.
excl.
Fe
Fe-Mn
Ferro-Mg-El
Ferro-Mg-Bl
Fe-Si
Aerometric Information Retrieval System
AIRS Facility Subsystem
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors
Annual Survey of Manufactures
Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce
basic oxygen furnace
brass
British thermal unit
carbon monoxide
copper
Derived Annual Estimates of Manufacturing Energy Consumption
electric arc furnace
Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy
Statistical Office of the European Communities
excluding
excluding
ferro
ferromanganese
ferromanganese produced by electric furnaces
ferromanganese produced by blast furnaces
ferrosilicon
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Vlll
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
FCC
HD
HSS
incl.
LD
LPG
MECS
MOBILE-4
NAICS
NAMEA
NAPAP
NEA
n.e.c.
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
(continued)
fluid catalytic cracking
high density
Horizontal Stud Soderberg
including
low density
liquefied petroleum gas
Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey
Mobile Source Emissions Model, U.S.EPA
North American Industrial Classification System
National Accounting Matrix including Environmental Accounts
National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program
National Energy Accounts
not elsewhere classified
NEDS National Emissions Data System
1940-1990 NAPEE National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1940-1990
1970-1997 NAPET National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Update: 1970-1997
19 70-199 7 Revised Statistical Methodology for Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United
Estimates States, Revised Estimates: 1970-1997
NO
NOX
Pb
nitric oxide (NO)
oxides of nitrogen
lead
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Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States ix
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
(continued)
PM particulate matter
PM-10 particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter
POTW publicly owned treatment works
pt. part
PVC polyvinyl chloride
SCC source classification code(s)
SEDR State Energy Data Report
Si silicon
SIC Standard Industrial Classification (code)
SEEA System for Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounts
SiMn silicomanganese (or silicon manganese)
SO2 sulfur dioxide
SO3 sulphur tri oxide
SOX oxides of sulfur
TEL TetraEthyl lead
TiO2 titanium dioxide
TML TetraMethyl lead
TCC thermal catalytic cracking
TSDF hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities
U.N. United Nations
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X
U.S. BOM
U.S. DOE
U.S. DOI
U.S. DOT
U.S. EPA
U.S. FHWA
U.S. ITC
VMT
vss
voc
Zn
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
(continued)
U.S. Bureau of Mines
U.S. Department of Energy
U.S. Department of Interior
U.S. Department of Transportation
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
U.S. Federal Highway Administration
U.S. International Trade Commission
vehicle miles traveled
Vertical Stud Soderberg
volatile organic compound(s)
zinc
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1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, national and international statistical agencies have exhibited increasing
interest about the subject of environmental accounting.1 The United Nations (1993) developed
guidelines for integrating environmental-economic satellite accounts. Nestor and Pasurka (1995)
present a brief summary of the four parts of the United Nations (U.N.) framework for environmental
and natural resource accounts. Since emissions are assigned to specific industries in this report, it
can be viewed as an application of the System for Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounts
(SEEA).
The first phase of environmental accounting is organizing data related to environment-
economy interactions. Nestor and Pasurka (1995) incorporated U. S. environmental protection costs
into an input-output framework in a manner that was consistent with the U.N. guidelines. This
framework was also used to estimate the size and employment associated with the "environmental
protection industry" (see U.S. EPA, 1995a and 1995b).2
The second phase of environmental accounting is the development of physical data on
environmental-economic interactions. The Statistical Office of the European Communities (1999)
has supported the development of physical accounts known as National Accounting Matrices
including Environmental Accounts (NAMEA). The NAMEAs assemble information on emissions
and energy consumption for individual industries. The German (see Stahmer, Kuhn, and Baum,
1998), Danish (see Jensen and Pedersen 1998) and Dutch (see Keuning and DeHaan, 1998) statistical
offices are among the agencies developing NAMEAs.
Several uses of information on emissions from industries have been proposed. Among the
proposed applications are indicators of environmental performance that measure changes in
emissions to changes in output over time. The estimates of emissions from industries can be linked
to input-output tables, which makes it possible to estimate the quantity of pollutants associated with
final demand categories. Finally, adjusted measures of productivity, which credit an industry for
1 The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) published its initial work in the area of
environmental / natural resource accounting in the April 1994 issue of the Survey of Current
Business (U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, 1994a, 1994b). The
National Academy of Sciences conducted a review, Nature's Numbers: Expanding the National
Economic Accounts to Include the Environment (Nordhaus and Kokklenberg 1999), of the BEA
work in environmental accounting. The Overview (November 1999), Chapter 3 (February 2000),
Chapter 4 (March 2000), and Chapter 5 (November 1999) of Nature's Numbers were reprinted in
the Survey of Current Business (the issue is listed in parentheses) and are available at the
following URL: http://www.bea.doc.gov/bea/pubs.htm.
2 After reporting data for 1994, Pollution Abatement Costs and Expenditures (U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1996) and the annual "Pollution Abatement
and Control Expenditures" report in the Survey of Current Business (Vogan, 1996), which were
the basis of the Nestor and Pasurka (1995) and the U.S. EPA (1995a, 1995b) studies, were
discontinued.
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2 Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
reducing emissions, can be estimated by linking its emissions with the input and output data used
to estimate traditional measures of productivity.3
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has published annual estimates of
emissions at the national level of the six criteria air pollutants since 1972. The EPA is required to
collect and report information on national trends for each of the six criteria air pollutants regulated
federally under the provisions of Section 109 of the Clean Air Act — sulfur dioxide (SO2),4 oxides
of nitrogen (NOX), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide
(CO) and lead (Pb). These estimates were published in the National Air Pollutant Emission
Estimates (for example, U.S. EPA, 1991a), which has been renamed the National Air Pollutant
Emission Trends (for example, U.S. EPA, 1995c), and the National Air Quality and Emission
Trends Report (for example, U.S. EPA, 1991b). In these publications, the EPA presents annual
estimates of emissions of the six criteria pollutants at an aggregate level for several categories of fuel
combustion, industrial processes, mobile sources, and solid waste disposal and miscellaneous
sources.
1.1. Purpose of the Project
The purpose of this project is to develop a methodology that assigns the national estimates
of criteria air pollutant emissions, which are assembled by the EPA for the industrial sector, to the
individual industries that belong to the industrial sector.5 Estimates of emissions are generated for
1970 to 1990 for stationary source emissions from the industries of the industrial sector, the electric
utilities sector, and the gas utilities sector.6 This is a technical report whose intended audience
consists of individuals interested in developing environmental accounts.
Emissions from industrial fuel combustion are assigned to industries based on their
consumption of fuel for heat and power. The primary sources of energy consumption data are the
National Energy Accounts (NEA), the Derived Annual Estimates of Manufacturing Energy
Consumption (DAEMEC) (U.S. Department of Energy, 1992 and 1998), and the Manufacturing
3 Nestor and Pasurka (1998, pp. 140-141) discuss additional applications of the estimates of
emissions by industry.
4 The Clean Air Act regulates emissions of SO2. However, EPA measures the emissions of
SOX as a proxy for SO2 emissions. SOX emissions are expressed as the equivalent SO2 weight of
SOX.
5 The industrial sector consists of the industries in Agriculture, Mining, Construction, and
Manufacturing.
6 Stationary source emissions consist of emissions from sources other than (1) on-road (i.e.,
highway) vehicles and (2) non-road mobile sources.
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Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States 3
Energy Consumption Survey (MECS).7 The emissions of industrial processes are assigned to
industries that are defined by their NEA and Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes.8 The
emissions from processes are taken directly from the TRENDS data.9 The emissions from the
electric utilities and gas utilities sectors are also taken directly from the TRENDS data. Among the
sources of emissions excluded from this report are VOC emissions from solvent evaporation and all
mobile source emissions. The NEA estimates the fuel consumption for transportation by industries;
however, there has been no attempt to estimate this category of fuel consumption after 1985. As
a result, emissions from mobile sources are excluded since it is not possible to allocate their
emissions among the industries of the industrial sector.
The first spreadsheet (NEA7085.WK3) consists of estimates of emissions for 1970 to 1985
for those NEA industries that belong to the industrial sector, the electric utilities sector, and the gas
utilities sector. The second spreadsheet (SIC7090.WK3) includes emission estimates for 1970 to
1990 for the twenty two-digit SIC manufacturing industries (SIC 20-39), the electric utilities sector,
and the gas utilities sector.
After National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1940-1990 (U.S. EPA, 199la) was
released, the U.S. EPA changed its methodology to estimate emissions.10 After 1984, the "top-
down" methodology, which was the basis of the estimates of emissions used in this report, was
replaced by a modified "bottom-up" methodology. In addition, the U.S. EPA revised its estimates
of emissions for 1970 to 1984. Statistical Methodology for Assigning Emissions to Industries in the
United States, Revised Estimates: 1970 to 1997 (U.S. EPA, 2000) employs many of the procedures
developed in this report to assign emissions for 1970 to 1997 to the twenty two-digit SIC
manufacturing industries.
7 Throughout the remainder of this report, the 1985 MECS, 1988 MECS, 1991 MECS and
1994 MECS refer to the U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE) publications (U.S. DOE, 1988,
1991, 1994, 1997) that report the results of the triennial Manufacturing Energy Consumption
Survey.
8 The Source Classification Code(s) (SCC) associated with the different source categories are
discussed in Section 3.0 of the National Air Pollutant Emissions Trends Procedures Document,
1900-1996Projections 1999-2010 (U.S. EPA, 1998)
9 Until 1991, EPA derived national emission estimates for its major source categories using
the TRENDS methodology. EPA continues to use the term "Trends" in later year reports to refer
to the methodology employed in that year. In this report, "TRENDS" refers to the methodology
used to generate the emissions data in the National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1940-1990
(U.S. EPA, 1991a), which is the source of the emission estimates used by this report.
10 Throughout the remainder of this report, the 1940-1990 NAPEE refers to National Air
Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1940-1990.
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4 Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
1.2. Organization of the Report
The remainder of this report is organized in the following manner. Section 2 discusses the
important elements of the TRENDS methodology that was used by the EPA for its reports on the
trends of emissions for 1970 to 1990 (published until the 1991 report). The industry-level emission
estimates, which are contained in the two spreadsheets, are based on the TRENDS methodology.
In Section 3, the assumptions required to allocate emissions between industries and the step-by-step
process of assigning emissions are discussed. Finally, Section 4 summarizes the report.
Appendix A lists the concordance between the source categories of emissions and the SIC
and NEA codes. The concordance among the twenty two-digit SIC manufacturing industries and the
NEA codes is shown in Appendix B. Appendix C lists the NEA industry titles and corresponding
SIC codes of the NEA codes that comprise the industrial sector. Appendix D contains a comparison
of how the assignment of process emissions to industries (i.e., SIC codes) in this report differs from
the assignments made in the 1940-1990 NAPEE11 Appendix E lists the estimates of emissions for
the twenty two-digit SIC manufacturing industries (SIC 20-3 9) for the criteria air pollutants for 1970
through 1990. Appendix F describes the organization of the two spreadsheets. Finally, Appendix
G describes the preparation of the report and the peer review process.
2. THE EPAS NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES
2.1. Sources of Emissions
There are three approaches to estimating emissions in a particular area or country:
(1) individual sources of emissions can be continuously monitored,
(2) site-specific emission test data and process information can be used to generate emission
estimates, or
(3) national estimates can be generated using a combination of engineering assumptions,
economic indicators, and energy statistics.
The first of these methods, the continuous monitoring of emissions, is seldom employed
outside of the utility industry and other large facilities. The third method, commonly referred to as
"top-down" estimation, is considered the least accurate of the three, but is employed to calculate
national estimates because of the difficulty of obtaining a complete data set using the other two
methods. The second method, using a combination of site-specific information and industry average
factors, is frequently used at the state and local level to determine facility compliance with permitted
limits, and to provide emissions data for local and regional air quality modeling.
11 Except for lead emissions, the 1940-1990 NAPEE (U.S. EPA, 1991a, pp. 76-81) assigns
SIC codes to aggregated source categories of emissions from industrial processes. The 1940-
1990 NAPEE did not assign SIC codes to emissions from (1) Petroleum Marketing & Production,
(2) Surface Coating operations, (3) Miscellaneous Organic Solvent Evaporation, and (4) fuel
combustion for heat and power.
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Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States 5
Because of the technology requirements and the high cost of monitoring emissions, the
TRENDS methodology used - with a few exceptions - the "top-down" approach. This section is
limited to a discussion of the estimates generated by the TRENDS methodology. The EPA used the
TRENDS methodology to determine emissions for maj or source categories by aggregating estimated
emissions from more than 450 individual source categories (U.S. EPA, 1991a, p.l). These
categories include nearly all major sources of anthropogenic emissions.
Table 1 lists the major source categories for which the EPA estimated emissions. It also
shows the subcategories associated with each major source category from which the EPA estimates
were derived. Table 2 lists the estimates of one pollutant, PM, for each of the source categories and
subcategories. This table shows the level of disaggregation for emissions provided in the annual
EPA reports on emissions trends (U.S. EPA, 199la).
The TRENDS methodology is considered to be a "top-down" approach because it estimated
emissions at the national level, as opposed to a "bottom-up" approach in which emissions are
measured at the individual boiler level and then added up. In general for the TRENDS methodology,
the EPA used published national activity data and standard emission factors when generating its
estimates of national emissions. For each report from 1970 to 1990, the EPA updated the previous
year's estimates using current year changes in economic activity for the source categories and
changes in emission factors based on the most current understanding of processes that generate
emissions (U.S. EPA, 1991a, p. vii.).
The TRENDS methodology estimates emissions from the largest sources of pollution (those
thought to be emitting more than 100 tons of a pollutant per year). Since the TRENDS methodology
was an accounting of the emissions of the major polluters, ittended to underestimate the actual level
of emissions.
2.2. Methodology
In general, the TRENDS methodology estimated the total emissions of a pollutant from fuel
combustion or a process by multiplying the level of economic activity (e.g., fuel consumption or
deliveries, vehicle miles traveled, raw material processed, etc.) by an emission/actor -- the emissions
produced per unit of economic activity. When pollution control devices are installed, total emissions
are determined by multiplying that result by one minus the control efficiency.12 For example, a coal-
fired utility can install scrubbers that reduce its emissions by 90 percent. In this instance, the control
efficiency of the utility is 90 percent. The relationship between economic activity, emission factors
and control efficiencies can be expressed as follows:
12 Emission factors are based on expert judgment and testing.
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Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table 1
Major Source Categories and Subcategories for Emission Estimates
CATEGORY
SUBCATEGORY
TRANSPORTATION
Highway Vehicles (Gasoline and Diesel-Powered)
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Off Highway Vehicles and Machinery
STATIONARY SOURCE
FUEL COMBUSTION
Electric Utilities
Industrial Boilers
Commercial and Institutional Boilers and Furnaces
Residential Furnaces and Space Heaters
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Chemical Manufacturing
Petroleum Refining
Primary and Secondary Metals
Iron and Steel Mills
Mineral Products
Food Production and Agriculture
Industrial Organic Solvent Use
Petroleum Product Production and Marketing
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
Incineration
Open Burning
MISCELLANEOUS
Forest Fires
Other Burning (Agricultural Burning, Coal Refuse Burning, and Structure
Fires)
Miscellaneous Organic Solvents Evaporation
FUGITIVE DUST PM-10
SOURCES
Paved Roads
Unpaved Roads
Agricultural Tilling
Construction Activity
Mining and Quarrying
Wind Erosion
* For the purposes of the 1991 report, forest fires were considered anthropogenic sources although some fires may have
been caused by nature.
Source: U.S. EPA, 1991a,p. 4.
Note: The EPA estimates contain some emissions of sulphur trioxide (SO3), but sulphur dioxide (SO2) contributes the
largest share of SOX emissions. SOX emissions are expressed as the equivalent weight of SO2. Emissions of NOX consist
primarily of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). NOX emissions are expressed as weight equivalent NO2.
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Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table 2
EPA Estimates of PM Emissions from Major Source Categories and Subcategories
(Teragrams/Year)
MAJOR SOURCE
CATEGORY AND
SUBCATEGORY
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Comm./Inst.
Residential
Total
1.3
o o
J.J
0.4
2.5
7.5
2.0
2.8
0.5
1.7
7.0
2.8
1.8
0.1
1.0
5.7
2.3
1.6
0.1
0.6
4.6
0.8
0.5
0.1
1.0
2.4
0.4
0.3
0.0
1.0
1.7
Industrial Processes
Iron and Steel Mills
Primary Metal
Smelting
Secondary Metals
Mineral Products
Chemicals
Petroleum Refining
Wood Products
Food and
Agriculture
Mining Operations
Total
3.0
0.6
0.2
2.0
0.3
0.0
0.5
0.8
1.3
8.7
3.5
0.6
0.3
2.9
0.4
0.0
0.8
0.8
3.4
12.7
1.7
0.5
0.2
3.8
0.3
0.1
0.9
0.9
4.1
12.5
1.2
0.6
0.2
2.9
0.2
0.1
0.7
0.8
3.9
10.5
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.7
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.6
1.1
3.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.5
1.2
2.8
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Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table 2 (continued)
EPA Estimates of PM Emissions from Major Source Categories and Subcategories
(Teragrams/Year)
MAJOR SOURCE
CATEGORY AND
SUBCATEGORY
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off Highway
Total
0.2
0.0
2.4
0.1
0.0
2.7
0.3
0.0
1.7
0.1
0.0
2.1
0.6
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.7
0.9
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
1.2
1.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.3
1.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
1.5
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Total
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.9
0.4
0.7
1.1
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.3
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Total
Total of All Sources
2.9
0.8
3.7
23.1
1.7
0.8
2.5
24.9
1.0
0.8
1.8
21.6
0.7
0.4
1.1
18.5
1.0
0.1
1.1
8.5
1.1
0.1
1.2
7.5
Source: U.S. EPA 1991a,p.l5.
