United States Prevention, Pesticides EPA712-C-08-010
Environmental Protection And Toxic Substances October 2008
Agency (7101)
&EPA Fate, Transport and
Transformation Test
Guidelines
OPPTS 835.1240
Leaching Studies
I
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INTRODUCTION
This guideline is one of a series of test guidelines that have been
developed by the Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances
(OPPTS), United States Environmental Protection Agency for use in the testing
of pesticides and toxic substances, and the development of test data to meet the
data requirements of the Agency under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
(15 U.S.C. 2601), the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act
(FIFRA) (7 U.S.C. 136, et seq.), and section 408 of the Federal Food, Drug and
Cosmetic (FFDCA) (21 U.S.C. 346a).
OPPTS developed this guideline through a process of harmonization of
the testing guidance and requirements that existed for the Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) in Title 40, Chapter I, Subchapter R of the Code
of Federal Regulations (CFR), the Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) in
publications of the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) and in the
guidelines published by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD).
For additional information about OPPTS harmonized guidelines and to
access this and other guidelines, please go to http://www.epa.gov/oppts and
select "Test Methods & Guidelines" on the left side menu.
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OPPTS 835.1240 Leaching Studies.
(a) Scope—(1) Applicability. This guideline is intended for use in meeting testing
requirements of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) (7 U.S.C. 136, et
seq). It describes procedures that, if followed, would result in data that would generally be of
scientific merit for the purposes described in paragraph (b) of this guideline.
(2) Background. The source materials used in developing this OPPTS test guideline are
OPP 163-1 Leaching and absorption/desorption studies (Pesticide Assessment Guidelines,
Subdivision N - Chemistry: Environmental Fate EPA report 540/9-82-021, October 1982) and
OECD Test Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals 312 Leaching in Soil Columns (OECD, adopted
April 2002).
(b) Purpose. (1) The movement of pesticide residues by means of leaching through the soil
profile or transport to and dispersion in the aquatic environment may cause contamination of food,
result in loss of usable land and water resources to man due to contamination of groundwater
supplies, or cause habitat loss to wildlife. Laboratory studies are used to predict the leaching
potential of pesticides and their degradates through the soil profile at terrestrial sites; and the
movement of pesticides and their degradates to and dispersion in aquatic sites. Leaching studies
assess the mobility of the pesticide and its degradates through columns packed with the various soils.
(2) Leaching data support end-use products intended for greenhouse, terrestrial food, feed
and non-food uses, forestry use, aquatic use, residential outdoor, and aquatic impact uses involving
direct discharges of treated water into outdoor aquatic sites. Such data are also required to support
each application for registration of a manufacturing-use product which may legally be used to make
such an end-use product.
(c) Definitions.
Aged soil residue: Test substance and transformation products present in soil after
application and following a period long enough to allow transport, metabolism, and dissipation
processes to alter the distribution and chemical nature of some of the applied chemical (see
paragraph (i)(l) of this guideline).
Artificial rain: 0.01 M CaC^ solution in distilled or deionized water.
Leachate: Aqueous phase percolated through a soil profile or a soil column (see paragraph
(i)(l) of this guideline).
Leaching: Process by which a chemical moves downward through the soil profile or a soil
column (see paragraph (i)(l) of this guideline).
Leaching distance: Deepest soil segment in which 0.5 % of the applied test substance or aged
residue was found after the leaching process (equivalent to penetration depth).
RMF Relative Mobility Factor: (leaching distance of test substance (cm))/(leaching distance
1
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of reference substance (cm)).
Soil: A mixture of mineral and organic chemical constituents, the latter containing
compounds of high carbon and nitrogen content and of high molecular weights, populated by small
(mostly micro-) organisms. Soil may be handled in two states: undisturbed, as it has developed with
time, in characteristic layers of a variety of soil types; and disturbed, as it is usually found in arable
fields or as occurs when samples are taken by digging and used in this guideline (see paragraph
(i)(2) of this guideline).
