vvEPA
United State*
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
Regulations and Standards
Criteria and Standards Division
Washington, DC 20460
fcHA 440/5-84-032
January 1985
Water
Ambient
Water Quality
Criteria
for
Cadmium - 1984
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AMBIENT AQUATIC LIFE WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR
CADMIUM
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES
DULUTH, MINNESOTA
NARRAGANSETT, RHODE ISLAND
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DISCLAIMER
This reporc has been reviewed fay the Criceria and Scandards Division,
Office of Water Regulations and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial
products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
AVAILABILITY NOTICE
This document is available to the public through the National Technical
Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA, 22161.
K.W'L s Kec_-c.-ss io>o VOi^^£>eR. - "rGSJsr- 2.27 03^
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FOREWORD
Section 304(a)(l) of the Clean Wacer Ace of 1977 (P.L. 95-217) requires
che Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency co publish criteria
for water quality accurately reflecting the latest scientific knowledge on
the kind and extent of all identifiable effects on health and welfare which
may be expected from the presence of pollutants in any body of water,
including ground water. This document is a revision of proposed criteria
based upon a consideration of comments received from other Federal agencies,
State agencies, special interest groups, and individual scientists. The
criteria contained in this document replace any previously published EPA
aquatic life criteria.
The term "water quality criteria" is used in two sections of the Clean
Water Act, section 304(a)(l) and section 303(c)(2). The term has a different
program impact in each section. In section 304, the term represents a
non-regulatory, scientific assessment of ecological effects. The criteria
presented in this publication are such scientific assessments. Such water
quality criteria associated with specific stream uses when adopted as State
water quality standards under section 303 become enforceable maximum
acceptable levels of a pollutant in ambient waters. The water quality
criteria adopted in the State water quality standards could have the same
numerical limits as the criteria developed under section 304. However, in
many situations States may want to adjust water quality criteria developed
under section 304 to reflect local environmental conditions and human
exposure patterns before incorporation into water quality standards. It is
not until their adoption as part of the State water quality standards that
the criteria become regulatory.
Guidelines to assist the States in the modification of criteria
presented in this document, in the development of water quality standards,
and in other water-related programs of this Agency, have been developed by
EPA.
Edwin L. Johnson
Director
Office of Water Regulations and Standards
111
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
John G. Eacon
(freshwacer auchor)
Environmental Research Laboratory
Duluch, Minnesota
John H. Gencile
(salcwacer auchor)
Environmental Research Laboratory
Narragansett, Rhode Island
Charles E. Scephan
(document coordinator)
Environmental Research Laboratory
Duluth, Minnesota
David J. Hansen
(saltwater coordinator)
Environmental Research Laboratory
Narraganaett, Rhode Island
Statistical Support: John W. Rogers
Clerical Support: Terry L. Highland
IV
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CONTENTS
Foreword lii
Acknowledgments i-v
Tables vi
Incroduccion 1
Acute Toxicicy co Aquatic Animals • 4
Chronic Toxicicy co Aquacic Animals 8
Toxicicy co Aquacic Planes 12
Bioaccuraulacion 12
Other Daca 15
Unused Data 17
Summary • > 20
National Criteria 21
References 79
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TABLES
Page
1. Acute Toxicicy of Cadmium co Aquaeic Animals 24
2. Chronic Toxicicy of Cadmium Co Aquaeic Animals 41
3. Ranked Genus Mean Acuce Values with Species Mean Acute-Chronic
Racios 47
4. Toxicicy of Cadmium co Aquacic Planes 55
5. Bioaccumulacion of Cadmium by Aquacic Organisms 58
6. Ocher Daca on Effaces of Cadmium on Aquacic Organisms 63
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Introduction*
In natural fresh waters cadmium sometimea occurs at concentrations of
Less than 0.01 ug/L, but in environments impacted by man, concentrations can
be several micrograms per liter or greater. The impact of cadmium on aquatic
organisms depends on a variety of possible chemical forms of cadmium
(Callahan, et al. 1979), which might have different toxicicies and
bioconcentration factors. In most well oxygenated fresh waters that are low
in total organic carbon, free divalent cadmium will be the predominant form.
Precipitation by carbonate or hydroxide and formation of soluble complexes by
chloride, sulfate, carbonate, and hydroxide should usually be of little
importance. In salt waters with salinities from about 10 to 35 g/kg, cadmium
chloride complexes predominate. In both fresh and salt waters particulate
matter and dissolved organic material may bind a substantial portion of the
cadmium.
Because of the variety of forms of cadmium (Callahan, et al. 1979) and
lack of definitive information about their relative toxicities, no available
analytical measurement is known to be ideal for expressing aquatic life
criteria for cadtaium. Previous aquatic life criteria for cadmium (U.S. EPA,
1980) were expressed in terms of total recoverable cadmium (U.S. EPA, 1983a),
but this measurement is probably too rigorous in some situations. Acid-
soluble cadmium (operationally defined as the cadmium that passes through a
0.45 Jm membrane filcer after the sample is acidified to pH » 1.5 to 2.0 with
*An understanding of the "Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water
Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses"
(Steohan, et al. 1985), hereafter referred to as the Guidelines, is necessary
in order to understand the following text, tables, and calculations.
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nitric acid) is probably the beat measurement ac the present for the
following reasons:
1. This measurement is compatible with all available data concerning
coxicity of cadmium to, and bioaccumulation of cadmium by, aquatic
organisms. No test results were rejected just because ic was likely chat
chey would have been substantially different if they had been reported in
terms of acid-soluble cadmium. For example, results reported in terms of
dissolved cadmium would not have been used if the concentration of
precipitated cadmium was substantial.
2. On samples of ambient water, measurement of acid-soluble cadmium should
measure all forma of cadmium that are toxic to aquatic life or can be
readily converted to toxic forms under natural conditions. In addition,
this measurement should not measure several forms, such as cadmium that
is occluded in minerals, clays, and sand or is strongly sorbed to
particulate maccer, that are not coxic and are not likely to become coxic
under natural conditions. Although this measurement (and many others)
will measure soluble, complexed forms of cadmium, such as the EDTA
complex of cadmium, that probably have low toxicities to aquatic life,
concentrations of these forms probably are negligible in most ambient
water.
3. Although water quality criteria apply to ambient water, the measurement
used to express criteria is likely to be usr.a to measure cadmium in
aqueous effluents. Measurement of acid-soluble cadmium should be
applicable to effluents because ic will measure precipitates, such as
carbonate and hydroxide precipitates of cadmium, that might exist in an
effluent and dissolve when effluent is diluted with receiving water. If
desired, dilution of effluent with receiving water before measurement of
2
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acid-soluble cadmium mighc be used co determine whether che receiving
wacer can decrease che concentration of acid-soluble cadmium because of
sorption.
4. The acid-soluble measurement should be useful for most metals, thus
minimizing the number of samples and procedures that are necessary.
5. The acid-soluble measurement does not require filtration at the time of
collection, as does the dissolved measurement.
6. The only treatment required at the time of collection is preservation by
acidification to pH * 1.5 to 2.0, similar to thac required for the total
recoverable measurement.
7. Durations of 10 minutes to 24 hours between acidification and filtration
probably will not affect the result substantially.
8. The carbonate system has a much higher buffer capacity from pH =» 1.5 to
2.0 than it does from pH * 4 to 9 (Weber and Stumm, 1963).
9. Differences in pH within the range of 1.5 to 2.0 probably will not affect
the result substantially.
10. The acid-soluble measurement does not require a digestion step, as does
the total recoverable measurement.
11. After acidification and filtration of the sample to isolate the acid-
soluble cadmium, the analysis can be performed using either atomic
absorption spectroscopy or ICP-emission spectroscopy (U.S. EPA, 1983a),
as with the total recoverable measurement.
Thus, expressing aquatic life criteria for cadmium in terras of the acid-
soluble measurement has both toxicological and practical advantages. On the
other hand, because no measurement is known to be ideal for expressing
aquatic life criteria for cadmium or for measuring cadmium in ambient water
or aqueous effluents, measurement of both acid-soluble cadmium and total
3
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recoverable cadmium in ambienc wacer or effluenc or both might be useful.
For example, chere might be cause for concern if cocal recoverable cadmium is
much above an applicable limit, even though acid-soluble cadmium is below che
1imi t.
Unless otherwise noted, all concentrations reported herein are expected
co be essentially equivalent to acid-soluble cadmium concentrations. All
concentracions are expressed as cadmium, not as the chemical tested. The
criteria presented herein supersede previous aquatic life wacer qualicy
criteria for cadmium (U.S. EPA, 1976, 1980) because these new criteria were
derived using improved procedures and additional information. Whenever
adequately justified, a national criterion may be replaced by a sice-specific
criterion (U.S. EPA, 1983b), which may include not only site-specific
criterion concentrations (U.S. EPA, 1983c), but also sice-specific durations
of averaging periods and sice-specific frequencies of allowed exceedences
(U.S. EPA, 1985). The latest liceracure search for.information for chis
document was conducted in May, 1984; some newer information was also used.
Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Animals
Carroll, et al. (1979) found that calcium, but not magnesium, reduced
che acute toxicity of cadmium. Giesy, et al. (1977) found chat dissolved
organics substantially reduced che toxicicy of cadmium to daphnids, but had
little effect on its toxicity to fish. No consistent relationship between
coxicity and organic particle size was observed.
The available acute values for both striped bass and brook trout covered
such a wide range that data for these species were not used in the calcula-
tion of che Final Acute Value. Drunmond and Benoic (Manuscript) reported
that stress greatly affected the sensitivity of brook crout to cadmium.
4
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Different species exhibit different sensitivities to cadmium, and many
other factors might affect che resulca of cests of the coxicity of cadmium co
aquatic organisms. Criteria can quantitatively cake into account such a
factor, however, only if enough data are available co show chat the factor
similarly affects che results of tests with a variety of species. Hardness
is often thought of as having a major effect on the toxicicy of cadmium,
although the observed effect may be due to one or more of a number of usually
interrelated ions, such as hydroxide, carbonate, calcium, and magnesium.
Hardness is used here as a surrogate for the ions which affect the results of
coxicity tests on cadmium. An analysis of covariance (Dixon and Brown, 1979;
Neter and Wasserman, 1974) was performed using the natural logarithm of che
acute value as the dependent variable, species as che treatment or grouping
variable, and natural logarithm of hardness as che covariace or independent
variable. This analysis of covariance model was fit co che data in Table 1
for che five species for which acute values are available over a range of
hardness such that the highest hardness is at least three times che lowest
and the highest is also 100 mg/L higher than the lowest. For the fathead
minnow the data from Birge, et al. (1983), Pickering and Cast (1972),
Pickering and Henderson (1966), and Spehar and Carlson (1984a,b) were used,
but chose from Spehar (1982) using a more sensitive life stage were not. The
slopes for the four fishes ranged from 0.868 to 1.564 and the pooled slope
for these four species was 1.125 (see end of Table 1). An F-tesc showed
chat, under che assumption of equality of slopes, the probability of
obtaining four sjlopes as dissimilar as these is P»0.44. This was interpreted
as indicating that it is reasonable co assume chat the slopes for these four
species are the same.
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All of che daca available for Daphnia magna gave a slope of -0.145, buc
che data from Chapman, ec al. (Manuscript) gave a slope of 1.182. The pooled
slooe for che four fishes and all che daca for D. magna was 0.975, whereas
using only daca from Chapman, ec al. (Manuscript) che pooled slope was L.128.
The cesc for equalicy of che five slopes produced P"0.04 when all che daca
for D. magna were used, buc P"0.54 when only che daca from Chapman, ec al.
(Manuscript) were used. Boch pooled slopes are close co che value of 1.0
chac is expected on che basis chat cadmium, calcium, magnesium, and carbonace
all have a charge of two. However, because of che much higher value of P for
equalicy of slopes, ic seems reasonable co use only che data from Chapman, ec
al. (Manuscript) for J). magna and che pooled slope of 1.128.
The pooled slope of 1.128 was then used with che daca in Table 1 to
calculate Species Mean Acute Values at a hardness of 50 tng/L (Table 1). Only
che data from Chapman, et al. (Manuscript) were used for Daphnia magna and
only the data from Spehar (1982) were used for che fachead minnow, co prdcect
chis sensicive life scage. Genus Mean Acuce Values were then calculated
(Table 3) as geomecric means of che available Species Mean Acuce Values. Of
che 44 genera for which values are available, che most sensicive genus,
Saltno, is 3,400 times more sensicive chan che tnosc resiscanc, Carassius.
Boch che mosc sensicive and che mosc resiscanc genera are fishes. Acuce
values are available for more chan one species in seven genera, and che range
of Species Mean Acute Values wichin each genus is less chan a faccor of 5.2.
The freshwater Final Acute Value was calculated to be 3.917 |Jg/L ac a
hardness of 50 mg/L from che Genus Mean Acuce Values in Table 3 using che
procedure described in che Guidelines. The Species Mean Acute Values for
four salmonids are lower, buc the acute value for brown trout is from a
static test, whereas flow-through tests have been conducted with the other
6
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chree species. The Final Acute Value ac a hardness of 50 mg/L was lowered co
3.589 ug/L to protect the important rainbow trout (Table 3). Thus, che
freshwater Criterion Maximum Concentration (in :Jg/L) *
(1.128[ln(hardness)J-3.828)
3 •
The acute values for saltwater invertebrate species range from 41.29
•jg/L for a mysid to 135,000 ug/L for an oligochaete worm (Tables 1 and 3).
The acute values for adult saltwater polychaeces range from 7,500 jg/L for
Capitella capitata to 12,000 Mg/L for Neanthes arenaceodentata (Reish et al.,
1976), but the larvae of JC. capitaca are thirty-seven times more sensitive
than the adulcs. Saltwater molluscs have Species Mean Acute Values from
227.9 'Jg/L for the Pacific oyster to 19,170 yg/L for the mud snail.
Frank and Robertson (1979) reported thac the acute toxicity to juvenile
blue crabs was related to salinity. The 96-hr LC50s were 320, 4,700, and
11,600 ug/L ac salinities of 1, 15, and 35 g/kg, respectively. The LC50 ac
che very low salinity is in Table 6 and was not used in deriving criteria.
O'Hara (1973a) investigated the effect of temperature and salinity on che
toxicity of cadmium to the fiddler crab. The LCSOs ac 20 C were 32,300,
46,600, and 37,000 yg/L at salinities of 10, 20, and 30 g/kg, respectively.
Increasing the temperature from 20 to 30 C lowered che LC50 at all salinities
tested. Studies with Mysidopsis bahia by Gentile, et al. (1982) and Nimrao,
et al. (1977a) also support a relationship between salinity and che acuce
toxicicy of cadmium.