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Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States 9
Ep,s=AsxEFp,sx(l-Cp,s/100)
where, E = emissions
p = pollutant
s = source category
A = activity level
EF = emission factor
C = control efficiency (percent)
Table 3 lists the sources of the economic activity data and emission factors for the different
source categories. In general, the national economic activity data utilized by the EPA is obtained
from various sources such as Coal Distribution, Petroleum Marketing Annual, Cost and Quality of
Fuels at Electric Utility Plants that are published by Energy Information Administration (EIA) of
the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Emission factors are developed from engineering estimates
for standard equipment and process specifications. They are not necessarily precise indicators, but
rather an average rate of emissions from a large number of plants or facilities. Emission factors are
generally obtained from the EPA's Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (also known as
AP-42 factors) for stationary sources (U.S. EPA, 1985). In instances where the processes described
in the AP-42 factors are not comparable to the economic activity data used in TRENDS, the AP-42
factors are aggregated in the TRENDS database to the required level.
Exceptions to the typical TRENDS method of estimating emissions include its estimates of
emissions from electric power plants, copper smelters and highway vehicles (U.S. EPA, 199la, p.
30). SOX emissions from the electric utilities sector are calculated on a pi ant-by-plant basis.13 From
1975 to 1990, SOX emissions from copper smelters are obtained from the plants directly through the
respective state air pollution agencies (U.S. EPA, 1991a, p. 30). Emissions from highway vehicles
are calculated by state and by month using both the EPA's mobile source emission model, MOBILE-
4, for NOX, CO, and VOC emissions and emission factors from the EPA's Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors for particulate emissions (U.S. EPA, 1985).
2.3. Level of Aggregation of Industrial Emission Estimates
The U.S. EPA estimates of emissions from the industrial sector consist of two distinct
categories — processes and fuel combustion.14 For example, in the chemical industry, emissions are
13 U.S. EPA (1998, pp. 3-24 and 3-25) explains the derivation of the estimates of SO2
emissions.
14 Industrial emissions are also produced by a third type of activity - fugitive emissions. The
EPA defines "fugitive emissions" as "those emissions which could not reasonably pass through a
stack, chimney, vent, or other functionally-equivalent opening" (see title 40 of the Code of
Federal Regulations, sections 70.2 and 71.2). This definition is cited in a memo at the following
URL: http://www.epa.gov/ttncaaa 1 /t5/meta/m4047.html.
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Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table 3
Economic Activity, Emission Factors, Sources of Information and Assumptions for Emission Estimates
SOURCE
CATEGORY
SUB-CATEGORIES
POLLUTANT
COVERED
SOURCE OF EMISSIONS FACTOR
ACTIVITY DATA
REQUIRED
DATA SOURCES AND ASSUMPTIONS NOTED
STATIONARY
SOURCE-COAL
Bituminous, lignite, and anthracite coal
NOX, CO, Average emission factors representative
VOC, Pb of each category were used. In the case
of sulfur oxide emissions, the emission
factors included an average sulfur
content value for each type of coal
consumed.
Consumption of coal by
source category
U.S. DOE
SOX In the case of all electric utilities, the
SOX emission factor was adjusted to
account for the amount of sulfur
controlled by flue gas desulfurization
systems, according to information
reported by U.S. DOE.
Consumption of coal by
source category
U.S. DOE
PM An overall control efficiency was
obtained from Aerometric Information
Retrieval System/Facility Subsystem
(AIRS/FS) for all power plants
combined.
Consumption of coal by
source category
U.S. DOE
STATIONARY Residual oil, distillate oil, and Kerosene
SOURCE-FUEL burned by electric utilities, industrial
OIL boilers, commercial and institutional
boilers, furnaces and residential heaters.
All
Average emission factors and sulfur
content values were calculated.
Consumption of fuel oil by
end user.
U.S. DOE
STATIONARY
SOURCE-
NATURAL GAS
Various end-user groups
All
AP-42
Consumption of natural gas
by end user.
U.S. DOE
STATIONARY Wood for wood stoves and residential
SOURCE- fireplaces. Bagasse, liquefied petroleum
WOOD gas (LPG), and coke and coke-oven gas
consumption
All
AP-42 or AIRS
Consumption of wood,
bagasse, LPG, and coke and
coke-oven gas.
Consumption of wood for wood stoves and residential
fireplaces estimated by U.S. DOE. Consumption of bagasse
reported in AIRS. Sales of LPG reported by U.S. DOE. Coke
and coke-oven gas U.S. consumption from U.S. DOE.
January 2001
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Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table 3 (continued)
11
SOURCE
CATEGORY
STATIONARY
SOURCE-
WASTE OIL
INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES
ELECTRIC
UTILITY
SUB-CATEGORIES
Combustion of waste oil.
Included are: petroleum product storage
and petroleum marketing operations,
including gasoline, crude oil and
distillate fuel oil storage and transfer,
gasoline bulk terminals and bulk plants,
retail gasoline service stations, industrial
surface coating and degreasing
operations, graphic arts (printing and
publishing), and dry cleaners. All of
these processes involve the use of
organic solvents.
Bituminous, lignite and anthracite coal
POLLUTANT ACTIVITY DATA
COVERED SOURCE OF EMISSIONS FACTOR REQUIRED
All Average emission factors Consumption of waste oil
All Average emission factors were applied Production activity
to various production data. Average
nationwide control efficiency values for
various processes obtained from
published reports, the 1985 National
Acid Precipitation Assessment Program
(NAPAP) emission inventory, AIRS, or
the National Emissions Data System
(NEDS). Control efficiency of surface
coating operations is derived from
AIRS.
All AP-42 Consumption of fuel
DATA SOURCES AND ASSUMPTIONS NOTED
Lead emissions from combustion of waste oil were based on
information obtained from U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste.
The amount of waste oil burned was assumed to remain
constant, while the Lead content of waste oil was assumed to
decrease as a result of the general reduction in leaded oil and
petroleum products.
Emissions from the consumption of organic solvents were
estimated from those reported by U.S. EPA.
It was assumed that all solvents consumed eventually
evaporate, except in surface coating operations where some
of the organic solvent vapors are controlled.
Lead emissions from miscellaneous industrial processes
include Lead alkyl production (a major source of Lead) and
other minor sources such as type metal production, can
soldering, cable covering, and miscellaneous sources. The
Lead alkyl production was based on information reported by
U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC). Production
information for other minor sources is from U.S. DOE.
U.S. DOE
January 2001
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12
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table 3 (continued)
SOURCE POLLUTANT
CATEGORY SUB-CATEGORIES COVERED SOURCE OF EMISSIONS FACTOR
HIGHWAY Gasoline-powered automobiles, diesel- VOC, NOX, MOBILE 4.0
VEHICLES powered automobiles, light duty CO
gasoline trucks (less than 6,000 Ibs.),
light duty gasoline trucks 6,000 to 8,500
Ibs. in weight, light duty diesel trucks,
heavy duty gasoline trucks and buses,
heavy duty diesel trucks and buses, and
motorcycles
VOC MOBILE 4.0
PM, PM-10 AP-42
Pb Average emission factors
ACTIVITY DATA
REQUIRED
Vehicle miles traveled
(VMT) and vehicle speeds
Ambient temperature,
vehicle speeds, gasoline
volatility, and other
variables.
VMT, speed and tire wear
Gasoline consumption,
gasoline lead content,
percent unleaded gasoline
DATA SOURCES AND ASSUMPTIONS NOTED
Prior to 1980, emissions were calculated on the national level
only, with a single average annual temperature, a single
gasoline volatility, a national distribution of vehicle speed
and type, and a percentage of hot and cold starts.
For 1980 and after, emissions were calculated on the state
and monthly level using state voluntary fuel volatility
guidelines obtained from the American Society for Testing
and Materials, and average monthly max and min
temperature in each state were utilized by MOBILE 4.0. As a
result of using this new method, national VOC emission
estimates were about 12 to 15 percent higher than previous
estimates.
In both methods, average vehicle speeds were based on
published distribution of VMT — 55 mph for interstates and
other primary highways, 45 mph for other rural road, and
19.6 mph for urban streets.
None discussed
Emission factors account for tire wear, brake wear and
tailpipe exhaust emissions.
Lead content of gasoline in 1970 from U.S. Bureau of Mines
(BOM). For subsequent years from AP-42. Percent unleaded
gasoline obtained from U.S. Energy Information Agency
(EIA) of the U.S. DOE.
January 2001
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Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table 3 (continued)
13
SOURCE
CATEGORY
SUB-CATEGORIES
POLLUTANT
COVERED
SOURCE OF EMISSIONS FACTOR
ACTIVITY DATA
REQUIRED
DATA SOURCES AND ASSUMPTIONS NOTED
OFF HIGHWAY Farm tractors, other farm machinery,
VEHICLES construction equipment, industrial
machinery, small general utility engines
such as lawn mowers and snowmobiles,
and motorcycles.
All
Average emission factors
Equipment population data,
annual fuel use factor, fuel
deliveries of diesel fuel and
gasoline sales for off-
high way use.
Fuel use was estimated for each subcategory from equipment
population data, and an annual fuel use factor together with
fuel deliveries of diesel fuel reported by U.S. DOE for
gasoline sales reported by the U.S. Department of
Transportation for off-highway use.
AIRCRAFT
Various types of aircraft
All AP-42 for various types of aircraft. Used
"average emission factors" that take into
account the national mix of different
types of aircraft used for general
aviation, military, and commercial
purposes.
Number of landings and
takeoffs
U.S. Federal Aviation Administration
RAILROADS
None
All Average emissions factors used that are
applicable to each type of fuel. In the
case of SOX, the average sulfur content
of each fuel was included in the
emission factors.
Diesel and residual fuel oil
consumption
EIA of the U.S. DOE
VESSELS
None
All AP-42 for diesel fuel, residual oil, and
gasoline. In the case of coal-fired
vessels, an "average emission factor" for
coal combustion in boilers was used.
Gasoline consumption
based on national boat and
motor registration together
with usage factors
(gallons/motor/ year).
Consumption of diesel fuel, residual oil, and coal by vessels
operating inside U.S. boundaries from U.S. DOE. Marine
gasoline sales from U.S. DOT.
SOLID WASTE
DISPOSAL
None
All Average emission factors are applied to
the estimated quantities of solid waste
disposal.
The emissions from this
category are based on an
assumed solid waste
generation rate of 5.5 Ibs.
per capita per day.
This value was originally based on a study of solid waste
collection and disposal practices. This value is adjusted each
year based on information contained in AIRS/FS.
January 2001
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14
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table 3 (continued)
SOURCE
CATEGORY
SUB-CATEGORIES
POLLUTANT
COVERED
SOURCE OF EMISSIONS FACTOR
ACTIVITY DATA
REQUIRED
DATA SOURCES AND ASSUMPTIONS NOTED
FOREST FIRES
None
All Average emission factors applied to the
estimated quantities of material burned.
Quantities of materials
burned
The U.S. Forest Service and the U.S. Department of the
Interior (DOI) publish information on the number of forest
fires, their location and the acreage burned each year.
The amount of forest biomass burned and controlled burning
of forest areas in acres are estimated by the U.S. EPA each
year.
AGRICULTURAL
BURNING
None
All
Average emission factors
Number of acres and
quantity of material burned
U.S. EPA conducted a study to obtain local agricultural and
air pollution control agency estimates of the number of acres
and quantity of material burned per acre in agricultural
burning operations. These data were updated and used to
estimate emissions based on average emission factors.
COAL REFUSE
BURNING
None
All Rough estimates were made by applying
average emission factors for coal
combustion to U.S. BOM data.
Number of burning coal-
refuse piles
U.S. BOM
STRUCTURE
FIRES
None
All Emissions are estimated by applying
average emission factors for wood
combustion.
Number and type of
structures damaged by fires
each year.
U.S Department of Commerce.
NON- Includes nonindustrial sales of surface
INDUSTRIAL coatings for architectural coating, and
ORGANIC solvent evaporation from consumer
SOLVENT USE products such as aerosols, deodorants,
polishes, toiletries, etc. Also includes the
use of organic compounds such as
general cleaning solvents, paint
removers, liquefaction of asphalt paving
compounds, and miscellaneous other.
All
Average emission factors
Quantity of chemical
production
Total national organic solvent use was estimated from
chemical production reports together with estimates of the
portion of total production of each chemical for use as
solvent. It was assumed that the quantity of all solvent
produced is equal to the quantity necessary to make up for
solvent loss by evaporations.
January 2001
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Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table 3 (continued)
15
SOURCE
CATEGORY
SUB-CATEGORIES
POLLUTANT ACTIVITY DATA
COVERED SOURCE OF EMISSIONS FACTOR REQUIRED
DATA SOURCES AND ASSUMPTIONS NOTED
UNPAVED
ROADS
None
PM-10
AP-42
VMT on unpaved roads.
Average daily traffic
volume.
Method used was similar to that developed by NAPAP.
Minor modifications were:
1) used AP-42 emission factor for unpaved roads for all
unpaved road surface types.
2) a plume depletion factor was not applied to the emission
estimates.
These two modifications were made to be consistent with the
approach used for other source categories.
Finally, variable (not fixed) values of vehicle speeds, weights,
and number of wheels were used to develop the emission
factor for unpaved roads.
PAVED ROAD None
RESUSPENSION
PM-10 AP-42. Regional PM-10 emissions from
paved road resuspension were estimated
by summing state-level emission
estimates. A "dry days" term was
included in the AP-42 emission factor
equation for paved roads similar to the
one used in the unpaved and emission
factor, in an attempt to account for the
effect of precipitation
VMT. Average daily traffic
volume.
An empirical model was used to express the relationship
between traffic volume and surface silt loading. Surface silt
loading values were determined for various paved road
function classes by U.S. EPA region. Average daily traffic
volume was calculated by dividing the total VMT for a
particular functional class, year, and state and then dividing
by the number of days in the year.
For 1985 - 1989, the total VMT (by U.S. EPA region and
functional class) was obtained from U.S. Federal Highway
Administration (FFfWA). VMT from paved roads were
calculated by subtracting the unpaved VMT from the total
VMT.
For 1990, the total VMT was obtained by U.S. EPA region,
and rural and urban VMT. Rural and urban VMT was further
subdivided into functional classes using the 1989 VMT
distribution.
January 2001
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16
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table 3 (continued)
SOURCE
CATEGORY
WIND EROSION
AGRICULTURAL
TILLING
CONSTRUCTION
ACTIVITIES
MINING AND
QUARRYING
SUB-CATEGORIES
None
None
None
Overburden removal, drilling and
blasting, loading and unloading, and
overburden replacement.
Transfer and conveyance operations,
crushing and screening operations, and
storage and travel on haul roads are not
included in the estimates.
POLLUTANT ACTIVITY DATA
COVERED SOURCE OF EMISSIONS FACTOR REQUIRED
PM-10 Regional PM-10 wind erosion emission Expectation of the dust flux
estimates for agricultural lands were based on the probability
made by modifying the NAPAP method distribution of wind energy.
for estimating wind erosion emissions. Uses mean wind speed and
information on threshold
friction velocity any
information on
precipitation.
PM-10 AP-42 Agricultural tilling
PM-10 None discussed Construction activity, total
number of acres of land
under construction, average
duration of construction.
PM-10 None discussed Mining and quarrying
production
DATA SOURCES AND ASSUMPTIONS NOTED
Mean wind speed, threshold friction velocity, and
precipitation were used to predict the wind erosion flux
potential for soils.
Emission estimates were developed as part of the NAPAP
utilized a 30-year wind record and thus represent a 30-year
average emission estimate. The wind erosion emission
estimates here use state-level, year-specific wind and activity
data.
Regional PM-10 emissions from agricultural tilling were
made using the AP-42 emission factor equation for
agricultural tilling with year-specific and state-level emission
factor correction parameters and activity data.
Regional PM-10 emissions were estimated using an
emissions factor for construction activity and the total
number of acres of land under construction in the nation. The
average duration of construction was also estimated.
Metallic ore emissions were calculated by assuming that for
the four operations listed, the PM-10 emission factors for
copper ore processing operations apply to all metallic ores.
Nonmetallic ore and coal emissions were calculated by
assuming that the PM-10 emissions factors for surface coal
mining apply to both nonmetallic ores and coal.
Source: Compiled from U.S. EPA 1991a, pp. 29-35.
January 2001
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Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States 17
produced from the industrial process itself and from fuel combustion for heat and power. Hence,
the pollutants emitted by the chemical industry when it manufactures its products are treated
separately in the TRENDS methodology from those released by the energy-converting boiler.
Emissions from the combustion of fuel by the industrial sector include emissions from the
combustion of coal, fuel oil, natural gas, and miscellaneous fuels consumed by all industries, except
cement manufacturing, petroleum refining, iron and steel processing, glass manufacturing, and lime
manufacturing.15 Emissions from the combustion of fuel oil include emissions generated by the
residual, distillate and other oil categories. Miscellaneous fuels consist of wood for wood stoves and
residential fireplaces, bagasse, liquefied petroleum gas, coke and coke-oven gas, and waste oil (U.S.
