United States Office of Air Quality
Environmental Protection Planning and Standards EPA-454/R-95-002
Agency Research Triangle Park December 1994
Air
NATIONAL AIR POLLUTANT
EMISSION TRENDS,
PROCEDURES DOCUMENT
1900-1993
E = A * EF * [ 1 - C/100 ]
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CONTENTS
Page
TABLES xviii
FIGURES xxi
SECTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1 REFERENCES 1-2
SECTION 2.0 1900 - 1939 METHODOLOGY 2-1
2.1 DESCRIPTION OF EMISSION ESTIMATION METHODOLOGIES FOR SO2 AND
NOX 2-1
2.1.1 State Level Estimates 2-1
2.1.2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion, Excluding Highway Vehicles 2-2
2.1.3 Emissions from Fuel Combustion by Highway Vehicles 2-3
2.1.4 Emissions from Material Processing, Manufacturing, Miscellaneous
Combustion, and Miscellaneous Burning 2-4
2.1.4.1 Coke Plants 2-4
2.1.4.2 Smelters 2-4
2.1.4.3 Cement Plants 2-5
2.1.4.4 Wildfires 2-5
2.1.4.5 Miscellaneous Industrial Processes 2-5
2.1.4.6 Miscellaneous Other Processes 2-6
2.1.5 Yearly State-Level Emissions 2-7
2.1.6 Allocation of Emission Estimates to Tier 1 Categories 2-7
2.2 DESCRIPTION OF EMISSION ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY FOR VOC 2-9
2.2.1 National VOC Emission Estimates (every five years between 1900 and 1970) . 2-9
2.2.2 Yearly National Emissions 2-10
2.2.3 Changes in Emissions 2-11
2.2.4 Allocation of Emission Estimates to Tier 1 Categories 2-11
2.3 REFERENCES 2-12
SECTION 3.0 1940 - 1984 METHODOLOGY 3-1
3.1 INTRODUCTION 3-1
3.1.1 General Procedure 3-3
3.1.2 Organization of Procedures 3-6
3.2 FUEL COMBUSTION ELECTRIC UTILITIES - COAL: 01-01 3-22
3.2.1 Technical Approach 3-22
3.2.2 Activity Indicator 3-23
3.2.3 Emission Factor 3-23
3.2.4 Control Efficiency 3-24
3.2.4.1 Anthracite Coal 3-24
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3.2.4.2 Bituminous Coal and Lignite 3-25
3.2.5 References 3-26
3.3 FUEL COMBUSTION ELECTRIC UTILITIES - OIL: 01-02 3-28
3.3.1 Technical Approach 3-28
3.3.2 Activity Indicators 3-28
3.3.3 Emission Factors 3-29
3.3.4 Control Efficiency 3-30
3.3.5 References 3-30
3.4 FUEL COMBUSTION ELECTRIC UTILITIES - GAS: 01-03 3-32
3.4.1 Technical Approach 3-32
3.4.2 Activity Indicator 3-32
3.4.3 Emission Factor 3-32
3.4.4 Control Efficiency 3-33
3.4.5 References 3-33
3.5 FUEL COMBUSTION INDUSTRIAL - COAL: 02-01 3-35
3.5.1 Technical Approach 3-35
3.5.2 Activity Indicator 3-35
3.5.3 Emission Factors 3-36
3.5.4 Control Efficiency 3-36
3.5.5 References: 3-37
3.6 FUEL COMBUSTION INDUSTRIAL - OIL: 02-02 3-39
3.6.1 Technical Approach 3-39
3.6.2 Activity Indicator 3-40
3.6.3 Emission Factor 3-40
3.6.4 Control Efficiency 3-41
3.6.5 References 3-41
3.7 FUEL COMBUSTION INDUSTRIAL - GAS: 02-03 3-43
3.7.1 Technical Approach 3-43
3.7.2 Activity Indicator 3-44
3.7.3 Emission Factor 3-44
3.7.4 Control Efficiency 3-45
3.7.5 References 3-45
3.8 FUEL COMBUSTION INDUSTRIAL - OTHER: 02-04 3-47
3.8.1 Technical Approach 3-47
3.8.2 Activity Indicator 3-47
3.8.3 Emission Factor 3-48
3.8.4 Control Efficiency 3-49
3.8.5 References 3-49
3.9 FUEL COMBUSTION OTHER - COMMERCIAL / INSTITUTIONAL COAL: 03-01 3-51
3.9.1 Technical Approach 3-51
3.9.2 Activity Indicator 3-51
3.9.3 Emission Factors 3-53
3.9.4 Control Efficiency 3-53
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3.9.5 References 3-54
3.10 FUEL COMBUSTION OTHER - COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL OIL: 03-
02 3-56
3.10.1 Technical Approach 3-56
3.10.2 Activity Indicator 3-56
3.10.3 Emission Factor 3-57
3.10.4 Control Efficiency 3-57
3.10.5 References 3-58
3.11 FUEL COMBUSTION OTHER - COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL GAS:
03-03 3-59
3.11.1 Technical Approach 3-59
3.11.2 Activity Indicator 3-59
3.11.3 Emission Factor 3-59
3.11.4 Control Efficiency 3-60
3.11.5 References 3-60
3.12 FUEL COMBUSTION OTHER - RESIDENTIAL WOOD: 03-05 3-61
3.12.1 Technical Approach 3-61
3.12.2 Activity Indicator 3-61
3.12.3 Emission Factor 3-62
3.12.4 Control Efficiency 3-63
3.12.5 References 3-63
3.13 FUEL COMBUSTION OTHER - RESIDENTIAL OTHER: 03-06 3-64
3.13.1 Technical Approach: 3-64
3.13.2 Activity Indicator: 3-65
3.13.3 Emission Factors: 3-66
3.13.4 Control Efficiency 3-67
3.13.5 References 3-67
3.14 CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCT MANUFACTURING - ORGANIC
CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING: 04-01 3-69
3.14.1 Technical Approach 3-69
3.14.2 Activity Indicator 3-70
3.14.2.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions 3-70
3.14.2.2 Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions 3-70
3.14.2.3 Industrial Processes - Particulate and PM-10 Emissions 3-70
3.14.2.4 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions 3-70
3.14.3 Emission Factor 3-71
3.14.3.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions 3-71
3.14.3.2 Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions 3-71
3.14.3.3 Industrial Processes - Particulate and PM-10 Emissions 3-71
3.14.3.4 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions 3-71
3.14.4 Control Efficiency 3-72
3.14.4.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions 3-72
3.14.4.2 Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions 3-72
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3.14.4.3 Industrial Processes - Particulate and PM-10 Emissions 3-72
3.14.4.4 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions 3-73
3.14.5 References 3-73
3.15 CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCT MANUFACTURE - INORGANIC
CHEMICAL MANUFACTURE: 04-02 3-77
3.15.1 Technical Approach 3-77
3.15.2 Activity Indicator 3-78
3.15.2.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions 3-78
3.15.2.2 Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions 3-78
3.15.2.3 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions 3-78
3.15.2.4 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions 3-78
3.15.2.5 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions 3-78
3.15.3 Emission Factor 3-78
3.15.3.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions 3-78
3.15.3.2 Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions 3-79
3.15.3.3 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions 3-79
3.15.3.4 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions 3-79
3.15.3.5 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions 3-79
3.15.4 Control Efficiency 3-80
3.15.5 References 3-80
3.16 CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCTS MANUFACTURE - POLYMER AND
RESIN MANUFACTURE: 04-03 3-82
3.16.1 Technical Approach 3-82
3.16.2 Activity Indicator 3-82
3.16.3 Emission Factor 3-82
3.16.4 Control Efficiency 3-83
3.16.5 References 3-83
3.17 CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCT MANUFACTURE - AGRICULTURAL
CHEMICAL MANUFACTURE: 04-04 3-85
3.17.1 Technical Approach 3-85
3.17.2 Activity Indicator 3-85
3.17.3 Emission Factor 3-86
3.17.4 Control Efficiency 3-86
3.17.5 References 3-87
3.18 CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCT MANUFACTURE - PAINT, VARNISH,
LACQUER, AND ENAMEL MANUFACTURE: 04-05 3-89
3.18.1 Technical Approach 3-89
3.18.2 Activity Indicator 3-89
3.18.3 Emission Factor 3-89
3.18.4 Control Efficiency 3-89
3.18.5 References 3-90
3.19 CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCT MANUFACTURE -
PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURE: 04-06 3-91
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3.19.1 Technical Approach 3-91
3.19.2 Activity Indicator 3-91
3.19.3 Emission Factor 3-91
3.19.4 Control Efficiency 3-91
3.19.5 References 3-91
3.20 CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCTS MANUFACTURE - OTHER
CHEMICAL MANUFACTURE: 04-07 3-92
3.20.1 Technical Approach 3-92
3.20.2 Activity Indicator 3-93
3.20.2.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions 3-93
3.20.2.2 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions 3-93
3.20.2.3 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions 3-93
3.20.2.4 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions 3-93
3.20.3 Emission Factor 3-94
3.20.3.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions 3-94
3.20.3.2 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions 3-94
3.20.3.3 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions 3-94
3.20.3.4 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions 3-95
3.20.4 Control Efficiency 3-95
3.20.4.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions 3-95
3.20.4.2 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions 3-95
3.20.4.3 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions 3-96
3.20.4.4 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions 3-96
3.20.5 References 3-96
3.21 METALS PROCESSING - NONFERROUS: 05-01 3-98
3.21.1 Technical Approach 3-98
3.21.2 Activity Indicator 3-99
3.21.2.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions 3-99
3.21.2.2 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions 3-99
3.21.2.3 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions 3-100
3.21.3 Emission Factor 3-102
3.21.3.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions 3-102
3.21.3.2 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions 3-102
3.21.3.3 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions 3-105
3.21.4 Control Efficiency 3-105
3.21.4.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions 3-105
3.21.4.2 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions 3-106
3.21.4.3 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions 3-106
3.21.5 References 3-106
3.22 METALS PROCESSING - FERROUS: 05-02 3-111
3.22.1 Technical Approach 3-111
3.22.2 Activity Indicator 3-112
3.22.2.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions 3-112
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3.22.2.2 Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions 3-112
3.22.2.3 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions 3-113
3.22.2.4 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions 3-114
3.22.2.5 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions 3-115
3.22.3 Emission Factor 3-115
3.22.3.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions 3-115
3.22.3.2 Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions 3-115
3.22.3.3 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions 3-116
3.22.3.4 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions 3-118
3.22.3.5 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions 3-119
3.22.4 Control Efficiency 3-119
3.22.4.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions 3-120
3.22.4.2 Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions 3-120
3.22.4.3 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions 3-120
3.22.4.4 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions 3-122
3.22.4.5 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions 3-122
3.22.5 References 3-122
3.23 METALS PROCESSING - NOT ELSEWHERE CLASSIFIED: 05-03 3-125
3.23.1 Technical Approach 3-125
3.23.2 Activity Indicator 3-125
3.23.3 Emission Factor 3-126
3.23.4 Control Efficiency 3-126
3.23.5 References 3-127
3.24 PETROLEUM AND RELATED INDUSTRIES - OIL AND GAS
PRODUCTION: 06-01 3-129
3.24.1 Technical Approach 3-129
3.24.2 Activity Indicator 3-129
3.24.3 Emission Factor 3-129
3.24.4 Control Efficiency 3-130
3.24.5 References 3-130
3.25 PETROLEUM AND RELATED INDUSTRIES - PETROLEUM REFINERIES
AND RELATED INDUSTRIES: 06-02 3-131
3.25.1 Technical Approach 3-131
3.25.2 Activity Indicator 3-132
3.25.2.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions 3-132
3.25.2.2 Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions 3-132
3.25.2.3 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions 3-133
3.25.2.4 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions 3-133
3.25.2.5 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions 3-133
3.25.3 Emission Factor 3-134
3.25.3.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions 3-134
3.25.3.2 Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions 3-134
3.25.3.3 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions 3-134
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3.25.3.4 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions 3-134
3.25.3.5 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions 3-135
3.25.4 Control Efficiency 3-135
3.25.4.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions 3-135
3.25.4.2 Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions 3-135
3.25.4.3 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions 3-135
3.25.4.4 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions 3-136
3.25.5 References 3-137
3.26 PETROLEUM AND RELATED INDUSTRIES - ASPHALT
MANUFACTURING: 06-03 3-139
3.26.1 Technical Approach 3-139
3.26.2 Activity Indicator 3-139
3.26.3 Emission Factor 3-140
3.26.4 Control Efficiency 3-140
3.26.5 References 3-141
3.27 OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES - AGRICULTURE, FOOD, AND
KINDRED PRODUCTS: 07-01 3-143
3.27.1 Technical Approach 3-143
3.27.2 Activity Indicator 3-144
3.27.2.1 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions 3-144
3.27.2.2 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions 3-145
3.27.3 Emission Factor 3-145
3.27.3.1 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions 3-145
3.27.3.2 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions 3-146
3.27.4 Control Efficiency 3-146
3.27.4.1 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions 3-146
3.27.4.2 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions 3-147
3.27.5 References 3-147
3.28 OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES - WOOD, PULP AND PAPER, AND
PUBLISHING PRODUCTS: 07-03 3-150
3.28.1 Technical Approach 3-150
3.28.2 Activity Indicator 3-151
3.28.3 Emission Factor 3-151
3.28.4 Control Efficiency 3-152
3.28.5 References 3-153
3.29 OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES - RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS
PLASTIC PRODUCTS: 07-04 3-155
3.29.1 Technical Approach 3-155
3.29.2 Activity Indicator 3-155
3.29.3 Emission Factor 3-155
3.29.4 Control Efficiency 3-155
3.29.5 References 3-155
3.30 OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES - MINERAL PRODUCTS: 07-05 3-157
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3.30.1 Technical Approach 3-157
3.30.2 Activity Indicator 3-158
3.30.2.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions 3-158
3.30.2.2 Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions 3-158
3.30.2.3 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions 3-158
3.30.2.4 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions 3-160
3.30.2.5 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions 3-160
3.30.3 Emission Factor 3-160
3.30.3.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions 3-160
3.30.3.2 Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions 3-161
3.30.3.3 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions 3-161
3.30.3.4 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions 3-163
3.30.3.5 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions 3-165
3.30.4 Control Efficiency 3-165
3.30.4.1 Industrial Processes - CO, NOX, SO2, and VOC Emissions 3-165
3.30.4.2 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions 3-165
3.30.5 References 3-166
3.31 SOLVENT UTILIZATION - DECREASING: 08-01 3-172
3.31.1 Technical Approach 3-172
3.31.2 Activity Indicator 3-172
3.31.3 Emission Factor 3-172
3.31.4 Control Efficiency 3-172
3.31.5 References 3-173
3.32 SOLVENT UTILIZATION - GRAPHIC ARTS: 08-02 3-174
3.32.1 Technical Approach 3-174
3.32.2 Activity Indicator 3-174
3.32.3 Emission Factor 3-174
3.32.4 Control Efficiency 3-174
3.32.5 References 3-175
3.33 SOLVENT UTILIZATION - DRY CLEANING: 08-03 3-176
3.33.1 Technical Approach 3-176
3.33.2 Activity Indicator 3-176
3.33.3 Emission Factor 3-176
3.33.4 Control Efficiency 3-176
3.33.5 References 3-176
3.34 SOLVENT UTILIZATION - SURFACE COATINGS: 08-04 3-178
3.34.1 Technical Approach 3-178
3.34.2 Activity Indicator 3-178
3.34.3 Emission Factor 3-180
3.34.4 Control Efficiency 3-181
3.34.5 References 3-181
3.35 SOLVENT UTILIZATION - OTHER INDUSTRIAL: 08-05 3-186
3.35.1 Technical Approach 3-186
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3.35.2 Activity Indicator 3-186
3.35.3 Emission Factor 3-187
3.35.4 Control Efficiency 3-187
3.35.5 References 3-187
3.36 SOLVENT UTILIZATION - NONINDUSTRIAL: 08-06 3-189
3.36.1 Technical Approach 3-189
3.36.2 Activity Indicator 3-189
3.36.3 Emission Factor 3-190
3.36.4 Control Efficiency 3-190
3.36.5 References 3-190
3.37 STORAGE AND TRANSPORT - BULK TERMINALS AND PLANTS: 09-01. 3-192
3.37.1 Technical Approach 3-192
3.37.2 Activity Indicator 3-192
3.37.3 Emission Factor 3-192
3.37.4 Control Efficiency 3-193
3.37.5 References 3-193
3.38 STORAGE AND TRANSPORT - PETROLEUM AND PETROLEUM
PRODUCT STORAGE: 09-02 3-194
3.38.1 Technical Approach 3-194
3.38.2 Activity Indicator 3-194
3.38.3 Emission Factor 3-195
3.38.4 Control Efficiency 3-195
3.38.5 References 3-195
3.39 STORAGE AND TRANSPORT - PETROLEUM AND PETROLEUM
PRODUCT TRANSPORT: 09-03 3-196
3.39.1 Technical Approach 3-196
3.39.2 Activity Indicator 3-196
3.39.3 Emission Factor 3-196
3.39.4 Control Efficiency 3-197
3.39.5 References 3-197
3.40 STORAGE AND TRANSPORT - SERVICE STATIONS: STAGE I: 09-04 3-198
3.40.1 Technical Approach 3-198
3.40.2 Activity Indicator 3-198
3.40.3 Emission Factor 3-198
3.40.4 Control Efficiency 3-198
3.40.5 References 3-199
3.41 STORAGE AND TRANSPORT - SERVICE STATIONS: STAGE II: 09-05 ... 3-200
3.41.1 Technical Approach 3-200
3.41.2 Activity Indicator 3-200
3.41.3 Emission Factor 3-200
3.41.4 Control Efficiency 3-200
3.41.5 References 3-201
3.42 STORAGE AND TRANSPORT - ORGANIC CHEMICAL STORAGE: 09-07 . 3-202
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3.42.1 Technical Approach 3-202
3.42.2 Activity Indicator 3-202
3.42.3 Emission Factor 3-202
3.42.4 Control Efficiency 3-202
3.42.5 References 3-203
3.43 WASTE DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING - INCINERATION: 10-01 3-204
3.43.1 Technical Approach 3-204
3.43.2 Activity Indicator 3-204
3.43.3 Emission Factor 3-205
3.43.4 Control Efficiency 3-206
3.43.5 References 3-206
3.44 WASTE DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING - OPEN BURNING: 10-02 3-207
3.44.1 Technical Approach 3-207
3.44.2 Activity Indicator 3-207
3.44.3 Emission Factor 3-208
3.44.4 Control Efficiency 3-208
3.44.5 References 3-208
3.45 WASTE DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING - OTHER: 10-07 3-209
3.45.1 Technical Approach 3-209
3.45.2 Activity Indicator 3-209
3.45.3 Emission Factor 3-209
3.45.4 Control Efficiency 3-209
3.45.5 References 3-209
3.46 HIGHWAY VEHICLES: 11 3-210
3.46.1 Technical Approach 3-210
3.46.2 Activity Indicator 3-210
3.46.3 Emission Factors 3-214
3.46.4 Calculation of Emissions 3-215
3.46.5 References 3-215
3.47 OFF-HIGHWAY - NONROAD GASOLINE: 12-01 3-220
3.47.1 Technical Approach 3-220
3.47.2 Activity Indicator 3-221
3.47.3 Emission Factor 3-222
3.47.4 Control Efficiency 3-223
3.47.5 References 3-223
3.48 OFF-HIGHWAY - NONROAD DIESEL: 12-02 3-226
3.48.1 Technical Approach 3-226
3.48.2 Activity Indicator 3-226
3.48.3 Emission Factor 3-227
3.48.4 Control Efficiency 3-227
3.48.5 References 3-227
3.49 OFF-HIGHWAY - AIRCRAFT: 12-03 3-229
3.49.1 Technical Approach 3-229
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3.49.2 Activity Indicator 3-229
3.49.3 Emission Factor 3-230
3.49.4 Control Efficiency 3-231
3.49.5 References 3-232
3.50 OFF-HIGHWAY - VESSELS: 12-04 3-234
3.50.1 Technical Approach 3-234
3.50.2 Activity Indicator 3-234
3.50.3 Emission Factor 3-235
3.50.4 Control Efficiency 3-236
3.50.5 References 3-236
3.51 OFF-HIGHWAY - RAILROAD: 12-05 3-237
3.51.1 Technical Approach 3-237
3.51.2 Activity Indicator 3-237
3.51.3 Emission Factor 3-238
3.51.4 Control Efficiency 3-238
3.51.5 References 3-238
3.52 MISCELLANEOUS - OTHER COMBUSTION: 14-02 3-239
3.52.1 Technical Approach 3-239
3.52.2 Activity Indicator 3-239
3.52.3 Emission Factor 3-240
3.52.4 Control Efficiency 3-241
3.52.5 References 3-241
SECTION 4.0 NATIONAL CRITERIA POLLUTANT ESTIMATES 1985 - 1993
METHODOLOGY 4-1
4.1 INTRODUCTION 4-1
4.1.1 Lead Emissions 4-1
4.1.2 Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides, Volatile Organic Compounds, Sulfur
Dioxide, and Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions 4-2
4.1.3 References 4-2
4.2 FUEL COMBUSTION - ELECTRIC UTILITY 4-23
4.2.1 1985-1992 Steam Electric Utility Emission Inventories 4-23
4.2.1.1 Processing Computerized Raw Data 4-23
4.2.1.2 Emissions Algorithms 4-25
4.2.2 1993 Steam Emission Inventory 4-26
4.2.3 Augmentation Process 4-26
4.2.4 References 4-27
4.3 PRIMARILY INDUSTRIAL 4-31
4.3.1 Base Year Inventory 4-31
4.3.1.1 Control Efficiency Revisions 4-32
4.3.1.2 Rule Effectiveness Assumptions 4-33
4.3.1.3 Emission Factor Changes 4-33
4.3.1.4 Emissions Calculations 4-34
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4.3.1.5 Revised Emissions 4-36
4.3.2 Emissions, 1985 to 1991 4-36
4.3.2.1 Point Source Growth 4-37
4.3.2.2 Area Source Growth 4-38
4.3.3 Emissions, 1992 and 1993 4-38
4.3.4 References 4-39
4.4 OTHER COMBUSTION 4-52
4.4.1 1990 Base Year Inventory 4-52
4.4.1.1 Control Efficiency Revisions 4-53
4.4.1.2 Rule Effectiveness Assumptions 4-53
4.4.1.3 Emission Factor Changes 4-53
4.4.1.4 Emissions Calculations 4-54
4.2.2 Emissions, 1985 to 1991 4-55
4.4.2.1 Point Source Growth 4-55
4.4.2.2 Area Source Growth 4-56
4.4.3 Emissions, 1992 and 1993 4-57
4.4.4 Alternative Base Inventory Calculations 4-57
4.4.4.1 Forest Fires/Wildfires 4-58
4.4.4.2 Prescribed/Slash and Managed Burning 4-58
4.4.5 References 4-59
4.5 SOLVENT UTILIZATION 4-67
4.5.1 Area Source Emissions (VOC only) 4-67
4.5.1.1 Overall National Emissions Estimates 4-67
4.5.1.2 Distribution of Solvent Emissions to States and Counties 4-68
4.5.1.3 Deduction of Point Source Emissions 4-68
4.5.1.4 Projecting Solvent Emissions to Other Inventory Years 4-69
4.5.2 Point Source Emissions 4-70
4.5.2.1 Base Year Inventory 4-70
4.5.2.2 Emissions, 1985 to 1991 4-72
4.5.2.3 Emissions, 1992 and 1993 4-73
4.5.3 References 4-74
4.6 HIGHWAY VEHICLES 4-80
4.6.1 VMT 4-80
4.6.1.1 Background on Highway Performance Monitoring System 4-80
4.6.1.2 Distribution of HPMS VMT, 1980 to 1992 4-81
4.6.1.3 Distribution of VMT, 1970 to 1979 and 1993 4-84
4.6.2 Development of VOC, NOX, and CO Emission Factors 4-85
4.6.2.1 Temperature 4-85
4.6.2.2 RVP 4-85
4.6.2.3 Speed 4-87
4.6.2.4 Operating Mode 4-88
4.6.2.5 Altitude 4-88
4.6.2.6 Registration Distribution/Month 4-88
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 xiv Contents
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4.6.2.7 I/M Programs 4-92
4.6.2.8 Oxygenated Fuels 4-92
4.6.2.9 California 4-92
4.6.3 Development of PM-10 and SO2 Emission Factors 4-93
4.6.3.1 PM-10 Emission Factors 4-93
4.6.3.2 SO2 Emission Factors 4-94
4.6.4 Calculation of Emissions 4-95
4.6.5 References 4-95
4.7 OFF-HIGHWAY 4-106
4.7.1 1990 Base Year Inventory 4-106
4.7.1.1 Nonroad Mobile Source Emissions 4-106
4.7.1.2 Aircraft, Marine Vessels and Railroads 4-107
4.7.2 Emissions, 1970 through 1989 and 1991 4-111
4.7.3 Emissions, 1992 and 1993 4-111
4.7.4 References 4-111
4.8 FUGITIVE DUST 4-119
4.8.1 Natural Sources, Geogenic, Wind Erosion 4-119
4.8.1.1 Determination of Correction Parameters 4-120
4.8.3.2 Activity Data 4-121
4.8.3.3 County Distribution 4-121
4.8.2 Miscellaneous 4-121
4.8.2.1 Agricultural Crops 4-121
4.8.2.2 Agricultural Livestock 4-122
4.8.2.3 Unpaved Roads 4-123
4.8.2.4 Paved Road Resuspension 4-125
4.8.2.5 Other Fugitive Dust Sources 4-127
4.8.2.6 Grown Emissions 4-131
4.8.3 References 4-133
SECTION 5.0 LEAD EMISSIONS METHODOLOGY 5-1
5.1 INTRODUCTION 5-1
5.1.1 Background 5-1
5.1.2 General Procedure 5-1
5.1.3 Organization of Procedures 5-2
5.2 FUEL COMBUSTION ELECTRIC UTILITIES - COAL: 01-01 5-7
5.2.1 Technical Approach 5-7
5.2.2 Activity Indicator 5-7
5.2.3 Emission Factor 5-7
5.2.4 Control Efficiency 5-7
5.2.5 References 5-8
5.3 FUEL COMBUSTION ELECTRIC UTILITIES - OIL: 01-02 5-9
5.3.1 Technical Approach 5-9
5.3.2 Activity Indicators 5-9
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 XV Contents
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5.3.3 Emission Factors 5-9
5.3.4 Control Efficiency 5-9
5.3.5 References 5-10
5.4 FUEL COMBUSTION INDUSTRIAL - COAL: 02-01 5-11
5.4.1 Technical Approach 5-11
5.4.2 Activity Indicator 5-11
5.4.3 Emission Factors 5-11
5.4.4 Control Efficiency 5-11
5.4.5 References 5-12
5.5 FUEL COMBUSTION INDUSTRIAL - OIL: 02-02 5-13
5.5.1 Technical Approach 5-13
5.5.2 Activity Indicator 5-13
5.5.3 Emission Factor 5-13
5.5.4 Control Efficiency 5-14
5.5.5 References 5-14
5.6 FUEL COMBUSTION OTHER-COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL COAL: 03-01 5-15
5.6.1 Technical Approach 5-15
5.6.2 Activity Indicator 5-15
5.6.3 Emission Factors 5-16
5.6.4 Control Efficiency 5-16
5.6.5 References 5-17
5.7 FUEL COMBUSTION OTHER - COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL OIL: 03-02 .. 5-18
5.7.1 Technical Approach 5-18
5.7.2 Activity Indicator 5-18
5.7.3 Emission Factor 5-18
5.7.4 Control Efficiency 5-18
5.7.5 References 5-19
5.8 FUEL COMBUSTION OTHER - MISCELLANEOUS FUEL COMBUSTION
(EXCEPT RESIDENTIAL): 03-04 5-20
5.8.1 Technical Approach 5-20
5.8.2 Activity Indicator 5-20
5.8.3 Emission Factor 5-20
5.8.4 Control Efficiency 5-20
5.8.5 References 5-20
5.9 FUEL COMBUSTION OTHER - RESIDENTIAL OTHER: 03-06 5-22
5.9.1 Technical Approach 5-22
5.9.2 Activity Indicator 5-22
5.9.3 Emission Factors 5-23
5.9.4 Control Efficiency 5-23
5.9.5 References 5-23
5.10 CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCT MANUFACTURE - INORGANIC
CHEMICAL MANUFACTURE: 04-02 5-25
5.10.1 Technical Approach 5-25
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 Xvi Contents
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5.10.2 Activity Indicator 5-25
5.10.3 Emission Factor 5-25
5.10.4 Control Efficiency 5-25
5.10.5 References 5-25
5.11 METALS PROCESSING - NONFERROUS: 05-01 5-26
5.11.1 Technical Approach 5-26
5.11.2 Activity Indicator 5-26
5.11.2.1 Nonferrous Metals 5-26
5.11.2.2 Secondary Metals 5-27
5.11.2.3 Miscellaneous Process Sources 5-27
5.11.3 Emission Factor 5-27
5.11.3.1 Nonferrous Metals 5-28
5.11.3.2 Secondary Metals 5-28
5.11.3.3 Miscellaneous Process Sources 5-28
5.11.4 Control Efficiency 5-28
5.11.4.1 Nonferrous Metals 5-28
5.11.4.2 Secondary Metals 5-28
5.11.4.3 Miscellaneous Process Sources 5-28
5.11.5 References 5-29
5.12 METALS PROCESSING - FERROUS: 05-02 5-30
5.12.1 Technical Approach 5-30
5.12.2 Activity Indicator 5-30
5.12.2.1 Iron and Steel 5-30
5.12.2.2 Nonferrous Metals 5-31
5.12.2.3 Secondary Metals 5-31
5.12.3 Emission Factor 5-31
5.12.3.1 Iron and Steel 5-31
5.12.3.2 Nonferrous Metals 5-31
5.12.3.3 Secondary Metals - Grey Iron Foundries 5-31
5.12.4 Control Efficiency 5-32
5.12.5 References 5-32
5.13 METALS PROCESSING - NOT ELSEWHERE CLASSIFIED: 05-03 5-34
5.13.1 Technical Approach 5-34
5.13.2 Activity Indicator 5-34
5.13.3 Emission Factor 5-34
5.13.4 Control Efficiency 5-34
5.13.5 References 5-35
5.14 OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES - MINERAL PRODUCTS: 07-05 5-36
5.14.1 Technical Approach 5-36
5.14.2 Activity Indicator 5-36
5.14.3 Emission Factor 5-36
5.14.4 Control Efficiency 5-36
5.14.5 References 5-37
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 Xvii Contents
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5.15 OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES - MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIAL
PRODUCTS: 07-10 5-38
5.15.1 Technical Approach 5-38
5.15.2 Activity Indicator 5-38
5.15.3 Emission Factor 5-39
5.15.4 Control Efficiency 5-39
5.15.5 References 5-39
5.16 WASTE DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING - INCINERATION: 10-01 5-40
5.16.1 Technical Approach 5-40
5.16.2 Activity Indicator 5-40
5.16.3 Emission Factor 5-41
5.16.4 Control Efficiency 5-41
5.16.5 References 5-41
5.17 HIGHWAY VEHICLES: 11 5-42
5.17.1 Technical Approach 5-42
5.17.2 Activity Indicator 5-42
5.17.3 Emission Factor 5-42
5.17.4 Control Efficiency 5-43
5.17.5 Allocation of Emissions to the Tier 2 Categories 5-43
5.17.6 References 5-43
5.18 OFF-HIGHWAY - NONROAD GASOLINE: 12-01 5-45
5.18.1 Technical Approach 5-45
5.18.2 Activity Indicator 5-45
5.18.3 Emission Factor 5-47
5.18.4 Control Efficiency 5-47
5.18.5 References 5-47
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 Xviii Contents
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TABLES
Page
1-1. Estimating Methods Used in the 1994 Trends Report 1-3
2-1. Historic NOX and SO2 Emission Source Categories, Fuel Types, and Descriptions 2-13
2-2. Historic NOX and SO2 Emission Source Categories Not Estimated 2-14
2-3. Processes Included in the Miscellaneous Source Category 2-14
2-4. Major Source Categories for SO2 and NOX Historic Emissions 2-15
2-5. Correlation between Tier 1 Categories and Historic Major Source Categories for SO2
and NOX Emission Estimates 2-15
2-6. Source Categories and Activity Indicators for Historic VOC Emission Estimates 2-16
2-7. Adjusted VOC Emission Factors for External Fuel Combustion, Wood 2-18
2-8. Correlation between Tier 1 Categories and Historic Major Source Categories for
VOC Emission Estimates 2-19
3.1-1. Correspondence Between Tier 2 Categories and 1940-1984 Methodology Emission
Source Categories 3-7
3.1-2. Example Spreadsheet - Distillate Oil Combustion and Emission Factors for Year 19xx .. 3-19
3.1-3. Supplemental PM-10 Emission Factors 3-20
3.3-1. Emission Factor SCCs for Distillate Oil Combustion by Electric Utilities 3-31
3.4-1. Emission Factor SCCs for the Combustion of Natural Gas by Electric Utilities 3-34
3.4-2. NOX Emission Factors by Boiler Types for the Combustion of Natural Gas by Electric
Utilities 3-34
3.8-1. Emission Factors for Miscellaneous Fuels - Industrial (coke) 3-50
3.14-1. Chemical Products, SCCs, and Weighting Factors for VOC Emission Factors 3-75
3.17-1. Ammonium Nitrate Emission Factor SCCs and Weighting Factors 3-88
3.17-2. Urea Emission Factor SCCs and Weighting Factors 3-88
3.21-1. PM-10 Emission Factors SCCs for the Primary Metals Industry - Aluminum 3-109
3.21-2. PM-10 Emission Factors SCCs and Weighting Factors for the Primary Metals
Industry - Copper Roaster 3-109
3.21-3. PM-10 Emission Factors SCCs and Weighting Factors for the Primary Metals
Industry - Copper Smelting 3-109
3.21-4. PM-10 Emission Factors SCCs and Weighting Factors for the Secondary Metals
Industry - Copper Brass and Bronze Casting 3-110
3.21-5. SO2 Emission Factors SCCs and Weighting Factors for the Primary Metals Industry -
Copper Smelting 3-110
3.21-6. SO2 Emission Factors SCCs and Weighting Factors for the Primary Metals Industry -
Copper Smelting 3-110
3.23-1. PM-10 and TSP Emission Factors' SCCs for Taconite Processing 3-128
3.23-2. PM-10 and TSP Emission Factors' Processes for Copper Ore Crushing 3-128
3.25-1. Emission Factors Used in the Calculation of the Control Efficiencies for the Blow
Down Systems, Process Drains, and Vacuum Jets Subcategories 3-138
3.27-1. Conversion of Grain Volume (in bushels) to Weight (in pounds) 3-148
3.27-2. PM-10 and TSP Emission Factor SCCs for Country Elevators 3-148
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 xix Contents
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3.27-3. PM-10 and TSP Emission Factor SCCs for Terminal Elevators 3-149
3.27-4. PM-10 and TSP Emission Factor SCCs for Feed Mills 3-149
3.27-5. PM-10 and TSP Emission Factor SCCs for Soybean Milling 3-149
3.29-1. VOC Emissions Factor SCCs for Tire Production 3-156
3.30-1. NOX Emission Factor SCCs and Weighting Factors for Glass Manufacturing 3-170
3.30-2. PM-10 and TSP Emission Factor SCCs for Kilns Used in Brick Manufacturing 3-170
3.30-3. PM-10 and TSP Emission Factor SCCs for Clay Sintering 3-170
3.30-4. PM-10 and TSP Emission Factor SCCs for Fiber Glass Furnaces 3-170
3.30-5. PM-10 and TSP Emission Factor SCCs for Stone and Rock Crushing 3-171
3.30-6. Uncontrolled SO2 Emissions Factors for Cement Manufacturing 3-171
3.31-1. Solvents and Weighting Factors for Degreasing 3-173
3.32-1. Solvents and Weighting Factors for Graphic Arts 3-175
3.33-1. Solvents and Weighting Factors for Dry Cleaning 3-177
3.34-1. Determination of Activity Indicator for Architectural Coating Processes: Paint Types . 3-182
3.34-2. Determination of Activity Indicator for Miscellaneous Organic Solvent Extraction
(other solvent use): Included Solvents 3-182
3.34-3. Determination of Activity Indicators for 14 Surface Coating Operations: Solvent
Contents and Reference 4 Categories 3-183
3.34-4. Determination of Activity Indicator for Production of Pressure Tape and Labels:
Solvents Used 3-183
3.34-5. Determination of the Activity Indicator for Miscellaneous Surface Coating
Operations: Solvent Use in Three Processes 3-184
3.34-6. Determination of Activity Indicator for Miscellaneous Surface Coatings Operations:
Solvent Consumptions for Determination of Solvent "Slop" 3-184
3.34-7. Determination of Activity Indicator for Miscellaneous Surface Coatings Operations:
Solvent Consumptions for All Surface Coating Operations for the Determination of
Solvent "Slop" 3-185
3.35-1. Determination of Activity Indicator for Miscellaneous Organic Solvent Uses:
Solvents, Weighting Factors, and References 3-187
3.35-2. Determination of Activity Indicator for Solvent Extraction Processes: Solvents,
Weighting Factors, and References 3-188
3.35-3. Determination of Activity Indicator for Plastics Fabrication Processes: Solvents,
Weighting Factors, and References 3-188
3.35-4. VOC Emission Factor SCCs for Waste Solvent Recovery Processes 3-188
3.36-1. Determination of Activity Indicator for Pesticides: Solvents, Weighting Factors, and
References 3-191
3.36-2. Determination of Activity Indicator for Other Solvent Uses of Miscellaneous Organic
Solvents: Solvents, Weighting Factors, and References 3-191
3.42-1. VOC Emission Factor SCCs for Waste Solvent Recovery 3-203
3.46-1. 1940 VMT by Road Type 3-216
3.46-2. 1950 VMT by Road Type 3-217
3.46-3. 1960 VMT by Road Type 3-217
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 XX Contents
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3.46-4. National Vehicle Registration Distribution used in Determining Emission Factors for
the Years 1940,1950, and 1960 3-218
3.46-5. PM-10, TSP, and SOj Highway Vehicles Emission Factors for 1940,1950, and 1960 ... 3-219
3.47-1. Emission Factor Equipment Types and Weighting Factors for Gasoline Construction
Equipment 3-224
3.47-2. Emission Factor Equipment Types and Weighting Factors for Gasoline Small Utility
Gasoline Engines 3-225
3.47-3. MOBILE 2 (1978 version) Parameters for Calculation of Emission Factors for
Motorcycles 3-225
3.48-1. Emission Factor Equipment Types and Weighting Factors for Diesel Construction
Equipment 3-228
3.49-1. Emission Factors for Commercial Aircraft using FAA Facilities 3-232
3.49-2. Emission Factors for Air Taxis using FAA Facilities 3-233
3.49-3. Emission Factors for General Aviation Aircraft using FAA Facilities 3-233
3.49-4. Emission Factors for Military Aircraft using FAA Facilities 3-233
3.52-1. States Comprising Regions for Wild Fires Acreage Burned Information 3-242
3.52-2. Land Area Burned on Unprotected Lands 3-242
4.1-1. Section 4.0 Structure 4-4
4.1-2. Major Source Categories 4-5
4.1-3. Tier 1 and Tier 2 Match-up with Source Classification Codes 4-7
4.2-1. Steam Electric Utility Unit Source Classification Code Relationships 4-28
4.2-2. Equations Used to Estimate Emissions from Electric Utility Boilers 4-30
4.3-1. SCCs With 100 Percent CO Rule Effectiveness 4-41
4.3-2. July RVPs Used to Model Motor Vehicle Emission Factors 4-42
4.3-3. 1990 Seasonal RVP (psi) by State 4-43
4.3-4. Seasonal Maximum and Minimum Temperatures (°F) by State 4-44
4.3-5. Average Annual Service Station Stage IIVOC Emission Factors 4-45
4.3-6. Bureau of Economic Analysis's SA-5 National Changes in Earnings by Industry 4-46
4.3-7. BEA SQ-5 National Growth In Earnings By Industry 4-47
4.3-8. Area Source Growth Indicators 4-48
4.3-9. SEDS National Fuel Consumption 4-49
4.3-10. AMS to NAPAP Source Category Correspondence 4-50
4.4-1. Residential Wood Combustion Emission Factors 4-60
4.4-2. Bureau of Economic Analysis's SA-5 National Changes in Earnings by Industry 4-61
4.4-3. BEA SQ-5 National Growth In Earnings By Industry 4-62
4.4-4. Area Source Growth Indicators 4-63
4.4-5. SEDS National Fuel Consumption 4-64
4.4-6. AMS to NAPAP Source Category Correspondence 4-65
4.4-7. Wildfires 4-66
4.5-1. National Material Balance for Solvent Emissions 4-76
4.5-2. Data Bases Used for County Allocation 4-77
4.5-3. Bureau of Economic Analysis's SA-5 National Changes in Earnings by Industry 4-78
4.5-4. BEA SQ-5 National Growth In Earnings By Industry 4-79
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 Xxi Contents
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4.6-1. Data Components of HPMS 4-98
4.6-2. Apportionment Percentages for Conversion of HPMS Vehicle Type Categories to
MOBILESa Categories 4-99
4.6-3. Cities Used for Temperature Data Modeling from 1970 through 1993 4-100
4.6-4. HPMS Average Overall Travel Speeds for 1990 4-101
4.6-5. Average Speeds by Road Type and Vehicle Type 4-102
4.6-6. PM-10 Emission Factors used in the Emission Trends Inventory 4-103
4.6-7. Fuel Economy Values Used in Calculation of SO2 Emission Factors for the Emission
Trends Inventory 4-104
4.6-8. SO2 Emission Factors used in the Emission Trends Inventory 4-105
4.7-1. Ozone Nonattainment Areas with OMS-Prepared Nonroad Emissions 4-113
4.7-2. Source Categories Used for Nonroad Emissions 4-114
4.7-3. Railroad Locomotives Diesel Fuel Consumption, 1985 to 1990 4-115
4.7-4. Railroad Emission Factors 4-115
4.7-5. Civil Aircraft SOj Emission Factors 4-116
4.7-6. Area Source Growth Indicators 4-117
4.7-7. Bureau of Economic Analysis's SA-5 National Changes in Earnings by Industry 4-117
4.7-8. BEA National Growth in Earnings by Industry 4-117
4.7-9. AMS to NAPAP Source Category Correspondence 4-118
4.8-1. Bureau of Economic Analysis's SA-5 National Changes in Earnings by Industry 4-136
4.8-2. BEA SQ-5 National Growth In Earnings By Industry 4-136
5.1-1. Correspondence Between Tier 2 Categories and Lead Emissions Methodology
Categories 5-4
5.1-2. Method Used for Estimating 1993 Activity Data 5-6
5.8-1. Annual Percentage Lead Content 5-21
5.17-1. Relative VMT Fractions for Each Tier 2 Category 5-44
FIGURES
Page
4.7-1. Assignment of Surrogate Nonattainment Areas 4-113
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 Xxii Contents
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SECTION 1.0
INTRODUCTION
The Emission Inventory Branch (EIB) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is
responsible for compiling and maintaining national emission data for the criteria pollutants. To that
end, EIB produces estimates of the annual national air pollutant emissions for five major pollutants:
carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), lead (Pb), particulate matter less than 10 microns
(PM-10), sulfur dioxide (SOj), and volatile organic compounds (VOC). In addition, total particulate
matter (TSP) has been estimated in the past. These estimates are published annually in two EPA
reports and are entitled for 1994, "National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993,"1 and
"National Air Quality and Emission Trends Report, 1993."2 Collectively, these are known as the
Trends Reports.
The 1994 Trends Procedures Document is an accompanying document designed to describe the
methodology and procedures used to create the emission estimates presented in the 1994 Trends
Reports. The emissions estimating methodologies fall into three major categories: 1900-1939
Methodology, 1940-1984 Methodology, and 1985-1993 Methodology. The methodology used to
make specific estimates depends on the pollutant and the time period. Table 1-1 presents a detailed
characterization of the emission estimates created using each of these three methodologies and the
section of this report that describes the methodology.
In general, the SOj, NOX, and VOC emissions for the time period before 1940 were using the
1900-1939 methodology. The emissions of no other pollutants were estimated for these years.
The 1940-1984 methodology was originally developed specifically to make the emission
estimates for all years and pollutants presented in the Trends Reports. For the 1994 Trends report,
this methodology was generally used to estimate the emissions for the years from 1940 to 1984. In
addition to SOj, NOX, and VOC emissions, the emissions of CO, Pb, PM-10, and TSP are estimated
by this methodology. (Lead estimates have not been developed prior to the year 1970.)
The emissions for the years from 1985 to 1993 were estimated by the methodology underlying a
new emission inventory, the Interim Inventory.3 This methodology was applied to the emission
estimates for all pollutants, except Pb and TSP. The emissions of these pollutants are estimated
using the 1940-1984 methodology. (TSP estimates were last developed for the 1992 emissions.
Currently there is no plan to estimate TSP emissions in the future since the current National Air
Quality Standards for particulate matter are for the size 10 microns or less.)
For each methodology, the procedures used to estimate the emissions are described by the
source category divisions most appropriate for that methodology. For a given source category, the
estimating procedure is described for all pollutants collectively, unless differences exist in the
methods used for different pollutants. In this case, the methods used for each pollutant are described
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 1-1 Introduction
-------
separately. Because of the unique nature of the methodology used to estimate the lead emissions,
this methodology is described in a separate section. This allows each section of the manual to be
used independently.
Emission estimates presented in the 1994 Trends Reports are categorized using the Tier
structure. Emissions derived by the 1900-1939 methodology are presented by the Tier 1 categories.
All other emissions appear by the Tier 3 categories. Because the methodologies are not necessarily
described by these Tier categories, a description of the correspondence between the source
categories used to describe the estimating methodology and the Tier structure is included in each
section of this document.
This document is best used as a reference for those personnel who already have some
familiarity with the trends report production process or for a technical person inquiring about the
origins of the estimates. Some details of procedures are vaguely or inadequately defined, since
getting such details down on paper and keeping the document current, is a real challenge. A new
person who takes over responsibility for this work will in general need help from an experienced
person.
In the past, the emission estimates presented in the Trends reports would change from one year
to the next based on the development of new information, data, or methodologies used to estimate
the emissions. These changes were applied not only to the most recent year, but to all or some of the
preceding years. As of 1994, no such changes will be made to the emissions for the years prior to
1985. Therefore, the methodologies and reference presented in this document for the determination
of the emission for these years will not change. Updates may be made, however, to the emissions for
the years 1985 to the current year of the report. Any changes in the data or methodologies used to
estimate the emissions for this time period will be documented in yearly addenda to this procedures
document.
1.1 REFERENCES
1. National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1994.
2. National Air Quality Emissions Trends Report, 1993. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1994.
3. Regional Interim Emission Inventories (1987-1991), Volume I: Development Methodologies.
EPA-454/R-93-021a. Source Receptor Analysis Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. May 1993.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 1-2 Introduction
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Table 1-1. Estimating Methods Used in the 1994 Trends Report
Tier Category
Fuel Combustion - Electric Utilities
Fuel Combustion - Industrial
Fuel Combustion - Other
Chemical & Allied Product Mfg.
Metals Processing
Petroleum & Related Industries
Other Industrial Processes
Solvent Utilization
Storage & Transport
Waste Disposal & Recycling
Natural Sources
Miscellaneous
Highway Vehicles
Off-Highway
Time Period
1900-1969, excluding
1940, 1950, and 1960
1940, 1950, and 1960 and
1970 through 1984
1985 through 1993
1900-1939
1940 through 1969
1970 through 1993
Pollutant(s)
VOC,SO2,andNOx
VOC,SO2,NOX,CO,
andPM-10
Pb
VOC,S02,NOX,CO,
andPM-10
Pb
VOC,S02,NOX
VOC,S02,NOX,CO,
andPM-10
Pb
VOC,SO2,NOX,CO,
andPM-10
Pb
Methodology
1900-1939
Methodology
1940-1984
Methodology
Lead
Methodology
1985-1993
Methodology
Lead
Methodology
1900-1939
Methodology
1940-1984
Methodology
Lead
Methodology
1985-1993
Methodology
Lead
Methodology
Section
2
3
5
4
5
2
3
5
4
5
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
1-3
Introduction
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SECTION 2.0
1900 -1939 METHODOLOGY
The SO2, NOX , and VOC emission estimates presented in the 1993 Trends report for the years
1900 through 1969, with the exception of the years 1940,1950, and 1960,a were taken from two
reports on historic emissions. The first contained SO2 and NOX emissions for the years between
1900 and 1980.1 The VOC emissions for the years between 1900 and 1985 were contained in the
second.2 A summary of the methodologies used to estimate these emissions is presented in this
document. This summary includes the basic assumptions, categorization, and calculations used to
estimate these emissions. The two reports12 provide a more detailed discussion of the methodologies
used to estimate these emissions.
2.1 DESCRIPTION OF EMISSION ESTIMATION METHODOLOGIES FOR SO2 AND NOX
A methodology for estimating historic SO2 and NOX emissions was developed prior to the 1940 -
1984 methodology and served as the predecessor to that methodology. These historic emissions
were prepared for the years 1900 to 1980. Of these historic estimates, the 1994 Trends report
presented the emissions for the years 1900 through 1969, except for the years 1940,1950, and 1960.a
The general methodologies for producing these emissions are described in this document along with
specific information concerning the emissions for the years from 1900 through 1970.
The emissions were categorized based on the sources of the emissions. Each source category
included specific processes which generate emissions such as the combustion of coal by locomotives.
The general methodology for estimating emissions was based on two factors: (1) the activity indicator
which represents the activity of each process (e.g. the quantity of coal consumed by railroad
locomotives) and (2) the emission factor which represents the quantity of emissions produced by the
process per unit of process activity (e.g. the pounds of SO2 produced for every ton of coal burned by
a locomotive). Table 2-1 lists the source categories, along with the activity indicators and a
description of the processes included in each category.
2.1.1 State Level Estimates
The state level SO2 and NOX emissions were produced for every fifth year beginning in 1900 and
ending in 1970. The methodologies used to estimate the state level emissions fall into three general
groups. These groups are: (1) emissions from the combustion of fuels for heat and power, except by
highway vehicles, (2) emissions from the combustion of fuel for transportation by highway vehicles,
and (3) emissions from material processing, manufacturing, miscellaneous combustion, and
miscellaneous burning. The three general methodologies used to estimate the emissions are
described individually in the following sections.
' The emissions for the years 1940, 1950, and 1960 were estimated using the 1940-1984 methodology. This methodology is describ
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 2-1 1900-1939 Methodology
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2.1.2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion, Excluding Highway Vehicles
The source categories representing emissions produced by burning a fuel to generate heat or
power are: electric utilities, industrial boilers, commercial and residential fuel uses, all uses of
anthracite coal (as a fuel), all uses of wood (as a fuel), railroads, vessels, and off-highway diesel
engines. The emissions from each source category were further categorized by the fuel type (e.g.,
emissions from railroad were estimated for each of the two fuels burned by locomotives: coal and oil).
The emissions from each source category and fuel type were determined using three pieces of
information: (1) a fuel use indicator, (2) a fuel sulfur content (necessary to estimate S(>2 emissions
only), and (3) an emission factor expressing the amount of SO2 or NOX produced by a given amount
of fuel burned.
The primary fuel use indicator used was the state level fuel consumption for a specific source
and fuel type. If such data were unavailable, then a state level fuel use indicator such as fuel
demand, distribution, sales, or deliveries was used. Prior to 1940, state level data were often
unavailable; in these cases, a national fuel use indicator was used, if available. The national indicator
was apportioned to the states using the same state/national ratios established for the earliest year
having available state level data. There were combinations of fuel types and source categories for
which no fuel use indicators were available over specific time periods. For those cases listed in Table
2-2, emission estimates at the state level were not estimated.
The emission factor provided the ratio between the quantity of fuel consumed and the
uncontrolled amount of SO^ or NOX emitted. The emission factors used to estimate the historic
emissions were derived from those contained in AP-42, up to and including Supplement 14.3 Emission
factors representing a given source category, fuel type, and pollutant were weighted averages of the
AP-42 emission factors representing specific processes. The weighting factors were the quantities of
the specific fuel type consumed by each of the processes. These national emission factors were
applied to all state level fuel use data for all years.
In order to estimate SO2 emissions, the sulfur content of the fuel burned was required. In 1970,
the sulfur content was based on reports from individual plants. State average sulfur content was used
for coal in 1965 and for other fuels in 1955. For the 1955 estimates, sulfur contents for coal were
estimated for each state based on coal quality, quantity, and distribution. The emissions for all years
prior to 1955 were estimated using the 1955 sulfur content data for all fuels.
The state level emissions for SO2 and NOX were calculated for every fifth year between 1900
and 1970 using the general equations given below. Equations 1 and 2 were used for all fuel
combustion sources.
SO 2 emissions ifjtk • FCifJfk * (EFJs so2 x S,-, y> k) (1)
NOx emissions t • k ' FCt . k x EF • NO (2)
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 2-2 1900-1939 Methodology
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where: FC = fuel consumption i = year
EF = emission factor j = source category /fuel type
S = sulfur content k = state
2.1.3 Emissions from Fuel Combustion by Highway Vehicles
Emissions produced by highway vehicles were divided into two subcategories: emissions from
gasoline-powered vehicles and emissions from diesel-powered vehicles. Emissions were made
estimated based on three pieces of information: gasoline or diesel fuel consumption, fuel efficiency
(for gasoline only), and emission factor. In 1970, vehicle miles traveled (VMT) data became
available and was used in place of the state level fuel consumption and fuel efficiency. The fuel
efficiency factor was needed to correlate the amount of gasoline consumed to the average number of
miles traveled. A national average miles per gallon was estimated for every fifth year between 1965
and 1935. A constant fuel efficiency was used for all years prior to 1935.
The emission factors for estimating controlled emissions from gasoline-powered vehicles were
expressed in terms of the amount of SO2 or NOX emitted for every mile traveled. State-specific
emission factors were obtained from the MOBILE2 emission factor model4 for the years 1950
through 1970. The factors calculated for 1950 were used for all preceding years. The factors for
NOX emissions were derived to represent two distinct road types: urban and rural.
The emission factors for estimating controlled emissions from diesel-powered vehicles were
expressed in term of the amount of SO2 and NOX emitted for every gallon of diesel fuel consumed.
Unlike the emission factors for gasoline-powered vehicles, those used for diesel-powered vehicles
were national and not year-specific. No fuel efficiency was required to estimate the emissions from
this vehicle type.
The SO2 and NOX emission estimates from highway vehicles for the years prior to 1970 were
produced using Equation 3. Equation 4 was used to produce the emission estimates for 1970.
Highway Vehicle Emissions l • • k • (FC i k x FEi ) x EF i • k (3)
Highway Vehicle Emissions 1970 >y> k • VMTiyj^ y> k x £F1970> y> k (4)
where: FC = fuel consumption
FE = fuel efficiency (gasoline-powered vehicles only)
EF = emission factor
i = year
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 2-3 1900-1939 Methodology
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j = SO2 or NOX
k = state
VMT = vehicle miles traveled (1970 estimates only)
2.1.4 Emissions from Material Processing, Manufacturing, Miscellaneous Combustion, and
Miscellaneous Burning
The source categories producing emissions as the result of material processing, manufacturing,
miscellaneous combustion, and miscellaneous burning were: coke plants (combustion stacks),
smelters, cement plants, wildfires, miscellaneous industrial processes, and miscellaneous other
processes. With the exception of the two miscellaneous categories, the emissions were generally
estimated from an activity indicator and an emission factor. The activity indicator specified the
industrial output of the process or, in the case of the wildfire category, the area burned. The
emission factors were derived from AP-42.3 The general equation used to calculate the emissions for
both pollutants is given below.
(5)
where: E = emission estimate i = year
A = activity indicator j = SO2 or NOX
EF = emission factor k = state
1 = source category
Because of the diverse nature of this group, specific details of the methodologies used to calculate
the emissions will be discussed for each category individually.
2.1.4.1 Coke Plants
The methodology used to estimate the uncontrolled emissions produced from the combustion
stacks of coke plants was similar to that used for coal combustion. In place of the amount of coal
burned, these estimates were based on the amount of coal charged into the coke ovens. The SO2 and
NOX emissions were estimated using Equations 1 and 2, respectively, with the emission factors, the
state level coal sulfur contents, and the state level quantities of coal charged. This methodology
accounts for only about 67 percent of the total SO2 emitted by coke plants. The remaining 33 percent
of the emissions were passed to the coke oven gas and were emitted later in the steel manufacturing
process and were categorized with miscellaneous industrial processes.
2.1.4.2 Smelters
The primary smelters category consisted of copper, lead, and zinc smelters. The copper
smelters predominantly emitted SC^ and only small amounts of NOX, while the lead and zinc smelters
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 2-4 1900-1939 Methodology
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emitted only SC^. The methodology used to estimate the emissions from smelters varied according
to the availability of pertinent data.
For the years between 1950 and 1970, the emissions from copper smelters from all but the major
producing states were estimated using the state level amounts of copper ore concentrate produced
and a national emission factor. Emissions from the major copper smelter states were obtained from a
visibility study.5 After 1960, SO2 emissions from lead and zinc smelters were based on information
obtained from a study of individual smelters.6
For copper smelters before 1955 and for lead and zinc smelters before 1965, a different
methodology was employed. The state level quantity of ore smelted was estimated using the amount
of recoverable metal produced by the mines in a given state. It was assumed that any ore mined in a
given state was smelted in the same state. If the given state was known to have no smelters, then it
was assumed that the ore was smelted in the nearest state having a smelter. A national SO2 emission
factor was used to convert the quantity of recoverable metal to the uncontrolled quantity of SC^
produced. A national NOX emission factor was used to calculate the NOX produced by the copper
smelters.
The controlled SC^ emissions were determined by subtracting the amount of SC^ recovered
during the production of sulfuric acid. Because only national by-product sulfuric acid production data
was available, it was assumed that the amount of SC^ recovered for each state was proportional to
the smelter output for that state.
2.1.4.3 Cement Plants
SO2 and NOX emissions from cement plants were produced by both the minerals processed in the
kiln and the combustion of fuels to heat the kiln. The industrial activity indicator used to estimate the
emissions was the total annual production of portland cement by state. State level SO2 emission
factors were the sum of the emission factors for the mineral sources, the combustion of coal, and the
combustion of oil. The NOX emission factors were average national factors. The emission factors
calculated for 1955 were used to determine the emission estimates for all preceding years.
2.1.4.4 Wildfires
Wildfire emissions were defined as emissions from the combustion of vegetation in any
uncontrolled fire. The activity indicator for this category was the total area burned annually in each
state. This information was available for most states by 1925 and for all states by 1940. Prior to
1925, the acreage burned was assumed to be equal to the acreage burned in 1925. State level
emission factors reflected variations in vegetation (e.g. woodlands as compared to grasslands).
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2.1.4.5 Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
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A list of the industrial processes included in this category is given in Table 2-3. The SOj and
NOX emissions for this source category were determined by backcasting 1980 state-level emissions
obtained from the National Emission Data System (NEDS)7 using national growth factors. The
yearly national growth factors for the years after 1940 were defined as the ratio between the national
emissions for the specific year and the 1980 national emissions. Growth factors for the earlier years
were based on national population. The following equation was used to estimate the emissions for
this category.
