SEPA
www.epa.gov
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"nvironmental Technology Verification Program
Greenhouse Gas Monitoring Technologies
The U.S. EPA Environmental Technology Verification (ETV)
Program's Advanced Monitoring Systems (AMS) Center,
operated by Battelle under a cooperative agreement with EPA,
has verified1 11 technologies that can be used to monitor green-
house gas (GHG) precursors and GHGs such as carbon dioxide
(CO2), chlorofluorocarbons, methane, various nitrogen oxides
(NOx), ozone (O3), and total hydrocarbons (THC). In 2009, the
AMS Center also plans to verify CO2 monitors at carbon
sequestration sites.
Verification Testing Description
Between 1999-2008 the AMS Center verified 11 GHG
monitoring technologies. These technologies were verified for
measurement of the different GHGs listed. Other gaseous pollut-
ants were also measured. Table 1 provides a description of the
technologies and the gases measured during testing. Range, de-
tection limits, percent recovery, relative accuracy, bias, precision, and other factors were verified. Selected per-
formance data are available in Table 2, and details are available in the verification reports for each technology at
http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/std/etv/vt-ams.html. under the Air category. Monitoring data were compared to results
obtained from air samples analyzed using EPA Method 3A for CC>2, EPA Method 7E for NOx, EPA methods from
40 CFR Part 86 for THC, and direct instrument comparison for O3 (EPA, 1997, 2004).
GHG Pollution at a Glance
EPA estimates that, in 2002, the United States
emitted almost 6.4 billion tons of CO2 and
nearly 22 million tons of NOx. There is support
for the position that human activities generate
GHGs, thus increasing their concentration in
the atmosphere. If GHGs continue to increase,
climate models predict that the average tem-
perature at the Earth's surface could increase
from 3.2 to 7.2 °F above 1990 levels by the end
of this century (EPA, 2009). Increasing global
temperatures will cause sea level rise and
changes in global precipitation patterns.
Table 1. Portable GHG Emission Monitoring Technologies and Descriptions
Vendor/Technology
(Verification Year)
JSC OPTEC Ltd., 3.02 P-A, Chemilumi-
nescent Ozone Analyzer (2008)
Testo, Inc., Model 350 Portable
Multi-Gas Emission Analyzer (2003)
Clean Air Technologies International,
Inc., REMOTE On-Board Emissions
Monitor (2003)
Bacharach, Inc., Model EGA 450 (2000)
COSA Instruments Corp., 7000 Vario
Plus (2000)
Land Combustion, LANCOM Series II
(2000)
ECOM America, Ltd., A-Plus (1999)
Enerac/Energy Efficiency Systems, Inc.,
Enerac3000E(1999)
Horiba Instruments, Inc., Horiba PG-250
(1999)
Testo, Inc., Model 350 (1999)
TSI, Inc., Combucheck Single Gas Moni-
tor (1999)
Technology Description
Rack-mounted technology combines solid phase chemiluminescence with menu-driven software including
diagnostic functions. Technology detects ambient Oa through a chemical reaction with a solid-phase reactant
of proprietary composition.
Portable technology uses electrochemical sensors to measure oxygen (02), carbon monoxide (CO), NOx (NO
and N02), sulfur dioxide (802), hydrogen sulfide (HbS), and THC from combustion sources. Technology was
verified for CO, NO, N02, 02, S02, measurements.
Technology uses infrared and electrochemical techniques to measure CO, C02, THC, and NOx. Technology
is capable of measuring exhaust emissions from late-model (1 996-present) passenger vehicles with on-board
diagnostics ports.
Analyzer uses electrochemical sensors. Can be fitted with up to seven gas sensors to measure 02, CO (two
ranges), NO, N02, S02, and THC. Only NO and N02 measurements were verified in the test.
Analyzer uses electrochemical sensors. Measures oxygen, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen (NO and
N02), and sulfur dioxide emissions from combustion sources. Calculates carbon dioxide concentrations,
combustion efficiency, excess air, and flue gas losses. Only NO and N02 measurements were verified in the
test.
Analyzer uses electrochemical sensors. Can be fitted with up to seven gas sensors to measure 02, CO (two
ranges), NOx (NO and N02), S02, and THC. Only NO and N02 measurements were verified in the test.
Analyzer uses electrochemical sensors. Measures 02, CO, NOx (NO and N02), and S02 emissions. Only NO
and N02 measurements were verified in the test.
Analyzer combines sensor technology for NOx (NO and N02) measurement with automatic quality control
features. Can be operated remotely through a two-way modem connection. Performance parameters can be
remotely checked by the factory.
Analyzer employs non-dispersive infrared detection for S02, CO, and C02; chemiluminescence detection of
NOx; and electrochemical cell for 02. Only NO and N02 measurements were verified in the test.
Analyzer uses electrochemical sensors to measure 02, CO, NOx (NO and N02), S02, H2S, and THC. Also
captures data on pressure, temperature, and flow. Only NO and N02 measurements were verified in the test.
Hand-held single gas monitor that uses interchangeable electrochemical sensors. Can measure 02, CO,
NOx (NO and N02), and S02. Only NO and N02 measurements were verified in the test.