EPA, 1991a, p. 32).
The U.S. EPA (1998, p. 4-2) organizes the source categories of emissions of criteria
pollutants into four levels (i.e., tiers). Tier I and Tier n categories are the same for each of the six
criteria pollutants. Tier HI categories are different for each pollutant. Finally, Tier IV corresponds
to source classification codes (SCCs). Each SCC represents a "unique process or function" that
produces emissions. For each of the major (i.e., Tier II and Tier ID) source categories, the U. S. EPA
(Gschwandtner, 1989 and U.S. EPA, 1998) provides documentation that explains the procedures
employed to develop the emission estimates, the sources of information required to generate the
estimates, and the subcategories are added together to obtain the major source category estimate.
2.4. Caveats Regarding the Emission Estimates
When they were published, these data were the best source of information on the trends of
emissions. However, the EPA cautioned that the TRENDS estimates were only to be used as
indicators of how relative emission levels changed over time, rather than actual measures of
emissions of pollutants. Statistical Methodology for Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United
States, Revised Estimates: 1970 to 1997 (U.S. EPA, 2000), uses the U.S. EPA's revised estimates
of emissions for 1970 to 1990.
3. EMISSION ESTIMATES FOR INDUSTRIES OF THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
3.1. Sources of Emissions
TheNEA7085.WK3 and SIC7090.WK3 spreadsheets contain estimates of emissions of PM,
SOX, NOX, VOC, CO, and Pb from the industries that comprise the industrial sector, the electric
utilities sector (both public and private), and the gas utilities sector. This study includes emissions
from stationary point sources; "area" sources of emissions (i.e., those that cannot be assigned to a
specific source) are excluded. The estimates of emissions from the industrial sector consist of
process-related sources as well as emissions from the combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas.
Emissions from fuel combustion are allocated to industries based on the fuel consumption of each
15 These exceptions are discussed in section 3.2.1.2.
January 2001
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18 Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
industry. Fuel combustion emissions from miscellaneous fuels, such as wood and bagasse, are
excluded since they could not be assigned to specific industries due to lack of data.
The U.S. EPA (1991a) published estimates of emissions from a variety of sources that are
excluded from this study. For example, emissions from the commercial/institutional sector and the
residential sector are excluded. In addition, mobile source emissions that occur as a result of
activity in the industrial sector are not attributed to individual industries. Hence, all mobile source
emissions are excluded from this study. Finally, emissions from solid waste disposal and
nonanthropogenic sources such as forest fires and soil erosion dust are also excluded.
The methodology developed in this report is implemented in two spreadsheets. The
spreadsheets differ by the level of aggregation (due to the availability of the energy consumption data
used to disaggregate the emissions from fuel combustion), and the years for which emission
estimates are developed. The first spreadsheet (NEA7085.WK3) contains estimates of emissions
for 1970 through 1985. Emissions are assigned to those industries that comprise the industrial
sector, the electric utilities sector, and the gas utilities sector. For manufacturing industries, this
spreadsheet contains emissions by NEA code which corresponds approximately to the three-digit
SIC industry level of disaggregation.
There are four NEA codes in agriculture (three codes are assigned process emissions of at
least one pollutant), ten NEA codes in mining (seven codes are assigned process emissions of at
least one pollutant), three NEA codes in construction (two codes are assigned process emissions of
at least one pollutant), seventy-two NEA codes in manufacturing (thirty-five codes are assigned
process emissions of at least one pollutant). Within the industrial sector, forestry and forestry
products (NEA 03000) is the only industry assigned neither fuel combustion nor process emissions.
The second spreadsheet (SIC7090.WK3) provides emission estimates for 1970 through 1990
for the twenty two-digit SIC manufacturing industries (SIC 20-39), the electric utilities sector, and
the gas utilities sector. The NEA data are used to allocate the emissions from fuel combustion for
1970 to 1985. Using the same methodology as the first spreadsheet, SIC7090.WK3 provides
estimates of emissions for the twenty two-digit SIC manufacturing industries. Data from Derived
Annual Estimates of Manufacturing Energy Consumption (DAEMEC) (See U.S. DOE, 1992 and
1998) are utilized to distribute emissions from fuel combustion among the manufacturing industries
for 1986 through 1990.
In both spreadsheets, emissions are attributed directly to the source of emissions and not
downstream to the industrial users of the input or to the consumers of the product. This attribution
is most important with respect to assigning emissions to the electric utilities sector instead of the
industries that consume the electricity. Since both the NEA and the DAEMEC data include
estimates of electricity consumption, it is possible for researchers to assign the emissions that result
from the generation of electricity to the end users in the economy.
January 2001
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Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States 19
The "Spreadsheet Estimates" section of Table 4 shows the quantity of emissions assigned to
industries in this report. The section of Table 4 labeled "Percentage of National Estimates in
Spreadsheets" shows the percentage of emissions from all sources assigned to industries in this
report. The spreadsheets (NEA7085.WK3 and SIC7090.WK3) contain estimates of emissions from
the industrial sector, electric utilities sector, and the gas utilities sector. The spreadsheets exclude
emissions from miscellaneous fuels, commercial/institutional, residential sources and mobile
sources, and some consumer-related VOC emissions.16
According to Table 4, the industrial and electric utilities sectors account for the vast maj ority
of SOX and PM emissions. In 1970, SOX emissions from electric utilities and industrial sources
represented about 95 percent of total SOX emissions. For PM, they represented approximately 77
percent of emissions. NOX is produced by both stationary and mobile sources. VOCs, CO and Pb
are more closely associated with mobile sources. As a consequence, the industrial and electric utility
sectors account for a smaller percentage of the total emissions for these four pollutants: for NOX, 48
percent; for VOCs, 31 percent; for CO, 9 percent; and, for Pb, 16 percent.
The manufacturing sector was responsible for 44 percent to 98 percent of emissions from
the industrial sector in 1970. Specifically, the manufacturing sector contributed 60 percent of PM
emissions, 98 percent of SOX emissions, 44 percent of NOX emissions, 71 percent of VOC emissions,
96 percent of CO emissions, and 97 percent of Pb emissions.17
3.2. Methodology for Disaggregating the Emission Estimates
The procedures employed to allocate emissions from fuel combustion and processes to each
industry are described in the remainder of Section 3.2. Section 3.2. also discusses the procedures
used to assign emissions to the electric utilities sector and gas utilities sector. Appendix E lists the
estimates of emissions for the twenty two-digit SIC manufacturing industries (SIC 20-39) for the six
criteria pollutants for 1970 through 1990. The spreadsheets contain the emission estimates produced
from applying the following methodology for disaggregating emissions from the industrial sector.
16 Emissions from the gas utilities sector, which are derived from the fuel combustion
emissions from the industrial sector, are discussed in Section 3.2.5. Consumer-related VOC
emissions, which are classified as emissions from industrial processes, are from degreasing,
adhesives, solvent extraction processes and other organic solvent uses. Section 3.3.5. provides
additional information on these sources of emissions.
17 For the purpose of determining the percentage of industrial sector emissions assigned to
manufacturing industries in Table 4, the following assumptions are made: (1) emissions from the
gas utilities sector are assigned to the industrial fuel category, and (2) emissions from consumer-
related VOC emissions are assigned to the industrial process category.
January 2001
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20
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table 4
Emission Estimates in the Spreadsheets and the Percentage of
EPA National Estimates of Emissions in the Spreadsheets
POLLUTANT
SOX
NOX
VOC
PM
CO
Pb
CATEGORY
Industrial Process
Industrial Fuel
Electric Utilities Fuel
Total
Industrial Process
Industrial Fuel
Electric Utilities Fuel
Total
Industrial Process
Industrial Fuel
Electric Utilities Fuel
Total
Industrial Process
Industrial Fuel
Electric Utilities Fuel
Total
Industrial Process
Industrial Fuel
Electric Utilities Fuel
Total
Industrial Process
Industrial Fuel
Electric Utilities Fuel
Total
SPREADSHEET
ESTIMATE
(teragrams)*
1970
7.07
3.98
15.78
26.84
0.68
3.77
4.45
8.89
7.57
0.08
0.03
7.68
10.43
1.41
2.33
14.17
8.09
0.55
0.21
8.86
23.86
9.10
0.31
33.27
1980 1 1990
4.23 3.71
2.24 2.17
15.50 14.24
21.96 20.12
0.67 0.59
2.86 3.14
6.37 7.28
9.91 11.01
7.48 6.44
0.06 0.06
0.04 0.05
7.58 6.55
3.29 2.80
0.33 0.15
0.83 0.42
4.46 3.37
6.34 4.67
0.43 0.46
0.29 0.32
7.06 5.45
3.58 2.02
3.76 0.38
0.12 0.06
7.46 2.46
PERCENTAGE OF EPA
NATIONAL ESTIMATES
IN THE
1970
24.99
14.07
55.77
94.83
3.67
20.38
24.03
48.07
30.29
0.30
0.11
30.70
56.38
7.60
12.62
76.60
7.98
0.54
0.21
8.73
11.71
4.46
0.15
16.32
SPREADSHEETS"
1980
18.08
9.56
66.23
93.87
3.23
13.70
30.49
47.41
33.11
0.26
0.18
33.55
38.75
3.87
9.81
52.43
7.97
0.53
0.37
8.87
5.08
5.32
0.17
10.56
1990
17.52
10.22
67.16
94.90
3.00
16.04
37.13
56.17
34.45
0.34
0.25
35.03
37.33
2.02
5.58
44.94
7.76
0.77
0.53
9.06
28.00
5.33
0.84
34.17
except Pb, which is in thousands of metric tons. One teragram equals one million metric tons, or approximately
1.1 million short tons. One short ton equals two thousand pounds.
Category totals are from the spreadsheets. Percentages are calculated from totals in U.S. EPA, 199la, p. 2.
Percentages do not total 100 percent of EPA emission estimates because the spreadsheets exclude emissions from
miscellaneous fuels, commercial/institutional, residential and mobile sources, and some consumer-related VOC
emissions.
January 2001
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Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States 21
3.2.1. Industrial Fuel Combustion Emission Estimates
3.2.1.1.Overview of the Disaggregation Procedure
When developing estimates of fuel combustion emissions for industries, it is assumed that
the ratio of fuel consumption to emissions from fuel combustion is identical for all industries. This
assumption allows the use of information on fuel consumption by industries to assign emissions from
fuel combustion to those industries. The EPA, the NEA, and the DAEMEC data all contain
information on physical quantities of energy consumption. However, the energy consumption data
employed by the EPA for its estimates of emissions do not include estimates of fuel consumption
by specific industries within the industrial sector. The NEA provides data on energy consumption
by functional use (i.e., heat and power, transportation), and the DAEMEC provides data on energy
consumption for heat and power. Since the EPA, NEA, and DAEMEC data are based on published
data sources of energy consumption such as the U.S. DOE's Coal Distribution, Petroleum Marketing
Annual, and Cost and Quality of Fuels at Electric Utility Plants, it was determined that the datasets
are comparable, and therefore that NEA and DAEMEC data are used to allocate the EPA estimates
of fuel combustion emissions.
Information on fuel consumption for "heat and power" from the NEA and DAEMEC is used
to assign emissions from fuel combustion to industries. Emissions from the combustion of a
particular fuel are assigned to an industry based on its share of the total consumption of that fuel for
"heat and power" by the industrial sector. For example, if an industry consumes 10 percent of all
natural gas, then 10 percent of all emissions from natural gas are assigned to that industry.
The source of the energy consumption data used to assign emissions from fuel combustion
for 1970 to 1985 is different from the data used to assign emissions between 1986 and 1990. The
NEA data series was discontinued in 1985 and its replacement, the DAEMEC, only provides energy
consumption data for manufacturing industries. In addition, the estimates of energy consumption
developed in this report for 1986 to 1990 for the nonmanufacturing sectors differ from the NEA
estimates. The procedural changes necessary to allocate emissions for 1986 to 1990 are discussed
after the procedures for allocating emissions for 1970 to 1985.
The NEA and DAEMEC data, which are used to distribute emissions from fuel combustion,
consist primarily of purchased energy. However, there are some industries in which energy is
produced and consumed at the same establishment. For example, coal is produced and consumed at
the same establishment by NEA 07010 and NEA 07020, and natural gas is produced and consumed
at the same establishment by NEA 08002 and NEA 08003. This source of fuel is included when
distributing emissions that result from coal and natural gas combustion for heat and power.18
18 The NEA estimate of natural gas produced and consumed at the same establishment in NEA
industry 08002 in 1982 differs from the value reported in the 1982 Census of Mineral Industries
(U.S. Department of Commerce, 1985). As a result, the NEA estimates of natural gas produced
and consumed at the same establishment in NEA industry 08002 for 1978 to 1985 are re-
estimated. This is discussed in Section 3 of Statistical Methodology for Assigning Emissions to
Industries in the United States, Revised Estimates: 1970 to 1997 (U.S. EPA, 2000).
January 2001
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22 Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Although the NEA does not provide separate estimates of energy produced and consumed
at the same establishment within the manufacturing sector, Price and Wendling (1986, p. 4) state
that some fuels consumed for heat and power in the petroleum refining, coke ovens and blast
furnaces and steel mills industries are produced and consumed at the same establishment. Price and
Wendling indicate that adjustments are made to the data in the NEA for these cases. It is assumed
that the differences between the "Total Inputs of Energy for Heat, Power, and Electricity" and "Total
Consumption of Offsite-Produced Energy for Heat, Power, and Electricity" tables in the MECS
reflect instances when fuels are produced and consumed at the same establishment between 1986
and 1990.
According to the MECS, the petroleum refining industry (SIC 29) accounts for a large
percentage of the fuels produced and consumed at the same establishment. The quantities of residual
fuel oil, distillate fuel oil, and natural gas consumed for heat and power by the petroleum refining
industry from 1986 to 1990 are adjusted so that they are consistent with the NEA data. Section 3.3.
of 1970-1997RevisedEstimates discusses the cases when there are differences between the "Total
Inputs of Energy for Heat, Power, and Electricity" and "Total Consumption of Offsite-Produced
Energy for Heat, Power, and Electricity" tables in the MECS. According to those two tables, all
natural gas produced and consumed by the same establishment within SIC 29 are part of SIC 291
(petroleum refining) (see U.S. DOE, 1988, pp. 25 and 35). Section 3.2.1.3. explains that natural gas
consumed by petroleum refining (SIC 291) is excluded when distributing emissions from the
consumption of natural gas for heat and power. As a result, information about natural gas consumed
and produced at the same establishment in the petroleum refining industry is not used when
allocating emissions from the combustion of natural gas for heat and power. Since the MECS
estimate of residual fuel oil produced and consumed at the same establishment differs dramatically
from the NEA estimate of residual fuel oil produced and consumed at the same establishment, not
adjusting the MECS estimate of residual fuel oil consumption leaves it closer to the NEA estimate.
Hence, only distillate fuel oil consumption is adjusted for production and consumption by the same
establishment in SIC 291.
The methodology employed to assign emissions from fuel combustion assumes that the ratio
of fuel consumption to emissions is constant across industries and boilers. Conversations with boiler
experts suggest that this simplification may be reasonable since industrial boilers are roughly
comparable in size and the regulations affecting them are similar. However, there may be some
differences in the efficiency or average sizes of boilers across industries. Data on boiler sizes by
industry that would allow a more precise disaggregation are not readily available.19
3.2.1.2. Detailed Steps for Disaggregation from 1970 to 1985
When generating industry-level emission estimates, the first step is to develop a concordance
between the NEA estimates of fuel consumption by the industrial sector and the estimates of fuel
consumption by the industrial sector reported by the TRENDS data. Once the correspondences are
established (and extraneous information is subtracted out as discussed below), the TRENDS
19 This data, although difficult to compile and analyze, is available, at least for certain parts of
the country (predominantly for the 1990 base year).
January 2001
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Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States 23
estimates of fuel consumption by the industrial sector are assumed to equal the NBA estimates of
energy consumption by the industries of the industrial sector.
After developing the mapping, the second step is to make the appropriate adjustments to the
data so that the energy consumption estimates of the NEA matches estimates of energy consumption
employed by the TRENDS methodology. Two adjustments are necessary to make the NEA
estimates of energy consumption by the industrial sector comparable to the estimates of energy
consumption used by the TRENDS methodology when estimating emissions from fuel combustion.
The first adjustment is to include only fuel consumed for "heat and power" according to the NEA.20
The second adjustment involves deleting from the NEA estimates of fuel consumed for "heat and
power" any fuel whose emissions are treated by the TRENDS methodology as process emissions.
Since the emissions that occur as a result of certain fuel-industry combinations are treated by the
TRENDS methodology as process emissions, failure to make these adjustments results in some
emissions being "double counted" (i.e., emissions that result from the consumption of those fuels
would be assigned twice to those industries). Hence, the consumption of the following fuels by
cement plants, petroleum refineries, and steel mills are deleted from the NEA estimates of fuel
consumed for heat and power:21
Bituminous coal and lignite consumption by cement plants and by lime plants. (For
documentation that these categories are not in the TRENDS methodology
combustion emissions, see the page labeled 60, Section 3.7.3.1, Gschwandtner,
1989);22
20 Energy consumption for "heat and power" is assigned functional use code 10 in the NEA
data and constitutes the majority of energy consumption in the NEA (Price and Wendling, 1986).