Test substance: Any substance, whether the parent substance or relevant transformation
products.
Transformation product: All substances resulting from biotic or abiotic transformation
reactions of the test substance including CC>2 and products that are bound in residues.
(d) General considerations. (1) Methods to measure the leaching potential of chemicals in
soil undercontrolled laboratory conditions, i.e. soil thin-layer chromatography, soil thick-layer
chromatography, soil column chromatography, and adsorption - desorption measurements, are
described at paragraphs (i)(3) and (i)(4) of this guideline). For non-ionized chemicals, the n-octanol-
water partition coefficient (Pow) allows an early estimation of their adsorption and leaching
potential (see paragraphs (i)(5), (i)(6) and (i)(7) of this guideline). The method described in this Test
Guideline is based on soil column chromatography in disturbed soil as described in existing
guidelines (i)(8) through (i)(12) of this guideline.
(2) The method is applicable to test substances (unlabelled or radiolabeled: e.g., 14C) for
which an analytical method with sufficient accuracy and sensitivity is available. The test should not
be applied to chemicals which are volatile from soil and water and thus do not remain in soil and/or
leachate under the experimental conditions of this test.
(3) Other data and information. Before carrying out leaching tests in soil columns, the
following information on the test substance should preferably be available and the temperature at
which these measurements were made should be reported in the respective test reports: solubility in
water; solubility in organic solvents; vapor pressure and Henry's Law constant; n-octanol/water
partition coefficient; adsorption coefficient (Kd, Kf or Koc); hydrolysis; dissociation constant (pKa);
and aerobic and anaerobic transformation in soil.
(e) Principle of the test. Columns made of suitably inert material (e.g., glass, stainless steel,
aluminum, Teflon, PVC, etc.) are packed with soil and afterwards saturated and equilibrated with an
"artificial rain" solution and allowed to drain. Then the surface of each soil column is treated with
the test substance and/or with aged residues of the test substance. Artificial rain is then applied to
the soil columns and the leachate is collected. After the leaching process the soil is removed from
the columns and is sectioned into an appropriate number of segments depending on the information
called for by the study. Each soil segment and the leachate are then analyzed for the test substance
and, if appropriate, for transformation products or other chemicals of interest.
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(f) Test method.—(1) Test substance. Studies should be conducted using each active
ingredient in the product.
(i) If radioisotopic analytical techniques are used (they are preferred), studies should be
conducted with the analytical grade of each active ingredient in the product. As far as possible, the
label should be positioned in the most stable part(s) of the molecule.
(ii) If non-radioisotopic analytical techniques are used, studies should be conducted with the
technical or purer grade of each active ingredient in the product.
(iii) The amount of test substance applied to the soil columns should be sufficient to allow
for detection of at least 0.5 % of the applied dose in any single segment. This may be based on the
maximum recommended use rate (single application rate) and, for both parent and aged leaching,
should be related to the surface area of the soil column used. The amount to be applied to
cylindrical soil columns can be calculated by the following formula:
M [|ig] = A [kg/ hal -IP2 \\ief kg]-d2 [cm2] -n
where:
108[cm2/ha]-4
M = amount applied per column [|ig];
A = rate of application [kg • ha"1];
d = diameter of soil column [cm]; and
TT =3.14.
(iv) To apply the test substance to the soil column it should be dissolved in water (deionized
or distilled). If the test substance is poorly soluble in water, it can be applied in any organic solvent.
In case an organic solvent is used, it should be kept to a minimum and should be evaporated from
the surface of the soil column prior to start of leaching procedure.
(2) Reference substances.—(i) A reference substance should be used in the leaching
experiments (see paragraph (f)(8)(ii) of this guideline). It should be applied to the soil column
surface in a similar way as the test substance and at an appropriate rate that enables adequate
detection either as an internal standard together with the test substance on the same soil column or
alone on a separate soil column. It is preferred that both substances be run on the same column,
except when both substances are similarly labeled.