Saltwater fish species were generally more resistant to cadmium chan
freshwater fish species with acuce values ranging from 779.8 (Jg/L for che
Atlantic silverside to 50,570 jJg/L for che rauramichog. In a study of che
inceraccion of dissolved oxygen and salinity on che acute toxicity of cadmium
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co the raummichog, Voyer (1975) found chat che 96-hr LC50 ac a salinicy of 30
g/kg was abouc one-half whac it was at 10 and 20 g/kg. Sensicivicy of che
mummichog co acute cadmium poisoning was noc influenced by reduce ion in
dissolved oxygen concencracion co 4 mg/L.
Of che 33 salcwacer genera for which acute values are available, che
raosc sensitive, Mysidopsis, is 2,000 times more sensitive than che most
resistant, Monopylephorus (Table 3). Acute values are available for more
than one species in each of four genera, and the range of Species Mean Acute
Values within each genus is less than a factor of 3.3. The saltwater Final
Acute Value calculated from che Genus Mean Acute Values in Table 3 is 85.09
pg/L. This Final Acute Value is slightly above the Species Mean Acute Value
of 78 'pig/L for the American lobster, which is from a static coxicicy test in
which che concentrations were measured.
Chronic Toxicicy co Aquatic Animals
Chronic coxicicy tests have been conducted on cadmium with sixteen
species, including four invertebrates and cwelve fishes, in chirceen genera.
Several relaced values are in Table 6. In a 21-day cesc in which che case
concentrations were noc measured, Biesinger and Christensen (1972) found a
16% reduction in reproduction at 0.17 jJg/L- Bertram and Hart (1979) and
Ingersoll and Winner (1982) found chronic toxicicy co Daphnia pulex at less
chan 1 and 10 tJg/L, respectively. The 200-hr LC10 of 0.7 ,jg/L obtained with
rainbow trout (Table 6) by Chapman (1978) probably would be close co che
resulc of an early life-scage tesc because of che excenc co which various
life scages were investigated. Effects on other salmonids and many inverte-
brates have been observed at 5 Mg/L or less (Table 6). These species include
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decomposers (Giesy, 1978}, crayfish (Thorp, ec al. 1979), copepods and
annelids (Giesy, ec al. 1979), nidges (Anderson, ec al. 1980), and mayflies
(Spehar, ec al. 1978).
Chronic values are available over a wide range of hardness for cwo
species (Table 2). Regression of che nacural logarichm of the chronic value
againsc che nacural logaricha of hardness (similar co che regressions
performed on che acuce daca) gave a slope of 0.77 for Daphnia magna and a
slope of 0.31 for che fathead minnow. These cwo slopes are very similar, and
che pooled slope for che cwo species is 0.7852, wich 95Z confidence limics of
0.4190 and 1.1514.
On che ocher hand, che acuce-chronic racios ranged from 0.9021 for che
chinook salmon co 433.3 for che flagfish, wich ocher values scaccered
chroughouc chis range (Tables 2 and 3). These racios do not seem co follow a
paccern (Table 3), and so ic does noc seem reasonable co use a freshwacer
Final Acuce-Chronic Racio co calculace a Final Chronic Value.
Although a Final Chronic Value cannoc be calculated using a Final
Acuce-Chronic Racio, che close agreement becween che cwo slopes and che large
variecy of species wich which chronic cescs have been conducted make possible
che calculation of che Final Chronic Value in che same way che Final Acuce
Value was calculated. The slope of 0.7852 was used to adjusc each chronic
value co a hardness of 50 mg/L. Generally, replicate adjusted chronic values
for a species agreed well, as did values for species wichin a genus. The cwo
values for Aclancic salmon are very differenc, buc one agrees well wich che
value for che ocher cesced species in che same genus. Sixteen Species Mean
Chronic Values were chen calculaced, and from these, che thirteen Genus Mean
Chronic Values were calculaced and ranked (Table 2). A Final Chronic Value
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was calculated from che thirteen Genus Mean Acute Values using che procedure
used to calculate a Final Acute Value. However, because che thirteen Genus
Mean Chronic Values contain values for five of che six freshwater genera chat
are acutely most sensitive to cadmium, it seemed more appropriate co
calculate the Final Chronic Value using H - 44, rather chan N =» 13 (Table 2).
Thus, che freshwater Final Chronic Value for cadmium is 0.6582 ^ig/L at a
hardness of 50 mg/L, and che Final Chronic Value (in '^g/D »
e(0.7852[ln(hardness)]-3.490)> Ac a hardne3S o£ 50 m?/L che Genus Mean
Chronic Values for both Moina and Daphnia are below che Final Chronic Value.
Two chronic coxicicy tests have been conducted with che saltwater
invertebrate, Mysidopsis bahia (Table 2). Nimrao ec al. (1977a) conducted a
23-day life-cycle cesc at 20 co 28 C and salinicy of 15 co 23 g/kg. Survival
was 10% at 10.6 ug/L, 84% at the next lower test concentration of 6.4 ^g/l>,
and 95% in the controls. No unacceptable effects were observed at 6.4 ;jg/L
or any lower concentration. The chronic coxicicy Limics, cherefore, are 6.4
and 10.6 Jg/L a series
of morphological abberations occurred at che onset of sexual maturity.
External genicalia in males were abberant, females failed to develop brood
pouches, and both sexes developed a carapace malformacion chac prohibiced
molcing afcer che release of che inicial brood. Alchough initial reproduc-
tion at this concentration was successful, successive broods could noc be
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borne because molcing resulted Ln deach. No malfonnacions or effeccs on
inicial or successive reproduccive processes were noced in che concrols or ac
5.1 kJg/L. Thus, che chronic limits for this study are 5.1 and 10 yg/L for a
chronic value of 7.141 Mg/L. The LC50 ac 21 C and salinity of 30 g/kg was
110 tJg/L which results in an acute-chronic ratio of 15.40 from this study.
These two studies showed excellent agreement between the chronic values
but considerable divergence between the acute values and acute-chronic
ratios. Several studies have demonstrated an increase in acute toxicity of
cadmium with decreasing salinity and increasing temperature (Table 6). The
observed differences in acute toxicity to the mysids might be explained on
this basis. Ninuno, et al. (1977a) conducted their acute test at 25 to 28 C
and salinity of 10 co 17 g/kg, whereas the other test was performed ac 21 C
and salinity of 30 g/kg.
Gentile, et al. (1982) also conducted a life-cycle test with anocher
mysid, Mysidopsis bigelowi, and the results were identical co those for Q.
bahia. Thus, the chronic value was 7.141 ug/L and che acute-chronic ratio
was 15.40.
Because they covered such a wide range, it would be inappropriate to use
any of the available freshwater acute-chronic ratios in the calculation of
the saltwater Final Chronic Value. The two saltwater species for which
acute-chronic ratios are available (Table 3) have Species Mean Acute Values
very close to the saltwater Final Acute Value and so it seems reasonable to
use the geometric mean of these cwo ratios. When che Final Acute Value of
85.09 '^ig/L is divided by the mean acute-chronic ratio of 9.105, a saltwater
Final Chronic Value of 9.345 ^ig/L is obtained.
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Toxicitv co Aquatic Plants
Growth reduction was che major coxic effect observed wich freshwater
aquatic plants (Table 4), and several values are in the range of concentra-
tions causing chronic effects on animals. The influence that plant growth
media mighc have had on the toxicity tests is unknown, but is probably minor
at least in the case of Conway (1978) who used a medium patterned after
natural Lake Michigan water. Because the lowest toxicity values for fish and
invertebrate species are lower than the lowest values for plants, water
quality criteria which protect freshwater animals should also protect
freshwater planes.
Toxicity values are available for three species of saltwater diatoms and
two species of macroalgae (Table 4). Concentrations causing fifty percent
reductions in the growth rates of diatoms range from 60 (Jg/^ for Ditylum
brightwelli to 175 ;jg/L for Skeletonena cost a turn. The brown macroalga (kelp)
was the least sensitive co cadmium with an EC50 of 860 Jg/L. The most
sensitive plant tested was the red alga, Champia parvula, wich significant
reductions in the growth of both che tecrasporophyte olant and female plant
occurring at 22.8 jg/l>. This plant is more resistant than the chronically
most sensitive animal species tested. Therefore, water quality criteria for
cadmium that protect saltwater animals should also protect saltwater plants.
Bioaccumulatioa
Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for cadmium in fresh water (Table 5)
range from 3 for brook trout muscle (Benoit, et al. 1976) to 12,400 for che
whole body of mosquitofish (Giesy, et al. 1977), Usually, fish accumulate
only small amounts of cadmium in muscle as compared to most other tissues and
organs (Benoit, et al. 1976; Sangalang and Freeman, 1979). Also, cadmium
12
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residues in fish reach steady-scace only afcer exposure periods greatly
exceeding 28 days (Benoic, ec al. 1976; Giesy, ec al. 1977; Sangalang and
Freeman, 1979). Daphnia magna, and presumably ocher invercebraces of abouc
this size or smaller, often reach sceady-scace wichin a few days (Poldoski,
1979). Cadmium accumulated by fish from wacer is eliminaced slowly (Senoic,
ec al. 1976; Kumada, ec al. 1980), buc Kumada, ec al. (1980) found chac
cadmium accumulaced from food is eliminaced much more rapidly. Poldoski
(1979) reporced chac humic acid decreased che upcake of cadmium by Daphnia
raagna, buc Winner (1984) did noc find any effecc. Ramamoorchy and Blumhagen
(1984) reporced chac fulvic and humic acids increased upcake of cadmium by
rainbow crouc.
The only BCF reporced for a salcwacer fish is a value of 48 from a
21-day exposure of che mummichog (Table 6). However, among cen species of
invercebraces, che BCFs range from 22 co 3,160 for whole body and from 5 co
2,040 for muscle (Table 5). The highesc BCF was reporced for che polychaece,
Ophryocrocha diadema (Klockner, 1979). Alchough a BCF of 3,160 was accained
afcer sixcy-four days exposure using che renewal cechnique, cissue residues
had noc reached sceady-scace.
BCFs for five species of bivalve molluscs range from 113 for che blue
mussel (George and Combs, 1977) co 2,150 for che eascern oyscer (Zaroogian
and Cheer, 1976). In addition, che range of reporced BCFs is rather large
for some individual species. BCFs for che oyscer include 149 and 677 (Table
6) as well as 1,220 and 2,600 (Table 5). Similarly, cwo scudies wich che bay
scallop resulced in BCFs of -168 (Eisler, ec al. 1972) and 2,040 (Pesch and
Scewarc, 1980) and chree scudies wich che blue mussel reported BCFs of 113,
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306, and 710 (Tables 5 and 6). George and Coombs (1977) studied che
importance of mecal speciacion on cadmium accumulation in che soft tissues of
Mytilus edulis. Cadmium coraplexed as Cd-EDTA, Cd-alginate, Cd-humate, and
Cd-peccace (Table 6) was bioconcentrated at twice the rate of inorganic
cadmium (Table 5). Because bivalve molluscs usually do not reach
steadystate, comparisons between species may be difficult and the length of
exposure may be che major determinant in the size of the BCF.
BCFs for six species of crustaceans range from 22 to 307 for whole body
and from 5 to 25 for muscle (Table 6). Nimrno, et al. (1977b) reported
whole-body BCFs of 203 and 307 for two species of grass shrimp, Palaemonetes
pugio and P_. vulgaris. Vernberg, et al. (1977) reported a factor of 140 for
P_. pugio at 25 C, whereas Pesch and Stewart (1980) reported a BCF of 42 for
che same species exposed at 10 C, indicating that temperature might be an
important variable. The commercially important crustaceans, the pink shrimp
and lobster, were not effective bioaccunulators of cadmium with factors of 57
for whole body and 25 for muscle, respectively.
Mallard ducks are the only native wildlife species whose chronic
sensitivity to cadmium has been studied. These birds can be expected to
ingest many of the freshwater and saltwater plants and animals listed in
Table 4. White and Finley (1978a,b) and White, et al. (1978) found
significant damage at a cadmium concentration of 200 rag/kg in food for 90
days. Di Giulio and Scanlon (1984) found significant effects on energy
metabolism at 450 mg/kg, but not at 150 mg/kg. Division of 200 mg/kg by che
geometric mean BCF of 648.6 gives a freshwater Final Residue Value of 308.4
;jg/L. Similarly, division of 200 rag/kg by che saltwater geometric mean BCF
of 225.7 resulcs in a salcwater Final Residue Value of 886.1 jJg/L- These are
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concentracions which would cause damage to mallard ducks, buc no additional
data are available.
Although a high degree of variabilicy exists between che BCFs reported
for saltwater species, shellfish that are consumed by humans can accumulate
high concentrations of cadmium. The emetic threshold of cadmium is 13 to 15
rag/kg of weight of human consumers (Anon., 1950). The highest reported BCF
for the edible portion of a consumed species is 2,150. Even using this
highest BCF, a person who weighed 70 kg would have to eat about 50 kg of
oysters that had been exposed to the saltwater Final Chronic Value of 8.695
|jg/L in order to reach the emetic threshold.
Other Data
Cadmium-binding proteins were isolated from Amoeba proteus (Al-atia,
1978, 1980) and rainbow crout (Roberts, et al. 1979). The cumulative
mortality resulting from exposure to cadmium for more than 96 hours is
clearly evident from the studies with polychaetes (Reiah, et al. 1976),
bivalve molluscs, crabs, and starfish (Eisler and Hennekey, 1977), scallops,
shrimp, and crabs (Pesch and Stewart, 1980), and a mysid (Gentile, et al.
1982; Nimmo, et al. 1977a). Nirarao et al. (1977a) in studies with the rays id,
Mysidopsis bahia, reported a 96-hr LC50 of 15.5 ;Jg/L (Table 1) and a 17-day
LC50 of 11 yg/L (Table 6) at 25 to 28 C and salinity of 15 to 23 g/kg. In
another series of studies with this mysid (Gentile, et al. 1982), the 96-hr
LC50 was 105 ug/L (Table 1) and the 28-day LC50 was 16 Mg/L (Table 6) at 20 C
and salinity of 30 g/kg. These data suggest that' short-term acute toxicity
might be strongly influenced by environmental variables, whereas long-terra
effects, even mortality, are not. This pattern was also reflected in the
15
-------
similaricy of reproductive effects on chis species (Table 2) tested under
dissimilar environmental conditions.
Considerable information exists concerning the effect of salinity and
temperature on the acute toxicity of cadmium. Unfortunately, the conditions
and durations of exposure are so different that adjustment of acute toxicity
data for salinity is not possible. Rosenberg and Cose low (1976) studied che
synergistic effects of cadmium and salinity combined with constant and
cycling temperatures on the larval development of two estuarine crab species.