21 The NEA reported that fuels were consumed for "heat and power" by the following
combinations of fuels and NEA sectors: coal (cement - NEA 36010 and lime -36990), residual
fuel oil (petroleum refining - NEA 31011, cement - NEA 36010, and blast furnaces - NEA
37012), distillate fuel oil (petroleum refining - NEA 31011, and cement - NEA 36010), and
natural gas (petroleum refining - NEA 31011, glass - NEA 35000, cement - NEA 36010, and
blast furnaces - NEA 37012). These are the fuel-industry combinations whose fuel consumption
for "heat and power" are adjusted for the purpose of distributing emissions from fuel
combustion.
22 The EPA data source for coal consumption excludes coke oven plants. According to the
NEA, coke oven plants (NEA 37011) do not consume coal for heat and power. This is assumed
to be true for 1986 to 1990. Lime (SIC 3274) is the principal consumer of coal for "heat and
power" in 1991 and 1994 (see U.S. DOE 1994, p. 61 and 1997, p. 61) by the industries that
belong to NEA 36990.
January 2001
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24 Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Residual oil consumption by cement plants (subtract two-thirds of the consumption),
by petroleum refineries, and by steel mills (specifically blast furnaces). (See the page
labeled 79, Section 3.8.3.1, Gschwandtner, 1989);23
Distillate oil consumption by cement plants (subtract one-third of the consumption)
and by petroleum refineries (See the page labeled 79, Section 3.8.3.1, and the page
labeled 87, Section 3.9.3.1, Gschwandtner, 1989); and24
Natural gas consumption by cement plants and by petroleum refineries, by iron and
steel industry and by glass manufacturing (See the page labeled 94, Section 3.10.3.1,
Gschwandtner, 1989).
Once these adjustments are made, it is assumed that the EPA and NEA data are compatible.25 The
remaining fuel consumed for "heat and power" in the NEA data are used to assign fuel combustion
emissions to the industries of the industrial sector.26
After these adjustments are made, the next step is to calculate each industry's share of the
fuel consumed (in physical units) for "heat and power" by the industrial sector. These shares are used
to assign emissions from fuel combustion among the industries of the industrial sector. This process
is repeated for each fuel type. The emissions from each fuel type are added to determine total
emissions from fuel combustion by each industry.
3.2.1.3. Disaggreaation from 1986 to 1990
The NEA data ceased to be updated after 1985. The triennial MECS was first conducted
by the U.S. DOE (1988) in 1985. The MECS was subsequently conducted in 1988, 1991, and 1994
(U.S. DOE, 1991, 1994, 1997).
23According to the U.S. DOE (1988, pp. 24 and 31), in 1985 all residual oil consumed by
cement plants is for "heat and power." This is also true in 1988 (see U.S. DOE, pp. 25 and 28)
and 1991 (see U.S. DOE 1994, pp. 55 and 61).
24According to the U.S. DOE (1988, pp. 24 and 31), in 1985 virtually all distillate fuel oil
consumed by cement plants is for "heat and power." This is also true in 1988 (see U.S. DOE, pp.
25 and 28) and 1991 (see U.S. DOE, 1994, pp. 55 and 61).
25 These adjustments are also described in National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Procedures
Document, 1900-1996Projections 1999-2010 (U.S. EPA, 1998, pp. 3-35, 3-38, 3-39, and 3-43).
Residual fuel oil and natural gas consumed by Blast furnaces (NEA 37012) is employed as a
proxy for the residual fuel oil and natural gas consumed by the "raw steel" industry (see U.S.
EPA, 1998, pp. 3-39 and 3-43).
26 The concordance among the twenty two-digit SIC manufacturing industries and the NEA
codes is shown in Appendix B. Appendix C lists the names and SIC equivalents of the NEA
codes that comprise the industrial sector.
January 2001
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Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States 25
The energy consumption data for 1985, 1988, 1991, and 1994 reported in the DAEMEC
(U.S. DOE, 1992 and 1998) are taken from the "Total Consumption of Offsite-Produced Energy for
Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation" tables in the MECS. These data are comparable to data
found in the Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM). The ASM data are the basis of the pre-MECS
estimates in the Derived Annual Estimates of Manufacturing Energy Consumption (DAEMEC) and
the NEA data for the manufacturing industries (U.S. DOE, 1992, pp. 3-4). The discrepancies
between the NEA and DAEMEC data are discussed in Section 3 of Statistical Methodology for
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States, Revised Estimates: 1970 to 199721
The DAEMEC provides estimates of energy consumption (in Btu) for 1974 to 1994;
however, only the data for 1974 to 1988 are reported in physical units. As a result, the DAEMEC
data (in Btu) are used to assign fuel combustion emissions between 1986 and 1990. For each type
of fuel consumed for heat and power, the NEA data use the same energy conversion factor for all
industries. However, there are some differences between the energy conversion factors for coal and
natural gas employed by the DAEMEC and the sources of information about energy consumption
by the nonmanufacturing portion of the industrial sector from 1986 to 1990. However, these
discrepancies do not appear to dramatically affect the assignment of emissions.28
Since the MECS data are more aggregated than the NEA data, the adjustments to the energy
consumption data described in section 3.2.1.2. are modified for 1986 to 1990. Using Appendix C
and the information in Section 3.2.1.2., energy consumed for "heat and power" by the following
combinations of fuels and SIC codes are subtracted before assigning fuel combustion emissions to
industries: coal (cement - SIC 3241 and lime - SIC 3274), residual fuel oil (petroleum refining - SIC
2911, cement - SIC 3241 - subtract two-thirds of the consumption, and blast furnaces - SIC 3312),
distillate fuel oil (petroleum refining - SIC 2911, and cement - SIC 3241 - subtract one-third of the
consumption), and natural gas (petroleum refining - SIC 2911, glass - SIC 321, 322, and 323, and
cement- SIC 3241, and blast furnaces - SIC 3312). For 1986, 1987, 1989, and 1990 (i.e., the years
between the MECS data), fuel consumption by the various three-digit and four-digit SIC industries
are derived using information from the 1985, 1988 and 1991 MECS and the two-way indexing
method (see U.S. DOE, 1992, pp. 6-8 and Appendix D of 1970-1997 Revised Estimates).
Due to limitations of the MECS data, there are four fuel-industry combinations for which
the adjustments described in the preceding paragraph are not possible. First, only the 1994 MECS
lists fuel consumption by SIC 331. In the 1985 and 1988 MECS, energy consumption is reported for
only SIC 3312. In the 1991 MECS, energy consumption by SIC industries 3312 and 3313 are
reported. According to the 1994 MECS, SIC 3312 accounts for virtually all residual fuel oil
consumption by SIC 331 and more than 90 percent of the natural gas consumption of SIC 331 (U.S.
27 Throughout the remainder of this report, Statistical Methodology for Assigning Emissions to
Industries in the United States, Revised Estimates: 1970 to 1997 is referred to as 1970-1997
Revised Estimates.
28 The shares of coal, residual fuel oil, distillate fuel oil, and natural gas consumption assigned
to industries in Sheets Z, AA, AB, and AC of SIC7090.WK3 do not appear to experience a
dramatic change between 1985 (NEA data) and 1986 (DAEMEC data).
January 2001
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26 Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
DOE 1997, p. 73). In the 1985 MECS, SIC 3312 accounts for virtually the same share of the
consumption of residual fuel oil and natural gas by SIC 33 as does SIC 331 in the NEA for 1985.
Hence, between 1986 and 1990 the residual fuel oil and natural gas consumption of only SIC 3312
is subtracted from the residual fuel oil and natural gas consumption of SIC 33.
Second, the 1985 MECS and 1988 MECS do not list estimates of natural gas consumption
for SIC 321, SIC 322 or SIC 323. Within SIC 321, SIC 322, and SIC 323, estimates of natural gas
consumption are reported for only SIC 3211, SIC 3221, and SIC 3229 in 1991 and 1994 MECS.
Hence, it is assumed that the share (0.443) of the natural gas consumption of SIC 32 by SIC 321, SIC
322, and SIC 323 in 1985, which is reported by the NEA, is a reasonable estimate for 1986 to 1990.
Third, the MECS did not publish data on the consumption of residual fuel oil by the cement
industry (SIC 3241) until 1991. Hence, the two-way indexing method (see Appendix D of 7970-
7997 Emissions) uses the 1985 NEA estimate of the share (0.1899) of the residual fuel oil
consumption of SIC 32 that is accounted for by SIC 3241 and the estimate in the 1991 MECS to
estimate the share of residual fuel oil consumption of SIC 32 that is accounted for by SIC 3241 from
1986 to 1990.
Finally, the MECS did not publish estimates of coal consumption by SIC 3274 until 1991.
The 1985 and 1988 MECS did publish estimates of coal consumption by SIC 3241. According to
the NEA, in 1985 these industries accounted for 99.92 percent of the coal consumed by SIC 32.
Since they account for almost all coal consumed by SIC 32, for the purpose of adjusting the coal
consumption of SIC 32 they are treated as a single industry. Hence, the two-way indexing method
uses the 1985 NEA and the 1991 MECS estimates of their share of the coal consumption of SIC 32
to estimate their share of coal consumption of SIC 32 from 1986 to 1990.
Unlike the NEA, the MECS includes only energy consumed by the manufacturing sector.
With some modifications, fuel consumption by the nonmanufacturing portion of the industrial sector
is estimated for 1986 to 1990 using many of the same data sources as the NEA data. However, the
estimates of energy consumption by the nonmanufacturing industries for 1970 to 1985 and 1986 to
1990 are not directly comparable. This is due to the assignment in the NEA of selected industries
in the mining sector to the construction sector. Section 3.1. and Section 3.2. of 1970-1997Revised
Estimates describe the procedures employed to estimate energy consumption by the manufacturing
and nonmanufacturing industries for 1986 to 1997.
3.2.2. Industrial Process Emission Estimates
When assigning process emissions to industries, a concordance is established between the
NEA codes, the SIC codes, and the source categories of process emissions in TRENDS. Appendix
A specifies the concordance between the SIC codes, the NEA codes, and the categories of process
emissions. When necessary, the Standard Industrial Classification Manual (Executive Office of the
President, Office of Management and Budget, 1987) is used to match the SIC and NEA codes with
the categories of process emissions. Some categories of industrial process emissions in the TRENDS
methodology were assigned SIC codes in the 1940-1990 NAPEE. Appendix D contains a discussion
of the cases in which the assignment of process emissions in this report differs from the assignments
made in the 1940-1990 NAPEE (U.S. EPA 1991a).
January 2001
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Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States 27
3.2.3. Estimates of Total Emissions
The sum of fuel combustion emissions and process emissions for each NEA code yields its
total emissions for 1970 to 1985. Total emissions for 1986 to 1990 are the combined emissions from
fuel combustion and processes by the twenty two-digit SIC industries of the manufacturing sector.
3.2.4. Electric Services (Utilities) Estimates
In the TRENDS methodology, there are separate entries for emissions associated with the
coal, fuel oil, and natural gas combustion of the Electric Utilities source category. In this report, the
combined emissions from the combustion of these three fuels constitute the estimate of emissions
from the electric utilities sector.
3.2.5. Gas Production and Distribution (Utilities) Estimates
In the TRENDS methodology, there are separate entries for emissions associated with the
coal, fuel oil, and natural gas combustion of the industrial sector. In this report, all emissions from
the combustion of coal and fuel oil by the industrial sector are assigned to industries. Emissions that
result from natural gas fuel combustion by the industrial sector are divided into emissions from
"boilers" and emissions from "gas pipelines and plants." Natural gas emissions from "boilers" are
assigned to industries in the industrial sector based on the amount of natural gas consumed for heat
and power by the respective industries. Natural gas emissions from "gas pipelines and plants" are
assigned to the gas utilities sector.
3.3. Considerations in Excluding Certain Categories of Emissions
The remainder of this section describes which categories of emissions are not assigned to
industries in this report.
3.3.1. Miscellaneous Fuel Consumption from all Sectors
Emissions from miscellaneous fuels are not assigned to industries because the NEA data
contains limited information on industrial consumption of miscellaneous fuels. The largest use of
miscellaneous fuels in the TRENDS methodology is the residential use of wood.
3.3.2. Commercial/Institutional
In the TRENDS methodology, there are separate entries for emissions associated with coal,
fuel oil, and natural gas combustion of the Commercial/Institutional category. The
Commercial/Institutional category includes the communications, restaurants, retail trade, wholesale
trade, water and sanitation, and finance and insurance sectors. These emissions are excluded from
this study because there is no relevant energy consumption data to allocate emissions among
individual industries within the commercial/institutional sector. In 1970, the
commercial/institutional sector represented 3 percent of all emissions for SOX, 1 percent for PM, 2
percent for NOX, and 0 percent for VOC, CO and Pb.
January 2001
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28 Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
3.3.3. Residential
Residential emissions are excluded since the spreadsheets contain emissions from production,
not consumption, activities. In 1970, residential emissions accounted for 3 percent for PM, CO, and
NOX, 2 percent for SOX and VOC, and 0 percent for Pb.
3.3.4. Mobile Sources
Mobile source emissions are excluded from the spreadsheets. Industrial emissions, therefore,
do not include emissions from the industrial use of cars, trucks, or mobile equipment.
3.3.5. Consumer-related VOC emissions
Certain consumer-related VOC emissions are excluded from the spreadsheets. These are
VOC emissions from degreasing, adhesives, solvent extraction processes and other organic solvent
uses. Since they are emitted during use of the product, it would be inconsistent to assign them
upstream to the chemical industry. In 1970 about 15 percent of VOC emissions were consumer-
related versus roughly 9 percent in 1990. These emissions are contained in the TRENDS estimates
but are excluded from the spreadsheets.
3.4. Weaknesses of the Disaggregation Procedure
The process emissions are assigned to the industry that is the primary producer of the output
of the production process. The existence of secondary production (i.e., output that is primary to
another industry) by an industry results in some errors being introduced in the assignment of process
emissions.
The crucial assumption in disaggregating the emissions estimate is the requirement that the
ratio of fuel consumption to emissions from fuel combustion is constant across industries and types
of boilers. If this assumption is erroneous, then there are errors in the assignment of emissions from
fuel combustion.
4. OVERVIEW OF THIS REPORT
This report described the methodology uses to develop emission estimates of criteria air
pollutants from 1970 to 1990 for manufacturing industries and selected nonmanufacturing industries.
These spreadsheets will be useful to researchers interested in developing models that require a time
series of emissions for individual industries.
The first spreadsheet (NEA7085.WK3) consists of estimates of emissions for 1970 to 1985
for those NEA codes (i.e., industries) that belong to the industrial sector, the electric utilities sector,
and the gas utilities sector. The industrial sector consists of four industries in agriculture, ten
industries in mining, three industries in construction, seventy-two industries in manufacturing.
The primary data source for energy consumption after 1985 is more aggregated than the
NEA data and only reports energy consumption by manufacturing. As a result, the second
January 2001
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Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States 29
spreadsheet (SIC7090.WK3) contains emission estimates from 1970 to 1990 for the twenty two-digit
SIC manufacturing industries (SIC 20-39), the electric utilities sector, and the gas utilities sector.
After the 1940-1990 NAPEE was released, the U.S. EPA changed the methodology that it
uses to estimate emissions. For its estimates of emissions after 1984, the "top-down" methodology,
which was the basis of the estimates of emissions used in this report, was replaced by a modified
"bottom-up" methodology. In addition, the U.S. EPA revised its estimates of emissions for 1970
to 1984. Statistical Methodology for Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States, Revised
Estimates: 1970 to 1997 (U.S. EPA, 2000) applies many of the procedures developed in this report
when assigning emissions to the twenty two-digit SIC manufacturing industries for 1970 to 1997.