(ii) Analytical standard substances may also be useful for the characterization and/or
identification of transformation products found in the soil segments and in the leachates by
chromatographic, spectroscopic or other relevant methods.
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(3) Test system, (i) Leaching columns (sectionable or non-sectionable) made of suitably
inert material (e.g., glass, stainless steel, aluminum, Teflon, PVC, etc.) with an inner diameter of at
least 4 cm and a minimum height of 3 5 cm are used for the test. Column materials should be tested
for potential interactions with the test substance and/or its transformation products. Examples of
suitable sectionable and non-sectionable columns are shown in the following Figures 1 and 2:
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Figure 1 —Example of non-sectionable leaching columns made of glass with a length of 3 5 cm and an inner diameter of 5
cm (see paragraph (i)(13) of this guideline).
«— Ub.v^ \i&w dist to a
JivsusKr^i''*9 <*f sL'1* M>it MSI tare
to tn^iilv dt^T.HU'0- the antf
a am
Olav-^ fgftmitt filltsi *v«b tcs-
w I I wh en te< t in 2 n h of o labi le
WtUsct^ co«kiimnis shcuW be
sfaj^ii m ^luniionwi iraU
.-U^of^™*
- Ola*. H-c-oi plus il
- Round-bottom 11
i_oll«nt»s i>£ Itractai* w
itliunniinui foil to
TiSjk for
appcti in
e^lude
Figure 2—Example of a sectionable metal column with 4 cm inner diameter (see paragraph (i)(14) of this guideline.
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(ii) Spoon, plunger and vibration apparatus are used for filling and packing the soil columns.
(iii) For application of artificial rain to the soil columns, piston or peristaltic pumps,
showering heads, Mariotte bottles or simple dropping funnels can be used.
(4) Soils.—(i) Soil selection.—(A) For leaching studies with the parent test substance 3 to 4
soils with varying pH, organic carbon content and texture should be used (see paragraph (i)(15) of
this guideline). Soils should be representative of agricultural area where the pesticide will be used.
For ionizable test substances the selected soils should cover a wide range of pH, in order to evaluate
the mobility of the substance in its ionized and unionized forms; at least 3 soils should have a pH at
which the test substance is in its mobile form.
(B) Soil from foreign sources may be used, providing the foreign soil will have the same
characteristics as soil in the United States common to the proposed use area. Additional information
on use of foreign soils may be obtained from the document "Guidance for Determining the
Acceptability of Environmental Fate Studies Conducted with Foreign Soils," at the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Fate and Effects Division, Office of Pesticides
(see paragraph (i)(16)).
(C) For leaching studies with "aged residues", one soil should be used (see paragraph (i)(l 5)
of this guideline). It should have a sand content > 70% and an organic carbon content between 0.5 -
1.5 %. More soil types should be used if data on the transformation products are important.
(D) All soils should be characterized at least for texture [% sand, % silt, % clay according to
FAO and USDA classification systems (see paragraph (i)(17) of this guideline)], pH, cation
exchange capacity, organic carbon content, bulk density (for disturbed soil) and water holding
capacity. Measurement of microbial biomass should only be done for the soil which is used in the
ageing/incubation period carried out before the aged leaching experiment. Information on additional
soil properties (e.g., soil classification, clay mineralogy, specific surface area) may be helpful for
interpreting the results of this study. For determination of soil characteristics the methods
recommended in paragraphs (i)(18) through (i)(23) of this guideline can be used.
(ii) Collection and storage of soils. (A) The soils should be taken from the top layer
(A-horizon) to a maximum depth of 20 cm. Remains of vegetation, macro-fauna and stones should
be removed. The soils (except those used for ageing the test substance) are air-dried at room
temperature (preferably between 20-25 °C). Disaggregation should be performed with minimal
force, so that the original texture of the soil will be changed as little as possible. The soils are sieved
through a < 2 mm sieve. Careful homogenization is recommended, as this enhances the
reproducibility of the results. Before use the soils can be stored at ambient temperature and kept air
dried (see paragraph (i)(15) of this guideline). No limit on storage time is recommended but soils
stored for more than 3 years should be reanalyzed prior to use with respect to their organic carbon
content and pH.