They reported reduction in survival and significant delay in development of
the blue crab with decreasing salinity. Cadmium was three times as toxic at
a salinity of 10 g/kg than at 30 g/kg. Studies with the mud crab resulted in
a similar cadmium-salinity response. In addition, the authors report that
cycling temperature may have a stimulating effect on survival of larvae
compared to constant temperature.
Theede, et al. (1979) investigated the effect of temperature and
salinity on the acute toxicity of cadmium to the colonial hydroid, Laomedea
loveni. At 17.5 C cadmium concentrations inducing irreversible retraction of
half of the polyps ranged from 12.4 ug/L at a salinity of 25 g/kg to 3.0 ,jg/L
at 10 g/kg (Table 6). At a salinity of 25 g/kg the toxicicy of cadmium
decreased as temperature increased.
The effect of environmental factors on the acute toxicity of cadmium is
also evident from tests with the early life stages of saltwater vertebrates.
Alderdice, et al. (1979a,b,c,) reported that salinity influenced the effects
of cadmium on the volume, capsule strength, and osmotic response of embryos
of the Pacific herring. Studies with embryos of the winter flounder
indicated a quadratic salinity-cadmium relationship (Voyer, et al. 1977),
16
-------
whereas Voyer, ec al. (1979) reported a linear relationship between salinicy
and cadmium coxicity to Atlantic silverside embryos.
Several studies have reported chronic sub lethal effects of cadmium on
saltwater fishes (Table 6). Significant reduction in gill tissue respiratory
rate and alteration of liver enzyme activity was reported for the cunner
after a 30-day exposure to 50 [Jg/L (Maclnnes, et al. 1977). Dawson, et al.
(1977) also reported a significant decrease in gill-tissue respiration of
striped bass at 0.5 ;Jg/L above ambient after a 30-day, but not a 90-day,
exposure. A similar study with the winter flounder (Calabrese, et al. 1975)
demonstrated a significant alteration in gill tissue respiration rate
measured in vitro after a 60-day exposure to 5 Mg/L.
Unused Data
Some data on the effects of cadmium on aquatic organisms were not used
because the studies were conducted with species that are not resident in
North America, e.g., Ahsanullah, et al. (1981), Castille and Lawrence (1981),
D'Agostino and Finney (1974), Greenwood and Fielder (1983), Kobayashi (1971),
McClurg (1984), Metayer, et al. (1982), Negilski (1976), Ojaveer, et al.
(1980), Rainbow, et al. (1980), Sastry and Sunita (1982), Theede, et al.
(1979), Verriopoulos and Moraitou-Apostolopoulou (1981, 1982), Westernhagen
and Dethlefsen (1975), and Westernhagen, et al. (1975, 1978). Brown and
Ahsanullah (1971) conducted tests with a brine shrimp, which species is too
atypical to be used in deriving national criteria.
Data were also not used if cadmium was a component of a mixture (Stern
and Stern, 1980; Wong, et al. 1982). Reviews by Chapman, et al. (1968),
Eisler (1981), Eisler, et al. (1979), Phillips and Russo (1978), and Thomp-
son, et al. (1972) only contain data that have been published elsewhere.
17
-------
Data were not used if che results were only presenced graphically
(Laegreild, ec al. 1983; Laube, 1980; Remade, ec al. 1982), if che organisms
were noe exposed co cadmium in water (Foscer, 1982; Hatakeyama and Yasuno,
1981a; O'Neill, 1981), or if there was no pertinent adverse effect (Carr and
Neff, 1982; DeFilippis, et al. 1981; Dickson, et al. 1982; Fisher and Fabris,
1982; Fisher and Jones, 1981; Tucker and Matte, 1980; Watling, 1981; Weis, et
al. 1981). Data in publications such as Ball (1967), Burnison, et al.
(1975), Canton and Slooff (1979), Department of the Environment (1973),
Fennikoh, ec al. (1978), Landner and Jernelov (1969), Maas (1978), Ministry
of Technology (1967), Shcherban (1977), Tarzwell and Henderson (1960), and
Venna, ec al. (1980) were not used because either che materials, methods, or
results were insufficiently described. High concrol morcalicies occurred in
all except one cesc reported by Saucer, ec al. (1976). The 96-hr values
reoorced by Buikeraa, et al. (1974a,b) were subject co error because of
possible reproductive inceraccions (Buikema, ec al. 1977). Bringmann and
Kuhn (1982) and Dave, ec al. (1981) culcured daphnids in one wacer and cesced
them in a different water.
The acceptability of che dilution water or medium used in some studies
(e.g., Brkovic-Popovic and Popovic, 1977a,b; Cearley and Coleman, 1973, 1974;
Nasu, et al. 1983) was open to question because of ics origin or concenc.
Algal scudies were not used if chey were noc conducced in an appropriace
medium (Scary and Kraczer, 1982; Scary, ec al. 1983) or if che medium
contained too much of a complexing agent such as EDTA (Lue-Kim, et al. 1980;
Muller and Payer, 1979). Some papers were omitted because of questionable
treatment of cesc organisms or inappropriate cesc condicions or meChodology
(e.g., Babich and Scocsky, 1982; Brown, ec al. 1984; Bryan, 1971; Chan, ec
al. 1981; Dorfman, 1977; Eisler and Gardner, 1973; Greig, 1979; Hung, 1982;
18
-------
Huccheaon, 1975; Moraicou-Aposcolopoulou, ec al. 1979; Parker, 1984; Pecon
and Powell, 1981; Ridlingcon, ec aL. 1981; Sunda, ec al. 1978; Wikfors and
Ukeles, 1982).
Daca on bioconcencracion by aquacic organisms were noc used if the cesc
was conducced in discilled wacer, waa noc long enough, was noc flow-through,
or if che concencracions in wacer were noc adequately measured (e.g., Beaccie
and Pascoe, 1978; Bjerregaard, 1982; Burrell and Weihs, 1983; Caraichael and
Fowler, 1981; Carr and Neff, 1982; Davies, ec aL. 1981; Dencon and
Burdon-Jones, 1981; Fair and Sick, 1983; Frazier and George, 1983; Freeman,
1978, 1980; Kerfoot and Jacobs, 1976; Kohler and Riisgard, 1982; McLeese and
Ray, 1984; Muramoco, 1980; Nolan and Duke, 1983; Oakley, ec al. 1983;
Poulsen, ec al. 1982; Ray, ec al. 1981; Reicherc, ec al. 1979; Rubinscein, ec
al. 1983; Scary, ec al. 1982; Wading, 1983a; Whice and Rainbow, 1982;
Windora, ec al. 1982; Yager and Harry, 1964). The bioconcencracion cescs of
Eialer (1974), Jennings and Rainbow (1979b), O'Hara (1973b), Phelps (1979),
and Sick and Bapcisc (1979), which used radioaccive isocopes of cadmium, were
noc used because of che possibility of isocope discrimination. Reporcs on
che concencracions of cadmium in wild aquacic organisms, such as Anderson, ec
al. (1978), Bouquegneau and Marcoja (1982), Boyden (1977), Bryan, ec al.
(1983), Frazier (1979), Gordon, ec al. (1980), Greig and Wenzloff (1978),
Hazen and Kneip (1980), Kneip and Hazen (1979), McLeese, ec al. (1981),
Noe1-Lamboc, ec al. (1980), Penningcon, ec al. (1982), Ray, ec al. (1981),
Smich, ec al. (1981), and Uche, ec al. (1982), were noc used for che
calculation of bioaccumulacion faccors due co an insufficient number of
raeasuremencs of che concencracion of cadmium in che wacer.
19
-------
Summary
Freshwacer acuce values for cadmium are available for species in 44
genera and range from 1.0 ug/L for rainbow crouc co 28,000 yg/L for a mayfly.
The antagonistic effect of hardness on acuce coxicicy has been demonscraced
wich five species. Chronic cescs have been conducted on cadmium wich twelve
freshwater fish species and four invertebrate species with chronic values
ranging from 0.15 Mg/L for Daphnia magna to 156 jjg/L for the Atlantic salmon.
Acute-chronic ratios are available for eight species and range from 0.9021
for the chinook salmon to 433.8 for the flagfish.
Freshwater aquatic plants are affected by cadmium at concentrations
ranging from 2 to 7,400 ug/L. These values are in the same range as the
acute coxicicy values for fish and invertebrate species, and are considerably
above the chronic values. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for cadmium in
fresh water range from 164 to 4,190 for invertebrates and from 3 to 2,213 for
fishes.
Saltwater acute values for cadmium and five species of fishes range from
577 yg/L for larval Atlantic silverside to 114,000 ^ig/L for juvenile
raummichog. Acute values for thirty species of invertebrates range from 15.5
;jg/L for a mysid to 135,000 gg/L for an oligochaete worm. The acute coxicicy
of cadmium generally increases as salinicy decreases. The effect of
temperature seems to be species-specific. Two life-cycle tests wich
Mysidopsis bahia under different test conditions resulted in similar chronic
values of 8.2 and 7.1 ug/L, but the acute-chronic ratios were 1.9 and 15,
respectively. The acute values appear to reflect effects of salinity and
temperature, whereas Che few available chronic values apparently do not. A
life-cycle test with Mysidopsis bigelowi also resulted in a chronic value of
20
-------
7.1 Mg/L and an acuce-chronic racio of 15. Studies wich raicroalgae and
macroalgae revealed effects ac 22.8 to 860 ,Jg/L.
BCFs determined with a variety of saltwater invertebrates range from 5
to 3,160. BCFs for bivalve molluscs were above 1,000 in long exposures, wich
no indication that steady-state had been reached. Cadmium mortality is
cumulative for exposure periods beyond four days. Chronic cadmium exposure
resulted in significant effects on the growth of bay scallops at 78 ,jg/L and
on reproduction of a copepod at 44 yg/L.
National Criteria
The procedures described in the "Guidelines for Deriving Numerical
National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and
Their Uses" indicate that, except possibly where a locally important species
is very sensitive, freshwater aquatic organisms and their uses should not be
affected unacceptably if the four-day average concentration (in Mg/L) of
cadmium does not exceed the numerical value given by
e(0.7852(ln(hardness)]-3.490) ^ chfln Qnce every chree years on che
average and if the one-hour average concentration (in ;Jg/L) does not exceed
the numerical value given by e(l'128[ln(hardness)1-3.828) fflOre chan Qnce
every three years on the average. For example, at hardnesses of 50, 100, and
200 mg/L as CaCO-j the four-day average concentrations of cadmium are 0.66,
1.1, and 2.0 Mg/L. respectively, and the one-hour average concentrations are
1.8, 3.9, and 3.6 ug/L. If brook trout, orown trout, and striped bass are as
sensitive as some data indicate, they might not be protected by chis
criterion.
The procedures described in the "Guidelines for Deriving Numerical
National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and
21
-------
Their Uses" indicace chat, exceoc possibly where a locally important species
is very sensitive, saLcwacer aquatic organisms and cheir uses should not be
affected unacceptably if the four-day average concentration of cadmium does
not exceed 9.3 ug/L more than once every three years on the average and if
the one-hour average concentration does not exceed 43 ,jg/L more than once
every three years on the average. The little information chat is available
concerning the sensitivity of the American lobster to cadmium indicates chat
this important species might not be protected by this criterion. In
addition, data suggest that the acute toxicity of cadmium is salinicy-
dependent; therefore the one-hour average concentration might be
underprotective at low salinities and overprotective at high salinities.
EPA believes that a measurement such as "acid-soluble" would provide a
more scientifically correct basis upon which to establish criteria for
metals. The criteria were developed on this basis. However, at this time,
no EPA approved methods for such a measurement are available to implement the
criteria through the regulatory programs of the Agency and the States. The
Agency is considering development and approval of methods for a measurement
such as "acid-soluble". Until available, however, EPA recommends applying
the criteria using the total recoverable method. This has two impacts: (I)
certain species of some metals cannot be analyzed directly because the cocal
recoverable method does not distinguish between individual oxidation states,
and (2) these criteria may be overly protective when based on the total
recoverable method.
The recommended exceedence frequency of three years is the Agency's best
scientific judgment of the average amount of time it will take an unstressed
System to recover from a pollution event in which exposure to cadmium exceeds
the criterion. Stressed systems, for example, one in which several outfalls
22
-------
occur in a limited area, would be expected co require more cime for recovery.
The resilience of ecosystems and their ability to recover differ greatly,
however, and site-specific criteria may be established if adequate justifica-
tion is provided.
The use of criteria in designing waste treatment facilities requires the
selection of an appropriate wasteload allocation model. Dynamic models are
preferred for the application of these criteria. Limited data or other
factors may make their use impractical, in which case one should rely on a
steady-state model. The Agency recommends the interim use of 1Q5 or 1Q10 for
Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC) design flow and 7Q5 or 7Q10 for the
Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) design flow in steady-state models
for unstressed and stressed systems respectively. These matters are
discussed in more detail in the Technical Support Document for Water
Quality-Based Toxics Control (U.S. EPA, 1985).
23
-------
Table I. Acute Toxic Ity of Cadmium to Aquatic Animals
Species
Method*
Chemical
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaCO,)
LC50 Species Meal
or £C50 Acute Value
*» (,,g/L>*««
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Tublflcld worm,
Branch 1 ura sowerbyl
Tublflcld worm.
Ltmnodrllus hoffmelsterl
Tublflcld worm,
OulstadrMus nultlsetosus
Tublflcld worm,
Rhyacodr 1 lus montana
Tubl field worm,
Splrosperma ferox
Tub! field worm,
Splrosperma nlkolskyl
Tublflcld worm,
Stylodrllus her 1 03 1 anus
Tublflcld worm,
Tubl f ex tub If ex
Tublflcld worm,
Varlchaata pact flea
Worm,
Nals sp.
Snail (embryo),
Amnleola sp.
Snail (adult),
Amnlcola sp.
Snail,
Aplexa hypnorum
Snail (adult).
3, M
3, H
3. M
3, H
3, M
3, M
S, H
3, H
3, M
3, U
3, U
3, U
FT, M
3, M
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmium
sul fate
sul fate
sul fate
sul fate
sul fate
sul fate
sul fate
sul fate
sul fate
chloride
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
50
50
50
45.3
200
240 3,018
170 2,137
320 4,024
630 7,921
350 4,401
450 5,658
550 6,915
320 4,024
380 4,778
1,700 1,700
3,800
8,400***" 3,800
93 104.0
1,370
Reference
Chapman, et al.
J982a
Chapman, et al.
1982a,b
Chapman, et al.
1982a
Chapman, et al.