January 2001
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30
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Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States 33
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January 2001
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APPENDIX A
CONCORDANCE AMONG TRENDS EMISSION SOURCE
CATEGORIES, SIC CODES AND NEA CODES
(BY POLLUTANT)
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Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table A-l
Concordance Between the TRENDS Emission Source Categories, SIC Codes, and NEA
Codes for Emissions of Particulate Matter
TRENDS EMISSION
SOURCE CATEGORY
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY
Coke
By-Product
Coal Prep/Coke Handling
Blast Furnace
Sintering
Windbox
Discharge
Sinter-Fugitive
Open Hearth
Open Hearth- Stack
Open Hearth-Fugitive
Basic Oxygen
BOF-Stack
BOF-Fugitive
Electric Arc
EAF-Stack
EAF-Fugitive
Slag
Blast Furnace
Steel Furnace
Scarfing
Teeming
Soaking Pits
Reheat Furnaces
Open Dust
Ore Screening
SIC
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
NEA
37011
37011
37012
37990
37990
37990
37990
37990
37012
37012
37990
37990
37990
37990
37990
37990
37990
37990
37990
37990
January 2001
-------
A-2
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table A-l (continued)
TRENDS EMISSION
SOTTRCF CATEGORY
PRIMARY METALS INDUSTRY
Aluminum
Calcining of Hydroxide
HSS-Stack
HSS-Fugitive
VSS-Stack
VSS-Fugitive
Prebake- Stack
Prebake-Fugitive
Anode Baking
Material Handling
Copper
Roasting
Smelting
Converting
Fugitive
Zinc
Roasting
Sintering
Electrolytic
Horizontal Retort
Vertical Retort
Fugitive
Lead
Sintering
Blast Furnace
Reverberatory Furnace
Fugitive
Ferroalloys
Fe-Si
Si-Mn
Fe-Mn Electric Furnace
Fe-Mn Blast Furnace
Si Metal
Other Ferroalloys
Fe-alloy Material Handling
SIC
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
NBA
38040
38040
38040
38040
38040
38040
38040
38040
38040
38990
38990
38990
38990
38990
38990
38990
38990
38990
38990
38990
38990
38990
38990
37990
37990
37990
37990
37990
37990
37990
January 2001
-------
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table A-l (continued)
A-3
TRENDS EMISSION
SOTTRCE CATEGORY
SECONDARY METALS INDUSTRY
Grey Iron Foundries
Cupola
Electric Induction
Fugitive
Steel Foundries
Electric Arc
Fugitive
Aluminum
Sweating
Refining
Fluxing
Fugitive
Lead
Pot Furnace
Reverberatory Furnace
Blast Furnace
Fugitive
Copper
Wire Burning
Brass & Bronze Casting
Smelting
Fugitive
MINERAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
Cement Manufacturing
Kilns
Grinders
Fugitive
Asphalt Batching
Dryers
Fugitive
SIC
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
32
32
32
29
29
NBA
37990
37990
37990
37990
37990
38040
38040
38040
38040
38990
38990
38990
38990
38990
38990
38990
38990
36010
36010
36010
31990
31990
January 2001
-------
A-4
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table A-l (continued)
TRENDS EMISSION
SOTTRCE CATEGORY
MINERAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRY (continued)
Asphalt Roofing
Blowing
Felt Saturation
Bricks
Clay Sintering
Concrete Batching
Fiber Glass
Furnace
Forming
Curing
Glass
Gypsum Manufacturing
Dryer
Calciner
Lime Manufacturing
Kilns
Fugitive
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
Sulfuric Acid
Calcium Carbide
Carbon Black Production
Oil Process
Gas Process
Petrochemicals
Phthalic Anhydride
Polyethylene
PVC
Polypropylene
SIC
29
29
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
NBA
31990
31990
36990
36990
36990
35000
35000
35000
35000
36990
36990
36990
36990
27010
27010
27040
27040
27010
27010
27010
27010
January 2001
-------
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table A-l (continued)
A-5
TRENDS EMISSION
SOTTRfF r ATFOORV
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (continued)
Charcoal
Fertilizers
Ammonium Nitrate
Diammonium Phosphate
Urea
Rock Pulverization
Soap & Detergent
MISCELLANEOUS PROCESS
Pulp and Paper
Kraft
Sulfite
Semi-Chemical (Paper)
Recovery Furnace
Fluid bed Reactor
Plywood
Lumber
Petroleum Refining
F.C.C.
T.C.C.
Process Heaters
Oil
Gas
AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES
Cotton Ginning
Cattle Feedlots
Alfalfa Dehydrators
Country Elevators
Terminal Elevators
Feed Mills
Grain Milling
Wheat
Corn-Dry
Corn-Wet
Rice
Soybeans
SIC
28
28
28
28
28
28
26
26
26
26
24
24
29
29
29
29
7
2
20
7
7
20
20
20
20
20
20
NBA
27040
27020
27020
27020
27020
29000
24020
24020
24020
24020
20990
20990
31011
31011
31011
31011
04000
01000
14000
02000
02000
14000
14000
14000
14000
14000
14000
January 2001
-------
A-6
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table A-l (continued)
TRENDS EMISSION
SOTTRCE CATEGORY
MINING OPERATIONS
Iron Ore Mining
Taconite Processing
Bauxite Crushing
Copper Ore Crushing
Zinc Ore Crushing
Lead Ore Crushing
Coal Mining
Surface Mining
Coal Handling
Thermal Dryers
Pneumatic Dryers
Sand & Gravel
Stone & Rock Crushing
Phosphate Rock
Drying or Calcining
Grinding
Material Handling
Clays
Potash
SIC
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
12
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
NBA
05000
05000
06002
06002
06002
06002
07020
07020
07020
07020
09000
09000
10000
10000
10000
09000
10000
January 2001
-------
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
A-7
Table A-2
Concordance Between the TRENDS Emission Source Categories, SIC Codes, and NEA
Codes for Emissions of Sulfur Oxides
TRENDS EMISSION
SOTTRCE CATEGORY
NON-FERROUS SMELTERS
Copper
Roasting
Smelting
Converting
Zinc Roasting
Lead Processing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Kraft Pulp Prod. + Sulfite
Sulfuric Acid
Carbon Black
Sulfur Recovery Plants
Refineries
Natural Gas Fields
Petroleum Refineries
F.C.C.
T.C.C.
Flares
Process Heaters
Oil
Gas
Iron & Steel
Coking
Sintering
Open Hearth
Roll & Finish
Primary Aluminum
Secondary Lead
Reverberatory Furnace
Blast Furnace
Cement Manufacturing
Glass Manufacturing
Lime Processing
SIC
33
33
33
33
33
26
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
32
32
32
NEA
38990
38990
38990
38990
38990
24020
27010
27040
27010
27010
31011
31011
31011
31011
31011
37011
37990
37012
37990
38040
38990
38990
36010
35000
36990
January 2001
-------
A-8
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table A-3
Concordance Between the TRENDS Emission Source Categories, SIC Codes, and NEA
Codes for Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides
TRENDS EMISSION
SOTTRCE CATEGORY
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Petroleum Refineries
F.C.C.
T.C.C.
Flares
Process Heaters
Oil
Gas
Petrochemicals
Acrylonitrile
Adipic Acid
Adiponitrile
Ammonia
Nitric Acid
Iron & Steel
Open Hearth
Roll & Finish
Kraft Pulp
Cement Manufacturing
Glass Manufacturing
Lime
Charcoal
SIC
29
29
29
29
29
28
28
28
28
28
33
33
26
32
32
32
28
NEA
31011
31011
31011
31011
31011
27010
27010
27010
29000
27020
37012
37012
24020
36010
35000
36990
27040
January 2001
-------
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
A-9
Table A-4
Concordance Between the TRENDS Emission Source Categories, SIC Codes, and NEA
Codes for Emissions of VOCs
TRENDS EMISSION
SOTTRCE CATEGORY
MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Plastics Manufacture
HD Polyethylene
LD Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Polystyrene
Polyvinyl Chloride
Others
Fabrication
Misc. Chemical Products
Synthetic Fibers
Pharmaceuticals
Paint
Synthetic Rubber
Ammonia
Carbon Black
Oil Process
Gas Process
Charcoal
Other Processes
Bakeries
Fermentation
Vegetable Oil
Fabric Scouring
Tires
Glass Manufacturing
By-Product Coke
Sintering
Waste Solvent Recovery
Organic Solvent
Adhesives
Degreasing
Dry Cleaning
Graphic Arts
Solvent Extraction
SIC
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
20
20
20
22
30
32
33
33
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
27
NA
NEA
28010
28010
28010
28010
28010
28010
28010
28990
29000
30000
28020
29000
27040
27040
27040
14000
14000
14000
16000
32000
35000
37011
37990
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
26000
NA
January 2001
-------
A-10
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table A-4 (continued)
TRENDS EMISSION
SOTTRCE CATEGORY
PETROLEUM REFINERY PROCESS OPERATIONS
Refinery Operations
F.C.C.
T.C.C.
Process Heaters
Oil
Gas
Compressors
Blow Down Systems
Process Drains
Vacuum Jets
Cooling Towers
Asphalt Blowing
Miscellaneous
MANUFACTURER OF PETROCHEMICALS
Acetic Acid
Acrylic Acid
Acrylonitrile
Adiponitrile
Benzene
Butadiene & Butylene Fraction
1,3 -Butadiene
Caprolactum
Chlorobenzene
Chloromethane
Cyclohexanone
Cumene
Dimethyl Terephthalate
Ethyl Benzene
Ethylene
Ethylene Dichloride
Ethylene Glycol
Ethylene Oxide
Formaldehyde
Linear Alkylbenzene
SIC
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
NBA
31011
31011
31011
31011
31011
31011
31011
31011
31011
31011
31011
27010
28010
27010
27010
27010
28010
28010
27010
27010
27010
27010
27010
27010
27010
27010
27010
27010
27010
27010
27010
January 2001
-------
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table A-4 (continued)
A-ll
TRENDS EMISSION
SOTTRCF CATEGORY
MANUFACTURER OF PETROCHEMICALS (continued)
Maleic Anhydride
Methanol
Methyl Methacrylate
Nitrobenzene
Perchlorethylene
Phenol
Propylene Oxide
Styrene
Toluene Diisocyanate
Vinyl Acetate
Vinyl Chloride
Other Products
Storage & Handling
Waste Disposal
Fugitive
PETROLEUM MARKETING & PRODUCTION
Crude Oil Production
Natural Gas Liquids
Crude Oil Storage
Oil Field Storage
Refinery Storage
Crude Oil Loading
Tank Car/Truck
Ship & Barge
Tanker Ballasting
Refinery Product Loading
Gasoline Tank Car
Tanker & Barge
Gasoline Storage at Refineries
Bulk Gasoline Terminals
Transfer
Storage
SIC
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
NA
NA
NA
29
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
29
NA
NA
NBA
27010
27010
27010
27010
27010
27010
27010
27010
27010
27010
28010
27010
27010
27010
27010
08001
08003
08001
31011
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
31011
NA
NA
January 2001
-------
A-12
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table A-4 (continued)
TRENDS EMISSION
SOTTRCE CATEGORY
PETROLEUM MARKETING & PRODUCTION
(continued)
Gasoline Bulk Plants
Transfer
Storage
Gasoline Service Stations
Loading (Stage 1)
Unloading (Stage 2)
Other Products
Jet Naphtha Storage
Jet Naphtha Transfer
Kerosene Storage
Distillate Oil Storage
SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS
Large Appliances
Magnet Wire
Automobiles
Cans
Metal Coils
Paper
Fabric
Metal Furniture
Wood Furniture
Flat Wood Products
Plastic Parts
Large Ships
Aircraft
Railroads
Machinery
Other Metal Products
Miscellaneous Processes
Maintenance Coatings
MISCELLANEOUS ORGANIC SOLVENT EVAPORATION
Architectural Coating
Auto Refinishing
Cutback Asphalt Paving
Pesticides
Other Solvent Use
SIC
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
36
33
37
34
33
26
22
25
25
24
30
37
37
37
35
34
34
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NBA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
54000
38990
59000
39000
38990
24990
16000
22000
22000
20990
32000
61990
60000
61990
50000
42000
42000
12000
11002
NA
12000
02000
NA
Note: NA = Not Applicable. TRENDS source classification code description exists, but for those codes with an "NA" in the SIC
column and NEA column, emissions are not assigned to industries. Those source classification codes with an "NA" in only the SIC
column are processes assigned to an industry in the nonmanufacturing portion of the industrial sector. Hence, these emissions are
assigned to industries in spreadsheet NEA7085.WK3, and not assigned to industries in spreadsheet SIC7090.WK3.
January 2001
-------
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
A-13
Table A-5
Concordance Between the TRENDS Emission Source Categories, SIC Codes, and NEA
Codes for Emissions of Carbon Monoxide
TRENDS EMISSION
SOTTRCE CATEGORY
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Petroleum Refineries
F.C.C.
T.C.C.
Process Heaters
Oil
Gas
Asphalt Roofing
Iron Foundries
Steel Manufacturing
Sintering
B.O.F.
Electric Arc
By-Product Coke
Blast Furnace
Primary Aluminum
Ammonia
Carbon Black Production
Oil Process
Gas Process
TiO2 Chloride Process
Charcoal
Petrochemicals
Acetic Acid
Acryonitrile
Cyclonhexano I/none
Dimethyl Terephthalate
Ethylene Bichloride
Formaldehyde
Maleic Anhydride
Phthalic Anhydride
Kraft Pulp & Paper
Lime
SIC
29
29
29
29
29
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
26
32
NEA
31011
31011
31011
31011
31990
37990
37990
37990
37990
37011
37012
38040
29000
27040
27040
27040
27040
27010
27010
27010
27010
27010
27010
27010
27010
24020
36990
January 2001
-------
A-14
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table A-6
Concordance Between the TRENDS Emission Source Categories, SIC Codes and NEA
Codes for Emissions of Lead
TRENDS EMISSION
SOURCE CATEGORY
IRON & STEEL INDUSTRY
Coke
Blast Furnace
Sintering- Windbox
Open Hearth
B.O.F.
Electric Arc Furnace
PRIMARY NON-FERROUS METALS INDUSTRY
Copper Production
Roasting
Smelting
Converting
Zinc Production
Sintering
Vertical Retort
Horizontal Retort
Lead Production
Sintering
Blast Furnace
Reverberatory
Ferro-alloy Production
Ferrosilicon
Silicon Metal
Silico-Manganese
Ferro-Mg-El
Ferro-Mg-Bl
Ferro-Mang (std)
Ferrochrome-Silicon
High Carbon Ferro
SECONDARY METALS INDUSTRY
Grey Iron Foundries
Cupola
Electric Induction
Lead
Pot Furnace
Reverberatory Furnace
Blast Furnace
SIC
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
NEA
37011
37012
37990
37990
37990
37990
38990
38990
38990
38990
38990
38990
38990
38990
38990
37990
37990
37990
37990
37990
37990
37990
37990
37990
37990
38990
38990
38990
NOTE: see note at end of Table A-4 for explanation of "NA"
January 2001
-------
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table A-6 (continued)
A-15
TRENDS EMISSION
SOTTRCF CATEGORY
SECONDARY METALS INDUSTRY (continued)
Copper
High-Pb (58%)
Red-Yellow-Br(15%)
Other Alloys (7%)
Battery Production
Grid Casting
Paste Mixing
Lead Oxide Mill
Three Process Oper.
Lead Reclaim. Furnace
Lead Oxide/Pigment
Barton Pot
Red Lead
White Lead
MINERAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
Ore Crushing/Grinding
Lead Ore
Zn, Cu, Cu-Zn Ores
Pb-Zn, Cu-Pb, Cu-Pb-Zn Ores
Cement Manufacturing
Wet Kiln/Cooler
Wet Dryer/Grinder
Dry Kiln/Cooler
Dry Dryer/Grinder
Glass Production
Lead-Glass
MISCELLANEOUS PROCESS SOURCES
Lead Alkyl Production
Electrolytic Process
Sodium Lead Alloy
Recovery Furnace
TEL Process Vents
TML Process Vents
Sludge Pits
Miscellaneous Products
Type Metal Production
Can Soldering
Cable Covering
Ammunition (Other)
SIC
33
33
33
36
36
36
36
36
28
28
28
NA
NA
NA
32
32
32
32
32
28
28
28
28
28
35
34
33
34
NBA
38990
38990
38990
58000
58000
58000
58000
58000
30000
30000
30000
06002
06002
06002
36010
36010
36010
36010
35000
27010
27010
27010
27010
27010
48000
39000
38990
13990
January 2001
-------
-------
APPENDIX B
CONCORDANCE BETWEEN SIC CODES AND NEA CODES
-------
-------
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
B-l
Table B-l
Concordance Between SIC Codes and NEA Codes
sir
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Industry title
Food and kindred products
Tobacco products
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Rubber and miscellaneous products
Leather and leather products
Stone, clay, and glass products
Primary metal products
Fabricated metal products
Industrial machinery and equipment
Electric and electronic equipment
Transportation equipment
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing products
NEA
14000
15000
16000, 17000, 18990
18040 (incl. SIC 39996), 19000
20070,20990,21000,61060
22000, 23000
24020, 24990, 25000
26000
27010 (excl. SIC 28195), 27020, 27030, 27040,
28010, 28020, 28990, 29000, 30000
31011,31012,31990
32000
33000, 34000
35000, 36010, 36990
3701 1, 37012, 37990, 38040 (incl. SIC 21895),
38990
13990, 37999, 39000, 40000, 41010, 41990, 42000
43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000, 49000,
50000,51000,52000
53990, 54000, 55000, 56000, 57000, 58000
13010, 13030, 59000, 60000, 61990
53010, 62000, 63000
64000 (excl. SIC 39996)
Source: Derived from Price and Wendling, 1986.
January 2001
-------
-------
APPENDIX C
NEA SECTORING PLAN
-------
-------
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
C-l
NEA
Code
01000
02000
03000
04000
05000
06001
06002
07010
07020
08001
08002
08003
09000
10000
11001
11002
12000
Industry Title
AGRICULTURE
Livestock and livestock products
Other agricultural products
Forestry and forestry products
Agricultural, forestry and fishery services
MINING
Iron and feroalloy ores mining
Uranium - radium - vanadium ores mining
Nonferrous metal ores mining
Anthracite coal mining
Bituminous and lignite coal mining
Crude petroleum
Natural gas
Natural gas liquids
Stone and clay mining and quarrying
Chemical and fertilizer mineral mining
CONSTRUCTION
Oil and gas well drilling
New construction
Maintenance and repair construction
SIC Code
02 (ex. 0254, pt. 0219, pt. 0259,
pt. 0291), pt. 0191
01 (ex. pt. 0191), pt. 0219,
pt. 0259, pt. 0291
08 (ex. 085), 09 (ex. 092)
0254, 07 (ex. 074), 085, 092
101, 106
1094
102, 103, 104, 105, pt. 108, 109
(ex. 1094)
pt. 11
pt. 12
pt. 131
pt. 131
132
141, 142, 144, 145, pt. 148, 149
147
pt. 138
pt. 15, pt. 16, pt. 17, pt. 108,
pt. 11, pt. 12, pt.148
pt. 15, pt. 16, pt. 17, pt. 138
January 2001
-------
C-2
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
NEA
Code
13990
13010
13030
14000
15000
16000
17000
18990
18040
19000
20990
20070
21000
22000
23000
24020
24990
25000
26000
Industry Title
MANUFACTURING
Ordnance and accessories
Guided missiles and space vehicles
Tanks and tank components
Food and kindred products
Tobacco manufactures
Broad and narrow fabrics, yarn and threadmills
Miscellaneous textile goods & floor coverings
Knitting mills
Apparel made from purchased materials
Miscellaneous fabricated textile products
Lumber and wood products
Prefabricated wood buildings
Wood containers
Household furniture
Other furniture and fixtures
Paper mills, except building paper
Paper and applied products, ex. containers, boxes,
paper mills
Paperboard containers and boxes
Printing and publishing
SIC Code
348
3761
3795
20
21
221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 228
227, 229
225
231,232,233,234,235,236,
237, 238, 39996
239
241, 242, 243, 249, 2448
2452
244 (ex. 2448)
251
252, 253, 254, 259
262
261, 263, 264, 266
265
27
January 2001
-------
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
C-3
NEA
Code
27010
27020
27030
27040
28010
28020
28990
29000
30000
31011
31012
31990
32000
33000
34000
35000
36010
36990
37011
37012
Industry Title
MANUFACTURING (continued)
Industrial chemicals
Fertilizers
Pesticides & agricultural chemicals, n.e.c.