(B) Detailed information on the history of the field sites from where the test soils are
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collected should be available. Details include exact location [exactly defined by UTM (Universal
Transversal Mercator Projection/European Horizontal Datum) or geographical coordinates],
vegetation cover, treatments with crop protection chemicals, treatments with organic and inorganic
fertilizers, additions of biological materials or accidental contamination (see paragraph (i)(l 5) of this
guideline). If soils have been treated with the test substance or its structural analogues within the
previous four years, these soils should not be used for leaching studies.
(5) Test conditions.—(i) During the test period, the soil leaching columns should be kept in
the dark at ambient temperature as long as this temperature is maintained within a range of ±2 °C.
Recommended temperatures are between 18 and 25 °C. However, if another test temperature (e.g., a
colder temperature) is of particular interest in relation to the purpose of the test, then leaching at
that temperature may additionally be considered.
(ii) Artificial rain (0.01 M CaCb) should be applied continuously to the surface of the soil
columns at a rate of 200 mm over a period of 48 hours; this rate is equivalent to an application of
251 ml for a column with an inner diameter of 4 cm. This simulates an extremely high rainfall. If
needed for the purpose of the test, other rates of artificial rainfall and longer duration may
additionally be used.
(6) Leaching with parent substance.—(i) At least duplicate leaching columns are packed
with untreated, air-dried and sieved soil (< 2 mm) up to a height of approximately 30 cm. To obtain
uniform packing, the soil is added to the columns in small portions with a spoon and pressed with a
wooden plunger under simultaneous gentle column vibration until the top of the soil column does
not sink in further. Packing should be uniform in order to obtain reproducible results from leaching
columns. For details on column packing techniques, see paragraphs (i)(24) through (i)(26) of this
guideline. To control the reproducibility of the packing procedure, the total weight of the soil packed
in the columns is determined (examples of bulk densities for disturbed soils are: for a sand soil 1.66
g/ml; for a loam soil 1.17 g/ml; for a loamy sand soil 1.58 g/ml; for a silt soil 1.11 g/ml); the weights
of the duplicate columns should be similar.
(ii) After packing, the soil columns are pre-wetted with artificial rain (0.01 M CaCb) from
bottom to top in order to displace the air in the soil pores by water. Thereafter the soil columns are
allowed to equilibrate and the excess water is drained off by gravity. Methods for column saturation
are reviewed in paragraph (i)(27) of this guideline.
(iii) Then the test sub stance and/or the reference substance are applied to the soil columns
(see paragraphs (f)(l)(iii), (f)(l)(iv), (f)(2)(i). To obtain a homogeneous distribution the solutions,
suspensions or emulsions of the test and/or reference substance should be applied evenly over the
surface of the soil columns. If incorporation into soil is recommended for the application of a test
substance, it should be mixed in a small amount (e.g., 20 g) of soil and added to the surface of the
soil column.
(iv) The surfaces of the soil columns are then covered by a glass sinter disk, glass pearls,
glass fiber filters or a round filter paper to distribute the artificial rain evenly over the entire surface
7
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and to avoid disturbance of the soil surface by the rain drops. The larger the column diameter the
more care should be given to the application of the artificial rain to the soil columns to ensure an
even distribution of the artificial rain over the soil surface. Then the artificial rainfall is added to the
soil columns drop-wise with the aid of a piston or a peristaltic pump or a dropping funnel. The
leachates are collected as a total volume or in fractions; the respective volumes are recorded.
Typical leachate volumes range from 230-260 ml corresponding to approximately 92-104 % of total
artificial rain applied (251 ml) when using soil columns of 4 cm diameter and 30 cm length.