SEi • SEmo >
where: SE = SO2 or NOX state emission estimate
NE = SO2 or NOX national emission estimate
i = year
2.1.4.6 Miscellaneous Other Processes
Table 2-3 contains a list of the processes included in this category. The methodology used to
estimate the emissions for this category is similar to that used above for the industrial processes.
For this category, national emissions were available from the 1980 NEDS7 and the emissions were
apportioned to the states based on 1980 population data. State-level growth factors for a given year
were applied to the 1980 state-level emissions to backcast the emissions for that given year. The
growth factors for each state were calculated as the ratio between the estimated state population for
that year and the 1980 state population. The equation used to calculate the SOj and NOX emissions
for this source category is given below.
SE, • SE19SO
^1980
where: SE = SO2 or NOX state emissions
S = state population
i = year
State population data for every tenth year was obtained from population census data. For the
intervening years, the state populations were estimated using the following equation:
N,., • N,
S"J ' (S"W' S'}^ T* S'
N,. 10 • N,
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 2-7 1900-1939 Methodology
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where: S = state population
N = national population
i = census year (1900,1910,..., 1970)
j = integer 5 representing every fifth year
2.1.5 Yearly State-Level Emissions
The SO2 and NOX emissions were calculated every fifth year from 1900 to 1970 as described in
the preceding section. For the source categories representing emissions produced by the combustion
of fuels, the emissions for each intervening year were estimated by equating the changes in national
fuel consumption to the changes in the state level emissions. Consumption data for the following
fuels were used: bituminous coal, anthracite coal, distillate and residual oils (combined), natural gas,
wood, and gasoline and diesel fuel (combined). The interpolated state level emissions for each
pollutant were calculated using the equation below.
NF • NF
SE,.rl - (SE,.5 - SEtm])
NF,. 5 • NF,.,
where: SE = SO2 or NOX state emissions by source category and fuel type
NF = national fuel consumption data corresponding to source category and fuel type
i = study year (i.e., 1900,1905,..., 1970)
j = integer representing the intervening year (0,1, 2, or 3)
For the following fuel types and years, the national fuel consumption changed radically and,
therefore, was not used to estimate the yearly emissions: bituminous coal for the years 1912 and
1913 and natural gas for the years 1931,1932, and 1933. In these cases, the yearly SO2 and NOX
emissions were determined by a linear interpolation according to the following equation:
SE,., • SE, • ((SE,.5- SE,)xj-5) (10)
where: SE = SO2 or NOX state emissions by source category
i = study year (i.e., 1900,1905,..., 1970)
j = integer representing the intervening year (1, 2, 3, or 4)
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 2-8 1900-1939 Methodology
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For the source categories in which the emissions were not based on fuel consumption (i.e.
smelters, cement plants, wildfire, miscellaneous industrial processes, and miscellaneous other
sources), the yearly emissions were also calculated by a linear interpolation as given in Equation 10.
2.1.6 Allocation of Emission Estimates to Tier 1 Categories
The emission estimates for the years 1900 through 1969 (excluding 1940,1950, and 1960) were
presented graphically in the 1994 Trends report by Tier 1 categories. These categories were not the
same as those used in the original calculation of the emissions as described in the preceding sections.
A correspondence was developed between the original historic emission categories and the Tier 1
categories.
The historic emissions were summed into five general categories as shown in Table 2-4. These
categories were then mapped to the Tier 1 categories as shown in Table 2-5. There was a one-to-one
correspondence between the major historic categories and the Tier 1 categories for three Tier 1
categories: (1) Fuel Combustion - Electric Utilities, (2) Fuel Combustion - Other, and (3) Highway
Vehicles. The historic emissions were assumed to be zero for two Tier 1 categories: (1) Solvent
Utilization and (2) Storage and Transport.
The emissions from the other two historic categories were allocated to the corresponding Tier 1
categories based on the distribution of emissions for a specific base year. The Industrial historic
category was correlated to five Tier 1 categories: Fuel Combustion - Industrial (02), Chemical and
Allied Products Manufacturing (04), Metals Processing (05), Petroleum and Related Industries (06),
and Other Industrial Processes (07). To distribute the emissions from the Industrial historic category
to a specific Tier 1 category, a ratio between the base year emissions for the specific Tier 1 category
and the sum of the base year emissions for all five of the Tier 1 categories correlated to the
Industrial historic category was used. The same procedure was used to distribute the emissions from
the Other historic category which correlates to three Tier 1 categories: Waste Disposal and
Recycling (10), Off-highway (12), and Miscellaneous (14). The base year was 1940,1950, or 1960,
depending on the year for which the emissions were being distributed. The emissions for these base
years were developed using the 1940-1984 methodology (see section 3.0) and were distributed to the
Tier 1 categories. The method for distributing emissions to Tier 1 categories is summarized in
Equation 11.
E~. , . • £„.. . .
her 1, / Historic , i
ier 1
•" Tier 1 categories corresponding to Historic category
(11)
where: E = SO2 or NOX emissions
i = historic emissions year (1900,1905,..., 1935,1945,1955,1965)
B = base year: 1940 (for historic years 1900 to 1935 and 1945)
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
2-9
1900-1939 Methodology
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1950 (for historic year 1955)
1960 (for historic year 1965)
Historic = Industrial historic category or Other historic category
Tier 1 = categories 02, 04, 05, 06, or 07 or categories 10,12, or 14
Tier 1 categories corresponding to Historic category
= 02 + 04 + 05 + 06 + 07 (for Industrial historic category)
10 + 12 + 14 (for Other historic category)
For the intervening years, the distribution of the emissions to the Tier 1 categories was made
from the historic emission estimates totaled over all categories. The average percentage distribution
of the total emissions to a specific Tier 1 category was calculated for every six year period (e.g. 1900
to 1905,1925 to 1930). The percentage distribution was applied to each intervening year within the
six year period. Equation 12 illustrates this method.
7 • ff
'Tierl, i Tier 1, ;• 5
(12)
^Tierl, i' j Total, i' j
^ Total, i ~ ^ Total, i' 5.
where: E = SO2 or NOX emissions
i = every fifth year between 1900 and 1965
j = integer representing the intervening year (1, 2, 3, or 4)
Tier 1 = Tier 1 category
Total = totaled over all historic categories
2.2 DESCRIPTION OF EMISSION ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY FOR VOC
The basic methodology for estimating the VOC emissions was a top-down method using national
activity indicators and national emission factors. This was substantially different from the
methodology used to produce the SO2 and NOX emission estimates where more detailed state level
data was used wherever possible. The VOC emissions were divided into five broad source
categories, each of which is subdivided into more refined subcategories. These categories and
corresponding subcategories are presented in Table 2-6. For these emission estimates, the term
national referred to the contiguous United States.
2.2.1 National VOC Emission Estimates (every five years between 1900 and 1970)
National emissions for the years 1940,1950,1960,1965 and 1970 were obtained directly from
the 1985 Trends report.8 These data, along with that for 1975,1980, and 1985, were used to estimate
the emissions for every fifth year between 1900 and 1935 and the years 1945 and 1955. The
methodology described below pertains to these years.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
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The two data values required to estimate the national annual VOC emissions for each source
subcategory were (1) national annual activity indicators, and (2) national annual emission factors.
The national activity indicators for each source subcategory for the years 1955,1945 and every fifth
year between 1900 and 1935 were obtained from a variety of sources. In cases where the activity
indicators contained data from Alaska, Hawaii, or the U.S. territories, the activity indicators for areas
outside the contiguous United States were subtracted from the total activity indicators. This resulted
in the national (i.e., contiguous United States) activity indicator.
The development of the national annual emission factors required two steps: (1) back-calculation
of the emission factors for the years 1940,1950, and every fifth year between 1960 and 1985 and
(2) extrapolation of these national emission factors to the years under study. In order to back-
calculate emission factors, activity indicators and emissions were required. National emissions were
obtained for the years 1940,1950, and every fifth year between 1960 and 1985 from the 1985 Trends
report.8 These emissions were disaggregated into the source subcategories given in Table 2-6. The
Trends report was also the source of the national activity indicators for all subcategories for the same
years. For each year and source subcategory, a national emission factor was calculated using the
following equation:
A/7T
(13)
where: NEF = national emission factor i = year
NE = national emissions j = source subcategory
NA = national activity indicator
For some source subcategories, these national emission factors were unchanged over time. In
those cases, the constant emission factor was used in calculating the emissions for all years. For
source categories where the national emission factors changed between the years 1940 through 1985,
the emission factors for the years before 1940 and for the years 1945 and 1955 were extrapolated
from the back-calculated data.
The national VOC emissions for the years 1945 and 1955, and for every fifth year between 1900
and 1935, were calculated for each subcategory using the equation given below:
J • NEFisJ x NAitJ (14)
where: NEF = national emission factor i = year
NE = national emission estimate j = source subcategory
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 2-11 1900-1939 Methodology
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NA = national activity indicator
2.2.2 Yearly National Emissions
The national emissions for every fifth year between 1900 and 1970 were used to interpolate the
national emissions for the intervening years. The activity indicators used to the interpolate the
emissions for each subcategory or group of subcategories are presented in Table 2-6. The national
activity data for each year were obtained from the report of historic S(>2 and NOX emissions.1 The
national emissions for each of the intervening years were calculated by equating the yearly change in
the national activity indicators to the yearly change in the national emissions. The national emissions
were calculated according to Equation 15 when using fuel consumption indicators. For source
categories where population was used as the activity indicators, the yearly emissions were calculated
using a linear interpolation as shown in Equation 16.
NA,., • NA,.,.!
NE. • (NE,.,- NE,, j) x '-I '-L-L . NE, , (15)
NA,., • NA,.;.!
NE,.j • NE,. • (NE,.5 • NE,) x _//5 (16)
where: NE = national emissions by source subcategory
NA = national activity by source category
i = study year (1900,1905,...,1970)
j = integer representing intervening years (1, 2, 3, or 4)
2.2.3 Changes in Emissions
The emission factors for the source category External Fuel Combustion, subcategory Wood
have been changed since the time the original report2 was published. This adjustment of the
erroneously high emission factors was based on more current information. The updated emission
factors for the years 1900 through 1970 are presented in Table 2-7. No changes were made to the
activity indicators for this subcategory. The emissions presented in the 1993 and the 1994 Trends
reports for the years 1900 through 1969, excluding 1940,1950 and 1960, were based on recalculated
emissions for this subcategory using the adjusted emission factors. Therefore the values published in
the original report differ from those presented in the most recent Trends reports.
2.2.4 Allocation of Emission Estimates to Tier 1 Categories
The emissions for the years 1900 through 1969 (excluding 1940,1950, and 1960) were presented
graphically in the 1994 Trends report by Tier 1 categories. These categories were not the same as
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 2-12 1900-1939 Methodology
-------
those used in the original calculation of the emissions as described in the preceding sections. A
correspondence was developed between the original historic emission categories and the Tier 1
categories.
The historic emissions determined by source subcategories were summed to the five major
source categories described previously in Table 2-6. These categories were then mapped to the
Tier 1 categories as shown in Table 2-8. There was only one major historic source category (Solid
Waste) which corresponds directly to a Tier 1 category (Waste Disposal and Recycling). For all
other Tier 1 categories, the distribution of the historic major source categories to the Tier 1
categories was accomplished by the same method described in section 2.1.6 for the SO2 and NOX
emissions and summarized in Equations 11 and 12.
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2.3 REFERENCES
1. Historic Emission of Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides in the United States from 1900 to 1980. EPA-
600/7-85-009a and b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, AEERL, Research Triangle Park,
NC. April 1985.
2. Historic Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds in the United States from 1900 to 1985.
EPA-600/7-88-008a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, AEERL, Research Triangle Park,
NC. May 1988.
3. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Third Edition, Supplements 1 through 14,
AP-42. NTIS PB-275525. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
September 1977.
4. Mobile Source Emission Factors. EPA-400/9-78-005 (NITS PB295672/A17).
U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. March 1978.
5. M. Marians, J. Trijonis. Empirical Studies of the Relationship Between Emissions and
Visibility in the Southeast. EPA-405/5-79-009 (NITS PB80-156136/A06). U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1979.
6. Background Information for New Source Performance Standards: Primary Copper, Zinc and
Lead Smelters, Volume 1 - Proposed Standards. EPA-450/2-74-002a (NITS PB237832). U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1974.
7. National Emissions Report, National Emissions Data System (NEDS). EPA-450/4-83-022
(NITS PB84-121375/MF). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
1984.
8. National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1940-1985. EPA-450/4-86-018. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. January 1987.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
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Table 2-1. Historic NOX and S(>2 Emission Source Categories, Fuel Types, and Descriptions*
Source Category
Electric Utilities
Industrial Boilers
Commercial/Residential
Anthracite Coal - all uses
Wood - all uses
(1900 through 1945)
Pipelines
Highway Vehicles
Railroads
Coke Plants
Smelters
Vessels
Off-Highway Diesel
Cement Plants
Wildfire
Miscellaneous
Activity Indicator
Consumption or Production
Bituminous Coal, Residual and
Distillate Oil, Natural Gas, and
Wood (after 1945)
Bituminous Coal, Residual and
Distillate Oil, Natural Gas and
Wood (after 1945)
Bituminous Coal, Residual and
Distillate Oil, Natural Gas, and
Wood (after 1945)
Anthracite Coal
Wood
Natural Gas
Gasoline and Diesel fuel
Bituminous Coal and Distillate Oil
Bituminous Coal
Ore
Residual and Distillate Oil
Diesel Fuel
Portland Cement
Area
Other
Description
Power plants using coal, oil or gas to provide electricity for public consumption
Manufacturing and mining facilities using fuel for heat, power and chemical
feedstocks, and natural gas lease and plant operations
Nonmanufacturing enterprises using fuel for heat or power and agricultural, forestry,
and fisheries facilities using natural gas. Private dwellings using fuel for heating,
cooking, and other household uses
All facilities using anthracite coal as a fuel
All facilities using wood as a fuel
Internal combustion engines and turbines used to compress gas
Automobiles, trucks, buses, and motorcycles using gasoline or diesel fuel for
transportation
Trains, operated railroad equipment and other related operations
Furnace and merchant plants which produce coke
Primary copper, lead, and zinc smelting facilities
Commercial and private boats, including ocean going vessels
Engines used in construction, logging, and road building
Portland cement manufacturing plants
Projected and unprotected forest land burned
Industrial processes not included above and other miscellaneous anthropogenic sources
§ I
f I
3
ko
to
* Taken from Reference 1, Table 1 and Table 2.
o
o.
o
o"
TO
-------
Table 2-2. Historic NOX and SO2 Emission Source Categories Not Estimated*
Source Categories
Range of Years
All Fuel Oil Burning
Natural Gas-fired Electric Utilities
Natural Gas-fired Industrial and Commercial/Residential Uses
Pipelines
1900 to 1920
1900 to 1915
1900 to 1920
1900 to 1945
* Taken from Reference 1, page 31.
Table 2-3. Processes Included in the Miscellaneous Source Category*
Miscellaneous Subcategory
Industrial Processes
Other Sources
Processes
Pulp and paper
Petroleum Refineries
Iron and Steel Manufacture
Primary Aluminum
Secondary Lead
Glass Manufacture
Chemical Manufacture
Aircraft
Vessels
Miscellaneous off-highway gasoline-powered vehicles
Fuel combustion
Solid Waste Disposal
Agricultural Burning
Coal Refuse Burning
Prescribed Burning
Subprocesses
sulfuric acid
carbon black
petrochemicals
ammonia
nitric acid
TNT
gasoline-powered
coal-powered
LPG
coke-oven gas
bagasse
* Taken from Reference 1, Tables 10 and 11, page 31.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
2-16
1900-1939 Methodology
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Table 2-4. Major Source Categories for SO2 and NOX Historic Emissions
Major Source Categories
Electric Utilities
Source Categories
(used in determination of emission estimates)
Electric Utilities: bituminous coal, residual oil,
(after 1945)
distillate oil, natural gas, and wood
Industrial
Other
Industrial boilers: bituminous coal, residual oil, distillate oil, natural gas, and wood
(after 1945)
Pipelines
Coke Plants
Cement Plants
Commercial/Residential
Highway Vehicles
Commercial/Residential: bituminous coal, residual oil, distillate oil, natural gas,
and wood (after 1945)
Highway Vehicles: gasoline and diesel
Anthracite coal (all uses)
Wood (all uses from 1900 to 1940)
Railroads
Smelters
Vessels
Wildfires
Off-highway diesel
Miscellaneous
Table 2-5. Correlation between Tier 1 Categories and Historic Major Source Categories for SO2
and NOV Emission Estimates
Tier 1 Categories
Code
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
OS
09
10
11
12
13
Name
Fuel Combustion - Electric Utilities
Fuel Combustion - Industrial
Fuel Combustion - Other
Chemical and Allied Product Manufacturing
Metals Processing
Petroleum and Related Industries
Other Industrial Processes
Solvent Utilization
Storage and Transport
Waste disposal and Recycling
Highway Vehicles
Off-highway
Miscellaneous
Historic Major Source
Categories
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial/Residential
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
assumed zero
assumed zero
Other
Highway Vehicles
Other
Other
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
2-17
1900-1939 Methodology
-------
Table 2-6. Source Categories and Activity Indicators for Historic VOC Emission Estimates'"
Source
Category
Estimates for Every Fifth Year from 1900 to 1970
Source Subcategory
Activity Indicators
Estimates for Intervening Years
Source Subcategories
Activity Indicators
TRANSPORTATION
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
oil-fired
coal-fired
Vessels
oil-fired
coal-fired
Other Off-highway Use
Highway Vehicle Gasoline plus
Diesel Consumption
Population
Railroad Oil Consumption
Railroad Oil Consumption
Vessel Oil Consumption
Vessel Coal Consumption
Off-highway Fuel Use
Highway Vehicles
All Other Subcategories
Gasoline and Diesel
Consumption
Population
EXTERNAL FUEL COMBUSTION
Anthracite Coal
Bituminous Coal
Residual Oil
Distillate Oil
Natural Gas
Wood
Coke and Other Fuels
Anthracite Consumption
Bituminous Consumption
Residual Oil Consumption
Distillate Oil Consumption
Natural Gas Consumption
Wood Consumption
Coke Production
Anthracite Coal
Bituminous Coal
Residual and
Distillate Oil
Natural Gas
Wood
Coke and Other Fuels
Anthracite Consumption
Bituminous Consumption
Fuel Oil Consumption
Natural Gas Consumption
Wood Consumption
Population
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Petrochemical Manufacture
Petroleum Marketing
gasoline
other
Population
Highway Vehicle Gasoline
Consumption
Diesel plus Distillate Oil
Consumption
Petrochemical Manufacture
Petroleum Marketing
Population
Gasoline and Diesel
Consumption
to
o
I
3
ko
to
OO
o
o.
o
o"
TO
-------
Table 2-6. (continued)
Source
Category
Estimates for Every Fifth Year from 1900 to 1970
Source Subcategory
Activity Indicators
Estimates for Intervening Years
Source Subcategories
Activity Indicators
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (continued)
Surface Coating Operations
Petroleum Refinery Process
Operations
Petroleum Production
crude oil
natural gas liquids
Miscellaneous Industrial
Processes
Carbon Black Mfg.
Population and Cement
Production
Crude Oil Run
Crude Oil Run
Crude Oil Run
Population
VMT
Surface Coating Operations
All Other Subcategories
Population
Crude Oil Consumption
SOLD) WASTE DISPOSAL
Incineration
Open Burning
Population
Population
All Subcategories
Population
MISCELLANEOUS OTHER SOURCES
Wildfire
Prescribed Fires
Other Burning
Other Solvent Evaporation
Area Burned
State Land Area minus Wildfire
Area
State Land Area minus Wildfire
Area
Population
All Subcategories
Population
* Taken from Reference 2, Tables 1 and 2, pages 5 and 9, respectively.
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 2-20 1900-1939 Methodology
-------
Table 2-7. Adjusted VOC Emission Factors for External Fuel Combustion, Wood
Year
1900
1905
1910
1915
1920
1925
1930
1935
1940
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
Emission Factors
(tons/1000 tons)
15
15
14
13
13
12
11
11
10
10
9
8
7
5
4
4
5
5
5
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
2-21
1900-1939 Methodology
-------
Table 2-8. Correlation between Tier 1 Categories and Historic Major Source Categories for VOC
Emission Estimates
Tier 1 Categories
Code
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
OS
09
10
11
12
13
Name
Fuel Combustion - Electric Utilities
Fuel Combustion - Industrial
Fuel Combustion - Other
Chemical and Allied Product Manufacturing
Metals Processing
Petroleum and Related Industries
Other Industrial Processes
Solvent Utilization
Storage and Transport
Waste Disposal and Recycling
Highway Vehicles
Off-highway
Miscellaneous
Historic Major Source Categories
External Combustion
External Combustion
External Combustion
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Miscellaneous
Industrial Processes
Solid waste
Transportation
Transportation
Miscellaneous
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
2-22
1900-1939 Methodology
-------
SECTION 3.0
1940 - 1984 METHODOLOGY
This methodology was used to estimate emissions for the majority of pollutants presented in the Trends
report for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 to 1984. For all source categories, excluding highway
vehicles and off-highway, this methodology was used to estimate the CO, NOX, PM-10, SO2, and VOC for
these years. The TSP emissions for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 to 1992 were estimated using this
methodology. The lead emissions are explained in section 5.0. The emissions originating from highway vehicles
and off-highway sources were estimated for the years 1940, 1950 and 1960 using this methodology. This
section describes, in detail, the procedures used to estimate these emissions.
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The 1940-1984 Methodology was based on a "top-down" approach where national information was used
to create a national emission estimate. Emissions were estimated based on the source of the emissions and, in
the case of combustion sources, the fuel type. National activity of a process producing emissions of interest
was measured by the consumption of fuel, the throughput of raw materials, or some other production indicator.
The emission factor was used to determine the amount of an individual pollutant emitted based on the activity of
the process. In the case of PM-10, TSP, and SO2 emissions, average fuel property values of ash and sulfur
content were incorporated into the estimating procedure as part of the emission factor. The final element used
to estimate emissions was the control efficiency which quantifies the amount of a pollutant not emitted due to the
presence of control devices.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-1 1940-1984 Methodology
-------
The overall procedure is outlined below:
Activity Indicators
Emission Factors
Fuel Property Values
INPUT DATA
Control Efficiency
ESTIMATION ALGORITHM
(Uncontrolled Emissions - Controlled Emissions) / (Actual Emissions)
OUTPUT DATA
National Emissions of Criteria Pollutants
The emissions were presented in the 1994 Trends report by Tier categories, but in the 1940-1984
methodology, the emissions were estimated by a different set of source categories. In most cases, these source
categories or subcategories were regrouped into the Tier categories. For several categories or subcategories,
the emissions were apportioned to more than one Tier 2 category. The estimation procedures are presented in
this section by the Tier 2 categories. Correspondence between these Tier 2 categories and the 1940-1984
Methodology source categories are presented in Table 3.1-1. This correspondence between the categories is
reiterated within the description of the procedures for each Tier 2 category.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
5-2
1940-1984 Methodology
-------
3.1.1 General Procedure
Since it is impossible to measure the emissions of every historic source individually, a top-down estimating
procedure must be used. The emissions are calculated either for individual sources or for many sources
combined, using indicators of emissions. Depending on the source category, these indicators may include fuel
consumption or deliveries, VMT, tons of refuse burned, or raw material processed. When indicators are used,
emission factors which relate quantity of emissions to the activity indicator must also be used.
Emission factors are not necessarily precise indicators of emissions. They are quantitative estimates of the
average rate of emissions from many source combined. These factors are most valid when applied to a large
number of sources. If their limitations are recognized, emission factors can be extremely useful tools for
estimating national emissions. The calculations of the emissions were made according to the following general
equation:
Emissions /w> k • AitJ * EF^ }; k x [ 1 • CE/W> J
where: A = activity
EF = emission factor
CE = control efficiency (fraction)
i = year
j = source category
k = pollutant
The SO2 emission factor for sources where the emissions were based on fuel combustion included the sulfur
content of the fuel. Emission factors for TSP and PM-10 included the ash content of the fuel for combustion
sources. The VOC emission factors included a factor representing the reactive portion for a variety of source
categories.
As an aid in the calculation of the emissions by the 1940-1984 Methodology, two Excel spreadsheets,
collectively referred to as the Trends spreadsheets, were created for each year. An example is provided in
Table 3.1-2. These spreadsheets were entitled TRENDSxx.XLS and MGTMPxx.XLS, where xx represents
the year. The required data was entered into the TRENDSxx.XLS spreadsheet, after which the
MGTMPxx.XLS spreadsheet was opened and the necessary calculations (those shown above) were made to
estimate the national emissions. This procedure was designed to simplify the process of estimating emissions for
a new year. By using the TRENDSxx.XLS spreadsheet from the previous year as a template, the spreadsheet
for the new year was created by editing only the data requiring updating. These spreadsheets now serve as a
record of the calculations used to estimate the national emissions for CO, NOX, PM-10, SO2, TSP, and VOC
for the years 1940, 1950, 1960 and the years 1970 through 1984.
The calculations employed within the TRENDSxx.XLS spreadsheets required the use of specific units for
the activity indicators and the emission factors. These required units are specified in the descriptions of the
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-3 1940-1984 Methodology
-------
procedures for each of the Tier 2 categories. In general, the units for activity indicators were short tons for
solids, gallons for liquids, and cubic feet for gases. Emission factors were expressed in units of metric pounds
of pollutant per unit consumption or throughput. Control efficiency was expressed as a dimensionless decimal
fraction. By using these units, emissions calculated within the spreadsheets are expressed in metric tons. The
units of the raw data used as the basis for the activity indicator or the emission factors often required conversion
to the units specified above. The following conversion factors were employed in many cases.
1 ton (metric) = 1.1023 tons (short)
1 ton (long) = 1.12 tons (short)
1 ton (short) = 0.9072 tons (metric)
lib (metric) = 1.1023 Ib
1 bbl = 42 gal
Emission factors were based on the most recent information available as of 1992. For many categories,
this most recent emission factor was used to estimate emissions for all years. For some categories, the emission
factor was the weighted average of emission factors for more specific subprocesses, equipment types, or other
subcategories. Weighting factors used to calculate an average emission factor were often based on the relative
activity of contributing subprocesses. In cases where the activities of the subprocesses changed from one year
to the next, the emission factors also varied over time. Sulfur content or ash content of some fuels varied over
time producing yearly variations in the SO2, TSP, or PM-10 emission factors.
The PM-10 emission factors for some emission sources are not provided in the published documents
referenced within this section. In these cases, the emission factors may be found in the supplemental list
presented in Table 3.1-3. Therefore, the references given throughout this section are the possible sources of
PM-10 emission factors, including published documents and Table 3.1-3.
Control efficiencies were calculated from information provided in the latest AIRS/AFS extraction utilizing
the standard report number AFP650. This standard report contains emissions, annual throughput (when
available), and number of facilities by Source Classification Codes (SCC). If a AIRS/AFS snapshot is not
available for the current year, the current year's control efficiency was estimated by projecting the previous
years' results. Also one should use a projection of previous years' results if the calculated control efficiency is
nonsense. This could easily result if the operating rates (a confidential field in AIRS/AFS) of several SCCs are
not extracted and the calculated control efficiency would be very low compare to previous year.
Calculation of the control efficiency involves three steps.
1. Calculate uncontrolled emissions for the SCC or SCCs that incorporate a source category. This is done
by multiplying the operating rate by the latest emissions factor and converting to appropriate units.
2. Add all uncontrolled and then all controlled emissions separately.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-4 1940-1984 Methodology
-------
3. Calculate a percentage control efficiency as follows:
Control
efficiency
Uncontrolled
emissions
Actual
emissions ,
100
j Uncontrolled \
I emissions ]
The following information used in the next two equations, can be obtained from the AFP650 Report or AP-
42.
sec
Operating rate (1000 gallons)
PM-10 Emission Factor (Ibs per 1000 gallons)
PM-10 Actual Emissions (tons)
1-01-005-04
419478
5.19
723
1-01-005-01
72889
1.0
11
The following information was calculated.
PM-10 Uncontrolled Emissions (tons)
For SCC = 1-01-005-04
1089
36
Uncontrolled
emissions
• 419478 100° U 5.19
\gallons \
Ibs
1000
gallons
„ l[to«]
2000 [Ibs]
For SCC = 1-01-005-01
Uncontrolled . 72889 f 1000 1 1Q
emissions \gallons \
Ibs
1000
gallons |
\\ton]
1 J
2000 [Ibs]
The control efficiency for this source category was calculated as follows:
0/ Control . ,(1089 « 36) • (723 • 11X [tons]
efficiency
1089
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
5-5
1940-1984 Methodology
-------
NOTE: Since the estimates are based on input data which may be updated or revised from time to time,
the estimating procedure may change. For example, the emission factors published in AP-42 may be revised.
If this occurs, it is necessary to revise all previous estimates where the original emission factor was used.
Similarly, fuel consumption data may change from one year to the next as the statistics produced by various
trade associations and government agencies are revised. Therefore, it is necessary to revise previous annual
estimates when revised data are available. During the estimation procedure, it will become known which
previous estimates require updating. In addition, all information for the last calendar year may not be available.
Therefore, the best available information is used with the intent to amend the estimates as necessary in the
following year.
3.1.2 Organization of Procedures
The 1940-1984 Methodology used to estimate emissions is described by Tier 2 category. For each
category the procedure is divided into four sections: (1) technical approach, (2) activity indicator, (3) emission
factor, and (4) control efficiency. The procedures for obtaining the activity indicators, emission factors or
control efficiencies are arranged in a variety of different ways, depending on the specific requirements of the
category (e.g., by pollutant, process, or fuel type).
References are provided at the end of the description of procedures for each Tier 2 category. Many of
these references are published annually as part of a series. In some cases, several references are provided for
the same information reflecting a change or discontinuation of one source and its replacement by another. The
specific source used would depend on the specific year for which information was needed. All tables and
supporting data immediately follow the description of the procedures for each Tier 2 category.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-6 1940-1984 Methodology
-------
Table 3.1-1. Correspondence Between Tier 2 Categories and 1940-1984 Methodology Emission Source Categories
Tier 1 Category
Fuel Combustion -
Electric Utilities
Fuel Combustion -
Industrial
Tier 2 Category
Coal
Oil
Gas
Coal
Oil
Tier I/Tier 2
Code
01-01
01-02
01-03
02-01
02-02
1940-1984 Methodology Emission
Source Categories
Bituminous Coal and Lignite
Anthracite Coal
Residual Oil
Distillate Oil
Natural Gas
Bituminous Coal and Lignite
Anthracite Coal
Residual Oil
Distillate Oil
Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions
Industrial Processes - PM-10
Emissions
Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
1940-1984 Methodology Emission Source Subcategories
Electric Utilities
Electric Utilities
Electric Utilities
Electric Utilities
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Process Heaters (oil)
Petroleum Refineries (process heaters - oil)
Miscellaneous Process Sources (process heaters - oil)
Other Industrial Processes (petroleum refineries - process
heaters (oil))
Petroleum Refinery Process Operation (process heaters -
oil)
5-7
-------
Table 3.1-1. Correspondence Between Tier 2 Categories and 1940-1984 Methodology Emission Source Categories
Tier 1 Category
Fuel Combustion -
Industrial, con't.
Tier 2 Category
Gas
Other
Tier I/Tier 2
Code
02-03
03-04
1940-1984 Methodology Emission
Source Categories
Natural Gas
Miscellaneous Fuels
Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions
Industrial Processes - PM-10
Emissions
Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
Miscellaneous Fuels
1940-1984 Methodology Emission Source Subcategories
Industrial (boilers and gas pipelines and plants)
Industrial (coke-oven gas)
Process Heaters (gas)
Petroleum Refineries (process heaters - gas)
Miscellaneous Process Sources (process heaters - gas)
Other Industrial Processes (petroleum refineries - process
heaters (gas))
Petroleum Refinery Process Operation (process heaters -
gas)
Industrial (coke, bagasse, kerosene, LPG, and wood)
-------
Table 3.1-1. Correspondence Between Tier 2 Categories and 1940-1984 Methodology Emission Source Categories
Tier 1 Category
Fuel Combustion -
Other
Tier 2 Category
Commercial and
Institutional Coal
Commercial and
Institutional Oil
Commercial and
Institutional Gas
Residential Wood
Residential Other
Tier I/Tier 2
Code
03-01
03-02
03-03
03-05
03-06
1940-1984 Methodology Emission
Source Categories
Bituminous Coal and Lignite
Anthracite Coal
Residual Oil
Distillate Oil
Natural Gas
Miscellaneous Fuels
Bituminous Coal and Lignite
Anthracite Coal
Residual Oil
Distillate Oil
Natural Gas
Miscellaneous Fuels
1940-1984 Methodology Emission Source Subcategories
Commercial and Institutional
Commercial and Institutional
Commercial and Institutional
Commercial and Institutional
Commercial and Institutional
Residential (wood)
Residential
Residential
Residential
Residential
Residential
Residential (kerosene and LPG)
5-9
-------
Table 3.1-1. Correspondence Between Tier 2 Categories and 1940-1984 Methodology Emission Source Categories
Tier 1 Category
Tier 2 Category
Tier I/Tier 2
Code
1940-1984 Methodology Emission
Source Categories
1940-1984 Methodology Emission Source Subcategories
Chemical and Allied
Product Manufacture
Organic Chemical
Manufacturing
04-01
Inorganic Chemical
Manufacturing
04-02
Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions
Industrial Processes - PM-10
Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
Charcoal
Petrochemicals
Petrochemicals
Charcoal
Chemical Industry (petrochemicals)
Manufacture of Petrochemicals (all subcategories,
excluding storage and handling and waste disposal)
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [miscellaneous
chemical products (charcoal)]
Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions
Industrial Processes - PM-10
Emissions
Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
Ammonia
Titanium Dioxide - chloride process
Ammonia
Nitric Acid
Chemical Industry (sulfuric acid and calcium carbide)
Other Industrial Processes (sulfuric acid)
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [miscellaneous
chemical products (ammonia)]
3-10
-------
Table 3.1-1. Correspondence Between Tier 2 Categories and 1940-1984 Methodology Emission Source Categories
Tier 1 Category
Chemical and Allied
Product Manufacture,
cont.
Tier 2 Category
Polymer and Resin
Manufacturing
Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing
Pain, Varnish, Lacquer,
and Enamel
Manufacturing
Pharmaceutical
Manufacturing
Other Chemical
Manufacturing
Tier I/Tier 2
Code
04-03
04-04
04-05
04-06
04-07
1940-1984 Methodology Emission
Source Categories
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
Industrial Processes - PM-10
Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
Industrial Processes - PM-10
Emissions
Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
1940-1984 Methodology Emission Source Subcategories
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [plastics manufacture
(all subcategories, excluding fabrication) and
miscellaneous chemical products (synthetic fibers and
synthetic rubber)]
Chemical Industry [fertilizers (ammonium nitrate,
diammonium phosphate, and urea)]
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [miscellaneous
chemical products (paint)]
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [miscellaneous
chemical products (Pharmaceuticals)]
Carbon Black Production (oil process, gas process, and
channel process)
Chemical Industry [carbon black production (oil process,
gas process, and channel process), charcoal, and soap
and detergent]
Other Industrial Processes (carbon black)
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [miscellaneous
chemical products (carbon black - oil process and gas
process)]
3-11
-------
Table 3.1-1. Correspondence Between Tier 2 Categories and 1940-1984 Methodology Emission Source Categories
Tier 1 Category
Metals Processing
Petroleum and Related
Industries
Tier 2 Category
Nonferrous
Ferrous
Not Elsewhere Classified
Oil and Gas Production
Tier I/Tier 2
Code
05-01
05-02
05-03
06-01
1940-1984 Methodology Emission
Source Categories
Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
Industrial Processes - PM-10
Emissions
Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions
Industrial Processes - PM-10
Emissions
Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
Industrial Processes - PM-10
Emissions
Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
1940-1984 Methodology Emission Source Subcategories
Primary Aluminum
Primary Metals Industry (aluminum, copper, zinc, and
lead)
Secondary Metal Industry (aluminum, copper, and lead)
Nonferrous Smelters
Other Industrial Processes (primary aluminum and
secondary lead)
Iron Foundries
Steel Manufacturing
Iron and Steel
Iron and Steel Industry
Primary Metals Industry (ferroalloys)
Secondary Metals Industry ( grey iron foundries and
steel foundries)
Other Industrial Processes (iron and steel)
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [other processes (by-
product coke and sintering)]
Mining Operations
Other Industrial Processes [sulfur recovery plants
(natural gas fields)]
Petroleum Marketing and Production (crude oil
production and natural gas liquids)
3-12
-------
Table 3.1-1. Correspondence Between Tier 2 Categories and 1940-1984 Methodology Emission Source Categories
Tier 1 Category
Tier 2 Category
Petroleum Refineries and
Related Industries
Asphalt Manufacturing
Tier I/Tier 2
Code
06-02
06-03
1940-1984 Methodology Emission
Source Categories
Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions
Industrial Processes - PM-10
Emissions
Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
Industrial Processes - PM-10
Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
1940-1984 Methodology Emission Source Subcategories
Petroleum Refineries
Petroleum Refineries (FCC, TCC, and flares)
Miscellaneous Process Sources (petroleum refining)
Other Industrial Processes [sulfur recovery plants
(refineries) and petroleum refineries (FCC, TCC, and
flares)]
Petroleum Refinery Process Operation (refinery
operations, compressors, blow down systems, process
drains, vacuum jets, cooling towers, and miscellaneous)
Mineral Products Industry (asphalt batching and asphalt
roofing)
Petroleum Refinery Process Operation (asphalt blowing)
3-13
-------
Table 3.1-1. Correspondence Between Tier 2 Categories and 1940-1984 Methodology Emission Source Categories
Tier 1 Category
Other Industrial
Processes
Tier 2 Category
Agriculture, Food, and
Kindred Products
Wood, Pulp and Paper,
and Publishing Products
Rubber and
Miscellaneous Plastic
Products
Tier I/Tier 2
Code
07-01
07-03
07-04
1940-1984 Methodology Emission
Source Categories
Industrial Processes - PM-10
Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions
Industrial Processes - PM-10
Emissions
Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
1940-1984 Methodology Emission Source Subcategories
Agricultural Industries
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [other processes
(bakeries, fermentation, and vegetable oil)]
Kraft Pulp and Paper
Kraft Pulp
Miscellaneous Process Sources (pulp and paper, semi-
chemical, plywood, and lumber)
Other Industrial Processes (kraft pulp production and
sulfite)
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [other processes
(tires)]
3-14
-------
Table 3.1-1. Correspondence Between Tier 2 Categories and 1940-1984 Methodology Emission Source Categories
Tier 1 Category
Tier 2 Category
Tier I/Tier 2
Code
1940-1984 Methodology Emission
Source Categories
1940-1984 Methodology Emission Source Subcategories
Other Industrial
Processes, con't.
Mineral Products
07-05
Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
Industrial Processes - NOV Emissions
Industrial Processes - PM-10
Emissions
Industrial Processes - SO, Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
Asphalt Roofing
Lime
Cement Manufacturing
Glass Manufacturing
Lime
Mineral Products Industry (cement manufacturing, bricks,
clay sintering, concrete batching, fiber glass, glass,
gypsum manufacturing, and lime manufacturing)
Mining Operations (coal mining, sand and gravel, stone
and rock crushing, phosphate rock, clays, and potash)
Chemical Industry [fertilizers (rock pulverization)]
Other Industrial Processes (cement manufacturing, glass
manufacturing, and lime processing)
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [other processes
(glass manufacturing)]
3-15
-------
Table 3.1-1. Correspondence Between Tier 2 Categories and 1940-1984 Methodology Emission Source Categories
Tier 1 Category
Solvent Utilization
Storage and Transport
Tier 2 Category
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
Nonindustrial
Bulk Terminals and
Plants
Petroleum and Petroleum
Product Storage
Tier I/Tier 2
Code
08-01
08-02
08-03
08-04
08-05
08-06
09-01
09-02
1940-1984 Methodology Emission
Source Categories
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
1940-1984 Methodology Emission Source Subcategories
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [other processes
(degreasing)]
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [other processes
(graphic arts)]
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [other processes (dry
cleaning)]
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [other processes
(adhesives)]
Surface Coating Operations
Miscellaneous Organic Solvent Evaporation (architectural
coating, auto refinishing, and other solvent use)
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [plastics manufacture
(fabrication) and other processes (waste solvent
recovery, organic solvent, and solvent extraction)]
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [other processes
(fabric scouring)]
Miscellaneous Organic Solvent Evaporation (cutback
asphalt paving, pesticides, and other solvent use)
Petroleum Marketing and Production (bulk gasoline
terminals and gasoline bulk plants)
Petroleum Marketing and Production (gasoline storage at
refineries, crude oil storage, and other products)
3-16
-------
Table 3.1-1. Correspondence Between Tier 2 Categories and 1940-1984 Methodology Emission Source Categories
Tier 1 Category
Storage and Transport,
cont.
Waste Disposal and
Recycling
Highway Vehicles
Tier 2 Category
Petroleum and Petroleum
Product Transport
Service Stations: Stage I
Service Stations: Stage II
Organic Chemical
Storage
Incineration
Open Burning
Other
(All Categories) Light-
Duty Gas Vehicles and
Motorcycles,
Light-Duty Gas Trucks,
and
Heavy-Duty Gas
Vehicles
Tier I/Tier 2
Code
09-03
09-04
09-05
09-07
10-01
10-02
10-07
11
1940-1984 Methodology Emission
Source Categories
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
Solid Waste Disposal
Solid Waste Disposal
Industrial Processes - VOC
Emissions
Highway Vehicles
1940-1984 Methodology Emission Source Subcategories
Petroleum Marketing and Production (refinery product
loading and crude oil loading)
Petroleum Marketing and Production [gasoline service
stations (loading or stage 1)]
Petroleum Marketing and Production [gasoline service
stations (unloading or stage 2)]
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [other processes
(waste solvent recovery)]
Manufacture of Petrochemicals (storage and handling)
Incineration
Open Burning
Manufacture of Petrochemicals (waste disposal)
Gasoline (leaded and unleaded)
3-17
-------
Table 3.1-1. Correspondence Between Tier 2 Categories and 1940-1984 Methodology Emission Source Categories
Tier 1 Category
Off -Highway Vehicles
Miscellaneous
Tier 2 Category
Nonroad Gasoline
Nonroad Diesel
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
Railroads
Other Combustion
(forest fires)
Tier I/Tier 2
Code
12-01
12-02
12-03
12-04
12-05
14-02
1940-1984 Methodology Emission
Source Categories
Other Off-Highway
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Aircraft
Vessels
Railroads
Forest fires and Prescribed Burning
Other Miscellaneous Sources
1940-1984 Methodology Emission Source Subcategories
Gasoline
Gasoline
Diesel
all subcategories
Residual Fuel Oil
Diesel Oil
Coal
all subcategories
all subcategories
all subcategories
3-18
-------
Table 3.1-2. Example Spreadsheet - Distillate Oil Combustion and Emission Factors for Year 19xx
Source Category
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-
Institutional
Residential
Total
PM-10 Control
Electric Utility
Industrial
Commercial-
Institutional
Residential
Consumption
106 gal
733.6
3378.1
3555.2
6152.5
13819.4
TSP Factors
MLB/103 gal
4.7
2.6
1.8
2.3
SO2 Factors
MLB/103 gal
36.0
35.6
39.9
31.6
NOX Factors
MLB/103 gal
61.8
29.5
18.1
16.3
VOC Factors
MLB/103 gal
3.5
1.0
0.3
0.6
CO Factors
MLB/103 gal
13.2
7.0
4.5
4.5
Pb Factors PM-10 Factors
MLB/106 gal MLB/103 gal
0.38 4.1
0.38 1.73
0.38 0.98
0.38 2.23
efficiencies for Distillate Oil
0.565
0.096
0.123
0
Nationwide Emissions from Distillate
Source Category
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-
Institutional
Residential
Total
NOTES:
TSP Emissions
1000 MT
1.7
4.4
3.2
7.1
16.4
Oil Combustion
SO2 Emissions
1000 MT
8.7
60.2
70.9
97.3
237.0
gal=gallon; MLB=metric pound [1 lb/l.l(
NOX Emissions
1000 MT
2.8
49.8
32.2
50.1
135.0
316]; and MT=metric
VOC Emissions
1000 MT
0.0
1.7
0.5
1.8
4.1
ton
CO Emissions
1000 MT
4.8
11.8
8.0
13.8
38.5
Pb Emissions
Megagrams
0.1
0.6
0.7
1.2
2.6
PM-10 Emissions
1000 MT
0.7
2.6
1.5
6.9
11.7
3-19
-------
Table 3.1-3. Supplemental PM-10 Emission Factors
1940 - 1984 Methodology
Emission Sources
External Combustion, Boilers
Industrial
coke, petroleum
Residential
Distillate oil
Kerosene
Wood
Stoves
Fireplaces
Chemical Industry
Plastics Production
Polyethylene
Primary Metals
Copper
Fugitives
Ferroalloys
Other Ferroalloys
Ferroalloy Handling
Lead
Fugitives
Zinc
Fugitives
Mining Operations
Copper Ore
Crushing
Open pit overburden removal
Drill/blasting
Loading
Truck dumping
Transfer/conveying
Ore crushing
Storage
Iron Ore Mining
Lead Ore Crushing
Zinc Ore Crushing
Coal
Surface Mining
Coal Handling
Pneumatic Dryer
Sand and Gravel
Secondary Metals
Aluminum
Fugitives
Copper
Fugitives
Grey Iron
Fugitives
Steel Foundry
Fugitives
Lead
TSP
Ib/unit
1.5
2.5
2.5
40.2
28.0
1.0
26.5
300.0
28.0
25.8
7.5
8.6
0.0008
0.001
0.05
0.04
0.15
6.4
2.0
0.44
6.0
6.0
0.5
0.5
3.0
0.1
3.7
10.7
8.6
13.0
PM-10
Ib/unit
1.2
2.46
2.46
40.2
28.0
0.66
17.5
234.0
18.5
22.0
6.4
3.9
0.0003
0.0008
0.022
0.032
0.08
2.9
0.7
0.18
5.1
2.3
0.2
0.17
1.5
0.029
3.4
6.4
5.2
7.8
PM-10
Mlb/unit
1.09
2 23
2 23
36.5
25.4
.599
14.42
212.29
16.78
19.95
5.81
3.54
0.00027
0.00073
0.019958
0.0290
0.0726
2.631
0.635
0.16
4.63
2.09
1.81
0.15
1.36
.026
3.08
5.81
4.72
7.08
Units
tons burned
103 gallons
103 gallons
tons burned
tons burned
tons product
tons of ore concentrate
tons produced
tons processed
tons of ore concentrate
tons of ore concentrate
tons of ore processed
tons of ore processed
tons of ore processed
tons of ore processed
tons of ore processed
tons of ore processed
tons of ore processed
tons of ore processed
tons of ore processed
tons of ore processed
tons of ore processed
tons of coal mined
tons of coal shipped
tons of coal dried
tons of product
tons of metal produced
tons of charge
tons of metal charged
tons of metal charged
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
3-20
1940-1984 Methodology
-------
Table 3.1-3. (continued)
1940 - 1984 Methodology TSP PM-10 PM-10
Emission Sources Ib/unlt Ib/unlt Mlb/unlt Units
Fugitives 14.3 12.0 10.89 tons of metal charged
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-21 1940-1984 Methodology
-------
Table 3.1-3. (continued)
1940 - 1984 Methodology
Emission Sources
Mineral Products
Asphalt concrete
Fugitives
Brick Manufacture
Material Handling
Cement Manufacture
Fugitives
Lime Manufacture
Fugitives
Miscellaneous Process Sources
Pulp and Paper
Sulfite
Semichemical, recovery furnace
Wood Products
Plywood
Lumber
Solid Waste Disposal
Incinerators
Residential Single Chamber
w/o Primary Burner
w/ Primary Burner
Forest Fires and Prescribed Burning
Forest Wild Fires
Prescribed Burning
Other Miscellaneous Sources
Agricultural Burning
Structural Fires
Coal Refuse Fires
Off-highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Commercial Aviation
Air Taxi
General Aviation
Military
Railroads
Diesel
Residual
Coal
Vessels
Residual
Diesel
Gasoline
TSP
Ib/unit
0.3
4.5
18.0
4.7
14.0
24.0
2.5
3.6
35.0
7.0
17.0
20.0
14.1
16.0
17.0
1.0
.5
.2
16.2
25.0
25.0
60.0
19.3
24.0
0.0
PM-10
Ib/unit
0.15
1.4
10.4
1.75
12.6
22.3
1.3
1.4
13.0
4.7
13.3
15.6
13.5
6.0
17.0
1.0
0.45
0.18
16.2
25.0
23.0
31.0
17.8
24.0
—
PM-10
Mlb/unit
0.14
1.27
9.44
1.59
11.4
20.2
1.2
1.0
11.8
4.3
12.1
14.2
12.3
5.4
15.4
0.9072
0.408
0.163
14.70
22.68
20.87
28.12
16.15
21.77
Units
tons of concrete produced
tons of raw material
tons of cement produced
tons of lime produced
ton air dry unbleached pulp
ton air dry unbleached pulp
tons of plywood produced
tons of lumber produced
tons of waste
tons of waste
tons of vegetation burned
tons of vegetation burned
tons of vegetation burned
tons of vegetation burned
tons of vegetation burned
LTO
LTO
LTO
LTO
103 Gallons
103 Gallons
Tons burned
103 Gallons
103 Gallons
—
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
3-22
1940-1984 Methodology
-------
3.2 FUEL COMBUSTION ELECTRIC UTILITIES - COAL: 01-01
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source categories.
Category: Subcategory:
Bituminous Coal and Lignite Electric Utilities
Anthracite Coal Electric Utilities
3.2.1 Technical Approach
The CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, SO2, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the
emissions from the source categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator,
emission factor, and control efficiency, where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends
spreadsheets, the activity indicator for bituminous coal was expressed in million short tons and the emission
factors were expressed in metric pounds/short ton. The activity indicator for anthracite coal was expressed in
thousand short tons and the emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/short ton. All control efficiencies
were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984 for all pollutants except TSP, for which the
procedures were used for the years through 1992, and PM-10, for which the procedures were used for the
years 1975 through 1984. For some source categories, the PM-10 emissions exceeded the TSP emissions as
calculated by the procedures presented in this section. Because this represents a physical impossibility, a more
realistic estimate of the PM-10 emissions was assumed to be the TSP emissions value.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years prior to 1975 was based on the relative change in TSP
emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
TSP Emissions
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975 x year
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating emissions based on activity indicators, emission factors, and
control efficiencies.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-23 Category: 01-01
-------
The NOX emissions produced by the combustion of bituminous coal by electric utilities were calculated
with an applied 80 percent EPA-specified rule effectiveness for post-1977 years. The following equation
summarizes this calculation:
^NO , bit. coal
Emissions N0^ blL coal • AIblL coal x EFNO^hlt, coal x (1 • ^E x _ . ^
where: AI = activity indicator
EF = emission factor
RE = rule effectiveness of 0.80
CE = control efficiency (expressed as a percentage)
3.2.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for the combustion of anthracite coal by electric utilities was the anthracite coal
receipts at electric utilities obtained from Reference la.
The activity indicator for bituminous coal and lignite combustion was calculated as the difference between
the total national consumption of coal by electric utilities and the anthracite coal consumption at electric utilities
as determined above. The total national consumption of coal was obtained from Reference 2 or Reference 3.
3.2.3 Emission Factor
For the combustion of anthracite coal (SCC 1-01-001-xx), the emission factors for all pollutants except
PM-10 were obtained from Reference 4a. The PM-10 emission factor was obtained from Reference 13.
Emission factors for TSP and PM-10 were multiplied by an ash content value of 11 percent. The SO2 emission
factor was multiplied by the national average sulfur content value obtained from Reference 1.
For the combustion of bituminous coal and lignite (SCC 1-01-002-xx), the emission factors were the
weighted averages of the emission factors for different firing configurations. The CO, NOX, TSP, and VOC
emission factors for each firing configuration were obtained from References 4b and 4c. The PM-10 emissions
factors were obtained from Reference 13. The CO and VOC emission factors were weighted by the 1980
quantity of bituminous coal and lignite burned by industry in each firing configuration as reported in Reference 3.
For the years 1977 through 1984, the NOX, PM-10, and TSP emission factors were weighted by the national
capacity of each boiler types determined annually. Boiler capacity data was based on 1976 data obtained from
Reference 9. To update the capacity data after 1976, additional capacities of all coal-fired plants that came on
line during each year between 1976 and the year under study were obtained from Reference 5. All new boilers
added since 1977 were assumed to be pulverized dry bottom tangentially-fired boilers and were subject to
New Source Performance Standards. These weighting factors were used to determine the bituminous coal and
the lignite emission factors for NOX, PM-10, and TSP. The weighted averages of these two emission factors
for each of the three pollutants were calculated using the total fuel receipts obtained from Reference la as
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-24 Category: 01-01
-------
weighting factors. Ash contents of 13 percent for bituminous coal and 11 percent for lignite were applied to the
PM-10 and TSP emission factors.
No specific information concerning the procedures for determining the NOX and TSP emission factors for
the years prior to 1977 or the PM-10 emission factor for 1975 through 1977 is currently available. Emission
factors were not used in the estimations of PM-10 emissions prior to 1975.
The uncontrolled SO2 emission factor was the weighted average of the bituminous, subbituminous and
lignite SO2 emission factors obtained from Reference 4. Weighting factors were the quantity of fuel receipts at
electric utilities for steam plants with a capacity greater than 50 MW as reported in Reference 1. Each emission
factor was multiplied by the sulfur content value obtained from Reference 1. The calculation is summarized in
the equation below:
(2«x EFR* SR)' (0™x EF x S )• (QT x EF,x ST)
jT-TT' \z--B B B' \z--dB &B &B' \z~-L L L'
uncontrolled ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^~
QB' QSB' QL
where: EF = uncontrolled emission factor
Q = quantity of fuel receipts
S = sulfur content value
B = bituminous coal
SB = subbituminous coal
L = lignite
This uncontrolled emission factor was adjusted for emission controls using the control efficiency, resulting in a
controlled emission factor. The procedure for determining the control efficiency is presented in the next section.
3.2.4 Control Efficiency
3.2.4.1 Anthracite Coal
The TSP control efficiency was obtained from Reference 7. When this source was unavailable, a control
efficiency of 99 percent was used.
The PM-10 control efficiencies for the years 1975 through 1984 were based on the 1988 PM-10 control
efficiency obtained from Reference 3. During these years, any changes in the TSP control efficiencies from the
1985 TSP control efficiency value were reflected in the PM-10 control efficiencies. For the years 1940
through 1974, no control efficiencies were use to estimate PM-10 emissions.
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate the CO, NOX, SO2, or VOC
emissions from this source.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-25 Category: 01-01
-------
3.2.4.2 Bituminous Coal and Lignite
The TSP control efficiencies were derived from the uncontrolled and controlled emissions. Uncontrolled
TSP emissions were calculated for all point sources with SCCs 101002xx and 101003xx by multiplying the
operating rates as obtained from NEDS or AIRS (References 9 and 10) by the appropriate emission factors
(see preceding section). These products were summed to obtain the total uncontrolled TSP emissions. The
controlled TSP emissions for all point sources with SCCs 101002xx and 101003xx were obtained from
Reference 9 or Reference 10 and summed to obtain the total controlled TSP emissions. These values were
used in the equation below to calculate the TSP control efficiencies.
. (US' AE)
i i
I UE 1
where: CE = control efficiency
UE = uncontrolled emissions
AE = controlled emissions
The PM-10 control efficiencies for the years 1975 through 1984 were based on the 1988 PM-10 control
efficiency obtained from Reference 8. During these years, any changes in the TSP control efficiencies from the
1985 TSP control efficiency value were reflected in the PM-10 control efficiencies. For the years 1940
through 1974, no control efficiencies were used to estimate the PM-10 emissions.
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate the CO, NOX, or VOC emissions from
bituminous coal and lignite combustion.
The SO2 control efficiency was based on plant level information on the amount of SO2 removed by the
control devices. The control efficiency was then applied to the uncontrolled emission factor to obtain the
controlled SO2 emission factor.
The following information was obtained from Reference 11: (1) plant and unit name and number, (2)
percentage of SO2 removed, and (3) commercial start-up date. The amount of SO2 removed at each plant was
calculated using this information along with the amount of coal consumed by the plant obtained from Reference
Ib or Reference 12, the unit and plant capacity obtained from Reference 6, the percent sulfur content obtained
from Reference 1, and the uncontrolled SO2 emission factor for the combustion of bituminous coal at electric
utilities (see preceding section). The amount of SO2 removed at each plant was calculated according to the
following equation:
where: C = coal consumed at plant
UC = unit capacity at plant
PC = total plant capacity
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-26 Category: 01-01
-------
EF = SO2 emission factor
RF = fraction of SO2 removed at plant
SC = sulfur content
OP = fraction of year plant in operation (assumed that the month after start-up date was first full
month of operation)
The SO2 removed at each unit was summed to obtain the national total SO2 removed. The SO2 control
efficiency was calculated according to the equation below and was then applied to the uncontrolled emission
factor to obtain the controlled emission factor.
e/9
,~,j-, 2, removed
'
FF x AI
uncontrolled ^^ Bituminous Coal
where: CE = control efficiency
EF = emission factor
AI = activity indicator
3.2.5 References
1. Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Utility Plants. DOE/EIA-0191(xx). Energy Information
Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
(a) Table entitled "Receipts of Coal by Rank Census Division, and State, [YEAR]"
(b) Appendix A
2. Electric Power Annual. DOE/EIA-0348(xx). Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of
Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
3. Quarterly Coal Report: January-March. DOE/EIA-0121(xx/lQ). Energy Information
Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Quarterly.
4. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
(a) Volume I, Table 1.2-1, Supplement B, September 1988.
(b) Volume I, Table 1.1-1
(c) Volume I, Table 1.7-1
5. Energy Data System, FPC 67 form run to print boiler capacity sorted by boiler type. 1976.
6. Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 19xx. DOE/EIA-0095(xx). U.S. Department of
Energy, Energy Information Administration. Washington, DC. Annual.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-27 Category: 01-01
-------
7. Computer Retrieval, NE257 report, by Source Classification Code (SCC) from the National
Emission Data System (NEDS). Unpublished computer report. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
February 9, 1980.
8. Barnard, William R. and Patricia M. Carlson. "PM-10 Emission Control Efficiency Calculations for
Emissions Trends," Prepared for Arch A. MacQueen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. October 1990.
9. Standard Computer Retrievals, AFP650 report, from the AIRS Facility Subsystem. Unpublished
computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
10. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE25 7 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
11. Flue Gas Desulfurization Information System, FGDIS.
12. U.S. Department of Energy. Electric Generating Plant List (GURF) Report. Washington, DC.
13. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listing for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-28 Category: 01-01
-------
3.3 FUEL COMBUSTION ELECTRIC UTILITIES - OIL: 01-02
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source categories.
Category: Subcategory:
Residual Oil Electric Utilities
Distillate Oil Electric Utilities
3.3.1 Technical Approach
The CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, SO2, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the
emissions from the source categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator,
emission factor, and control efficiency, where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends
spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed in million gallons and emission factors were expressed in
metric pounds/thousand gallons. All control efficiencies were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984 for all pollutants except TSP, for which the
procedures were used for the years through 1992, and PM-10, for which the procedures were used for the
years 1975 through 1984. For some source categories, the PM-10 emissions exceeded the TSP emissions as
calculated by the procedures presented in this section. Because this represents a physical impossibility, a more
realistic estimate of the PM-10 emissions was assumed to be the TSP emissions value.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years prior to 1975 was based on the relative change in TSP
emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
TSP Emissions „„„„
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating emissions based on activity indicators, emission factors, and
control efficiencies.