1982o
Chapman, et al .
I982o
Chapman, et al.
I982a
Chapman, et al.
1982 a
Chapman, et al.
1982a,b
Chapman, et al.
1982a
Rehwoldt, et al. 1973
Rehwoldt, et al. 1973
Rehwoldt, et al. 1973
HoI combs, et al. 1984
Wler A Walter, 1976
Physa qyrlna
24
-------
TabU 1. (Continued)
Species
Snail (Immature),
Physa gyrlna
Cladoceran,
Cerlodaphnla retlculata
Cladoceran,
Cer j odaphn 1 a ret ( cu 1 ata
Cladoceran,
Daphnla maqna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla maqna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla maqna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla maqna
Cladoceran,
Oaphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Oaphnla rnacjna
Cladoceran ,
Daphnla maqna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Oaphnla macjna
Cladoceran,
Oaphnla magna
Method*
3,
3,
3,
3.
3,
FT.
3.
3,
3,
3.
3,
R,
3,
3,
3,
M
U
M
U
U
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
U
U
Chemical
-
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium nitrate
Cadmium nitrate
Hardness
(«g/L as
200
45
55-79
-
45
130
51
104
105
197
209
100
55-79
-
-
LC50 Species Mean
or EC50 Acute Value
(pg/L)** (|»g/L>**s Reference
410 156.9 Wler 4 Walter, 1976
66 - Mount 4 Norberg, 1984
129 83.02 Spehar 4 Carlson,
1984a,b
-------
Table 1. (Continued)
Specie*
Cladoceran,
Oaphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla pulex
Cladoceran,
Daphnla pulex
Cladoceran,
Daphnla pulex
Cladoceran,
Molna macrocopa
Cladoceran,
Slmocephalus serrulatus
Cladoceran,
Slmocephalus serrulatus
Cladoceran,
Slmocephalus serrulatus
Cladoceran,
Slmocephalus vetulus
Cladoceran,
S 1 mocepha 1 us vetu 1 us
Isopod.
Asellus blcrenata
Isopod,
Llrceus alabantae
Amph 1 pod ,
Gammarus pseudol tmnaeus
Amph 1 pod.
Method*
^— ••B4MKMMB
S, U
3. U
S, b
3. U
S, U
5, U
5, M
S, M
S, M
S, U
5, M
FT, M
FT, M
S. M
5, M
Chemical
Cadmium nitrate
-
Cadmium nitrate
-
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Hardness
(mg/L «*
CaCO»)
-
45
-
45
57
80-84
U.)
55-79
39-48
45
55-79
220
152
55-79
59-48
LCSO Species Mean
or ECSO Acute Value
35 13***** -
U8***«* 12.19
93.45
68
47 55.72
71.25 40.78
7.0
123*
24.5 45.93
24
89.3 41.65
2, 130** 400.5
150** 42.80
54.4
68.3 55.90
Reference
Canton & Adema, 1978
Mount & Nor berg,
1984
Canton & Adema. 1978
Mount & Nor berg, 1984
Bertram & Hart, 1979
Hatakeyaaa & Yasuno,
19816
Glesy, et al . 1977
Spehar & Carlson,
I984a,b
Spehar 4 Carlson,
I984a,b
Mount & Nor berg, 1984
Spehar & Carlson,
I984a,b
Bosnak & Morgan,
1981
Bosnak & Morgan,
1981
Spehar & Carlson,
I984a,b
Spehar & Carlson,
Gammarus pseudolImnaeus
I984a,b
26
-------
TabU I. (Continued)
Species
Amphlpod,
Gammarus sp.
Amph I pod ,
Hyalel la azteca
Crayfish,
Orconectes llmosus
Mayfly.
Paraleptoghlebla proepedlta
Mayfly,
Ephemeral la grand Is
Mayfly.
Ephemeral la grand Is
Damsel fly,
(Unidentified)
Stonef ly,
Pteronarcel la badla
Caddlsfly,
(Unidentified)
Midge,
Chlronomus sp.
Bryozoan,
Pectlnatella magnifies
Bryozoan,
Lophopodella carter!
Bryozoan,
Plumatello emarglnata
American eel,
Angullla rostrata
Coho salmon (adult).
Hardness
(*g/L as
Method* Chemical CaCO,)
S, U - 50
S. M Cadmium chloride 53-79
S, M Cadmium chloride
S, M Cadmium chloride 55-79
FT, M Cadmium chloride
S. U Cadmium sulfate 44
S, U - 50
FT, M Cadmium chloride
S, U - 50
S, U - 50
S, U - 190-220
S, U - 190-220
S, U - 190-220
S, M - 55
FT, M Cadmium chloride 23
LC50 Species Mean
or EC50 Acute Value
(yg/L)" (Mg/L>«««
70 70.00
285 204.9
400
449 322.8
26,000
2,000 2,310
8,100 8,100
ta ,000
3,400 3,400
1 ,200 1 ,200
700 142.5
150 30.54
1,090 221.9
820 736.4
17.5««»«
Reference
Rehwoldt, et at. 1973
Spehar & Carlson,
I984a,b
Boutet &
Chalseroartln, 1973
Spehar & Carlson,
I984a.b
Clubb, et al. 1975
War nick & Bel I, 1969
Rehwoldt, et al. 1973
Clubb, et al. 1975
Rehwoldt, et al . 1973
Rehwoldt, et al . 1973
Par due & Mood, 1980
Pardue & Wood, 1980
Pardue & Wood, 1960
Rehwoldt, et al . 1972
Chapman, 1975
Oncorhynchiis klsutch
27
-------
Table I. (Continued)
Specie*
Co ho salmon (parr),
Oncorhynchus klsutch
Coho salmon (1 year),
Oncorhynchus klsutch
Chinook salmon (a levin),
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chinook salmon (swim- up),
Qncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chinook salmon (parr),
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chinook salmon (smolt),
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chinook salmon (juvenile),
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chinook salmon (Juvenile),
Qncorhynchus tshawytscha
Rainbow trout (alevln).
Sal wo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (swim-up).
Sal mo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (parr).
Sal mo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (smolt).
Sat mo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (2-mos),
Sal mo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout.
Method*
FT, M
S. U
FT. M
FT.
FT,
FT,
FT,
FT,
FT,
FT,
FT,
FT,
FT.
FT,
M
M
M
M
M
H
M
H
M
M
M
Chemical
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium sulfate
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium nitrate
Cadmium sulfato
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaOM
23
90
23
23
23
23
25
20-22
23
23
23
23
31
LC50 Species Mean
or EC3G Acute Value
(tig/I)1* '** Reference
2.7 - Chapman, 1975
10.4 5.894 Lorz, et al. 1975
>26««»« - Chaoman. 1975.
1978
I.S - Chapman, 1975,
197ft
3.5 - Chapman, 1975,
1976
>2.91tt - Chapman, 1975,
197ft
1.41 - Chapman, 1982
I.I 4.254 Flnlayson 4 Verrue,
1982
>27«*>* _ Chapman. »975, )978
1.3 - Chapman, 1975, 1978
1.0 - Chapman, 1978
4.1 Chapman, 1975
>2.9Trr Chapman, 1978
6.6 - Hale, 1977
1.75 - Oavles, 1976
Sal mo galrdnerl
28
-------
Table 1. (Continued)
SpecI as
Rainbow trout,
Saimo qairdneri
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Sal mo gairdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Brown trout,
Salmo trutta
Brown trout,
Salmo trutta
Brook trout,
Sal veilnus fontlnails
Brook trout,
Sal veilnus fontlnails
Goldfish,
Carasslus auratus
Goldfish,
Carasslus auratus
Goldfish,
Carasslus auratus
Common carp,
Cyprlnus carplo
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Method* Chemical
S, U
S, i)
S, U Cadmium chloride
S, M Cadmium chloride 55-79
S, M Cadmium chloride 39-48
S, M Cadmium chloride 55-79
S, M Cadmium chloride 39-49
FT, M Cadmium chloride
S, H Cadmium sulfate
S, U
Cadmium chloride
S, M Cadmium chloride
S, M Cadmium chloride
S, M
S, U Cadmium chloride
Hardness
img/L as
CaCO})
-
-
-
55-79
39-48
55-79
39-48
47.4
42
20
20
140
55
20
LC50 Species Mean
or EC50 Acute value
(ng/L)«* (iig/L)"*
6
7
6.0
10.2*
2.3 3.589
.5.1*
1.4 1.638
5,080
-------
Table 1. (Continued)
Species
Fathead minnow,
Plmephaias promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Pimephaies promalas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promalas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promalns
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promalas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promalas
Fathead minnow (fry),
Plroephales promelas
Fathead minnow (fry),
Plmephales promalas
Fathead minnow (fry),
Ptroephales promelas
Fathead minnow (fry),
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow (fry),
Plmephales promalas
Fathead minnow (fry).
Method*
•A— ^^MM
s, u
s.
s.
FT,
FT.
FT,
FT,
FT,
s,
s.
S.
s.
s,
s.
u
u
H
H
H
M
M
M
H
M
M
M
M
Che-leal
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadml urn
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadml urn
Cadml um
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadml un
Cadml um
chloride
chloride
chloride
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
sulfate
chloride
chloride
chloride
chloride
chloride
chloride
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaCO?)
20
360
360
201
201
201
201
201
40
48
39
45
47
44
LC50 Species Mean
or EC50 Acute Value
(,.g/l.)M (pg/L)11" Refer one*
630»»»»
72,600*»il1
73,500»"«
ll.200»«»
I2.000""11
6,400««««
2,000"»»»
4.500"»»«
21.5
11.7
19.3
42.4
54.2
29.0
Pickering &
Henderson, 1966
Pickering I
Henderson, 1966
Pickering &
Henderson, 1966
Pickering & Cast,
1972
Pickering & Cast,
1972
Pickering & Cast,
1972
Pickering & Gast,
1972
Pickering & Gast,
1972
Spehar, 1982
Spehar, 1982
Spehar, 1982
Spehar, 1982
Spehar, 1982
Spehar, 1982
Plmephales promelas
30
-------
Table I. (Continued)
Species
Fathead minnow (adult),
Plmephales promeias
Fathead minnow (adult),
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow (adult),
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow (adult),
Plmephales proroelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmaphaies promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Northern squaw tlsh,
Ptychochei lus oregonensis
Northern squawfish,
Ptychochei lus oregonensis
White sucker,
Catostomus cornier son)
Channel catfish,
Ictalurus punctatus
Banded kl 1 II fish.
Fundulus dlaphanus
Flagflsh,
Jordanella florldae
Mosqultof Ish,
Method* Che-lea!
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
FT,
FT,
FT,
FT,
s,
s.
FT,
FT,
M
H
M
H
H
M
M
M
H
M
H
M
M
M
Cadm! us
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadml urn
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmium
chloride
chloride
chloride
chloride
chloride
ch 1 or 1 de
chloride
chloride
chloride
chloride
chloride
chloride
chloride
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaC03)
103
103
103
254-27 1
55-79
39-48
55-79
20-30
20-30
18
55-79
55
44
II. 1
LG5Q Species Mean
or EC5O Acute Value
(iig/L)" (»g/L)***
3,Q6Q»«»»
2,900»*»»
1.100""
7.160«"«
3,390«»««
,,280--
I.830"" 30.50
1 ,092
1.104 2.400
1,110 3,514
7,940 5,708
110 98.79
2,500 2,888
900
Reference
Blrge.
Blrge,
Blrge,
Blrge.
Spehar
1984 a.
Spehar
1984a.
Spehar
I984a,
Andros
And r os
et a!. !983
et al. 1983
et al. 1983
et al. 1983
& Carlson,
b
& Carlson,
b
& Carlson,
b
& Carton, 1980
4 Gar ton, 1980
Duncan & Klaverkamp,
1983
Spehar & Carlson,
1984a,b
Rehwoldt, et al , 1972
Spehar, I976a,b
Glesy, et al . 1977
Gambusia affinis
31
-------
Tabl* I. (Continued)
Species
Mosqultoflsh,
Gambusla afflnls
Guppy,
Poecllla ratlculata
Threesplne stickleback,
Gasterosteus aculeatus
Threesplne stickleback,
Gasterosteus aculeatus
White perch,
Horone amertcana
Striped bass,
Horone saxatl 1 Is
Striped bass (larva),
Morone saxatl Us
Striped bass ( finger) Ing),
Morone saxatl Us
Green sun fish,
Lepomls cyanellus
Green sunf 1 sh,
Lepomls cyanel lus
Green sun fish,
Lepomls cyanellus
Pumpklnseed,
Laponls (jlbbosus
Bluoglll,
Leponls macrochlrus
Blueglll,
Method*
FT, M
s, u
s. u
R, H
S. M
S, M
S, U
S, U
S. U
S, U
FT, H
S. M
S, U
FT, H
ChMlcal
Cadm) urn i
Cadmium i
Cadmlun i
Cadmium i
Cadmium i
Cadmium <
Cadmlun i
Cadmium «
Cadmium <
Cadml urn <
Cadmium <
Lepomls macrochlrus
Hardness
(«g/L as
CaC05)
II. 1
20
1,5
103-111
55
55
34.5
34.5
20
360
335
55
20
207
LC50
or EC50
2,200
1,270
6,500
23,000
8,400
1,100
1
2
2,840
66,000
20,500
1,500
1.940
21,100
Species Meat
Acute Value
7,685
3,570
-
4,977
7,544
-
-
tttt
-
-
5.147
1.347
-
_
Reference
Glesy, et at. 1977
Pickering A
Henderson, 1966
Pascoe & Cram. 1977
Pascoe & Mattey, 1977
Rehwoldt, et al. 1972
Rehwoldt, et al. 1972
Hughes, 1973
Hughes, 1973
Pickering &
Henderson, 1966
Pickering &
Henderson, 1966
Jude, 1973
Rohwoldt. et al. 1972
Pickering 4
Henderson, 1966
Eaton, I960
32
-------
Table I. (Continued)
Species
Bluegl H.
Lepomls macrochlrus
Bluegl II,
Lepomls macrochlrus
Bluoglll,
Lepomls macrochlrus
Bluegl 1 1,
Lepoml s macrochl rus
Polychaete worm (adult),
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Polychaete worm (juvenile),
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Sand worm.
Nereis vlrens
Polychaete worm,
Nereis vlrens
Polychaete worm (adult),
Capltella capitate
Polychaete worm (larva),
Capltella capltata
Ollgochaete worm,
Llmnodrl loldes verrucosus
Ollgochaete worm,
Honophylephorus cutlcalatus
Ollgochaete worm.