(v) After leaching and allowing the columns to drain, the soil columns are sectioned in an
appropriate number of segments depending on the information called for from the study, the
segments are extracted with appropriate solvents or solvent mixtures and analyzed for the test
substance and, when appropriate, for transformation products, for total radioactivity and for the
reference chemical. The leachates or leachate fractions are analyzed directly or after extraction for
the same products. When radiolabeled test substance is used, all fractions containing >10 % of the
applied radioactivity should be identified.
(7) Leaching with aged residues, (i) Fresh soil (not previously air-dried) is treated at a rate
corresponding to the surface area of the soil columns (see paragraph (f)(l)(iii) of this guideline) with
the radio-labeled test substance and incubated under aerobic conditions according to OPPTS
835.4100 or OECD 307 Aerobic and Soil Metabolism (see paragraph (i)(28) of this guideline).. The
incubation (ageing) period should be long enough to produce significant amounts of transformation
products; an ageing period of one half-life of the test substance is recommended, but should not
exceed 120 days. More than one major transformation product may be formed in soil which also
may appear at different time points during a transformation study. In such cases, leaching studies
with aged residues of different age should be performed. Prior to leaching, the aged soil is analyzed
for the test substance and its transformation products.
(ii) The leaching columns are packed up to a height of 28 cm with the same soil (but
air-dried) as used in the ageing experiment as described in paragraph (f)(l)(iii) and the total weight
of the packed soil columns is also determined. The soil columns are then pre-wetted as described in
paragraph (f)(6)(ii).
(iii) Then the test substance and its transformation products are applied to the surface of the
soil columns in the form of aged soil residues (see paragraph (f)(7)(i)) as a 2 cm soil segment. The
total height of the soil columns (untreated soil + aged soil) should preferably not exceed 30 cm (see
paragraph (f)(6)(i)).
(iv) The leaching is carried out as described in paragraph (f)(6)(iv).
(v) After leaching, soil segments and leachates are analyzed as indicated in paragraph
(f)(6)(v). for the test substance, its transformation products and not-extracted radioactivity. To
determine how much of the aged residue is retained in the top 2-cm layer after leaching, this
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segment should be analyzed separately.
(8) Analytical method, (i) An appropriate analytical method of known accuracy, precision
and sensitivity for the quantification of the test substance and, if relevant, of its transformation
products in soil and leachate should be available. The analytical detection limit for the test
substance and its significant transformation products (normally at least all transformation products
>10% of applied dose observed in transformation pathway studies, but preferably any relevant
transformation products of concern) should also be known.
(ii) Reference substances with known leaching behavior such as atrazine or monuron which
can be considered moderate leachers in the field should be used for evaluating the relative mobility
of the test substance in soil (see paragraphs (i)(3), (i)(9), (i)(12) of this guideline). A nonsorbing and
non degradable polar reference substance (e.g. tritium, bromide, fluorescein, eosin) to trace the
movement of water in the column may also be useful to confirm the hydrodynamic properties of the
soil column.
(g) Data reporting. (1) The amounts of test substance, transformation products,
non-extractables and, if included, of the reference substance should be given in % of applied initial
dose for each soil segment and leachate fraction. A graphical presentation should be given for each
column plotting the percentages found as a function of the soil depths.
(2) When a reference substance is included in these column leaching studies, the leaching
of a chemical can be evaluated on a relative scale using relative mobility factors (RMF) (see
paragraphs (i)(3) and (i)(12) of this guideline) which allows the comparison of leaching data of
various chemicals obtained with different soil types. Examples of RMF-values for a variety of crop
protection chemicals are given in Table 1.