Miscellaneous chemical products
Plastic materials and resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man made fibers & organic fibers
Drugs, cleaning and toilet preparations
Paints and allied products
Petroleum refining
Miscellaneous products of petroleum & coal
Paving mixtures, blocks, asphalt felts and
coatings
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products
Leather tanning and finishing
Footwear and other leather products
Glass and glass products
Cement, hydraulic
Stone and clay products, ex. cement hydraulic
Coke oven products
Blast furnaces and basic steel ex. coke oven
products
SIC Code
281 (ex. 28195), 2865, 2869
2873, 2874, 2875
2879
2861,289
2821
2822
2823, 2824
283, 284
285
291
299
295
30
311
313,314,315,316,317,319
321, 322, 323
324
325, 326, 327, 328, 329
pt. 3312
331 (ex.pt. 3312)
January 2001
-------
C-4
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
NEA
Code
37990
37999
38040
38990
39000
40000
41010
41990
42000
43000
44000
45000
46000
47000
48000
49000
50000
51000
52000
Industry Title
MANUFACTURING (continued)
Primary iron and steel ex. blast furnaces and
basic steel
Forgings
Primary aluminum
Primary nonferrous metals, ex. primary
aluminum
Metal containers
Heating, plumbing, and fabricated structural
metal products
Screw machine products
Metal stampings
Other fabricated metal products
Engines and turbines
Farm and garden machinery
Construction and mining machinery
Materials handling machinery & equipment
Metalworking machinery and equipment
Special industry machinery and equipment
General industrial machinery and equipment
Miscellaneous machinery ex. electrical
Office, computing & accounting machines
Service industry machines
SIC Code
332,339
3462, 3463
3334,28195
333 (ex. 3334), 334, 335, 336
341
343, 344
345
346 (ex. 3462, 3463)
342, 347, 349
351
352
3531,3532,3533
3534,3535,3536,3537
354
355
356
359
357
358
January 2001
-------
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
C-5
NEA
Code
53990
53010
54000
55000
56000
57000
58000
59000
60000
61990
61060
62000
63000
64000
Industry Title
MANUFACTURING (continued)
Electrical transmission and distribution
equipment
Instruments to measure electricity and industrial
apparatus
Household appliances
Electric lighting and wiring equipment
Radio, television, and communication equipment
Electronic components and accessories
Miscellaneous electrical machinery, equipment
and supplies
Motor vehicles and equipment
Aircraft and parts
Other transportation equipment
Mobile homes
Professional, scientific and controlling
instruments and supplies
Optical, ophthalmic, and photographic equipment
and supplies
Miscellaneous manufacturing
SIC Code
361,362
3825
363
364
365, 366
367
369
371
372, 376 (ex. 3761)
373, 374, 375, 379 (ex. 3795)
2451
381, 382 (ex. 3825), 384, 387
383,385,386
39 (ex. 39996)
Source: Price and Wendling (1986, Appendix B)
January 2001
-------
C-6 Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
January 2001
-------
APPENDIX D
DIFFERENCES IN THE ASSIGNMENT OF PROCESS
EMISSIONS BETWEEN THIS REPORT AND
THE 1940-1990 NAPEE
-------
-------
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States D-l
With the exception of Pb emissions, National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1940-1990
(U.S. EPA 1991a, pp. 76-81) assigns SIC codes to most industrial process source categories.29 This
section compares the assignment of SIC codes to industrial process categories by the 1940-1990
NAPEE and this report.30 For NOX and CO emissions, the 1940-1990 NAPEE and this report assign
industrial process categories to the same two-digit SIC manufacturing industries. However, there
are several cases when the 1940-1990 NAPEE and this report assign PM, SOX, and VOC emissions
from industrial processes to different industries. This Appendix discusses the cases when this report
and the 1940-1990 NAPEE assign different SIC codes to industrial process categories.
D.I. PM EMISSIONS
For PM emissions, the 1940-1990 NAPEE and this report assign industrial process source
categories to the same two-digit SIC manufacturing industries. However, the 1940-1990 NAPEE
assigns PM emissions from the Grain Elevator category (the "Country Elevators" and "Terminal
Elevators" source categories in this report) to SIC codes 4421 (this code should be SIC 4221) and
5153. However, this report assigns emissions from this category to NEA sector 02000 (SIC code
0723 - which includes the drying and cleaning of grain).
This report assigns emissions from the "Alfalfa Dehydrators" category (part of the "Grain
Elevator" category in the 1940-1990 NAPEE) to SIC code 20. This assignment is justified by SIC
code 2048 including "alfalfa cubed" and "alfalfa, prepared as feed for animals" (Executive Office
of the President, 1987, p. 76). However, the 1940-1990 NAPEE assigns from emissions from the
"Grain Elevator" category to SIC codes 4421 (this code should be SIC 4221) and 5153.
D.2. SOX EMISSIONS
The 1940-1990 NAPEE assigns SOX emissions from the "Natural Gas Production" category
(the "Sulfur Recovery Plants - Natural Gas Fields" category in this report) to SIC code 1311 (part
of NEA code 08002). However, this report assigns these emissions to SIC code 28 (chemicals and
allied products). In addition, the 1940-1990 NAPEE assigns SOX emissions from the "Petroleum
Refining" category (the "Sulfur Recovery Plants - Refineries" category in this report) to SIC code
29 (petroleum refining and related products). However, this report assigns these emissions to SIC
code 28 (chemicals and allied products). These assignments are adjusted because the Standard
Industrial Classification Manual, 1987 (Executive Office of the President 1987, p. 135) includes
"sulfur, recovered or refined, including from sour natural gas" in SIC code 2819.
29 The level of emissions reported for source categories in the 1940-1990 NAPEE and the
spreadsheets for this report are virtually identical for 1986 to 1990. However, there are
unexplained discrepancies in the emissions reported by the two sources for specific industrial
process source categories for 1970 to 1985.
30 Although the 1940-1990 NAPEE assigns emissions to three and four digit SIC industries,
this section focuses solely on discussing discrepancies for two-digit SIC industries.
January 2001
-------
D-2 Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
The assignment of these emissions is further complicated by the North American Industrial
Classification System (NAICS) Manual (Executive Office of the President 1998, pp. 69 and 1216).
The NAICS assigns activities at sulfur recovery establishments to NAICS code 211112 (sulfur
recovered from natural gas) and NAICS code 325188 (sulfur recovery or refining, except from sour
gas). The NAICS Manual (pp. 773 and 807) states that NAICS 211112 corresponds to SIC 1321 and
NAICS 325188 corresponds to part of SIC 2819.
Finally, there is a discrepancy in the SOX emissions reported from the "Primary Copper" and
"Primary Lead and Zinc" categories in the 1940-1990 NAPEE and the "Copper (Roasting, Smelting,
and Converting)," "Zinc Roasting," and "Lead Processing" source categories in the spreadsheets for
this report. This report and the 1940-1990 NAPEE both assign emissions from these categories to
SIC 33 (metal products). However, it is not possible to reconcile the differences in emissions
reported in the spreadsheets for this report and emissions reported in the 1940-1990 NAPEE.
D.3. VOC EMISSIONS
This report assigns emissions of VOCs to eight two-digit SIC manufacturing industries (SIC
codes 24-26, 32,34-37) that are not assigned VOC emissions by the 1940-1990NAPEE. In addition,
VOC emissions are assigned to NEA codes 02000, 08003, 11002, and 12000. The 1940-1990
NAPEE assigns no VOC emissions to the SIC codes that correspond to these NEA codes.
First, there is a discussion of how to reconcile the sources of VOC emissions assigned to the
nonmanufacturing sectors by this report with the 1940-1990 NAPEE. There is then a reconciliation
of the source categories of VOC emissions assigned to the manufacturing sector by this report with
the 1940-1990 NAPEE.
This report assigns VOC emissions from the "Miscellaneous Organic Solvent Evaporation -
Pesticides" category to NEA sector 02000. This category is not classified as an industrial process
emissions source category by the 1940-1990 NAPEE.
This report assigns VOC emissions from the "Petroleum Marketing and Production - Crude
Oil Production," and "Petroleum Marketing and Production - Crude Oil Storage, Oil Field Storage"
categories to NEA sector 08001. These categories are part of the 1940-1990 NAPEE category "Crude
Oil Production, Storage and Transfer." The 1940-1990 NAPEE assigns these categories to SIC
industries 1311 (part of NEA sector 08001) and 4463.
This report assigns VOC emissions from the "Petroleum Marketing and Production - Natural
Gas Liquids" category to NEA sector 08003. This category is part of the 1940-1990 NAPEE
category "Crude Oil Production, Storage and Transfer." The 1940-1990 NAPEE assigns this
category to SIC industries 1311 (part of NEA sector 08001) and 4463.
This report assigns VOC emissions to NEA sector 11002 from a category ("Miscellaneous
Organic Solvent Evaporation - Architectural Coating") that is not classified as an industrial process
January 2001
-------
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States D-3
source category by the 1940-1990 NAPEE. A subcategory of the 1940-1990 NAPEE category
"Surface Coating" (the subcategory entitled "Surface Coating Operations - Maintenance Coatings"
in the NEA7085.WK3 and SIC7090.WK3 spreadsheets) is assigned to NBA sector 12000. The
"Surface Coating" category is not assigned a SIC code by the 1940-1990 NAPEE.
This report assigns VOC emissions from the "Miscellaneous Solvent Evaporation - Cutback
Asphalt Paving" category to NEA sector 11002. This category is not treated as an industrial process
source category by the 1940-1990 NAPEE.
Most of the discrepancies between the amount of VOC emissions assigned to manufacturing
industries in this report and the amount assigned to manufacturing industries in the 1940-1990
NAPEE are attributable to the fact that this report assigns emissions from source categories that are
not assigned SIC codes bythe 1940-1990 NAPEE. Assigning emissions from the "Surface Coating"
category, which were not assigned a SIC code in the 1940-1990 NAPEE, is the sole source of the
discrepancies between the 1940-1990 NAPEE and this report for the following two-digit SIC
manufacturing industries (the relevant subcategories of the "Surface Coating Operations" category
intheNEA7085.WK3 and SIC7090.WK3 spreadsheets are in parentheses after each SIC code): SIC
22 ("Fabric"), SIC 24 ("Flat Wood Products"), SIC 25 ("Metal Furniture" and "Wood Furniture"),
SIC 26 ("Paper"), SIC 30 ("Plastic Parts"), SIC 33 ("Magnet Wire" and "Metal Coils"), SIC 34
("Cans," "Other Metal Products," and "Miscellaneous Processes"), SIC 35 ("Machinery"), SIC 36
("Large Appliances"), and SIC 37 ("Automobiles," "Large Ships," "Aircraft," and "Railroads"). Of
these assignments, the most difficult decision involves the assignment of "Metal Coils."
This report assigns "Metal Coils" to SIC 33 because the 7957 Standard Industrial
Classification Manual lists coils within SIC codes 3353, 3354, and 3355. However, Regional
Interim Emission Inventories (1987 - 1991), Volume I: Development Methodologies (U.S. EPA
1993, p. 62) associates coil coating with SIC 344.
The source category "Other Processes - Glass Manufacturing" is assigned to SIC 32.
Probably due to the relatively small quantity of emissions associated with it, this source category is
not listed as an industrial process emission in the 1940-1990 NAPEE.
Neither the 1940-1990 NAPEE nor this report assigns SIC codes to the following source
categories: (1) "Adhesives," (2) "Degreasing," (3) "SolventExtract!on," and (4) "Other Processes -
Organic Solvent" (see section 3.3.3.6.). The "Dry Cleaning" category was assigned to SIC code 721
by the 1940-1990 NAPEE. Since dry cleaning is not part of the industrial sector, it was not assigned
to an industry in this report.
This report assigns more VOC process emissions to SIC 28 than the 1940-1990 NAPEE
because it assigns emissions from the "Miscellaneous Industrial Processes - Plastics Manufacture"
category to SIC 28. The 1940-1990 NAPEE assigns these emissions to SIC codes 2821 and 3079
(Executive Office of the President 1972, p. 131 - 1972 SIC code, Misc. Plastics Products).
January 2001
-------
D-4 Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
There are two explanations why more VOC process emissions are assigned to SIC 29 by this
report relative to the emissions assigned to SIC 29 by the 1940-1990 NAPEE. First, there is a
difference in assigning emissions from the "Petroleum Marketing and Production - Crude Oil
Storage, Refinery Storage" subcategory. This source is part of the "Crude Oil Production, Storage
and Transfer" category in the 1940-1990 NAPEE. The 1940-1990 NAPEE assigns this source
category to SIC industries 1311 and 4463. However, this report assigns these emissions to SIC 29
(see U.S. EPA 1998, p. 3-192). Second, there is a difference in assigning emissions from the
"Petroleum Marketing and Production - Gasoline Storage at Refineries" subcategory. This source
is part of the 1940-1990 NAPEE category "Petroleum Product Storage and Transfer." The 1940-
1990 NAPEE assigns this category to SIC industries 5171 and 5541. This report assigns these
emissions to SIC 29 (see U.S. EPA 1998, p. 3-192).
The "Crude Oil Loading" subcategory of the "Crude Oil Production, Storage, and Transfer"
category, which is assigned to SIC codes 1311 and 4463 in the 1940-1990 NAPEE, is not assigned
an SIC code in this report. In this report, the remaining subcategories of the "Petroleum Product
Storage and Transfer" category (i.e., "Refinery Product Loading," "Bulk Gasoline Terminals,"
"Gasoline Bulk Plants," "Gasoline Service Stations," and "Other Products"), which are assigned to
SIC industries 5171 and 5541 in the 1940-1990 NAPEE, are not assigned to industries within the
industrial sector.
January 2001
-------
APPENDIX E
EMISSIONS OF TWO-DIGIT
SIC MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
-------
-------
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
E-l
Table E-l
Emissions from SIC 20 (Food and Kindred Products)
(thousand metric tons)1
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
PM
216.65
177.45
153.37
136.80
99.55
101.26
82.10
80.28
79.26
84.41
77.55
81.02
84.48
51.59
62.41
66.04
75.59
61.43
60.48
62.73
100.21
sox
386.21
306.95
321.56
313.25
231.97
235.65
231.37
240.26
268.32
243.70
225.01
215.36
228.55
188.49
201.49
203.33
258.23
253.48
259.16
267.83
302.58
NOX
129.37
115.89
117.40
118.10
93.31
94.82
95.80
95.32
104.21
96.81
94.37
95.32
98.11
87.70
92.15
94.90
113.39
114.05
119.19
125.02
140.01
voc
191.46
190.79
188.62
184.13
181.92
173.09
174.13
173.96
177.48
179.34
174.52
180.12
182.43
179.61
156.38
171.79
156.71
162.22
168.57
156.67
157.15
CO
20.85
19.55
19.52
19.69
15.98
15.90
15.92
15.77
16.88
15.77
15.95
16.38
16.42
15.07
15.62
16.08
18.44
18.35
19.18
20.26
21.91
Pb
840.05
787.59
787.07
812.46
730.89
839.37
799.89
827.06
871.50
321.27
320.87
234.47
154.54
47.60
35.26
33.87
36.68
33.90
31.28
31.56
32.69
except Pb, which is in metric tons.
January 2001
-------
E-2
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table E-2
Emissions from SIC 21 (Tobacco Products)
(thousand metric tons)1
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
PM
5.82
3.53
2.41
2.15
1.91
1.63
1.37
1.73
2.02
1.99
2.35
2.43
2.11
1.20
1.15
1.41
1.14
1.29
1.39
1.36
1.62
SOX
16.49
12.20
11.60
11.58
11.86
10.63
11.25
14.02
15.70
14.33
14.44
14.94
15.73
16.17
16.34
19.45
19.82
22.71
25.86
25.28
27.31
NOX
4.28
3.33
3.12
3.18
3.29
3.06
3.29
4.03
4.55
4.22
4.30
4.58
4.83
5.07
5.24
6.37
6.51
7.90
9.22
9.08
10.27
voc
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.06
CO
0.57
0.45
0.41
0.42
0.44
0.41
0.42
0.53
0.59
0.55
0.57
0.62
0.64
0.68
0.70
0.84
0.85
1.03
1.21
1.20
1.35
Pb
38.72
38.51
40.07
45.23
51.66
50.31
50.01
47.80
36.16
13.44
11.23
9.24
6.08
2.22
1.70
2.13
1.97
1.92
1.06
1.12
1.26
except Pb, which is in metric tons.