Method*
S. M
S, H
S. M
S. H
S. U
S, U
S, U
S, U
S, U
S, U
R, U
R. U
R, U
Hardness
(*g/L as
Chemical CaC03)
Cadmium chloride 18
Cadmium chloride 18
Cadmium chloride 18
Cadmium chloride 55-79
SALTWATER SPECIES
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium sulfate
Cadmium sulfate
Cadmium sulfate
LC50
or EC50
3,860
2,800
2,260
8,810
12.000
12,500
9,300
1 I ,000
7,500«««*
200
10,000
135,000
24,000
Species Mean
Acute Value
(Mg/L)«««
6,961
12,250
10, HO
200
10.000
135.000
24,000
TublfIcoldes qabrlellae
Reference
Bishop & Me Intosh,
1981
Bishop & MeIntosh,
1981
Bishop & Hclntosh,
1981
Spehar i Carlson,
I984a,b
Relsh, et al. 1976
Reish, et al. 1976
Elsler A Hennekey,
1977
Elsler, 1971
Relsh, et al. 1976
Relsh, et al. 1976
Chapman, et al. I982a
Chapman, et al. I982a
Chapman, et al. 1982a
33
-------
TabU 1. (Continued)
Species Method*
Oyster drill, S. 0
Urosalplnx clnerea
Mud snail, S, U
Nassarlus obsoletus
Mud snail, S, U
Nassarlus obsoletus
Blue Missel, S, U
Mytllus odulls
Blue mussel (embryo), S, U
Mytllus edulls
Blue mussel , S, M
Mytllus edulls
Blue mussel , FT, M
Mytllus edulls
Blue mussel , FT, M
Mytl lus edulls
Bay scallop (juvenile), S, U
Argopecten Irradlans
Pacific oyster (embryo), S, U
Crassostrea glgas
Pacific oyster (larva), S, U
Crassostrea glgas
Eastern oyster (larva), S, U
Crassostrea virgin lea
Soft-She) 1 clam, S, U
Mya arenarla
LC50 Species Mean
or EC50 Acute Value
Chemical (ng/L»« (vg/L)***
Cadmium chloride 6,600 6,600
Cadmium chloride 33,000
Cadmium chloride 10,500 19,170
Cadmium chloride 25,000
Cadmium chloride 1,200
Cadmium chloride 1,620
Cadmium chloride 3,600
Cadmium chloride 4,300 3,934
Cadmium chloride 1,460 1,480
Cadmium chloride 611
Cadmium chloride 65 227.9
Cadmium chloride 3, BOO 3,800
Cadmium chloride 2,500
Reference
Elsler, 1971
Elsler & Hennekey,
i977
Elsler. 1971
Elsler, 1971
Martin, et al. 1981
Ahsanullah, 1976
Ahsanullah, 1976
Ahsanul lah, 1976
Nelson, et al. 1976
Martin, et al . 1981
Wat ling, 1982
Calabrese, et al .
1973
Elsler i Hennekey,
1977
Soft-shell clam,
Mya arenarla
S, U Cadmium chloride 2,200
Elsler, 1971
34
-------
Table 1. (Continued)
LC50 Species Mean
or EC50 Acute Value
Specl e$
Sott-shel 1 clam,
Mya arenarla
Copapod ,
Pseudodlaptomus coronatus
Copepod ,
Eurytemora off inks
Copepod (naupllus),
Eurytemora af finis
Copapod,
Acartla clausl
Copepod.
Acartla tonsa
Copepod ,
Acartla tonsa
Copepod,
Acartla tonsa
Copapod,
Acartla tonsa
Copepod,
Nltocra splnlpes
Mysld,
Mysidopsls bah la
Mysld,
Mysidopsls bah la
Mysld.
Mysidopsls blqeloxt
Amphlpod (adult),
Ampellsca abdlta
Method*
s.
s.
s,
S.
s,
s.
s,
s.
s.
s,
FT,
FT,
FT,
FT,
U
U
U
u
u
u
u
u
U
u
M
M
M
M
Chemical
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
-------
Table I. (Continued)
Species
Amphlpod (young),
Marlnoqammarus obtusatus
Amphlpod (adult),
Mar Inogammarus obtusatus
Pink shrimp.
Penaeus duorarum
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes vulgarIs
Grass shrimp,
Pa Iaemonetas vulgarIs
Sand shrimp,
Crangon septemspinosa
American lobster (larva),
Homarus amarlcanus
Hermit crab,
Pagurus long!carpus
Hermit crab,
Pagurus longlcarpus
Rock crab (zoea),
Cancer Irroratus
Dungeness crab (zoea),
Cancer magI star
Blue crab (juvenile),
Calllnectes sapldus
Blue crab (juvenile),
Calllnectes sapldus
Green crab,
Carclnus maenas
Method* Chemical
S, M
Cadmium chloride
LC50
or EC50
(Ufl/Li"
3,500
Species Mean
Acute Value
(as/I)*"
S, M Cadmium chloride I3,000*»«" 3,500
FT, M Cadmium chloride 3,500 3,500
S, U Cadmium chloride 420
FT, M Cadmium chloride 760 760
S, U Cadmium chloride 320 320
S, U Cadmium chloride 78 78
S, U Cadmium chloride 320
S, U Cadmium chloride 1,300 645
FT, M Cadmium chloride 250 250
S, U Cadmium chloride 247 247
S, U Cadmium chloride 11,600
S, U Cadmium chloride 4,700 7,384
S, U Cadmium chloride 4,100 4,100
Reference
Wright & Frakn, 1981
Wright & Fraln, 1961
Nlmmo, et al. I977b
EJsler, 1971
Nlmmo. et al. 19776
Etsler, 1971
Johnson & Gentile,
1979
Elsler, 1971
Elsler & Hennekey,
1977
Johns & HI)ler, 1982
Martin, et al. 1981
Frank & Robertson,
1979
Frank & Robertson,
1979
Elsler, 1971
36
-------
Tabla I. (Continued)
Species
Fiddler crab,
Uca pug Ilator
Fiddler crab,
Uca pugIlator
Fiddler crab,
Uca pugIlator
Fiddler crab,
Uca pug Ilator
Fiddler crab,
Uca pugIlator
Fiddler crab,
Uca pugItator
Starfish,
AsterI as forbasl
Starfish,
Aster I as forbasl
Sheapshead minnow,
CyprInodon varIegatus
Mumralchog (adult),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Mummlchog (adult),
Fundulus hetarociltus
Mummichog (juvenile),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Mummichog (juvenile),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Mummichog (juvenile),
Fundulus heteroclltus
tethod" Chemical
S,
s.
s.
s,
s.
s.
s,
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
s.
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmi urn
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadml urn
Cadmium
Cadm 1 urn
Cadmi urn
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmium
chloride
chloride
chloride
ch 1 or 1 de
chloride
chloride
chloride
chloride
chloride
chloride
chloride
chloride
chloride
chloride
LC50 Species Mean
or EC50 Acute Value
(ua/L)11* (n9/L)*"* Reference
46
37
32
23
10
6
7
50
49
22
114
92
78
,600
,000
,300
,300
,400
,800 21,240
,100
620 2,413
,000 50,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
O'Hara,
O'Hara,
O'Hara,
O'Hara,
O'Hara,
O'Hara,
Elsler
1977
Elsler,
Elsler,
Elsler,
Elsler
1977
Voyer,
Voyer,
Voyer,
I973a
I973a
I973a
I973a
1913a
I973a
& Hennekey.
1971
1971
1971
& Hennekey,
1975
1975
1975
37
-------
TabU 1. (Continued)
Speclea Method*
Hunmlchog (juvenile), S, U
Fundulus heteroclItus
Mummlchog (juvenile), S, U
Fundulus heteroclItus
Mummlchog (juvenile), S, U
Fundulus heteroclItus
Mummlchog (Juvenile). S, U
Fundulus heteroclI tut
MunMlchog (juvenile), S. U
Fundulus heteroclI tut
Striped klIII fish (adult), S, U
Fundulus majalls
Atlantic sllverslde (adult), S, U
Menldla menldla
Atlantic sllverslde
(Juvenlle),
Menldla menldla
Atlantic sllverslde
(Juvenlle),
Menldla menldla
S, IT
Atlantic sllverslde (larva), S, U
Menldla menldla
Atlantic sllverslde (larva), S, U
Menldla menldla
Winter flounder (larva),
PseudopIeuronectes
amerlcanus
S, U
Chemical
LC50
or EC50
Species Mean
Acute Value
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride 73,000
63,000
31,000
30,000
29,000 50,570
21,000 21,000
2,032"»»
28,532»"«
S, U Cadmium chloride 13,652»*«*
1,054
577
779.8
Reference
Voyer, 1975
Voyer, 1975
Voyer, 1975
Voyer, 1975
Voyer, 1975
Elsler, 1971
Cardln, 1982
Cardln, 1982
Cardln, 1982
Cardln, 1982
Cardln, 1982
Cardln, 1982
38
-------
Table I. (Continued)
Species
Winter flounder (larva),
Pseudop 1 euronectes
amer 1 canus
LC50
or ECSO
Method* Chemical (og/L)**
S, U Cadmium chloride 14,297
Species Mean
Acute Value
-------
TabU 1. (Continued)
Results of Covarlance Analytic of Prettwater Afjte Toxlclty ver«u« Hardnett
Spec let
Dophnla mognn
(al 1 data)
Daphnla magna
(Chapman, at al.
Manuscript)
Goldfish
Fathead minnow
Green sun fish
Blueglll
Four fishes
All of above using all
n
10
5
3
16
3
6
28
38
Slo--
-Q.U.
1.182
1.564
1.239
0.905
0.868
1.125*
0.975"*
95* Confidence Halts
-1.171.
0.519.
1.032.
0.780,
-3.352,
0.516,
0.853,
0.672,
0.881
1.846
2.095
1.698
5.162
1.220
1.397
1.278
Degrees of Freedom
8
3
1
14
1
4
T*
y
All of above using
only data from
Chapman, at al.
(Manuscript) for
D. maqna
33
1.128**"
0.883, 1.373
27
* PO.44 for equality of slopes.
** P-0.04 for equality of slopes.
»»*p=0.54 for equality of slopes.
40
-------
TabI* 2. Chronic Toxiclty of Cadmium to Aquatic Anlmols
Species Test*
Chemical
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaOHl
Limits Chronic Value
(ii9/L)" l|tg/L)*'
Adjusted
Chronic Value
Reference
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Snail, LC
Aplexa liypnorum
Snail,
Aplexa hypnorum
Cladoceran,
Cerlodaphnla retlculata
Cladoceran,
Daphnla maqnq
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla maqna
Cladoceran,
Molna macrocopa
Coho salmon (Lake Superior),
Oncorhynchus klsutch
Coho salmon (West Coast),
Oncorhynchus klsutch
Chinook salmon.
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Atlantic salmon,
Salmo salar
Brown trout,
Salmo trutta
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
ELS
ELS
ELS
ELS
ELS
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
45.3
45.3
55-79
53
103
209
80-84
44
44
25
19-28
44
4.41-7.63
2.50-4.79
3.4-7.2
0.08-0.29
0.16-0.28
0.21-0.91
0.2-0.4
1.3-3.4
4.1-12.5
1.3-1.88
90-270 (5 C)
2.5-8.2 (9.6 C)
3.8-11.7
5.801
3.460
4.948T
0.1523
0.2117
0.4371
0.2828
2.102
7.159
1.563
155.9
4.528
6.668
6.269
3.739
3.932f
0.1455
0.1200
0.1422
0.1918
2.324
7.915
2.694
282 ,0n
8.192
7.372
Hoi combe, et al .
1984
Hoi combe, et al.
1984
Spehar & Carlson,
1984a,b
Chapman, et al .
Manuscript
Chapman, et al .
Manuscript
Chapman, et al .
Manuscript
Hatakeyama &
Yasuno, I98lb
Eaton, et al . 1978
Eaton, et al . 1976
Chapman, 1975
Rombough & Gar side
1982
Eaton, et al. 1978
41
-------
TabU 2. (Continued)
Species Test*
Brook trout, ELS
Salve!Inus fontlnalls
Brook trout, LC
SalveIInus fontlnalls
Brook trout, ELS
Salve IInus font I na»s
Lake trout. ELS
SalveIInus namaycush
Northern pike, ELS
Esox luclus
Fathead winnow, LC
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow, ELS
Plmaphales promelas
White sucker. ELS
Catostomus coronersonI
Flagflsh. LC
Jordanatta florldae
Flagflsh, LC
Jordanelia florldae
Flagflsh, LC
Jordanelia florldae
Blueglll. LC
Lepomls macrochlrus
Smallmouth bass. ELS
Hlcropterus dolomleul
Chemical
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium sulfate
Hardness Adjusted
-------
Table 2. (Continued)
Species
Test*
CheMlcal
Hardness Adjusted
(»g/L as Limits Chronic Value Chronic Value
CafXKL
-------
Table 2. (Continued)
Acute-Chronic Ratio
Specie*
Cladoceran,
Daphnla »agna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla nagna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla »agna
Chinook saloon.
Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
Fathead Bin now.
Plmephales pronelas
Fathead win now.
Plmephales proaelas
Flagflsh,
Jordanella florldae
Bluegl 1 1 ,
Lepomls macrochlrus
Mysld,
Mysldopsls bah I a
Mysld,
Mysldopsls bah la
Mysld,
Mysldopsls blqelowl
Hardness
<«g/L as
CaCOv_
53
103
209
25
201
55-79
44
207
-
_
_
Acute
Value
C Mfl/L >
9,9
33
49
1.41
5,995»«
1 ,830"
2,500
21, (00
15.5
110
no
Chronic
Value
(n9/L)
0.1523
0.2117
0.4371
1.563
45.92
18.92"
5.763
49.80
8.237
7.141
7.141
Ratio
65.00
155.9
112.1
0.9021
130.6
96.72*
433.8
423.7
1.882
15.40
15.40
* Acute and chronic tests were conducted In river Mater (Spehar and Carlson, 1984a,fa).
•"Geometric mean of five values In Table I from Pickering and Gast (1972).