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Table 1. Exam pi
and corres
RMF - Range
<0.15
0.15-0.8
0.8-1.3
1.3-2.5
2.5-5.0
>5.0
es of Relative Mobility Factors* (RMF) for a variety of crop protection substances
ponding mobility classes (see paragraphs (i)(29) and (i)(30) of this guideline)
Compound (RMF)
Parathion (O.15, Flurodifen (0.15)
Profenophos (0.18), Propiconazol (0.23), Diazinon (0.28),
Diuron (0.38), Terbuthylazine (0.52), Methidathion (0,56),
Prometryn (0.59), Propazine (0.64), Alachlor (0.66),
Metolachlor (0.68)
Monuron** (1.00), Atrazine (1.03), Simazine (1.04),
Fluometuron(1.18)
Prometon (1.67), Cyanazine (1.85), Bromacil (1.91),
Karbutilate (1.98)
Carbofuran (3.00), Dioxacarb (4.33)
Monocrotophos (>5.0), Dicrotophos (>5.0)
Mobility Class
I immobile
II slightly
Mobile
III moderately
Mobile
IV fairly mobile
V mobile
VI very mobile
* The Relative Mobility Factor is derived as follows (see paragraph (i)(31) of this guideline): RMF = leaching distance
of test substance (cm) leaching distance of reference substance (cm)
** Reference substance
+ Other systems to classify a chemical's mobility in soil are based on Rf values from soil thin-layer
chromatography (see paragraph (i)(32) of this guideline) and on Koc values (see paragraphs (i)(33) and, (i)(34) of this
guideline).
(3) The column leaching studies described in this guideline allow determining the leaching
or mobility potential in soil of the test substance (in the parent leaching study) and/or its
transformation products (in the aged residue leaching study). These tests do not quantitatively
predict leaching behavior under field conditions, but they can be used to compare the 'teachability of
one chemical with others whose leaching behavior may be known (see paragraph (i)(35) of this
guideline). Likewise, they do not quantitatively measure the percentage of applied chemical that
might reach ground water (see paragraph (i)(12) of this guideline). However, the results of column
leaching studies may assist in deciding whether additional semi-field or field testing has to be
carried out for substances showing a high mobility potential in laboratory tests.
(h) Test report. The report should include:
(1) Test substance and reference substance (when used):
(i) Common name, chemical name (IUPAC and CAS nomenclature), CAS number, chemical
structure (indicating position of label when radio-labeled material is used) and relevant
physical-chemical properties.
(ii) Purities (impurities) of test substance.
(iii) Radiochemical purity of labeled chemical and specific activity (where appropriate).
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(2) Test soils:
(i) Details of collection site.
(ii) Properties of soils, such as pH, organic carbon and clay content, texture and bulk density
(for disturbed soil).
(iii) Soil microbial activity (only for soil used for ageing of test substance).
(iv) Length of soil storage and storage conditions.
(3) Test conditions:
(i) Dates of the performance of the studies.
(ii) Length and diameter of leaching columns.
(iii) Total soil weight of soil columns.
(iv) Amount of test substance and, if appropriate, reference substance applied.
(v) Amount, frequency and duration of application of artificial rain.
(vi) Temperature of experimental set-up.
(vii) Number of replications (at least two).
(viii) Methods for analysis of test substance, transformation products and, where
appropriate, of reference substance in the various soil segments and leachates.
(ix) Methods for the characterization and identification of transformation products in the
soil segments and leachates.
(4) Test results:
(i) Tables of results expressed as concentrations and as % of applied dose for soil segments
and leachates.
(ii) Mass balance, if appropriate.
(iii) Leachate volumes.
(iv) Leaching distances and, where appropriate, relative mobility factors.
(v) Graphical plot of % found in the soil segments versus depth of soil segment.
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(vi) Discussion and interpretation of results.
(i) References. The following references should be consulted for additional information on
this guideline.
(1) Holland, P.T. (1996). Glossary of Terms Relating to Pesticides. IUPAC Reports on
Pesticides (36). Pur and Appl. Chem. 68, 1167-1193.
(2) OECD Test Guideline 304 A: Inherent Biodegradability in Soil (adopted 12 May
1981).
(3) Guth, J.A., Burkhard, N. and Eberle, D.O. (1976). Experimental Models for
Studying the Persistence of Pesticides in Soil. Proc. BCPC Symposium: Persistence of
Insecticides and Herbicides.