3.3.2 Activity Indicators
The activity indicators for the combustion of residual oil and distillate oil were the consumption of these
fuel types by electric utilities. Distillate oil consumption was assumed to be equal to the "adjusted" distillate fuel
oil sales to electric utilities obtained from Reference 1 or Reference 2. Residual fuel oil consumption was
obtained from Reference 1 or, when this reference was unavailable, the residual oil consumption was calculated
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-29 Category: 01-02
-------
as the difference between the total oil consumption and the distillate oil consumption. The total annual oil
consumption was obtained from Reference 3.
3.3.3 Emission Factors
The emission factors for residual oil were calculated from the emission factors for the following four SCCs:
1-01-004-01, 1-01004-04, 1-01-004-05, and 1-01-004-05. For each pollutant, except PM-10, these
emission factors were obtained from Reference 4a. The PM-10 emission factors were obtained from
Reference 5. The SO2 emission factors for these four SCCs were each the sum of the emission factors for SO2
and SO3. Each SO3 emission factor was converted to an emission factor by weight of SO2 prior to the
summing by using the ratio of the molecular weights of SO2 and SO3 (i.e., 64/80). The SO2, TSP, and PM-10
emission factors for these four SCCs were multiplied by the fuel sulfur content from Reference 6.
For each pollutant, the overall emission factor for the combustion of residual oil was the arithmetic average
of the emission factors for the four SCCs, with the exception for the NOX emission factor. The NOX emission
factors for the four SCCs were weighted by the residual oil capacity of each boiler type. Any additional
capacity added since 1981 was assumed to be subject to the New Source Performance Standards. An
emission factor of 45 Ib/thousand gallons was assumed for these boilers and was weighted by the additional
capacity. The yearly boiler capacities were obtained from Reference 7.
The emission factors for the combustion of distillate oil were calculated from the emission factors for the
SCCs listed in Table 3.3-1. The emission factors for all pollutants except PM-10 were obtained from
References 4a, 4b, and 4c. The PM-10 emission factors were obtained from Reference 5. Weighted averages
of the boiler emission factors for each pollutant, except SO2, were calculated using the weighting factors given
in Table 3.3-1. Weighted average nonboiler emission factors for each pollutant, except SO2, were calculated in
the same manner.
The SO2 emission factors for the four SCCs were multiplied by the fuel sulfur content for #2 and #4
heating oils obtained yearly from Reference 8. The #2 heating oil sulfur content was applied to the emission
factors for the SCCs 1-01-005-01 and 2-01-001-01. The #4 heating oil sulfur content was applied to the
SCC 1-01-005-04. No sulfur content was applied to the emission factor for reciprocating engines. Emission
factors for the two boiler SCCs were weighted according to the distribution of #2 and #4 heating oils to electric
utilities as reported in Reference 6. Emission factors for the nonboiler SCCs were weighted in the same manner
as described for the other pollutants.
The overall emission factors for the combustion of distillate oil were the weighted average of the boiler and
nonboiler emission factors for each pollutant. Weighting factors were dependent on the year for which the
emission factors were being determined. For the years 1970 through 1980, the boiler emission factors were
weighted 40 percent and the nonboiler emission factors were weighted 60 percent. After 1980, weighting
factors were 50 percent for both boiler and nonboiler emission factors. The weighting factors used prior to
1970 are currently unavailable.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-30 Category: 01-02
-------
For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from the sources included in this Tier 2 category.
3.3.4 Control Efficiency
The PM-10 control efficiencies for the combustion of residual and distillate oil for the years 1975 through
1984 were equal to the 1988 PM-10 control efficiencies obtained from Reference 9. For the years 1940
through 1974, no control efficiencies were used to estimate PM-10 emissions.
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate CO, NOX, SO2, TSP, or VOC
emissions from the combustion of residual and distillate oil.
3.3.5 References
1. Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 19xx. DOE/EIA-0535(xx). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
2. Petroleum Marketing Annual. DOE/EIA-0389(xx/07). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
3. Electric Power Annual. DOE/EIA-0348(xx). Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of
Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
4. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
(a) Volume I, Table 1.3-1
(b) Volume I, Table 3.1-2
(c) Volume I, Table 3.3-1
5. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listings for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
6. Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Utility Plants. DOE/EIA-0191(xx). Energy Information
Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
7. Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 19xx. DOE/EIA-0095(xx). U.S. Department of
Energy, Energy Information Administration. Washington, DC. Annual.
8. Heating Oils. U.S. Department of Energy. Obtainable from the National Institute for Petroleum and
Energy Research, ITT Research Institute, P.O. Box 2128. Bartlesville, OK. Annual.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-31 Category: 01-02
-------
9. Barnard, William R. and Patricia M. Carlson. "PM-10 Emission Control Efficiency Calculations for
Emissions Trends," Prepared for Arch A. MacQueen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. October 1990.
Table 3.3-1. Emission Factor SCCs for Distillate Oil
Combustion by Electric Utilities
Weighting
SCC Description Factors
1-01-005-01 Boiler-#2 oil 0.9
1-01-005-04 Boiler-#4 oil 0.1
2-01-001-01 Nonboiler - gas turbine 0.9
2-01-001-02 Nonboiler - reciprocating 0.1
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-32 Category: 01-02
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3.4 FUEL COMBUSTION ELECTRIC UTILITIES-GAS: 01-03
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source category.
Category: Subcategory:
Natural Gas Electric Utilities
3.4.1 Technical Approach
The CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, SO2, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the
emissions from the source category listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator, emission
factor, and control efficiency, where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends spreadsheets, the
activity indicator was expressed in billion cubic feet and the emission factors were expressed in metric
pounds/million cubic feet. All control efficiencies were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984 for all pollutants except TSP, for which the
procedures were used for the years through 1992, and PM-10, for which the procedures were used for the
years 1975 through 1984. For some source categories, the PM-10 emissions exceeded the TSP emissions as
calculated by the procedures presented in this section. Because this represents a physical impossibility, a more
realistic estimate of the PM-10 emissions was assumed to be the TSP emissions value.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years prior to 1975 was based on the relative change in TSP
emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
TSP Emissions
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975 x year
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating PM-10 emissions based on activity indicators, emission factors,
and control efficiencies.
3.4.2 Activity Indicator
The total annual natural gas consumption obtained from Reference 1 was the activity indicator for this
category.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-33 Category: 01-03
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3.4.3 Emission Factor
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-34 Category: 01-03
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The emission factors for all pollutants, except NOX, were based on the emission factors for the five boiler
and nonboiler types listed by SCC in Table 3.4-1. These emission factors for all pollutants except PM-10
were obtained from Reference 2a, 2b, and 2c. The PM-10 emission factors were obtained from Reference 8.
Weighted average of the boiler emission factors were calculated using weighting factors obtained from
Reference 3 or Reference 4. Weighted averages of the nonboiler emission factors were calculated using the
weighting factors presented in Table 3.4-1. The overall weighted emission factors were calculated by weighting
the boiler emission factors 94 percent and the nonboiler emission factors 6 percent.
For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from the source included in this Tier 2 category.
The NOX emission factors were based on the emission factors for the two nonboiler types listed in 3.4-1
and the following three boiler types listed in 3.4-2. The nonboiler emission factors were obtained from
Reference 2b and 2c and were weighted in the same manner as for the other pollutants. The emission factors
for the three boiler types are presented in 3.4-2. These emission factors were weighted by the boiler capacity
data which was based on 1976 data obtained from Reference 5. In order to update the capacity data to a year
after 1976, the additional capacities of plants that came on line each year between 1976 and the year under
study were obtained from Reference 6. The procedure for determining the boiler capacities for the years prior
to 1976 is currently unavailable. All new boilers added since 1983 were assumed to be subject to New
Source Performance Standards and, therefore the new boiler capacity was added to this category. The
resulting boiler capacities were used as weighting factors in the calculation of average NOX emission factors for
boilers. The overall weighted emission factors were calculated in the same manner as for the other pollutants.
3.4.4 Control Efficiency
The PM-10 control efficiencies for the combustion of natural gas for the years 1975 through 1984 were
equal to the 1988 PM-10 control efficiency obtained from Reference 7. For the years 1940 through 1974, no
control efficiencies were used to estimate the PM-10 emissions.
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate the CO, NOX, SO2, TSP, or VOC
emissions from the combustion of natural gas.
3.4.5 References
1. Natural Gas Annual. DOE/EIA-013 l(xx). Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of
Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
2. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
(a) Volume I, Table 1.4-1, Supplement A, October 1986.
(b) Volume I, Table 3.1-2, September 1985.
(c) Volume I, Table 3.2-1, September 1985.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-35 Category: 01-03
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3. Standard Computer Retrievals, AFP650 report, from the AIRS Facility Subsystem. Unpublished
computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
4. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE25 7 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
5. Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 19xx. DOE/EIA-0095(xx). U.S. Department of
Energy, Energy Information Administration. Washington, DC. Annual.
6. Energy Data System, FPC 67 form run to print boiler capacity sorted by boiler type. 1976.
7. Barnard, William R and Patricia M. Carlson. "PM-10 emission Control Efficiency Calculations for
Emissions Trends." Prepared for Arch A. MacQueen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. October 1990.
8. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listings for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
Table 3.4-1. Emission Factor SCCs for the Combustion of Natural Gas by Electric Utilities
sec
1-01-006-01
1-01-006-02
1-01-006-04
2-01-002-01
2-01-002-02
Description
Utility /Large Industrial Boiler
Small Industrial Boiler
Tangentially-Fired Boiler
Nonboiler - gas turbine
Nonboiler - reciprocating engine
Weighting
Factors
0.9
0.1
Table 3.4-2. NOX Emission Factors by Boiler Types for the Combustion of Natural Gas by Electric Utilities
Boiler Type
Emission Factor (lb/106 cu. ft.)
Normal
Tangential
New Source Performance Standard
550
275
200
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
3-36
1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 01-03
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3.5 FUEL COMBUSTION INDUSTRIAL - COAL: 02-01
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source categories.
Category: Subcategory:
Anthracite Coal Industrial
Bituminous Coal and Lignite Industrial
3.5.1 Technical Approach
The CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, SO2, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the
emissions from the source categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator,
emission factor, and control efficiency, where applicable. In order the utilize these values in the Trends
spreadsheets, the activity indicator for bituminous coal and lignite was expressed in million short tons and the
emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/short ton. The activity indicator for anthracite coal was
expressed in thousand short tons and the emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/short ton. All
control efficiencies were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984 for all pollutants except TSP, for which the
procedures were used for the years through 1992, and PM-10, for which the procedures were used for the
years 1975 through 1984. For some source categories, the PM-10 emissions exceeded the TSP emissions as
calculated by the procedures presented in this section. Because this represents a physical impossibility, a more
realistic estimate of the PM-10 emissions was assumed to be the TSP emissions value.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years prior to 1975 was based on the relative change in TSP
emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
TSP Emissions
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975 x year
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating emissions based on activity indicators, emission factors, and
control efficiencies.
3.5.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for the combustion of anthracite coal was the distribution of anthracite coal from
Pennsylvania (i.e. District 24) obtained from Reference la under the category "Other Industrial".
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-37 Category: 02-01
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The activity indicator for bituminous coal and lignite was based on total national coal consumption
obtained from Reference 2 under the category "Other Industrial." This value included the coal consumption
from coke plants which were not appropriate for this activity indicator. Therefore, the coal consumption of
cement plants and lime plants were subtracted from the total coal consumption. Coal consumption by cement
plants was obtained from Reference 3. Coal consumption by lime plants was estimated by multiplying the lime
production value obtained from Reference 4 by the conversion factor: 0.1 tons coal/ton lime produced.
3.5.3 Emission Factors
The emission factors for the combustion of anthracite coal were the weighted averages of the emission
factors for three different firing configurations. For all pollutants except PM-10, the emission factors for each
firing configuration were obtained from Reference 5a; the PM-10 emission factors were obtained from
Reference 12. These emission factors were weighted by the 1980 quantity of anthracite coal burned by
industry in each firing configuration as reported in Reference 6. An ash content of 11 percent was applied to
selected TSP and PM-10 emission factors. The SO2 emission factors were multiplied by a sulfur content value
of 0.7 percent.
The emission factors for the combustion of bituminous coal and lignite were the weighted average of the
emission factors for the different firing configurations obtained from Reference 5b and 5c, respectively. These
emission factors were weighted by the 1980 quantity of bituminous coal and lignite burned by industry in each
firing configuration as reported in Reference 6. The ash content was assumed to be 13 percent for bituminous
coal and 11 percent for lignite.
The SO2 emission factor was multiplied by the average sulfur content for all coal shipped to industrial
plants. The average sulfur content of coal was determined from the sulfur content by coal producing districts
obtained for the category "Other industrial uses and retail dealers" in Reference 7a. This reference provided the
sulfur content values reported in 1977 and it was assumed that these values remained constant during the years
1940 through 1984. In order to obtain the average sulfur content for a specific year, the sulfur content by
district was weighted by the distribution of coal by district of origin for the category "Other Industrial" obtained
from Reference la or Reference 8.
For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from the source included in this Tier 2 category.
3.5.4 Control Efficiency
The TSP control efficiency for the combustion of anthracite coal was derived from Reference 9 or
Reference 10 using the equation below. When these values were unavailable, a control efficiency of 0.95 was
used.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-38 Category: 02-01
-------
. (UE>AE)
i i
I UE 1
where: CE = control efficiency
UE = emissions before control
AE = emissions after control
The TSP control efficiency for the combustion of bituminous coal and lignite was calculated based on the
uncontrolled and controlled emissions. In order to calculate the uncontrolled TSP emissions, the operating rates
for each type of boiler using bituminous and subbituminous coal and lignite (i.e. SCCs within the group 1-02-
002-xx) were obtained from Reference 9 or Reference 10. These rates were multiplied by the corresponding
emission factors obtained from Reference 5 and an ash content of 13 percent. The emissions were summed
over all boiler types and converted to tons to obtain the total uncontrolled TSP emissions. The actual emissions
reported in Reference 9 or Reference 10 were summed over the same boiler types to obtain the total actual
TSP emissions. The TSP control efficiency was calculated from these values according to the equation given
above.
The PM-10 control efficiencies for anthracite coal and bituminous coal and lignite combustion for the years
1975 through 1984 were based on the 1988 PM-10 control efficiency obtained from Reference 11. During
these years, any changes in the TSP control efficiencies from the 1985 TSP control efficiency value were
reflected in the PM-10 control efficiencies. For the years 1940 through 1974, no control efficiencies were use
to estimate PM-10 emissions from the combustion of these fuels.
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate CO, NOX, SO2, or VOC emissions
from the combustion of anthracite coal and of bituminous coal and lignite.
3.5.5 References:
1. Coal Distribution January-December 19xx. DOE/EIA-0125(xx/4Q). Energy Information
Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
(a) Table entitled "Domestic Distribution of U.S. Coal by Origin, Destination, and Consumer: January-
December 19xx".
2. Quarterly Coal Report: January - March. DOE/EIA-0121(xx/lQ). Energy Information
Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Quarterly.
3. Minerals Industry Surveys., Cement. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington,
DC. Monthly.
4. Chemical and Engineering News, Facts and Figures Issue. American Chemical Society, Washington,
DC. Annual.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-39 Category: 02-01
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5. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
a. Volume I, Table 1.2-1, Supplements, September 1988.
b. Volume I, Table 1.1-1
c. Volume I, Table 1.7-1
6. Computer Retrieval, NE257 report, by Source Classification Code (SCC)from the National
Emission Data System (NEDS). Unpublished computer report. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
February 9, 1980.
7. Coal Production. DOE/EIA-0118(xx). Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy,
Washington, DC. Annual.
(a) Table entitled "Shipments of Bituminous Coal and Lignite by District, Consumer, Use, Average Sulfur
Content- 1977."
8. Minerals Year book, Coal. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. Annual.
9. Standard Computer Retrievals, AFP650 report, from the AIRS Facility Subsystem. Unpublished
computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
10. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE25 7 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
11. Barnard, William R. and Patricia M. Carlson. "PM-10 Emission Control Efficiency Calculations for
Emissions Trends." Prepared for Arch A. MacQueen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. October 1990.
12. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listing for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-40 Category: 02-01
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3.6 FUEL COMBUSTION INDUSTRIAL - OIL: 02-02
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source categories.
Category:
Residual Oil
Distillate Oil
Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions
Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10
Emissions
Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
Subcategory:
Industrial
Industrial
Process Heaters (oil)
Petroleum Refineries [Process Heaters (oil)]
Miscellaneous Process Sources [Process Heaters
(oil)]
Other Industrial Processes [Petroleum Refineries
(process heaters - oil)]
Petroleum Refinery Process Operations [Process
Heaters (oil)]
3.6.1 Technical Approach
The CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, SO2, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the
emissions from the source categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator,
emission factor, and control efficiency, where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends
spreadsheets, activity indicators for residual oil and distillate oil were expressed in million gallons and emission
factors were expressed in metric pounds/thousand gallons. For CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, and SO2 emissions,
activity indicators for oil-fired process heaters were expressed in thousand short tons and emission factors were
expressed in metric pounds/short ton. For VOC emissions, the activity indicator for process heaters was
expressed in million barrels and the emission factors was expressed in metric pounds/thousand barrels. All
control efficiencies were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984 for all pollutants except TSP, for which the
procedures were used for the years through 1992, and PM-10, for which the procedures were used for the
years 1975 through 1984. For some source categories, the PM-10 emissions exceeded the TSP emissions as
calculated by the procedures presented in this section. Because this represents a physical impossibility, a more
realistic estimate of the PM-10 emissions was assumed to be the TSP emissions value.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
3-41
1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 02-02
-------
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years prior to 1975 was based on the relative change in TSP
emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975
TSP Emissions
year
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating emissions based on activity indicators, emission factors, and
control efficiencies.
3.6.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for residual oil combustion was based on the adjusted quantity of residual oil sales
for industrial and oil company use obtained from Reference 1 or 2. The total of three statistics were subtracted
from this value to obtain the activity indicator. The first statistic was two-thirds of the quantity of oil consumed
by cement plants reported in Reference 3 converted to gallons. The second statistic was the quantity of
residual oil consumed by petroleum refineries reported in Reference 4a, converted to gallons. The third statistic
was the quantity of residual oil consumed by steel mills. This value was calculated by multiplying the quantity of
raw steel production obtained from Reference 5, by 0.00738 x 106 gal/103 ton steel. The conversion factor
between the gallons of oil and the tons of steel was updated in 1982 based on Reference 6.
The activity indicator for distillate oil combustion was based on the adjusted quantity of distillate oil sales
to industrial and oil companies obtained from Reference 1 or 2. The total of two statistics were subtracted
from this value to obtain the activity indicator for distillate oil. The first statistic was one-thirds of the quantity of
oil consumed by cement plants, expressed in gallons, reported in Reference 3. The second statistic was the
quantity of distillate oil consumed by petroleum refineries, expressed in gallons, reported in Reference 4a.
The activity indicator for oil-fired process heaters was the total quantity of oil consumed at petroleum
refineries. This value was the sum of the distillate, residual and crude oil consumptions at petroleum refineries
as reported in Reference 4a.
3.6.3 Emission Factor
The emission factors for each pollutant for the combustion of residual oil (SCC 1-02-004-01) were
obtained from Reference 7 under the classification industrial boilers - residual oil for all pollutants except
PM-10. The PM-10 emission factors were obtained from Reference 10. The SO2, TSP and PM-10 emission
factors were multiplied by the sulfur content obtained for No. 6 fuel oil from Reference 8.
The emission factors for each pollutant for the combustion of distillate oil were the weighted average of the
emission factors for two SCCs (1-02-005-01 and 1-02-005-04). These emission factors were obtained from
Reference 7 for all pollutants except PM-10. The PM-10 emission factors were obtained from Reference 10.
Weighting factors were obtained from Reference 9.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-42 Category: 02-02
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The SO2 emission factors were multiplied by a weighted average sulfur content. Sulfur content values for
No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 oils were obtained from Reference 8. These values were weighted by the
corresponding distribution of fuel oil sales to the industrial sector as reported in Reference 1 or 2.
For oil-fired process heaters, the emission factors for all pollutants, except PM-10, were obtained from
Reference 7 under the classification for industrial boiler - residual oil. The PM-10 emission factor was obtained
from Reference 10.
The TSP emission factor, as specified in Reference 7, was a function of sulfur content (10(S) + 3
lb/1,000 gal). The sulfur content was obtained for SCC 30600103 from Reference 9. The SO2 and PM-10
emission factors were multiplied by the sulfur content. The VOC emission factor was converted to a reactive
basis using the VOC species profile SDM 101004 from Reference 11.
For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from the sources included in this Tier 2 category.
3.6.4 Control Efficiency
The PM-10 control efficiencies for all emission sources included in this Tier 2 category for the years 1975
through 1984 were equal to the 1988 PM-10 control efficiencies obtained from Reference 12. For the years
1940 through 1974, no control efficiencies were used to estimate the PM-10 emissions.
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate CO, NOX, SO2, TSP, or VOC
emissions from the source included in this Tier 2 category.
3.6.5 References
1. Petroleum Marketing Monthly. DOE/EIA-0380(xx/01). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
2. Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 19xx. DOE/EIA-0535(xx). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
3. Minerals Industry Surveys, Cement. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington,
DC. Monthly.
4. Petroleum Supply Annual. DOE/EIA-0340(xx/07). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
a. Table entitled "Fuel Consumed at Refineries by PAD District."
5. Survey of Current Business. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC.
a. Table containing information on Metals and Manufacturers
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-43 Category: 02-02
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6. Census of Manufactures (Fuels and Electric Energy Consumed). Bureau of the Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. 1982.
7. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
Volume I, Table 1.3-1
8. Heating Oils. U.S. Department of Energy. Obtainable from the National Institute for Petroleum and
Energy Research, ITT Research Institute, P.O. Box 2128. Bartlesville, OK. Annual.
9. Computer Retrieval, NE257 report, by Source Classification Code (SCC)from the National
Emission Data System (NEDS). Unpublished computer report. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
February 9, 1980.
10. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listing for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
11. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Data Manual. EPA-450/4-80-015. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. July 1980.
12. Barnard, William R. and Patricia M. Carlson. "PM-10 Emission Control Efficiency Calculations for
Emissions Trends." Prepared for Arch A. MacQueen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. October 1990.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-44 Category: 02-02
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3.7 FUEL COMBUSTION INDUSTRIAL-GAS: 02-03
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source categories.
Category:
Natural Gas
Miscellaneous Fuels
Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions
Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10
Emissions
Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
Subcategory:
Industrial (boilers and gas pipelines and plants)
Industrial (coke-oven gas)
Process Heaters (gas)
Petroleum Refineries [process heaters (gas)]
Miscellaneous Process Sources (process heaters
(gas)]
Other Industrial Processes [petroleum refineries
(process heaters - gas)]
Petroleum Refinery Process Operations [process
heaters (gas)]
3.7.1 Technical Approach
The CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, SO2, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the
emissions from the source categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator,
emission factor, and control efficiency, where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends
spreadsheets, activity indicators for natural gas and coke-oven gas were expressed in billion cubic feet and
emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/million cubic feet. For CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, and SO2
emissions, the activity indicator for gas-fired process heaters was expressed in thousand short tons and the
emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/short ton. For VOC emissions, the activity indicator for gas-
fired process heaters was expressed in million barrels and the emission factor was expressed in metric
pounds/thousand barrels. All control efficiencies were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984 for all pollutants except TSP, for which the
procedures were used for the years through 1992, and PM-10, for which the procedures were used for the
years 1975 through 1984. For some source categories, the PM-10 emissions exceeded the TSP emissions as
calculated by the procedures presented in this section. Because this represents a physical impossibility, a more
realistic estimate of the PM-10 emissions was assumed to be the TSP emissions value.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
3-45
1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 02-03
-------
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years prior to 1975 was based on the relative change in TSP
emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975
TSP Emissions
year
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating emissions based on activity indicators, emission factors, and
control efficiencies.
3.7.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for the combustion of natural gas in industrial boilers was based on the total industrial
consumption of natural gas obtained from Reference 1. From this value was subtracted the sum of the total
natural gas consumption by cement plants, petroleum refineries, iron and steel industries, and glass
manufacturers. Total natural gas consumption by cement plants obtained from Reference 2. Total natural gas
consumption by petroleum refineries was obtained from Reference 3. The total natural gas consumption by iron
and steel industries was calculated by multiplying the raw steel production obtained from Reference 4 by 4.25 x
106 cu. ft. natural gas/1000 tons steel. The conversion factor relating steel production to natural gas
consumption was updated in 1982 based on data from Reference 5. Total natural gas consumption by glass
manufacturers was determined from the total glass production. This total was calculated by summing the total
production of flat glass from Reference 6 and the net packed weight of glass containers from Reference 7 and
multiplying the resulting sum by 1.1 to account for miscellaneous glass products. The total glass production
was multiplied by 10.8 x 106 cu. ft. natural gas/1000 tons glass produced to obtain the total natural gas
consumption. The conversion factor relating glass production to natural gas consumption was updated in 1982
based on data from Reference 5.
The activity indicator for the combustion of natural gas by gas pipelines and plants was the total natural gas
consumption for lease and plant fuel plus pipeline fuel obtained from Reference 1.
The activity indicator for coke-oven gas combustion represented the amount of coke-oven gas consumed
outside of the iron and steel industry which was assumed to be 18.8 percent of the total coke-oven gas
produced. The total coke-oven gas production, in cubic feet, as reported in Reference 8, was multiplied by
0.188 to obtain the activity indicator for this subcategory.
The activity indicator for gas-fired process heaters was the total of natural gas and still (process) gas
consumed at petroleum refineries obtained from Reference 3.
3.7.3 Emission Factor
The emission factors for all pollutants except PM-10 for the combustion of natural gas in industrial boilers
(SCC 1-02-006-02) were obtained from Reference 9a. The PM-10 emission factor was obtained from
Reference 11.
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The emission factors for the combustion of natural gas by gas pipeline and plants were the weighted
averages of the emission factors for SCCs 2-02-002-01 and 2-02-002-02. Reference 9b was the source of
the emission factors for all pollutants except PM-10; Reference 11 was the source for the PM-10 emission
factors. The weighting factors were based on data from Reference 10.
The emission factors for all pollutants for the combustion of coke-oven gas were obtained from Reference
11. The SO2 emission factor was multiplied by the constant sulfur content value of 1.605 percent.
The CO and NOX emission factors for all types of gas-fired process heaters were obtained from
Reference 9c. The PM-10 emission factor was obtained from Reference 11, the TSP and PM-10 emission
factors were obtained from Reference 9a and the VOC emission factor from Reference 9d. In each case, the
emission factors were listed as the uncontrolled emission factors for small industrial boilers. The VOC emission
factor was converted to a reactive basis using the VOC species profile SDM 101007 from Reference 12.
The SO2 emission factor was the weighted average of the emission factors for natural gas obtained from
Reference 5c and for refinery gas given as 356.25 lb/106 cu.ft). The weighting factors were the natural gas and
refinery gas consumption obtained from Reference 3.
For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from the sources included in this Tier 2 category.
3.7.4 Control Efficiency
The PM-10 control efficiencies for all emission sources included in this Tier 2 category for the years 1975
through 1984 were equal to the 1988 PM-10 control efficiencies obtained from Reference 13. For the years
1940 through 1974, no control efficiencies were used to estimate PM-10 emissions.
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate CO, NOX, SO2, TSP, or VOC
emissions from these sources.
3.7.5 References
1. Natural Gas Annual. DOE/EIA-013 l(xx). Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of
Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
2. Minerals Industry Surveys., Cement. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington,
DC. Monthly.
3. Petroleum Supply Annual. DOE/EIA-0340(xx/07). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
4. Minerals Industry Surveys, Iron Ore. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington,
DC. Monthly.
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5. Census of Manufactures (Fuels and Electric Energy Consumed). Bureau of the Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. 1982.
6. Current Industrial Reports, Glass Containers. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC. Annual.
7. Current Industrial Reports, Flat Glass. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC. Annual.
8. Quarterly Coal Report: January-March. DOE/EIA-0121(xx/lQ). Energy Information
Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Quarterly.
9. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
(a) Volume I, Table 1.4-1
(b) Volume I, Table 3.2-1
(c) Volume I, Table 1.4-2
(d) Volume I, Table 1.4-3
10. Computer Retrieval, NE257 report, by Source Classification Code (SCC)from the National
Emission Data System (NEDS). Unpublished computer report. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
February 9, 1980.
11. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listing for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
12. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Data Manual.
EPA-450/4-80-015. Research Triangle Park, NC. July 1980.
13. Barnard, William R. and Patricia M. Carlson. "PM-10 Emission Control Efficiency Calculations for
Emissions Trends." Prepared for Arch A. MacQueen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. October 1990.
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3.8 FUEL COMBUSTION INDUSTRIAL - OTHER: 02-04
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source category.
Category: Subcategory:
Miscellaneous Fuels Industrial (coke, bagasse, kerosene, LPG, and
wood)
3.8.1 Technical Approach
The CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, SO2, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the
emissions from the source categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator,
emission factor, and control efficiency, where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends
spreadsheets, activity indicators for coke, bagasse, and wood were expressed in thousand short tons and
emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/short ton. For kerosene and LPG, activity indicators were
expressed in million barrels and emission factors was expressed in metric pounds/thousand barrels. All control
efficiencies were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984 for all pollutants except TSP, for which the
procedures were used for the years through 1992, and PM-10, for which the procedures were used for the
years 1975 through 1984. For some source categories, the PM-10 emissions exceeded the TSP emissions as
calculated by the procedures presented in this section. Because this represents a physical impossibility, a more
realistic estimate of the PM-10 emissions was assumed to be the TSP emissions value.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years prior to 1975 was based on the relative change in TSP
emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975
TSP Emissions
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating emissions based on activity indicators, emission factors, and
control efficiencies.
3.8.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for the combustion of coke was the consumption of coke outside the iron and steel
industry. This quantity was calculated by summing the total coke production from coal and the total petroleum
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coke receipts. The total quantity of petroleum coke consumed or received by power plants was obtained from
Reference 1 or Reference 2.
In order to obtain the total coke produced from coal, the following data were obtained from Reference 3:
(1) total breeze production at coke plants and (2) coke sales to "other industrial plants". Because it was
assumed that 24 percent of the total breeze production was sold for use as boiler fuel, the total breeze
production at coke plants was multiplied 0.24 to obtain the total breeze consumed as fuel. If data for foundries
and other industrial plants were combined, it was assumed that 49 percent of the total was for other industrial
plants. Total coke production from coal was the sum of the total breeze production used for fuel and the total
coke sales to other industrial plants. Alternatively, if data from Reference 3 were not available, it was assumed
that 5.75 percent of total coke production obtained from Reference 3 represented the coke consumption
outside the iron and steel industry.
The activity indicator for the combustion of bagasse was the consumption of bagasse obtained from
Reference 4.
The activity indicator for the combustion of kerosene was the quantity of kerosene sales. This value was
obtained by summing the sales figures reported for the industrial and the all other end use categories as reported
in Reference 5 or Reference 6.
The activity indicator for the combustion of liquid petroleum gas was the LPG supplied for industrial use.
This quantity was derived from the 1982 consumption figures (5,397 x 106 gal) using the ratio between the
quantity of products supplied in 1982 (1,499 x 103 bbl/day) and in the year under study. The quantity of
products supplied for a given year and for 1982 was obtained from Reference 7. The following equation
summarizes the calculation of the LPG supplied for industrial use:
Products ?,.nniied i
; . T pft x Supplied, i
Industrial, i ^r ^Industrial , 1982
Suppl,ed, 1982
where: i = year under study
The activity indicator for the industrial combustion of wood was based on the consumption of wood for
industrial combustion obtained from Reference 8. It was assume that 15 percent of the heating value was lost
to moisture on a typical basis. Therefore, the reported consumption figure was multiplied by 0.85 to obtain the
activity indicator.
3.8.3 Emission Factor
The emission factors for industrial coke combustion were the weighted averages of the emission factors for
petroleum coke and coal coke. These emission factors for which the references are currently unavailable are
presented in Table 3.8-1. Weighting factors were the total petroleum coke receipts and the total coke
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produced from coal as determined for the activity indicator for the coke category. A sulfur content value of
3.25 percent was used for the petroleum coke SO2 emission factor.
The emission factors for bagasse combustion (SCC 1-02-001-01) were obtained from Reference 9a for
all pollutants except PM-10. The PM-10 emission factor was obtained from Reference 10. The TSP control
efficiency was applied directly to the TSP emission factor, resulting in the controlled emission factor. The TSP
control efficiency was obtained from Reference 10.
The emission factors used for kerosene combustion (SCC 1-02-005-01) were those for the combustion
of distillate oil in industrial boilers obtained from Reference 9b for all pollutants except PM-10. The PM-10
emission factor was obtained from Reference 10. The SO2 emission factors was multiplied by a sulfur content
value of 0.075 percent.
The emission factors for all pollutants for LPG combustion (SCC 1-02-010-01) were obtained from
Reference 9c. The PM-10 emission factor was obtained from Reference 10. The SO2 emission factor was
multiplied by a sulfur content value of 0.0013 percent.
For industrial wood combustion the emission factors were the weighted averages of the emission factors
for three SCCs (1-02-009-01, 1-02-009-02, and 1-02-009-03). These emission factors were obtained from
Reference 9d for all pollutants except PM-10 which was obtained from Reference 10. For the years 1975
through 1984, the weighting factors were derived from throughput data obtained from Reference 10. Prior to
1975, the procedure for determining the weighting factors is currently unavailable.
For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from the sources included in this Tier 2 category.
3.8.4 Control Efficiency
The PM-10 control efficiencies for all emission sources included in this Tier 2 category for the years 1975
through 1984 were equal to the 1988 PM-10 control efficiencies obtained from Reference 12. For the years
1940 through 1974, no control efficiencies were used to estimate PM-10 emissions.
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate CO, NOX, SO2, TSP, or VOC
emissions from the source included in this Tier 2 category.
3.8.5 References
1. Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Utility Plants. DOE/EIA-0191(xx). Energy Information
Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
2. Electric Power Annual. DOE/EIA-0348(xx). Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of
Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
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3. Quarterly Coal Report: January-March. DOE/EIA-0121(xx/lQ). Energy Information
Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Quarterly.
4. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE213 report (duel use summary), from the National Emissions
Data System (NEDS). Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
5. Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 19xx. DOE/EIA-0535(xx). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
6. Petroleum Marketing Monthly. DOE/EIA-0380(xx/01). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. January issue.
7. Petroleum Supply Annual. DOE/EIA-0340(xx/07). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
8. Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption. SR/CNEAF/91-02. U.S. Department of Energy,
Washington, DC. Annual.
9. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
(a) Volume I, Table 1.8-1
(b) Volume I, Table 1.3-1
(c) Volume I, Table 1.5-1
(d) Volume I, Table 1.6-1, Supplement A, October 1986
10. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listing for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
11. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE25 7 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
12. Barnard, William R. and Patricia M. Carlson. "PM-10 Emission Control Efficiency Calculations for
Emissions Trends." Prepared for Arch A. MacQueen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. October 1990.
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Table 3.8-1. Emission Factors for Miscellaneous Fuels - Industrial (coke)
Emission Factors (Ib/ton)
Coke Type
Petroleum Coke
Coal Coke
TSP
1.5
4.6
SO2
38.8*
30.3
NOX
20.9
14.0
voc
.64
.64
CO
.54
.54
PM-10
1.2
3.6
* Multiply by sulfur content
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3.9 FUEL COMBUSTION OTHER - COMMERCIAL / INSTITUTIONAL COAL: 03-01
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source categories.
Category: Subcategory:
Anthracite Coal Commercial / Institutional
Bituminous Coal and Lignite Commercial / Institutional
3.9.1 Technical Approach
The CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, SO2, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the
emissions from the source categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator,
emission factor, and control efficiency, where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends
spreadsheets, the activity indicator for bituminous coal was expressed in million short tons and the emission
factors were expressed in metric pounds/short ton. The activity indicator for anthracite coal was expressed in
thousand short tons and the emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/short ton. All control efficiencies
were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984 for all pollutants except TSP, for which the
procedures were used for the years through 1992, and PM-10, for which the procedures were used for the
years 1975 through 1984. For some source categories, the PM-10 emissions exceeded the TSP emissions as
calculated by the procedures presented in this section. Because this represents a physical impossibility, a more
realistic estimate of the PM-10 emissions was assumed to be the TSP emissions value.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years prior to 1975 was based on the relative change in TSP
emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
TSP Emissions „„„„
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating emissions based on activity indicators, emission factors, and
control efficiencies.
3.9.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicators for the combustion of these two fuels were the consumption of the specific coal type
by commercial and institutional users. Determination of these activity indicators required the activity indicators
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for both anthracite and bituminous residential coal combustion. The latter activity indicators are described both
here and in section 3.13.2.
The commercial/institutional consumption of anthracite coal was obtained by subtracting residential
anthracite consumption from residential and commercial/institutional anthracite consumption. Residential and
commercial/institutional consumption of anthracite coal was obtained from Reference la for District 24 only.
Anthracite Coalcll • Anthracite CoalRandclI • Anthracite Coal R
where: C/I = commercial/institutional consumption
R = residential consumption
Residential consumption of anthracite coal was determined by extrapolating the consumption of the
previous year based on the change in the number of dwelling units in the Northeastern United States having coal
as the main fuel for space heating. Data concerning the number of dwelling units was obtained from Reference
2. The calculation of the residential anthracite coal consumption is summarized in the equation below.
Anthracite Coal R . • Anthracite Coal R .. 1
Dwelling Units i
Dwelling Units t.
where: R = residential consumption
i = year under study
Commercial/institutional consumption of bituminous coal was obtained by subtracting residential
bituminous consumption from residential and commercial/institutional bituminous consumption. Residential and
commercial/institutional consumption of bituminous coal was calculated by subtracting the residential and
commercial/institutional consumption of anthracite coal from residential and commercial/institutional
consumption of all types of coal. These two consumption values were obtained from Reference la and
excluded coal from District 24 which represents anthracite coal consumption. This calculation is summarized in
the equation below.
Bituminous Coal ai • (All CoalR imdai ' Anthracite CoalR and ai) ' Bituminous CoalR
where: C/I = commercial/institutional consumption
R = residential consumption
Residential consumption of bituminous coal was determined by estimating the quantity of all coal
consumed by all dwelling units using coal as the main fuel and subtracting from this value the residential
consumption of anthracite coal calculated above. The quantity of all coal consumed was calculated using the
number of dwelling units using coal as the main fuel for space heating obtained from Reference 2 and a factor
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Bituminous CoalR • (Dwelling Units x 6.73 tons burned I dwelling/year) • Anthracite CoalR
estimating the average annual consumption of coal per dwelling unit. This calculation is summarized in the
equation below.
3.9.3 Emission Factors
The emission factors for anthracite coal combustion were the weighted average of the emission factors for
three different firing configurations. The emission factors for each firing configuration were obtained from
Reference 3a for all pollutants except PM-10. The PM-10 emission factors were obtained from Reference 10.
These CO, SO2, and VOC emission factors were weighted by the 1980 quantity of anthracite coal burned by
industry in each firing configuration as reported in Reference 6. The procedure for determining the weighting
factors for the NOX, PM-10 and TSP emission factors is currently unavailable, although it is known that the
same factors were applied for the years 1940 through 1984. An ash content of 11 percent was applied to
selected TSP and PM-10 emission factors. The SO2 emission factors were multiplied by a sulfur content value
of 0.7 percent.
The emission factors for the combustion of bituminous coal and lignite were the weighted average of the
emission factors for different firing configurations. For all pollutants except PM-10, these emission factors were
obtained from Reference 3b and 3c. The PM-10 emission factors were obtained from Reference 10. These
emission factors were weighted by the 1980 quantity of bituminous coal and lignite burned by industry in each
firing configuration as reported in Reference 6. The ash content was assumed to be 13 percent for bituminous
coal and 11 percent for lignite.
The SO2 emission factor was multiplied by the average sulfur content for all coal shipped to industrial
plants. The average sulfur content of coal was determined from the sulfur content by coal producing districts
obtained for the category "All other uses" in Reference 7a. This reference provided the sulfur content values
reported in 1977 and it was assumed that these values remained constant during the years 1940 through 1984.
In order to obtain the average sulfur content for a specific year, the sulfur content by district was weighted by
the distribution of coal by district of origin for the category "Residential and Commercial" obtained from
Reference la or Reference 8.
For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from the sources included in this Tier 2 category.
3.9.4 Control Efficiency
The TSP control efficiency for the combustion of anthracite coal was obtained from Reference 4 or
Reference 5. When this value was unavailable, a control efficiency of 33 percent was used.
For bituminous coal and lignite, the TSP control efficiency was calculated based on the uncontrolled and
controlled emissions. In order to calculate the uncontrolled TSP emissions, the operating rates for each type of
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boiler using bituminous and subbituminous coal and lignite (i.e. SCCs within the group 1-02-002-xx) were
obtained from Reference 4 or Reference 5. These rates were multiplied by the corresponding emission factors
obtained from Reference 3a and an ash content of 13 percent. The emissions were summed over all boiler
types and converted to tons to obtain the total uncontrolled TSP emissions. The actual emissions reported in
Reference 4 or Reference 5 were summed over the same boiler types to obtain the total actual TSP emissions.
The TSP control efficiency was calculated from these values according to the equation below.
(UE- AE)
i i
I UE 1
where: CE = control efficiency
UE = uncontrolled emissions
AE = controlled emissions
The PM-10 control efficiencies for anthracite and bituminous coal combustion for the years 1975 through
1984 were based on the 1988 PM-10 control efficiencies obtained from Reference 9. During these years, any
changes in the TSP control efficiencies from the 1985 TSP control efficiency values were reflected in the
PM-10 control efficiencies. For the years 1940 through 1974, no control efficiencies were use to estimate
PM-10 emissions.
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate CO, NOX, SO2, or VOC emissions
from the combustion of anthracite coal and bituminous coal and lignite.
3.9.5 References
1. Coal Distribution January-December 19xx. DOE/EIA-0125(xx/4Q). Energy Information
Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
(a) table entitled "Domestic Distribution of U.S. Coal to the Residential and Commercial Sector by
Origin."
2. American Housing Survey, Current Housing Reports, Series H-15 0-8 3. Bureau of the Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington DC. Biennial.
3. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
(a) Volume I, Table 1.2-1, Supplement B, September 1988.
(b) Volume I, Table 1.1-2
(c) Volume I, Table 1.7-1
4. Standard Computer Retrievals, AFP650 report, from the AIRS Facility Subsystem. Unpublished
computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
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5. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE25 7 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
6. Computer Retrieval, NE257 report, by Source Classification Code (SCC) from the National
Emission Data System (NEDS). Unpublished computer report. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
February 9, 1980.
7. Coal Production. DOE/EIA-0118(xx). Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy,
Washington, DC. Annual.
(a) table entitled "Shipments of bituminous coal and lignite by district, consumer, use, and average sulfur
content- 1977."
8. Minerals Year book, Coal. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. Annual.
9. Barnard, William R. and Patricia M. Carlson. "PM-10 Emission Control Efficiency Calculations for
Emissions Trends." Prepared for Arch A. MacQueen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. October 1990.
10. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listings for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
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3.10 FUEL COMBUSTION OTHER - COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL OIL: 03-02
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source categories.
Category: Subcategory:
Residual Oil Commercial / Institutional
Distillate Oil Commercial / Institutional
3.10.1 Technical Approach
The CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, SO2, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the
emissions from the source categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator,
emission factor, and control efficiency, where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends
spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed in million gallons and emission factors were expressed in
metric pounds/thousand gallons. All control efficiencies were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984 for all pollutants except TSP, for which the
procedures were used for the years through 1992, and PM-10, for which the procedures were used for the
years 1975 through 1984. For some source categories, the PM-10 emissions exceeded the TSP emissions as
calculated by the procedures presented in this section. Because this represents a physical impossibility, a more
realistic estimate of the PM-10 emissions was assumed to be the TSP emissions value.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years prior to 1975 was based on the relative change in TSP
emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975
TSP Emissions
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating emissions based on activity indicators, emission factors, and
control efficiencies.
3.10.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for residual oil combustion was the "adjusted" total quantity of residual oil sales for
commercial and military use obtained from Reference 1 or Reference 2.
The activity indicator for distillate oil combustion was the "adjusted" total quantity of distillate oil sales for
commercial and military use (not including military diesel fuel) obtained from Reference 1 or Reference 2.
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3.10.3 Emission Factor
The emission factors for the combustion of residual oil were the weighted average of the emission factors
for the combustion of Grade 6 and Grade 5 fuel oils (SCCs 1-03-004-01 and 1-03-004-04). For all
pollutants except PM-10, these emission factors were obtained from Reference 3a. The PM-10 emission
factors were obtained from Reference 8. The TSP, SO2, and PM-10 emission factors for Grade 6 fuel oil and
the SO2 emission factor for Grade 5 fuel oil were multiplied by the average sulfur content. The weighted
average emission factors were determined using the relative consumption of Grade 5 and Grade 6 fuel oils
obtained from Reference 5 or Reference 6.
The average sulfur content for residual oil was calculated from sulfur content values obtained from
Reference 4 for No. 5 light, No. 5 heavy and No. 6 oils. The sulfur content values for the two No. 5 oils were
averaged. Weighting factors for the averaged No. 5 oils and the No. 6 oil were 0.13 and 0.87 respectively.
The following equation summarizes this calculation.
„ No. 5 light ' No. 5 heavy
^Residual Oil I - 1
where: S = sulfur content
The emission factors for distillate oil combustion were the weighted averages of the emission factors for
the SCCs 1-03-005-01 and 1-03-005-04. The emission factors were obtained from Reference 3b for all
pollutants except PM-10. The PM-10 emission factors were obtained from Reference 8. The SO2 emission
factors for both SCCs were multiplied by a weighted average sulfur content. Sulfur content values for No. 1,
No. 2, and No. 4 oils were obtained from Reference 4. These values were weighted by the corresponding
commercial deliveries of each oil type reported in Reference 1 or Reference 2 to obtain the weighted average
sulfur content. To determine the weighted average emission factors, throughput values for the corresponding
SCCs obtained from Reference 5 or Reference 6 were used as weighting factors.
For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from the sources included in this Tier 2 category.
3.10.4 Control Efficiency
The PM-10 control efficiencies for all emission sources included in this Tier 2 category for the years 1975
through 1984 were equal to the 1988 PM-10 control efficiencies obtained from Reference 7. For the years
1940 through 1974, no control efficiencies were used to estimate PM-10 emissions.
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate CO, NOX, SO2, TSP, or VOC
emissions from the source included in this Tier 2 category.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-60 Category: 03-02
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3.10.5 References
1. Petroleum Marketing Monthly. DOE/EIA-0380(xx/01). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. January issue.
2. Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 19xx. DOE/EIA-0535(xx). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
3. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
a. Volume I, Table 1.3-1
b. Volume I, Table 1.3-1
4. Heating Oils. U.S. Department of Energy. Obtainable from the National Institute for Petroleum and
Energy Research, ITT Research Institute, P.O. Box 2128, Bartlesville, OK. Annual.
5. Standard Computer Retrievals, AFP650 report, from the AIRS Facility Subsystem. Unpublished
computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
6. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE25 7 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
7. Barnard, William R. and Patricia M. Carlson. "PM-10 Emission Control Efficiency Calculations for
Emissions Trends." Prepared for Arch A. MacQueen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. October 1990.
8. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listings for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-61 Category: 03-02
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3.11 FUEL COMBUSTION OTHER - COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL GAS: 03-03
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source category.
Category: Subcategory:
Natural Gas Commercial / Institutional
3.11.1 Technical Approach
The CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, SO2, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the emissions
from the source category listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator, emission factor,
and control efficiency, where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends spreadsheets, the activity
indicator was expressed in billion cubic feet and the emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/million
cubic feet. All control efficiencies were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984 for all pollutants except TSP, for which the
procedures were used for the years through 1992, and PM-10, for which the procedures were used for the
years 1975 through 1984. For some source categories, the PM-10 emissions exceeded the TSP emissions as
calculated by the procedures presented in this section. Because this represents a physical impossibility, a more
realistic estimate of the PM-10 emissions was assumed to be the TSP emissions value.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years prior to 1975 was based on the relative change in TSP
emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
TSP Emissions
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975 x year
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating emissions based on activity indicators, emission factors, and
control efficiencies.
3.11.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for natural gas combustion was the total natural gas consumption for commercial
uses as reported in Reference 1.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
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3.11.3 Emission Factor
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-63 Category: 03-03
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The emission factors for all pollutants except PM-10 for the combustion of natural gas (SCC 1-03-006-
03) were obtained from Reference 2a. The PM-10 emission factor was obtained from Reference 4.
3.11.4 Control Efficiency
The PM-10 control efficiencies for the years 1975 through 1984 were equal to the 1988 PM-10 control
efficiency obtained from Reference 3. For the years 1940 through 1974, no control efficiencies were used to
estimate PM-10 emissions from natural gas combustion.
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate CO, NOX, SO2, TSP, or VOC
emissions from this source.
3.11.5 References
1. Natural Gas Annual. DOE/EIA-013 l(xx). Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of
Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
2. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
a. Volume I, Table 1.4-1
3. Barnard, William R. and Patricia M. Carlson. "PM-10 Emission Control Efficiency Calculations for
Emissions Trends." Prepared for Arch A. MacQueen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. October 1990.
4. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listings for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-64 Category: 03-03
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3.12 FUEL COMBUSTION OTHER - RESIDENTIAL WOOD: 03-05
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source category.
Category: Subcategory:
Miscellaneous Fuels Residential (wood)
3.12.1 Technical Approach
The CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, SO2, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the emissions
from the source category listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator and emission factor.
In order to utilize these values in the Trends spreadsheets, the activity indicator was expressed in thousand
short tons and the emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/short ton.
The procedures for determining activity indicators and emission factors were used for the years 1940,
1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984 for all pollutants except TSP, for which the procedures were used for the
years through 1992, and PM-10, for which the procedures were used for the years 1975 through 1984. For
some source categories, the PM-10 emissions exceeded the TSP emissions as calculated by the procedures
presented in this section. Because this represents a physical impossibility, a more realistic estimate of the
PM-10 emissions was assumed to be the TSP emissions value.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years prior to 1975 was based on the relative change in TSP
emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975
TSP Emissions
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating the emissions based on activity indicators and emission factors.
3.12.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for the residential combustion of wood was based on the consumption of wood for
residential combustion as reported in Reference 1. It was assumed that 15 percent of the heating value is lost
to moisture on a typical basis. Therefore, the reported consumption figure was multiplied by 0.85 to obtain the
activity indicator. Alternatively, the procedure used to determine the emission factors for this category was
used to estimate residential wood consumption as described below in section 3.12.3. The wood consumption
calculated by this method was normalized to the total wood consumption reported by the Department of
Energy (no reference for this value is currently available).
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
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3.12.3 Emission Factor
The emission factors for the residential burning of wood were the weighted average of the emission factors
for wood burned in wood stoves and in fireplaces. These emission factors for all pollutants except PM-10 and
TSP obtained from References 2a and 2b for wood stoves and fireplaces, respectively. The PM-10 and TSP
emission factors were obtained from Table 3.1-3. Weighting factors were based on the relative quantity of
wood burned in wood stoves and in fireplaces. Weighting factors of 0.755 for wood stoves and 0.245 for
fireplaces were used when the factors were not determined as described below.
The quantity of wood consumed in fireplaces was determined from the number of fireplaces obtained from
Reference 3a and the assumption that on average one-half cord of wood is burned in each fireplace per year.
The calculation, including the necessary conversion factors is given below.
Wood Consumption ,. , • Nf , •• •• ••
* fireplaces fireplaces , -,
itr rnvrS ,„„ 3
0.5 cord x 4m3 x 0.028317.ft3 x 35/6 x I ton
yr cord m3 ft3 2,000/6
The quantity of wood burned in wood stoves was determined from the number of wood stoves and the
stove heat input rates. The number of wood stoves being used in a given year was calculated as the number of
stoves being used in the previous year, the number of new shipments of stoves, and the number of obsolete
stoves as summarized in the equation below.
AT • AT • AT • AT
Wood Stoves, i Wood Stoves, • i New Wood Stoves, i New Wood Stoves, • 6
where i = year under study
The total shipments and imports of stoves was obtained from Reference 4. It was assumed that for the years
1981 through 1984, the number of shipments remained constant at the 1981 value. The number of obsolete
stoves was assumed to be the number of stove shipments from the sixth previous year.
The total number of wood stoves in use was divided into two categories: primary and secondary. The
number of primary stoves was extrapolated from the previous year's number based on the relative change in the
number of dwelling units using wood as the primary house heating fuel obtained from Reference 3. The number
of secondary stoves was calculated as the difference between the total number of wood stoves and the number
of primary stoves.
The stove heat input rate for each stove type was used to calculate the total energy consumed by each
stove type. The 1984 stove heat input rates for primary and secondary stoves were 112,453 x 106 Btu and
42.37 x 106 Btu, respectively. No reference is currently available for this value and it is not known at this time
if year-specific heat input rates were used for the year prior to 1984. The total energy consumed by the
primary and secondary wood stoves were summed and converted to the quantity of wood consumed using the
factor 17.2 x 106Btu/ton.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-66 Category: 03-05
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The total quantity of wood consumed by residential combustion was calculated as the sum of the quantity
of wood consumed in fireplaces and in wood stoves. The relative quantities of wood consumed by fireplaces
and wood stoves were calculated and used as the weighting factors for determining the emission factors for this
source category.
3.12.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate the emissions from the residential
combustion of wood.
3.12.5 References
1. Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption. SR/CNEAF/91-02. Energy Information Administration,
U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
2. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
(a) Volume I, Table 1.10-1, Supplement D, September 1991, Supplement C, September 1990, or
Supplements, September 1988.
(b) Volume I, Table 1.9-1, Supplement D, September 1991
3. American Housing Survey, Current Housing Reports, Series H-150-83. Bureau of the Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington DC. Biennial.
(a) Table 2-4, Selected Equipment and Plumbing - Occupied Units
4. Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption from 1949 to 1981. DOE/EIA-0341. Energy
Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. August 1982.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-67 Category: 03-05
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3.13 FUEL COMBUSTION OTHER - RESIDENTIAL OTHER: 03-06
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source categories.
Category: Subcategory:
Anthracite Coal Residential
Bituminous Coal and Lignite Residential
Residual Oil Residential
Distillate Oil Residential
Natural Gas Residential
Miscellaneous Fuels Residential (kerosene and LPG)
3.13.1 Technical Approach:
The CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, SO2, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the
emissions from the source categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator,
emission factor, and control efficiency, where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends
spreadsheets, the activity indicator for bituminous coal was expressed in million short tons and the emission
factors were expressed in metric pounds/short ton. The activity indicator for anthracite coal was expressed in
thousand short tons and the emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/short ton. For residual oil,
distillate oil, kerosene, and LPG, activity indicators were expressed in million gallons and emission factors were
expressed in metric pounds/thousand gallons. The activity indicator for natural gas was expressed in billion
cubic feet and the emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/million cubic feet. All control efficiencies
were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984 for all pollutants except TSP, for which the
procedures were used for the years through 1992, and PM-10, for which the procedures were used for the
years 1975 through 1984. For some source categories, the PM-10 emissions exceeded the TSP emissions as
calculated by the procedures presented in this section. Because this represents a physical impossibility, a more
realistic estimate of the PM-10 emissions was assumed to be the TSP emissions value.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years prior to 1975 was based on the relative change in TSP
emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
TSP Emissions „„„„
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975
TSP Emissions 1975
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-68 Category: 03-06
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This calculation was used in place of estimating emissions based on activity indicators, emission factors, and
control efficiencies.
3.13.2 Activity Indicator:
The activity indicator for anthracite coal combustion was the residential consumption of anthracite coal.
This value was determined by extrapolating residential consumption of anthracite coal for the previous year
based on the change in the number of dwelling units in the Northeastern United States having coal as the main
fuel for space heating. Data concerning the number of dwelling units was obtained from Reference 1. The
calculation of the residential anthracite coal consumption is summarized in the equation below.
Anthracite CoalR t • Anthracite CoalR t. 1
Dwelling Units .
Dwelling Units .. l
where: R = residential consumption
i = year under study
The activity indicator for bituminous coal and lignite combustion was the residential consumption of
bituminous coal and lignite. This value was determined by estimating the quantity of all coal consumed by all
dwelling units using coal as the main fuel and subtracting from this value the residential consumption of anthracite
coal calculated above. The quantity of all coal consumed was calculated using the number of dwelling units
using coal as the main fuel for space heating obtained from Reference 1 and a factor estimating the average
annual consumption of coal per dwelling unit. This calculation is summarized in the equation below.
Bituminous CoalRi • (Dwelling Units i x 6.73 tons burned I dwelling I year} • Anthracite CoalRi
where: R = residential consumption
i = year under study
The activity indicator for the residential combustion of residual oil was assumed to be zero.
The activity indicator for distillate oil combustion was the sum of the "adjusted" sales (or deliveries) for
residential use of distillate oil and for farm use of other distillates as reported in Reference 2 or Reference 3.
The activity indicator for natural gas combustion was the total natural gas consumption for residential use
obtained from Reference 4.
The activity indicator for kerosene combustion was the quantity of kerosene sales. This value was
obtained by summing sales figures reported for the residential, commercial, and farm use categories as reported
in Reference 2 or Reference 3.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-69 Category: 03-06
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The activity indicator for LPG combustion was based on the 1982 total residential sales of LPG (4,047 x
106 gal). This value was extrapolated to the year under study based on the relative change in the LPG products
supplied from the year 1982 (1499 x 103 bbl/day) to the year under study. Quantities of LPG products
supplied for the specific years were obtained from Reference 5. The equation below summarizes this
calculation.
Products Supplied .
Residential Sales^Q . • Residential Sales^Q 1982 x ——
Products Supplied
where: i = year under study
3.13.3 Emission Factors:
The emission factors for residential anthracite coal combustion (SCC 10300103, hand-fired units) were
obtained from Reference 6a for all pollutants except PM-10. The PM-10 emission factor was obtained from
Reference 12. The TSP and PM-10 factors were multiplied by an ash content of 11 percent. The SO2 factor
was multiplied by a sulfur content value of 0.7 percent.
The emission factors for all pollutants except PM-10 for the combustion of bituminous coal and lignite
(SCC 10300103, hand-fired units) were obtained from Reference 6b. The PM-10 emission factor was
obtained from Reference 12.
The SO2 emission factor was multiplied by the average sulfur content for all coal used by commercial
users. The average sulfur content of coal was determined from the sulfur content by coal producing districts
obtained for the category "All other uses" in Reference 7a. This reference provided the sulfur content values
reported in 1977 and it was assumed that these values remained constant during the years 1940 through 1984.
In order to obtain the average sulfur content for a specific year, the sulfur content by district was weighted by
the distribution of coal by district of origin for the category "Commercial and Residential" obtained from
Reference 8a or Reference 9.
No emission factors were required for residential residual oil combustion, because the activity was
assumed to be zero.
The emission factors for the combustion of distillate oil were obtained from Reference 6c under the
classification residential furnaces for all pollutants except PM-10. The PM-10 emission factor was obtained
from Reference 12 or Table 3.1-3. The SO2 emission factor was multiplied by the weighted average sulfur
content. Sulfur contents for No. 1 and No. 2 oils were obtained from Reference 10. Weighting factors were
the corresponding quantity of sales (or deliveries) to residential users as reported in Reference 2 or Reference
3. The resulting weighted average sulfur content was applied to the SO2 emission factor.
The emission factors for all pollutants except PM-10 for natural gas combustion (SCC 1-03-006-03)
were obtained from Reference 6d. The PM-10 emission factor was obtained from Reference 12.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-70 Category: 03-06
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The emission factors for residential kerosene combustion were obtained from Reference 6c under the
classification residential furnace for distillate oil for all pollutants except PM-10. The PM-10 emission factor
was obtained from Reference 12 or Table 3.1-3. The SO2 emission factor was multiplied by a sulfur content of
0.075 percent.