44
-------
Table 2. (Continued)
Ranked Freshwater Genus Mean Chronic Values
Rank*
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
Genus Mean
Chronic Value
(wg/U" Species
16.32 eiueglll,
Lepomls macrochlrus
15.22 Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promalas
8.170 Small mouth bass,
Mlcropterus dolomleul
8.138 Northern pike,
Esox luclus
7.771 Atlantic salmon,
Sal mo salar
Brown trout,
Sal mo trutta
7.849 White sucker,
Catostomus coroner son 1
5.336 FlagHsh,
Jordanella Morldae
4.841 Snail,
Aplexa hypnorum
4.1B1 Brook trout,
Salvellnus tontlnalis
Lake trout,
Sa 1 ve 1 1 nus namaycush
3.932 Cladoceran,
Species Mean
Chronic Value
-------
Table 2. (Continued)
Rank*
3
2
1
Genus Mean Species Mean
Chronic Value Chronic Value
dig/Li*" Specie* (ng/L)«
3.399 Coha salmon, 4.269***
Oncorhynchus klsutch
Chinook salmon, 2.694
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
0.1916 Cladocaran, 0.1918
Molna macrocopa
0.1354 Cladocaran, 0.1354
Daphnla magna
Species Mean
Acute-Chronic
Ratio
0.9021
251.9
104.3
* Ranked from «o$t resistant to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Chronic Value.
** Genus Mean Chronic Values and Species Mean Chronic Values are at a hardness of 50
«g/L.
•"Geometric mean of two values.
^ Geometric mean of three values.
At a hardness of 50 «g/L:
Freshwater Final Chronic Value - 0.0405 (iQ/L (using N * 13)
freshwater Final Chronic Value * 0.6562 ug/L (using N * 44; see text)
Slope - 0.7852 (see text)
In (Final Chronic Intercept) " In(0,6582) - (slope x ln(50)l
- -0.4182 - (0.7852 x 3.912) » -3.490
Freshwater Final Chronic Value > tt<0.78521ln(hardness)1-3.490)
46
-------
Table 3. Ranked Genus Mean Acute Values with Species Mean Acute-Chronic Ratios
tank*
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
Genus Mean
Acute Value
Cng/D"
8,325
8,100
7,921
7,685
7,544
6,915
5,708
4,990
4,977
4,778
1,U24
4,024
Species Mean
Acute Value
Species <»g/L)««
FRESHWATER SPECI_
Goldfish,
Carasslus auratus
Damsel fly,
(Unidentified)
Tubl field worm,
Rhyacodrllus montana
Mosqultof Ish,
Gambusla afflnls
White perch,
Moron e amer leans
Tubl field worm,
Stylodrllus herlnglanus
Channel catfish,
Ictalurus punctatus
Tubl field worm,
Splrosperma ferox
Tubl field worm,
Splrosperma nlkolskyl
Threosplna stickleback,
Gasterosteus aculeatus
Tubl field worm,
Varlchaeta pact flea
Tubl field worm.
Tub If ex tublfex
Tubl field worm,
8,325
8,100
7,921
7,685
7,544
6,915
5,708
4,40)
5,658
4,977
4,778
4,024
4,024
Species Mean
Acute-Chron ic
Ratio
-
Qulstradllus multlsetosus
47
-------
Tab I a 3. (Continued)
Rank*
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
Ganus Mean
Acuta Valu*
"
3,800
3,641
3,570
3,514
3,400
3,018
2,888
2.400
2,3*0
2,137
1,700
Spaclas Naan Spaclas Naan
Acuta Valua Acuta-Chronl c
Spec las Cng/L)" Ratio
Snail,
Amnlcola sp.
Green sunflsh,
Lapomls cyanel lus
PumpklnseeJ,
Lepoml s gl bbosus
Bluegll 1,
Leporels jnacrochlrus
Guppy,
Poecl Ma retlculata
White sucker,
Catostomus coomarsonl
CaddlsfJy,
(Unidentified)
Tub! tlcld worm,
Branch 1 or a sower by 1
Flagtlsh,
Jordanal la florldae
Northern squa*t\sh,
Ptychochel lus oreqonensls
Mayfly,
Ephemeral la grand Is
Tubl field worm,
Limnodrllus hof fmelstarl
Worn,
Na 1 s sp .
3,800
5,147
1,347
6,961 423.7
3,570
3,5\4
3,400
3,018
2,888 433.8
2,400
2,310
2,137
1,700
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Rank*
KM^B^^HB
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
Genus Mean
Acute Value
1,200
736.4
400.5
322.8
221.9
215.5
204.9
156.9
142.5
104.0
98.79
83.02
62.55
Species Mean Species Mean
Acute Value Acute-Chronic
Species
Midge,
Chlrononus sp.
American eel,
Anqul 1 la rostrata
1 sopod ,
Asallus blcrenata
Mayfly,
Paraleptophlebla
praepedlta
Qryozoan,
Plumatella emarglnata
Common carp.
Cyprlnus carpi o
Amphlpod,
Hyalel la azteca
Snail,
Physa gyrlna
Bryozoan,
Pectinate! la magnlfica
Snail,
Aplexa hypnorum
Banded kl III fish.
Fundulus dlaphanus
Cladoceran,
Cerlodaphnla retlculata
Amph 1 pod ,
Gammarus pseudollmnaeus
Amphlpod,
Gammarus sp.
Ug/L»" Ratio
1 ,200
736.4
400.5
322 .8
221.9
215.5
204.9
156.9
142.5
104.0 20.76"*
98.79
83.02 26.07
55.90
70.00
49
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Genus Mean Specie* Mean
Acute Value Acute Value
»nk«
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Rank*
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
Genus Mean
Acute Value
50,000
32,590
24 ,000
21.240
19.170
14.297
12.250
10,110
10,000
7,384
6,600
4,100
3,934
Species Mean
Acute Value
Species (|i9/U™
Sheepshead minnow,
Cyprlnodon varlegatus
Munnlchog.
Fundulus heteroclltus
Striped kl III fish,
Fundulus majal Is
Ollgochaate norm,
Tubificoldes qabrlallae
Fiddler crab,
Uca pug! la tor
Mud snail,
Nassarlus obsoletus
Winter flounder,
Pseudopleuronectes
amerlcanus
Polychaete worm,
Neanthes arenaceodentata
Sand worm.
Nereis vlrens
Ollgochaate worm,
Llmnodrl loides verrucosus
Blue crab,
Calllnectes sapldus
Oyster drill,
Urosalplnx clnerea
Green crab,
Carclnus maenas
Blue mussel ,
Mytl lus edulls
50,000
50,570
21,000
24 ,000
21,240
19,170
14,297
12,250
10,110
10.000
7,384
6,600
4,100
3,934
Species Mean
Acute-Chronic
Ratio
-
51
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Rank*
19
ia
17
16
IS
14
13
12
M
10
9
8
7
Genus Mean
Acute Value
(«9/L>»«
3.500
3,500
2,900
2,413
1,800
1,708
1,672
1,480
930.6
779.8
760
645
399.4
Species Mean
Acute Value
Species
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Rank*
6
5
4
3
2
1
Genus Mean
Acute Value
320
248.5
200
156
78
67.39
Species
Sand shrimp,
Crangon septamsplnosa
Rock crab,
Cancer Irroratus
Oungenass crab.
Cancer mag (star
Polychaete worm,
Capital la capitate
Copepod,
Acartla clausl
Copepod ,
Acartla tonsa
American lobster,
Homarui americanus
Mysld,
Mysldopsls ban! a
Mysld,
Species Mean
Acute Value
320
250
247
200
144
168.9
78
41.29
110
Species Mean
Acute-Cnron 1 c
Ratio
5.384«*
15.40
Hysldopsls blgaloxl
53
-------
TabI* 3. (Continued)
* Ranked from Most resistant to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Acute Value.
** Freshwater Genus Mean Acute Values and Species Mean Acute Values are at a hardness of 50 mg/L.
"** Geometric mean of two values In Table 2.
••••Geometric mean of three values In Table 2 from Chapman, et al. (Manuscript).
Fresh water
Final Acute Value » 8.917 ng/L (calculated at a hardness of 50 mg/L from Genus Mean Acute Values)
Final Acute Value* 3.589 yg/L (lowered to protect rainbow trout at a hardness of 50 mg/L; sea text)
Criterion Maximum Concentration * (3.589 wg/L) / 2 - 1.7945 wg/L (at a hardness of 50 mg/L)
Pooled Slope - 1.128 (see Table I)
In (Criterion Maximum Intercept) - ln(1.7945> - I slope x ln(50)|
- 0.5847 - (1.128 x 3.912) - -3.828
Criterion Maximum Concentration » e<».128lln(hardness)»-3.828)
Salt water
Final Acute Value • 85.09 ^g/L
Criterion Maximum Concentration * (85.09 »9/L> / 2 « 42.54 uQ/L
Flnal Acute-Chronic Ratio - 9.105 (see text)
Final Chronic Value * (85.09 Pg/L) / 9.105 * 9.345 »g/L
54
-------
Table 4. Toxlclty of Cadnlw to Aquatic Plants
Species
Diatom,
Aster tonal la formosa
Diatom,
Scenedesmus quadracauda
Diatom,
Mltzschla coster Iurn
Dlatom,
Navleu la Incerta
Green alga,
Scenadesmus obllquus
Alga,
Euglena graclI Is
Alga,
Euglena graclI Is anabaena
Green alga,
Anklstrodesmus falcattis
Blue alga,
Mfcrocystls aaruglnosa
Green alga,
Scenedesmus quadrlcauda
Green alga,
Chlore!I a saccharophlla
Alga,
Chlorococcum spp.
Chemical
Hardness
(•g/L as
CaC05)
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chlorIda
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium nitrate
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium nitrate
Cadmium nitrate
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Effect
Factor of 10
growth rate
decrease
Reduction In
eel I count
96-hr EC50
96-hr EC50
Result
(ng/D*
6.1
480
310
39* reduction 2,500
In growth
Horpholo- 5,000
glcal abnor-
mal Itles
Cell dlvl- 20,000
slon Inhibi-
tion
S8Jt reduction 2,500
in growth
Incipient
Inhibition
70
Incipient 310
Inhibition
96-hr EC50
105
42* reduction 2,500
In growth
Reference
Conway, 1978
Klass, et al. 1974
RechlIn, et al. 1982
Rachlln, et al. 1982
Devi Prasad &
Devi Prasad, 1982
Nakano, et al. 1980
Nakano, 1980
Devi Presad 4
Devi Prasad, 1982
Brlngmann, 1975;
Brlngmann & Kuhn,
1976, 1978a,b
Brlngmann & Kuhn,
1977a, 1978a,b, 1979,
1980b
RachlIn, et al. 1904
Devi Prasad &
Devi Prasad, 1902
55
-------
Table 4. (Continued)
Hardness
(mg/L as
Specie* Chemical CaCO^)
Green alga,
Ch 1 ore 1 1 a gyrenol dosa
Green alga,
Chlorella vulgar Is
Green alga. Cadmium chloride
Chlorella vulgar Is
Green alga, Cadmium chloride 50
Chlorella vulgarls
Green alga. Cadmium chloride
Selena at rum caprtcornutum
Green alga. Cadmium nitrate
Selenastrum caprlcornutum
Alga, Cadmium chloride
Anabaena flos-aquaa
Algae (mixed spp.) Cadmium chloride II. 1
Fern, Cadmium nitrate
Salvlna nat&ns
Eurasian waterml Ifol 1,
Myrlophyl lum splcatum
Duckweed, Cadmium nitrate
Lemna valdlvlana
Effect
Reduction In
growth
Reduction In
growth
501 reduction
In growth
96-hr EC50
(growth Inhibi-
tion)
Reduction In
growth
Reduction In
growth
96-hr EC50
Significant
reduction In
population
Reduction In
number of
fronds
32-day EC50
(root weight)
Reduction In
number of
Result
250
50
60
3,700
50
255
120
5
10
7,400
10
Reference
Hart & Scalfe. 1977
Hut chin son t, Stokes,
1975
Rosko & Rachlln, 1977
Canton & Slooff, 1962
Bartlett. et al. 1974
Slooff, et al. 1983
Rachlln, et al. 1964
Glesy, et al . 1979
Hutch Inson & Czyrska,
1972
Stanley, 1974
Hutchlnson & Cyrska,
1972
fronds
56
-------
Table 4. (Continued)
Species
Hardness
(mg/L as
Chemical CaCOO
Result
Effect (iig/L>*
Reference
SALTWATER SPECIES
Kelp,
l.amlnana saccharlna
Diatom,
Aster lonel la japonlca
Diatom,
Oltylum brightweiill
Diatom,
Thalassloslra pseudonana
Diatom,
Skeletonema cost at urn
Red alga,
Champ la parvula
Red alga,
Champ la parvula
Red alga,
Champ la parvula
Red alga,
Champ la garvula
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
8-day EC50 860
(growth rate)
72-hr EC50 224.8
(growth rate)
5- day EC50 60
(growth)
96-hr EC50 160
(growth rate)
96-hr EC50 175
(growth rate)
Reduced tetra- 24.9
sporophyte growth
Reduced tetra- >I89
sporangia
production
Reduced female 22.8
growth
Stopped sexual 22.8
reproduction
Markham, et al. 1980
Fisher & Jonas, 1981
Canter ford 4
Canter ford, 1980
Gentile & Johnson, 1962
Gentile 1 Johnson, 1982
Steel e & Thursby,
1983
Steel e & Thursby,
1983
Steele & Thursby,
1983
Steele & Thursby,
1983
* Results are expressed as cadmium, not as the chemical.
57
-------
Table 5. Bloaccumulatlon o* Cadmium by Aquatic Organises
Species
Aufwuchs (attached
microscopic plants and
animals
Aufwuchs (attached
microscopic plants and
animals
Duckweed,
Lemna valdivlana
Fern,
Salvlnla natans
Snail,
Physa Integra
Asiatic clam,
Corblcula flumlnea
Asiatic clam,
Corblcula fluminea
Cladoceran,
Daphnla maqna
Cladoceran,
Daphnla maqna
Crayfish,
Orconectes proplnquus
Mayfly,
Ephemeroptera sp.
Mayfly.
Ephemeroptera sp.
Dragonfly,
Pantala hymenea
Dragonfly,
Tissue
—
Whole plant
Whole plant
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Chemical
FRESHWATER
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium nitrate
Cadmium nitrate
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium sulfate
Cadmium sulfate
Cadmium sulfate
Cadmium sulfata
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Duration
(days)
SPECIES
365
365
21
21
28
28
28
2-4
7
8
365
365
365
365
B 1 oconcentrat 1 on
Factor"
720
580
603
960
1.750
3,770
1,752
320
484"
184
1.630
3.520
736
680
Pantala hymenea
Reference
Glesy, et al. 1979
Glesy, et al. 1979
Hutchlnson & Czyrska,
1972
Hutchlnson & Czyrska,
1972
Spehar, et al. 1978
Graney, et al. 1983
Graney, et af. 1983
Poldoskl, 1979
Winner, 1984
Gil lesple, et al.
1977
Glesy. et al. 1979
Glesy. et al. 1979
Glesy, et al. 1979
Glesy, et al. 1979
58
-------
Table 5. (Continued)
Species
Tlssue
Cheat cat
Duration Bloconcentratlon
(days) Factor* Reference
Damsel fly.