' The ETV Program operates largely as a public-private partnership through competitive cooperative agreements with non-profit research institutes. The pro-
gram provides objective quality-assured data on the performance of commercial-ready technologies. Verification does not imply product approval or effective-
ness. ETV does not endorse the purchase or sale of any products and services mentioned in this document.
www.epa.gov/etv
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Selected Outcomes of Verified GHG Monitoring Technologies
In 2009, the U.S. EPA has under-
taken a number of initiatives in-
tended to monitor and reduce
GHG emissions. In April, EPA
announced proposed rulemaking
for mandatory reporting of GHG
emissions from all sectors of the
economy (EPA, 2009b). Addi-
tionally, EPA has developed sev-
eral Climate Leaders Offset Pro-
ject Methodologies that use a
standardized approach to deter-
mine GHG reduction projects,
select and set baseline emissions,
identify monitoring options, and
quantify reductions (EPA,
2009c). A major component of
these, and other new GHG initia-
tives, is monitoring technologies.
Real-time monitoring technolo-
gies like those verified by AMS
can be used by EPA and others to
help determine when GHG emis-
sions occur, establish baseline
emissions, quantify reductions,
and determine compliance.
Table 2. Selected Performance of GHG Monitoring Technologies
Vendor/Technology
JSC OPTEC Ltd., 3.02 P-A, Chemilu-
minescent Ozone Analyzer
Testo, Inc., Model 350 Portable Multi-
Gas Emission Analyzer (low and high
concentration sensors)
Clean Air Technologies International,
Inc., REMOTE On-Board Emissions
Monitor
Bacharach, Inc., Model EGA 450
(low and high concentration sensors)
COSA Instruments Corp.,
7000 Vario Plus
Land Combustion, LANCOM Series II
ECOM America, Ltd., A-Plus
Enerac/Energy Efficiency Systems,
Inc., Enerac 3000E
Horiba Instruments, Inc., Horiba PG-
250
Testo, Inc., Model 350
TSI, Inc., Combucheck Single Gas
Monitor
Analyte
03
CO
NO
N02
02
S02
CO
C02
THC
NOx
NO
N02
NO
N02
NO
N02
NO
N02
NO
N02
NO
N02
NO
N02
NO
N02
Test Range
51-260 ppb
0-5000 ppm
0-2500 ppm
0-2500 ppm
0-25%
0-2000 ppm
0-13g/mile
300-620 g/mile
0-1 g/mile
0-1 .4 g/mile
0-1000 ppm
0-450 ppm
0-2000 ppm
0-512 ppm
0-2000 ppm
0-512 ppm
0-3500 ppm
0-450 ppm
0-3000 ppm
0-400 ppm
0-2500 ppm
0-500 ppm
0-3000 ppm
0-500 ppm
0-2000 ppm
0-100 ppm
Detection Limit
< 1 ppb
0.25-1. 22 ppm
0.25-1. 66 ppm
0.26-0.41 ppm
ND"
1.24 ppm
ND"
8-11 ppm
3-4 ppm
3-4 ppm
2-4 ppm
2.5 ppm
1.5-2.3 ppm
4 ppm
1.2 ppm
1.2-8.3 ppm
6 ppm
6-7 ppm
9-16 ppm
6 ppm
1.9 ppm
20-25 ppm
1.5-3 ppm
%R/RA/A"
%R: 83.4-1 10
RA:1.52-16.1%
RA:6.95-10.4%
RA:21.8-25.6%
RA:0.30-0.82%
RA:4.70%
A:2.54±1.12
A:3.17±1.40
A: 6.04±2.66
A:4.03±1.78
RA:1-10.5%
RA:1-19.5%
RA for NOx:
2.8-10.7%
RA for NOx:
1.8-17.5%
RA for NOx:
1.5-12.1%
RA for NOx:
11-20%
A:2-8.5%
A:35-50%
RA for NOx:
5.8-11.4%
8.6-40.4 ppm
ND"
a %R = Percent recovery; RA = Relative accuracy; A = Accuracy (bias and precision)
b ND = Not determined
ppb = parts per billion
ppm= parts per million
g/mile = grams per mile
References
U.S. EPA, 1997. EPA Methods
3Aand7E. 40CFRPart60.
U.S. EPA, 2004. Control of Air Pollution from New and In-Use Motor Vehicles and New and In-Use Motor Vehicle
Engines: Certification and Test Procedures. 40 CFR Part 86.
U.S. EPA, 2009. Climate Change, Basic Information, http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/basicinfo.html
U.S. EPA, 2009b. Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases; Proposed Rule. 74 Federal Register 68 (10 April 2009),
pp. 16448-16731.
U.S. EPA, 2009c. EPA Strategic Plan, http://www.epa.gov/ocfo/plan/plan.htm
ETV Advanced Monitoring Systems Center
ETV Advanced Monitoring Systems Center (AMS) verifies the performance of technologies that detect contami-
nants and natural species in air, water, and soil. AMS is operated by Battelle, a non-profit technology research
and development organization, under a cooperative agreement with EPA. To date, AMS has completed verifica-
tion tests of over 125 technologies, including continuous emission monitors for mercury, dioxin, and ammonia;
ambient monitors for fine particulate, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and ozone; test kits for arsenic, cyanide,
atrazine, and other water contaminants; and multi-parameter water probes. Nearly 20 additional technologies are
currently in the verification testing process. For further information, please contact:
John McKernan
U.S. EPA, AMS Center Project Officer
26 Martin Luther King Dr., West
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Phone: (513) 569-7415, Fax (513) 569-7158
Email: mckernan.john@epa.gov
Amy Dindal
Battelle Memorial Institute, AMS Center Director
505 King Ave.
Columbus, OH 43201
Phone: (561) 422-0113, Fax (614) 458-6697
Email: dindala@battelle.org
www.epa.gov/etv
September 2009
EPA/600/S-09/031
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