The emission factors for LPG combustion were obtained from Reference 6e under the classification
domestic/commercial for all pollutants except PM-10. The PM-10 emission factor was obtained from
Reference 12. The SO2 emission factor was multiplied by a sulfur content of 0.0013 percent.
For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from the sources included in this Tier 2 category.
3.13.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate CO, NOX, SO2, TSP, and VOC
emissions from the sources included in this Tier 2 category.
For the residential combustion of anthracite coal, bituminous coal and lignite, natural gas, and LPG, the
PM-10 control efficiencies for the years 1975 through 1984 were equal to the 1988 PM-10 control efficiencies
obtained from Reference 11. For the years 1940 through 1974, no control efficiencies were used to estimate
PM-10 emissions from the combustion of these fuels. For the residential combustion of residual oil, distillate
oil, and kerosene, no control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate PM-10 emissions.
3.13.5 References
1. American Housing Survey, Current Housing Reports, Series H-150-83. Bureau of the Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington DC. Biennial.
2. Petroleum Marketing Annual. DOE/EIA-0389(xx/07). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
3. Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 19xx. DOE/EIA-0535(xx). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
4. Natural Gas Annual. DOE/EIA-0131(xx). Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of
Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
5. Petroleum Supply Annual. DOE/EIA-0340(xx/07). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
6. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
(a) Volume I, Table 1.2-1, Supplement B, September 1988.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-71 Category: 03-06
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(b) Volume I, Table 1.1-1
(c) Volume I, Table 1.3-1
(d) Volume I, Table 1.4-1
(e) Volume I, Table 1.5-1
7. Coal Production. DOE/EIA-0118(xx). Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy,
Washington, DC. Annual.
(a) Table entitled "Shipments of bituminous coal and lignite by district, consumer, use, and average sulfur
content- 1977."
8. Coal Distribution January-December 19xx. DOE/EIA-0125(xx/4Q). Energy Information
Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
(a) Table entitled "Domestic Distribution of U.S. Coal to the Residential and Commercial Sector by
Origin."
9. Minerals Year book, Coal. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. Annual.
10. Heating Oils. U.S. Department of Energy. Obtainable from the National Institute for Petroleum and
Energy Research, ITT Research Institute, P.O. Box 2128, Bartiesville, OK. Annual.
11. Barnard, William R. and Patricia M. Carlson. "PM-10 Emission Control Efficiency Calculations for
Emissions Trends." Prepared for Arch A. MacQueen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. October 1990.
12. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listings for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
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3.14 CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCT MANUFACTURING - ORGANIC CHEMICAL
MANUFACTURING: 04-01
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source categories.
Category: Subcategory:
Industrial Processes - CO Emissions Charcoal
Industrial Processes - CO Emissions Petrochemicals
Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions Charcoal
Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions Petrochemicals
Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions Chemical Industry (petrochemicals)
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions Manufacture of Petrochemicals (excluding storage
and handling, and waste disposal)
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [miscellaneous
chemical products (charcoal)]
3.14.1 Technical Approach
The CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the
emissions from the source categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator,
emission factor, and control efficiency, where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends
spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed in thousand short tons and emission factors were expressed in
metric pounds/short ton. All control efficiencies were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984 for all pollutants except TSP, for which the
procedures were used for the years through 1992, and PM-10, for which the procedures were used for the
years 1975 through 1984. For some source categories, the PM-10 emissions exceeded the TSP emissions as
calculated by the procedures presented in this section. Because this represents a physical impossibility, a more
realistic estimate of the PM-10 emissions was assumed to be the TSP emissions value.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years prior to 1975 was based on the relative change in TSP
emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975
TSP Emissions
TSP Emissions 1975
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-73 Category: 04-01
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This calculation was used in place of estimating emissions based on activity indicators, emission factors, and
control efficiencies.
3.14.2 Activity Indicator
3.14.2.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
The activity indicator for charcoal manufacturing was the production figure for charcoal obtained from
Reference 1.
The activities indicators for petrochemical manufacturing were the production figures for each material.
Production numbers for acetic acid, dimethyl terephthalate, ethylene dichloride, formaldehyde, maleic anhydride
were obtained from Reference 2 or Reference 3. Total production of acrylonitrile and phthalic anhydride was
obtained from Reference 2. The production level of cyclohexanone was obtained from Reference 3. The
approximate production of cyclohexanol was accounted for by multiplying the cyclohexanone production level
by 2. If Reference 3 was not available, the adipic acid production was obtained from Reference 2. It was
assumed that the cyclohexanol/none production reported in Reference 4 for the previous year changed in direct
proportion to adipic acid production.
3.14.2.2 Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions
The activity indicator for charcoal manufacturing was the production figure for charcoal obtained from
Reference 1.
The activities indicators for petrochemical manufacturing were the production figures for each material.
Total production levels of acrylonitrile and adipic acid were obtained from Reference 2. In order to determine
the adiponitrile production level, the total nylon production was obtained from Reference 2. It was assumed
that the year-to-year change in nylon production was proportional to year-to-year change in adiponitrile
production.
3.14.2.3 Industrial Processes - Particulate and PM-10 Emissions
The activity indicators for petrochemical manufacturing were the production figure for each material.
Production levels of phthalic anhydride, polyethylene, PVC, and polypropylene were obtained from Reference
2.
3.14.2.4 Industrial Processes - VOC Emi ssions
The activity indicators for petrochemical manufacturing processes, excluding the storage and handling and
waste disposal, were the production figures for each material. Production numbers for the chemicals listed in
Table 3.14-1 were obtained from Reference 2 or Reference 3. Activity indicators for the other products and
fugitive subcategories were based on the industrial organic chemical production index obtained from Reference
2.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
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The activity indicator for charcoal manufacturing was the production figure for charcoal obtained from
Reference 1.
3.14.3 Emission Factor
3.14.3.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
The emission factor for charcoal (SCC 3-01-006-01) was obtained from Reference 5a.
The emission factors for acetic acid, acrylonitrile, cyclohexanol/none and ethylene dichloride,
formaldehyde, and phthalic anhydride were obtained from Reference 6. The emission factor for dimethyl
terephthalate (SCC 3-01-031-01) was obtained from Reference 5b. The emission factor for maleic anhydride
(SCC 3-01-100-02) was obtained from Reference 5c.
3.14.3.2 Industrial Processes - N(X Emissions
X
The emission factor for charcoal (SCC 3-01-006-01) was obtained from Reference 5a.
The emission factors for acrylonitrile and adiponitrile were obtained from Reference 7. The emission
factor for the adipic acid (SCC 3-01-001-01) was obtained from Reference 5d.
3.14.3.3 Industrial Processes - Particulate and PM-10 Emissions
The emission factors for phthalic anhydride were determined from the emission factors for the raw material
inputs of: o-xylene or naphthalene. The emission factors for o-xylene (SCC 3-01-019-02, 3-01-019-02, and
3-01-019-04) and for naphthalene (SCC 3-01-019-05, 3-01-019-06, and 3-01-019-07) were obtained from
Reference 5f for TSP and from Reference 15 for PM-10. These emission factors were weighted according to
the capacity figures in Reference 8, in which a table showed the capacity of phthalic anhydride production in the
United States by raw material input: o-xylene or naphthalene.
The emission factors for polyethylene were the averages of the emission factors for the SCCs 3-01-018-
07 and 1-01-018-12. The TSP emission factors were obtained from Reference 7 and the PM-10 emission
factors were obtained from Reference 15. Emission factors for the PVC (SCC 3-01-018-01) and
polypropylene (SCC 3-01-018-02) were obtained from Reference 5e for TSP and from Reference 15 for
PM-10.
For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from the sources included in this Tier 2 category.
3.14.3.4 Industrial Processes - VOC Emi ssions
The emission factors for the chemical products listed in Table 3.14-1 were obtained from Reference 9,
with the exception of the emission factors for acetic acid, acrylic acid and acrylonitrile which were obtained
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from Reference 10. Weighted average emission factors for the chemical products where more than one SCC
was listed were calculated using the weighting factors given in Table 3.14-1. Where no weighting factors were
given, the overall emission factor for the chemical product was the sum of the emission factors for the SCCs
listed.
For the years 1940 through 1976, the VOC emission factors for other products and fugitives were
obtained from Reference 11. The emission factors for the years 1982 through 1984 were obtained from
Reference 6. The emission factors for the intervening years of 1977 through 1983 were derived from a linear
interpolation between the values for the years 1976 and 1982.
The emission factor for charcoal (SCC 3-01-006-01) was obtained from Reference 5a.
3.14.4 Control Efficiency
3 . 14.4. 1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
The control efficiency for charcoal manufacturing was derived from Reference 12 or Reference 13 using
the equation below.
UE
where: CE = control efficiency
UE = emissions before control
AE = emissions after control
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate emissions from petrochemical
production.
3 . 14.4.2 Industrial Processes - MX Emissions
X
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate NOX emissions from charcoal and
petrochemical production.
3.14.4.3 Industrial Processes - Particulate and PM-10 Emissions
The TSP control efficiency for PVC production was derived from Reference 5 or Reference 6 using the
same equation given above for the CO control efficiency for charcoal.
The TSP control efficiency for phthalic anhydride production was assumed to have a constant value of
0.85 for the years 1979 through 1984. The procedure used to determine the control efficiencies for the years
1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1978 is currently unavailable.
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No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate TSP emissions from polyethylene and
polypropylene production.
The PM-10 control efficiencies for the petrochemical emission sources for the years 1975 through 1984
were based on the 1988 PM-10 control efficiencies obtained from Reference 14. During these years, any
changes in the corresponding TSP control efficiencies from the 1985 TSP control efficiency value were
reflected in the PM-10 control efficiencies. For the years 1940 through 1974, no control efficiencies were used
to estimate the PM-10 emissions.
3.14.4.4 Industrial Processes - VOC Emi ssions
The control efficiency for charcoal manufacturing was derived from Reference 12 or Reference 13 using
the same equation given above for the CO control efficiency. No control efficiencies were applied to the
activity data to estimate VOC emissions from the petrochemical manufacturing sources included in this Tier 2
category.
3.14.5 References
1. Census of Manufactures. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC.
Available every 5 years.
2. Chemical and Engineering News, Facts and Figures Issue. American Chemical Society, Washington,
DC. Annual.
3. Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United States Production and Sales. USITC Publication 1745. U.S.
International Trade Commission, Washington, DC. Annual.
4. OAQPS Data File on National Emissions. National Air Data Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1984.
5. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
a. Volume I, Table 5.4-1
b. Volume I, Table 5.21-1
c. Volume I, Table 5.24-1
d. Volume I, Table 5.1-1
e. Volume I, Table 5.13-1
f Volume I, Table 5.12-1
6. Control Techniques for VOC Emissions from Stationary Sources. 450/3-85-008. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1985.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
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7. Survey Reports on Atmospheric Emissions from the Photochemical Industry, Volume IV.
EPA-450/3-73-005-d. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. April
1974.
8. Directory of Chemical Producers
9. VOC Emission Factors for the NAPAP Emission Inventory. Draft Document. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. Prepared by Radian Corporation for Air and Energy Engineering Research
Laboratory. August 1986.
10. Criteria Pollutant Emission Factors for the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory.
11. Organic ChemicalManufacturing, Volume 1: Program Report. EPA-450/3-80-023. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. December 1980.
12. Standard Computer Retrievals, AFP650 report, from the AIRS Facility Subsystem. Unpublished
computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
13. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE25 7 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
14. Barnard, William R. and Patricia M. Carlson. "PM-10 Emission Control Efficiency Calculations for
Emissions Trends." Prepared for Arch A. MacQueen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. October 1990.
15. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listing for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
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Table 3.14-1. Chemical Products, SCCs, and Weighting Factors for VOC Emission Factors
Chemical Product
Acetic acid* - via Methanol
- via Butane
- via Acetaldehyde
Acrylic acid*
Acrylonitrile*
Adiponitrile via Butadiene
Benzene - Reactor
- Distillation Vent
Butadiene & Butylene Fractions
1,3 Butadiene
Capro lac tarn
Chlorobenzene
Cyclohexanone
Cumene
Dimethyl Terephthalate
Ethyl Benzene
Ethylene
Ethylene Dichloride - oxychlorination
- Direct chlorination
Ethylene Glycol
Ethylene Oxide
Formaldehyde - Silver Catalyst
- Mixed Oxide Catalyst
Linear Alkylbenzene - Olefin process
- Chlorination Process
sec
3-01-132-01
3-01-132-05
3-01-132-10
3-01-132-21
3-01-245-05
3-01-254-10
3-01-258-02
3-01-258-03
3-01-153-10(20)
3-01-153-10(20)
3-01-210-02
3-01-210-03
3-01-210-05
3-01-210-06
3-01-210-07
3-01-210-08
3-01-210-09
3-01-210-10
3-01-301-10
3-01-158-01
3-01-156-01
3-01-031-01
3-01-169-01
3-01-197-41
3-01-197-43
3-01-197-45
3-01-125-01
3-01-125-02
3-01-251-02
3-01-251-03
3-01-174-01
3-01-120-01
3-01-120-02
3-01-211-02
3-01-211-03
3-01-211-04
3-01-211-22
3-01-211-23
3-01-211-24
3-01-211-25
Weighting Factor
.43
.28
.29
.996
.004
.8
.2
.36
.36
.36
.64
.64
.64
.64
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Table 3.14-1. (continued)
Chemical Product
Maleic Anhydride
Methanol
Methyl Methacrylate
Nitrobenzene
Perchloroethylene
Phenol
Propylene Oxide - Chlorohydrin
- Isobutane
- Ethylbenzene
Styrene
Toluene Diisocyanate
Vinyl Acetate
Vinyl Chloride
sec
3-01-100-02
3-01-100-03
3-01-100-05
3-01-250-02
3-01-250-03
3-01-190-02
3-01-190-03
3-01-190-04
3-01-190-10
3-01-190-11
3-01-190-12
3-01-190-13
3-01-190-14
3-01-195-01
3-01-125-20
3-01-202-01
3-01-205-**
3-01-205-**
3-01-205-**
3-01-206-01
3-01-181-02
3-01-181-03
3-01-181-04
3-01-181-05
3-01-181-06
3-01-181-07
3-01-181-08
3-01-167-02
3-01-167-03
3-01-167-04
3-01-125-40
Weighting Factor
.53
.33
.14
The emission factors for these chemical products were obtained from Reference 10. For all other chemical products, the emission
factors were obtained from Reference 9.
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3.15 CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCT MANUFACTURE - INORGANIC CHEMICAL
MANUFACTURE: 04-02
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source categories.
Category: Subcategory:
Industrial Processes - CO Emissions Ammonia
Industrial Processes - CO Emissions Titanium Dioxide (chloride process)
Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions Ammonia
Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions Nitric Acid
Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Chemical Industry (calcium carbide and sulfuric acid)
Emissions
Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions Other Industrial Processes (sulfuric acid)
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [miscellaneous
chemical products (ammonia)]
3.15.1 Technical Approach
The CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, SO2, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the
emissions from the source categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator,
emission factor, and control efficiency, where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends
spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed in thousand short tons and emission factors were expressed in
metric pounds/short ton. All control efficiencies were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984 for all pollutants except TSP, for which the
procedures were used for the years through 1992, and PM-10, for which the procedures were used for the
years 1975 through 1984. For some source categories, the PM-10 emissions exceeded the TSP emissions as
calculated by the procedures presented in this section. Because this represents a physical impossibility, a more
realistic estimate of the PM-10 emissions was assumed to be the TSP emissions value.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years prior to 1975 was based on the relative change in TSP
emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975
TSP Emissions
TSP Emissions 1975
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This calculation was used in place of estimating emissions based on activity indicators, emission factors, and
control efficiencies.
3.15.2 Activity Indicator
3.15.2.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
The activity indicator for ammonia was the total quantity of ammonia production obtained from Reference
1. The activity indicator for titanium dioxide was based on the total quantity of titanium dioxide production as
reported in Reference 1. It was assumed that 73 percent of total production was by chloride process.
Therefore total production was multiplied by 0.73 to calculate the total titanium dioxide produced by the
chloride process. For a more accurate figure for the percentage of production by the chloride process,
Reference 2 should be consulted.
3.15.2.2 Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions
The activity indicator for ammonia was the total quantity of ammonia production obtained from Reference
1. The activity indicator for nitric acid was the total production of nitric acid obtained from Reference 1.
3.15.2.3 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions
The activity indicator for calcium carbide was the total production of calcium carbide obtained from
Reference 3. When data was withheld (i.e., for proprietary reasons), the previous year's data was used. The
activity indicator for sulfuric acid was the total production of sulfuric acid obtained from Reference 3.
3.15.2.4 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
The activity indicator for sulfuric acid was the total production of sulfuric acid obtained from Reference 3.
3.15.2.5 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
The activity indicator for ammonia was the total quantity of ammonia production was obtained from
Reference 1.
3.15.3 Emission Factor
3.15.3.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
The emission factor for ammonia was the sum of emission factors for feedstock desulfurization (SCC 3-
01-003-05), primary reformer, natural gas (SCC 3-01-003-06), and CO regenerator (SCC 3-01-003-08)
These emission factors were obtained from Reference 4a. The emission factor for titanium dioxide was
obtained from Reference 5 for all U.S. plants with actual CO emission source tests (SCC = 3-03-012-01).
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3.15.3.2 Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions
The emission factor for ammonia (SCC 3-01-003-06) was obtained from Reference 4a.
The emission factor for nitric acid was the weighted average of the emission factors for nitric acid
production by old plants (43 Ib/ton) and new plants (3 Ib/ton). The weighting factors used to calculate the
overall emission factor were the percentage of production from old plants and from new plants, respectively.
New plant production was equal to 5 percent of the total 1970 production (380,000 tons) for each year since
1970. Old plant production was equal to the difference between total production as reported in Reference 1
and new plant production, as calculated above.
3.15.3.3 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions
The PM-10 and TSP emission factors for calcium carbide were the sum of three emission factors: electric
furnace (SCC 3-05-004-01), coke dryer (SCC 3-05-004-02) and furnace room vents (SCC 3-05-004-03).
The TSP emission factors were obtained from Reference 4c and the PM-10 emission factors were obtained
from Reference 9. The emission factors for sulfuric acid (SCC 3-01-023-01) were obtained from Reference
4b for TSP and from Reference 9 for PM-10.
For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from the sources included in this Tier 2 category.
3.15.3.4 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
The emission factors for sulfuric acid were based on the emission factor calculated for the year previous to
the year under study and the NSPS emission factor (4 Ib/ton). The weighted average of these two emission
factors was based on the production levels for the year under study and the previous year as presented in the
following equation:
_ ,0.95 x EF,. l x p., t) . |0.05 x EF^s x P,. ^ • ft • P,. t) x EF^
EF, -
where: EF = SO2 emission factor
i = year under study
P = total production
When the production for the year under study was less than the production for the previous year, then the last
term (P; - P^) was set to zero. New capacity for production was only assumed for a production level above
the previous record high production level.
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3.15.3.5 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
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The emission factor for ammonia was the sum of emission factors for feedstock desulfurization (SCC 3-
01-003-05), primary reformer, natural gas (SCC 3-01-003-06), carbon dioxide regenerator (SCC 3-01-003-
08), and condensate stripper (SCC 3-01-003-09). These emission factors were obtained from Reference 4a.
3.15.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate CO, NOX, SO2, and VOC emissions
from the source included in this Tier 2 category.
The TSP control efficiencies for sulfuric acid and calcium carbide production were derived from Reference
6 or Reference 7 using the equation below.
. (UE- AE)
i i
I UE 1
where: CE = control efficiency
UE = emissions before control
AE = emissions after control
The PM-10 control efficiencies for sulfuric acid and calcium carbide production for the years 1975
through 1984 were based on the 1988 PM-10 control efficiencies obtained from Reference 8. During these
years, any changes in the corresponding TSP control efficiencies from the 1985 TSP control efficiency value
were reflected in the PM-10 control efficiencies. For the years 1940 through 1974, no control efficiencies
were used to estimate the PM-10 emissions.
3.15.5 References
1. Chemical and Engineering News, Facts and Figures Issue. American Chemical Society, Washington,
DC. Annual.
2. Chemical Economics Handbook. Stanford Research Institute International, Menlo Park, CA.
3. Current Industrial Reports, Inorganic Chemicals. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Washington, DC. Annual.
4. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
a. Volume I, Table 5.2-1
b. Volume I, Table 5.17-2
c. Volume I, Table 8.4-1
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
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5. Computer Retrieval, NE257 report, by Source Classification Code (SCC) from the National
Emission Data System (NEDS). Unpublished computer report. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
February 9, 1980.
6. Standard Computer Retrievals, AFP650 report, from the AIRS Facility Subsystem. Unpublished
computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
7. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE25 7 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
8. Barnard, William R. and Patricia M. Carlson. "PM-10 Emission Control Efficiency Calculations for
Emissions Trends." Prepared for Arch A. MacQueen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. October 1990.
9. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listings for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
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3.16 CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCTS MANUFACTURE - POLYMER AND RESIN
MANUFACTURE: 04-03
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source categories.
Category:
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
Subcategory:
Plastics Manufacture (excluding fabrication)
Miscellaneous Chemical Products (synthetic fibers and
synthetic rubber)
3.16.1 Technical Approach
The VOC emissions included in this category were the sum of the emissions from the source categories
listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator, emission factor, and control efficiency, where
applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed in
thousand short tons and emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/short ton. All control efficiencies
were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984.
3.16.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicators for plastics manufacture were the total production levels for each material. The total
production levels of high density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride
were obtained from Reference 1. The production level of polystyrene was obtained from Reference 1 as the
sum of production levels for the following substances: (1) styrene-acrylonitrile, (2) polystyrene, and (3)
acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and other styrene polymers. The production level for other plastics was
obtained from Reference 1 as the sum of production levels for the following substances: (1) thermosetting
resins, (2) polyamides, and (3) other vinyl resins.
The activity indicator for synthetic fibers was the quantity of total man-made fiber production obtained
from Reference 1. The activity indicator for the total synthetic rubber subcategory was the production of
synthetic rubber obtained from Reference 1.
3.16.3 Emission Factor
The emission factors for high density polyethylene (SCC 3-01-018-07), low density polyethylene (SCC
3-01-018-12), and polystyrene (SCC 3-01-01801) were obtained from Reference 2. The emission factors for
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polypropylene (SCC 3-01-018-02) and poly vinyl chloride (SCC 3-01-018-01) were obtained from
Reference 3 a.
The emission factor for other plastics manufacturing was calculated by dividing the 1979 actual emissions
for this source by the corresponding activity indicator. The calculation of the 1979 actual emissions for other
plastics followed the steps described below.
1. The 1979 total actual emissions for the high density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, polypropylene
and polystyrene subcategories were calculated using the corresponding 1979 activity indicators and
emission factors.
2. The 1979 actual emissions of polyethylene terephthalate were added to the previous sum. Actual
emissions of polyethylene terephthalate were estimated by multiplying the emission factor obtained from
Reference 4 by the production level obtained from Reference 1 for 1979.
3. It was assumed that the sum calculated in step 2 represented 75 percent of the total emissions from all
plastics. Therefore, the total emissions from all plastics in 1979 was calculated by dividing the total from
step 2 by 0.75.
4. The 1979 actual emissions of high density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, polypropylene and
polystyrene were subtracted from the total emission from all plastics calculated in step 3. The result was
the total 1979 emissions from the other plastics category.
The emission factors for synthetic fibers was obtained from Reference 5. The emission factor for synthetic
rubber was the weighted average of emission factors for the following compounds: polychloroprene,
polyisoprene, butyl, nitrile, polybutadiene, ethylene propylene copolymers, styrene butadiene rubber, and
"others." The styrene butadiene rubber emission factor was obtained from Reference 3a and all other emission
factors were obtained from Reference 6. These emission factors were weighted by the relative quantity of each
compound produced in 1979 as obtained from Reference 1.
3.16.4 Control Efficiency
Control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate VOC emissions from high density
polyethylene production processes, but the procedures for determining these control efficiencies are currently
unavailable. No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate emissions from all other
sources included in this Tier 2 category.
3.16.5 References
1. Chemical and Engineering News, Facts and Figures Issue. American Chemical Society, Washington,
DC. Annual.
2. Criteria Pollutant Emission Factors for the 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
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3. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
a. Volume I, Table 5.13-1
4. Polymer Manufacturing Industry - Background Information for Proposed Standards; Preliminary
Draft. EPA-450/3-83-012a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
October 1984.
5. OAQPS Data File on National Emissions. National Air Data Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1984.
6. Control Techniques for VOC Emissions from Stationary Sources. EPA-450/3-85-008. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1985.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
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3.17 CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCT MANUFACTURE - AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL
MANUFACTURE: 04-04
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source category.
Category: Subcategory:
Industrial Processes - Parti culates and PM-10 Chemical Industry [fertilizers (ammonium nitrate,
Emissions diammonium phosphate, and urea)]
3.17.1 Technical Approach
The PM-10 and TSP emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the emissions from the
source categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator, emission factor, and
control efficiency, where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends spreadsheets, activity
indicators were expressed in thousand short tons and emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/short
ton. All control efficiencies were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1992 for TSP and for the years 1975 through
1984 for PM-10. For some source categories, the PM-10 emissions exceeded the TSP emissions as
calculated by the procedures presented in this section. Because this represents a physical impossibility, a more
realistic estimate of the PM-10 emissions was assumed to be the TSP emissions value.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years prior to 1975 was based on the relative change in TSP
emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975
TSP Emissions
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating emissions based on activity indicators, emission factors, and
control efficiencies.
3.17.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicators for the manufacture of fertilizers were the production levels of the individual
materials. Total production levels for ammonium nitrate and urea were obtained from Reference 1. Total
production of diammonium phosphate was calculated as the sum of production levels of diammonium,
monoammonium, and other ammonium phosphates obtained from Reference 2. Production was expressed in
equivalent tons of phosphoric oxide, P205 content.
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3.17.3 Emission Factor
The emission factors for ammonium nitrate manufacturing were the weighted averages of the emission
factors for specific processes obtained from Reference 3a for TSP and from Reference 8 for PM-10. The
specific processes and SCCs included in the weighted averages along with the weighting factors are presented
in Table 3.17-1. Each emission factor was multiplied by the corresponding weighting factor and the products
were summed.
The emission factors for diammonium phosphate production were the sum of the emission factors for
following processes: (1) dryer, cooler and (2) ammoniator - granulator. The TSP emission factors were
obtained from Reference 4a; the PM-10 emission factors were obtained from Reference 8.
For urea production, the emission factors were the weighted averages of emission factors for specific
processes obtained from Reference 3b for TSP and from Reference 8 for PM-10. The specific processes and
SCCs included in the weighted averages along with the weighting factors are presented in Table 3.17-1. Each
emission factor was multiplied by the corresponding weighting factor and the products were summed.
For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from the sources included in this Tier 2 category.
3.17.4 Control Efficiency
The TSP control efficiency for diammonium phosphate production was derived from Reference 5 or
Reference 6 using the equation below:
. (UE- AE)
i i
I UE 1
where: CE = control efficiency
UE = emissions before control
AE = emissions after control
The TSP control efficiencies for ammonium nitrate and urea production were based on the controlled and
uncontrolled emission factors from Reference 1. For ammonium nitrate production, this procedure for
determining control efficiency was used for the years 1974 through 1984. For urea production, this procedure
was used for the years 1979 through 1984. For the years prior to those stated above, the procedures for
determining the TSP control efficiencies are currently unavailable.
The PM-10 control efficiencies for the production of these three fertilizers for the years 1975 through
1984 were based on the 1988 PM-10 control efficiencies obtained from Reference 7. During these years, any
changes in the corresponding TSP control efficiencies from the 1985 TSP control efficiency value were
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reflected in the PM-10 control efficiencies. For the years 1940 through 1974, no control efficiencies were used
to estimate PM-10 emissions.
3.17.5 References
1. Chemical and Engineering News, Facts and Figures Issue. American Chemical Society, Washington,
DC. Annual.
2. Current Industrial Reports, Fertilizer Materials. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC. Annual.
3. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
a. Volume I, Table 6.8-1
b. Volume I, Table 6.14-1
4. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Third Edition, Supplements 1 through 14, AP-42.
NTIS PB-275525. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September
1977.
b. Volume I, Table 6.10-1
5. Standard Computer Retrievals, AFP650 report, from the AIRS Facility Subsystem. Unpublished
computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
6. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE25 7 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
7. Barnard, William R. and Patricia M. Carlson. "PM-10 Emission Control Efficiency Calculations for
Emissions Trends." Prepared for Arch A. MacQueen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. October 1990.
8. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listing for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-92 Category: 04-04
-------
sec
Table 3.17-1. Ammonium Nitrate Emission Factor SCCs and Weighting Factors
Weighting Factor
Description
3-01-027-04
3-01-027-17(27)
3-01-027-18(28)
3-01-027-12
3-01-027-22
3-01-027-07
3-01-027-08
3-01-027-14
3-01-027-24
3-01-027-25
3-01-027-29
3-01-027-30
Neutralize! (All Plants)
Solids Evap. Concentrator (All Plants)
Coating Operation
High Density Prilling (Solids Form.)
Low Density Prilling (Solids Form.)
Rotary Drum Granulators (Solids Form.)
Pan Granulators (Solids Form.)
High Density Prilling (Coolers/Dryers)
Low Density Prilling (Coolers/Dryers)
Low Density Prilling/Drying (Coolers/Dryers)
Rotary Drum Granulators (Coolers/Dryers)
Pan Granulator Coolers (Coolers/Dryers)
1
.6
.4
.36
.18
.04
.01
.36
.18
.18
.032
.006
sec
Table 3.17-2. Urea Emission Factor SCCs and Weighting Factors
Description
Weighting Factor
3-01-040-02
3-01-040-04
3-01-040-08
3-01-040-09
3-01-040-10
3-01-040-11
3-01-040-12
3-01-040-06
Solution Concentration
Drum Granulation
Nonfluid Bed Prilling (Agricultural Grade)
Nonfluid Bed Prilling (Feed Grade)
Fluid Bed Prilling (Agricultural Grade)
Fluid Bed Prilling (Feed Grade)
Rotary Drum Cooler
Bagging
1
.45
.07
.005
.07
.005
.045
.045
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
3-93
1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 04-04
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3.18 CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCT MANUFACTURE - PAINT, VARNISH, LACQUER,
AND ENAMEL MANUFACTURE: 04-05
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source category.
Category:
Industrial Processes - VOC emissions
3.18.1 Technical Approach
Subcategory:
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [miscellaneous
chemical products (paint)]
The VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the emissions from the source category listed
above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator, emission factor, and control efficiency, where
applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends spreadsheets, the activity indicator was expressed in
thousand short tons and the emission factor was expressed in metric pounds/short ton. All control efficiencies
were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984.
3.18.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for paint manufacturing was the total shipments of paint and allied products obtained
from Reference 1.
3.18.3 Emission Factor
The emission factor for paint manufacturing was the sum of the emission factors for general mixing/handling
(SCC 3-01-014-01) and varnish manufacture, oleoresinous (SCC 3-01-015-02) obtained from Reference 2a.
3.18.4 Control Efficiency
The control efficiency for paint manufacturing was derived from Reference 3 or Reference 4 using the
equation below:
CE
(UE-AE)
I UE 1
where: CE = control efficiency
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
3-94
1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 04-05
-------
UE = emissions before control
AE = emissions after control
3.18.5 References
1. Current Industrial Reports, Paint and Allied Products. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Washington, DC. Annual.
2. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
a. Volume I, Table 5.10-1
3. Standard Computer Retrievals, AFP650 report, from the AIRS Facility Subsystem. Unpublished
computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
4. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE25 7 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-95 Category: 04-05
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3.19 CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCT MANUFACTURE - PHARMACEUTICAL
MANUFACTURE: 04-06
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source category.
Category:
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
Subcategory:
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [miscellaneous
chemical products (pharmaceutical s)]
3.19.1 Technical Approach
The VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the emissions from the source category listed
above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator and emission factor. In order to utilize these values
in the Trends spreadsheets, the activity indicator was expressed in thousand short tons and the emission factor
was expressed in metric pounds/short ton.
The procedures for determining activity indicators and emission factors were used for the years 1940,
1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984.
3.19.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for pharmaceutical manufacturing was the production index for drugs and medicines
obtained from Reference 1. The index was multiplied by 10 to obtain the activity indicator for pharmaceutical s.
3.19.3 Emission Factor
The emission factor for pharmaceutical manufacturing was 63.1 Ib VOC/ton and comes from Reference 6
of section 3.16.
3.19.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate VOC emissions from the manufacture
of pharmaceuticals.
3.19.5 References
1. Chemical and Engineering News, Facts and Figures Issue. American Chemical Society, Washington,
DC. Annual.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
3-96
1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 04-06
-------
3.20 CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCTS MANUFACTURE - OTHER CHEMICAL
MANUFACTURE: 04-07
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source categories.
Trends Category:
Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
Industrial Processes - PM-10 Emissions
Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
3.20.1 Technical Approach
Trends Subcategory:
Carbon Black Production
Chemical Industry (carbon black production,
charcoal, and soap and detergent)
Other Industrial Processes (carbon black)
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [miscellaneous
chemical products (carbon black)]
The CO, PM-10, TSP, SO2, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the
emissions from the source categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator,
emission factor, and control efficiency, where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends
spreadsheets, activity indicators was expressed in thousand short tons and emission factors were expressed in
metric pounds/short ton. All control efficiencies were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984 for all pollutants except TSP, for which the
procedures were used for the years through 1992, and PM-10, for which the procedures were used for the
years 1975 through 1984. For some source categories, the PM-10 emissions exceeded the TSP emissions as
calculated by the procedures presented in this section. Because this represents a physical impossibility, a more
realistic estimate of the PM-10 emissions was assumed to be the TSP emissions value.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years prior to 1975 was based on the relative change in TSP
emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
PM* 10 Emissions,
PM* 10 Emissions
1975
TSP Emissions
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating emissions based on activity indicators, emission factors, and
control efficiencies.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
3-97
1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 04-07
-------
3.20.2 Activity Indicator
3.20.2.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
The activity indicators for carbon black production by the oil and gas processes were based on the total
quantity of carbon black produced as reported in Reference 1. It was assumed that 90 percent of total
production was by the oil process and 10 percent of total production was by the gas process. For the years
1940 through 1973, the activity of carbon black production by the channel process was obtained from
Reference 2. After 1973, production by this process was assumed to be zero.
3.20.2.2 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions
The activity indicators for carbon black production by the oil and gas processes were based on the total
quantity of carbon black produced obtained from Reference 1. It was assumed that 90 percent of total
production was by the oil process and 10 percent of total production was by the gas process. For the years
1940 through 1973, the activity of carbon black production by the channel process was obtained from
Reference 2. After 1973, production by the channel process was assumed to be zero.
The activity indicators for charcoal and soap and detergent production were based on the corresponding
production figures obtained from Reference 3. Because this reference was only published every 5 years, the
data from the year of publication prior to the year under study was projected to the year under study. The
growth factor was based on the production index reported in Reference 1. It was calculated as the ratio
between the production index for year under study and the production index for the publication year of
Reference 3. The overall calculation is summarized in the equation given below.
Production index .
Activity Indicator t • Production figure x ^^^^^^^^^^_
Production index
where: i = year under study
j = year of preceding publication of Reference 2
3.20.2.3 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
The activity indicator for carbon black production was the total carbon black production obtained from
Reference 1. This activity was not divided by process.
3.20.2.4 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
The activity indicators for carbon black production by the oil and gas processes were based on the total
quantity of carbon black produced obtained from Reference 1. It was assumed that 90 percent of total
production was by the oil process and 10 percent of total production was by the gas process. For the years
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-98 Category: 04-07
-------
1940 through 1973, the activity of carbon black production by the channel process was obtained from
Reference 2. After 1973, production by the channel process was assumed to be zero.
3.20.3 Emission Factor
3.20.3.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
The emission factor for carbon black production by the oil process (SCC 3-01-005-04) was obtained
from Reference 4a. The emission factors for carbon black production by the gas process (SCC 3-01-005-03)
and the charcoal process were obtained from Reference 5.
3.20.3.2 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions
The TSP emission factors for carbon black production by the oil process (SCC 3-01-005-04) was
obtained from Reference 4a. The TSP emission factors for carbon black production by the gas process (SCC
3-01-005-03) and the channel process were obtained from Reference 4c. The PM-10 emission factors for the
three carbon black production processes were obtained from Reference 9.
The emission factors for charcoal were derived from the emission factors for charcoal kiln (SCC 3-01-
006-03) and charcoal briquetting (3-01-006-05) obtained from Reference 4b for TSP and from Reference 9
for PM-10. The overall charcoal emission factors were the sum of the kiln emission factor and a specific
percentage of the briquetting emission factor. For the years 1980 through 1984, this was 90 percent. For each
preceding year through the year 1950, the percentage was decreased by one. The percentage was held
constant from 1940 to 1950.
The emission factors for soap and detergent production (SCC 3-01-009-01) were obtained from
Reference 4c for TSP and from Reference 9 for PM-10.
For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from the sources included in this Tier 2 category.
3.20.3.3 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
The emission factor for carbon black production was based on the emission factor for flared furnace
exhaust, oil process obtained from Reference 4a and the CO control efficiency for carbon black production by
the oil process. The description of this CO control efficiency is presented in the next section. The SO2
emission factor was calculated according to the equation given below.
^ 30 carbon black * (^'CO, carbon black ' 0.913) X ^ piared Furnace Exhaust
where: EF = emission factor
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-99 Category: 04-07
-------
CE = control efficiency, expressed as a fraction
3.20.3.4 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
The emission factor for carbon black production by the oil process (main vent, SCC 3-01-005-04) was
obtained from Reference 4a. The emission factors for carbon black production by the gas process (main vent,
SCC 3-01-005-03) and the channel process were obtained from Reference 5.
3.20.4 Control Efficiency
3.20.4.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
The control efficiencies for carbon black production by both the oil process and gas process were
computed from actual and uncontrolled emissions reported in Reference 6 or Reference 7 using the equation
given below.
. (UE- AE)
i i
I UE 1
where: CE = control efficiency
UE = emissions before control
AE = emissions after control
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data for carbon black production by the channel
process.
3.20.4.2 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions
The TSP control efficiencies for carbon black production by the oil process and gas process and for soap
and detergent production were derived from Reference 6 or Reference 7 using the same equation given above
for the CO control efficiencies. No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data for carbon black
production by the channel process.
The TSP control efficiency for charcoal production was calculated based on the control on kilns ( SCC
301-006-01) for either CO, TSP, or VOC emissions obtained from Reference 6 or Reference 7. The TSP
control efficiency for this process was calculated using the equation given below.
(EFMn x CEMn) • ( EFBnquettmg x Q.9 x Q.95)
charcoal
EFBnquettmg x 0.9)
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-100 Category: 04-07
-------
where: CE = control efficiency
EF = emission factor
The PM-10 control efficiencies for carbon black, charcoal, and soap and detergent production for the
years 1975 through 1984 were based on the 1988 PM-10 control efficiencies obtained from Reference 8.
During these years, any changes in the corresponding TSP control efficiencies from the 1985 TSP control
efficiency value were reflected in the PM-10 control efficiencies. For the years 1940 through 1974, no control
efficiencies were used to estimate PM-10 emissions.
3.20.4.3 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate SO2 emissions from the carbon black
production processes.
3.20.4.4 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
The VOC control efficiencies for carbon black production processes were 85 percent of the CO control
efficiencies for the corresponding production process.
3.20.5 References
1. Chemical and Engineering News, Facts and Figures Issue. American Chemical Society, Washington,
DC. Annual.
2. Minerals Yearbook, Carbon Black. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.
Annual.
3. Census of Manufactures. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC.
Available every five years.
4. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
a. Volume I, Table 5.3-3
b. Volume I, Table 5.4-1
c. Volume I, Table 5.15-1
5. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Third Edition, Supplements 1 through 14, AP-42.
NTIS PB-275525. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September
1977.
6. Standard Computer Retrievals, AFP650 report, from the AIRS Facility Subsystem. Unpublished
computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-101 Category: 04-07
-------
7. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE25 7 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
8. Barnard, William R. and Patricia M. Carlson. "PM-10 Emission Control Efficiency Calculations for
Emissions Trends." Prepared for Arch A. MacQueen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. October 1990.
9. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listings for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-102 Category: 04-07
-------
3.21 METALS PROCESSING-NONFERROUS: 05-01
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source categories.
Category: Subcategory:
Industrial Processes - CO Emissions Primary Aluminum
Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Primary Metals Industry (aluminum, copper, zinc, and
Emissions lead)
Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Secondary Metal Industry (aluminum, lead, and
Emissions copper)
Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions Nonferrous Smelters (copper, zinc, and lead)
Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions Other Industrial Processes (primary aluminum and
secondary lead)
3.21.1 Technical Approach
The CO, PM-10, TSP, and SO2 emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the emissions
from the source categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator, emission factor,
and control efficiency, where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends spreadsheets, activity
indicators were expressed in thousand short tons and emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/short
ton. All control efficiencies were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984 for all pollutants except TSP, for which the
procedures were used for the years through 1992, and PM-10, for which the procedures were used for the
years 1975 through 1984. For some source categories, the PM-10 emissions exceeded the TSP emissions as
calculated by the procedures presented in this section. Because this represents a physical impossibility, a more
realistic estimate of the PM-10 emissions was assumed to be the TSP emissions value.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years prior to 1975 was based on the relative change in TSP
emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
TSP Emissions „„„„
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating emissions based on activity indicators, emission factors, and
control efficiencies.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-103 Category: 05-01
-------
3.21.2 Activity Indicator
3.21.2.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
Primary aluminum production was obtained from Reference 1. This production level was used as the
activity indicator for primary aluminum.
3.21.2.2 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions
3.21.2.2.1 Primary Metals Industry - Aluminum —
The production of calcined alumina, obtained from Reference 2a, was the activity indicator for calcining of
hydroxide. The primary aluminum production, obtained from Reference 1, was the activity indicator for
material handling.
The HSS stack was assigned an activity equivalent to 18.5 percent of the total primary aluminum
production. Activity of the HSS fugitive was assumed to equal to that for HSS stack. The VSS stacks was
assigned an activity equivalent to 10.5 percent of the total primary aluminum production. The activity of VSS
fugitives was assumed to equal to that of VSS stacks.
Stack and fugitive prebake were each assigned an activity equivalent to 71 percent of the total primary
aluminum production. The activity of anode baking was assumed to equal to that of prebake.
3.21.2.2.2 Primary Metals Industry - Copper —
The activity indicator for roasting was based on the primary copper smelter production from domestic and
foreign ores from Reference 3a. This reference provided the units of blister copper produced. It was assumed
that of the 4 tons of copper concentrate/ton of blister, only half was roasted. Therefore, units of blister copper
produced multiplied by 2 resulted in the activity indicator for roasting.
The activity indicators for smelting and converting were assumed to be equivalent. The activities were
calculated in the same manner as for roasting, except it was assumed that all of the blister copper produced is
smelted and converted. Therefore, units of blister copper produced multiplied by 4 resulted in the activity
indicators for smelting and converting.
The total new copper smelter production figure obtained from Reference 3b was used as the activity
indicator for fugitives.
3.21.2.2.3 Primary Metals Industry - Zinc —
The activity indicator for roasting was assigned the total slab zinc production obtained from the Reference
4. The production figure was converted to short tons and multiplied by 2 to account for the fact that there are 2
units of concentrate/ton slab zinc.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-104 Category: 05-01
-------
The activity indicator for sintering was assigned the redistilled slab zinc production obtained from
Reference 4a. The activity indicator for electrolytic processes was estimated by subtracting the redistilled slab
zinc production from total slab zinc production. These data were obtained from Reference 4.
The activity indicator for horizontal retort process was assume to be zero. The activity indicator for
vertical retort processes was assigned the same value as used for zinc sintering.
Total slab zinc production figure obtained from Reference 4 was used as the activity for fugitive processes.
3.21.2.2.4 Primary Metals Industry - Lead —
The activities for the sintering process, blast furnaces, reverberatory furnaces, and fugitive processes were
set equal to the primary refined lead production from domestic and foreign ores obtained from Reference 5.
3.21.2.2.5 Secondary Metals - Aluminum —
The activity indicator for sweating was the total consumption of all scrap by "sweated pig" and "borings
and turnings" was obtained from Reference 1. Total of all scrap consumed, also from Reference 1, was the
activity indicator for refining.
The activity indicator for fluxing was based on the quantities of magnesium recovered from new and old
aluminum-based scrap obtained from Reference 6a. The quantities of magnesium were summed and multiplied
by 4.
The activity indicator for fugitive processes was the total quantity of secondary aluminum recovered
obtained from Reference 1.
3.21.2.2.6 Secondary Metals - Lead —
The data used to estimate the activity for the four lead processes were obtained from Reference 5. The
pot furnace activity was estimated as 90 percent of the total consumption of lead scrap by all consumers
obtained from Reference 5a. The activity indicator for reverberatory furnaces was calculated by multiplying the
total consumption of lead scrap by the ratio between the quantity of lead recovered as soft lead and the total
lead recovered from scrap. The activity indicator for blast furnaces was calculated by multiplying the total
consumption of lead scrap by the ratio between lead recovered as antimonial lead and the total lead recovered
from scrap. The total quantity of secondary lead recovered in the U.S. was used as the activity indicator for
fugitive processes.
3.21.2.2.7 Secondary Metals - Copper —
The data used to estimate the activity for the four copper processes were obtained from Reference 3. The
activity for wire burning was calculated as one-half of the total consumption of No. 2 wire obtained from
Reference 3c. The activity for brass and bronze coating was calculated by multiplying the total consumption of
scrap by the ratio between the copper recovered in alloys and the total secondary copper production. The
activity for smelting was calculated by multiplying the total consumption of scrap by the ratio between the
copper recovered as unalloyed copper and the total secondary copper production. The total quantity of
copper recovered from all scrap was assigned the activity for fugitive processes.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-105 Category: 05-01
-------
3.21.2.3 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
The activity indicator for copper roasting was based on the primary copper smelter production from
domestic and foreign ores from Reference 3a. This reference provided the units of blister copper produced. It
was assumed that of the 4 tons of copper concentrate/ton of blister, only half were roasted. Therefore, units of
blister copper produced multiplied by 2 resulted in the activity indicator for copper concentrate roasting.
The activity indicators for copper smelting and converting were assumed to be equivalent. The activities
were calculated in the same manner as for the roasting category, except it was assumed that all of the blister
copper produced was smelted and converted. Therefore, units of blister copper produced multiplied by 4
resulted in the activity indicators for copper smelting and converting.
The activity indicator for zinc ore roasting was assigned the total slab zinc production obtained from the
Reference 4. The production figure was converted to short tons and multiplied by 2 to account for the fact that
there are 2 units of concentrate/ton slab zinc.
The determination for the activity indicator for lead processing required the following steps: (1) calculation
of the quantity of SO2 removed as by-product sulfuric acid by lead plants, (2) calculation of total SO2 emissions
from lead processing, and (3) calculation of lead processing activity indicator. Each of these steps are
described below.
For the first step, the quantity of by-product sulfuric acid produced from lead plants was obtained from
Reference 3. This value was multiplied by the ratio of the molecular weight of SO2 to the molecular weight of
sulfuric acid (64/98), in order to obtain the amount of SO2 removed as sulfuric acid.
The second step required the actual quantity of SO2 emitted from lead production (SCC 3-03-010-xx)
obtained from Reference 7 or 8. The amount of SO2 removed as sulfuric acid was added to the actual amount
of SO2 emitted to calculate the total amount of SO2 emitted by lead processing.
Emissions vn , , • H~SOA • Emissions vn t ,
SO2 , lead proc. 2 4SO kad SO 2,actual
The last step in this method calculated the production level for lead processing by using the total amount of
SO2 emitted by lead processing, converted to metric pounds, and the emission factor for lead processing. The
emission factor was determined according to the description presented later in this section. The following
equation was used to complete the calculation of the activity indicator for lead processing.
Emission ^ lead proc x 2000 Ib/ton
Production kad pmc, •
540 Ib SO2Itons lead proc .
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-106 Category: 05-01
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The primary aluminum production obtained from Reference 1 was the activity indicator for primary
aluminum processes.
The data used to estimate the activity for the two furnace types used in secondary lead production were
obtained from Reference 5. The activity indicator for reverberatory furnaces was calculated by multiplying the
total consumption of lead scrap by the ratio between the quantity of lead recovered as soft lead and the total
lead recovered from scrap. The activity indicator for blast furnaces was calculated by multiplying the total
consumption of lead scrap by the ratio between lead recovered as antimonial lead and the total lead recovered
from scrap.
3.21.3 Emission Factor
3.21.3.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
The emission factor for primary aluminum was obtained from Reference 9.
3.21.3.2 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions
3.21.3.2.1 Primary Metals Industry - Aluminum —
The TSP emission factors for all aluminum production processes, with the exception of material handling,
were obtained from Reference lOa. The TSP emission factor for material handling was obtained from
Reference 1 la. The PM-10 emission factors for all aluminum production processes were obtained from
Reference 15. The SCCs corresponding to each of the production processes are presented in Table 3.21-1.
For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from these emission sources.
3.21.3.2.2 Primary Metals Industry - Copper —
The emission factors for roasting were the weighted averages of the emission factors for two process
types listed in Table 3.21-2. The TSP emission factor was obtained from Reference lOb and the PM-10
emission factors were obtained from Reference 15. Weighting factors were the 1981 capacity for each
process type as presented in Table 3.21-2.
The emission factors for smelting were the weighted averages of the emission factors for four process
types. The emission factors were obtained from Reference lOb for TSP and from Reference 15 for PM-10.
These emission factors were weighted using the 1981 capacity for each process. The SCCs and descriptions
of the four processes along with the 1981 capacity data are presented in Table 3.21-3.
The emission factors for converting were obtained from Reference lOc for TSP and from Reference 15
for PM-10. The TSP emission factor for fugitive processes was obtained from Reference 12. The PM-10
emission factor for fugitive processes was obtained from Reference 15 or Table 3.1-3.
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For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from these emission sources.
3.21.3.2.3 Primary Metals Industry - Zinc —
The emission factors were obtained from Reference lOc for the following processes: roasters (SCC 3-
03-030-02 for multiple hearth roaster), sintering (SCC 3-03-030-03), electrolytic (SCC 3-03-030-06), and
vertical retorts (SCC 3-03-030-05). The emission factor for horizontal retorts (SCC 3-03-030-xx) was
obtained from Reference 1 Ib. The PM-10 emission factors for these processes were obtained from Reference
15. The emission factors for fugitive processes were obtained from Reference 12 for TSP and from Reference
15 or Table 3.1-3 for PM-10.
The emission factors for sintering, electrolytic, horizontal retorts, vertical retorts, and fugitive processes
were multiplied by 2 to account for the fact that there were 2 units of concentrate/ton of slab zinc.
For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from these emission sources.
3.21.3.2.4 Primary Metals Industry - Lead —
The emission factors were obtained from Reference lOd for the following processes: sintering (SCC 3-
03-010-01), blast furnaces (SCC 3-03-010-02), and reverberatory furnaces, dross (SCC 3-03-010-03).
The PM-10 emission factors for these processes were obtained from Reference 15. The emission factors for
fugitive processes were obtained from Reference 12 for TSP and from Reference 15 or Table 3.1-3 for
PM-10.
The emission factors for sintering and blast furnaces were multiplied by 2 to account for the fact that there
were 2 units of concentrate/ton of slab lead.
For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from these emission sources.
3.21.3.2.5 Secondary Metal Industry - Aluminum —
The emission factors for sweating were the weighted averages of the emission factors for sweating
furnaces (SCC 3-04-001-01) and scrap dryers (3-04-002-07). The TSP emission factors for these processes
were obtained from Reference lOe and lOf; the PM-10 emission factors were obtained from Reference 15.
The scrap dryer emission factors were used as surrogates. The sweating furnace emission factors were
weighted by the consumption of sweated pig and the scrap dryer emission factors were weighted by the
consumption of borings and turnings. Consumption data were obtained from Reference 1.
The emission factors for refining were the weighted averages of the emission factors for smelting
furnace/crucible (SCC 3-04-001-02) and smelting furnace/reverberatory (3-04-001-03). The TSP emission
factors were obtained from Reference lOe and the PM-10 emission factors from Reference 15. These
emission factors were weighted based on Reference 7 or Reference 8.
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The emission factors for fluxing (SCC 3-04-001-04) were obtained from Reference lOe for TSP and
from Reference 15 for PM-10. The TSP emission factor for fugitive processes was obtained from Reference
12. The PM-10 emission factor for fugitive processes was obtained from Reference 12 or Table 3.1-3.
For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from these emission sources.
3.21.3.2.6 Secondary Metal Industry - Lead —
The emission factor for pot furnaces or kettle refining (SCC 3-04-004-01), reverberatory furnaces (SCC
3-04-004-02), and blast furnaces (SCC 3-04-004-03) was obtained from Reference 1 Ic The PM-10
emission factors for these processes were obtained from Reference 15. The fugitive processes emission factors
were obtained from Reference 12. The PM-10 emission factor for fugitive processes was obtained from
Reference 15 or Table 3.1-2.
For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from these emission sources.
3.21.3.2.7 Secondary Metal Industry - Copper —
The emission factors for wiring burning were obtained from Reference 13 for TSP and from Reference 15
for PM-10.
The emission factors for brass and bronze casting were the weighted averages of the emission factors for
five casting methods added to the emission factor for a sixth method, cupola (SCC 3-04-002-12). All TSP
emission factors were obtained from Reference lOf The PM-10 emission factors were obtained from
Reference 15. Operating rates obtained from Reference 9 for the five casting methods were used to calculated
the weighted average emission factors. The casting methods, SCCs, and weighting factors for the five casting
methods are presented in Table 3.21-4. The resulting weighted average emission factors were added to the
cupola emission factors to obtain the overall brass and bronze casting PM-10 and TSP emission factors.
The emission factor for smelting were the weighted sum of the emission factors for the following four
smelter types: (1) cupola, scrap copper (SCC 3-04-002-10), (2) reverberatory, scrap copper (SCC 3-04-
002-14), (3) electric arc, scrap copper (SCC 3-04-002-20), and electric induction, scrap copper (SCC 3-04-
002-23). These emission factors were obtained from Reference 1 Of for TSP and from Reference 15 for
PM-10. The emission factors were summed according to the equation given below.
EF • EFC • (2 x EF^) • [(EFM • EFH) I 2]
where: EF = emission factor
C = cupola for scrap copper
RF = reverberatory furnace for scrap copper
EA = electric arc for scrap copper
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El = electric induction
The TSP emission factor for fugitive processes was obtained from Reference 1 Id. The PM-10 emission
factor was obtained from Reference 15 or Table 3.1-3.
For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from these emission sources.
3.21.3.3 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
The emission factor for roasting was the weighted average of the emission factors for two process types.
The emission factors were obtained from Reference lOb and were weighted using the 1981 capacity for each
process type. The SCCs and descriptions of the two process types along with the 1981 capacity data are
presented in Table 3.21-2. To account for fugitive emissions, 1 Ib/ton was added to the weighted average
emission factor.
The emission factor for copper smelting was the weighted average of the emission factors for six process
types. Emission factors were obtained from Reference lOb and were weighted using the 1981 capacity for
each process type. The SCCs and descriptions of the six process types along with the 1981 capacity data are
presented in Table 3.21-5. The weighting factors were changed from the 1981 capacity data when an existing
smelter ceased operations, a new smelter began operations, or an existing smelter was modified. This
information was obtained from Reference 3a. To account for fugitive emissions, 4 Ib/ton was added to the
weighted average emission factor.
The emission factor for copper converting was the weighted average of the emission factors for six
process types. The emission factors were obtained from Reference lOb, except for the noranda reactor
emission factor which was assumed. The emission factors were weighted using the 1981 capacity for each
process type. The SCCs and descriptions of the six process types along with the 1981 capacity data are
presented in Table 3.21-6. To account for fugitive emissions, 130 Ib/ton was added to the weighted average
emission factor.
The emission factor for zinc roasting (SCC 3-03-030-02) was obtained from Reference lOd.
The emission factor for lead roasting was the sum of the emission factors for sintering (SCC 3-03-010-01)
and blast furnace (SCC 3-03-010-02). These emission factors were obtained from Reference lOd.
The emission factor for primary aluminum was obtained from Reference 9.
The emission factors for secondary lead processing in reverberatory furnaces (SCCS-04-004-02) and
blast furnaces (SCC 3-04-004-03) were obtained from Reference lOg.
3.21.4 Control Efficiency
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3.21.4.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate emissions from primary aluminum
production.
3.21.4.2 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions
The TSP control efficiencies for all primary metals industry production processes and all secondary metals
industry production processes, except for any fugitive processes were derived from Reference 7 or Reference
8 using the equation below. For those processes where the emission factor was calculated as the weighted
average of the emission factors of several process types, the control efficiency was calculated as the weighted
average of the individual control efficiencies in the same manner.
. (UE'AE)
i i
I UE 1
where: CE = control efficiency
UE = emissions before control
AE = emissions after control
The TSP control efficiencies for the primary metals industry fugitive processes for aluminum, copper, lead
and zinc production were obtained by best guess. No additional information is currently available concerning
the origin of these TSP control efficiencies. The same is true for the control efficiencies for the secondary
metals industry fugitive processes for aluminum, lead, and copper.
The PM-10 control efficiencies for all primary metals industry and secondary metals industry production
process, excluding the fugitive processes for the years 1975 through 1984 were based on the 1988 PM-10
control efficiencies obtained from Reference 14. During these years, any changes in the corresponding TSP
control efficiencies from the 1985 TSP control efficiency values were reflected in the PM-10 control
efficiencies. For the years 1940 through 1974, no control efficiencies were used to estimate PM-10 emissions.
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate PM-10 emissions from fugitive
processes for either the primary metals industry or the secondary metals industry.
3.21.4.3 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate SO2 emissions from the source
included in this Tier 2 category.
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3.21.5 References
1. Minerals Yearbook, Aluminum. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.
Annual.
2. Minerals Yearbook, Bauxite and Alumina. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior,
Washington, DC. Annual.
a. Table entitled, "Production and Shipments of Alumina in the U.S."
3. Minerals Yearbook, Copper. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.
Annual.
(a) Table entitled "Copper: World Smelter Production, by country."
(b) Table entitled "Primary and Secondary Copper Produced by Refineries and Electrowinning plants in
the U.S."
(c) Table entitled "Consumption of Copper-base Scrap in the U.S. in 19xx."
4. Minerals Year book, Zinc. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. Annual.
(a) Table entitled "Production of Zinc Products from Zinc-based Scrap in the U.S.: Redistilled Slab
Zinc."
5. Minerals Yearbook, Lead. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. Annual.
(a) Table entitled "Stocks and Consumption of new and old Lead Scrap in the U.S."
(b) Table entitled "U.S. Consumption of Lead, by Product".
6. Minerals Yearbook, Magnesium. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.
Annual.
(a) Table entitled "Magnesium Recovered from the Scrap Processed in the U.S. by Kind of Scrap and
Form of Recovery"
7. Standard Computer Retrievals, AFP650 report, from the AIRS Facility Subsystem. Unpublished
computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
8. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE25 7 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
9. Computer Retrieval, NE257 report, by Source Classification Code (SCC) from the National
Emission Data System (NEDS). Unpublished computer report. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
February 9, 1980.