1 schnura sp*
Damsel fly,
1 schnura sp.
Stonef ly,
Pteronarcys dorsata
Beetle,
Dytlscldae
Beetle,
Dytlscldae
Caddisfly,
Hydropsyche bettenl
Caddisfly,
Hydropsyche sp.
Biting midge,
Ceratopogonldae
Biting midge,
Ceratopogonl dae
Midge,
Ch I ronom 1 dae
Midge,
Chlronomldae
Rainbow trout,
Salmo o.alrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Brook trout,
Salvellnus fontlnalls
Brook trout.
Whole body
Mhole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Muscle
Muscle
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chlorde
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
365
365
28
365
365
28
2-8
365
365
365
365
140
70
490
84
1,300
928
373
164
260
4,190
228 .2"
936
662
2,200
1,830
540
33
3
151
Glesy, et al. 1979
Glesy, et al . 1979
Spehar, et al . 1978
Glesy, et al . 1979
Giesy, et al. 1979
Spehar, et al . 1978
Dressing, et al .
1982
Glesy, et al. 1979
Glesy, et al. 1979
Glesy, et al . 1979
Glesy, et al . 1979
Kumada, et al. 1973
Kumada et al . 1980
Benolt, et al. 1976
Benolt, et al . 1976
Salvellnus fontlnalIs
59
-------
Table 5. (Continued)
Soaclas
Brook trout.
Salvellnus fontlnalls
Mosqultof Ish,
Rambus la afflnls
Mosqul tot Ish,
Gambusia afflnls
Guppy,
Poeclha reticulata
African clawed frog,
Xenopus laevls
Polychaete worm,
Ophryotrocha dladama
Blue mussel,
Mytllus edulls
Blue mussel ,
Hytl lus edulls
Bay scallop,
Argopecten Irradlans
Eastern oyster,
Crassostrea virgin lea
Eastern oyster,
Crassostrea vlrqlnlca
Eastern oyster,
Crassostrea virgin lea
Soft-shell clam.
Tissue
•^•^•MB^H^
Muscle
Whole body
(estimated
steady state)
Whole body
(estimated
steady state)
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Soft parts
Soft parts
Muscle
Soft parts
Soft parts
Soft parts
Soft parts
Chemical
Duration
(davs)
Cadmium chloride 93
Cadmium chloride 180
Cadmium chloride 180
32
100
SALTWATER SPECIES
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmlun chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium nitrate
Cadmium nitrate
64
28
35
42
280
280
98
70
B 1 oconcentrat 1 on
Factor"
22
2,213
1,891
280
130
3,160
113
306
2,040
2,150
1,830
1,220
160
Mya arenarla
Reference
Sangalang & Freeman,
1979
Glesy, et al. 1979
Glesy, et al. 1979
Canton & Slooft,
1982
Canton & Slooff,
1962
Kiockner, 1979
George & Coombs,
1977
Phillips. 1976
Pesch & Stewart,
1980
Zarooglan & Cheer,
1976
Zarooglan. 1979
Schuster & PrIngle,
1969
Prlnale, et al.
1966
60
-------
TabU 5. (Continued)
Species
Pink shrimp,
Penaeus duorarum
Grass shrimp,
Paleomooetes puglo
Grass shrimp.
Palaeroonetes pugIo
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes vulgarIs
Green crab,
Carctnus maenas
Green crab,
Carclnus maenas
Tissue
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Whole body
Muscle
Muscle
Chemical
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Duration Bloconcentratlon
(days) Factor*
30
42
28
57
22
203
307
40
Reference
Nlmmo, et a). »97Jb
Pesch & Stewart,
1980
Nlmmo, et al. I977b
Nlmmo, et a). »977b
Wright, 1977
Jennings & Rainbow,
1979s
* Results are based on cadmium, not the chemical.
*'Bloconcentratlon factor mas converted from dry weight to wet weight basis.
Maximum Permissible Tissue Concentration
Consumer
Mallard,
Anas platyrhynchos
Han
Effect
Kidney tubule degeneration;
significant testls weight
reduction; evidence of
Inhibited spermatozoa
production
Emetic threshold
Concentration
200 mg/fcg In food
for 90 days
15 to 15 »g/Kg
(based on weight
of human consumer)
Reference
White & Flnley, 1978a,b;
White, et al. 1978
Anon., 1950
61
-------
Table 5. (Continued)
Fresh water
Geometric moan of all whole body and whole plant BCFs (weighted by species) « 648.6
Final Residue Value - (200 mg/kg) / 648.6 - 0.3084 mg/kg • 308.4 wg/L
Salt water
Geometric mean of all BCFs (weighted by species) = 225.7
Final Residua Value - (200 «g/kg) / 225.7 - 0.8861 «g/kg - 686.1 Bg/L
62
-------
•able 6. Other Data on Effects of Cadmium on Aquatic Organises
Spaclas Chemical
Mixed natural fungi Cadmium chloride
and bacterial colonies
on leaf litter
Plankton
Green alga, Cadmium chloride
Scenedesmus quadrlcauda
Hardness
(ng/L as
CaCOQ Duration
Effect
Result
tng/L>* Reference
Bacteria,
Escherlchla coll
Bacteria,
Salmonella typhlmurlum
Bacteria,
Pseudomonas putI da
Bacteria,
(6 species)
Protozoan,
Entoslphon su lea turn
Protozoan,
Microreqma heterostoroa
Protozoan,
Chijomonas pa rained urn
Protozoan,
Uronoma parduezt
Hydra,
Hydra ollgactls
Hydra,
Hydra littoral Is
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium nitrate
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium nitrate
Cadmium nitrate
Cadmium nitrate
Cadmium chloride
FRESHWATER SPECIES
10.7
™
~
-
50
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
70
28 wks
2 wks
96 hrs
-
B hrs
16 hrs
18 hrs
72 hrs
28 hrs
48 hrs
20 hrs
48 hrs
12 days
Inhibition of
leaf
daccmpos i ton
Reduced crusta-
cean, zooplankton
and rotifers
Incipient
Inhibition
(river water)
Incipient
Inhibition
EC50 (growth 10
inhibition)
Incipient
Inhibition
Reduced 5
growth 100
Incipient
Inhibitor)
Incipient
Inhibition
Incipient
Inhibition
Incipient
Inhibition
LC50
Reduced growth
5
1-3
t
100
150
,400
80
,000-
,000
II
100
160
26
583
20
Glesy, 1978
Marshall, et al. 1981,
1983
Brlngmann & Kuhn, I959a,
Brlngmann & Kuhn, 1959a
Canton & Slooff, 1982
Brlngmann & Kuhn, 1976,
I977a, 1979, I980b
Seyfrled & Horgan, 1983
Brlngmann, 1978; Brlngiw
& Kuhn, 1979, I980b, I9i
Brlngmann & Kuhn, 1959b
Brlngmann, et al. 1980,
1981
Brlngmann & Kuhn, 1980a
1981
Slooff, 1983; Slooff,
et al. 1983
Santlago-Faudl no, 1983
63
-------
TabU 6. (Continued)
Species
Planer Ian,
Ougesla luqubrls
Mixed macro Invertebrates
Tublflcld worm,
Tublfex tublfex
Worm,
Pristine sp.
Stall,
Lymnaea staqnal Is
Snail,
Physa Integra
Cladoceran,
Daphnla galaata roendotao
Cladoceran,
Daphnla galeata mendotae
Cladoceran.
Daphnla manna
Cladoceran,
Daphn la maqna
Cladoceran,
Oaphnla maqna
Cladoceran,
Daphn la maqna
Cladoceran (3-5 days).
Daphn fa maqna
Cladoceran (adult).
Oaphnla magna
Hardnms
(ms/l *»
ChMlcal CaC05>
Ciiunlum nitrate
Cadmium chloride 11.1
Cadmium cfHor'da 224
Cadmium cnlorlde 11.1
Cadmium nitrate
Cadmium chloride 44-58
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride 45
Cadmium chloride 163
Cadmium sulfata
Cadmium sul fata
Cadmium sul fate
Result
Durat Ion
48 hrs
52 wks
48 hrs
52 wkS
48 hrs
28 days
22 wks
15 days
48 hrs
21 days
72 hrs
24 hrs
72 hrs
7? wks
Effect (
LC50 >20
Reduced taxa
LC50 320
Population
reduction
LC50
LC50
Reduced blomass
Reduced rate
of Increase
EC50 (river
water)
Reproductive
Impa 1 rment
rS/L>*
,000
5
,000
5
583
10,4
4.0
5.0
100
0.17
LC50 14-17
LC50
LC50 (10 C)
(15 C)
(25 C)
(30 C)
LC50 (10 C)
(15 C)
(25 C)
(30 C)
600
224
224
12
0.1
479
187
10.2
2.4
R*f*r«nc«
Slooff, 1983
Glesy, «t al. 1979
Quresht, et al. 1900
Glesy, et al . 1979
Sfooff, 1983; Slooff,
et al. 1983
Spehar, et al . 1978
Marshall, 1978a
Marshall, 1978b
Brlngmann & Kuhn, 1959a,b
Bleslnger & Chrlstensen,
1972
Debelak, 1975
Brlngmann & Kuhn, 1977b
Braglnskly 4 Shcherban,
1978
Braglnskly & Shcherban,
1978
-------
TabU 6. (Continued)
Spec las
Cladocaran,
Daphn la magna
Cladocaran,
Oaphnla magna
Cladoceron,
Daphn la magna
Cladoceran,
Qaphnla put ex
Cladoceran,
Oaphn_l_a pulex
Ctadoceran,
Daphn la pulex
Cladocaran,
Daphn la pulex
Cladocaran,
Molna macrocopa
Copepod,
Acanthocyclops vlrldls
Copepod,
Eucyclops agl 1 Is
Crayfish,
Cambarus latlmanus
Mayfly,
Cloeon dlpterum
Mayfly,
Ooeon dlpterun
Mayfly,
Chan teal
Cadmium nitrate
Cadmium ch lor Ida
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium sulfate
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium sulfate
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium sulfate
Cadmium nitrate
Cadmium chloride
Hardness
(•g/L as
CaOOy)
200
130
200
57
no
110
100
80-84
11.1
It.l
44-48
Duration
24 hrs
96 hrs
20 days
)40 days
48 hrs
21 days
72 hrs
20 days
72 nrs
52 wks
5 mo
72 hrs
48 hrs
28 days
Effect
EC50
EC50
UC50
Reduced
reproduct Ion
LC50 (ted)
MATC
LC50 (fed)
Reduced
survival
LC50
Population
reduction
Significant
mortal Ity
LC50 (10 C)
(15 C)
(25 C)
(30 C)
LC50
LC50
Result
160
5
670
1
104-127
5-10
80-92
0.2
0.5
5
5
70,600
28 ,600
6,990
930
56,000
<3.0
Reference
Bel 1 aver a & Gorbl, 1981
Attar * Maly, 1982
Canton & Slooft, 1982
Bertram & Hart, 1979
Ingersoll & Winner, 1982
Ingersoll & Winner, 1982
Winner, 1984
Hatakeyama 4 Yasuno,
1981b
Braglnskly & Shcherban,
1976
Glesy, et al . 1979
Thorp, et al . 1979
Braglnskly & Shcherban,
1978
Slooff, et al. 1983
Spehar, et al . 1978
Ephemeral la sp.
65
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
Mayfly,
Hexagon! a rlolda
Mosqul to,
Aedes aegypti
Mosquito,
Culex pi pi ens
Midge,
Tanytarsus dlsslmllls
Coho salmon (Juvenile),
Oncorhynchus klsutch
Coho salmon (adult),
Oncorhynchus klsutch
Chinook salmon (alevln).
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chinook salmon (swim-up).
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chinook salmon (parr),
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Chinook salmon (smolt),
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Rainbow trout,
Sal mo gairdnerl
Rainbow trout.
Salmo gairdnerl
Rainbow trout.
Salmo gairdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdneri
Chemical
CadmluM nitrate
Cadmium nitrate
Cadmium nitrate
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium stearate
Cadmium acetate
Cadmium chloride
_
Hardness
(mg/L es
CeCO^L
79.1
-
-
47
22
22
23
21
23
23
-
_
112
112
Duration
96 hrs
48 hrs
46 hrs
10 days
217 hrs
215 hrs
200 hrs
200 hrs
200 hrs
200 hrs
96 hrs
96 hrs
80 mln
18 mos
Effect
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LCIO
LCIO
LCIO
LCIO
LC50
LC50
Significant
avoidance
Reduced
survival
Result
(pg/D*
2.1,000
4,000
765
3.8
2.0
3.7
18-26
1.2
1.3
1.5
6.0
6.2
52
0.2
Reference
Leonhard, et al. 1980
Slootf, et al. 1983
Slooff, et al. 1983
Anderson, et al. 1980
Chapman I Stevens,
1978
Chapman & Stevens,
1978
Chapman, 1978
Chapman. 1978
Chapman, 1978
Chapman, 1978
Kumada. et al. 1980
Kumada, et al . 1980
Black & Blrge,
I960
Birge, et at. 1981
66
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
Rainbow trout
(embryo, larva).
Sal mo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout.
Sal mo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (adult),
Salfflo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (a levin),
Sal mo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (swim-up).