January 2001
-------
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
E-3
Table E-3
Emissions from SIC 22 (Textile Mill Products)
(thousand metric tons)1
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
PM
47.66
33.98
23.10
18.64
13.90
12.86
11.85
12.08
10.91
10.55
10.37
11.11
9.13
5.32
5.33
5.39
5.16
5.04
4.60
4.41
4.68
SOX
158.68
134.93
125.38
111.36
90.77
88.69
101.42
110.00
100.97
88.87
78.24
78.76
76.05
69.65
73.34
72.54
83.11
81.42
76.99
73.53
73.57
NOX
45.00
42.10
39.12
36.18
29.95
29.63
33.81
34.80
33.11
30.17
27.16
28.89
27.12
26.79
27.96
28.41
31.62
31.60
30.93
30.69
31.74
voc
161.13
166.75
188.94
202.61
190.84
176.92
196.18
194.14
193.31
200.49
189.12
181.62
165.31
178.92
184.05
187.34
189.75
202.22
178.13
180.79
184.29
CO
6.44
6.28
5.87
5.46
4.57
4.43
4.88
4.97
4.73
4.37
4.13
4.49
4.07
4.13
4.29
4.38
4.74
4.73
4.68
4.76
4.86
Pb
548.47
547.72
523.64
497.37
420.40
475.46
487.34
510.96
497.72
188.19
170.95
123.72
69.68
22.84
16.54
16.08
17.76
17.17
16.76
16.25
14.92
except Pb, which is in metric tons.
January 2001
-------
E-4
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table E-4
Emissions from SIC 23 (Apparel and Other Textile Products)
(thousand metric tons)1
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
PM
6.99
4.67
2.86
1.89
1.06
1.07
0.92
1.02
0.94
0.80
0.92
1.08
0.82
0.44
0.39
0.38
0.30
0.38
0.42
0.43
0.37
sox
19.94
15.74
13.45
10.14
6.80
7.74
8.42
9.72
8.90
7.18
7.07
7.92
6.95
5.65
5.20
4.88
4.67
5.60
6.53
6.73
5.39
NOX
7.24
6.52
5.81
4.96
3.86
3.78
4.01
4.45
4.50
3.47
3.54
4.09
3.33
2.97
2.81
2.75
2.47
2.85
3.54
3.63
3.01
voc
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.04
CO
1.24
1.17
1.07
0.95
0.77
0.70
0.73
0.81
0.84
0.63
0.66
0.77
0.60
0.54
0.52
0.52
0.45
0.51
0.64
0.65
0.54
Pb
35.33
33.00
28.92
25.76
21.07
38.24
38.87
42.09
38.34
15.74
14.58
11.43
6.32
2.09
1.38
1.26
0.94
1.78
1.75
1.84
1.96
except Pb, which is in metric tons.
January 2001
-------
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
E-5
Table E-5
Emissions from SIC 24 (Lumber and Wood Products)
(thousand metric tons)1
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
PM
84.93
87.69
90.97
91.75
80.86
74.54
85.86
87.23
88.22
84.34
73.75
67.72
59.92
72.09
83.61
83.17
93.17
99.17
98.42
96.78
104.35
SOX
40.60
27.94
31.95
34.17
29.22
22.67
28.21
23.28
24.63
22.54
19.10
15.59
11.95
9.03
10.08
10.44
13.33
12.15
9.19
9.15
7.99
NOX
19.15
16.46
16.92
18.03
15.21
13.46
14.47
12.66
13.56
11.55
10.03
9.28
6.91
5.98
6.05
6.29
7.34
7.40
6.47
6.82
6.30
voc
58.74
67.12
73.62
73.84
71.68
69.27
78.27
80.26
82.77
84.20
74.69
63.19
51.14
50.72
50.73
11.74
13.76
13.17
18.95
15.85
5.93
CO
3.68
3.36
3.37
3.55
2.96
2.71
2.74
2.50
2.65
2.17
1.95
1.89
1.38
1.22
1.23
1.28
1.46
1.52
1.37
1.45
1.34
Pb
145.23
90.44
106.17
121.28
108.99
127.14
157.19
101.16
124.89
63.72
57.82
35.12
16.12
5.20
3.98
4.08
4.86
3.83
2.63
2.84
2.11
except Pb, which is in metric tons.
January 2001
-------
E-f
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table E-6
Emissions from SIC 25 (Furniture and Fixtures)
(thousand metric tons)1
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
PM
10.49
5.74
4.18
2.46
1.65
1.35
0.88
1.07
1.00
0.91
0.89
0.95
0.71
0.33
0.34
0.33
0.31
0.39
0.37
0.46
0.53
sox
26.80
17.45
17.84
11.83
9.27
8.42
7.16
8.56
8.21
7.30
6.51
6.52
5.74
4.07
4.43
4.19
4.67
6.07
5.79
7.52
8.25
NOX
7.70
6.05
6.42
4.92
4.29
3.73
3.47
4.05
4.09
3.52
3.24
3.37
3.00
2.51
2.71
2.82
2.80
3.47
3.57
4.20
4.31
voc
224.37
280.37
315.08
297.67
273.06
247.15
261.85
252.97
266.67
280.05
256.95
219.50
195.96
216.40
229.24
397.83
361.87
446.27
504.13
494.81
570.50
CO
1.13
0.98
1.07
0.87
0.79
0.66
0.63
0.74
0.76
0.64
0.60
0.63
0.55
0.48
0.52
0.55
0.53
0.64
0.67
0.76
0.73
Pb
38.56
32.05
37.32
29.58
27.80
29.93
26.01
21.70
20.62
9.85
11.42
7.27
4.15
1.12
0.86
0.80
0.94
0.92
0.90
0.98
1.09
except Pb, which is in metric tons.
January 2001
-------
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
E-7
Table E-7
Emissions from SIC 26 (Paper and Allied Products)
(thousand metric tons)1
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
PM
858.52
734.25
660.15
488.59
440.38
312.60
258.77
254.88
198.90
200.83
211.07
171.81
176.09
144.62
161.97
165.63
138.40
139.36
146.09
123.61
131.86
SOX
965.78
888.15
904.51
869.64
891.60
773.52
837.70
854.82
816.35
794.21
794.44
760.41
797.57
760.82
839.39
893.79
936.90
915.54
876.65
888.60
952.71
NOX
235.95
229.17
227.06
221.03
229.02
201.79
219.14
213.07
206.63
205.35
196.61
199.49
210.29
207.38
230.28
250.78
261.71
256.20
250.28
255.49
287.00
voc
596.33
587.21
666.02
666.79
593.58
498.99
525.62
531.27
608.53
610.71
569.40
437.51
397.58
457.88
574.17
420.32
493.39
510.97
479.31
479.39
482.13
CO
578.28
579.46
621.01
642.71
643.48
571.63
651.52
657.44
677.08
685.68
747.67
744.29
730.59
783.89
824.58
823.39
879.66
904.78
904.37
940.41
968.81
Pb
2970.20
3161.81
3168.56
3056.39
3076.43
3255.12
3166.13
3061.70
3017.38
1353.27
1449.77
973.60
578.27
181.80
135.82
136.90
153.98
154.83
156.19
162.53
174.19
except Pb, which is in metric tons.
January 2001
-------
E-S
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table E-8
Emissions from SIC 27 (Printing and Publishing)
(thousand metric tons)1
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
PM
1.44
0.89
1.04
1.26
1.10
1.00
0.68
0.68
0.63
0.63
0.52
0.42
0.46
0.29
0.30
0.26
0.25
0.17
0.16
0.09
0.08
sox
9.61
6.51
7.26
7.78
6.57
6.91
5.54
5.99
5.77
5.73
4.72
3.87
4.53
3.11
3.37
2.75
3.08
1.53
1.24
0.34
0.30
NOX
5.35
4.79
4.79
4.95
3.94
4.14
3.47
4.02
3.95
3.91
3.83
3.96
4.05
3.65
3.99
3.88
3.36
3.02
3.46
3.49
3.16
voc
290.89
273.09
312.09
318.69
295.07
254.57
280.66
292.08
346.37
353.07
338.87
257.48
237.77
274.07
360.07
327.87
216.46
191.16
235.17
235.17
199.95
CO
1.06
1.00
0.99
1.01
0.79
0.82
0.69
0.83
0.81
0.79
0.81
0.88
0.87
0.81
0.89
0.88
0.73
0.72
0.84
0.87
0.79
Pb
59.15
42.32
36.10
31.57
22.23
32.35
18.78
21.03
23.33
12.77
14.39
10.43
7.23
2.01
1.18
0.64
0.92
0.88
0.86
0.00
0.00
except Pb, which is in metric tons.
January 2001
-------
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
E-9
Table E-9
Emissions from SIC 28 (Chemicals and Allied Products)
(thousand metric tons)1
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
PM
581.81
483.44
388.73
342.39
303.21
245.80
216.55
224.57
229.44
227.50
223.18
218.38
176.00
155.51
175.89
158.74
124.34
127.86
127.86
131.43
136.69
SOX
1787.20
1673.62
1714.54
1727.60
1593.37
1368.13
1232.27
1264.31
1261.09
1260.21
1140.86
1155.40
1073.73
1078.83
1094.25
1082.09
1140.53
1143.68
1143.54
1133.41
1179.12
NOX
556.64
537.25
529.38
537.26
538.19
483.30
479.83
487.21
469.67
480.47
440.51
458.26
391.58
367.17
399.22
388.67
374.59
384.94
391.36
400.57
409.18
voc
1365.78
1367.88
1527.06
1674.23
1721.11
1514.74
1731.31
1840.34
1932.99
1988.15
1837.22
1753.58
1510.16
1739.10
1937.08
1805.31
1763.10
1760.68
1943.74
1919.01
1881.67
CO
2263.87
2573.28
2220.70
2409.52
2355.90
2047.05
2184.18
2443.55
2353.47
2351.05
1993.75
2049.25
1585.90
1712.00
1930.63
1825.81
1756.02
1763.59
1873.08
1878.53
1783.39
Pb
2647.81
2656.83
3122.80
3439.38
3073.24
2498.00
3096.54
3108.81
3047.47
2092.60
1382.34
1040.90
812.98
625.00
551.21
393.93
304.48
322.74
319.81
312.09
193.62
except Pb, which is in metric tons.
January 2001
-------
E-10
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table E-10
Emissions from SIC 29 (Petroleum and Coal Products)
(thousand metric tons)1
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
PM
639.87
629.92
626.06
663.03
572.10
387.77
280.74
191.02
182.18
187.35
165.51
138.11
123.30
142.95
172.83
140.44
145.80
151.80
145.27
143.55
151.87
SOX
618.97
627.42
643.10
676.73
680.53
659.89
680.31
727.50
741.31
708.53
669.34
605.16
586.47
575.93
594.45
595.06
667.07
646.59
648.94
663.81
683.82
NOX
231.44
234.57
239.12
250.74
250.75
244.31
252.02
269.33
268.86
257.24
245.04
216.36
208.70
205.16
208.63
206.35
228.18
219.92
225.54
228.57
233.55
voc
894.81
949.05
982.05
1019.89
1049.68
1079.42
1102.20
1161.26
1188.13
1174.63
1156.94
1139.78
1069.43
968.98
944.88
878.24
847.23
861.58
872.63
888.08
879.84
CO
2016.48
2080.50
2116.85
2151.16
2075.89
2056.19
1976.26
1889.81
1798.71
1714.12
1616.37
1125.79
715.50
485.07
395.07
388.89
373.48
358.25
337.77
343.14
426.04
Pb
81.43
69.49
71.98
73.29
62.10
70.26
68.81
77.03
77.94
38.51
36.49
24.47
17.08
6.54
4.99
5.91
9.71
8.61
3.75
2.73
1.89
except Pb, which is in metric tons.
January 2001
-------
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
E-ll
Table E-ll
Emissions from SIC 30 (Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastic Products)
(thousand metric tons)1
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
PM
37.53
25.65
23.86
21.58
16.49
11.73
8.95
9.29
7.51
6.88
6.36
5.80
4.24
2.02
1.84
1.60
1.72
1.81
1.52
1.55
1.63
SOX
102.22
82.41
105.26
104.22
90.97
73.47
73.72
81.37
67.31
57.71
47.58
40.41
36.02
25.45
23.86
20.13
24.10
25.44
21.84
22.22
23.00
NOX
29.97
27.17
33.33
33.23
29.18
24.83
25.04
27.16
23.80
21.03
18.00
17.52
15.73
13.28
12.86
12.09
13.19
13.66
13.19
13.76
13.41
voc
63.09
71.39
77.66
75.91
73.18
63.41
66.24
79.84
79.41
76.32
62.98
69.97
67.08
71.80
81.24
78.88
78.13
83.78
82.65
74.64
79.07
CO
4.45
4.27
5.10
5.00
4.38
3.75
3.65
4.03
3.59
3.21
2.89
2.99
2.66
2.38
2.36
2.31
2.42
2.52
2.50
2.63
2.47
Pb
199.37
192.76
269.95
299.67
291.78
301.35
330.07
345.46
304.38
119.72
101.01
60.16
37.42
11.81
8.94
8.67
9.94
9.83
9.06
9.29
9.45
except Pb, which is in metric tons.
January 2001
-------
E-12
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table E-12
Emissions from SIC 31 (Leather and Leather Products)
(thousand metric tons)1
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
PM
5.17
3.02
2.14
1.56
0.97
0.84
0.61
0.68
0.62
0.54
0.55
0.49
0.45
0.27
0.25
0.25
0.36
0.36
0.30
0.30
0.22
sox
18.71
12.78
11.63
9.18
7.17
6.52
5.75
6.93
6.18
5.22
5.26
4.59
4.78
3.45
3.33
3.35
5.14
5.13
4.33
4.27
3.11
NOX
5.38
4.06
3.62
2.94
2.31
2.28
2.23
2.28
2.15
1.84
1.74
1.62
1.65
1.40
1.21
1.21
1.65
1.63
1.48
1.52
1.23
voc
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
CO
0.79
0.62
0.55
0.45
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.34
0.32
0.27
0.26
0.25
0.25
0.22
0.19
0.19
0.23
0.24
0.22
0.24
0.20
Pb
70.41
53.46
45.22
37.64
37.80
41.28
29.05
39.39
34.87
14.91
17.60
13.38
8.63
3.07
2.14
2.27
2.73
2.65
2.58
2.80
2.07
except Pb, which is in metric tons.
January 2001
-------
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
E-13
Table E-13
Emissions from SIC 32 (Stone, Clay and Glass Products)
(thousand metric tons)1
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
PM
2358.09
2225.03
1998.71
1583.95
1286.07
1028.59
905.72
845.32
850.19
725.90
569.41
450.69
354.45
374.37
423.19
408.44
346.14
331.73
349.01
348.82
359.21
SOX
675.73
660.33
682.25
685.18
651.11
559.43
620.77
702.77
743.61
723.42
654.34
626.28
548.22
580.01
628.15
627.99
614.90
611.88
644.34
653.06
656.46
NOX
189.31
195.83
204.70
212.21
201.09
178.80
195.50
206.12
216.52
206.83
188.76
183.32
160.03
169.31
178.46
177.32
176.26
172.36
184.64
186.97
184.72
voc
2.08
2.16
2.25
2.36
2.24
2.19
2.45
2.56
2.68
2.40
2.27
2.28
2.07
2.08
2.06
2.02
2.07
1.95
2.12
2.12
2.01
CO
22.03
22.42
23.28
24.06
23.35
20.60
22.30
22.33
22.71
21.64
19.70
19.43
14.71
15.36
16.24
16.24
16.12
16.19
17.66
18.08
17.50
Pb
837.97
828.25
773.38
631.44
529.98
547.33
530.85
566.33
576.25
217.26
177.52
108.22
68.22
50.35
50.36
45.69
31.81
34.62
31.58
31.79
31.49
except Pb, which is in metric tons.
January 2001
-------
E-14
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table E-14
Emissions from SIC 33 (Primary Metal Industries)
(thousand metric tons)1
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
PM
2093.09
1782.53
1717.37
1548.90
1321.56
1013.29
862.91
744.24
733.64
659.49
535.48
529.39
377.83
346.93
358.10
332.41
280.34
288.49
312.49
324.02
324.63
SOX
5494.34
4778.22
4994.27
5080.11
4447.05
3693.98
3618.85
3274.01
2840.25
3061.42
2329.16
2592.45
1952.30
1855.70
1878.36
1577.22
1458.53
1510.55
1580.65
1560.93
1598.96
NOX
235.29
209.60
210.11
213.36
192.78
171.39
168.83
162.92
164.34
160.87
136.02
144.20
101.37
106.21
110.49
105.99
96.35
97.54
103.48
101.95
105.04
voc
383.67
281.24
353.88
372.01
356.09
328.52
338.48
314.74
294.29
314.00
271.64
251.62
172.69
165.39
187.13
176.21
158.82
174.26
197.31
200.03
201.38
CO
3331.49
3244.27
3375.45
3333.06
3129.57
2281.55
2417.69
2317.08
2385.00
2376.90
2050.73
2026.33
1388.46
1425.54
1583.66
1424.37
1273.62
1385.03
1573.00
1512.72
1570.57
Pb
21357.69
20154.62
15984.65
12986.28
11286.01
8689.68
6123.91
3934.23
3833.17
3412.92
2506.44
2135.87
1905.89
1648.52
1543.54
1715.25
1498.20
1480.81
1570.59
1724.90
1629.93
except Pb, which is in metric tons.