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10. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
a. Volume I, Table 7.1-2
b. Volume I, Table 7.3-2
c. Volume I, Table 7.7-1
d. Volume I, Table 7.6-1
e. Volume I, Table 7.8-1
£ Volume I, Table 7.9-1
g. Volume I, 7.11-1
11. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Third Edition, Supplements 1 through 14, AP-42.
NTIS PB-275525. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September
1977.
a. Volume I, Part B, Table 7.1-2
b. Volume I, Part B, Table 7.7-1
c. Volume I, Table 7.11-1
d. Volume I, Table 7.9-2
12. Assessment of Fugitive Particulate Emission Factors for Industrial Processes. EPA-450/3-78-107.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1978.
13. Internal Memorandum, "OAQPS Data File Emission Estimate from Copper Wire Burning." From Robert
Rosenteel, Standards Support Section, to Chuck Mann, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. November 16, 1979.
14. Barnard, William R. and Patricia M. Carlson. "PM-10 Emission Control Efficiency Calculations for
Emissions Trends." Prepared for Arch A. MacQueen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. October 1990.
15. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listings for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
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Table 3.21-1. PM-10 Emission Factors SCCs for the Primary Metals Industry - Aluminum
sec
3-03-002-01
3-03-001-02
3-03-001-09
3-03-001-03
3-03-001-10
001-01
3-03-001-08
3-03-001-05
3-03-001-04
Description
Calcining of Hydroxide
HSS - Stack
HSS - Fugitive
VSS - Stack
3-03- VSS - Fugitive
Prebake - Stack
Prebake - Fugitive
Anode Baking
Materials Handling
Table 3.21-2. PM-10 Emission Factors SCCs and Weighting Factors for the Primary Metals Industry
Copper Roaster
sec
3-03-005-02
3-03-005-09
Description
Multiple Hearth Roaster
Fluidized Bed Roaster
1981
Capacity
430
230
Table 3.21-3. PM-10 Emission Factors SCCs and Weighting Factors for the Primary Metals Industry
Copper Smelting
sec
Description
1981
Capacity
3-03-005-07
3-03-005-31
3-03-005-32
3-03-005-10
Reverb. Furnace w/o Roasting 636
Reverb. Furnace + Multi-Hearth Reverb. Furnace 430
+ Fluid Bed Roaster 212
Electric Smelting Furnace 257
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Table 3.21-4. PM-10 Emission Factors SCCs and Weighting Factors for the Secondary Metals Industry
Copper Brass and Bronze Casting
sec
3-04-002-15
3-04-002-17
3-04-002-19
3-04-002-21
3-04-002-24
Description
Reverberatory - Brass & Bronze
Rotary - Brass & Bronze
Crucible & Pot - Brass & Bronze
Electric Arc - Brass & Bronze
Electric Induction - Brass & Bronze
Weighting
Factors
36
300
21
11
20
Table 3.21-5. SO2 Emission Factors SCCs and Weighting Factors for the
Primary Metals Industry - Copper Smelting
sec
3-03-005-03
3-03-005-07
3-03-005-10
3-03-005-25
3-03-005-26
3-03-005-
Description
Multi-Hearth + Reverb. Furnace + Converters
Reverb. Furnace + Converters
Electric Furnace + Converters
Fluid Bed Roaster + Reverb. Furn. + Converters
Flash Furnace + Cleaning Furnace + Converter
Fluid Bed + Electric Arc + Converters
1981
Capacity
405
430
212
124
18
115
Table 3.21-6. SO2 Emission Factors SCCs and Weighting Factors for the
Primary Metals Industry - Copper Smelting
sec
3-03-005-23
3-03-005-24
3-03-005-25
3-03-005-26
3-03-005-27
3-03-005-28
Description
Reverberatory Furnace + Converter
Multi-Hearth + Reverb. + Converter
Fluid Bed Roaster + Reverb. + Converter
Electric Arc + Converter
Flash Furn. + Cleaning Furn. + Converter
Noranda Reactor + Converter
Weighting
Factor
405
448
212
124
115
231
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3.22
METALS PROCESSING - FERROUS: 05-02
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source categories.
Categories:
Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions
Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10
Emissions
Industrial Processes - Parti culates and PM-10
Emissions
Industrial Processes - Parti culates and PM-10
Emissions
Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
3.22.1 Technical Approach
Subcategories:
Iron Foundries and Steel Manufacturing
Iron and Steel (open hearth and roll and finish)
Iron and Steel Industry (coke, blast furnace, sintering, open
hearth, EOF, electric arc, slag, scarfing, teeming, soaking
pits, reheat furnace, open dust, and ore screening)
Primary Metals Industry (ferroalloys)
Secondary Metals Industry (grey iron foundries and steel
foundries)
Other Industrial Processes (iron and steel)
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [other processes (by-
product coke and sintering)]
The CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, SO2, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the
emissions from the source categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator,
emission factor, and control efficiency, where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends
spreadsheets, activity indicators for all processes, except for iron and steel industry processes were expressed
in thousand short tons and emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/short ton. For iron and steel
industrial processes emitting PM-10 and TSP, the activity indicators were expressed in million short tons and
the emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/short ton. All control efficiencies were expressed as
dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984 for all pollutants except TSP, for which the
procedures were used for the years through 1992, and PM-10, for which the procedures were used for the
years 1975 through 1984. For some source categories, the PM-10 emissions exceeded the TSP emissions as
calculated by the procedures presented in this section. Because this represents a physical impossibility, a more
realistic estimate of the PM-10 emissions was assumed to be the TSP emissions value.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years prior to 1975 was based on the relative change in TSP
emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
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Procedures Document for 1900-1993
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PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975
TSP Emissions
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating emissions based on activity indicators, emission factors, and
control efficiencies.
3.22.2 Activity Indicator
3.22.2.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
The activity indicator for cupola furnaces in iron foundries was based on the combined quantity of scrap
and pig iron consumed by cupola furnaces. This value was obtained from Reference la under the category of
iron foundries and miscellaneous users. The final activity was determined by adjusting this production value to
account for the fact that the emission factor used for this subcategory was in terms of the charged quantity and
not the fresh feed quantity. This adjustment required dividing the production value by 0.78 to account for
recycling.
The activity indicator for by-product coke from steel manufacturing was the oven production figure,
expressed in thousand short tons, from Reference 2a.
The activity indicator for steel manufacturing blast furnaces was the total pig iron production including
exports obtained from Reference 2b.
The activity indicator for steel manufacturing sintering was one-third of the total production of pig iron
obtained from Reference 3 or Reference 2.
The activity indicators for steel manufacturing open hearth and electric arc furnace types were based on
the total scrap and pig iron consumption. Reference 1 contained the total scrap and pig iron consumed by each
of three furnace types (including basic oxygen) by manufacturers of pig iron and raw steel and castings. The
fraction of combined quantity of scrap and pig iron consumed by each of the three furnace types was
calculated. The total raw steel production reported in Reference 2b was multiplied by the fractions for the open
hearth and electric arc furnaces to obtain the raw steel production for these two furnace types.
3.22.2.2 Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions
The activity indicator for open hearth furnaces used in iron and steel manufacturing was based on the total
scrap and pig iron consumption. Reference 1 contained the total scrap and pig iron consumed by each of the
three furnace types (open hearth, basic oxygen, and electric arc) by manufacturers of pig iron and raw steel and
castings. The fraction of the combined quantity of scrap and pig iron consumed by each of the three furnace
types was calculated. The total raw steel production reported in Reference 2b was multiplied by the open
hearth fraction to obtain the raw steel production for this furnace type.
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The activity indicator for roll and finish processes in iron and steel manufacturing was the total raw steel
production obtained from Reference 2a.
3.22.2.3 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions
3.22.2.3.1 Iron and Steel Industry —
The activity indicator for by-product coke was the oven or by-product production figure from Reference
2a. The same activity indicator was used for coal preparation and coke handling.
The activity indicator for blast furnaces was the total pig iron production obtained from Reference 2b.
This value included exports.
The activity indicators for windbox, discharge, and sinter-fugitive processes were based on the total
production of pig iron obtained from Reference 3 or Reference 2. The activity indicator for each process was
one-third of this production value.
The activity indicators for open hearth, basic oxygen, and electric arc furnaces were based on the total
scrap and pig iron consumption. Reference 1 contained the total scrap and pig iron consumed by each furnace
type by manufacturers of pig iron and raw steel and castings. The fraction of the combined quantity of scrap
and pig iron consumed by each furnace type was calculated. The total raw steel production reported in
Reference 2b was multiplied by each fraction to obtain the raw steel production for each furnace type. These
final results were used as the activity indicators for the both "stack" and "fugitive" subcategories of each furnace
type.
The activity indicator for slag blast furnaces was the total quantity of iron blast furnace slag sold reported
in Reference 49. The same reference was used to obtain the total quantity of steel slag sold. This value was
used as the activity indicator for slag steel furnaces.
The activity indicator for scarfing was one-third of the total raw steel production obtained from Reference
2b.
The activity indicators for teeming, soaking pits, reheat furnaces, and open dust were the total raw steel
production reported in Reference 2b.
The activity indicator for ore screening was the total consumption of iron ore and agglomerates obtained
from Reference 3.
3.22.2.3.2 Primary Metals Industry (ferroalloys) —
The activity indicator for ferrosilicon was the net gross weight production obtained from Reference 5a.
The silicon manganese activity indicator was assumed to be 42.1 percent of the net production of ferrosilicon.
The activity indicator for the ferromanganese, electric furnaces was assumed to be 57.9 percent of the net
production of ferrosilicon. For the ferromanganese, blast furnace, the activity indicator was assumed to be
zero.
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The activity indicator for silicon metal was the production value obtained from Reference 6a. The activity
indicator for other ferroalloys was the sum of the gross weight production figures for chromium alloys,
ferrocolumbium, ferrophosphorus and other ferroalloys as reported in Reference 5a. For ferroalloy material
handling, the total gross weight production of all ferroalloys obtained from Reference 5a was used as the
activity indicator.
3.22.2.3.3 Secondary Metals Industry —
The activity indicator for cupola furnaces at grey iron foundries was based on the combined quantity of
scrap and pig iron consumed by cupola furnaces. This value was obtained from Reference la under the
category of iron foundries and miscellaneous users. The final activity was determined by adjusting this
production value to account for the fact that the emission factor was in terms of the charged quantity and not the
fresh feed quantity. This adjustment required dividing the production value by 0.78 to account for recycling.
The activity indicator for electric induction furnaces at grey iron foundries was based on the combined
quantity of iron and steel scrap and pig iron consumed in electric furnaces. This value was obtained from
Reference la under the category of iron foundries and miscellaneous users. The final activity indicator was
adjusted to account for recycling by dividing the consumption value by 0.78 to account for recycling.
The activity indicator for iron fugitive processes at grey iron foundries was the sum of the activity indicators
for the cupola and electric induction furnaces.
The activity indicators for electric arc and steel-fugitive processes at steel foundries were both based on
the combined quantity of iron and steel scrap and pig iron consumed. This value was obtained from Reference
la under the category of manufacturers of steel casting. The final activity indicators used were the consumption
value divided by 0.78 to account for recycling.
3.22.2.4 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
The activity indicator for coking in iron and steel manufacturing was the oven production figure obtained
from Reference 2a.
The activity indicators for sintering in iron and steel manufacturing was based on the total production of pig
iron obtained from Reference 3 or Reference 2.
The activity indicator for open hearth furnaces in iron and steel manufacturing was based on the total scrap
and pig iron consumption. Reference 1 contained the total scrap and pig iron consumed by each furnace type
(open hearth, basic oxygen, and electric arc) by manufacturers of pig iron and raw steel and castings. The
fraction of the combined quantity of scrap and pig iron consumed by each of the three furnace types was
calculated. Total raw steel production reported in Reference 2b was multiplied by the fraction for open hearth
furnaces to obtain the raw steel production for this furnace type.
The activity indicator for roll and finish processes was the total raw steel production obtained from
Reference 2b.
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3.22.2.5 Industrial Processes - VOC Emi ssions
The activity indicator for by-product coke was the oven production figure obtained from Reference 2a.
The activity indicator for sintering was based on the total production of pig iron obtained from Reference 3 or
Reference 2.
3.22.3 Emission Factor
3.22.3.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
The emission factor for iron foundries (SCC 3-04-003-01) was obtained from Reference 7a.
The emission factor for by-product coke from steel manufacturing was the sum of the emission factors for
three separate processes: charging (SCC 3-03-003-02), pushing (SCC 3-03-003-03) and oven/door leaks
(SCC 3-03-003-08). These emission factors were obtained from Reference 7b. The units of the emission
factor were changed from quantity of coal charged to quantity of coke produced by using the relationship that
one ton of coal charged produces 0.7 tons of coke.
The emission factors for steel manufacturing windbox sintering (SCC 3-03-008-13), basic oxygen
furnaces (SCC 3-03-009-13 and 3-03-009-14), and electric arc furnaces (SCC 3-03-009-04 and 3-03-009-
08) were obtained from Reference 7c.
The uncontrolled emission factor for steel manufacturing blast furnaces was obtained from Reference 19a.
The control emission factor was calculated by applying the control efficiency as shown in the equation below:
FF • FF x M • CF\
^r controlled ^r uncontrolled \ l ^^)
where: EF = emission factor
CE = control efficiency
For the years 1970 through 1984, the control efficiency for blast furnaces was assumed to the 0.999. The
control efficiencies for the years 1960, 1950, and 1940 were 0.995, 0.990, and 0.975, respectively.
3.22.3.2 Industrial Processes - N(X Emissions
X
3.22.3.2.1 Iron and Steel Industry —
The emission factor for open hearths was calculated by dividing the emissions by the operating rate as
reported in Reference 8.
The emission factor for roll and finish was based on the emissions from the fuels used in this process
divided by the process operating rate. The fuels used in this process were coke oven gas, residual oil, and
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natural gas. The emissions from roll and finish processes were assumed to be the difference between the total
NOX emissions from iron and steel processes and the NOX emissions from open hearth furnaces.
The total NOX emissions from all iron and steel processes using coke oven gas, residual oil, and natural
gas were the sum of the separate emissions from the three fuels. Emissions were calculated by multiplying the
quantity of fuel consumed by the fuel specific emission factor. The quantity of coke oven gas consumed by iron
and steel processes was assumed to be 40 percent of the total annual coke oven gas production as reported in
Reference 9. The quantity of residual oil consumed was calculated by multiplying the quantity of raw steel
production obtained from Reference 2b by a factor converting tons of steel produced to the gallons of residual
oil consumed (0.00738 x 106 gal/103 ton steel). The quantity of natural gas consumed was calculated in the
same manner as was the quantity of residual oil consumed, except that a conversion factor of 4.25 x 106 cu. ft
gas consumed/103 ton steel was used.
The NOX emission factor for the combustion of coke oven gas was obtained from Reference 7. The
emission factors for the combustion of residual oil, and natural gas were obtained from Reference 7h (industrial
boilers) and 7i (small industrial boilers), respectively. Based on these emission factors and the fuel consumption
data, the NOX emissions from the combustion of coke oven gas, residual oil, and natural gas were calculated.
The sum of these emissions was the total NOX emissions from the iron and steel processes. The quantity
of emissions from the open hearth furnaces was calculated by multiplying the activity indicator by the emission
factor. The origin of these data were described earlier in this section. The difference between the total NOX
emissions and the open hearth furnace emissions was assumed to be the emissions from the roll and finish
process. The emission factor for this process was calculated by dividing the emissions by the total steel
produced obtained from Reference 1 la.
3.22.3.3 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions
3.22.3.3.1 Iron and Steel Industry —
The PM-10 and TSP emission factors for by-product coke were based on the sum of the emission factors
for following six SCCs: 3-03-003-02, 3-03-003-03, 3-03-003-04, 3-03-003-06, 3-03-003-08, and 3-03-
003-14. The TSP emission factors for these SCCs were obtained from Reference 7b, with the exception of
SCC 3-03-003-04. The emission factor for this SCC was obtained from Reference 19b. The PM-10
emission factors of the six SCCs were obtained from Reference 13. The sum of these emission factors for
PM-10 and TSP were divided by 0.7 to convert the emission factors from the amount of coal charged to the
amount of coke produced.
The TSP emission factor for coal preparation and coke handling was obtained from Reference 7. The
PM-10 emission factor was obtained from Reference 10. The TSP emission factors for the beehive process
for the years 1940 through 1975 were obtained from Reference 7. The PM-10 emission factors for this
process for all years and the TSP emission factor after 1975 were assumed to be zero.
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The TSP emission factors for blast furnaces were the sum of the emission factors reported in Reference
20a for the SCCs 3-03-008-01 and 3-03-008-02. The PM-10 emission factors for these two SCCs were
obtained from Reference 13.
The emission factors for windbox (SCC 3-03-0080-13) and discharge (SCC 3-03-008-14) were
obtained from Reference 7d for TSP and from Reference 13 for PM-10. The windbox emission factors were
after coarse particle removal. The emission factors for fugitive processes (SCC 3-03-008-19) were obtained
from Reference 10 for TSP and from Reference 13 for PM-10.
The TSP emission factor for the open hearth furnaces, stack subcategory (SCC 3-03-009-01) was
obtained from Reference 7d. The open hearth furnace, fugitive subcategory TSP emission factor was obtained
from Reference 20. The PM-10 emission factors for these sources were obtained from Reference 13.
The TSP emission factor for the basic oxygen furnaces, stack subcategory (SCC 3-03-009-13) was
obtained from Reference 7d. The basic oxygen furnace, fugitive subcategory TSP emission factor was
obtained from Reference 10. The PM-10 emission factors for these sources were obtained from Reference 13.
The emission factors for the electric arc furnaces, stack subcategory were based on the emission factors
for carbon steel, stack (SCC 3-03-009-04) and alloy steel, stack (SCC 3-03-009-08) obtained from
Reference 7d for TSP and from Reference 13 for PM-10. Weighted average PM-10 and TSP emission
factors were calculated from these emission factors. Weighting factors were the relative production levels of
carbon and alloy steel as reported in Reference 1 la. For the electric arc furnace, fugitive subcategory, PM-10
and TSP emission factors were obtained from Reference 13 and Reference 10, respectively.
The PM-10 and TSP emission factors for slag blast furnaces and steel furnaces were obtained from
Reference 13 and Reference 10, respectively.
The emission factors for scarfing (SCC 3-03-009-32) were obtained from Reference 7d for TSP and
from Reference 13 for PM-10.
The PM-10 and TSP emission factors for teeming, soaking pits, reheat furnaces, open dust, and ore
screening were obtained from Reference 13 and Reference 10, respectively.
For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from these emission sources.
3.22.3.3.2 Primary Metals Industry (ferroalloys) —
The emission factors for ferrosilicon were based on the emission factors for the following three electric
smelting processes: 50 percent Fe Si (SCC 3-03-006-01), 75 percent Fe Si (SCC 3-03-006-02), and 90
percent Fe Si (SCC 3-03-006-03). The TSP emission factors for these processes were obtained from
Reference 7e. The PM-10 emission factors were obtained from Reference 13. Weighed averages of these
PM-10 and TSP emission factors were calculated using ferrosilicon production levels obtained from Reference
6 as weighting factors.
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The PM-10 and TSP emission factors for silicon manganese (SCC 3-03-006-05), ferromanganese,
electric furnaces (SCC 3-03-007-01), and silicon metal (SCC 3-03-006-04) subcategories were obtained
from Reference 13 and Reference 7e, respectively. The activity for ferromanganese, blast furnaces was
assumed to be zero and, therefore, no emission factor was necessary. The emission factors for other
ferroalloys and ferroalloy material handling were obtained from Table 3.1-3. The emission factors for other
ferroalloys were based on engineering judgement and those for ferroalloy material handling were based on data
from Reference 12.
For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from these emission sources.
3.22.3.3.3 Secondary Metals —
The PM-10 and TSP emission factors for cupola furnaces (SCC 3-04-003-01) and electric induction
furnaces (SCC 3-04-003-03) at grey iron foundries were obtained from Reference 7f The emission factors
for fugitive processes were the sum of the emission factors for all processes reported emitting to the atmosphere
in Reference 19c. It was assumed that the magnesium treatment applied to only 20 percent of the production.
The PM-10 emission factor for fugitive processes was obtained from Reference 13 or Table 3.1-3.
The PM-10 and TSP emission factors for steel foundries electric arc furnaces (SCC 3-04-007-01) at
steel foundries were obtained from Reference 7g. The TSP emission factor for fugitive processes was the sum
of the emission factors for all processes, except for magnesium treatment, reported emitting to the atmosphere
in Reference 19c. The PM-10 emission factor for fugitive processes was obtained from Reference 13 or Table
3.1-3.
For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from these emission sources.
3.22.3.4 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
The emission factor for coking in iron and steel manufacturing was based on the emission factors for six
processes. Charging (SCC 3-03-003-02) and interfering (SCC 3-03-003-06) emission factors were obtained
from Reference 7b. Emission factors for pushing (SCC 3-03-003-03), quenching (SCC 3-03-003-04),
oven/door leaks (SCC 3-03-003-08) and topside leaks (SCC 3-03-003-14) were obtained from Reference
13. Emission factors from all six processes were summed and the result was multiplied by 0.7 to convert the
factors from the amount of coal consumed to the amount of coke produced.
The emission factor for sintering in iron and steel manufacturing was calculated by dividing the emissions
by the production rate as reported in Reference 8. This same procedure was used to calculate the open hearth
emission factor.
The emission factor for roll and finish in iron and steel manufacturing was based on the emissions from the
fuels used in this process divided by the process operating rate. The fuels used in this process were coke oven
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gas and residual oil. The emissions from the roll and finish process were assumed to be the difference between
the total SO2 emissions from iron and steel processes and the SO2 emissions from open hearth furnaces.
Total SO2 emissions from all iron and steel processes using coke oven gas and residual oil were the sum of
the separate emissions from the two fuels. The emissions were calculated by multiplying the quantity of fuel
consumed by the fuel specific emission factor. The quantity of coke oven gas consumed by the iron and steel
processes was assumed to be 40 percent of the total annual coke oven gas production as reported in
Reference 9. The quantity of residual oil consumed was calculated by multiplying the quantity of raw steel
production obtained from Reference 2b by a factor converting tons of steel produced to the gallons of residual
oil consumed (0.00738 x 106 gal/103 ton steel).
The SO2 emission factor for the combustion of coke oven gas was obtained from Reference 7. The
emission factor for the combustion of residual oil was obtained from Reference 7i and multiplied by the sulfur
content obtained yearly for No. 6 fuel oil from Reference 14. Based on these emission factors and the fuel
consumption data, the SO2 emissions from the combustion of coke oven gas and residual oil were calculated.
Summing of these emissions resulted in the total SO2 emissions from the iron and steel processes. The
quantity of emissions from the open hearth furnaces was calculated by multiplying the activity indicator by the
emission factor. The origin of these data were described earlier in this section. The difference between total
SO2 emissions and open hearth furnace emissions was assumed to be the emissions from the roll and finish
processes. The emission factor for this process was calculated by dividing the emissions by the quantity of raw
steel produced obtained from Reference 8.
3.22.3.5 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
The emission factor for coking was based on the emission factors for six processes. Charging (SCC 3-
03-003-02) and pushing (SCC 3-03-003-03), and oven/door leaks (SCC 3-03-003-08) emission factors
were obtained from Reference 7b. Emission factors for quenching (SCC 3-03-003-04), interfering (SCC 3-
03-003-06) and topside leaks (SCC 3-03-003-14) were obtained from Reference 15. The emission factors
from all six processes were summed and the result was multiplied by 0.7 to convert the factors from the amount
of coal consumed to the amount of coke produced.
The VOC emission factor for windbox sintering (SCC 3-03-008-13) was obtained from Reference 15.
3.22.4 Control Efficiency
The control efficiencies for several processes were derived from the actual and uncontrolled emissions
reported in Reference 16 or Reference 17 using the equation given below.
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. (UE'AE)
^^^=^^^=i
I UE 1
where: CE = control efficiency
UE = uncontrolled emissions
AE = actual emissions
3.22.4.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
The control efficiency for iron foundries was derived from Reference 16 or Reference 17 using the
equation given above.
The control efficiency for steel manufacturing basic oxygen furnaces was computed from Reference 16 or
Reference 17 using the equation given above. For blast furnaces, the percentage control efficiency was
assumed to be 99.9 percent. This was taken into account in the calculation of the CO emission factor and,
therefore, no separate control efficiency was used. For all other steel manufacturing processes, no control
efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate the CO emissions.
3.22.4.2 Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate NOX emissions from the iron and steel
manufacturing processes included in this Tier 2 category.
3.22.4.3 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions
3.22.4.3.1 Iron and Steel Industry —
The TSP control efficiencies for by-product coke production were derived from Reference 16 or
Reference 17 using the equation given above. The control efficiencies for the beehive process for the years
1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1975 and for coal preparation/coke handling processes for the years
1976 through 1984 were based on the estimated control efficiency reported in Reference 10. These TSP
control efficiencies were adjusted according to engineering judgement.
The PM-10 control efficiencies for by-product coke production for the years 1975 through 1984 were
based on the 1985 PM-10 control efficiency obtained from Reference 18. During these years, any changes in
the TSP control efficiencies from the 1985 TSP control efficiency value were reflected in the PM-10 control
efficiencies. For the years 1940 through 1974, no control efficiencies were used to estimate the PM-10
emissions from by-product coke production. No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to
estimate PM-10 emissions from the beehive process or the coal preparation/coke handling processes.
For blast furnaces, the TSP control efficiencies for the years 1973 through 1984 were assumed to 0.996.
No procedure for determining the control efficiencies for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1972
is currently available. The PM-10 control efficiencies for the years 1975 through 1984 were equal to the 1985
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PM-10 control efficiency obtained from Reference 18. For the years 1940 through 1974, no control
efficiencies were used to estimate PM-10 emissions from blast furnaces.
The TSP control efficiencies for the windbox and discharge processes were derived from Reference 16 or
Reference 17 using the equation given above. The control efficiencies for sinter-fugitive processes were based
on the estimated control efficiency reported in Reference 10. This control efficiency was adjusted annually
based on engineering judgement. The PM-10 control efficiencies for these three processes for the years 1975
through 1984 were based on the 1988 PM-10 control efficiencies obtained from Reference 18. During these
years, any changes in the corresponding TSP control efficiencies from the 1985 TSP control efficiency value
were reflected in the PM-10 control efficiencies. For the years 1940 through 1974, no control efficiencies
were used to estimate PM-10 emissions.
The TSP control efficiencies for the stack processes of open hearth, basic oxygen, and electric arc
furnaces were derived from Reference 16 or Reference 17 using the equation given above. The control
efficiencies for the fugitive processes of the basic oxygen and electric arc furnaces were based on the estimated
control efficiencies reported in Reference 10. The control efficiency for the fugitive processes of the basic
oxygen furnace was assumed to be zero for all years.
The PM-10 control efficiencies for the stack processes of these three furnace types for the years 1975
through 1984 were based on the 1988 PM-10 control efficiencies obtained from Reference 18. During these
years, any changes in the corresponding TSP control efficiencies from the 1985 TSP control efficiency value
were reflected in the PM-10 control efficiencies. For the years 1940 through 1974, no control efficiencies
were used to estimate PM-10 emissions. No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate
PM-10 emissions from the fugitive processes of all three furnace types.
The TSP control efficiencies for slag blast and slag steel furnaces were based on the estimated control
efficiencies reported in Reference 10. The yearly variations in these control efficiencies are assumed to be the
results of adjustments made based on engineering judgement.
The PM-10 control efficiencies for slag steel furnaces for the years 1975 through 1984 were based on the
1988 PM-10 control efficiency obtained from Reference 18. During these years, any changes in the TSP
control efficiencies from the 1985 TSP control efficiency value were reflected in the PM-10 control efficiencies.
For the years 1940 through 1974, no control efficiencies were use to PM-10 emissions. No control
efficiencies were applied to the activity to estimate PM-10 emissions from slag blast furnaces.
The TSP control efficiencies for scarfing were derived from Reference 16 or Reference 17 using the
equation above. The PM-10 control efficiencies for the years 1975 through 1984 were based on the 1988
PM-10 control efficiency obtained from Reference 18. During these years, any changes in the TSP control
efficiencies from the 1985 TSP control efficiency value were reflected in the PM-10 control efficiencies. For
the years 1940 through 1974, no control efficiencies were use to estimate PM-10 emissions for scarfing.
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate PM-10 and TSP emissions from
teeming, soaking pits, and reheat furnaces.
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The TSP control efficiencies for open dust and ore screening were based on the estimated control
efficiencies reported in Reference 10. The yearly variations in these control efficiencies are assumed to be the
results of adjustments made based on engineering judgement. No control efficiencies were applied to the
activity data to estimate PM-10 emissions from open dust and ore screening.
3.22.4.3.2 Primary Metals Industry (ferroalloys) —
The TSP control efficiencies for all production processes, except other ferroalloy production and
ferroalloy material handling processes were derived from Reference 16 or Reference 17 using the equation
given above. The TSP control efficiencies for ferroalloy production and ferroalloy material handling processes
were based on a best guess.
The PM-10 control efficiencies for ferrosilicon, silicon manganese, and silicon metal production and the
ferromanganese electric furnace for the years 1975 through 1984 were based on the 1988 PM-10 control
efficiencies obtained from Reference 18. During these years, any changes in the corresponding TSP control
efficiencies from the 1985 TSP control efficiency value were reflected in the PM-10 control efficiencies. For
the years 1940 through 1974, no control efficiencies were used to estimate PM-10 emissions.
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate PM-10 emissions from
ferromanganese blast furnace, other ferroalloy production, and ferroalloy material handling processes.
3.22.4.3.3 Secondary Metal s Industry —
The TSP control efficiencies for all grey iron and steel foundry processes were derived from Reference 16
or Reference 17 using the equation given above.
The PM-10 control efficiencies for all grey iron and steel foundry processes, excluding the fugitive
processes for the years 1975 through 1984 were based on the 1988 PM-10 control efficiencies obtained from
Reference 18. During these years, any changes in the corresponding TSP control efficiencies from the 1985
TSP control efficiency value were reflected in the PM-10 control efficiencies. For the years 1940 through
1974, no control efficiencies were used to estimate PM-10 emissions.
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate PM-10 emissions from the fugitive
processes of grey iron and steel foundries.
3.22.4.4 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate SO2 emissions from the iron and steel
manufacturing processes included in this Tier 2 category.
3.22.4.5 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate VOC emissions from the by-product
coke and sintering processes included in this Tier 2 category.
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3.22.5 References
1. Minerals Industry Surveys, Iron and Steel Scrap. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior,
Washington, DC. Monthly.
(a) Table on consumption of iron and steel scrap and pig iron in the United States by type of furnace or
other use.
2. Survey of Current Business. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC.
(a) Table containing information on "Petroleum, Coal, and Products."
(b) Table containing information on "Metals and Manufactures."
3. Minerals Industry Surveys, Iron Ores. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington,
DC. Monthly.
4. Minerals Yearbook, Slag Iron and Steel. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington,
DC. Annual.
5. Minerals Yearbook, Ferroalloys. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.
Annual.
(a) Table entitled "Table 2. Ferroalloys Produced and Shipped from Furnaces in the U.S."
6. Minerals Yearbook, Silicon. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.
Annual.
(a) "Table 1. Production, Shipments, and Stocks of... and Silicon Metal in the U.S. in 19xx"
7. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
a. Volume I, Table 7.10-3
b. Volume I, Table 7.2-1
c. Volume I, Table 7.5-3
d. Volume I, Table 7.5-1
e. Volume I, Table 7.4-3
f Volume I, Table 7.10-2
g. Volume I, Table 7.13-1
h. Volume I, Table 1.3-1
i. Volume I, Table 1.4-1
8. Computer Retrieval, NE257 report, by Source Classification Code (SCC)from the National
Emission Data System (NEDS). Unpublished computer report. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
February 9, 1980.
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9. Quarterly Coal Report: January-March. DOE/EIA-0121(xx/lQ). Energy Information
Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Quarterly.
10. Internal Memorandum from Walt Barber to David Hawkins on Final Fugitive Emission Factors derived by
Joint EPA/AISI Study. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. November 6, 1978.
11. Minerals Yearbook., Iron and Steel. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.
Annual.
(a) Table 1, Salient Iron and Steel Statistics.
12. Summary of Paniculate and Sulfur Oxide Emission Reductions Achieved National for Selected
Industrial Source Categories. EPA-340/1 -76-0086. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Washington, DC. November 1976.
13. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listing for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
14. Heating Oils. U.S. Department of Energy. Obtainable from the National Institute for Petroleum and
Energy Research, ITT Research Institute, P.O. Box 2128, Bartlesville, OK. Annual.
15. Criteria Pollutant Emission Factors for the 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory
16. Standard Computer Retrievals, AFP650 report, from the AIRS Facility Subsystem. Unpublished
computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
17. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE25 7 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
18. Barnard, William R. and Patricia M. Carlson. "PM-10 Emission Control Efficiency Calculations for
Emissions Trends." Prepared for Arch A. MacQueen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. October 1990.
19. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Third Edition, Supplements 1 through 14, AP-42.
NTIS PB-275525. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September
1977.
a. Volume I, Table 7.5-1, Supplement 11, October 1980
b. Volume I, Table 7.2-1, Supplement 11, October 1980
c. Volume I, Table 7.10-2, Supplement 11, October 1980
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20. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Second Edition, Supplements 1 through 14, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
a. Volume I, Part B, Table 7.5-1
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3.23 METALS PROCESSING -NOT ELSEWHERE CLASSIFIED: 05-03
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source categories.
Category: Subcategory:
Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Mining Operations (iron ore mining, taconite processing,
Emissions bauxite crushing, copper ore crushing, zinc ore crushing,
lead ore crushing)
3.23.1 Technical Approach
The PM-10 and TSP emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the emissions from the
source categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator, emission factor, and
control efficiency, where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends spreadsheets, activity
indicators were expressed in thousand short tons and emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/short
ton. All control efficiencies were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1992 for TSP and for the years 1975 through
1984 for PM-10. For some source categories, the PM-10 emissions exceeded the TSP emissions as
calculated by the procedures presented in this section. Because this represents a physical impossibility, a more
realistic estimate of the PM-10 emissions was assumed to be the TSP emissions value.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years prior to 1975 was based on the relative change in TSP
emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975
TSP Emissions
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating emissions based on activity indicators, emission factors, and
control efficiencies.
3.23.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for iron ore mining was the total quantity of crude iron ore mined obtained from
Reference 1. The activity indicator for taconite processing was the quantity of pellet production (agglomerates)
obtained from Reference la. The activity indicator for bauxite crushing was the consumption of crude and
dried bauxite (domestic and foreign ores combined) reported in Reference 2. The activity indicator for copper
ore crushing was the gross weight of copper ore produced on a dry weight basis obtained from Reference 3a.
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The activity indicator for zinc ore crushing was the gross weight of zinc ore produced on a dry weight basis
reported in Reference 4a. The activity indicator for lead ore crushing was the gross weight of lead ore
produced on a dry weight basis obtained from Reference 4.
3.23.3 Emission Factor
The TSP emission factors for iron ore mining were obtained from Reference 5. The TSP emission factors
for taconite processing were the sum of the emission factors for nine individual processes obtained from
Reference 6a. The processes and SCCs are listed in Table 3.23-1. The TSP emission factors were obtained
from Reference 6b for bauxite crushing (SCC 3-03-000-01). The PM-10 emission factors for these sources
were obtained from Reference 10.
The TSP emission factors for zinc ore crushing and lead ore crushing were obtained from Reference 6c.
The PM-10 emission factors were obtained from Reference 10 or Table 3.1-3.
The emission factors for copper ore crushing were the sum of the emission factors for seven individual
processes. These processes and the corresponding SCCs are listed in Table 3.23-2. The TSP emission
factors were obtained from Reference 5 with the exception of the copper ore crushing emission factors which
were obtained from Reference 6c. The PM-10 emission factors for all seven processes were obtained from
Reference 10 or Table 3.1-3.
3 .23 .4 Control Efficiency
The TSP control efficiencies for taconite processing and bauxite crushing were derived from Reference 7
or Reference 8 using the equation given below:
UE
where: CE = control efficiency
UE = emissions before control
AE = emissions after control
The TSP control efficiencies for copper, zinc, and lead ore crushing were based on a best guess. No
additional basis for the yearly variations in these control efficiencies is currently available.
The PM-10 control efficiencies for taconite processing and bauxite crushing for the years 1975 through
1984 were based on the 1988 PM-10 control efficiencies obtained from Reference 9. During these years, any
changes in the corresponding TSP control efficiencies from the 1985 TSP control efficiency value were
reflected in the PM-10 control efficiencies. For the years 1940 through 1974, no control efficiencies were used
to estimate PM-10 emissions.
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No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate PM-10 emissions from iron ore mining
and copper, zinc, and lead ore crushing.
3.23.5 References
1. Minerals Yearbook, Iron Ore. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.
Annual.
a. Table entitled "Usable Iron Ore Produced in the U.S. in 19xx by District, State, & Type of Product."
2. Minerals Yearbook, Bauxite and Alumina. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior,
Washington, DC. Annual.
3. Minerals Yearbook, Copper. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.
Annual.
a. Table entitled "Salient Copper Statistics."
4. Minerals Yearbook, Lead. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. Annual.
a. Table entitled "Production of Lead and Zinc in Terms of Recoverable Metals, in U.S. in 19xx, by
State."
5. Assessment of Fugitive Paniculate Emission Factors for IndustrialProcesses. EPA-450/3-78-107.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1978.
6. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
a. Volume I, Table 8.22-1
b. Volume I, Table 7.1-2
c. Volume I, Table 7.18-1
7. Standard Computer Retrievals, AFP650 report, from the AIRS Facility Subsystem. Unpublished
computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
8. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE25 7 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
9. Barnard, William R. and Patricia M. Carlson. "PM-10 Emission Control Efficiency Calculations for
Emissions Trends." Prepared for Arch A. MacQueen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. October 1990.
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10. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listings for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
Table 3.23-1. PM-10 and TSP Emission Factors' SCCs for
Taconite Processing
SCC Description
3-03-023-01 Primary Crushing
3-03-023-02 Fines Crushing
3-03-023-04 Ore Transfer
3-03-023-07 Bentonite Storage
3-03-023-08 Bentonite Blending
3-03-023-09 Traveling Grate Feed
3-03-023-10 Traveling Grate Discharge
3-03-023-12 Indurating Furnace
3-03-023-16 Pellet Transfer
Table 3.23-2. PM-10 and TSP Emission Factors' Processes for
Copper Ore Crushing
Description
Open pit/overburden removal
Drill/blast
Loading
Truck dumping
Transfer/conveying
Copper Ore Crushing
Storage
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3.24 PETROLEUM AND RELATED INDUSTRIES - OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION: 06-01
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source categories.
Category:
Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
3.24.1 Technical Approach
Subcategory:
Other Industrial Processes [sulfur recovery plants
(natural gas fields)]
Petroleum Marketing and Production (crude oil
production and natural gas liquids)
The SO2 and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the emissions from the source
categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator and emission factor. In order to
utilize these values in the Trends spreadsheets, the activity indicator for SO2 emissions from natural gas fields
was expressed in thousand short tons and the emission factor was expressed in metric pounds/short ton. For
VOC emissions from crude oil production and natural gas liquids, the activity indicators were expressed in
millions barrels and the emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/thousand barrels.
The procedures for determining activity indicators and emission factors were used for the years 1940,
1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984 for both pollutants.
3.24.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for the SO2 emissions from natural gas fields was the quantity of sulfur recovered by
natural gas plants obtained from Reference 1. The activity indicator for VOC emissions from crude oil
production was the total U.S. field production including lease condensate obtained from Reference 2a. The
activity indicator for VOC emissions from natural gas liquids category was the total field production of natural
gas plant liquids was obtained from Reference 2a.
3.24.3 Emission Factor
The SO2 emission factor for natural gas fields was based on the actual emissions for the SCCs 3-
01-032-01 through 3-01-032-04. These emission data were summed and divided by the sum of the
corresponding operating rates. All data was obtained from Reference 3 or Reference 4.
The VOC emission factor for crude oil production was obtained from Reference 5. The VOC emission
factor for natural gas liquids was obtained from Reference 5.
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3.24.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate the SO2 and VOC emissions from the
sources included in this Tier 2 category.
3.24.5 References
1. Minerals Industry Surveys, Sulfur. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.
Monthly.
2. Petroleum Supply Annual. DOE/EIA-0340(xx/07). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
(a) Table 1
3. Standard Computer Retrievals, AFP650 report, from the AIRS Facility Subsystem. Unpublished
computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
4. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE25 7 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
5. Control Techniques for VOC Emissions from Stationary Sources. EPA-450/3-85-008. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September, 1985.
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3.25 PETROLEUM AND RELATED INDUSTRIES - PETROLEUM REFINERIES AND RELATED
INDUSTRIES: 06-02
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source categories.
Category: Subcategory:
Industrial Processes - CO Emissions Petroleum Refineries
Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions Petroleum Refineries (FCC, TCC, and flares)
Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Miscellaneous Process Sources (petroleum refining)
Emissions
Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions Other Industrial Processes [sulfur recovery plants
(refineries) and petroleum refineries (FCC, TCC,and
flares)]
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions Petroleum Refinery Process Operation (refinery
operations, compressors, blow down systems,
process drains, vacuum jets, cooling towers, and
miscellaneous)
3.25.1 Technical Approach
The CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, SO2, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the
emissions from the source categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator,
emission factor, and control efficiency, where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends
spreadsheets, activity indicators for CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, and SO2 emissions were expressed in thousand
short tons and emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/short ton. For VOC emissions, activity
indicators were expressed in millions barrels and emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/thousand
barrels. All control efficiencies were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984 for all pollutants except TSP, for which the
procedures were used for the years through 1992, and PM-10, for which the procedures were used for the
years 1975 through 1984. For some source categories, the PM-10 emissions exceeded the TSP emissions as
calculated by the procedures presented in this section. Because this represents a physical impossibility, a more
realistic estimate of the PM-10 emissions was assumed to be the TSP emissions value.
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The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years prior to 1975 was based on the relative change in TSP
emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975
TSP Emissions
year
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating emissions based on activity indicators, emission factors, and
control efficiencies.
3.25.2 Activity Indicator
3.25.2.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
The activity indicators for FCC and TCC in petroleum refineries were based on the separate FCC and
TCC capacities. The TCC capacity was obtained from Reference 1 as the value reported in the "other"
category for cnt cracking fresh feed charge capacity. (Sum of values for individual refineries.) The FCC
capacity was not available directly, but was calculated as the difference between the total capacity and the
TCC capacity. Total capacity of catalytic cracking fresh feed in bbl/stream day was obtained from Reference
1. This value was converted to bbl/calendar year by multiplying by 328.5 (365 days/year x 0.9 calendar
day/stream day).
The FCC and TCC capacities were converted to throughput data using the refinery operating ratio. This
ratio was obtained from Reference 2a and converted to a percentage. Capacities were multiplied by this
refinery operating percentage to obtain the corresponding throughputs. The FCC and TCC throughputs were
used as the activity indicators.
3.25.2.2 Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions
The activity indicators for FCC and TCC in petroleum refineries were based on the separate FCC and
TCC capacities. The TCC capacity was obtained from Reference 1 as the value reported in the "other"
category for cnt cracking fresh feed charge capacity. (Sum of values for individual refineries.) The FCC
capacity was not available directly, but was calculated as the difference between total capacity and TCC
capacity. Total capacity of catalytic cracking fresh feed in bbl/stream day was obtained from Reference 1.
This value was converted to bbl/calendar year by multiplying by 328.5 (365 days/year x 0.9 calendar
day/stream day).
The FCC and TCC capacities were converted to throughput data using the refinery operating ratio. This
ratio was obtained from Reference 2a and converted to a percentage. Capacities were multiplied by this
refinery operating percentage to obtain the corresponding throughputs. The FCC and TCC throughputs were
used as the activity indicators.
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The activity indicator for flares in petroleum refineries was based on total refinery crude capacity in
bbl/calendar day obtained from Reference 1. This value was multiplied by 365 to convert it to an annual value.
The activity indicator was calculated by multiplying the capacity by the VOC control efficiency for blow down
systems, expressed as a percentage. The derivation of this control efficiency is described in section 3.25.4.4.
3.25.2.3 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions
The activity indicators for FCC and TCC in petroleum refineries were based on the separate FCC and
TCC capacities. The TCC capacity was obtained from Reference 1 as the value reported in the "other"
category. The FCC capacity was not available directly, but was calculated as the difference between total
capacity and TCC capacity. Total capacity of catalytic cracking fresh feed in bbl/stream day was obtained
from Reference 1. This value was converted to bbl/calendar year by multiplying by 328.5 (365 days/year x 0.9
calendar day/stream day).
The FCC and TCC capacities were converted to throughput data using the refinery operating ratio. This
ratio was obtained from Reference 2a and converted to a percentage. Capacities were multiplied by this
refinery operating percentage to obtain the corresponding throughputs. The FCC and TCC throughputs were
used as the activity indicators.
3.25.2.4 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
The activity indicator for sulfur recovery plants at refineries was the quantity of sulfur recovered by
petroleum refineries obtained from Reference 3.
The activity indicators for FCC and TCC in petroleum refineries were based on the separate FCC and
TCC capacities. The TCC capacity was obtained from Reference 1 as the value reported in the "other"
category. The FCC capacity was not available directly, but was calculated as the difference between total
capacity and TCC capacity. Total capacity of catalytic cracking fresh feed in bbl/stream day was obtained
from Reference 1. This value was converted to bbl/calendar year by multiplying by 328.5 (365 days/year x 0.9
calendar day/stream day).
The FCC and TCC capacities were converted to throughput data using the refinery operating ratio. This
ratio was obtained from Reference 2a and converted to a percentage. Capacities were multiplied by this
refinery operating percentage to obtain the corresponding throughputs. The FCC and TCC throughputs were
used as the activity indicators.
The activity indicator for flares in petroleum refineries was based on the total refinery crude capacity in
bbl/calendar day obtained from Reference 1. This value was multiplied by 365 to convert it to an annual value.
The activity indicator was calculated by multiplying the capacity by the VOC control efficiency for blow down
systems, expressed as a percentage. The derivation of this control efficiency is described in section 3.25.4.4.
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3.25.2.5 Industrial Processes - VOC Emi ssions
The activity indicators for FCC and TCC in petroleum refineries were based on the separate FCC and
TCC capacities. The TCC capacity was obtained from Reference 1 as the value reported in the "other"
category. The FCC capacity was not available directly, but was calculated as the difference between total
capacity and TCC capacity. Total capacity of catalytic cracking fresh feed in bbl/stream day was obtained
from Reference 1. This value was converted to bbl/calendar year by multiplying by 328.5 (365 days/year x 0.9
calendar day/stream day).
The FCC and TCC capacities were converted to throughput data using the refinery operating ratio. This
ratio was obtained from Reference 2a and converted to a percentage. Capacities were multiplied by this
refinery operating percentage to obtain the corresponding throughputs. The FCC and TCC throughputs were
used as the activity indicators.
The activity indicators for the petroleum refinery process operations of compressor, blow down systems,
process drains, cooling towers, and miscellaneous processes were the total crude capacity reported in
Reference 1. The capacity, expressed in bbl/calendar day, was multiplied by 365 to convert it to an annual
figure. The activity indicator for vacuum jets was the total vacuum distillation capacity obtained from Reference
1. The capacity, expressed in bbl/stream day, was multiplied by the following factor to convert it to an annual
value: 365 days/year x 0.95 calendar day/stream day.
3.25.3 Emission Factor
3.25.3.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
The emission factors for FCC and TCC in petroleum refineries were obtained from Reference 4a for
SCCs 3-06-002-01 and 3-06-003-01, respectively. In this reference, TCC was categorized as moving-bed
catalytic cracking units.
3.25.3.2 Industrial Processes - N(X Emissions
X
The emission factors for FCC, TCC, and flares in petroleum refineries were obtained from Reference 4a
for SCCs 3-06-002-01, 3-06-003-01, and 3-06-004-01, respectively. In this reference, TCC was
categorized as moving-bed catalytic cracking units and flares were categorized as blow down system with
vapor recovery.
3.25.3.3 Industrial Processes -Particulates and PM-10 Emissions
The TSP emission factors for FCC and TCC in petroleum refineries were obtained from Reference 4a for
SCCs 3-06-002-01 and 3-06-003-01, respectively. In this reference, TCC was categorized as moving-bed
catalytic cracking units. The PM-10 emission factors for these sources were obtained from Reference 11. For
the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions from these
emission sources.
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3.25.3.4 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
The emission factor for sulfur recovery plants at refineries was based on SCCs 3-01-032-01 through 3-
01-032-04. These emission data were summed and divided by the sum of the corresponding operating rates.
All data was obtained from Reference 5 or Reference 6.
The emission factors for FCC, TCC, and flares in petroleum refineries were obtained from Reference 4a
for SCCs 3-06-002-01, 3-06-003-01, and 3-06-004-01, respectively. In this reference, TCC was
categorized as moving-bed catalytic cracking units and flares were categorized as blow down system with
vapor recovery.
3.25.3.5 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
The emission factors for FCC and TCC in petroleum refineries were obtained from Reference 1 . These
emission factors were converted to a reactive basis using the profile SDM 306002 obtained from Reference 7.
The emission factors for the petroleum refinery process operations of blow down systems, process drains,
vacuum jets, cooling towers, and miscellaneous processes were obtained from Reference 1. The emission
factor for compressors was obtained from Reference 8.
The emission factors were converted to a reactive basis using profiles from Reference 7, except for the
emission factor for vacuum jets for which the profile was obtained from Reference 9. Compressors, blow
down systems, process drains, and cooling towers were converted to a reactive basis using the profiles SDM
202002, SDM 306009, SDM 306005, and SDM 306007, respectively, obtained from Reference 7. The
emission factor for miscellaneous processes was converted using the profiles SDM 306008A, 8P, 8Y 8Z
(Aug), and 8N.
3.25.4 Control Efficiency
3.25.4.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
The control efficiencies for FCC and TCC in petroleum refineries were derived from the actual and
uncontrolled emissions reported in Reference 5 or Reference 6 according to the equation below.
UE
where: CE = control efficiency
UE = uncontrolled emissions
AE = actual (controlled) emissions
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3.25.4.2 Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate the NOX emissions from the petroleum
refinery sources included in this Tier 2 category.
3.25.4.3 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions
The TSP control efficiencies for FCC and TCC in petroleum refineries were derived from the actual and
uncontrolled emissions reported in Reference 5 or Reference 6 according to the equation given above for CO
control efficiencies. The PM-10 control efficiencies for these processes for the years 1975 through 1984 were
based on the 1988 PM-10 control efficiencies obtained from Reference 10. During these years, any changes in
the corresponding TSP control efficiencies from the 1985 TSP control efficiency value were reflected in the
PM-10 control efficiencies. For the years 1940 through 1974, no control efficiencies were used to estimate
PM-10 emissions.
3.25.4.4 Industrial Processes - VOC Emi ssions
The control efficiencies for FCC and TCC in petroleum refineries were assumed to be 95 percent of the
corresponding CO control efficiencies.
For the years 1970 through 1984, the emission factors for the petroleum refinery process operations of
blow down systems, process drains, and vacuum jets were based on the controlled and uncontrolled emission
factors. The controlled emission factors were estimated using weighted averages of emission factors for "old"
refinery capacity (pre-1970) and "new" refinery capacity where the "old" and "new" capacities for used as
weighting factors. A detailed description of the calculation procedure is presented below.
The first step in this procedure was the development of the breakdown of the refineries capacity into "old"
and "new". For blow down systems and process drains, the total crude oil capacity of refineries was obtained
from Reference 1 for the year under study and for the previous year. The difference between total capacity for
the year under study and capacity from the previous year was assumed to be the new capacity for the year
under study. If the difference was negative, the new capacity was assumed to be zero.
In order to calculate the old capacity, the NSPS capacity was calculated. This was done by adding the
new capacity for the year under study to 1 percent of the total capacity from the previous year. This sum, the
NSPS capacity, was subtracted from the total capacity for the year under study, resulting in the old capacity.
The same procedure was used to estimate the old and new capacities for vacuum jets. In place of the
total crude oil capacity, the total vacuum distillation capacity obtained from Reference 1 was used.
For each of the three processes, two controlled emission factors were used to calculate a weighted
average controlled emission factor. The average 1970 emission factor represented the emission rate of older
operations and, therefore, was weighted by the old capacity. The NSPS emission factor, applicable to newer
operation, was weighted by the new capacity. The 1970 and NSPS emission factors for each subcategory are
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presented in Table 3.25-1, along with the corresponding uncontrolled emission factors. The calculation of the
weighted average controlled emission factors is summaries in the equation given below.
(Capacity old x EFold) • (Capacity new x EFnew)
Controlled
(Capacity M • Capacity new)
where: EF = emission factor
The control efficiency for each process was calculated as the percentage difference between the controlled
emission factor calculated according to the methodology above and the uncontrolled emission factors presented
in Table 3.25-1. This calculation is summarized in the equation given below.
,™ f (^ Uncontrolled ' ^ Controlled >
TT
Uncontrolled
where: CE = control efficiency
EF = emission factor
For the years 1940, 1950, and 1960, the procedure for determining the control efficiencies for blow down
systems, process drains, and vacuum jets is currently unavailable.
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate VOC emissions from compressors,
cooling towers, or miscellaneous processes used in petroleum refinery process operations.
3.25.5 References
1. Oil and Gas Journal. Annual Refining Survey, P.O. Box 2601, Clinton, IA. Annual.
2. Survey of Current Business. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC. Annual.
(a) Table containing information on Petroleum, Coal, and Products
3. Minerals Industry Surveys., Sulfur. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.
Monthly.
4. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
(a) Volume I, Table 9.1-1
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5. Standard Computer Retrievals, AFP650 report, from the AIRS Facility Subsystem. Unpublished
computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
6. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE25 7 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
7. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Data Manual. EPA-450/4-80-015. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. July 1980.
8. Air Pollution Aspects of Petroleum Refining. PHS-763. U.S. Public Health Service, Washington, DC.
9. Control Techniques Guidelines. EPA-450/2-77-025. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC. 1977.
10. Barnard, William R. and Patricia M. Carlson. "PM-10 Emission Control Efficiency Calculations for
Emissions Trends." Prepared for Arch A. MacQueen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. October 1990.
11. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listings for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
Table 3.25-1. Emission Factors Used in the Calculation of the Control Efficiencies for
the Blow Down Systems, Process Drains, and Vacuum Jets Subcategories
Subcategories Emission Factors (lb/106 bbl)
1970 NSPS Uncontrolled
Blow down Systems 178.84 5.26 263
Process Drains 205.2 57 570
Vacuum Jets 108.75 0 145
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3.26 PETROLEUM AND RELATED INDUSTRIES - ASPHALT MANUFACTURING: 06-03
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source categories.
Category: Subcategory:
Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Mineral Products Industry [asphalt batching (dryers
Emissions and fugitive) and asphalt roofing (blowing and felt
saturation)]
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions Petroleum Refinery Process Operation (asphalt
blowing)
3.26.1 Technical Approach
The PM-10, TSP, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the emissions from
the source categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator, emission factor, and
control efficiency, where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends spreadsheets, activity
indicators for TSP and PM-10 emissions were expressed in thousand short tons and emission factors were
expressed in metric pounds/short ton. For VOC emissions, the activity indicator was expressed in millions
barrels and the emission factor was expressed in metric pounds/thousand barrels. All control efficiencies were
expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies for
VOC were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984 and for TSP for the years through
1992. For PM-10, these procedures were used for the years 1975 through 1984. For some source
categories, the PM-10 emissions exceeded the TSP emissions as calculated by the procedures presented in this
section. Because this represents a physical impossibility, a more realistic estimate of the PM-10 emissions was
assumed to be the TSP emissions value.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years prior to 1975 was based on the relative change in TSP
emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975 x
TSP Emissions
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating emissions based on activity indicators, emission factors, and
control efficiencies.
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3.26.2 Activity Indicator
The total amount of asphalt and road oil supplied, expressed in barrels, was obtained from Reference 1
and was multiplied by 2.29. This result was used as the TSP and PM-10 activity indicators for the asphalt
batching operations of dryers and fugitive processes. The activity indicators for the asphalt roofing operations
of blowing and felt saturation were the total domestic consumption of asphalt obtained from Reference 2.
The VOC activity indicator for asphalt blowing was the total crude capacity, expressed in barrels/day
obtained from Reference 3. This daily value was multiplied by 365 to convert to an annual figure.
3.26.3 Emission Factor
The PM-10 and TSP emission factors for asphalt batching dryers were the weighted average of the
emission factors for rotary dryers, conventional plant (SCC 3-05-002-01), drum dryers, and drum mix plant
(SCC 3-05-002-05). The TSP emission factors were obtained from References 4a and 4b and the PM-10
emission factors were obtained from Reference 9. These emission factors were weighted by the number of
records in Reference 5 or Reference 6 corresponding to the rotary and drum dryer SCCs.
The PM-10 and TSP emission factors for asphalt batching fugitive processes were obtained from
Reference 9 and Reference 7, respectively.
The TSP emission factors for blowing operations for asphalt roofing were obtained from Reference 4c for
saturant (SCC 3-05-001-01) and coating (SCC 3-05-001-02). The PM-10 emission factors were obtained
from Reference 9. Weighted averages of these two emission factors were calculated by weighting the saturant
emission factor by 95 percent and the coating emission factor by 5 percent.
The TSP emission factors for felt saturation operations in asphalt roofing were obtained from Reference 4c
for dipping only (SCC 3-05-001-03) and dipping/spraying (SCC 3-05-001-04). The PM-10 emission factors
were obtained from Reference 9. Weighted average of these emission factors were calculated by weighting the
dipping only emission factors by two-thirds and the dipping/spraying emission factors by one-third.
For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from the sources included in this Tier 2 category.
The VOC emission factor for asphalt blowing was obtained from Reference 4.
3.26.4 Control Efficiency
The TSP control efficiencies for asphalt batching dryers were the weighted average of the control
efficiencies for drum and rotary dryers derived from Reference 5 or Reference 6 using the equation given
below. These control efficiencies were weighted in the same manner as the drum and rotary dryer emission
factors.
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. (UE'AE)
^^^=^^^=i
I UE 1
where: CE = control efficiency
UE = uncontrolled emissions
AE = controlled emissions
The 1980 TSP control efficiency for asphalt batching fugitive processes was calculated using data from
Reference 3 for the SCCs 3-05-002-03 and 3-05-002-04. For subsequent years, it was assumed that the
fugitive control efficiencies changed in proportion to the changes in dryer control efficiencies. No procedure for
determining the control efficiencies prior to 1980 is currently available.
The TSP control efficiencies for blowing operations in asphalt roofing were the weighted averages of the
control efficiencies for saturant and coating derived from Reference 5 or Reference 6 using the equation given
above. These individual control efficiencies were weighted in the same manner as the saturant and coating
emission factors.
The TSP control efficiencies for felt saturation operation in asphalt roofing were the weighted averages of
the control efficiencies for dipping and dipping/spraying derived from Reference 5 or Reference 6 using the
equation given above. These individual control efficiencies were weighted in the same manner as the dipping
and dipping/spraying emission factors.