Sal mo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (parr),
Sal mo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (smolt),
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Sal mo ga|rdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Hardness
Img/L as
Chemical CaCO,)
Cadmium chloride 104
Cadmium chloride 54
Cadmium chloride 23
Cadmium chloride 23
Cadmium chloride 23
Cadmium chloride 23
Cadmium sulfate 326
Cadmium s tea rate
Cadmium acetate
Cadmium chloride 123
Cadmium sulfate 240
Cadmium chloride 320
Cadmium chloride 98.6
Duration
28 days
240 hrs
408 hrs
166 hrs
200 hrs
200 hrs
200 hrs
96 hrs
10 wks
10 wks
10 days
234 days
4 mos
47 days
Result
Effect (iig/D*
EC50 (death and
deform! ty)
LC50
LC50
LCIO
LCIO
LCIO
LCIO
LC20
BCF-27
BCF-40
BCF-63
LC50 (18 C)
(12 0
(6 C)
Increased gill
d| f fusion
Physiological
effects
Reduced growth
and survival
140
7
5
5.2
>6
1.0
0.7
0.8
20
10-30
30
10-30
2
10
100
Reference
Blrge, 1978; Birge,
et al. 1980
Kumada, et al. 1973
Chapman 4 Stevens,
1978
Chapman, 1978
Chapman, 1978
Chapman, 1978
Chapman, 1978
Oavies, 1976
Kumada. et al . 1980
Kumada, et al . 1980
Roch & Haly, 1979
Hughes, et al. 1979
Arlllo, et al. 1982
1984
Woodworth & Pascoe,
1982
67
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Speclea
Rainbow trout
(embryo, larva),
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout (larva),
Saloig qalrdnerl
Rainbow trout (larva),
Sal mo galrdnerl
Rainbo* trout,
Salmo galrdnerl
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnarI
Rainbow trout,
Salmo galrdnerI
RaInbox trout,
Salmo galrdnert
Atlantic salmon,
Salmo saler
Brook trout,
Salvallnus fontlnalls
Goldfish (embryo, larva),
Carasslus ouratus
Goldfish,
Carasslus auratus
Common carp (embryo),
Cy.prlnus carplo
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales premie I as
Chemical
un> sulfate
urn chloride
um chloride
urn nitrate
urn chloride
um chloride
urn ch lor Ida
urn chloride
urn chloride
urn ch lor Ida
-
Hardness
<*g/L ••
CaC05>
100
89-107
89-107
-
82
82
82
13
10
195
-
Duration
62 days
7 days
7 devs
48 hr-
11 days
6 days
178 days
70 days
21 days
7 days
50 days
Effect
4M»^^Ml^
Reduced
survival
LC50
LC50 after 24
days accl (mated
to 5.9 Pg/L
LC50
LC50 (10 C)
LC50 (15 C)
Physiological
effects
Reduced growth
Test leu lor
damage
EC50 (death and
(deformity)
Reduced plasma
sod 1 urn
Result
(»a/L>*
<5
700
1,590
55
16.0
16,6
3.6-6.4
2
10
170
44.5
Reference
Dave, et a). 1981
Blrge, et al . 1983
Slrge, et al . 1983
Slooff, et ttl. )983
Majewskl & Giles, 19S4
Majewskl i. Giles. 1984
Majewskl i Giles, 1984
Peterson, 1983
Sangalang & O'Hal lor on
1972, 1973
fllrge, >978
McCarty & Houston,
1976
Cadmium sulfate 360
Cadmlom chloride 63
EC50 (hatch) 2,094
Kapur 4 Yadav, 1962
96 hrs
LC50
80.8 Spenar, 1962
68
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales proroelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales prone las
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales procnelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead ml nnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promalas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead nil nnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow,
P 1 mepha 1 es prome las
Fathead minnow (larva),
Plmephales promelas
Fathead minnow (larva),
Plmephales promelas
Chemical
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium nltate
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaCOj)
55
59
66
65
74
79
62
63
-
103
254-27 1
89-107
89-107
Duration
96 hrs
96 hrs
96 hrs
96 hrs
96 hrs
96 hrs
96 hrs
96 hrs
48 hrs
6.6 hrs
3.7 hrs
7 days
7 days
Effect
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LT50
LT50
LC50
LC50 after 4
days acclimated
Result
Ufl/D-
40.9
64.8
135
120
86.3
86.6
114
80.8
2,200
6,000
16.000
200
540
Reference
Spehar, 1982
Spehar, 1982
Spehar, 1982
Spehar, 1982
Spehar, 1982
Spehar, 1982
Spehar, 1982
Spehar, 1982
Sloof , et al.
Blrge, et al .
Blrge, et al.
Blrge, et al .
Blrge, et al .
1983
1983
1983
1983
1983
to 5.6 Mg/L
69
-------
TabU 6. (Continued)
Species
Fathead minnow,
Plroephales promelas
Fathead Minnow,
Plmephales proneIas
Brown bul(head,
Ictalurus nebulosus
Channel catfish,
Ictalurus punctatus
Channel cattish,
Ictalurus punctatus
Mosgultoflsh,
Gambusla afflnls
Mosquitoflsh.
Gambusla afflnls
Guppy,
Poecllla retlculata
Blueglll,
Lepomls macrochlrus
Blueglll,
Lepomls macrochlrus
Lorgemouth boss,
Mlcropterus salmoldes
Chemical
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium nitrate
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium ch lor Ida
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium nitrate
Cadmlun chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Hardness
(mg/L •*
CaC03)
-
209
-
-
-
•
29
209
112
340-360
112
Duration
4 days
48 hrs
2 hrs
-
-
8 wks
8 wks
48 hrs
80 mln
3 days
80 mln
Result
Effect 41.l
avoidance
Increased 50
cough rate
Significant 8.83
avoidance
Reference
Stromberg, at a|. 1983
Slooff, et al. 1983
Bllckens, 1978;
Garotano, 1979
Mesterman 1 Blrge,
1978
Blrge, et al. 1979
Mil Hams & Glesy. 1978
Mil Hams & Glesy, 1978
Slooff. et al. 1983
Black & Blrge, 1980
Bishop & Me In tosh, 198
Black & Blrge, 1980
70
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Specie*
Largemouth bass
(embryo, larva),
Mtcropterus sal mo I das
Largemouth bass,
Mlcropterus salmoldes
Narrow-mouthed toad
(embryo, larva),
Gastrophyrvne
carol Inensls
African clawed frog,
Xenopus laevls
African clawed frog,
Xenopus laevls
African clawed frog,
Xenopus laevls
Marbled salamander
(embryo, larva),
Ambystoma opacum
Natural phytoplankton
population
Hydro! d,
Campanularla flexuosa
Hardness
(•g/L as
Chemical CaOOj)
Duration
Cadmium chloride 99 8 days
24 hrs
Cadmium chloride 195 7 days
Cadmium nitrate 209 48 hrs
170 48 hrs
170 100 days
Cadmium chloride 99 8 days
SALTWATER SPECIES
Cadmium chloride
4 days
Effect
EC50 (death
and detorml ty)
Affected oper-
cular activity
EC50 (death
and deformity)
LC50
LC50
Inhibited
development
EC50 (death
and deformity)
Reduced
blomass
Enzyme
Inhibition
Result
(tig/D*
1,640
150
40
11,700
3,200
650
150
112
40-75
Reference
Blrge, et al. 1978
Morgan, 1979
Blrge, 1978
SI oof f & Baerselman, 1980;
Slooff, et al. 1983
Canton & Slooff, 1982
Canton & Slooff, 1982
Blrge. et al. 1978
Holllbaugh, et al. 1980
Moore & Stebblng, 1976
Hydro!d,
Campanularla flexuosa
II days
Growth rate 110-280 Stebblng, 1976
71
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
Polychaete worn,
Neanthes arenacaodentata
Polychaete worn.
Capital la cap 1 fata
Polychaate worn,
Capital la capltata
Blue mussel ,
Mytllus edulls
Blue mussel,
MytHus adults
Blue mussel ,
Mytllus edulls
Blue mussel ,
Hytl lus adulls
Blue mussel ,
Mytllus adulls
Day seal lop,
Argopecten Irradlans
Bay sea 1 1 op ,
Argopecten Irradlans
Eastern oyster,
Crassostrea vlrqlnlca
Eastern oyster,
Crassostrea vlrglnica
Eastern oyster,
Crassostrea vlrglnica
Pacl f Ic oyster,
Crassostrea glgas
Hardness
(mg/L as
Chan leal CaCOj)
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium EOTA
Cadmium alglnate
Cadmium humate
Cadmium pactate
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium Iodide
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Duration
28 days
28 days
28 days
28 days
28 days
28 days
28 days
21 days
42 days
21 days
40 days
21 days
2 days
6 days
Result
Effect g/L>»
LC50 3 ,000
LC50 630
LC50 700
BCF-252
BCF-252
BCF-252
BCF-252
BCF-710
EC50 (growth 78
reduction)
BCF-168
BCF«677
BCF-149
Reduction In 15
embryonic
development
50* reduction 20-25
In settlement
Reference
Relsh, at al. 1976
Relsh, at al. 1978
Relsh, et al . 1976
George i Coambs, 1977
George & Coambs, 1977
George & Coambs, 1977
George & Coambs, 1977
Janssen & Scholz, 1979
Pesch & Stewart, I960
Elsler, at al. 1972
Kertoot & Jacobs, 1976
Elsler, et al. 1972
Zarooglan & Morrison,
1981
Wat ling, I983b
72
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Speclas
PaclfIc oyster,
Crassostrea glgas
Pacific oyster,
Crassostrea glgas
Soft-shell clam,
Mya aranarla
Soft-she11 clam,
Mya arenarla
Copapod (naupllus),
Eurytemora affinis
Copepod (naupllus),
Eurytemora affinis
Copepod,
Tlsbe holothurlae
Mysld,
Mysldopsls bahla
Mysld,
Mysldopsls bahla
Mysld,
Mysldopsls bahla
Mysld,
Mysldopsls blgelowl
Mysld,
Mysldopsls blgelowl
Isopod,
Idotea baltlca
Hardness
(•g/L as
Chemical CaCO,)
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium sulfate
Duration
Effect
Result
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
Isopod,
Idotea baltlca
1 sopod ,
Idotea baltlca
Pink shrlnp,
Panaaus duorarum
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes puglo
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes puglo
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes puglo
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes puglo
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes puglo
Grass shrimp,
Polaemonatas puglo
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes putjlo
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes puglo
Grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes vulgar Is
American lobster.
Hardness
(mg/L as
Chemical CaCO^)
Cadmium sulfate
Cadmium sulfate
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Duration
3 days
1 .5 days
30 days
42 days
21 days
21 days
21 days
6 days
6 days
6 days
21 days
29 days
21 days
Result
Effect (iig/D*
LC50 (21 g/kg 10,000
salinity)
LC50 (14 g/kg 10,000
salinity)
LC50 720
LC50 300
LC25 (5 g/kg 50
salinity)
LCIO (10 g/kg 50
salinity)
LC5 (20 g/kg 50
salinity)
LC75 (10 g/kg 300
salinity)
LC50 H5 g/kg 300
salinity)
LC25 (30 g/kg 300
salinity)
BCF-140
LC50 120
BCF=25
Reference
Jones, 1975
Jones, 1975
Nlmmo, et al. I977b
Pesch & Stewart, I960
Vernberg, et al . 1977
Vernberg, et al. 1977
Vernberg, et al . 1977
Hlddaugh & Floyd, 1978
Mlddaugh A Floyd, 1978
Hlddaugh & Floyd, 1978
Vernberg, et al. 1977
Nlmmo, et al. 1977b
Elsler, et al . 1972
Homorus amerlcanus
74
-------
TabU 6. (Continued)
Sped as
American lobster,
Hoatarus
Hermit crab,
Pagurus long I car pus
Hermit crab,
Pagurus long I carpus
Rock crab,
Cancer Irroratus
Rock crab ( larva) ,
Cancer Irroratus
Blue crab,
r.a 1 1 1 nectes sap I dus
Blue crab,
Call I nectes sapldus
Blue crab (juvenile),
Call I nectes sapldus
Hud crab ( larva),
Eurypanopeus depressus
Hud crab ( larva),
Eurypanopeus depressus
Hud crab,
Rhl throganopeus harrl si I
Mud crab,
Rh I thropanopeus har r I s 1 1
Mud crab,
Rhl thropanopeus harrl si I
Fiddler crab,
Uca pug I lator
Hardness
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
Fiddler crab,
Uca pugI lotor
Starfish,
Aster las forbesl
Herring (larva),
Clupea harengus
Pacific herring (embryo),
Clupea harengus pa 11asI
Pacific herring (embryo),
Clupea harengus pajlasl
Pacific herring (embryo),
Clupea harengus pallasl
Hummlchog (adult),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Hummlchog (adult),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Mummlchog,
FunduI us heteroc11tus
Mumnlchog (larva),
FtmduI us heteroc11tus
Mummichog (larva),
Fundulus heteroclltus
Atlantic sllverslde
(adult),
Manldla menId I a
Atlantic stIverslde
(adult),
Menldla menldla
Chemical
CodaI urn chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmlua chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmi urn chI or I da
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Hardness
(mg/L as
CttOOO
Duration
7 days
<24 hrs
96 hrs
48 hrs
48 hrs
48 hrs
21 days
48 hrs
48 hrs
48 hrs
48 hrs
Effect
Effect on
respiration
25< mortality
Result
-------
TnbU 6. (Continued)
Species
Atlantic silver si da,
Manldla nenidla
Atlantic silverslde,
Menldla menldla
Atlantic si Iverslde,
Menldla menldla
Atlantic silvers Ids
( larva) ,
Menldla menldla
Atlantic si Iverslde
( larva),
Menldla menldla
Striped bass (juvenile),
Morone saxatl Ms
Striped bass (juvenile),
Morone saxatl 1 Is
Spot ( larva),
Lelostomus xanthurus
Gunner (adult),
Tautogolabrus adspersus
Gunner (adult),
Tautogolabrus adspersus
Gunner (adult),
Tautogolabrus ndspersus
Winter flounder,
Psaodopieuronectes
Hardness
img/L as
Chen leal CaCOj)
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chorlde
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Cadmium chloride
Duration
19 days
19 days
19 days
48 hrs
48 hrs
90 days
30 days
9 days
60 days
30 days
96 hrs
8 days
Result
Effect (n9/L>«
LC50 U2 g/kg
salinity)
LC50 (20 g/kg
salinity)
LC50 (30 g/kg
salinity)
LC50 (20 g/kg
salinity)
LC50 (30 g/kg
salinity)
Significant de-
crease In enzyme
activity
<16Q
540
>970
2.200
1,600
5
Significant de- 0.5-5.0
crease In oxygen
consumption
Incipient LC50
37.51 mortality
Depressed g| I 1
tissue oxygen
consumption
Decreased en-
zyme act! vl ty
50* viable
hatch
200
100
50
3,000
300
Reference
Voyar, at
Voyer, et
Voyer , et
Mtddaugh &
Mlddaugh &
Daw son, et
Dawson, et
Mlddaugh,
Maclnnes.
Maclnnes,
at. W9
al. 1979
al. 1979
Dean, 1977
Dean, 1977
al. 1977
al. 1977
et al. 1975
et al. 1977
et al. 1977
Gould & Karolus. 1974
Voyer, et al. 1977
amerlcanus
77
-------
Table 6. (Continued)
Species
Winter flounder,
Pseodop 1 euronectes
amerlcanus
Winter flounder,
Pseudopl euronectes
amerlcanus
Hardness
(•g/L as
Chemical CaCO,) Duration Effect
Cadmium chloride - 60 days Increased gill
tissue
respiration
Cadmium chloride - 17 days Reduction of
viable hatch
Result
(iig/D* Reference
5 Calabrese, et al . 1975
586 Voyer, et al . 1962
* Results are expressed as cadmium, not as the chemical.
78
-------
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