January 2001
-------
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
E-15
Table E-15
Emissions from SIC 34 (Fabricated Metal Products)
(thousand metric tons)1
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
PM
27.83
17.87
12.98
10.49
6.87
5.50
4.40
4.59
4.11
4.08
3.66
3.61
3.44
1.84
1.72
1.63
1.48
1.41
1.39
1.29
1.32
SOX
94.52
70.42
67.64
59.11
43.34
37.74
37.27
40.03
36.14
33.81
27.62
25.89
28.03
21.47
20.77
19.03
20.00
18.93
18.90
17.15
17.05
NOX
39.15
34.35
33.94
32.60
25.89
23.31
23.71
24.41
24.16
22.24
21.05
21.77
21.13
18.58
18.43
18.41
18.04
17.39
19.03
19.08
17.45
voc
974.79
720.11
869.52
892.06
779.76
463.73
557.37
643.19
885.01
873.16
838.26
599.28
465.04
560.21
873.40
813.32
761.18
740.22
257.28
273.74
235.39
CO
6.99
6.44
6.45
6.33
5.13
4.61
4.69
4.83
4.87
4.44
4.37
4.60
4.33
3.89
3.89
3.93
3.80
3.66
4.05
4.12
3.69
Pb
422.57
374.67
355.52
334.35
274.49
284.69
272.86
253.94
229.04
129.72
116.38
91.88
68.65
47.53
49.14
32.51
32.90
32.09
31.91
31.34
4.23
except Pb, which is in metric tons.
January 2001
-------
E-16
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table E-16
Emissions from SIC 35 (Industrial Machinery and Equipment)
(thousand metric tons)1
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
PM
36.08
25.22
19.16
16.21
10.88
9.30
6.02
6.19
6.57
7.02
6.71
6.24
5.12
2.52
2.50
2.41
2.14
2.03
1.94
1.83
1.87
SOX
105.56
84.14
84.75
77.19
59.31
55.74
47.06
49.72
52.92
52.53
44.62
41.74
41.19
31.68
33.04
31.07
33.54
32.01
31.51
29.29
28.29
NOX
36.93
33.31
33.49
32.71
26.77
24.94
22.69
23.24
24.67
24.19
22.33
22.26
21.23
17.52
17.90
17.49
17.57
17.85
19.04
18.70
17.75
voc
36.23
40.42
43.73
46.13
46.66
46.63
54.91
56.91
60.14
62.29
56.94
49.07
56.40
48.68
46.69
43.68
47.40
44.04
49.34
45.88
46.22
CO
6.09
5.75
5.79
5.76
4.82
4.40
4.05
4.17
4.38
4.26
4.08
4.15
3.87
3.24
3.28
3.24
3.13
3.21
3.50
3.51
3.24
Pb
810.31
661.06
606.00
602.86
520.09
434.82
378.23
305.98
277.43
162.19
134.94
101.73
46.18
17.60
20.60
9.27
6.13
5.07
4.11
4.38
3.31
except Pb, which is in metric tons.
January 2001
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Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
E-17
Table E-17
Emissions from SIC 36 (Electric and Electronic Equipment)
(thousand metric tons)1
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
PM
24.45
14.63
12.44
11.79
8.13
5.61
4.59
4.57
4.32
4.64
3.75
3.84
3.31
1.80
1.72
1.78
1.37
1.15
1.15
1.19
1.29
SOX
74.14
54.31
58.04
56.82
43.25
34.48
35.38
36.70
36.02
35.82
27.05
26.89
27.71
22.49
22.40
22.56
20.23
16.74
17.24
18.05
19.09
NOX
25.60
21.96
22.76
22.86
18.03
15.29
16.09
16.50
16.64
16.01
13.93
14.39
14.29
12.93
12.77
13.32
11.51
10.04
11.53
11.48
11.59
voc
44.70
54.29
59.29
54.59
45.86
39.03
39.06
36.17
36.67
36.70
32.73
26.60
23.39
25.69
27.27
15.03
14.85
13.89
15.26
14.46
11.03
CO
4.19
3.82
3.92
3.93
3.14
2.69
2.80
2.92
2.95
2.77
2.58
2.69
2.61
2.42
2.39
2.51
2.13
1.89
2.23
2.18
2.11
Pb
238.75
230.99
218.56
207.97
176.25
174.91
174.92
170.49
178.54
108.21
96.53
94.40
76.66
64.76
66.82
65.46
65.08
71.00
70.91
72.26
74.25
except Pb, which is in metric tons.
January 2001
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E-18
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table E-18
Emissions from SIC 37 (Transportation Equipment)
(thousand metric tons)1
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
PM
64.74
47.65
36.45
30.20
22.88
18.74
14.47
13.26
13.13
13.67
12.71
13.10
10.30
5.60
5.66
5.90
5.43
4.96
4.44
4.49
5.02
SOX
169.77
143.05
147.81
133.56
113.98
103.48
101.14
98.75
101.58
99.93
84.23
84.77
80.75
73.36
78.04
79.33
87.33
79.31
72.89
73.81
78.29
NOX
50.43
46.30
47.35
44.44
38.97
36.56
37.96
36.09
37.27
36.44
31.28
32.59
30.48
29.54
31.34
32.77
35.89
33.54
32.37
33.67
35.60
voc
174.77
194.77
208.57
214.05
213.00
210.47
235.38
241.47
232.46
218.55
177.81
131.60
113.00
133.15
152.38
169.74
168.06
179.10
176.99
170.63
183.70
CO
7.54
7.18
7.29
6.88
6.10
5.68
5.92
5.64
5.82
5.63
4.93
5.20
4.75
4.71
4.94
5.19
5.65
5.31
5.23
5.50
5.64
Pb
288.28
263.74
281.65
288.70
257.48
248.96
236.54
235.65
241.32
108.33
113.48
83.00
51.68
17.11
12.35
12.74
16.91
16.29
16.72
16.25
15.98
except Pb, which is in metric tons.
January 2001
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Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
E-19
Table E-19
Emissions from SIC 38 (Instruments and Related Products)
(thousand metric tons)1
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
PM
15.79
13.70
11.25
8.48
7.14
5.42
4.04
2.20
2.62
5.19
5.24
4.93
4.45
2.42
2.43
2.41
2.27
2.21
2.10
2.21
2.65
SOX
43.07
42.83
47.08
39.01
37.93
31.74
29.31
19.66
22.12
36.57
32.59
30.89
33.74
32.21
34.03
32.83
38.36
37.40
37.13
38.96
43.37
NOX
11.74
12.16
13.16
11.21
10.87
9.60
9.64
6.71
7.47
11.62
10.64
10.46
11.36
11.19
12.07
12.06
13.52
14.23
14.28
15.31
17.37
voc
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.13
CO
1.64
1.71
1.83
1.55
1.49
1.32
1.37
1.01
1.10
1.63
1.53
1.53
1.63
1.62
1.74
1.76
1.89
2.05
2.04
2.23
2.46
Pb
87.54
97.20
106.02
100.41
111.91
107.24
83.17
89.40
80.83
28.47
28.38
23.29
15.70
5.24
4.10
4.04
5.18
4.88
4.55
4.92
4.46
except Pb, which is in metric tons.
January 2001
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E-20
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table E-20
Emissions from SIC 39 (Miscellaneous Manufacturing Products)
(thousand metric tons)1
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
PM
3.39
2.49
2.19
1.71
1.14
0.73
0.81
0.71
0.67
0.62
0.66
0.70
0.54
0.35
0.32
0.32
0.29
0.37
0.27
0.28
0.21
sox
15.61
13.63
14.74
12.15
9.10
6.79
8.24
7.22
6.78
5.96
5.58
5.42
4.89
4.47
4.20
4.13
4.02
5.42
4.16
4.29
2.92
NOX
5.23
5.10
5.48
4.77
3.78
3.03
3.39
3.17
3.18
2.87
2.79
2.84
2.43
2.35
2.23
2.18
2.18
2.64
2.72
2.76
2.04
voc
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.03
CO
0.84
0.85
0.92
0.81
0.66
0.53
0.56
0.56
0.57
0.52
0.52
0.53
0.44
0.43
0.41
0.40
0.40
0.46
0.52
0.53
0.40
Pb
77.04
76.91
76.53
63.76
52.54
55.45
53.22
38.71
39.16
14.87
14.40
10.30
5.89
2.25
1.72
1.85
1.83
1.78
0.88
0.96
1.05
except Pb, which is in metric tons.
January 2001
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APPENDIX F
ORGANIZATION OF SPREADSHEETS
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Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
F-l
Table F-l
Contents of spreadsheet NEA7085.WK3
NEA7085.WK3
Sheet A
Sheet B
Sheet C
Sheet D
Sheet E
Sheet F
Sheet G
Sheet H
Description of contents of Sheet
Original TRENDS data
Process emissions, by NEA code
Emissions from coal combustion, by NEA code
Emissions from natural gas combustion, by NEA code
Emissions from residual fuel oil combustion, by NEA
code
Emissions from distillate fuel oil combustion, by NEA
code
Emissions from all sources, by NEA code (total of
sheets B through F)
Emissions from all sources for the twenty two-digit
SIC manufacturing industries
January 2001
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F-2
Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table F-2
Contents of spreadsheet SIC7090.WK3
SIC7090.WK3
Sheet A
Sheet B
Sheet C
Sheet D
Sheet E
Sheet F
Sheet G
Sheet H
Sheet I
Sheet J
Sheet K
Sheet L
Sheet M
Sheet N
Sheet O
Description of contents of Sheet
Outline of spreadsheet
Economic Activity, from TRENDS methodology
Emissions Factors, from TRENDS methodology
Control Efficiencies, from TRENDS methodology
Emissions calculation sheet for TRENDS
methodology, by TRENDS source code
Emissions of Electric utilities sector, from TRENDS
Process emissions, by SIC code
Emissions from coal combustion, by SIC code
Emissions from natural gas combustion, by SIC code
Emissions from residual fuel oil combustion, by SIC
code
Emissions from distillate fuel oil combustion, by SIC
code
Emissions from all sources, by SIC code (total of
sheets G through K)
Emissions by 2-digit SIC code (1970-1990)
Emissions by 2-digit SIC code from NEA7085.WK3
(1970-1985)
Comparison of estimates of emissions by 2-digit SIC
code for NEA7085.WK3 and SIC7090.WK3 (1970-
1985)
January 2001
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Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Table F-2 (continued)
F-3
SIC7090.WK3
Sheet P
Sheet Q
Sheet R
Sheet S
Sheet T
Sheet U
Sheet V
Sheet W
Sheet X
Sheet Y
Sheet Z
Sheet AA
Sheet AB
Sheet AC
Description of contents of Sheet
Output indexes : 1970-1990 (agriculture, 4 mining industries,
construction, and 20 manufacturing industries)
Federal Reserve Board, value added, 1992, 1987, 1982
Federal Reserve Board, production indexes, 1919-1985
Federal Reserve Board, production indexes, 1986-1999
BEA, gross output (1947-1987) : agriculture and construction
BEA, gross output (1987-1997) : agriculture and construction
Coal consumption (1982-1997) : agriculture, 4 mining industries, and
construction)
Natural Gas consumption (1982-1997) : agriculture, 4 mining
industries, and construction)
Distillate Fuel Oil consumption (1982-1997) : agriculture, 4 mining
industries, and construction)
Residual Fuel Oil consumption (1982-1997) : agriculture, 4 mining
industries, and construction)
Share of coal consumption of agriculture, 4 mining industries, and
construction (1982-1997)
Share of residual fuel oil consumption of agriculture, 4 mining
industries, and construction (1982-1997)
Share of distillate fuel oil consumption of agriculture, 4 mining
industries, and construction (1982-1997)
Share of natural gas consumption of agriculture, 4 mining industries,
and construction (1982-1997)
January 2001
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APPENDIX G
PREPARATION OF REPORT AND PEER REVIEW PROCESS
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Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States G-l
G. 1. PREPARING THE REPORT
This report was a product of research conducted by the EPA's National Center for
Environmental Economics (NCEE) and the Environmental Law Institute (ELI). The
methodology for disaggregating industrial emissions using energy use data was developed by
NCEE. ELI's James Lockhart was responsible for applying the methodology to and developing
spreadsheets from the EPA's national emission estimates. Gerhard Gschwandtner of E.H. Pechan
and Associates provided useful insights concerning the TRENDS data.
Special thanks go to Sharon Nizich (Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. EPA) and Tom
McMullen (Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. EPA) for providing information on the procedures
employed to estimate emissions of air pollutants.
ELI's Anne S. Forrest, James Lockhart, and Charles Jung developed the draft report.
The EPA's Carl A. Pasurka, Jr. was responsible for editing the draft report and
developing the final document.
G.2. DESCRIPTION OF THE REVIEW PROCESS
A draft of what emerged as Statistical Methodology for Assigning Emissions to Industries
in the United States: 1970 to 1990 was subjected to both inter- and intra-agency review.
Representatives from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (U.S. Department of Commerce)
and the Statistical Office of the European Communities were contacted for comment. Within
EPA, representatives from the Office of Air and Radiation and the Office of Policy provided
comments.
The following individuals provided helpful comments on the draft report (in alphabetical
order):
Wiley Barbour (U.S. EPA, Office of Air and Radiation)
Ann Lawson (U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Industry
Economics Division)
Tom McMullen (U.S. EPA, Office of Air and Radiation)
Sharon Nizich (U.S. EPA, Office of Air and Radiation)
Anton Steurer (Statistical Office of the European Communities)
In addition to making numerous suggestions for changes in style, the reviews also made
the following suggestions regarding the content of the report. Upon receipt of the comments,
Carl Pasurka attempted to address and incorporate all comments to the maximum extent possible.
The comments listed in this section do not always represent the exact wording of the original
comments and may reflect a combination of more than one comment.
January 2001
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G-2 Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
G.3. SPECIFIC COMMENTS AND RESPONSES
Comment: The report should highlight the fact that emissions from motor vehicles are not
assigned to various industries.
Response: Section 1.1. now mentions that emissions from motor vehicles are not assigned to
industries.
Comment: The use of fuel consumption data to assign emissions from fuel combustion
ignores differences in control efficiencies, age of boilers, and variation in
standards across industries.
Response: The importance of this assumption is highlighted in Section 3.2.1.1. of the report.
Comment: There should be some explanation of why certain source categories are not
assigned to industries.
Response: Portions of section 1.1, 3.1,and 3.3 contain explanations of which source
categories are excluded and some explanation as to why they are excluded.
Comment: It should be made clear that the estimates of emissions used in this report are
generated by a methodology that was primarily a "top-down"approach.
Response: Sections 2.1 and 2.2 have been revised to clarify this point.
Comment: The estimates of emissions used in this report were generated by a methodology
that EPA replaced several years ago.
Response: Statistical Methodology for Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United
States, Revised Estimates: 1970 to 1997, which uses the revised EPA estimates of
emissions, addresses this concern. In addition, the Summary (p. i), Section 1.1,
Section 2.4, and Section 4 of this report mention that the emission estimates used
in this report have been supplanted by revised estimates.
Comment: Is it possible to compare the results of this report with the estimates of emissions
for industries that the Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS)
assembled for 1990?
January 2001
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Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
G-3
Response: The methodology that generates the estimates of emissions used in Statistical
Methodology for Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States, Revised
Estimates: 1970 to 1997 makes use of some of the estimates from AIRS. The
new methodology employed to estimate missions is described in Section 4 of
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Procedures Document, 1900-1996
Projections 1999-2010 (U.S. EPA 1998).
Comment: The report should provide a list of Acronyms and Abbreviations.
Response: The report now includes a list of relevant Acronyms and Abbreviations.
Comment: The report should define "industrial sector."
Response: A definition of "industrial sector" is provided in footnote 5.
Comment: The report should define "fugitive emissions."
Response: This report provides a definition of "fugitive emissions" in footnote 14.
Comment: There should be a discussion of the potential uses of the data developed in the
report.
Response: Within the Introduction section, the "Purpose of the Project" now contains an
overview of some of the proposed uses of these data.
Comment: There should be a discussion of previous efforts by the EPA to assign emissions
to SIC codes.
Response: Footnote 11 and Appendix D discuss the relationship between the estimates in this
study and the assignment of process emissions to SIC codes by the 1940-1990
NAPEE.
Comment: The discussion of the values in Table 4 should be clarified.
Response: The discussion of Table 4 in Section 3.1 has been revised.
Comment: There is a potential source of ambiguity between the terms source classification
code (SCC) and source classification code.
Response: Since the SCCs are not used in this study, the most direct method to resolve this
issue was to minimize the use of the term "source classification code." As a result,
the report has been revised and now uses the term "emission source category."
Footnote 8 mentions that these source categories are composed of SCCs.
January 2001
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G-4 Assigning Emissions to Industries in the United States
Comment: How significant is the discrepancy between the NEA and DAEMEC estimates of
fuel consumption?
Response: The shares of coal, residual fuel oil, distillate fuel oil, and natural gas
consumption assigned to industries in Sheets Z, AA, AB, and AC of
SIC7090.WK3 do not appear to experience a dramatic change between 1985
(NEA data) and 1986 (DAEMEC data). This is mentioned in footnote 28.
January 2001
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