(4) Russel, M.H. (1995). Recommended approaches to assess pesticide mobility in soil.
In progress in Pesticide Biochemistry and Toxicology, Vol. 9 (Environmental Behaviour of
Agrochemicals -T.R. Roberts and P.C. Kearney, Eds.). J. Wiley & Sons.
(5) Briggs, G.G. (1981). Theoretical and experimental relationships between soil
adsorption, octanolwater partition coefficient, water solubilities, bioconcentration factors, and
the parachor. J.Agric. Food Chem. 29, 1050-1059.
(6) Chiou, C.T., Porter, P.E. and Schmedding, D.W. (1983). Partition equilibria of non-
ionic organic compounds between soil organic matter and water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17, 227-
231. 10/15
(7) Guth, J.A. (1983). Untersuchungen zum Verhalten von Pflanzenschutzmitteln im
Boden. Bull. Bodenkundliche Gesellschaft Schweiz 7, 26-33.
(8) Agriculture Canada (1987). Environmental Chemistry and Fate Guidelines for
registration of pesticides in Canada.
(9) European Union (EU) (1995). Commission Directive 95/36/EC amending Council
Directive 91/414/EEC concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market. Annex
I: Fate and Behavior in the Environment.
(10) Dutch Commission for Registration of Pesticides (1991). Application for registration
of a pesticide. Section G: Behaviour of the product and its metabolites in soil, water and air.
(11) BBA (1986). Richtlinie fur die amtliche Priifung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln, Teil IV,
4-2.Versickerungsverhalten von Pflanzenschutzmitteln.
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(12) SETAC (1995). Procedures for Assessing the Environmental Fate and Ecotoxicity of
Pesticides. Mark R. Lynch, Ed.
(13) Drescher, N. (1985) Moderner Acker- und Pflanzenbau aus Sicht der
Planzenschutzmittelindustrie. In Unser Boden - 70 Jahre Agrarforschung der BASF AG, 225-
236. Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik, Koln.
(14) Burkhard, N., D.O. Eberle and J.A. Guth (1975). Model systems for studying the
environmental behavior of pesticides. Environmental Quality and Safety, Suppl. Vol. Ill, 203-
213.
(15) OECD (1995). Final Report of the OECD Workshop on Selection of
Soils/Sediments. Belgirate, Italy, 18-20 January 1995.
(16) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2006). Guidance for Determining the
Acceptability of Environmental Fate Studies Conducted with Foreign Soils. Environmental Fate
and Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, USEPA. Washington DC. This document
can be found at: http://www.epa.gov/oppefedl/ecorisk ders/soils foreign.htm
(17) Soil Texture Classification (US and FAO systems). Weed Science, 33, Suppl. 1
(1985) and Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 26, 305 (1962).
(18) Methods of Soil Analysis (1986). Part 1, Physical and Mineralogical Methods (A.
Klute, Ed.). Soil Science Society of America Book Series 5.
(19) Methods of Soil Analysis (1994). Part 2. Microbiological and Biochemical
Properties (R.W. Weaver, S. Angle and P. Bottomley, Eds.). Soil Science Society of America
Book Series 5.
(20) Methods of Soil Analysis (1996). Part 3. Chemical Methods (D.L. Sparks, Ed.). Soil
Science Society of America Book Series 5.
(21) ISO Standard Compendium Environment (1994). Soil Quality - General aspects;
chemical and physical methods of analysis; biological methods of analysis. First Edition.
(22) Miickenhausen, E. (1975). Die Bodenkunde und ihre geologischen,
geomorphologischen, mineralogischen und petrologischen Grundlagen. DLG-Verlag,
Frankfurt/Main.
(23) Scheffer, F. and Schachtschabel, P. (1998). Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde. F. Enke
Verlag, Stuttgart.
(24) Weber, J.B. and Peeper, T.F. (1977). In Research Methods in Weed Science, 2nd
Edition (B. Truelove, Ed.). Soc. Weed Sci., Auburn, Alabama, 73-78.
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