The PM-10 control efficiencies for asphalt batching dryers and for blowing and felt saturation operations
for the years 1975 through 1984 were based on the 1988 PM-10 control efficiencies obtained from Reference
8. During these years, any changes in the corresponding TSP control efficiencies from the 1985 TSP control
efficiency values were reflected in the PM-10 control efficiencies. For the years 1940 through 1974, no control
efficiencies were used to estimate PM-10 emissions from asphalt roofing operations or asphalt batching fugitive
processes.
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate VOC emissions from asphalt blowing.
3.26.5 References
1. Petroleum Supply Annual. DOE/EIA-0340(xx/07). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
2. Asphalt Usage United States & Canada. The Asphalt Institute, College Park, MD. Annual.
3. Oil and Gas Journal. Annual Refining Survey, P.O. Box 2601, Clinton, IA. Annual.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-147 Category: 06-03
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4. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
a. Volume I, Table 8.1-1
b. Volume I, Table 8.1-3
c. Volume I, Table 8.2-1
5. Standard Computer Retrievals, AFP650 report, from the AIRS Facility Subsystem. Unpublished
computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
6. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE25 7 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
7. Assessment of Fugitive Particulate Emission Factors for Industrial Processes. EPA-450/3-78-107.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1978.
8. Barnard, William R. and Patricia M. Carlson. "PM-10 Emission Control Efficiency Calculations for
Emissions Trends." Prepared for Arch A. MacQueen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. October 1990.
9. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listings for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-148 Category: 06-03
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3.27 OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES - AGRICULTURE, FOOD, AND KINDRED
PRODUCTS: 07-01
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source categories.
Category: Subcategory:
Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Agricultural Industries [cotton ginning, cattle feedlots,
Emissions alfalfa dehydrators, country elevators, terminal
elevators, feed mills, grain milling (wheat, corn-dry,
corn-wet, rice, soybeans)]
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [other processes
(bakeries, fermentation, and vegetable oil)]
3.27.1 Technical Approach
The PM-10, TSP, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the emissions from
the source categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator, emission factor, and
control efficiency, where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends spreadsheets, the activity
indicators were expressed in thousand short tons and the emission factors were expressed in metric
pounds/short ton. All control efficiencies were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies for
VOC were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984 and for TSP for the years through
1992. For PM-10, these procedures were used for the years 1975 through 1984. For some source
categories, the PM-10 emissions exceeded the TSP emissions as calculated by the procedures presented in this
section. Because this represents a physical impossibility, a more realistic estimate of the PM-10 emissions was
assumed to be the TSP emissions value.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years prior to 1975 was based on the relative change in TSP
emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975
TSP Emissions
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating the emissions based on activity indicators, emission factors, and
control efficiencies.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
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3.27.2 Activity Indicator
3.27.2.1 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions
The activity indicator for cotton ginning was the number of running bales obtained from Reference la.
The cattle feedlot activity indicator was based on the number of cattle and calves slaughtered, expressed in
thousands, reported in Reference Ib. This value was multiplied by 0.46 to determine the final activity indicator.
The activity indicator for alfalfa dehydrators was total production obtained from Reference 2.
The activity indicators for country elevators and terminal elevators were based on the total production of
five major grains. Total production of sorghum was obtained from Reference 3. Total productions of wheat,
corn, oats, and barley were each obtained from Reference Ib. Production figures for each grain were
converted from bushels to total weight using the conversion factors listed in Table 3.27-1. The production
figures for the five grains were summed and multiplied by 0.8. This grain production by weight was the activity
indicator for both country elevators and terminal elevators.
The activity indicator for feed mills is the total consumption of wheat, corn, oats, barley, sorghum, and
alfalfa meal. When the year under study was a census year, total consumption data (SIC 2048) was obtained
from Reference 2. For a noncensus year, grain consumption by feed mills was estimated using the total grain
production as determined for the country elevator subcategory. Total production was multiplied by the ratio of
total grain production to total grain consumption data (SIC 2048) obtained for the previous census year.
The activity indicator for the wheat milling was the total quantity of grindings of wheat expressed in
thousands of bushels reported in Reference la. The quantity was converted to weight using the wheat
conversion factor presented in Table 3.27-1.
The activity indicator for the dry corn milling was the total production of dry corn. When the year under
study was a census year, the total dry corn production was obtained from Reference 2. For noncensus years,
the dry corn production was calculated by multiplying the total corn production obtained from Reference Ib for
the year under study by the factor 0.021. For the years 1940 through 1973, this multiplicative factor, as well as
a procedure for determining the factor, is currently unavailable.
The activity indicator for wet com milling was determined in the same manner as dry corn milling. The
only difference being the use of 0.059 as the multiplicative factor for noncensus years after 1974.
The activity indicator for rice was the total rice production. The production figure was obtained as the
total shipments from mills in southern states and California or the total production reported in Reference Ib.
The activity indicator for soybeans was based on the total soybean production as obtained from Reference
3. This value was converted from bushels to weight using the conversion factor for wheat given in Table 3-27-
NationalAir Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-150 Category: 07-01
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1. It was assumed that 70 percent of the total production was domestic consumption. The final activity
indicator for soybeans represented only the domestic consumption.
3.27.2.2 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
The activity indicator for bakeries was the production of wheat flour obtained from Reference Ib. This
value, expressed in thousand sacks, was multiplied by 27.21 tons bread baked/106 sacks.
The activity indicator for the fermentation processes was based on the stocks of distilled spirits and
production of beer reported in Reference Ib. Stocks of distilled spirits were converted to metric pounds by the
factor 0.1814 metric Ib/gal. Beer production figure was converted to metric pound using the factor 0.06 metric
Ib/bbl. The activity indicator was the sum of distilled spirits and beer production figures.
The activity indicator for vegetable oil subcategory was the refined oil production for soybean, cotton
seed, corn, and coconut obtained from Reference 4.
3.27.3 Emission Factor
3.27.3.1 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions
The emission factors for cotton ginning were the sum of the emission factors for the following four
processes: unleading fan (3-02-004-01), seed cotton cleaning system (SCC 3-02-004-02), stick/burr machine
(SCC 3-02-004-03), and miscellaneous (SCC 3-02-004-04). These emission factors were obtained from
Reference 5a for TSP and from Reference 9 from PM-10.
The PM-10 and TSP emission factors for cattle feedlots (SCC 3-02-020-01) were obtained from
Reference 9 and Reference 5b, respectively.
The emission factors for alfalfa dehydrator were the sum of the emission factors from three processes:
primary cyclone and dryer (SCC 3-02-001-02), meal collector (SCC 3-02-001-03), and pellet cooler (SCC
3-02-001-04). The emission factors for these processes were obtained from Reference 5c for TSP and from
Reference 9 for PM-10.
The emission factors for country elevators were the sum of the emission factors from six process listed in
Table 3.27-2. The emission factors for terminal elevators were the sum of the emission factors from seven
process listed in Table 3.27-3. The PM-10 and TSP emission factors for the elevator processes were obtained
from Reference 9 and Reference 5d, respectively.
The emission factors for feed mills were the sum of the emission factors from five process listed in Table
3.27-4. The emission factors for these processes were obtained from Reference 5e for TSP and from
Reference 9 for PM-10.
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The PM-10 and TSP emission factors for wheat milling were based on the emission factors obtain from
Reference 9 and Reference 5e, respectively, for the following three processes: receiving (SCC 3-02-007-31),
precleaning/handling (SCC 3-02-007-32), and millhouse (3-02-007-34). It was assumed that a 99 percent
control applied to the millhouse emission factor. The resulting controlled emission factors for the millhouse
process were added to the other emission factors to obtain the final PM-10 and TSP emission factors.
The PM-10 and TSP emission factors for dry corn were the sum of the emission factors obtain from
Reference 9 and Reference 5e, respectively, for the following four processes: receiving (SCC 3-02-007-41),
drying (SCC 3-02-007-42), precleaning/handling (SCC 3-02-007-43), and cleaning (3-02-007-44). The
emission factors for wet corn were the sum of the emission factors for the following three processes: receiving
(SCC 3-02-007-51), handling (SCC 3-02-007-52), and cleaning (3-02-007-53). The TSP emission factors
were obtained from Reference 5e; the PM-10 emission factors were obtained from Reference 9.
The PM-10 and TSP emission factors for rice were the sum of the emission factors obtain from Reference
9 and Reference 5e, respectively, for the following processes: receiving (SCC 3-02-007-71) and
precleaning/handling (SCC 3-02-007-72).
The emission factors for soybeans were the sum of the emission factors from 10 processes listed in Table
3.27-5. The emission factors for these processes were obtained from Reference 5e for TSP and from
Reference 9 for PM-10.
For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from the sources included in this Tier 2 category.
3.27.3.2 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
The emission factor for bakeries was weighted average of the emission factors for sponge dough (SCC 3-
02-032-01) and straight dough (SCC 3-02-032-02). These emission factors were obtained from Reference
5f The weighting factor for sponge dough was 0.915 and for straight dough was 0.085.
The emission factor for fermentation processes was based on the assumption of complete evaporation of
all volatile compounds (i.e. the emission factor was 2000 Ib/ton).
The emission factor for vegetable oil was based on the 1979 emission estimates obtained from the EPA's
Emission Standards and Engineering Division. The total emissions were divided by the 1977 production rate to
obtain the emission factor for vegetable oil. The source of the 1977 production rate is currently unavailable.
3.27.4 Control Efficiency
3.27.4.1 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions
The TSP control efficiencies for all agricultural industrial processes, excluding country and terminal
elevators, were derived from Reference 6 or Reference 7 using the equation below.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-152 Category: 07-01
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. (UE>AE)
i i
I UE 1
where: CE = control efficiency
UE = uncontrolled emissions
AE = actual (controlled) emissions after
The TSP control efficiencies for country and terminal elevators were the weighted average of the control
efficiencies for the SCCs given in Table 3.27-2 and Table 3.27-3, respectively. These individual control
efficiencies were derived from Reference 6 or Reference 7 using the equation given above. The final country
and terminal elevator control efficiencies were calculated using weighting factors obtained in Reference 5d.
The PM-10 control efficiencies for all agricultural industry emission sources for the years 1975 through
1984 were based on the 1988 PM-10 control efficiencies obtained from Reference 8. During these years, any
changes in the corresponding TSP control efficiencies from the 1985 TSP control efficiency value were
reflected in the PM-10 control efficiencies. For the years 1940 through 1974, no control efficiencies were used
to estimate PM-10 emissions.
3.27.4.2 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate VOC emissions from bakeries,
fermentation processes, and vegetable oil production.
3.27.5 References
1. Survey of Current Business. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC.
(a) Table containing information on "textile products."
(b) Table containing information on "food and kindred products."
2. Census of Manufactures. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC.
Available every 5 years.
3. Crop Production. GPO 20-B-S/NOO1/028/80029/1. Crop Reporting Board Economic Statistics &
Cooperative Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. Monthly.
4. Current Industrial Reports, Fats and Oil. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC. Annual.
5. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
a. Volume I, Table 6.3-1
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-153 Category: 07-01
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b. Volume I, Table 6.15-1
c. Volume I, Table 6.1-1
d. Volume I, Table 6.4-5 (column 3)
e. Volume I, Table 6.4-6
£ Volume I, Section 6.13
6. Standard Computer Retrievals, AFP650 report, from the AIRS Facility Subsystem. Unpublished
computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
7. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE25 7 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
8. Barnard, William R. and Patricia M. Carlson. "PM-10 Emission Control Efficiency Calculations for
Emissions Trends." Prepared for Arch A. MacQueen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. October 1990.
9. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listings for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
Table 3.27-1. Conversion of Grain Volume (in bushels) to Weight (in pounds)
Grain Ib/bu
Wheat 60
Corn 56
Oats 32
Barley 48
Sorghum 56
Table 3.27-2. PM-10 and TSP Emission Factor SCCs for Country Elevators
sec
3-02-006-03
3-02-006-04
3-02-006-05
3-02-006-06
3-02-006-09
3-02-006-10
Description
Cleaning
Drying
Unloading (receiving)
Loading (shipping)
Removal from bins
Headhouse (legs)
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
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Table 3.27-3. PM-10 and TSP Emission Factor SCCs for Terminal Elevators
SCC Description
3-02-005-03 Cleaning
3-02-005-04 Drying
3-02-005-05 Unloading (receiving)
3-02-005-06 Loading (shipping)
3-02-005-09 Tripper (gallery belt)
3-02-005-10 Removal from bins
3-02-005-11 Headhouse (legs)
Table 3.27-4. PM-10 and TSP Emission Factor SCCs for Feed Mills
SCC Description
3-02-008-02
3-02-008-03
3-02-008-04
3-02-008-05
3-02-008-06
Receiving
Shipping
Handling
Grinding
Pellet Coolers
Table 3.27-5. PM-10 and TSP Emission Factor SCCs for Soybean Milling
SCC Description
3-02-007-81 Receiving
3-02-007-82 Handling
3-02-007-84 Drying
3-02-007-85 Cracking/Dehulling
3-02-007-86 Hull Grinding
3-02-007-87 Bean Conditioning
3-02-007-88 Flaking
3-02-007-89 Meal Dryer
3-02-007-90 Meal Cooler
3-02-007-91 Bulk Loading
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-155 Category: 07-01
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3.28 OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES - WOOD, PULP AND PAPER, AND PUBLISHING
PRODUCTS: 07-03
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source categories.
Category: Subcategory:
Industrial Processes - CO Emissions Kraft Pulp and Paper
Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions Kraft Pulp
Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Miscellaneous Process Sources (Pulp and Paper,
Emissions Semi-Chemical, Plywood, and Lumber)
Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions Other Industrial Processes (Kraft Pulp Production
and Sulfite)
3.28.1 Technical Approach
The CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, and SO2 emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the
emissions from the source categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator,
emission factor, and control efficiency, where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends
spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed in thousand short tons and emission factors were expressed in
metric pounds/short ton. All control efficiencies were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984 for all pollutants except TSP, for which the
procedures were used for the years through 1992, and PM-10, for which the procedures were used for the
years 1975 through 1984. For some source categories, the PM-10 emissions exceeded the TSP emissions as
calculated by the procedures presented in this section. Because this represents a physical impossibility, a more
realistic estimate of the PM-10 emissions was assumed to be the TSP emissions value.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years prior to 1975 was based on the relative change in TSP
emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975
TSP Emissions
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating emissions based on activity indicators, emission factors, and
control efficiencies.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
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3.28.2 Activity Indicator
For CO and NOX emissions, the activity indicator for kraft pulp and paper was the production value
reported for sulfate obtained from Reference 1 . For SO2 emissions, the activity indicator for kraft pulp
production and sulfite was the combined production of sulfate and sulfite at kraft mills and sulfite mills obtained
from Reference 1 .
The TSP and PM-10 activity indicators for the two pulp and paper production processes were obtained
from Reference 1. The activity indicator for kraft pulp was the production value reported for sulfate and the
indicator for sulfite was the production value reported for sulfite.
The TSP and PM-10 activity indicators for the two semi-chemical processes were based on the total
semi-chemical wood pulp production obtained from Reference 2. It was assumed that indicator for recovery
furnaces was one-third of the total production while the indicator for fluid bed reactors was 15 percent of the
total production.
The TSP and PM-10 activity indicator for plywood was the softwood plywood production obtained from
Reference 3 a. When this reference was not available, the total plywood production was estimated using the
total plywood production from Reference 4 for the census year preceding the year under study. The combined
total production values of plywood from southern pine and douglas fir were obtained from Reference 2 for the
census year and the year under study. Total plywood production was projected to the year under study using
the equation given below.
P
'
P • P
plywood , / plywood ,/ I
(pine ' fir),j
where: i = year under study
j = census year
P = production
The TSP and PM-10 activity indicator for lumber was total lumber production obtained from Reference 5
or Reference 2.
3.28.3 Emission Factor
The CO emission factor for kraft pulp and paper processes was the sum of the emission factors for
recovery furnaces (SCC 3-07-001-04) and lime kilns (SCC 3-07-001-06) obtained from Reference 6a.
The NOX emission factor for kraft pulp processes was calculated by dividing the actual emissions by the
operating rate. These values were obtained from Reference 7.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
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The PM-10 and TSP emission factors for the kraft process in pulp and paper production were the sum of
the emissions factors for the following three processes: recovery furnaces/direct contact evaporators (SCC 3-
07-001-04), smelt tanks (SCC 3-07-001-05), and lime kilns (SCC 3-07-001-06). These PM-10 and TSP
emission factors were obtained from Reference 13 and Reference 14a.
The TSP emission factor for the sulfite process in pulp and paper production was obtained from
Reference 8. The PM-10 emission factor was obtained from Table 3.1-3.
The TSP emission factors for the two semi-chemical processes of recovery furnaces and fluid red reactors
were obtained from Reference 9. The PM-10 emission factor was obtained from Reference 13 or Table 3.1-
3.
The TSP emission factor for plywood was obtained from Reference 8. The PM-10 emission factor was
obtained from Table 3.1-3.
The TSP emission factor for lumber was calculated by dividing the actual emissions reported in Reference
7 by the 1977 lumber production reported in Reference 2. The PM-10 emission factor was obtained from
Reference 13 or Table 3.1-3.
The SO2 emission factor for kraft pulp production and sulfite was the weighted sum of the emission factors
for kraft pulp production and for sulfite mills. The emission factor for kraft pulp production was obtained from
Reference 14a. The sulfite mills emission factor was calculated from the controlled and uncontrolled sulfite mills
emission factors of 20 Ib/ton and 52 Ib/ton, respectively. These emission factors were obtained from Reference
8. Assuming the paniculate control efficiency was 0.90 for sulfite mills, the controlled emission factor was
multiplied by 0.9 and the uncontrolled emission factor by 0.1. The resulting products were summed. Weighting
factors for summing the emission factors for kraft pulp production and sulfite mills were the relative production
levels obtained from Reference 1.
3.28.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate CO, NOX, or SO2 emissions from the
pulp and paper sources included in this Tier 2 category.
The TSP control efficiencies for the pulp and paper, plywood, and lumber production processes were
derived from Reference 10 or Reference 11 using the equation below. The TSP control efficiencies for the
semi-chemical processes were assumed to be equal to the control efficiencies for the kraft process in pulp and
paper production.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-158 Category: 07-03
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CE
UE
where: CE = control efficiency
UE = uncontrolled emissions
AE = actual (controlled) emissions after
The PM-10 control efficiencies for kraft processes in pulp and paper production and fluid red reactors in
semi-chemical production for the years 1975 through 1984 were based on the 1988 PM-10 control efficiencies
obtained from Reference 12. During these years, any changes in the corresponding TSP control efficiencies
from the 1985 TSP control efficiency value were reflected in the PM-10 control efficiencies. For the years
1940 through 1974, no control efficiencies were used to estimate PM-10 emissions.
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate PM-10 emissions from sulfite
processes in pulp and paper production and recovery furnaces in semi-chemical production. For plywood and
lumber production, no control efficiencies were applied in the estimation of TSP and PM-10 emissions.
3.28.5 References
1. Current Industrial Reports, Pulp, Paper and Board. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Washington, DC. Annual.
2. Survey of Current Business. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC. Annual.
3. Current Industrial Reports, Softwood Plywood
(a) Table: Production, Quantity and Value of Shipments of Softwood Plywood
4. Census of Manufactures. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC.
(available every Syears)
5. Current Industrial Report?,, Lumber Production and Mill Stocks. Bureau of the Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. Annual.
6. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Third Edition, Supplements 1 through 14, AP-42.
NTIS PB-275525. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September
1977.
a. Volume I, Table 10.1.2-1
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-159 Category: 07-03
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7. Computer Retrieval, NE257 report, by Source Classification Code (SCC) from the National
Emission Data System (NEDS). Unpublished computer report. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
February 9, 1980.
8. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Third Edition, and Supplements 1-14, AP-42.
NTIS PB-275525. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September
1977.
9. Particulate Pollution System Study. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Prepared by Midwest
Research Institute, Kansas City, MO. 1970.
10. Standard Computer Retrievals, AFP650 report, from the AIRS Facility Subsystem. Unpublished
computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
11. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE25 7 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
12. Barnard, William R. and Patricia M. Carlson. "PM-10 Emission Control Efficiency Calculations for
Emissions Trends." Prepared for Arch A. MacQueen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. October 1990.
13. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listing for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
14. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
a. Volume I, Table 10.1-1
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
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3.29 OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES - RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS PLASTIC
PRODUCTS: 07-04
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source category.
Category: Subcategory:
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [other processes
(tires)]
3.29.1 Technical Approach
The VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the emissions from the source category listed
above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator and emission factor. In order to utilize these values
in the Trends spreadsheets, the activity indicator was expressed in thousand short tons and the emission factor
was expressed in metric pounds/short ton.
The procedures for determining activity indicators and emission factors were used for the years 1940,
1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984.
3.29.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for tires was the production of pneumatic casing obtained from Reference la.
3.29.3 Emission Factor
The VOC emission factor for tires was the sum of the emission factors for the processes listed in Table
3.29-1. These emission factors were expressed as lbs/1,000 tires. The summed emission factor was
converted to Ibs/ton, assuming that 1,000 tires weigh one ton.
3.29.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate VOC emissions from tire production.
3.29.5 References
1. Survey of Current Business. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC.
(a) Table containing information on "rubber and rubber products."
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-161 Category: 07-04
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2. Control Techniques Guidelines. EPA-450/2-77-025. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC. 1977.
Table 3.29-1. VOC Emissions Factor SCCs for Tire Production
SCC Description
3-08-001 -01 Undertread & Sidewall Cementing
3-08-001-02 Bead Dipping
3-08-001-03 Bead Swabbing
3-08-001 -04 Tire Building
3-08-001-05 Tread End Cementing
3-08-001 -06 Green Tire Spraying
3-08-001-07 Tire Curing
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-162 Category: 07-04
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3.30
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES - MINERAL PRODUCTS: 07-05
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source categories.
Category:
Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions
Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10
Emissions
Industrial Processes - SO? Emissions
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
3.30.1 Technical Approach
Subcategory:
Asphalt Roofing and Lime
Cement Manufacturing Glass and Manufacturing
Lime
Mineral Products Industry [Cement Manufacturing
(kilns, grinders, fugitive), Bricks, Clay Sintering,
Concrete Batching, Fiber Glass (furnace, forming
and curing), Glass, Gypsum Manufacturing (dryer
and calciner), and Lime Manufacturing (kilns and
fugitive)]
Mining Operations [Coal Mining (surface mining,
coal handling, thermal dryers, and pneumatic dryers),
Sand and Gravel, Stone and Rock Crushing,
Phosphate Rock (drying or calcining, grinding, and
material handling), Clays, and Potash]
Chemical Industry [Fertilizers (rock pulverization)]
Other Industrial Processes (Cement Manufacturing,
Glass Manufacturing and Lime Processing)
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [Other Processes
(glass manufacturing)]
The CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, SO2, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the
emissions from the source categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator,
emission factor, and control efficiency, where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends
spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed in thousand short tons and emission factors were expressed in
metric pounds/short ton. All control efficiencies were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984 for all pollutants except TSP, for which the
procedures were used for the years through 1992, and PM-10, for which the procedures were used for the
years 1975 through 1984. For some source categories, the PM-10 emissions exceeded the TSP emissions as
calculated by the procedures presented in this section. Because this represents a physical impossibility, a more
realistic estimate of the PM-10 emissions was assumed to be the TSP emissions value.
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The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years prior to 1975 was based on the relative change in TSP
emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
TSP Emissions „„„„
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating emissions based on activity indicators, emission factors, and
control efficiencies.
3.30.2 Activity Indicator
3.30.2.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
The activity indicator for asphalt roofing was the total domestic consumption obtained from Reference 1.
The activity indicators for kiln and fugitive processes in lime production were the lime production obtained
from Reference 2.
3.30.2.2 Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions
The activity indicator for cement manufacturing was the total quantity of cement production as obtained
from Reference 3.
The activity indicator for glass manufacturing was based on the sum of total production of flat glass
obtained from Reference 4 and the net packed weight of glass containers obtained from Reference 5. The
resulting value was multiplied by 1.10 to account for miscellaneous glass products.
The activity indicator for lime kiln and fugitive processes was the lime production obtained from Reference
2.
3.30.2.3 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions
3.30.2.3.1 Mineral Products Industry —
The activity indicators for the three cement manufacturing processes were the total quantity of cement
production as obtained from Reference 3.
The total brick production, expressed in millions of bricks, was obtained from Reference 6. The quantity
was multiplied by 6.5 Ib/brick. To this value was added the sum of the sewer pipes and fittings production
value and the structural facing tile production value as reported in Reference 6a. The final result was the activity
indicator for bricks.
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The activity indicator for clay sintering was the quantity of common clay and shale used in lightweight
aggregate production as reported Reference 7.
The activity indicator for concrete batching was based on the sum of the total shipments of portland
cement to concrete product manufacturers and to ready-mix plants as reported in Reference 3 a. The resulting
sum was multiplied by 7.5.
The activity indicators for the furnace, forming, and curing processes of fiber glass production were the
production of textile type and wool type glass fiber obtained from Reference 8.
The activity indicator for glass was based on the sum of the flat glass production value obtained from
Reference 4 and the net packed weight of glass containers obtained from Reference 5. The resulting value was
multiplied by 1.10 to account for miscellaneous glass products.
The activity indicator for calciners used in gypsum manufacturing was the quantity of calcined gypsum
produced as reported in Reference 9. For dryers used in gypsum manufacturing , the activity indicator was
one-half of the total quantity produced.
The activity indicators for kilns and fugitive processes used in lime manufacturing were the lime production
figure obtained from Reference 2.
3.30.2.3.2 Mining Operations —
The activity indicator for surface coal mining was the total coal production by surface mining methods
obtained from Reference 10 or from Reference 11.
For coal handling, the activity indicator was the sum of the quantity of coal cleaned and crushed and
screened as reported in Reference 10. For years when these data were not reported, the value was
extrapolated from latest available data based on the total coal production.
The activity indicator for coal mining thermal dryers was the quantity of coal thermally dried obtained from
Reference 10. For years when these data were not available, the value was extrapolated from previous year's
data, based on the change in the total coal production from Reference 10.
For coal mining, pneumatic dryers, the activity indicator was the quantity of coal processed obtained from
Reference 10. For years when these data were not available, the value was extrapolated from the previous
year's data based on the change in the total coal production from Reference 10.
The activity indicator for sand and gravel was the sum of the total production of sand and gravel for
construction and for industrial purposes obtained from Reference 12. The total production of stone and rock
crushing was obtained from Reference 13. The activity indicators for the three phosphate rock processing
operations were the marketable production of phosphate rock obtained from Reference 14.
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The activity indicator for clays was the total domestic clay sold or used by producers as reported in
Reference 7.
The activity indicator for potash was the total potash production, expressed in potassium oxide (K2O)
equivalent, and was obtained from Reference 2.
3.30.2.3.3 Chemical Industry —
The activity indicator for rock pulverization for fertilizers was the sum of the phosphate rock sales of single
superphosphate and triple superphosphate obtained from Reference 14.
3.30.2.4 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
The activity indicators for the three cement manufacturing processes were the total quantity of cement
production as obtained from Reference 3.
The activity indicator for glass manufacturing was based on the sum of the flat glass production value
obtained from Reference 4, and the net packed weight of glass containers obtained from Reference 5. The
resulting value was multiplied by 1.10 to account for miscellaneous glass products.
The activity indicators for the lime kiln and fugitive processes were the lime production figure obtained
from Reference 2.
3.30.2.5 Industrial Processes - VOC Emi ssions
The activity indicator for glass manufacturing was based on the sum of the flat glass production value
obtained from Reference 4, and the net packed weight of glass containers obtained from Reference 5. The
resulting value was multiplied by 1.10 to account for miscellaneous glass products.
3.30.3 Emission Factor
3.30.3.1 Industrial Processes - CO Emissions
The emission factor for asphalt roofing was the weighted average of the emission factors for controlled
plants (2.85 Ib/ton) and uncontrolled plants (0.22 Ib/ton). The weighting factors were the fraction of plants with
controls and the faction of plants without controls. The fraction of plants with controls was calculated by
dividing the TSP control efficiency for the category Industrial Processes - PM-10 Emissions [Mineral Products
Industry (asphalt roofing - blowing)] by 0.956. All other plants were assumed to operate without controls.
The overall emission factor calculation is summarized below:
*•—'J—J T^P
EF • .2.85 x ™ . 0.22 x 1 •
I I 0.956 M I I
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where: CEpsp = TSP control efficiency for the category Industrial Processes - PM-10 Emissions
[Mineral Products Industry (asphalt roofing - blowing)]
The emission factor for lime manufacturing (SCC 3-05-016-04) was obtained from Reference 16a.
3.30.3.2 Industrial Processes - NOX Emissions
The emission factor for cement manufacturing (SCC 3-05-006-06) was obtained from Reference 16b.
The emission factor for glass manufacturing was the weighted average of the emission factors for three
glass types as reported in Reference 16c. A list of the glass types, SCCs and weighting factors are presented
in Table 3.30-1.
The emission factor for lime was the weighted average of the emission factors for the SCCs 3-05-016-xx.
These emission factors and the corresponding weighting factors were obtained from Reference 22.
3.30.3.3 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions
3.30.3.3.1 Mineral Products Industry —
The PM-10 and TSP emission factors for kilns used in cement manufacturing were the weighted average
of the emission factors for the dry process kilns (SCC 3-05-006-06) and the wet process kilns (SCC 3-05-
007-06). These emission factors were obtained from Reference 16b for TSP and Reference 21 for PM-10.
The weighting factors were the relative capacity of the wet process and of the dry process as reported in
Reference 3.
The emission factors for grinders used in cement manufacturing were the weighted average of the emission
factors for the dry process clinker grinder (SCC 3-05-006-17) and the wet process clinker grinder (SCC 3-
05-007-17). The PM-10 and TSP emission factors were obtained from Reference 21 and Reference 16b,
respectively, and were weighted by the relative capacity of the wet process and of the dry process as reported
in Reference 3.
The TSP emission factors for cement manufacturing fugitive processes were obtained from Reference 18.
The PM-10 emission factor was obtained from Reference 21 or Table 3.1-3.
The PM-10 and TSP emission factors for bricks was the sum of the emission factors for materials handling
and for kilns. The emission factors for material handling were obtained from Reference 18 for TSP and from
Reference 21 or Table 3.1-3 for PM-10. The PM-10 and TSP emission factors for kilns were the weighted
average of the SCCs listed in Table 3.30-2 and were obtained from Reference 21 and Reference 16d,
respectively. The weighting factors were based on References 19 or 20.
The emission factors for clay sintering were the sum of the emission factors for the five processes listed in
Table 3.30-3. These represent the processing of raw clay and shale combined. The raw clay sintering and
finished product processing and screening emission factors for TSP were obtained from Reference 16e. The
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emission factors for crushing and screening and transfer and conveying were obtained from Reference 21. The
storage emission factor was assumed to be 0.3 Ib/ton for TSP and zero for PM-10.
The PM-10 and TSP emission factors for concrete batching (SCC 3-05-011-01) were obtained from
Reference 21 and Reference 16f, respectively. The values were converted from lb/yd3 to Ibs/ton using the
factor 0.5.
The emission factors for furnaces used in fiber glass manufacturing were the weighted average of the
emission factors for the furnace types listed in Table 3.30-4. The emission factors for these furnace types were
obtained from Reference 16g for TSP and from Reference 21 for PM-10. The weighting factors were based
on the operating rates obtained from Reference 19 or 20 for these types of furnaces.
The emission factors for fiber glass forming and curing processes were the weighted average of the
emission factors for three processes. The TSP emission factor for the rotary spun wool type (SCC 3-05-012-
04) was obtained from Reference 17a. The TSP emission factors for the flame attenuation wool type (SCC 3-
05-012-08) and the textile type (SCC 3-05-012-014) were obtained from Reference 16g. The PM-10
emission factors for the three processes were obtained from Reference 21. The weighting factors were based
on the operating rates obtained from Reference 19 or 20 for these three processes.
The emission factors for glass were based on the emission factors for three types of glass: container glass,
melting furnace (SCC 3-05-014-02), flat glass, melting furnace (SCC 3-05-014-03), and pressed and blown
glass, melting furnace (SCC 3-05-014-04). These emission factors were obtained from Reference 16c for
TSP and From Reference 21 for PM-10. The weighted averages of these emission factors were calculated
using the following weighting factors: 0.75 for container glass, 0.15 for flat glass, and 0.1 for blown and pressed
glass.
The PM-10 and TSP emission factors for gypsum manufacturing dryers (SCC 3-05-015-01) and
calciners (SCC 3-05-015-11) were obtained from Reference 21 and Reference 17b, respectively. For
calciners, it was assumed that all calciners were continuous kettle calciners.
The emission factors for lime manufacturing kilns were the weighted average of the emission factors for
two types of kilns: vertical kilns (SCC 3-05-016-03) and rotary kilns (SCC 3-05-016-04). These PM-10 and
TSP emission factors were obtained from Reference 21 and Reference 16h, respectively, and were weighted
using the data from Reference 22. The PM-10 and TSP emission factors for the fugitive processes were
obtained from Reference 18 or Table 3.1-3.
For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from the sources included in this Tier 2 category.
3.30.3.3.2 Mining Operations —
The PM-10 and TSP emission factors for surface mining and coal handling were obtained from Reference
18. The emission factors for thermal dryers (SCC 3-05-010-01) were obtained from Reference 16i for TSP
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and from Reference 21 for PM-10. The pneumatic dryers emission factors were based on engineering
judgement and are presented in Table 3.1-3.
The TSP emission factor for sand and gravel was obtained from Reference 17c. The PM-10 emission
factor was obtained from Reference 21 or Table 3.1-3.
The emission factors for stone and rock crushing were the weighted averages of the emission factors for
the processes listed in Table 3.30-5. The PM-10 and TSP emission factors for these processes were obtained
from Reference 21 and Reference 17d, respectively, and were weighted by the number of records in Reference
19 or Reference 20, except for miscellaneous operations process (SCC 3-05-020-06). Emission factors for
this process were added to the weighted average of the emission factors of the other four processes.
The emission factors for phosphate rock drying or calcining processes were the weighted average of the
emission factors for drying (SCC 3-05-019-01) and calcining (SCC 3-05-019-05) processes. The PM-10
and TSP emission factors were obtained from Reference 21 and Reference 16j, respectively, and were
weighted by the 1974 production of phosphate rock reported in Reference 14a. It was assumed that
phosphate rock production from Florida represented the drying processes and production from the western
States represented the calcining process.
The emission factors for phosphate rock grinding (SCC 3-05-019-02) and material handling (SCC 3-05-
019-03) were obtained from Reference 16j for TSP and from Reference 21 for PM-10.
The emission factors for clays were the weighted averages of the emission factors for three processes:
drying (SCC 3-05-008-01), grinding (SCC 3-05-008-02), and storage (SCC 3-05-008-03). The PM-10
and TSP emission factors were obtained from Reference 21 and Reference 16k, respectively. Weighting
factors were 0.7 for the drying process, 1 for the grinding process and 0.5 for the storage process.
The TSP emission factor for potash was calculated by dividing actual emissions reported in Reference 22
by total production of potash, expressed in potassium oxide (K2O) equivalent weights, obtained from
Reference 7. The PM-10 emission factor was obtained from Reference 21.
For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from the sources included in this Tier 2 category.
3.30.3.3.3 Chemical Industry —
The PM-10 and TSP emission factors for rock pulverization (SCC 3-05-019-02) were obtained from
Reference 21 and Reference 23, respectively. For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not
employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions from the sources included in this Tier 2 category.
3.30.3.4 Industrial Processes - SO2 Emissions
The emission factor for cement manufacturing was based on the uncontrolled SO2 emissions, the total
cement production, and the SO2 control efficiency for cement kilns. The uncontrolled emissions were produced
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by mineral sources and by the combustion of fuels used to fire the kilns. The uncontrolled emission factors for
the mineral sources and the combustion of coal, residual oil, and distillate oil are presented in Table 3.30-6.
The uncontrolled emissions from mineral sources were calculated using the emission factor and the total cement
production obtained from Reference 3.
The uncontrolled emissions from coal combustion were calculated using the emission factor, the coal
consumed by cement plants obtained from Reference 3, and the sulfur content of the coal. The sulfur content
was the average sulfur content for all coal shipped to industrial plants. The average sulfur content of coal was
determined from the sulfur content by coal producing districts obtained for the category "Other industrial uses
and retail dealers" in Reference lOa. This reference provided the sulfur content values reported in 1977 and it
was assumed that these values remained constant during the years 1940 through 1984. In order to obtain the
average sulfur content for a specific year, the sulfur content by district was weighted by the distribution of coal
by district or origin for the category "Other Industrial" obtained from Reference 25 or 26.
The uncontrolled emissions from residual oil were calculated using the emission factor, the residual oil
consumed by cement plants, and the sulfur content of the oil. The quantity of residual oil consumed by cement
plants was assumed to be two-thirds of the total oil consumed by cement plants as reported in Reference 3.
The sulfur content for residual oil was for No. 6 fuel oil obtained from Reference 27.
The uncontrolled emissions from distillate oil were calculated using the emission factor, the residual oil
consumed by cement plants, and the sulfur content of the oil. The quantity of distillate oil consumed by cement
plants was assumed to be one-third of the total oil consumed by cement plants as reported in Reference 3. The
sulfur content for distillate oil was assumed to be 0.3 percent.
The uncontrolled emission factor for cement manufacturing was determined by dividing the total
uncontrolled emissions from mineral sources and fuel combustion by the total cement production obtained from
Reference 3. These calculations are summarized in the equation below:
Tf
SO2, uncontrolled
SO 2, controlled
X (1
cement
where: EF = emission factor
E = emissions
P = production
CE = control efficiency
The SO2 control efficiency for kilns was interpolated from the TSP control efficiency for cement kilns.
The TSP control efficiency is described in section 3.30.4.3. The interpolation of the SO2 control efficiency
from the TSP control efficiency was made using the following two reference points: TSP control efficiency of
0.99 corresponded to a SO2 control efficiency of 0.1375 and TSP control efficiency of 0.95 corresponded to a
SO2 control efficiency of 0.12.
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The SO2 emission factor for glass manufacturing was the weighted average of the emission factor for the
three types of glass: container glass, furnace (SCC 3-05-014-02), flat glass, furnace (SCCS-05-014-03), and
blown glass, furnace (SCC 3-05-014-04). These emission factors were obtained from Reference 16c. The
weighting factors were 0.75 for container glass, 0.15 for flat glass, and 0.1 for blown glass.
The SO2 emission factor for lime processing was calculated by dividing the total actual SO2 emissions by
the lime production rate. These values were obtained from Reference 22.
3.30.3.5 Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
The VOC emission factor for glass manufacturing was the weighted average of the emission factor for the
three types of glass: container glass, furnace (SCC 3-05-014-02), flat glass, furnace (SCCS-05-014-03), and
blown glass, furnace (SCC 3-05-014-04). These emission factors were obtained from Reference 16c. The
weighting factors were 0.75 for container glass, 0.15 for flat glass, and 0.1 for blown glass.
3.30.4 Control Efficiency
3 .30.4. 1 Industrial Processes - CO, NOX, SO2, and VOC Emissions
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate CO, NOX, SO2, or VOC emissions
from the sources included in this Tier 2 category.
3 .30.4.2 Industrial Processes - Particulates and PM-10 Emissions
3 .30.4.2. 1 Mineral Products Industry —
The TSP control efficiencies for all Mineral Products Industry production processes, except the fugitive
processes, were derived from Reference 19 or Reference 20 using the equation given below. For any process
where the emission factor was the weighted average of more specific emission factors, the control efficiency
was calculated in the same manner. The more specific control efficiencies were derived using the equation
given below.
UE
where: CE = control efficiency
UE = emissions before control
AE = emissions after control
The TSP control efficiencies for the fugitive processes in cement manufacturing and lime manufacturing
were based on a best guess.
The PM-10 control efficiencies for all mineral products industry production processes, except the fugitive
processes, for the years 1975 through 1984 were based on the 1988 PM-10 control efficiencies obtained from
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Reference 24. During these years, any changes in the corresponding TSP control efficiencies from the 1985
TSP control efficiency value were reflected in the PM-10 control efficiencies. For the years 1940 through
1974, no control efficiencies were used to estimate the PM-10 emissions.
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate PM-10 emissions from the fugitive
processes in cement and lime manufacturing.
3.30.4.2.2 Mining Operations —
The TSP control efficiencies for all mining operations processes, except those described below, were
derived from Reference 19 or Reference 20 using the equation given for the Mineral Products Industry
processes. For any process where the emission factor was the weighted average of more specific emission
factors, the control efficiency was calculated in the same manner. The more specific control efficiencies were
derived using the equation given above.
For coal mining, pneumatic dryers, the TSP control efficiencies for the years 1980 through 1984 were
obtained from Reference 23. No procedure for determining the control efficiencies for the years prior to 1980
is currently available.
The TSP control efficiency for clay production was the weighted average of the control efficiencies for the
drying, grinding, and storage processes obtained from Reference 19 or Reference 20. The weighted average of
these individual process control efficiencies was calculated in the same manner described for the clay emission
factor. No procedure for determining the yearly variation in the control efficiencies is currently available.
The TSP control efficiency for potash production for the years 1981 through 1984 was assumed to be a
constant value of 0.80. This value was based on a best guess. For the years prior to 1981, no control
efficiency was applied to the activity data to estimate TSP emissions from potash production.
The PM-10 control efficiencies for coal mining thermal dryers, stone and rock crushing, phosphate rock
production processes, clay production, and potash production for the years 1975 through 1984 were based on
the 1988 PM-10 control efficiencies obtained from Reference 24. During these years, any changes in the
corresponding TSP control efficiencies from the 1985 TSP control efficiency value were reflected in the PM-10
control efficiencies. For the years 1940 through 1974, no control efficiencies were used to estimate PM-10
emissions.
3.30.4.2.3 Chemical Industry —
For rock pulverization, the TSP control efficiencies for the years 1974 through 1984 were obtained from
Reference 23. For the years prior to 1974, no procedure to determined the TSP control efficiencies is
currently available.
The PM-10 control efficiencies for rock pulverization for the years 1975 through 1984 were equal to the
1988 PM-10 control efficiency obtained from Reference 24. For the years 1940 through 1974, no control
efficiencies were use to estimate PM-10 emissions.
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3.30.5 References
1. Asphalt Usage United States & Canada. The Asphalt Institute, College Park, MD. Annual.
2. Chemical and Engineering News, Facts and Figures Issue. American Chemical Society, Washington,
DC. Annual.
3. Minerals Industry Surveys, Cement. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington,
DC. Monthly.
(a) Table entitled "Portland Cement Shipments in 19xx, by District of Origin & Type of Customer."
4. Current Industrial Reports, Flat Glass. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC. Annual.
5. Current Industrial Reports, Glass Containers. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC. Annual.
6. Current Industrial Reports, Clay Construction Products. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Washington, DC. Annual.
(a) Table entitled, "Production and Shipments of Clay Construction Products."
7. Minerals Yearbook, Clays. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. Annual.
8. Current Industrial Reports, Fibrous Glass. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC. Annual.
9. Minerals Industry Surveys, Gypsum. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington,
DC. Monthly.
10. Coal Production. DOE/EIA-0118(xx). Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy,
Washington, DC. Annual.
a. Table entitled "Shipments of Bituminous Coal and Lignite by District, Consumer, Use, Average Sulfur
Content- 1977."
11. Quarterly Coal Report: January-March. DOE/EIA-0121(xx/lQ). Energy Information
Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Quarterly.
12. Minerals Yearbook, Sand and Gravel. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington,
DC. Annual.
13. Minerals Industry Surveys, Stone (Crushed and Dimension). Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the
Interior, Washington, DC. Monthly.
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14. Minerals Yearbook, Phosphate. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.
Annual.
a. Table entitled "Table 2, Production of Phosphate Rock in the U.S. by Region"
15. Chemical and Engineering News, Facts and Figures Issue. American Chemical Society, Washington,
DC. Annual.
16. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
a. Volume I, Table 8.15-1
b. Volume I, Table 8.6-1
c. Volume I, Table 8.13-1
d. Volume I, Table 8.3-1
e. Volume I, Table 8.8-1
f Volume I, Table 8.10-1
g. Volume I, Table 8.11-1
h. Volume I, Table 8.15-1
i. Volume I, Table 8.9-1
j. Volume I, Table 8.18-1
k. Volume I, Table 8.7-1
17. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Third Edition, Supplements 1 through 14, AP-42.
NTIS PB-275525. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September
1977.
a. Volume I, Table 8.11-1
b. Volume I, Table 8.14-1
c. Volume I, Section 8.19.1
d. Volume I, Table 8.20-1
18. Assessment of Fugitive Paniculate Emission Factors for IndustrialProcesses. EPA-450/3-78-107.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1978.
19. Standard Computer Retrievals, AFP650 report, from the AIRS Facility Subsystem. Unpublished
computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
20. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE25 7 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
21. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listings for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
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22. Computer Retrieval, NE257 report, by Source Classification Code (SCC) from the National
Emission Data System (NEDS). Unpublished computer report. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
February 9, 1980.
23. Summary of P articulate and Sulfur Oxide Emission Reductions Achieved National for Selected
Industrial Source Categories. EPA-340/1 -76-0086. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC. November 1976.
24. Barnard, William R. and Patricia M. Carlson. "PM-10 Emission Control Efficiency Calculations for
Emissions Trends." Prepared for Arch A. MacQueen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. October 1990.
25. Coal Distribution: January-December 19xx. DOE/EIA-0125(xx/4Q). U.S. Department of Energy,
Washington, DC. Annual.
a. Table entitled "Domestic Distribution of U.S. Coal by Origin, Destination, and Consumer: January-
December 19xx."
26. Minerals Year book, Coal. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. Annual.
27. Heating Oils. U.S. Department of Energy. Obtainable from the National Institute for Petroleum and
Energy Research, ITT Research Institute, P.O. Box 2128, Bartlesville, OK. Annual.
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Table 3.30-1. NOX Emission Factor SCCs and Weighting Factors for Glass
Manufacturing
sec
3-05-014-02
3-05-014-03
3-05-014-04
Description
Container Glass: Melting Furnace
Flat Glass: Melting Furnace
Blown Glass: Melting Furnace
Weighting Factor
.75
.15
.10
Table 3.30-2. PM-10 and TSP Emission Factor SCCs for Kilns
Used in Brick Manufacturing
SCC Description
3-05-003-11 Curing and firing - gas fired tunnel kiln
3-05-003-12 Curing and firing - oil fired tunnel kiln
3-05-003-13 Curing and firing - coal fired tunnel kiln
3-05-003-14 Gas fired periodic kiln
3-05-003-15 Oil fired periodic kiln
3-05-003-16 Coal fired periodic kiln
Table 3.30-3. PM-10 and TSP Emission Factor SCCs for Clay
Sintering
SCC Description
3-05-009-03 Raw clay sintering
3-05-009-04 Crushing and screening
3-05-009-05 Transfer and conveying
Storage
3-05-009-08 Finished product processing & screening
Table 3.30-4. PM-10 and TSP Emission Factor SCCs for Fiber
Glass Furnaces
SCC Description
3-05-012-01 Glass Furnace Wool - Regenerative
3-05-012-02 Glass Furnace Wool - Recuperative
3-05-012-03 Glass Furnace Wool - Electric
3-05-012-07 Glass Furnace Wool - Unit Melter
3-01-012-11 Glass Furnace Textile - Regenerative
3-05-012-12 Glass Furnace Textile - Recuperative
3-05-012-13 Glass Furnace Textile - Unit Melter
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-176 Category: 07-05
-------
Table 3.30-5. PM-10 and TSP Emission Factor SCCs for Stone
and Rock Crushing
sec
3-05-020-01
3-05-020-02
3-05-020-03
3-05-020-04
3-01-020-06
Description
Primary Crushing
Secondary Crushing
Tertiary Crushing
Recrushing/Screening
Miscellaneous Operations
Table 3.30-6. Uncontrolled SO2 Emissions Factors for Cement Manufacturing
Fuel Emission Factor
Mineral Source 10.2 Ib/ton cement produced
Coal 30.45 Ib/ton coal consumed
Residual Oil 124.5 lb/1,000 gal residual oil consumed
Distillate Oil 112.35 lb/1,000 gal distillate oil consumed
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-177 Category: 07-05
-------
3.31 SOLVENT UTILIZATION - DEGREASING: 08-01
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source category.
Category: Subcategory:
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [Other Processes
(degreasing)]
3.31.1 Technical Approach
The VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the emissions from the source category listed
above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator and emission factor. In order to utilize these values
in the Trends spreadsheets, the activity indicator was expressed in thousand short tons and the emission factor
was expressed in metric pounds/short ton.
The procedures for determining the activity indicator and emission factor were used for the years 1940,
1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984.
3.31.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for degreasing was the weighted sum of the total consumption of six solvents as
reported in References 1, 2 and 3. These solvents are listed in Table 3.31-1, along with the corresponding
weighting factors, expressed as percentages, and references for consumption information.
H
Activity • . (St x Ut)
;• 1
where: S; = total production/sales of solvent
U; = fraction of S; for end use as degreasing solvent (the "weighting factor" of Table 3.31-1)
3.31.3 Emission Factor
For this category, it was assumed that all of the solvents evaporated. Therefore, the VOC emission factor
for degreasing was 2,000 Ib/ton.
3.31.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate VOC emissions from degreasing.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-178 Category: 08-01
-------
3.31.5 References
1. Petroleum Supply Annual. DOE/EIA-0340(xx/07). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
2. Chemical and Engineering News, Facts and Figures Issue. American Chemical Society, Washington,
DC. Annual.
3. Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United States Production and Sales. USITC Publication 1745. U.S.
International Trade Commission, Washington, DC. Annual.
Table 3.31-1. Solvents and Weighting Factors for Degreasing
Solvent
Weighting
Factor (%)
Consumption
References
Special Naphtha
Perchloroethylene
Trichloro ethy lene
Monochlorobenzene
Cyclohexanone
EB Glycol Ether
6.7
16.3
98
20
1
9
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
3-179
1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 08-01
-------
3.32 SOLVENT UTILIZATION - GRAPHIC ARTS: 08-02
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source category.
Category: Subcategory:
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [Other Processes
(graphic arts)]
3.32.1 Technical Approach
The VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the emissions from the source category listed
above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator and emission factor. In order to utilize these values
in the Trends spreadsheets, the activity indicator was expressed in thousand short tons and the emission factor
was expressed in metric pounds/short ton.
The procedures for determining the activity indicator and emission factor were used for the years 1940,
1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984.
3.32.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for graphics arts was the weighted sum of the total consumption of four solvents, as
reported in References 1, 2, and 3. These solvents are listed in Table 3.32-1, along with the corresponding
weighting factors, expressed as percentages, and references for consumption information. To account for
miscellaneous solvent usage, 1.8 percent of the weighted sum was added to obtain the final activity.
n
Activity • . (St x Ut)
;• 1
where: S; = total production/sales of solvent
U; = fraction of S; for end use as degreasing solvent (the "weighting factor" of Table 3.32-1)
3.32.3 Emission Factor
For this category, it was assumed that all of the solvents evaporated. Therefore, the VOC emission factor
for graphic arts was 2,000 Ib/ton.
3.32.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate VOC emissions from graphic arts.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-180 Category: 08-02
-------
3.32.5 References
1. Petroleum Supply Annual. DOE/EIA-0340(xx/07). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
2. Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United States Production and Sales. USITC Publication 1745. U.S.
International Trade Commission, Washington, DC. Annual.
3. Chemical and Engineering News, Facts and Figures Issue. American Chemical Society, Washington,
DC. Annual.
Table 3.32-1. Solvents and Weighting Factors for Graphic Arts
Solvent
Special Naphtha
Ethyl Acetate
Ethyl Benzene
EE Glycol Ether
Weighting
Factor (%)
6.4
20
0.025
5
Consumption
References
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
3-181
1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 08-02
-------
3.33 SOLVENT UTILIZATION - DRY CLEANING: 08-03
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source category.
Category: Subcategory:
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [Other Processes
(dry cleaning)]
3.33.1 Technical Approach
The VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the emissions from the source category listed
above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator and emission factor. In order to utilize these values
in the Trends spreadsheets, the activity indicator was expressed in thousand short tons and the emission factor
was expressed in metric pounds/short ton.
The procedures for determining the activity indicator and emission factor were used for the years 1940,
1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984.
3.33.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for dry cleaning was the weighted sum of the total consumption of two solvents, as
reported in References 1 and 2. These solvents are listed in Table 3.33-1, along with the corresponding
weighting factors, expressed as percentages, and references for consumption information.
3.33.3 Emission Factor
For this category, it was assumed that all of the solvents evaporated. Therefore, the VOC emission factor
for dry cleaning was 2,000 Ib/ton.
3.33.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate VOC emissions from dry cleaning.
3.33.5 References
1. Petroleum Supply Annual. DOE/EIA-0340(xx/07). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
2. Chemical and Engineering News, Facts and Figures Issue. American Chemical Society, Washington,
DC. Annual.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-182 Category: 08-03
-------
Table 3.33-1. Solvents and Weighting Factors for Dry Cleaning
Weighting Consumption
Solvent Factor (%) References
Special Naphtha 2 1
Perchloroethylene(93.4%) 58.9 2
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-183 Category: 08-03
-------
3.34 SOLVENT UTILIZATION - SURFACE COATINGS: 08-04
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source category.
Trends Category:
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
Trends Subcategory:
Surface Coating Operations,
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [other processes
(adhesives)], and
Miscellaneous Organic Solvent Extraction
(architectural coating, auto refinishing, and other
solvent use)
3.34.1 Technical Approach
The VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the emissions from the source
categories listed above, except for the Miscellaneous Organic Solvent Evaporation (other solvent use)
subcategory. One-half of the VOC emissions for this subcategory are included in this Tier 2 category.
Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator and emission factor. In order to utilize these values in the
Trends spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed in thousand short tons and emission factors were
expressed in metric pounds/short ton.
The procedures for determining activity indicators and emission factors were used for the years 1940,
1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984.
3.34.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for adhesives was the weighted sum of the total consumption of the three following
solvents: special naphtha, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), and methyl isobutyl ketone (MBK). The consumption
data for special naphtha was obtained from Reference 1, MEK was obtained from Reference 2, and MIBK
was obtained from Reference 3. The weighting factors for the three solvents were 1, 2.1, and 0.7, respectively.
The activity indicator for this source category was the sum of the weighted consumption values.
The activity indicator for architectural coating processes was based on the quantity of paint shipped
obtained from Reference 4 for the paint types listed in Table 3.34-1. The quantity of paint shipped was
multiplied by the corresponding solvent content given in Table 3.34-1 for each paint type. The solvent content
for the architectural coatings n. s. k. type was the weighted average of the solvent content values for the other
architectural coating paint types subcategories. The weighting factors were the ratio of the quantity of paint
shipped for the specific paint type divided by the total quantity of paint shipped for all of the architectural
coating paint types. The activity indicator for this source category was the total amount of solvent contained in
the total quantity of paint shipped for all paint types.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
3-184
1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 08-04
-------
The activity indicator for auto refinishing was the quantity of paint shipped multiplied by a solvent content
value of 11.95 Ib/gal. The quantity of paint shipped was obtained from Reference 4 under the category
"Automotive, other transportation and machinery refinish paints, and enamels, including primers."
The activity indicator for other solvent uses was based on the production of the solvents listed in Table
3.34-2, along with the references for these data values. The production values were converted to gallons and
then to pounds using the conversion factors 43 gallon^arrel and 6.5 pounds/gallon, respectively. Each solvent
production value was multiplied by the corresponding percentage consumption presented in Table 3.34-2 to
obtain the solvent consumption. The values presented in Table 3.34-2 under "Solvent Consumption" were used
when the referenced data was unavailable. The amount of each solvent included in this source category was the
product of the solvent consumption and the corresponding percent miscellaneous solvent presented in Table
3.34-2. These products were summed and an additional 1.8 percent was added to account for miscellaneous
solvents. This final result was the activity indicator for the other solvent use subcategory.
The activity indicators for the fourteen surface coating operations listed in Table 3.34-3 were based on the
quantity of paint shipped obtained from Reference 4. For aircraft, railroads, and other metal products, the
quantity of paint shipped was multiplied by 72.7, 27.3, and 6.5, respectively, to determine the quantity of paint
included in those subcategories. The quantity of paint shipped was multiplied by the corresponding solvent
content given in Table 3.34-3 for operation. The activity indicator for maintenance coatings subcategory was
the sum of the activity for the interior and exterior paints as listed in Table 3.34-3.
The activity indicator for fabric coating operations was based on the textile production index obtained from
Reference 1 or Reference 2. The index for 1983 and 1984 was multiplied by an adjustment factor of 3.96.
The activity indicator for plastics parts surface coating operations was based on the rubber and plastic
production index obtained from Reference 1 or Reference 2. The index for 1983 and 1984 was multiplied by
an adjustment factor of 0.59. For the years 1970 through 1982, the annual indicies were multiplied by an
adjustment factor of 0.254. Prior to 1970, the activity was assumed to be zero for plastics parts coating
surface.
The activity indicator for paper coating operations was the quantity of solvents used in the production of
paper and in the production of pressure tape and labels. The amount of solvents used in the production of
paper was based on the quantity of paper produced as reported in Reference 4 under the classification "paper,
paperboard, film and foil finishes". This production value was multiplied by the solvent content value of 38.8
Ib/gal to obtain the quantity of solvent used in the production of paper.
The quantity of solvents used in the production of pressure tape and labels was based on the consumption
of the four solvents listed in Table 3.34-4. The quantity of each solvent produced was obtained from the
references provided in Table 3.34-4. Each production value was multiplied by the percent consumption to
determine the quantity of solvent consumed and the percent of solvent use to determine the amount of each
solvent used in the production of pressure tape and labels. These values are presented in Table 3.34-4. The
total quantity of solvents used was the sum of the quantities of the individual solvents.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-185 Category: 08-04
-------
The final activity indicator for paper coating operations was the sum of the quantity of solvent used in the
production of paper and in the production of pressure tape and labels.
The activity indicator for miscellaneous surface coating processes was sum of the quantities of solvents
used for the three processes listed in Table 3.34-5 and the quantity of solvent "slop". The quantities of solvents
used for the three processes listed in Table 3.34-5 were calculated from the quantity of paint shipped for each
process obtained from Reference 4. Each of these production values were multiplied by the corresponding
percentage of solvent consumed and solvent content. The resulting solvent quantities were summed over the
three processes.
To this total was added solvent "slop". This quantity was based on the difference between the following
two values: (1) total quantity of specific solvents consumed by surface coating operations and (2) quantity of
solvents consumed by all within the surface coating operations. The first value was based on the production
level of each solvent listed in Table 3.34-6 as reported in the references indicated. Production values were
converted to gallons and then to pounds using the conversion factors 43 gallons^aITel and 6.5 pounds/gallon,
respectively. Each solvent production value was multiplied by the corresponding percentage consumption
presented in Table 3.34-6 to obtain the solvent consumption. The values presented in Table 3.34-6 under
"Solvent Consumption" were used when the referenced data was unavailable. The amount of each solvent
included was the product of the solvent consumption and the corresponding percent surface coating use
presented in Table 3.34-6. These products were summed and an additional 1.8 percent was added to account
for miscellaneous solvents. This final result was the total quantity of solvents consumed by surface coating
operations.
The second value was the sum of the quantity of solvents consumed for operations listed in Table 3.34-7.
In some cases, the solvents consumed by specific processes are excluded. The solvent "slop" value was
calculated by subtracting this second value from the first value, as described above.
The final activity indicator for the miscellaneous surface coating processes was the sum of the quantity of
solvents consumed by the three specific processes and from solvent "slop".
3.34.3 Emission Factor
For all source categories included in this Tier 2 category, it was assumed that all of the solvents evaporated
completely. Therefore, the VOC emission factors for all operations were 2,000 Ib/ton.
Beginning in 1970, the emission factors for the following operations were scaled by annual average control
efficiencies: large appliances, magnet wire, automobiles, cans, metal coils, paper, fabric, metal furniture, wood
furniture, plastic parts, aircraft, machinery, other metal products, and miscellaneous processes. An adequate
procedure for determining the individual control efficiencies applied to the emission factors for each opeation is
currently unavailable.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-186 Category: 08-04
-------
3.34.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate VOC emissions from surface coating
operations included in this Tier 2 category.
3.34.5 References
1. Petroleum Supply Annual. DOE/EIA-0340(xx/07). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
2. Chemical and Engineer ing News, Facts and Figures Issue. American Chemical Society, Washington,
DC. Annual.
3. Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United States Production and Sales. USITC Publication 1745. U.S.
International Trade Commission, Washington, DC. Annual.
4. Current Industrial Reports, Paint and Allied Products. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Washington, DC. Annual.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-187 Category: 08-04
-------
Table 3.34-1. Determination of Activity Indicator for Architectural Coating Processes:
Paint Types
Paint Type Category
Architectural Coatings
Traffic marking paints
Special purpose coatings n.s.k.
Aerosols
Paint Type Subcategory
Exterior Solvent Type
Exterior Water Type
Interior Solvent Type
Interior Water Type
Architectural lacquers
Architectural coatings n.s.k.
Solvent Content
(Ib/gal)
36.
.54
3.3
.56
5.0
a
3.89
5.0
5.0
Table 3.34-2. Determination of Activity Indicator for Miscellaneous Organic Solvent
Extraction (other solvent use): Included Solvents
Compound
Special Naphthas
n-Butanol
Isobutanol
Butyl Acetates
Perchloroethylene
p-dichlorobenzene
Ethanol
EB Gly Ether
DM Gly Ether
Isopropanol
Methanol
Miscellaneous* *
Solvent
Production % Solvent Solvent
Reference Consumption Consumption*
2
3
4
4
3
4
3
4
4
3
3
100
100
100
84.2
93.4
100
100
100
100
42
95.3
5461.6
1269.0
181.207
212.4
358.7
90.3
549.0
413.0
46.9
579.6
7610.7
565.9
% Other
Solvent
Use
5.2
0.4
3.1
40
1
90
35.6
7
30
21.4
2.8
* Use default values used in the event that more appropriate numbers are not available.
** Compute Miscellaneous solvents consumption as 1.8 percent of the total consumption of all
other solvents
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
3-188
1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 08-04
-------
Table 3.34-3. Determination of Activity Indicators for 14 Surface Coating Operations: Solvent
Contents and Reference 4 Categories
Surface Coating
Operation
Large Appliances
Magnet Wire
Automobiles
Cans
Metal Coils
Metal Furniture
Wood Furniture
Flat Wood Products
Large ships
Machinery
Maintenance Coatings
Aircraft
Railroads
Other Metal Products
Reference 4 Category
Appliance, heating equipment, & air conditioner finishes
Electrical insulating coatings
Automobile finishes
Container and closure finishes
Sheet, strip, and coil coatings, including siding
Nonwood furniture and fixture finishes, including business
equipment finishes
Wood furniture, cabinet, and fixture finishes
Wood and composition board flat stock finishes
Marine Paints
Machinery and equipment finishes, including road building
equipment and farm
Industrial new construction & maintenance paints: Interior
Industrial new construction & maintenance paints: Exterior
Other Transportation Equipment
Other Transportation Equipment
Other Industrial Product Finishes
Solvent Content
(Ib/gal)
7.35
8.48
6.95
4.93
3.15
8.61
20.78
4.50
5.65
6.63
5.66
6.30
0.5
3.83
19.98
Table 3.34-4. Determination of Activity Indicator for Production of Pressure Tape and Labels: Solvents Used
Solvent Category
Reference
% Solvent
Consumption
% Solvent
Use
Special Naphthas
Butyl Acetate
MEK
MIBK
100
84.2
100
100
10.3
42.3
15.8
4.2
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
3-189
1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 08-04
-------
Table 3.34-5. Determination of the Activity Indicator for Miscellaneous Surface
Coating Operations: Solvent Use in Three Processes
Process by Reference 4 category
Other Industrial Product Finishes
Product Finishes for OEM (n.s.k.)
Truck, bus, and RV
% Solvent
Consumed
93.5
100.0
100.0
Solvent Content
(Ib/gal)
19.98
19.98
6.95
Table 3.34-6. Determination of Activity Indicator for Miscellaneous Surface Coatings Operations: Solvent
Consumptions for Determination of Solvent "Slop"
Compound
Special Naphthas
Acetone
n-Butanol
Isobutanol
Butyl Acetates
Cyclohexanone
Ethyl Acetate
Ethanol
Ethylbenzene
Propylene Glycol
EM Gly Ether
EE Gly Ether
EB Gly Ether
DM Gly Ether
DE Gly Ether
DB Gly Ether
Isopropanol
Methyl Ethyl Ketone, MEK
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone, MIBK
Miscellaneous* *
Solvent % Solvent Solvent % Surface Coating
Production Consumption Consumption* Use
Reference
2
3
3
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
4
100
89
100
100
84.2
100
70
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
42
100
100
5461.6
1976.7
1269.0
181.207
212.4
1043.64
190.5
549.0
8987.0
800.0
83.493
117.8
413.0
46.9
38.1
9037
579.6
473.0
426.9
565.9
48.7
15.4
15.3
16.7
60
3.5
65
17.1
0.4
5.7
47
40
52
70
50
30
21.2
85.4
71.9
* Use default values in the event that more appropriate numbers are not available.
** Compute Miscellaneous solvents consumption as 1.8 percent of the total consumption of all other solvents.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
3-190
1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 08-04
-------
Table 3.34-7. Determination of Activity Indicator for Miscellaneous Surface Coatings Operations: Solvent
Consumptions for All Surface Coating Operations for the Determination of Solvent "Slop"
Category
Subcategory
Excluded Sources
Surface Coating Operations
Miscellaneous Organic Solvent Extraction
Large Appliances
Automobiles
Cans
Metal Coils
Paper
Metal Furniture
Wood Furniture
Flat Wood Products
Large Ships
Aircraft
Railroads
Machinery
Other Metal Products
Miscellaneous Processes
Maintenance Coatings
Architectural Coatings
Auto Refinishing
Pressure Tapes & Labels
Solvent "slop"
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
3-191
1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 08-04
-------
3.35
SOLVENT UTILIZATION - OTHER INDUSTRIAL: 08-05
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source category.
Category:
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
Subcategory:
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [Other Processes
(waste solvent recovery, miscellaneous organic
solvent use, and solvent extraction) and Plastics
Manufacturing (fabrication)]
3.35.1 Technical Approach
The VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the emissions from the Miscellaneous
Industrial Processes (other processes - waste solvent recovery) source category multiplied by 0.78 and the
emissions from the other source categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator
and emission factor. In order to utilize these values in the Trends spreadsheets, activity indicators were
expressed in thousand short tons and emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/short ton.
The procedures for determining activity indicators and emission factors were used for the years 1940,
1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984.
3.35.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for waste solvent recovery processes was assumed to be zero.
The activity indicator for miscellaneous organic solvent uses was the weighted sum of the total consumption
of eight solvents, as reported in References 1, 2, and 3. These solvents are listed in Table 3.35-1, along with
the corresponding weighting factors, expressed as percentages, and references for consumption information.
To account for miscellaneous solvent usage, 7.1 percent of the weighted sum was added to obtain the final
activity.
The activity indicator for solvent extraction processes was the weighted sum of the total consumption of
two solvents, as reported in References 1, 2, and 3. These solvents are listed in Table 3.35-2, along with the
corresponding weighting factors, expressed as percentages, and references for consumption information.
The activity indicator for plastics fabrication processes was the weighted sum of the total consumption of
three solvents, as reported in References 1, 2, and 3. These solvents are listed in Table 3.35-3 along with the
corresponding weighting factors, expressed as percentages, and references for consumption information.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
3-192
1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 08-05
-------
3.35.3 Emission Factor
The VOC emission factor for waste solvent recovery processes was the sum of the emission factors for the
five sources presented in Table 3.35-4. These emission factors were obtained from Reference 4a.
For miscellaneous organic solvent uses, solvent extraction processes, and plastics fabrication processes it
was assumed that all of the solvents evaporated completely. Therefore, the VOC emission factors for these
categories were 2,000 Ib/ton.
3.35.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate VOC emissions from the source
included in this Tier 2 category.
3.35.5 References
1. Petroleum Supply Annual. DOE/EIA-0340(xx/07). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
2. Chemical and Engineer ing News, Facts and Figures Issue. American Chemical Society, Washington,
DC. Annual.
3. Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United States Production and Sales. USITC Publication 1745. U.S.
International Trade Commission, Washington, DC. Annual.
4. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
a. Volume I, Table 4.7-1
Table 3.35-1. Determination of Activity Indicator for Miscellaneous Organic Solvent Uses: Solvents,
Weighting Factors, and References
Solvent
Special Naphtha
Acetone (89.0%)
O-Dichloro-benzene
Ethanol
Ethylbenzene
EE Glycol Ether
EB Glycol Ether
Methanol(95.3%)
Weighting Factor (%) Consumption References
1
0.5
25
5.8
0.075
12
12
4.7
1
2 or 3
2 or 3
2
2
3
3
2
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-193 Category: 08-05
-------
Table 3.35-2. Determination of Activity Indicator for Solvent Extraction Processes:
Solvents, Weighting Factors, and References
Weighting
Solvent Factor (%) Consumption References
Methyl Ethyl Ketone 12.5 2
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone O 3
Table 3.35-3. Determination of Activity Indicator for Plastics Fabrication Processes: Solvents, Weighting
Factors, and References
Solvent
Special Naphtha
Ethyl Acetate
Ethylbenzene
Weighting
Factor (%)
6.5
12
0.25
Consumption References
1
3
2
Table 3.35-4. VOC Emission Factor SCCs for Waste Solvent Recovery
Processes
SCC Description
4-90-002-01 Storage Tank Vent
4-90-002-02 Condenser Vent
4-90-002-03 Incinerator Stack
4-90-002-04 Solvent Spillage
4-90-002-05 Solvent Loading
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-194 Category: 08-05
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3.36 SOLVENT UTILIZATION - NONINDUSTRIAL: 08-06
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source category.
Category:
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
Subcategory:
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes [Other Processes
(fabric scouring)]
Miscellaneous Organic Solvent Evaporation
(Cutback Asphalt Paving, Pesticides, and Other
Solvent Use)
3.36.1 Technical Approach
The VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the emissions from the source
categories listed above, except for the Miscellaneous Organic Solvent Evaporation (other solvent use)
category. One-half of the VOC emissions for this source category are included in this Tier 2 category.
Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator and emission factor. In order to utilize these values in the
Trends spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed in thousand short tons and emission factors were
expressed in metric pounds/short ton.
The procedures for determining activity indicators and emission factors were used for the years 1940,
1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984.
3.36.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for fabric scouring was the consumption of perchloroethylene, obtained from
Reference 1, multiplied by 0.062.
The activity indicator for cutback asphalt paving were based on the total quantity of cutback asphalt
obtained from Reference 2. For years since 1980, production figures for cutback paving asphalts reported in
Reference 3 were used to update the 1980 emissions. It was assumed that the 1980 emissions were
proportional to changes in cutback paving asphalt production.
The activity indicator for pesticides was the weighted sum of the total consumption of six solvents, as
reported in References 4, 5, and 6. These solvents are listed in Table 3.36-1, along with the corresponding
weighting factors, expressed as percentages, and references for consumption information.
The activity indicator for other solvent uses was based on the consumption of eleven solvents, as reported
in References 4, 5, and 6. These solvents are listed in Table 3.36-2, along with the corresponding references
for the consumption information. Consumption value for each solvent was converted to million pounds by using
the following conversion factors: 42 gallons/barrel and 6.5 pounds/gallon. The consumption data for each
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Category: 08-06
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solvent was multiplied by the general consumption weighting factor and by the miscellaneous solvent use
weighting factor in order to obtain the consumption of each solvent included within this category. Weighted
solvent consumptions were summed and an additional 1.8 percent was added to account for miscellaneous
solvent use.
3.36.3 Emission Factor
For all sources included in this Tier 2 category, it was assumed that solvents evaporated completely.
Therefore, the VOC emission factors for fabric scouring, cutback asphalt paving, pesticides, and other solvent
uses.
3.36.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate VOC emissions from the source
included in this Tier 2 category.
3.36.5 References
1. Chemical and Engineer ing News, Facts and Figures Issue. American Chemical Society, Washington,
DC. Annual.
2. Energy Data Reports, Sales of Asphalt in 1980. U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. June
1981.
3. Asphalt Usage United States & Canada. The Asphalt Institute, College Park, MD. Annual.
4. Petroleum Supply Annual. DOE/EIA-0340(xx/07). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
5. Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United States Production and Sales. USITC Publication 1745. U.S.
International Trade Commission, Washington, DC. Annual.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-196 Category: 08-06
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Table 3.36-1. Determination of Activity Indicator for Pesticides: Solvents,
Weighting Factors, and References
Solvent
Special Naphthas
Isobutanol
m-chlorobenzene
Ethyl Benzene
EB Glycol Ether
MIBK
Weighting
Facto r(%)
3.3
3.2
30.0
0.19
13.0
2.3
Consumption
References
4
5
5
1
5
5
Table 3.36-2. Determination of Activity Indicator for Other Solvent Uses of Miscellaneous Organic
Solvents: Solvents, Weighting Factors, and References
Solvent
Special Naphthas
n-Butanol
Isobutanol
Butyl Acetates
Perchloroethylene
p-dichlorobenzene
Ethanol
EB Glyco Ether
DM Glyco Ether
Isopropanol
Methanol
General Consumption
Weighting
Factor (%)
100
100
100
84.2
93.4
100
100
100
100
42
95.3
Miscellaneous
Consumption Weighting
Factor (%)
5.2
0.4
3.1
40.0
1.0
90.0
35.6
7.0
30.0
21.4
2.8
Consumption
References
4
1
5
5
1
5
1
5
5
1
1
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Procedures Document for 1900-1993
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1940-1984 Methodology
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3.37 STORAGE AND TRANSPORT-BULK TERMINALS AND PLANTS: 09-01
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source category.
Category:
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
Subcategory:
Petroleum Marketing and Production [Bulk Gasoline
Terminals (transfer and storage) and Gasoline Bulk
Plants (transfer and storage)]
3.37.1 Technical Approach
The VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the emissions from the source categories listed
above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator, emission factor, and control efficiency, where
applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed in
million barrels and emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/thousand barrels. All control efficiencies
were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984.
3.37.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicators for bulk gasoline terminal transfer and storage were the production of finished motor
gasoline obtained from Reference la. This quantity was reported under the heading "Disposition: Products
Supplied."
The activity indicators for bulk gasoline plant transfer and storage were 30 percent of the production of
finished motor gasoline obtained from Reference la. This quantity was reported under the heading
"Disposition: Products Supplied."
3.37.3 Emission Factor
For the years 1970 through 1984, the emission factors for all source categories included in this Tier 2
category were based on 1980 emissions data obtained from Reference 2 and 1979 production data from
Reference 1. A more detailed procedure is currently unavailable.
For the years 1960, 1950, and 1940, the emission factors for all source categories, except for transport at
bulk gasoline terminals, steadily increased from the 1970 value. No procedure for determining these emission
factors is currently available.
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3.37.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate VOC emissions from transfer and
storage at gasoline bulk plants. For the years 1974 through 1984, control efficiencies were applied to the
activity data to estimate emissions from transfer and storage at gasoline bulk terminals. No procedure for
determining these control efficiencies is currently available.
3.37.5 References
1. Petroleum Supply Annual. DOE/EIA-0340(xx/07). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
a. Table entitled, "Supply and Disposition of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products."
2. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE257 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. June 12, 1980.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-199 Category: 09-01
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3.38 STORAGE AND TRANSPORT - PETROLEUM AND PETROLEUM PRODUCT STORAGE:
09-02
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source category.
Category:
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
Subcategory:
Petroleum Marketing and Production [Gasoline
Storage at Refineries, Crude Oil Storage (oil field
storage and refinery storage), and Other Products
(jet naphtha storage, jet naphtha transfer, kerosene
storage, and distillate oil storage)]
3.38.1 Technical Approach
The VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the emissions from the source categories listed
above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator, emission factor, and control efficiency, where
applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed in
million barrels and emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/thousand barrels. All control efficiencies
were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984.
3.38.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for gasoline storage at refineries was the production of finished gasoline obtained
from Reference la.
The activity indicators for crude oil field storage was the total U.S. field production including lease
condensate obtained from Reference Ib.
The activity indicators for crude refinery storage was the crude oil input to refineries obtained from
Reference Ic.
The activity indicators for both jet naphtha transfer and jet naphtha storage were the production of
naphtha-type jet fuel obtained from Reference Ic. The activity indicators for kerosene storage was the sum of
kerosene-type jet fuel and kerosene obtained from Reference Ic. The activity indicator for distillate oil storage
was the quantity of distillate fuel oil obtained from Reference Ic. These quantities were reported under the
heading "Disposition: Products Supplied."
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1940-1984 Methodology
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3.38.3 Emission Factor
For the years 1970 through 1984, the emission factors for crude oil storage at refineries, gasoline storage
at refineries, jet naphtha storage, jet naphtha transfer, kerosene storage, and distillate oil storage were based on
1980 emissions data from Reference 2 and 1979 petroleum production data from Reference 1. A more
detailed procedure is currently unavailable.
For the years 1960, 1950, and 1940, emission factors for crude oil storage at refineries and gasoline
storage at refineries steadily increased from the 1970 value. The emission factors of the other sources listed
above remained constant at the 1970 value. No procedure for determining these changing emission factors is
currently available.
For the years 1970 through 1984, the emission factor for crude oil storage at oil fields was based on the
typical losses from storage tank types. The losses were calculated using equations and typical values from
Reference 3. The losses from the different tank types were weighted based on data from Reference 2. A more
detailed procedure is currently unavailable. The emissions factors for the years 1960, 1950, and 1940
increased steadily over the 1970 value. No procedure for determining these emission factors is currently
available.
3.38.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate VOC emissions from the source
included in this Tier 2 category, except for gasoline storage at refineries. For the years 1974 through 1984,
control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate emissions from gasoline storage at refineries.
No procedure is currently available to determine these control efficiencies.
3.38.5 References
1. Petroleum Supply Annual. DOE/EIA-0340(xx/07). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
a. Table entitled, "Refinery Production of Petroleum Products by PAD District."
b. Table 1
c. Table entitled, "Supply and Disposition of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products."
2. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE257 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. June 12, 1980.
3. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-201 Category: 09-02
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3.39 STORAGE AND TRANSPORT - PETROLEUM AND PETROLEUM PRODUCT
TRANSPORT: 09-03
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source category.
Category:
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
Subcategory:
Petroleum Marketing and Production [Refinery
Product Loading (gasoline tank car and tanker and
barge) Crude Oil Loading (tank car/truck, ship and
barge, and tanker ballasting)]
3.39.1 Technical Approach
The VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the emissions from the source categories listed
above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator, emission factor, and control efficiency, where
applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed in
million barrels and emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/thousand barrels. All control efficiencies
were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984.
3.39.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for refinery product loading of tankers and barges was the total movement of finished
motor gasoline between the following PAD districts: from PAD m to PAD I, from PAD n to PAD n, from
PAD m to PAD V, and from PAD V to PAD m. This information was obtained from Reference la.
The activity indicator for refinery product loading of gasoline tank cars was assumed to be 3.35 percent of
the total U.S. production of finished gasoline obtained from Reference Ib.
The activity indicator for crude oil loading of tank cars/trucks was the total receipts of domestic tank cars
and domestic trucks. The activity indicator for ship and barge loading was the total receipts of domestic crude
oil on tankers and barges. The activity indicator for the tanker ballasting was one-half of the total receipts of
domestic crude oil on tankers and barges added to the total receipts of foreign crude oil on tankers and barges.
Information required for these activity indicators was obtained from Reference Ic.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
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1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 09-03
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3.39.3 Emission Factor
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-203 Category: 09-03
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The emission factors for all sources included in this Tier 2 category were based on 1980 emissions data
from Reference 2 and 1979 petroleum production data from Reference 1. The emission factors were constant
for all years. More detailed procedures are currently unavailable.
3.39.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate VOC emissions from the source
included in this Tier 2 category, except for gasoline transfer at refineries. For the years 1974 through 1984,
control efficiencies were applied to activity to estimate emissions from gasoline transfer at refineries. No
procedure for determining these control efficiencies is currently available.
3.39.5 References
1. Petroleum Supply Annual. DOE/EIA-0340(xx/07). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
a. Table entitled, "Movements of Crude Oil and Petroleum by Tanker and Barge Between PAD District
b. Table entitled, "Refinery Production of Petroleum Products by PAD District."
c. Table entitled, "Refinery Receipts of Crude Oil by Method of Transportation."
2. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE257 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. June 12, 1980.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-204 Category: 09-03
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3.40 STORAGE AND TRANSPORT - SERVICE STATIONS: STAGE I: 09-04
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source category.
Category:
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
Subcategory:
Petroleum Marketing and Production [Gasoline
Service Stations (loading or stage 1)]
3.40.1 Technical Approach
The VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the emissions from the source categories listed
above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator, emission factor, and control efficiency, where
applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends spreadsheets, the activity indicator was expressed in
million barrels and the emission factor was expressed in metric pounds/thousand barrels. All control efficiencies
were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984.
3.40.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for gasoline service station loading or Stage 1 was the production of finished motor
gasoline obtained from Reference la. This quantity was reported under the heading "Disposition: Products
Supplied."
3.40.3 Emission Factor
The emission factor for gasoline service station loading for the years 1970 through 1984 was based on the
1980 emission data from Reference 2 and 1979 petroleum production data from Reference 1. A more detailed
procedure is currently unavailable.
For the years 1960, 1950, and 1940, the emission factors steadily increased from the 1970 value. No
procedure for determining these emission factors is currently available.
3.40.4 Control Efficiency
For the years 1978 through 1984, control efficiencies were applied to the activity to estimate VOC
emissions from gasoline station loading. No procedure for determining these control efficiencies is currently
available.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
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1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 09-04
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3.40.5 References
1. Petroleum Supply Annual. DOE/EIA-0340(xx/07). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
a. Table entitled, "Supply and Disposition of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products."
2. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE257 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. June 12, 1980.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-206 Category: 09-04
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3.41 STORAGE AND TRANSPORT - SERVICE STATIONS: STAGE II: 09-05
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source category.
Category:
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
3.41.1 Technical Approach
Subcategory:
Petroleum Marketing and Production [Gasoline
Service Stations (unloading or stage 2)]
The VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the emissions from the source categories listed
above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator, emission factor, and control efficiency, where
applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed in
million barrels and emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/thousand barrels. All control efficiencies
were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984.
3.41.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for gasoline service station unloading or stage 2 was the production of finished motor
gasoline obtained from Reference la. This quantity was reported under the heading "Disposition: Products
Supplied."
3.41.3 Emission Factor
The emission factor for gasoline service station unloading was based on 1980 emissions data from
Reference 2 and 1979 petroleum production data from Reference 1. This value was used for all years. More
detailed procedure is currently unavailable.
3.41.4 Control Efficiency
For the years 1979 through 1984, control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate VOC
emissions from gasoline service station unloading. No procedure for determining these control efficiencies is
currently available.
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1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 09-05
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3.41.5 References
1. Petroleum Supply Annual. DOE/EIA-0340(xx/07). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
a. Table entitled, "Supply and Disposition of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products."
2. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE257 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. June 12, 1980.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-208 Category: 09-05
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3.42 STORAGE AND TRANSPORT - ORGANIC CHEMICAL STORAGE: 09-07
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source category.
Category:
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions
3.42.1 Technical Approach
Subcategory:
Miscellaneous Industrial Products [Other Processes
(waste solvent recovery)]
Manufacturing of Petrochemicals (Waste Disposal)]
The VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the emissions from the Miscellaneous
Industrial Processes (other processes - waste solvent recovery) source category multiplied by 0.22 and the
emissions from the other source categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator
and emission factor. In order to utilize these values in the Trends spreadsheets, the activity indicators were
expressed in thousand short tons and the emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/short tons.
The procedures for determining activity indicators and emission factors were used for the years 1940,
1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984.
3.42.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for miscellaneous industrial waste solvent recovery was assumed to be zero.
The activity indicator for waste disposal in petrochemical manufacturing was based on the industrial organic
chemical production index obtained from Reference 1.
3.42.3 Emission Factor
The VOC emission factor for waste solvent recovery was the sum of the emission factors for the five
source listed in Table 3.42-1. Emission factors for these sources were obtained from Reference 2a.
The emission factor for waste disposal in petrochemical manufacturing was obtained from Reference 3.
3.42.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate VOC emissions from the source
included in this Tier 2 category.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
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1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 09-07
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3.42.5 References
1. Chemical and Engineer ing News, Facts and Figures Issue. American Chemical Society, Washington,
DC. Annual.
2. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
a. Volume I, Table 4.7-1
3. Organic Chemical Manufacturing, Volume 1: Program Report. EPA-450/3 -80-023. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. December 1980.
Table 3.42-1. VOC Emission Factor SCCs for Waste Solvent Recovery
sec
Description
4-90-002-01
4-90-002-02
4-90-002-03
4-90-002-04
4-90-002-04
Storage Tank Vent
Condenser Vent
Incinerator Stack
Solvent Spillage
Solvent Loading
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
3-210
1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 09-07
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3.43 WASTE DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING - INCINERATION: 10-01
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source category.
Category: Subcategory:
Solid Waste Disposal Incineration (Municipal, Residential,
Commercial/Institutional, and Conical Woodwaste)
3.43.1 Technical Approach
The CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, SO2, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the
emissions from the source categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator,
emission factor, and control efficiency, where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends
spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed in million short tons and emission factors were expressed in
metric pounds/short ton. All control efficiencies were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control efficiencies
were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984 for all pollutants except TSP, for which the
procedures were used for the years through 1992, and PM-10, for which the procedures were used for the
years 1975 through 1984. For some source categories, the PM-10 emissions exceeded the TSP emissions as
calculated by the procedures presented in this section. Because this represents a physical impossibility, a more
realistic estimate of the PM-10 emissions was assumed to be the TSP emissions value.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years prior to 1975 was based on the relative change in TSP
emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975
TSP Emissions
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating emissions based on activity indicators, emission factors, and
control efficiencies.
3.43.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for municipal incineration was the sum of the operating rates for the SCCs 5-01-001-
01 and 5-01-001-02 obtained from Reference 1 or 2.
The activity indicator for residential incineration was the operating rate for residential on-site incineration
obtained from Reference 3.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-211 Category: 10-01
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The activity indicator for commercial/industrial incineration was based on the sum of the operating rates
provided in Reference 1 or 2 for the following SCCs: 5-02-001-01, 5-02-001-02, 5-03-001-01, and 5-03-
001-02. The total operating rates for these SCCs were calculated for the year under study and for the
previous year. The activity indicator for the year under study was determined by scaling the activity indicator
for the previous year with the rate of the total operating rates for the year under study and the previous year.
The equation below summarizes this calculation.
where: i = year
AI = activity indicator
OR = total operating rates
The activity indicator for conical woodwaste incineration was the sum of the operating rates for the SCCs
5-02-001-05 and 5-03-001-05 obtained from Reference 1 or 2.
3.43.3 Emission Factor
The emission factors for all pollutants except PM-10 and VOC for municipal incineration were obtained
from Reference 4a for the starved air category. The TSP emission factor represented controlled emissions and,
therefore, a separate TSP control efficiency was not used for this category. The PM-10 emission factor was
obtained from Reference 6. The source of the VOC emission factor for this source is currently unavailable.
The emission factors for the residential category were the weighted average of the emission factors for the
two types of domestic single chamber incinerators. These emission factors were obtained from Reference 4b
for all pollutants except PM-10. The PM-10 emission factors for these incinerators were obtained from
Reference 6 or Table 3.1-3. The weighting factor for the incinerator without a primary burner was 0.9 and with
a primary burner was 0.1.
The emission factor for the commercial/institutional category were the weighted average of the emission
factors for the two combustor types: multiple chamber (SCC 5-02-001-01) and single chamber (SCC 5-02-
001-02). These emission factors for all pollutants except PM-10 were obtained from Reference 4c. The
PM-10 emission factors were obtained from Reference 6. The weighting factor for the multiple chamber
combustor was 0.85 and for the single chamber burner was 0.15.
The emission factors for all pollutants except PM-10 for the conical woodwaste category (SCC 5-02-
001-05) were obtained from Reference 4d. The PM-10 emission factor was obtained from Reference 6.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-212 Category: 10-01
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3.43.4 Control Efficiency
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-213 Category: 10-01
-------
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate CO, NOX, SO2, TSP, or VOC
emissions from solid waste disposal processes.
The PM-10 control efficiencies for incineration of municipal and commercial and industrial waste for the
years 1975 through 1984 were based on the 1988 PM-10 control efficiencies obtained from Reference 5. For
the years 1940 through 1974, no control efficiencies were used to estimate PM-10 emissions.
3.43.5 References
1. Standard Computer Retrievals, AFP650 report, from the AIRS Facility Subsystem. Unpublished
computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
2. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE257 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
3. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE260 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
4. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
a. Volume I, Table 2.1-1
b. Volume I, Table 2.1-4
c. Volume I, Table 2.1-3
d. Volume I, Table 2.3-1
5. Barnard, William R. and Patricia M. Carlson. "PM-10 Emission Control Efficiency Calculations for
Emissions Trends." Prepared for Arch A. MacQueen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. October 1990.
6. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listings for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-214 Category: 10-01
-------
3.44 WASTE DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING-OPEN BURNING: 10-02
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source category.
Category: Subcategory:
Solid Waste Disposal Open Burning (dumps and on-site)
3.44.1 Technical Approach
The CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, SO2, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the
emissions from the source categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator and
emission factor. In order to utilize these values in the Trends spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed
in million short tons and emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/short ton.
The procedures for determining activity indicators and emission factors were used for the years 1940,
1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984 for all pollutants except TSP, for which the procedures were used for the
years through 1992, and PM-10, for which the procedures were used for the years 1975 through 1984. For
some source categories, the PM-10 emissions exceeded the TSP emissions as calculated by the procedures
presented in this section. Because this represents a physical impossibility, a more realistic estimate of the
PM-10 emissions was assumed to be the TSP emissions value.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years prior to 1975 was based on the relative change in TSP
emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975
TSP Emissions
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating emissions based on activity indicators and emission factors.
3.44.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for open burning dumps was the sum of the operating rates for open burning dumps
(SCCs 5-01-002-01 and 5-01-002-02) obtained from Reference 1 or 2.
The activity indicator for on-site open burning was the sum of the operating rate for open burning (SCCs
5-02-002-01, 5-02-002-02, 5-03-002-01, 5-03-002-02, 5-03-002-03, and 5-03-002-04) obtained from
Reference 3.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-215 Category: 10-02
-------
3.44.3 Emission Factor
The emission factors for all pollutants except PM-10 for both open burning sources were obtained from
Reference 4a. The PM-10 emission factors were obtained from Reference 5.
3.44.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate emissions from solid waste disposal
processes.
3.44.5 References
1. Standard Computer Retrievals, AFP650 report, from the AIRS Facility Subsystem. Unpublished
computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
2. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE257 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
3. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE260 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
4. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
a. Volume I, Table 2.4-1
5. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listing for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-216 Category: 10-02
-------
3.45 WASTE DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING - OTHER: 10-07
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source category.
Category: Subcategory:
Industrial Processes - VOC Emissions Manufacturing of Petrochemicals (waste disposal)
3.45.1 Technical Approach
The VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the emissions from the source category listed
above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator and emission factor. In order to utilize these values
in the Trends spreadsheets, the activity indicator was expressed in thousand short tons and the emission factor
was expressed in metric pounds/short tons.
The procedures for determining activity indicator and emission factor were used for the years 1940, 1950,
1960, and 1970 through 1984.
3.45.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicators for the disposal of waste from the manufactur of petrochemicals was based on the
industrial organic chemical production index obtained from Reference 1.
3.45.3 Emission Factor
The VOC emission factor for this source category was obtained from Reference 2.
3.45.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate VOC emissions from solid waste
disposal processes.
3.45.5 References
1. Chemical and Engineering News, Facts and Figures Issue. American Chemical Society, Washington,
DC. Annual.
2. Organic Chemical Manufacturing, Volume 1: Program Report. EPA-450/3-80-023. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. December 1980.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-217 Category: 10-07
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3.46 HIGHWAY VEHICLES: 11
The emissions for all Tier 2 categories under this Tier 1 category were determined by the 1940-1984
Methodology for the following source category:
Category: Subcategory:
Highway Vehicles Gasoline [Passenger Cars (LDGV), Light Duty
Trucks 1 (LDGT1), Light Duty Trucks 2
(LDGT2), Heavy Duty Trucks (HDGV), and
Motorcycles (MC)]
Diesel [Passenger Cars (LDDV), Light Trucks
(LDDT), and Heavy Duty Trucks (HDDV)]
3.46.1 Technical Approach
Highway vehicle emissions for the years 1940, 1950, and 1960 were estimated at the national level for
CO, NOX, and VOC (modeled as nonmethane organic gases (NMOG)). The emissions were based on
vehicles miles traveled (VMT) and mobile emission factors. The emissions were calculated for eight vehicle
types (five gasoline-powered vehicle types and three diesel-powered vehicle types, as listed above) and three
road types (limited access roads, urban roads, and rural roads).
3.46.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator was national VMT data for each vehicle type and road type as shown in Tables
3.46-1, 3.46-2, and 3.46-3 for 1940, 1950, and 1960, respectively. These data were developed from VMT
data from Reference 1 and redistributed by vehicle type and road type using information from References 2 and
3.
Difficulty arises in determining the VMT due to the fact that the EPA vehicle classifications do not
correspond directly to the classifications reported in Highway Statistics, Reference 1. As a result, the reported
VMTs will need to be reclassified.
The following procedures were performed except for those instances where the data was not available
then assumptions were made. These assumptions were not documented and therefore cannot be included in
this report.
Step 1.
Tables VM-1 and VM-2 from the latest version of Highway Statistics, Reference 1 were obtained.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-218 Category: 11
-------
Step 2.
The total national VMTs for each EPA vehicle classification were calculated as follows:
For LDDV: The latest issue of the Market Data Book, Reference 3 was obtained. From this document, the
total number of original sales of diesel passenger cars for the latest model year were extracted. The estimate of
the number of LDDV surviving by calendar year since 1968 was calculated as follows:
LDDV surviving f {passenger car survival ^ \ LDDV original
hv mndpl vp.nr \ rntp. hv rive
^ • r ^
by model year [ rate by age
sales by model year
Where the passenger car survival rates were found in Reference 2.
For LDGV: The total VMT for LDDV was subtracted from the total passenger car VMT reported in VM-1
to get the total number of VMT for LDGV.
For LDGT1, LDGT2, and HDGV: The number of truck sales by weight category was obtained from
Reference 2. For example, in the 1986 edition these values were in the two tables entitled "Retail Sales of New
Trucks by Gross Vehicle Weight and Body Type" and "Total Retail Sales of New Trucks in the United States."
The U.S. factory sales of domestic trucks was obtained from Reference 2. It was assumed that all imports are
in the 0 - 6,000-lb class. The sales of each truck class were calculated as follows:
Sales LDGT1 • RS0to6K • /• DFS0to6K
SalesLDGT2 • RS6taWK- VCC- M- 0.05 xCP- DFS6toWK' DTWtoUK
SalesHDGT' VCC' M' 0.05xQ>' HDDT• RS>WK
SalesLDDT- DFS0to6k- Q.l*DFS6toWk
Sales HDDT' Q.9*DFS6toWk' DFSWtoUk' DFSUtol6k
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-219 Category: 11
-------
where: RS
I
DPS
VCC
M
CP
HDDT
retail sales of domestic trucks
retail sales of import trucks
factory sales of diesel trucks
retail sales of van cutaway chassis
retail sales of multistops
retail sales of conventional pickups
sales HDDT, also calculated above.
Step3.
This next step converted the original sales of trucks into the number of trucks actually operating. For each
of the past 20 years, the ratio of the total number of trucks operating to the total number of sales was calculated
using the table entitled "Trucks in Operation by Model Year" from Reference 2. The number of trucks in each
category operating by model year was then calculated by multiplying the ratio for the given year by the
estimated retail sales for the year of interest. The following equation was used:
LDGT1 • RS
lLDGT1
TT,
TRS,
where: LDGT1 =
J^ixxx ~~
TT;
TRS;
number of trucks in this category
retail sales for year i and truck type xxx
total number of trucks operating for year i from Reference 2
total retail sales of trucks for year i.
The same procedure was repeated for each vehicle classification.
Note: The MVMA report, Reference 2, may only give operating and sales statistics for the past 16 years.
Yet, this must be completed for the past 20 years. This can be done by estimating the number of trucks in
operation for the i-16th through i-19th years as follows:
Model yri-\6
trucks in operation
in calendar year i
1-
Model yr i-\5
Model yr i-14 trucks in operation
trucks in operation Model yr i-14
trucks in operation
Model yri-15
trucks in operation
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
3-220
1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 11
-------
The total number of VMT by vehicle class is calculated next. This was done by multiplying the number of
trucks for each year by the corresponding VMT value. The exception to this procedure was the calculation for
HDDT, in which the average of all factory sales data available in each weight class was used to weight the
VMT subtotals. The following equation was used:
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-221 Category: 11
-------
HDDT*
avg [DFSLHDD]' avg [DFSMHDD\ • avg [DFS ^J
where: VMT = vehicle miles travelled
avg (DFS) = "U.S. factory sales of diesel trucks" data available from MVMA, Reference 9,
for respective weight class weighted by information on trucks in use by age,
available from MVMA, Reference 2.
The totals were then sum on each vehicle type. The estimates were then normalized to the total number of
VMT reported in VM-1 for all trucks and buses. This was done by multiplying each of the total VMTs for
each truck category by the ratio of the total VMT reported in VM-1 to the total VMT estimated above.
Step 5.
Next the fraction of the VMT reported for "Other Urban" in Table VM-1 for 55 MPH and 19.6 MPH
was calculated as follows.
t Other Freeways • Other Principal Arterial
'
Other Urban
f Minor Arterial • Collector • Local
19.6MPH ' ^^^^
Other Urban
where: OU = Other Urban VMT obtained from Table VM-1.
All other values obtained from Table VM-2.
Step 6.
The total VMTs by vehicle type were then divided into 3 road speed categories: 55 MPH, 45 MPH, and
19.6 MPH. For each vehicle type, the VMTs were added together for all road speed categories and the
fraction of total VMT represented by each speed category was computed using the following formulas:
Fraction 55MPH t ' Interstate Rural. • Other Rural. • Interstate Urban . • OU55MPH x Other Urban .
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-222 Category: 11
-------
Other Rural.
Fraction ,«
Total Rural and Urban
OU^6MPH x Other Urban,
Fraction 19 6 Mpff •
Total Rural and Urban .
where: i = vehicle type (personal passenger vehicles, 2-axle 4-tire single unit trucks,
combination trucks)
OU55MPH = value calculated in above equations
OU19 6MPH = value calculated in above equations
All other values taken from Table VM-1.
The fractions computed for the VMTs for "Personal Passenger Vehicles" were used to represent the
distribution of VMT for LDGV, LDDV, and MC by road speed categories. The fractions were then multiplied
by the total VMT for those categories to obtain VMT for each road speed category for each vehicle class. The
fraction computed for "2-axle, 4-tire single-unit trucks" was used to distribute total VMT for LDGT1, LDGT2,
and LDDT. The fractions computed for "combinations" were used to distribute HDDT and HDGT. As a final
QA check, the VMT for each road speed category and MOBILES vehicle class was summed to verify that the
total VMT agreed with the total VMT in Table VM-1.
3.46.3 Emission Factors
The emission factors for CO, NOX, and NMOG, were determined using EPA's MOBILES model as
documented in Reference 4. This model required information on the following parameters: calendar year,
vehicle speeds, temperature, vehicle operating mode, vehicle registration distribution, Reid vapor pressure
(RVP), and altitude. For the years 1940, 1950, and 1960, national annual average conditions were used as
inputs into MOBILES to determine national emission factors for each unique combination of vehicle type,
vehicle speed, and altitude.
The earliest calendar year for which highway vehicle emission factors can be estimated using MOBILES is
1960. Therefore, the emission factors for 1940, 1950, and 1960 were all modeled using a calendar year of
evaluation of 1960. The use of 1960 as the calendar year for each of these years gives reasonable results since
no emission standards were in place before 1960.
Three speeds were modeled in each of the years evaluated. A single speed was selected to represent each
of three road classes — urban, rural, and limited access roads. In 1940 and 1950, the speeds modeled to
correspond with each of these road classes were 19.6 mph for urban roads, 35 mph for rural roads, and 45
'National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-223 Category: 11
-------
mph for limited access roads. In 1960, the modeled speeds were 19.6 mph for urban roads, 45 mph for rural
roads, and 55 mph for limited access roads.
Two sets of temperature data were used in the modeling. For low altitude areas, the average maximum
daily temperature modeled was 65°F and the average minimum daily temperature modeled was 41°F. For high
altitude areas, the average maximum daily temperature modeled was 62°F and the average minimum daily
temperature modeled was 38°F. These temperatures were selected to be representative of national average
daily temperature conditions for low and high altitude areas.
In all of the MOBILES modeling, the operating mode assumptions of the Federal Test Procedure (FTP)
were used. In the FTP operating mode, 20.6 percent of all VMT is accumulated in the cold start mode, 27.3
percent of all VMT is accumulated in the hot start mode, and 52.1 percent of all VMT is accumulated in the hot
stabilized mode.
A national registration distribution was developed for 1970 based on the cars and trucks in operation by
model year obtained from Reference 2 and on truck sales data from References 2 and 3. This registration
distribution was used in determining the emission factors for the years 1940, 1950, and 1960 and is presented
in Table 3.46-4.
The gasoline volatility, or RVP for the years 1940, 1950 and 1960 was modeled at 10.1 psi. Separate
emission factors were calculated for high and low altitude areas.
Based on these input values for each year, the MOBILES model produced year-specific CO, NOX, and
NMOG emission factors for each combination of vehicle type, road type, and altitude.
The emission factors for PM-10, SO2, and TSP are presented in Table 3.46-5. The procedure for
determining these emission factors is currently unavailable.
3.46.4 Calculation of Emissions
Average national emission factors for CO, NOX, and NMOG by vehicle type and road type were
calculated by weighting the high and low altitude emission factors by the proportion of the VMT estimated for
each of these two altitude groups. It was estimated that 93.5 percent of national VMT was accumulated in low
altitude areas and the remaining 6.5 percent of VMT was accumulated in high altitude areas. These national
average emission factors by vehicle type and road type were then multiplied by the corresponding national
VMT by vehicle type and road type to estimate total national annual emissions for CO, NOX, and NMOG
from highway vehicles in 1940, 1950, and 1960.
The national annual PM-10, SO2, and TSP emissions were calculated using the total VMTand emission
factors by vehicle type as presented in Tables 3.46-1, 3.46-2, 3.46-3 and 3.46-5.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-224 Category: 11
-------
3.46.5 References
1. Highway Statistics. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington,
DC. Annual.
2. AAMA Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures 19xx. American Automobile Manufacturers Association of the
United States, 1620 Eye Street, N.M., Suite 1000, Washington, DC. Annual.
3. 19xx Market Data Book. Automotive News. 965 E. Jefferson Ave., Detroit, MI. Annual.
4. User's Guide to MOBILES (Mobile Source Emissions Model), Chapter 2. Draft. Office of Mobile
Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI. December 1992.
Table 3.46-1. 1940 VMT by Road Type
Vehicle Type
Gasoline
Passenger Cars
Light duty Trucks 1
Light duty Trucks 2
Heavy duty Trucks
Motorcycles
Diesel
Passenger Cars
Light Trucks
Heavy duty Trucks
Total
VMT
Limited
Access
Roads
93.4
9.8
2.5
8.5
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
114.4
(billion miles
Urban
Roads
96.6
7.7
1.9
6.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
112.4
per year)
Rural
Roads
59.1
8.5
2.1
5.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
75.2
Total
VMT
249.1
26.0
6.5
20.0
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
302.0
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
3-225
1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 11
-------
Table 3.46-2. 1950 VMT by Road Type
Vehicle Type
Gasoline
Passenger Cars
Light duty Trucks 1
Light duty Trucks 2
Heavy duty Trucks
Motorcycles
Diesel
Passenger Cars
Light Trucks
Heavy duty Trucks
Total
Table
Vehicle Type
Gasoline
Passenger Cars
Light duty Trucks 1
Light duty Trucks 2
Heavy duty Trucks
Motorcycles
Diesel
Passenger Cars
Light Trucks
Heavy duty Trucks
Total
Limited
Access
Roads
147.0
17.1
4.3
16.8
0.6
0.0
0.0
1.6
187.4
3.46-3. 1960
Limited
Access
Roads
256.8
24.5
6.1
21.7
1.0
0.0
0.0
7.9
318.0
VMT (billion miles
Urban
Roads
127.2
11.9
2.9
9.5
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.6
152.7
per year)
Rural
Roads
87.8
14.1
3.5
11.6
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.7
118.1
Total
VMT
362.0
43.1
10.7
37.9
1.6
0.0
0.0
2.9
458.2
VMT by Road Type
VMT (billion miles
Urban
Roads
184.5
15.0
3.8
9.0
0.6
0.0
0.0
2.7
215.6
per year)
Rural
Roads
144.8
19.2
4.7
12.7
0.4
0.0
0.0
2.3
184.1
Total
VMT
586.1
58.7
14.6
43.4
2.0
0.0
0.0
12.9
717.7
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
3-226
1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 11
-------
Table 3.46-4. National Vehicle Registration Distribution used in Determining Emission Factors for the Years
1940, 1950, and 1960
Number of Years
Preceding Current
Year
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11
-12
-13
-14
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
-24
-25
Vehicle Types
LDGV
0.081
0.111
0.105
0.102
0.099
0.096
0.089
0.082
0.068
0.05
0.036
0.024
0.014
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.005
0.001
0.001
0
0
0
0.001
LDGT1
0.085
0.119
0.094
0.093
0.085
0.078
0.073
0.063
0.052
0.04
0.036
0.03
0.025
0.024
0.02
0.02
0.016
0.018
0.013
0.003
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.005
LDGT2
0.1
0.122
0.109
0.094
0.086
0.072
0.068
0.058
0.048
0.037
0.034
0.028
0.023
0.022
0.018
0.019
0.016
0.017
0.014
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.005
HDGV
0.058
0.077
0.071
0.082
0.072
0.073
0.07
0.066
0.061
0.053
0.052
0.042
0.035
0.034
0.027
0.029
0.025
0.028
0.021
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.009
LDDV
0.081
0.111
0.105
0.102
0.099
0.096
0.089
0.082
0.068
0.05
0.036
0.024
0.014
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.005
0.001
0.001
0
0
0
0.001
LDDT
0.085
0.119
0.094
0.093
0.085
0.078
0.073
0.063
0.052
0.04
0.036
0.03
0.025
0.024
0.02
0.02
0.016
0.018
0.013
0.003
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.005
HDDV
0.104
0.132
0.11
0.114
0.098
0.085
0.08
0.062
0.048
0.033
0.03
0.025
0.019
0.017
0.014
0.01
0.006
0.004
0.004
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0
0.001
MC
0.133
0.145
0.138
0.116
0.123
0.114
0.069
0.044
0.024
0.009
0.084
0.001
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
3-227
1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 11
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Table 3.46-5. PM-10, TSP, and SO2 Highway Vehicles Emission Factors for 1940, 1950,
and 1960
PM-10 TSP S02
(Ib/thousand VMT) (Ib/thousand VMT) (Ib/thousand VMT)
Vehicle Type
Gasoline
Passenger Cars
Light duty Trucks 1
Light duty Trucks 2
Heavy duty Trucks
Motorcycles
Diesel
Passenger Cars
Light Trucks
Heavy duty Trucks
1940
1.28
1.3
1.37
2.88
0
NA
NA
NA
1950
1.21
1.24
1.27
2.69
0
NA
NA
6.51
1960
1.42
1.46
1.35
3.15
0.77
NA
NA
2.39
1940
1.36
1.38
1.53
2.88
0
NA
NA
NA
1950
1.28
1.32
1.41
2.69
0
NA
NA
6.51
1960
1.5
1.54
1.51
3.15
0.77
NA
NA
2.30
1940
NA
NA
NA
0.1
NA
NA
NA
NA
1950
NA
NA
NA
0.81
NA
NA
NA
NA
1960
NA
NA
NA
0.54
NA
NA
NA
NA
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-228 Category: 11
-------
3.47 OFF-HIGHWAY - NONROAD GASOLINE: 12-01
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source categories.
Category: Subcategory:
Other Off-Highway Gasoline (Farm Tractors, Other Farm Equipment,
construction, Snowmobiles, Small Utility Engines,
Heavy Duty General Utility Engines, Motorcycles)
Gasoline
Vessels
3.47.1 Technical Approach
The CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, SO2, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the
emissions from the source categories listed above. For all pollutants except PM-10, the emissions were
estimated from an activity indicator and emission factor. In order to utilize these values in the Trends
spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed in million gallons and emission factors were expressed in
metric pounds/thousand gallons.
The procedures for determining activity indicators and emission factors were used for the years 1940,
1950, and 1960 for CO, NOX, SO2, and VOC and for TSP the procedures were used for the years 1940,
1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1992.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years 1940, 1950, and 1960 was based on the relative change
in TSP emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
TSP Emissions „„„„
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating the emissions based on activity indicators and emission factors.
The 1975 PM-10 emissions were determined using the 1975 activity indicators as described in section
3.47.2 and the 1975 PM-10 emission factors. The PM-10 emission factors for all sources except gasoline-
powered heavy duty general utility engines were determined from the corresponding TSP emission factors and
the particle size distributions obtained from Reference 7a. For snowmobiles and motorcycles, the size
distribution for unleaded gasoline was used. For the other gasoline-powered engines, the leaded gasoline size
distribution was used. The emission factor for gasoline-powered heavy duty general utility engines was
obtained for SCC 2-02-003-01 from Reference 10.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-229 Category: 12-01
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3.47.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for gasoline-powered farm tractors was based on the 1973 gasoline consumption by
farm tractors. The 1973 consumption was adjusted to the year under study using the ratio of the quantity of
gasoline consumed by all agricultural equipment in 1973 to the quantity in the year under study. These data
were obtained from Reference 2a.
rr • rr x ' A8"culture > >
^"^ Tractor, i ^"^ Tractor, 1973 "^"^
Agriculture , 1973
where: i = year under study
GC = gasoline consumption
The activity indicator for other gasoline-powered farm equipment was based on gasoline consumption.
Gasoline consumption by other farm equipment was assumed to be equivalent to 8.52 percent of the quantity of
gasoline consumed by farm tractors as determined by the preceding procedure.
The activity indicator for gasoline-powered construction equipment was the total gasoline consumption by
construction equipment as reported in Reference 2.
The activity indicator for gasoline-powered snowmobiles was based on the 1973 gasoline consumption by
snowmobiles as reported in Reference 1. The 1973 consumption data was adjusted to the year under study
using the ratio of the number of snowmobile registrations in 1973 and in the year under study as reported in
Reference 3. The following formula summarizes this procedure.
n
Snowmobiles , i
Snowmobiles , i Snowmobiles , 1973 X
r>
^Snowmobiles , 1973
where: i = year under study
GC = gasoline consumption
R = registration of snowmobiles
The activity indicator for small utility gasoline engines was based on the 1980 gasoline consumption by
small engines (533 x 106 gallons). The 1980 consumption data was adjusted to the year under study using the
ratio of the number of single unit dwellings in 1980 and in the year under study. The number of single unit
dwellings in 1980 was obtained from Reference 4. For the year under study, the number of single unit
dwellings was estimated by adjusting the number of single unit dwellings in 1980 with the number of new one-
family structures started each year between 1980 and the year under study. The number of new one-family
structure started was obtained from Reference 5 for each year. The following formula summarizes this
procedure.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-230 Category: 12-01
-------
Single Unit Dwellings ,
,533 x 106 -
Single Unit Dwellings
1980
where: i = year under study
GC = gasoline consumption
The activity indicator for heavy duty general utility gasoline engines was the total gasoline consumed by the
industrial commercial category obtained from Reference 2.
The activity indicator for motorcycles was the gasoline consumption calculated from the number of
motorcycles, the average annual off-highway mileage traveled, and the median estimated average miles per
gallon. The motorcycle population and the off-highway mileage were obtained from Reference 6. The average
miles per gallon (MPG) was assumed to be 44.0. The following equation summarizes this calculation.
^^ AT i. r*s+ ; Off* Highway Mileage
GC,,, , • Number of Motorcycles x JJ & J &
Motorcycles j j ,-T-»^T
MrG
The activity indicator for gasoline-powered vessels was the total quantity of gasoline consumed by the
marine sector (private and commercial) from Reference 2a.
3.47.3 Emission Factor
The emission factors for gasoline-powered farm tractors and other farm equipment were obtained from
Reference 7b for all pollutants except PM-10. The VOC emission factors were multiplied by the reactive
VOC fraction of 0.918, based on data for profile 90-6021D from Reference 5.
The emission factors for all pollutants, except PM-10, for gasoline construction equipment were the
weighted averages of the emission factors for five equipment types. These equipment types and corresponding
weighting factors are listed in Table 3.47-1. Emission factors for each equipment type were obtained from
Reference 7c. The VOC emission factor was multiplied by the reactive VOC fraction of 0.918. This fraction
was based on data for profile 90-6021D from Reference 8.
The emission factors for snowmobiles were obtained from Reference 7d for all pollutants except PM-10.
The VOC emission factors were multiplied by the reactive VOC fraction of 0.918, based on data for profile
90-6021D from Reference 8.
The emission factors for all pollutants, except PM-10, for small gasoline utility engines were the weighted
averages of the emission factors for five equipment types. These equipment types and corresponding weighting
factors are listed in Table 3.47-2. Emission factors for each type were obtained from Reference 7e. The VOC
'National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-231 Category: 12-01
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emission factor was multiplied by the reactive VOC fraction of 0.918, based on data for profile 90-6021D
from Reference 8.
The emission factors for heavy duty general utility gasoline engines were obtained from Reference 7f for all
pollutants except PM-10. The VOC emission factors were multiplied by the reactive VOC fraction of 0.918,
based on data for profile 90-6021D from Reference 8.
The emission factors for all pollutants, except PM-10, for motorcycles were obtained from the MOBILE 2
(1978 version) model. Specific parameters used in the model are provided in Table 3.47-3. Resulting
emission factors, expressed as grams/vehicle miles traveled (VMT) were converted to lbs/1,000 gal using the
factor 20.8.
The CO, NOX, SO2, and VOC emission factors for gasoline-powered vessels were the weighted averages
of the emission factors for inboard and outboard motors. The emission factors were obtained from Reference
7g and 7h. Two sets of weighting factors were used for each type of motor. The first weighting factors were
the number of registered inboard and outboard motorboats obtained from Reference 9. The second weighting
factors accounted for the greater fuel consumption per hour of operation for inboards (2.55) than for outboards
(1.55). The equation below summarizes the calculation of the emission factors:
* Rm * 2.55) • (EFmt x Rout x 1.55)]
[(Rm x 2.55) • (R^ x 1.55)]
where: EF = emission factor
R = number of registrations
in = inboards
out = outboards
The VOC emission factor was multiplied by the reactive VOC fraction of 0.9172. This fraction was based on
data for profile 9-60-21B from Reference 8. The TSP emission factor for gasoline powered vessels was
assumed to be zero.
For the years 1940, 1950, and 1960, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10
emissions from the sources included in this Tier 2 category.
3.47.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate emissions from nonroad gasoline
vehicles and engines.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-232 Category: 12-01
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3.47.5 References
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-233 Category: 12-01
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1. Exhaust Emissions from Uncontrolled Vehicles and Related Equipment Using Internal Combustion
Engines. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Prepared by Southwest Research Institute, San
Antonio, TX, under Contract No. EHS-70-108. October 1973.
2. Highway Statistics. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington,
DC. Annual.
a. Table MF-24
3. International Snowmobile Industry Association, 7535 Little River Turnpike, Suite 330, Annandale, VA
22003. Contact: Roy Muth (703) 273-9606.
4. American Housing Survey, Current Housing Reports, Series H-l 50-83. Bureau of the Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington DC. Biennual.
5. Survey of Current Business. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC. Annual.
6. Motorcycle Industry Council, Inc., 19xx Motorcycle Statistical Annual. Costa Mesa, CA. Annual.
7. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
a. Volume H, Table 2-20, Appendix L
b. Volume II, Table H-6-2
d. Volume II, Table H-8-1
e. Volume II, Table H-5-1
f Volume I, Table 3.3-1
g. Volume H, Table H-3.5
h. Volume H, Table H-4.1
8. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Data Manual. EPA-450/4-80-015. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. July 1980.
9. Boating Registration Statistics. National Marine Manufacturers Association, 401 N. Michigan Avenue,
Suite 1150, Chicago, IL. Annual.
10. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listing for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-234 Category: 12-01
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Table 3.47-1. Emission Factor Equipment Types and Weighting Factors for
Gasoline Construction Equipment
Equipment Type
Wheel Tractor
Motor Grader
Wheel Loader
Roller
Weighting Factor, based on consumption
in 1,000 gal/year
94,774
12,240
104,726
147,439
Table 3.47-2. Emission Factor Equipment Types and Weighting Factors for
Gasoline Small Utility Gasoline Engines
Weighting Factor, based on
Engine Type percentage consumption
Wheel Tractor (2-stroke) 0.065
Motor Grader (4-stroke) 0.935
Table 3.47-3. MOBILE 2 (1978 version) Parameters for Calculation of Emission
Factors for Motorcycles
Altitude Low
Speed 19.6 MPH
Ambient Temp. 57-F
Hot Start/Cold Start Percentages Zero
All other variables default values
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-235 Category: 12-01
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3.48 OFF-HIGHWAY - NONROAD DIESEL: 12-02
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source category.
Category: Subcategory:
Other Off-Highway Diesel (Farm Tractors, Other Farm Equipment,
Construction, Heavy Duty General Utility Engines)
3.48.1 Technical Approach
The CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, SO2, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the
emissions from the source categories listed above. For all pollutants except PM-10, the emissions were
estimated from an activity indicator and emission factor. In order to utilize these values in the Trends
spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed in million gallons and emission factors were expressed in
metric pounds/thousand gallons.
The procedures for determining activity indicators and emission factors were used for the years 1940,
1950, and 1960 for CO, NOX, SO2, and VOC and for TSP the procedures were used for the years 1940,
1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1992.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years 1940, 1950, and 1960 was based on the relative change
in TSP emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975
TSP Emissions
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating emissions based on activity indicators and emission factors.
The 1975 PM-10 emissions were determined using the 1975 activity indicators as described in section
3.48.2 and the 1975 PM-10 emission factors. The PM-10 emission factors for all sources, except diesel-
powered heavy duty general utility engines were determined from the corresponding TSP emission factor and
the particle size distribution obtained from Reference 3a. The emission factor for diesel-powered heavy duty
general utility engines was obtained from Reference 5 for SCC 2-02-001-02.
3.48.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicators for diesel farm tractors and other diesel farm equipment were based on the adjusted
total sales (or deliveries) of diesel fuel used on farms obtained from Reference la or 2a. It was assumed that
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-236 Category: 12-02
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95.5 percent of this quantity was consumed by farm tractors and 4.5 percent was consumed by other farm
equipment.
The activity indicator for diesel construction equipment was the adjusted total sales (or deliveries) of off-
highway diesel distillate fuel oil for use in construction from Reference Ib or 2b.
The activity indicator for heavy-duty general utility diesel engines was the sum of the adjusted total sales
(or deliveries) of off-highway diesel distillate fuel oil for other uses and of diesel for military uses. These data
was obtained from Reference Ib or 2b.
3.48.3 Emission Factor
The emission factors for all pollutants except PM-10 for farm diesel tractors and other farm diesel
equipment were obtained from Reference 3b. The VOC emission factors were multiplied by the reactive VOC
fraction of 0.952, based on data for profile 90-7021 from Reference 4.
For diesel construction equipment, the emission factors for all pollutants except PM-10 were the weighted
averages of the emission factors for nine equipment types. These equipment types and the corresponding
weighting factors are listed in Table 3.48-1. Emission factors for each equipment type were obtained from
Reference 3c. The VOC emission factor was multiplied by the reactive VOC fraction of 0.952, based on data
for profile 90-7021 from Reference 4.
The emission factors for heavy duty general utility diesel engines were obtained from Reference 3d for all
pollutants except PM-10. The VOC emission factors were multiplied by the reactive VOC fraction of 0.952,
based on data for profile 90-7021 from Reference 4.
For the years 1940, 1950, and 1960, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10
emissions from the sources included in this Tier 2 category.
3.48.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate emissions from nonroad diesel vehicles
and engines
3.48.5 References
1. Petroleum Marketing Monthly. DOE/EIA-0380(xx/01). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
a. Table entitled "Deliveries for Farm Use: Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene"
b. Table entitled "Deliveries for Military Use: Distillate Fuel Oil and Residual Fuel Oil; Deliveries for
Off-Highway Use: Diesel"
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-237 Category: 12-02
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2. Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 19xx. DOE/EIA-0535(xx). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
a. Table entitled "Adjusted Sales for Farm Use: Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene."
b. Table entitled "Adjusted Sales for Military Use: distillate Fuel Oil and Residual Fuel Oil; Adjusted
Sales for Off-Highway Use: Diesel."
3. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
a. Volume II, Table 2-2, Appendix L,
b. Volume H, Table II-6-2
c. Volume H, Table II-7-1
d. Volume II, Table 3.3-1
4. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Data Manual. EPA-450/4-80-015. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. July 1980.
5. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listing for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
Table 3.48-1. Emission Factor Equipment Types and Weighting Factors for
Diesel Construction Equipment
Equipment Type
Tracklaying Tractor
Wheel Tractor
Wheeled Dozer
Scraper
Motor Grader
Wheeled Loader
Tracklaying Loader
Off-Highway Truck
Roller
Weighting Factor, based on consumption
in 1,000 gal/year
912,279
846,035
47,077
621,523
164,368
753,511
229,680
470,550
30,180
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
3-238
1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 12-02
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3.49 OFF-fflGHWAY - AIRCRAFT: 12-03
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source category.
Category: Subcategory:
Aircraft FAA Facilities
Military Facilities
Other Facilities - General Aviation
3.49.1 Technical Approach
The CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, SO2, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the
emissions from the source categories listed above. For all pollutants except PM-10, the emissions were
estimated from an activity indicator and emission factor. In order to utilize these values in the Trends
spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed in thousand LTO cycles and emission factors were expressed
in metric pounds/LTO cycle.
The procedures for determining activity indicators and emission factors were used for the years 1940,
1950, and 1960 for CO, NOX, SO2, and VOC and for TSP the procedures were used for the years 1940,
1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1992.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years 1940, 1950, and 1960 was based on the relative change
in TSP emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
TSP Emissions „„„„
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating PM-10 emissions based on activity indicators and emission
factors.
The 1975 PM-10 emissions were determined using the 1975 activity indicators as described in section
3.49.2 and the 1975 PM-10 emission factor obtained from Table 3.1-3.
3.49.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicators for commercial, air taxi, general aviation, and military aircraft using FAA facilities
were the landings and take-offs (LTOs). The total airport operations reported in Reference 1 for each aircraft
category were divided by 2 in order to obtain the number of LTO cycles.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-239 Category: 12-03
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The activity indicator for general aviation aircraft using military facilities was assumed to be a constant
1200 LTOs.
The activity indicator for military aircraft using military facilities was based on the military LTOs at military
facilities from the year preceding the year under study. Total military LTOs from the year preceding were
calculated as the sum of military LTOs from military facilities and from FAA facilities. Total LTOs were
projected to the year of study by using the ratio between total flying hours for active U.S. military aircraft flying
in the continental United States for the year under study and for the preceding year. Total flying hours data
were obtained from Reference 2. From the resulting total military LTOs for the year under study, military
LTOs from FAA facilities were subtracted in order to determine military LTOs from military facilities for the
year under study. The procedure for determining the miliary LTOs from FAA facilities was described
previously. This overall calculation of the activity indicator is summarized in the equation given below.
FH
MLTOFAA,
where: MLTO = military LTO
MF = military facilities
FAA = FAA facilities
FH = total flying hours
i = year under study
The activity indicator for general aviation aircraft using other facilities was based on the assumption that
civil aircraft average 250 LTO cycles per year. Total general aviation LTOs were estimated by multiplying the
number of registered civil aircraft, excluding gliders, blimps, and balloons, by the average LTO cycles per year.
The number of registered civil aircraft was obtained from Reference 3. From this total was subtracted the
general aviation LTOs at FAA facilities and at military facilities. These values were determine using procedures
described previously. This calculation is summarized in the equation below.
GAOF • (AC x 250 cycles /year) • GA FAA • GA
MF
where: GA = General Aviation LTOs
AC = Number of U.S. registered civil aircraft, excluding gliders, blimps, and balloons
OF = Other Facilities
FAA = FAA Facilities
MF = Military Facilities
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-240 Category: 12-03
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3.49.3 Emission Factor
The emission factors for all pollutants except PM-10 for commercial aircraft using FAA facilities were the
weighted averages of the emission factors for each commercial aircraft type. These emission factors are
presented in Table 3.49-1. The weighting factors were the estimated LTO's for each aircraft type.
In order to estimate the LTO's for each aircraft type, the estimated number of LTOs by aircraft type from
the year preceding the year under study were projected to the year under study. This projection was
accomplished for each aircraft type using the ratio of the number of aircraft in operation in the year under study
to the number in the the preceding year. These values were obtained from Reference 3. The estimated
number of LTO's by aircraft type for the preceding year were obtained by using this same methodology on data
from the preceding year.
The estimated LTOs by aircraft type for the year under study were normalized to the actual total number
of LTO's as reported in Reference 1. These normalized LTOs for each aircraft type were the weighting factor
used to calculate the weight average emission factors for commercial aircraft using FAA facilities.
The emission factors for all pollutants except PM-10 for air taxis using FAA facilities were the weighted
averages of the emission factors for each air taxi aircraft type. These emission factors are presented in Table
3.49-2. Weighting factors were the estimated number of each air taxi aircraft type as reported in Reference 3.
The emission factors for all pollutants except PM-10 for general aviation aircraft using FAA facilities were
the weighted averages of the emission factors for each aviation aircraft type. These emission factors are
presented in Table 3.49-3. Weighting factors were the estimated number of flying hours for each aircraft type
obtained from Reference 2a. It was assumed that the number of flying hours was proportional to the number of
LTO cycles.
The emission factors for all pollutants except PM-10 for military aircraft using FAA facilities were the
weighted averages of the emission factors for each military aircraft type. These emission factors are presented
in Table 3.48-4. Weighting factors were the estimated number of flying hours for each military aircraft type
obtained from Reference 2b. It was assumed that the number of flying hours was proportional to the number of
LTO cycles.
The emission factors for all pollutants except PM-10 for military aircraft using military facilities were the
same factors as were used for military aircraft using FAA facilities. The emission factors for all pollutants
except PM-10 for general aviation aircraft using military facilities were the same factors as were used for
general aviation aircraft using FAA facilities.
The emission factors for all pollutants except PM-10 for general aviation aircraft using other facilities were
the same factors as were used for general aviation aircraft using FAA facilities.
For the years 1940, 1950, and 1960, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10
emissions from the sources included in this Tier 2 category.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-241 Category: 12-03
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3.49.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate emissions from aircraft.
3.49.5 References
1. FAA Air Traffic Activity FY 19xx. Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of
Transportation, Washington, DC. Annual.
a. Table 4, "Airport Operations at Airports with FAA-Operated Traffic Control Towers by Region and
by State and Aviation Category."
2. FAA Aviation Forecasts Fiscal Years 19xx-19xx. Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department
of Transportation, Washington, DC. Annual.
a. Table 9
b. Table 23
3. Census of U.S. Civil Aircraft, Calendar Year 19xx. Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department
of Transportation, Washington, DC. Annual.
a. Table 1.1. For Regional, use number of registered aircraft, Table 3.2.
Table 3.49-1. Emission Factors for Commercial Aircraft using FAA Facilities
Commercial Aircraft
BAC 1 1 1
Boeing 707
Boeing 727
Boeing 737
Boeing 747
L1011
DCS
DC 9
DC10
General
CO
103.63
262.64
55.95
37.3
145.1
124.7
262.64
37.3
116.88
Emission
NOX
15.04
25.68
29.64
19.76
10.52
78.98
25.68
19.76
49.59
Factors (Ibs/LTO)
voc*
71.19
214.53
13.21
8.81
42.37
71.71
214.53
8.81
46.3
S02
1.7
4.28
3.27
2.18
7.55
5.3
3.27
2.18
4.98
TSP
1.46
4.52
1.17
0.78
5.2
3.9
1.17
0.78
0.21
1.0
* Reactive VOC (already adjusted).
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
3-242
1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 12-03
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Table 3.49-2. Emission Factors for Air Taxis using FAA Facilities
Emission Factor (Ibs/LTO)
Air Taxi Aircraft CO NOX VOC* SO2
Turbojets 50.26 26.63 11.87 2.94
Turboprops 7.16 0.82 4.99 0.18
Pistons 100** 0.6** 3.2** 0.02**
General
* VOC adjustment factor is 0.983 for turbojets and 0.929 for pistons.
"Assumed values used for pistons.
Table 3.49-3. Emission Factors for General Aviation Aircraft using FAA Facilities
TSP
1.05
0.46
0.3**
Emission Factor (Ibs/LTO)
General Aviation Aircraft CO NOX VOC* SO2
Piston:
Single Engine 11.35 0.02 0.23 0
Multi-Engine 64.67 0.075 1.35 0
Turboprop 6.76 0.92 6.46 0.17
Turbojet 54.36 2.02 6.62 0.74
Rotocraft Piston 11.35 0.02 0.23 0
Roto craft Turbine 13.33 4.34 2.75 0.26
General
* Reactive VOC (already adjusted),
"Particulate emission factor for Turbojet is best guess estimate.
Table 3 .49-4. Emission Factors for Military Aircraft using FAA Facilities
TSP
0.02
0.02
0.46
0.5**
0.02
0.4
Emission Factor (Ibs/LTO)
Military Aircraft CO NOX VOC* SO2
Jet (fixed wing) 52.4 9.65 29 1.56
Turboprop 23.2 14.1 11.6 0.74
Piston 53.2 0.29 5.5 0.033
Helicopter 13.33 4.34 2.75 0.26
General
TSP
28
0.46
0.28
0.4
*Reactive VOC (already adjusted).
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
3-243
1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 12-03
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3.50 OFF-HIGHWAY - VESSELS: 12-04
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source category.
Category: Subcategory:
Marine Vessels Residual Fuel Oil
Diesel Oil
Coal
3.50.1 Technical Approach
The CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, SO2, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the
emissions from the source categories listed above. For all pollutants except PM-10, the emissions were
estimated from an activity indicator and emission factor. In order to utilize these values in the Trends
spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed in million gallons and emission factors were expressed in
metric pounds/thousand gallons.
The procedures for determining activity indicators and emission factors were used for the years 1940,
1950, and 1960 for CO, NOX, SO2, and VOC and for TSP the procedures were used for the years 1940,
1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1992.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years 1940, 1950, and 1960 was based on the relative change
in TSP emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975
TSP Emissions
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating PM-10 emissions based on activity indicators and emission
factors.
The 1975 PM-10 emissions were determined using the 1975 activity indicators as described in section
3.50.2 and the 1975 PM-10 emission factors obtained from Table 3.1-3.
3.50.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for residual fuel oil was the "adjusted" quantity of residual fuel oil delivered for
transportation use, vessel bunkering obtained from Reference la or Reference 2a.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-244 Category: 12-04
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The activity indicator for diesel oil was the "adjusted" quantity of distillate fuel oil (for diesel) delivered for
transportation use, vessel bunkering obtained from Reference la or Reference 2a.
The procedure for determining the activity for the years 1940, 1950, and 1960 is currently unavailable.
The activity indicator for coal was assumed to be zero after 1979.
3.50.3 Emission Factor
The emission factors for all pollutants except PM-10 for residual fuel oil were based on the emission
factors for residual oil-fired commercial steamships obtained from Reference 3a. The emission factors were
presented separately for three modes of operation; hotelling, cruise, and full power. Weighted averages of
these emission factors were calculated for each pollutant based on the relative amount of time vessels spend
operating under these different modes. It was assumed that 80 percent of the time was spent hotelling and 20
percent was spent under full power.
The VOC emission factor was converted to the reactive VOC emission factor by using the factor for
profile 101004 obtained from Reference 4.
The emission factors for all pollutants except PM-10 for diesel oil were weighted averages of the emission
factors for diesel-fired vessels operating underway and operating under auxiliary power. Weighting factors
were based on the relative amount of time the ships spent operating in these modes: 20 percent under auxiliary
power and 80 percent underway. The final VOC emission factor was converted to the reactive VOC emission
factor by using the factor for profile 907021 obtained from Reference 4.
The emission factors for diesel-fired vessels under auxiliary power were the averages of the emission
factors for diesel-fired vessels operating under auxiliary power at 50 percent load. The emission factors for all
pollutants except for TSP were obtained from Reference 3b and were averaged over the four output ratings.
The average TSP emission factor was obtained from Reference 3c.
The emission factors for diesel-fired vessels underway were the weighted averages of the emission factors
for commercial motorships and distillate oil-fired commercial steamships. The emission factors were weighted
by the relative population of motorships and steamships. It was assumed that of the overall fleet of diesel-fired
vessels, 75 percent were motorships and 25 percent were steamships.
The emission factors for commercial motorships were the averages of the emission factors for the river,
Great Lakes, and coastal waterway classifications. The emission factors for all pollutants except for TSP were
obtained from Reference 3d and were averaged over the three waterway classifications. The average TSP
emission factor was assumed to be equal to the emission factor railroad locomotive obtained from Reference
3e.
The emission factors for commercial distillate oil-fired steamships were the weighted averages of the
emission factors for two modes of operations: hotelling and full power. These emission factors were obtained
from Reference 3a. The emission factors were weighted by the relative time the steamship spent operating
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-245 Category: 12-04
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under these two modes. It was assumed that steamship spent 80 of the time hotelling and 20 percent at full
power.
The emission factors for all pollutants for coal combustion by marine vessels after 1979 were assumed to
have a value of zero. The procedure for determining the activity for the years 1940, 1950, and 1960 is
currently unavailable.
For the years 1940, 1950, and 1960, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10
emissions from the sources included in this Tier 2 category.
3.50.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate emissions from marine vessels.
3.50.5 References
1. Petroleum Marketing Monthly. DOE/EIA-0380(xx/01). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
a. Table A13 and A14
2. Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 19xx. DOE/EIA-0535(xx). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
a. Table A13 and A14
3. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
a. Volume H, Table II-3-2
b. Volume H, Table II-3-4
c. Volume II, Table 3.3-1
d. Volume H, Table II-3-1
e. Volume H, Table II-2-1
4. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Data Manual. EPA-450/4-80-015. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. July 1980.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
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3.51 OFF-HIGHWAY-RAILROAD: 12-05
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source category.
Category: Subcategory:
Railroad Diesel
Residual Fuel Oil
Coal
3.51.1 Technical Approach
The CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, SO2, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the
emissions from the source categories listed above. For all pollutants except PM-10, the emissions were
estimated from an activity indicator and emission factor. In order to utilize these values in the Trends
spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed in million gallons and emission factors were expressed in
metric pounds/thousand gallons.
The procedures for determining activity indicators and emission factors were used for the years 1940,
1950, and 1960 for CO, NOX, SO2, and VOC and for TSP the procedures were used for the years 1940,
1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1992.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years 1940, 1950, and 1960 was based on the relative change
in TSP emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
TSP Emissions „„„„
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating emissions based on activity indicators and emission factors.
The 1975 PM-10 emissions were determined using the 1975 activity indicators as described in section
3.51.2 and the 1975 PM-10 emission factors obtained from Table 3.1-3.
3.51.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for the combustion of diesel fuel by locomotives was the "adjusted" quantity of
distillate fuel oil deliveries for transportation use (railroads) obtained from Reference 1 or Reference 2.
The activity indicator for the combustion of residual fuel oil by locomotives was based on the "adjusted"
quantity of residual fuel oil sales to the "All Other" end use category from Reference 1 or Reference 2. It was
assumed that the ratio of fuel consumption by railroads to the fuel consumption included in the "All Other" end
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
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use category (which includes railroads) is 8.83 x 10"4. Therefore, the activity indicator was the value obtained
from Reference 1 or Reference 2 multiplied by 8.83 x 10"4.
The activity indicator for the combustion of coal was the quantity of U.S. coal distribution by
"transportation" obtained from Reference 3 a. It was assumed that "transportation" as defined in Reference 3
represented the locomotive category.
3.51.3 Emission Factor
The emission factors for diesel fuel combustion by locomotives were obtained from Reference 4a for all
pollutants except PM-10. The VOC emission factor was multiplied by 0.952 to account for the reactive
portion.
For the combustion of residual fuel oil, the emission factors for all pollutants except PM-10 and VOC
were obtained from Reference 4a. The VOC emission factor was obtained from Reference 4b and was
multiplied of 0.952 to account for the reactive portion. The SO2 factor was multiplied by the sulfur content
value of 1.34.
The emission factors for all pollutants except PM-10 for the combustion of coal were obtained from
Reference 4c. In this reference, the TSP factor was listed as the spreader stoker emission factor. The SO2
emission factor was multiplied by a sulfur content value of 2.0.
For the years 1940, 1950, and 1960, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10
emissions from the sources included in this Tier 2 category.
3.51.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate emissions from railroads.
3.51.5 References
1. Petroleum Marketing Monthly. DOE/EIA-0380(xx/01). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. January issue.
2. Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 19xx. DOE/EIA-0535(xx). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
3. Coal Distribution January-December 19xx. DOE/EIA-0125(xx/4Q). Energy Information
Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
a. Table entitled "Distribution of U.S. Coal by Origin, Destination, and Consumer"
4. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-248 Category: 12-05
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a. Volume H, Table II-2-1
b. Volume I, Table 1.3-1 (Industrial Residual Oil Boilers)
c. Volume I, Table 1.1-1 (Bituminous Coal Hand-fired Units)
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-249 Category: 12-05
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3.52 MISCELLANEOUS - OTHER COMBUSTION: 14-02
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the 1940-1984 Methodology for the following
source categories.
Category: Subcategory:
Forest Fires and Prescribed Burning Wildfires
Prescribed Burning
Other Miscellaneous Sources Agricultural Burning
Structural Fires
Coal Refuse Burning
3.52.1 Technical Approach
The CO, NOX, PM-10, TSP, SO2, and VOC emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the
emissions from the source categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator and
emission factor. In order to utilize these values in the Trends spreadsheets, activity indicators for wildfires and
prescribed burning were expressed in acres and emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/thousand
short tons. For the other miscellaneous sources, activity indicators were expressed in thousand short tons and
emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/short ton.
The procedures for determining activity indicators and emission factors were used for the years 1940,
1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984 for all pollutants except TSP, for which the procedures were used for the
years through 1992, and PM-10, for which the procedures were used for the years 1975 through 1984. For
some source categories, the PM-10 emissions exceeded the TSP emissions as calculated by the procedures
presented in this section. Because this represents a physical impossibility, a more realistic estimate of the
PM-10 emissions was assumed to be the TSP emissions value.
The estimation of PM-10 emissions for the years prior to 1975 was based on the relative change in TSP
emissions from the 1975 value according to the following equation:
PM* 10 Emissions • PM* 10 Emissions 1975
TSP Emissions
TSP Emissions 1975
This calculation was used in place of estimating the emissions based on activity indicators and emission factors.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-250 Category: 14-02
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3.52.2 Activity Indicator
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-251 Category: 14-02
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The activity indicator for wildfires is the sum of protected and unprotected land areas burned for each of
the five regions. These regions are defined in Table 3.52-1. The area of protected land burned was obtained
from Reference 1. Default values used for the unprotected land area burned are given in Table 3.52-2.
For the years 1978 through 1984, the activity indicator for prescribed burning was the acreage burned in
1978 reported in Reference 2. The data are reported for two regions: Southern and Western. It was assumed
that the acreage burned remained constant for the years 1978 through 1984. No procedure for determining the
acreage burned for the years prior to 1978 is currently available.
The activity indicator for agricultural burning was based on the total quantity of agricultural products
burned in 1974 as reported in Reference 3. Because no data were available after 1974, the activity indicators
for this category for the years after 1974 were assumed to be the same as that for 1974.
The activity indicator for structural fires was based on the total number of building fires as reported in
Reference 4. It was assumed that 6.8 tons of material is burned for every building fire. Alternatively, an
estimate of the quantity of material burned was obtained from Reference 5.
The activity indicator for coal refuse burning was based on the estimated total quantity of coal refuse in
1971 from Reference 6. It was assumed that this quantity had been steadily declining over the period after the
report was published. A rough approximation was deemed sufficient.
3.52.3 Emission Factor
The emission factors for wildfires were composed of two factors: fuel loading and pollutant yield. The fuel
loading related the area of land burned to the quantity of vegetation consumed by fire. The fuel loading data
were specific to five regions of the United States. The States included in each region are listed in Table 3.52-1.
The pollutant yield related the amount of a given pollutant emitted to the amount of vegetation consumed by fire.
The information on these two factors was obtained from Reference 7a except the pollutant yield for PM-10
which was obtained from Table 3.1-2.
The emission factors for prescribed fires were composed of two factors: fuel loading and pollutant yield.
These factors were defined in the same manner as for the wild fire category. The fuel loading was specific to
two regions of the United States. The information on these two factor was obtained from Reference 6, except
for the SO2, NOX, and PM-10 pollutant yield values. The SO2 and NOX pollutant yields were assumed to be
the same as the pollutant yields for wildfires and, therefore, were obtained from Reference 7a. The PM-10
pollutant yield was obtained from Table 3.1-3.
The emission factors for all pollutants except PM-10 for agricultural burning were the average of the
emission factors for burning sugar cane and field crops. These emission factors were obtained from Reference
7b, except for the NOX emission factors which were obtained from Reference 7c. The PM-10 emission factor
was obtained from Table 3.1-3.
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Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-252 Category: 14-02
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The emission factors for all pollutants except PM-10 for structural burning were obtained from Reference
8. These emission factors were for open burning and were adjusted using engineering judgment. The PM-10
emission factor was obtained from Table 3.1-3.
The emission factors for all pollutants except PM-10 for coal refuse burning were obtained from
Reference 8. These emission factors were for open burning and were adjusted using engineering judgment.
The PM-10 emission factor was obtained from Table 3.1-3.
For the years prior to 1975, emission factors were not employed in the estimation of PM-10 emissions
from the sources included in this Tier 2 category.
3.52.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate emissions from the sources included in
this Tier 2 category.
3.52.5 References
1. The National Forest Fire Report. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Annual.
2. Source Assessment Prescribed Burning. EPA-600/2-79-019H, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1979.
3. Emissions Inventory from Forest Wildfires, Forest Managed Burns, and Agricultural Burns.
EPA-450/3-74-062. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. November
1974.
4. Statistical Abstract of the United States. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC. Annual.
5. National Fire Protection Association, Boston, MA.
6. Information Circular 8515. U.S. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.
1971.
7. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
a. Volume I, Section 11.1
b. Volume I, Table 2.4-5
8. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. February 1972.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-253 Category: 14-02
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9. OAQPS Data File on National Emissions. National Air Data Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1984.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1984 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 3-254 Category: 14-02
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Table 3.52-1. States Comprising Regions for Wild Fires Acreage Burned Information
Rocky Mountain
Arizona
Colorado
Idaho
Kansas
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Mexico
North Dakota
South Dakota
Utah
Wyoming
Pacific
Alaska
California
Guam
Hawaii
Oregon
Washington
East
Connecticut
Delaware
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Vermont
West Virginia
North Central
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Ohio
Wisconsin
South
Arkansas
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Louisiana
Mississippi
North Carolina
Oklahoma
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Virginia
Table 3.52-2. Land Area Burned on Unprotected Lands
Region
Acreage
(thousands of acres)
Rocky Mountain
Pacific
East
North Central
South
198.1
184.8
65.1
296.0
1,584.1
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Procedures Document for 1900-1993
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1940-1984 Methodology
Category: 14-02
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SECTION 4.0
NATIONAL CRITERIA POLLUTANT ESTIMATES
1985 - 1993 METHODOLOGY
Each year the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) prepares national estimates for assessing
trends in criteria pollutant emissions. In the past, the emissions were estimated using consistent top-down
methodologies employing national statistics on economic activity, material flows, etc., for the years 1940 to the
current year of the report. Although emissions prepared in this way were useful for evaluating changes from
year to year, they did not provide a geographically detailed measure of emissions for any given year. Bottom-
up inventories, where emissions are derived at the plan or county level, are extremely useful in many
applications, such as inputs into atmospheric models. During the past several years, changes have been made
to the methodologies in order to produce emissions for the National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-
19931 (Trends) report, starting at the county level, which both represent a bottom-up inventory and allow for
an evaluation of changes in emissions from year to year. For future Trends reports, these methodological
changes will allow the incorporation of even more detailed SIP data for ozone nonattainment areas.
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and volatile organic compound
(VOC) emissions presented in this report for the years 1985 through 1993 have been estimated using a
methodology based on the methodology developed for the Interim Inventories, with several exceptions. The
Interim methodology was developed to produce the inventories for the years 1987 through 1991 and is
presented in the Regional Interim Emission Inventories (1987-1991).2 A similar methodology was
developed for the preparation of a national 1990 particulate matter inventory as documented in the
Development of the OPPE Particulate Programs Implementation Evaluation System.3 In order to
generate the necessary emissions for the Trends report, the Interim methodology has been expanded to
generate CO, NOX, SO2, and VOC emissions for the years 1985 and 1986, as well as particulate matter less
than 10 microns (PM-10) emissions for the years 1985 through 1989 and 1991. The 1992 and 1993
emissions for all pollutants, except lead (Pb), and all source categories, except for steam generated fossil-fuel
electric utility units, highway vehicles, wildfire, and most fugitive dust sources, have been projected from the
1990 emissions using growth factors created by the EPA's prereleased E-GAS, version 2.O.4
4.1.1 Lead Emissions
The Pb emissions for the years 1985 through 1992 have been estimated using the methodologies
presented in section 5.0 of this report. The weighted emission factors and control efficiencies were assumed to
be constant from 1990 to 1993. The 1993 preliminary estimates were made by growing the 1992 activity data
by one of two methods applied to the appropriate source category. The first of these two methods used a
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-1 1940-1984 Methodology
-------
quadratic regression with weighted 20-year specific source category activity data. The other method used a
linear regression with weighted 7-year activity data. This second method was applied to source categories
where the trend in the activity data has changed significantly over the past 10 years.
A detailed description of the methodology used to generate the CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and PM-10
emissions for the years 1985 through 1993 is presented in this section. The methodology is divided into
subsection based on similar approaches in estimating the emissions. At the beginning of each subsection the
Tier 1 category or below if necessary is listed. Table 4.1-1 outlines which subsections to use for which tier
category. If a Tier 2 category is not listed it is currently not estimated within the Emission Trends Inventory.
4.1.2 Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides, Volatile Organic Compounds, Sulfur Dioxide, and Paniculate
Matter (PM-10) Emissions
Emissions were developed at the county and Source Classification Code (SCC) level for most source
categories. These emissions are then summed to the Tier level. There are 4 levels in the tier categorization.
The first and second level, respectively referred to as Tier 1 and Tier 2 are the same for each of the sic criteria
pollutants and are listed in Table 4.1-2. The third level, Tier 3 is unique for each of the six pollutants. The
fourth level is the SCC level. The match-up between SCC and all three tier levels is located in the file
Tiervl_6.dbf located on EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) Technology Transfer
Network (TTN) Emission Inventories/Emission Factor Information (CHEIF) electronic bulletin board [(919)
541-5742]. The prior version Tiervl_5.dbf was used for the Emission Trends Inventory. Table 4.1-3 list the
Tier 1 and Tier 2 codes and names with the associated SCC and SCC description. Because of space the SCC
descriptions have been truncated.
Even though the emissions were derived at the SCC level, the growth indicators for the point sources for
1985 -1991 were assigned except for stationary fuel combustion sources, at the SIC level. A match-up
between 2 digit SICs and SCCs as well as Tier category is impossible, since the SICs are defined at the plant
level but the SCCs are defined at the process level. Therefore, the same SIC could show up in two or more
Tier 1 categories. For example, Plant A produces and stores Adipic Acid. This plant would be assigned the
SIC of 28 (Chemical and Allied Product). The manufacturing section of the plant would be assigned an SCC
of 3-01-001-03 and would be included in the Tier 1 equal to 04 (Chemical and Allied Product Manufacturing).
The section of the plant where the adipic acid is stored would be assigned an SCC of 3-01-001-02 and would
be included in the Tier 1 equal to 09 (Storage and Transport). Therefore, in order to use the following
methodology for the years 1985 to 1991, one needs to know the SCC to determine which Tier category
methodology to apply and the SIC to know which growth indicator to choose.
4.1.3 References
1. National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993, EPA-454/R-94-027. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1994.
2. Regional Interim Emission Inventories (1987-1991), Volume I: Development Methodologies. EPA-
454/R-93-021a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. May 1993.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-2 Introduction
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3. Development of the OPPE Particulate Programs Implementation Evaluation System, Final, Prepared for
the Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation/Office of Policy Analysis, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, under EPA Contract No. 68-D3-0035, Work Assignment No. 0-10, Washington, DC. July
1994.
4. Economic Growth Analysis System: User's Guide, Version 2.0. EPA-600/R-94-139b. Joint Emissions
Inventory Oversight Group, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. August
1994.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-3 Introduction
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Table 4.1-1. Section 4.0 Structure
Subsection
Tierl
Tier 2
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Fuel Combustion - Electric Utility Fuel Combustion - Electric Utility (01)
Majority of Coal (01), Oil (02), and Gas
(03). The point level - steam generated
fossil fuel sources.
4.3 Primarily Industrial
Fuel Combustion - Electric Utility
Other [(04), mainly gas turbines],
Internal Combustion (05), The area
source level - steam generated Coal
(01), Oil (02), Gas (03).
4.4 Other Combustion
4.5 Solvents
4.6 Highway Vehicles
4.7 Off-highwy
4.8 Fugitive Dust
Fuel Combustion - Industrial (02)
Chemical & Allied Product
Manufacturing (04)
Metals Processing (05)
Petroleum & Related Industries (06)
Other Industrial Processes (07)
Storage & Transport (09)
Waste Disposal & Recycling
Miscellaneous (14)
Other Combustion (03)
Miscellaneous (14)
Solvent Utilization (08)
Highway Vehicles (11)
Off-highway (12)
Natural Sources (13)
Miscellaneous (14)
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
Health services (05)
All
Other combustion (02)
All
All
All
Geogenic [(02), wind erosion only]
Agriculture & Forestry [(01),
agricultural crops and livestock only]
Fugitive dust (07)
NOTE: Number in parenthesis is Tier code.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-4
1985-1993 Methodology
Introduction
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TIER1
Table 4.1-2. Major Source Categories
TIER 2
FUEL COMBUSTION-ELECTRIC UTILITIES
FUEL COMBUSTION-INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMBUSTION-OTHER
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG.
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
Commercial / Institutional Coal
Commercial / Institutional Oil
Commercial / Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Combustion (except residential)
Residential Wood
Residential Other
Organic Chemical Mfg.
Inorganic Chemical Mfg.
Polymer & Resin Mfg.
Agricultural Chemical Mfg.
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg.
Pharmaceutical Mfg.
Other Chemical Mfg.
Nonferrous
Ferrous
Not elsewhere classified (NEC)
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
Asphalt Manufacturing
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Construction
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-5
1985-1993 Methodology
Introduction
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Table 4.1-2. (continued)
TIERl TIER 2
Nonindustrial
Solvent Utilization (NEC)
(continued)
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-6 Introduction
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Table 4.1-2. (continued)
TIERl
TIER 2
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
OFF-HIGHWAY
NATURAL SOURCES
MISCELLANEOUS
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Service Stations: Stage I
Service Stations: Stage II
Service Stations: Breathing & Emptying
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
Bulk Materials Transport
Incineration
Open Burning
Publicly Owned Treatment Works
Industrial Waste Water
Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility
Landfills
Other
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
Nonroad Gasoline
Nonroad Diesel
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
Railroads
Biogenic
Geogenic
Miscellaneous (lightning, freshwater, saltwater)
Agriculture & Forestry
Other Combustion (forest fires)
Catastrophic / Accidental Releases
Repair Shops
Health Services
Cooling Towers
Fugitive Dust
NOTEB(<3^r to section 6 for a description of source categories. For the purposes of this report, forest fires are considered anthropogenic sources
although many fires are caused by nature.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-7
1985-1993 Methodology
Introduction
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Table 4.1-3. Tier 1 and Tier 2 Match-up with Source Classification Codes
Tier 1: 01 FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Tier 2: 01 Coal
10100101-10100306 External Combustion Boilers Electric Generation
2101001000 - 2101003000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility
Tier 2: 02 Oil
10100401-10100505 External Combustion Boilers Electric Generation
2101004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility Distillate Oil Total:
2101004001 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility Distillate Oil All Bo
2101005000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility Residual Oil Total: A
Tier 2: 03 Gas
10100601-10100702 External Combustion Boilers Electric Generation
2101006000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility Natural Gas Total: Bo
2101006001 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility Natural Gas All Boile
2101010000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility Process Gas Total: Al
Tier 2: 04 Other
10100801-10101302 External Combustion Boilers Electric Generation
2101007000 - 2101009000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility
Tier 2: 05 Internal Combustion
20100101-20101031 Internal Combustion Engines Electric Generation
2101004002 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility Distillate Oil All I.
2101006002 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility Natural Gas All I.C.
Tier 1: 02 FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Tier 2: 01 Coal
10200101-10200307 External Combustion Boilers Industrial
10500102 External Combustion Boilers Space Heaters Industrial Coal**
2102001000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Industrial Anthracite Coal Total: All
2102002000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Industrial Bituminous/Subbituminous Coa
2390001000 Industrial Processes In-Process Fuel Use Anthracite Coal Total
2390002000 Industrial Processes In-Process Fuel Use Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal T
39000189-39000399 In-Process Fuel Use In-Process Fuel Use
Tier 2: 02 Oil
10200401-10200505 External Combustion Boilers Industrial
10201403 External Combustion Boilers Industrial CO Boiler Distillate Oil
10201404 External Combustion Boilers Industrial CO Boiler Residual Oil
10500105 External Combustion Boilers Space Heaters Industrial Distillate Oil
2102004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Industrial Distillate Oil Total: Boile
2102005000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Industrial Residual Oil Total: All Boi
2390004000 Industrial Processes In-Process Fuel Use Distillate Oil Total
2390005000 Industrial Processes In-Process Fuel Use Residual Oil Total
30190001 Chemical Manufacturing Fuel Fired Equipment Process Heaters Distillate O
30190002 Chemical Manufacturing Fuel Fired Equipment Process Heaters Residual Oil
30190011 Chemical Manufacturing Fuel Fired Equipment Incinerators Distillate Oil
30190012 Chemical Manufacturing Fuel Fired Equipment Incinerators Residual Oil
30290001 Food and Agriculture Fuel Fired Equipment Process Heaters Distillate Oil
30290002 Food and Agriculture Fuel Fired Equipment Process Heaters Residual Oil
30390001 Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Process Heaters Distillate
30390002 Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Process Heaters Residual O
30390011 Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Incinerators Distillate Oi
30390012 Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Incinerators Residual Oil
30390021 Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Flares Distillate Oil (No.
30390022 Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Flares Residual Oil
30490001 Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Process Heaters Distilla
30490002 Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Process Heaters Residual
30490011 Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Incinerators Distillate
30490012 Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Incinerators Residual Oi
30490021 Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Flares Distillate Oil (N
30490022 Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Flares Residual Oil
30490031 Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Furnaces Distillate Oil
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-8 Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3. (continued)
30490032 Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Furnaces Residual Oil
30500207 Mineral Products Mineral Products Asphaltic Concrete Asphalt Heater: Res
30500208 Mineral Products Mineral Products Asphaltic Concrete Asphalt Heater: Dis
30590001 Mineral Products Fuel Fired Equipment Process Heaters Distillate Oil (No
30590002 Mineral Products Fuel Fired Equipment Process Heaters Residual Oil
30590011 Mineral Products Fuel Fired Equipment Incinerators Distillate Oil (No. 2
30590012 Mineral Products Fuel Fired Equipment Incinerators Residual Oil
30600101 Petroleum Industry Petroleum Industry Process Heaters OIL FIRED **
30600103 Petroleum Industry Petroleum Industry Process Heaters Oil Fired
30600111 Petroleum Industry Petroleum Industry Process Heaters Oil Fired (> 100 MM
30600901 Petroleum Industry Petroleum Industry Flares
30600902 Petroleum Industry Petroleum Industry Flares
30609901 Petroleum Industry Petroleum Industry Incinerators Distillate Oil (No. 2
30609902 Petroleum Industry Petroleum Industry Incinerators Residual Oil
30790001 Pulp & Paper and Wood Products Fuel Fired Equipment Process Heaters Dist
30790002 Pulp & Paper and Wood Products Fuel Fired Equipment Process Heaters Resi
30790011 Pulp & Paper and Wood Products Fuel Fired Equipment Incinerators Distill
30790012 Pulp & Paper and Wood Products Fuel Fired Equipment Incinerators Residua
30790021 Pulp & Paper and Wood Products Fuel Fired Equipment Flares Distillate Oi
30790022 Pulp & Paper and Wood Products Fuel Fired Equipment Flares Residual Oil
30890001 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Rubber and Miscellaneous Plasti
30890002 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Rubber and Miscellaneous Plasti
30890011 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Rubber and Miscellaneous Plasti
30890012 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Rubber and Miscellaneous Plasti
30990001 Fabricated Metal Products Fabricated Metal Products Process Heaters Dist
30990002 Fabricated Metal Products Fabricated Metal Products Process Heaters Resi
30990011 Fabricated Metal Products Fabricated Metal Products Incinerators Distill
30990012 Fabricated Metal Products Fabricated Metal Products Incinerators Residua
31000401 - 31000403 Oil and Gas Production Oil and Gas Production Process Heaters
31000411 - 31000413 Oil and Gas Production Oil and Gas Production Steam Generators
31390001 Electrical Equipment Electrical Equipment Process Heaters Distillate Oil
31390002 Electrical Equipment Electrical Equipment Process Heaters Residual Oil
39000402 - 39000599 In-Process Fuel Use In-Process Fuel Use
39990001 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industr
39990002 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industr
39990011 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industr
39990012 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industr
39990021 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industr
39990022 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industr
40201002 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Coating Oven Heater
40201003 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Coating Oven Heater
40290011 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Incinerator/Afterbu
40290012 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Incinerator/Afterbu
49090011 Organic Solvent Evaporation - Miscellaneous Fuel Fired Equipment Incinera
49090012 Organic Solvent Evaporation - Miscellaneous Fuel Fired Equipment Incinera
49090021 Organic Solvent Evaporation - Miscellaneous Fuel Fired Equipment Flares
49090022 Organic Solvent Evaporation - Miscellaneous Fuel Fired Equipment Flares
50390005 Solid Waste Disposal Industrial Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions Distillate O
Tier 2: 03 Gas
10200601-10200799 External Combustion Boilers Industrial
10201401 External Combustion Boilers Industrial CO Boiler Natural Gas
10201402 External Combustion Boilers Industrial CO Boiler Process Gas
10500106 External Combustion Boilers Space Heaters Industrial Natural Gas
2102006000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Industrial Natural Gas Total: Boilers
2102006001 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Industrial Natural Gas All Boiler Type
2102010000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Industrial Process Gas Total: All Boil
2390006000 Industrial Processes In-Process Fuel Use Natural Gas Total
2390010000 Industrial Processes In-Process Fuel Use Process Gas Total
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-9
1985-1993 Methodology
Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3. (continued)
30190003 Chemical Manufacturing Fuel Fired Equipment Process Heaters Natural Gas
30190004 Chemical Manufacturing Fuel Fired Equipment Process Heaters Process Gas
30190013-30190099 Chemical Manufacturing Fuel Fired Equipment
30290003 Food and Agriculture Fuel Fired Equipment Process Heaters Natural Gas
30390003 Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Process Heaters Natural Ga
30390004 Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Process Heaters Process Ga
30390013 Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Incinerators Natural Gas
30390014 Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Incinerators Process Gas
30390023 Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Flares Natural Gas
30390024 Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Flares Process Gas
30490003 Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Process Heaters Natural
30490004 Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Process Heaters Process
30490013 Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Incinerators Natural Gas
30490014 Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Incinerators Process Gas
30490023 Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Flares Natural Gas
30490024 Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Flares Process Gas
30490033 Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Furnaces Natural Gas
30490034 Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Furnaces Process Gas
30500206 Mineral Products Mineral Products Asphaltic Concrete Asphalt Heater: Nat
30590003 Mineral Products Fuel Fired Equipment Process Heaters Natural Gas
30590013 Mineral Products Fuel Fired Equipment Incinerators Natural Gas
30590023 Mineral Products Fuel Fired Equipment Flares Natural Gas
30600102 Petroleum Industry Petroleum Industry Process Heaters GAS FIRED **
30600104-30600106 Petroleum Industry Petroleum Industry Process Heaters
30600108 Petroleum Industry Petroleum Industry Process Heaters Landfill Gas-Fired
30600903 Petroleum Industry Petroleum Industry Flares Natural Gas
30600904 Petroleum Industry Petroleum Industry Flares Process Gas
30609903 Petroleum Industry Petroleum Industry Incinerators Natural Gas
30609904 Petroleum Industry Petroleum Industry Incinerators Process Gas
30790003 Pulp & Paper and Wood Products Fuel Fired Equipment Process Heaters Natu
30790013 Pulp & Paper and Wood Products Fuel Fired Equipment Incinerators Natural
30790023 Pulp & Paper and Wood Products Fuel Fired Equipment Flares Natural Gas
30890003 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Rubber and Miscellaneous Plasti
30890013 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Rubber and Miscellaneous Plasti
30890023 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Rubber and Miscellaneous Plasti
30990003 Fabricated Metal Products Fabricated Metal Products Process Heaters Natu
30990013 Fabricated Metal Products Fabricated Metal Products Incinerators Natural
30990023 Fabricated Metal Products Fabricated Metal Products Flares Natural Gas
31000205 Oil and Gas Production Oil and Gas Production Natural Gas Production Fla
31000404 Oil and Gas Production Oil and Gas Production Process Heaters Natural Ga
31000405 Oil and Gas Production Oil and Gas Production Process Heaters Process Ga
31000414 Oil and Gas Production Oil and Gas Production Steam Generators Natural G
31000415 Oil and Gas Production Oil and Gas Production Steam Generators Process G
31390003 Electrical Equipment Electrical Equipment Process Heaters Natural Gas
39000602 - 39000799 In-Process Fuel Use In-Process Fuel Use
39990003 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industr
39990004 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industr
39990013 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industr
39990014 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industr
39990023 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industr
39990024 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industr
40201001 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Coating Oven Heater
40290013 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Incinerator/Afterbu
40290023 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Flares Natural Gas
49090013 Organic Solvent Evaporation - Miscellaneous Fuel Fired Equipment Incinera
49090023 Organic Solvent Evaporation - Miscellaneous Fuel Fired Equipment Flares
50390006 Solid Waste Disposal Industrial Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions Natural Gas
Tier 2: 04 Other
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-10
1985-1993 Methodology
Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3. (continued)
10200801-10201302 External Combustion Boilers Industrial
10500110-10500114 External Combustion Boilers Space Heaters Industrial
2102007000 - 2102009000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Industrial
2390007000 - 2390009000 Industrial Processes In-Process Fuel Use
30290005 Food and Agriculture
30500209 Mineral Products Mineral Products Asphaltic Concrete Asphalt Heater: L P
30600107 Petroleum Industry Petroleum Industry Process Heaters LPG Fired
30600199 Petroleum Industry Petroleum Industry Process Heaters Other Not Classifi
30600905 Petroleum Industry Petroleum Industry Flares Liquified Petroleum Gas
30600999 Petroleum Industry Petroleum Industry Flares NOT CLASSIFIED **
30609905 Petroleum Industry Petroleum Industry Incinerators Liquified Petroleum G
30890004 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics
39000801-39001399 In-Process Fuel Use In-Process Fuel Use
40201004 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Coating Oven Heater
50390010 Solid Waste Disposal Industrial Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions Liquified Pe
Tier 2: 05 Internal Combustion
20200101-20201002 Internal Combustion Engines Industrial
2102006002 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Industrial Natural Gas All I.C. Engine
Tier 1: 03 FUEL COMB. OTHER
Tier 2: 01 Commercial/Institutional Coal
10300101 - 10300309 External Combustion Boilers Commercial/Institutional
10500202 External Combustion Boilers Space Heaters Commercial-Institutional Coal
2103001000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/Institutional Anthracite Coa
2103002000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/Institutional Bituminous/Sub
2199001000 - 2199003000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Total Area Source Fuel Combustion
Tier 2: 02 Commercial/Institutional Oil
10300401 - 10300504 External Combustion Boilers Commercial/Institutional
10500205 External Combustion Boilers Space Heaters Commercial-Institutional Disti
20300101 Internal Combustion Engines Commercial/Institutional Distillate Oil (Dies
20300102 Internal Combustion Engines Commercial/Institutional Distillate Oil (Dies
2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/Institutional Distillate Oil
2103005000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/Institutional Residual Oil
2199004000 - 2199005000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Total Area Source Fuel Combustion
50190005 Solid Waste Disposal Government Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions Distillate O
50290005 Solid Waste Disposal Commercial/Institutional Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions
Tier 2: 03 Commercial/Institutional Gas
10300601 - 10300799 External Combustion Boilers Commercial/Institutional
10500206 External Combustion Boilers Space Heaters Commercial-Institutional Natur
20300201 -20300702 Internal Combustion Engines Commercial/Institutional
2103006000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/Institutional Natural Gas T
2199006000 - 2199006002 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Total Area Source Fuel Combustion Natural Gas
50190006 Solid Waste Disposal Government Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions Natural Gas
50290006 Solid Waste Disposal Commercial/Institutional Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions
Tier 2: 04 Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
10300901 - 10301303 External Combustion Boilers Commercial/Institutional
10500209 - 10500214 External Combustion Boilers Space Heaters Commercial-Institutional
20190099 Internal Combustion Engines Miscellaneous Flares Heavy Water
20301001 - 20400402 Internal Combustion Engines
2103007000 - 2103011010 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/Institutional
2199007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Total Area Source Fuel Combustion Liqui
2199009000 - 2199011000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Total Area Source Fuel Combustion
28888801-28888803 Internal Combustion Engines Fugitive Emissions Other Not Classified Specify in Comments
50190010 Solid Waste Disposal Government Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions Liquified Pe
50290010 Solid Waste Disposal Commercial/Institutional Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions
Tier 2: 05 Residential Wood
2104008000 - 2104008053 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Residential Wood
2199008000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Total Area Source Fuel Combustion Wood
Tier 2: 06 Residential Other
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-11 Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3. (continued)
2104001000 - 2104007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Residential
2104011000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Residential Kerosene Total: All Heater
Tier 1: 04 CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Tier 2: 01 Organic Chemical Mfg
2301000000 Industrial Processes Chemical Manufacturing: SIC 28 All Process Total
2301040000 Industrial Processes Chemical Manufacturing: SIC 28
30100101 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Adipic Acid General
30100103-30100105 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Adipic Acid
30100107-30100199 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Adipic Acid
30100601-30100699 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Charcoal Manufacture
30101901-30101907 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Phthalic Anhydride
30103101 -30103104 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Terephthalic Acid/Dimethyl Terephthalate
30103180 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Terephthalic Acid/Dimethyl
30103199 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Terephthalic Acid/Dimethyl
30103402-30103499 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
30104201 - 30104203 Chemical Manufacturing Lead Alkyl Mfg. Na/Pb Alloy Process
30104301 Chemical Manufacturing Lead Alkyl Mfg. Electolytic Process General: Elec
30109101-30110099 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
30112001-30112780 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
30113201 - 30121009 Chemical Manufacturing
30121080-30130107 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
30130110-30181001 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
30184001 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing General Processes Distilla
Tier 2: 02 Inorganic Chemical Mfg
2301010000 Industrial Processes Chemical Manufacturing: SIC 28 Industrial Inorganic
2301010010 Industrial Processes Chemical Manufacturing: SIC 28 Industrial Inorganic
30100801 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Chloro-Alkali Production L
30100802 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Chloro-Alkali Production L
30100805 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Chloro-Alkali Production A
30100899 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Chloro-Alkali Production O
30101101 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Hydrochloric Acid Rotary K
30101199-30101203 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
30101206 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Hydrofluoric Acid Tail Gas
30101299 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Hydrofluoric Acid Other No
30102101 - 30102319 Chemical Manufacturing
30102322 Chemical Manufacturing Sulfuric Acid Contact Process Process Equipment L
30102399 Chemical Manufacturing Sulfuric Acid Contact Process Other Not Classifie
30103201-30103299 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Elemental Sulfur Production
30103501-30103553 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Inorganic Pigments
30103599-30103903 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
30107001 Chemical Manufacturing Inorganic Chem. Mfg. General Processes Fugitive L
30111201-30111401 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
Tier 2: 03 Polymer & Resin Mfg
2301030000 Industrial Processes Chemical Manufacturing: SIC 28
30101801-30101807 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Specific Products
30101809 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Specific Products Extruder
30101812-30101814 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Specific Products
30101817-30101820 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Specific Products
30101822-30101839 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Specific Products
30101842 - 30101863 Chemical Manufacturing
30101870-30101882 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
30101885 - 30101892 Chemical Manufacturing
30101899 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production General Processes Other Not C
30102401-30102424 Chemical Manufacturing Syn. Org. Fiber Mfg.
30102426 Chemical Manufacturing Syn. Org. Fiber Mfg. General Processes Equipment
30102499 - 30102611 Chemical Manufacturing
30102613 - 30102699 Chemical Manufacturing
Tier 2: 04 Agricultural Chemical Mfg
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-12 Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3. (continued)
30100305-30100399 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Ammonia Production
30101301-30101399 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Nitric Acid
30101601 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Phosphoric Acid: Wet Proces
30101603-30101799 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
30102701-30102708 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Ammonium Nitrate Production
30102710-30102801 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
30102806-30102820 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Normal Superphosphate
30102822-30102825 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Normal Superphosphate
30102906-30102920 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Triple Superphosphate
30102922-30103002 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
30103004-30103099 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Ammonium Phosphates
30103301-30103399 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Pesticides
30104001-30104006 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Urea Production
30104008-30104013 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Urea Production
30104501 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Organic Fertilizer General
30113004 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Ammonium Sulfate Rotary Dr
30113005 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Ammonium Sulfate Fluid Bed
Tier 2: 05 Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg
30101401-30101403 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Paint Manufacture
30101499-30101599 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
Tier 2: 06 Pharmaceutical Mfg
2301020000 Industrial Processes Chemical Manufacturing: SIC 28
30106001-30106009 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Pharmaceutical Preparations
30106011-30106099 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Pharmaceutical Preparations
Tier 2: 07 Other Chemical Mfg
30100501-30100507 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Carbon Black Production
30100509 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Carbon Black Production Fu
30100599 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Carbon Black Production Ot
30100701-30100799 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
30100901 - 30101014 Chemical Manufacturing
30101021 Chemical Manufacturing Explosives Trinitrotoluene Continuous Process: Ni
30101022 Chemical Manufacturing Explosives Trinitrotoluene Continuous Process: Ni
30101099 Chemical Manufacturing Explosives Trinitrotoluene Other Not Classified
30102001-30102099 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Printing Ink Manufacture
30104101-30104199 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Nitrocellulose
30105001 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Adhesives GENL/COMPND UNK*
30111103 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Asbestos Chemical BRAKE LI
30111199 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Asbestos Chemical NOT CLAS
30188801-30188805 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Fugitive Emissions Specify in Comments Field
30199998 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Other Not Classified Speci
30199999 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Other Not Classified Speci
Tier 1: 05 METALS PROCESSING
Tier 2: 01 Non-Ferrous Metals Processing
2304050000 Industrial Processes Secondary Metal Production: SIC 33 Nonferrous Foundr
30300001 Primary Metal Production Aluminum Ore Bauxite Crushing/Handling
30300002 Primary Metal Production Aluminum Ore Bauxite Drying Oven
30300101 - 30300201 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production
30300502-30300518 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Primary Copper Smelting
30300521-30300599 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Primary Copper Smelting
30301001-30301010 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Lead Production
30301014 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Lead Production Sinter
30301015 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Lead Production Sinter
30301017-30301025 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Lead Production
30301099-30301499 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production
30303002-30303008 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Zinc Production
30303010 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Zinc Production Sinter
30303011 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Zinc Production Zinc C
30303014-30303099 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Zinc Production
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-13 Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3. (continued)
30400101 - 30400299 Secondary Metal Production
30400401 - 30400699 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production
30400801 -30400899
30401001 - 30401099 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production Nickel Production
30404001 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production Lead Cable Coating
36000101 Printing and Publishing Typesetting Typesetting (Lead Remelting) Remelti
Tier 2: 02 Ferrous Metals Processing
2303020000 Industrial Processes Primary Metal Production: SIC 33 Iron & Steel Foundr
30300302-30300304 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production By-Product Coke Manufacturing
30300306-30300308 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production By-Product Coke Manufacturing
30300310-30300315 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production By-Product Coke Manufacturing
30300331 - 30300401 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production
30300601-30300611 Primary Metal Production Ferroalloy Open Furnace
30300615 - 30300802 Primary Metal Production
30300808 Primary Metal Production Iron Production Blast Furnace Slag Slag Crushin
30300813-30300819 Primary Metal Production Iron Production Sintering
30300824 - 30300826 Primary Metal Production Iron Production Blast Furnaces
30300899 - 30300914 Primary Metal Production
30300916-30300999 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Steel Production
30302301-30302303 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Taconite Iron Ore Processing
30302306 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Taconite Iron Ore Proce
30302308 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Taconite Iron Ore Proce
30302311-30302315 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Taconite Iron Ore Processing
30400301-30400355 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production Gray Iron Foundries
30400358-30400399 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production Gray Iron Foundries
30400701-30400720 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production Steel Foundries
30400722 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production Steel Foundries Mu
30400724 - 30400799 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production Steel Foundries
30400901 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production Malleable Iron Ann
30400999 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production Malleable Iron Oth
30405001 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production Miscellaneous Casti
30405099 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production Miscellaneous Casti
Tier 2: 03 Metals Processing NEC
2303000000 Industrial Processes Primary Metal Production: SIC 33 All Processes Tota
2304000000 Industrial Processes Secondary Metal Production: SIC 33 All Processes To
30302401-30302411 Primary Metal Production Metal Mining General Processes
30388801-30388805 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Fugitive Emissions Specify in Comments Field
30399999 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Productio
30402001 - 30402211 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production
30404901 - 30404999 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production Miscellaneous Casting and Fabricating Wax
Burnout Oven
30488801-30488805 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production Fugitive Emissions Specify in Comments Field
30499999 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Pro
Tier 1: 06 PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Tier 2: 01 Oil & Gas Production
2310000000 - 2310030000 Industrial Processes Oil & Gas Production: SIC 13
31000101 - 31000103 Oil and Gas Production Oil and Gas Production Crude Oil Production
31000199-31000204 Oil and Gas Production Oil and Gas Production
31000206-31000299 Oil and Gas Production Oil and Gas Production Natural Gas Production
31088801-31088805 Oil and Gas Production Oil and Gas Production Fugitive Emissions Specify in Comments Field
Tier 2: 02 Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
2306000000 Industrial Processes Petroleum Refining: SIC 29 All Processes Total
30600201-30600822 Petroleum Industry Petroleum Industry
30601001-30601599 Petroleum Industry Petroleum Industry
30610001-30699999 Petroleum Industry Petroleum Industry
Tier 2: 03 Asphalt Manufacturing
2306010000 Industrial Processes Petroleum Refining: SIC 29 Asphalt Paving/Roofing Ma
30500101 - 30500202 Mineral Products Mineral Products
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-14 Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3. (continued)
30500204 Mineral Products Mineral Products Asphaltic Concrete Cold Aggregate Hand
30500205 Mineral Products Mineral Products Asphaltic Concrete Drum Dryer: Hot Asp
30500211 Mineral Products Mineral Products Asphaltic Concrete Rotary Dryer-Conven
30500299 Mineral Products Mineral Products Asphaltic Concrete SEE COMMENT **
Tier 1: 07 OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Tier 2: 01 Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
2302000000 - 2302080000 Industrial Processes Food & Kindred Products: SIC 20
2801600000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Crops Country Grain E
30200101 - 30200504 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture
30200512-30200604 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture
30200611 - 30200705 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture
30200712 - 30200714 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Durum Milling
30200722 - 30200730 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture
30200732 - 30200734 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Wheat Milling
30200742 - 30200745 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Corn: Dry Milling
30200752 - 30200754 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Corn: Wet Milling
30200756 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Corn: Wet Milling Milling
30200760 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Oat Milling General
30200772 - 30200774 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Rice Milling
30200782 - 30200790 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Soybean Mills
30200799 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture NOT CLASSIFIED SEE COMMENTS **
30200801 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Barley Feed General**
30200804 - 30201919 Food and Agriculture
30201999 - 30203104 Food and Agriculture
30203201 - 30288805 Food and Agriculture
30299998 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Other Not Classified Other Not
30299999 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Other Not Classified Other Not
Tier 2: 02 Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
32099997-33088805
Tier 2: 03 Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
2307000000 Industrial Processes Wood Products: SIC 24 All Processes Total
2307020000 - 2307060000 Industrial Processes Wood Products: SIC 24
30700101 - 30702099 Pulp & Paper and Wood Products Pulp & Paper and Wood Products
30703003 - 30788898 Pulp & Paper and Wood Products Pulp & Paper and Wood Products
30799998 Pulp & Paper and Wood Products Pulp & Paper and Wood Products Other Not C
30799999 Pulp & Paper and Wood Products Pulp & Paper and Wood Products Other Not C
Tier 2: 04 Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
2308000000 Industrial Processes Rubber/Plastics: SIC 30 All Processes Total
30800101 -30800108 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Tire Manufacture
30800120 - 30800802 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products
30800901 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Rubber and Miscellaneous Plasti
30899999 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Rubber and Miscellaneous Plasti
Tier 2: 05 Mineral Products
2305000000 - 2305080000 Industrial Processes Mineral Processes: SIC 32
2325000000 - 2325050000 Industrial Processes Mining & Quarrying: SIC 14
30500301 Mineral Products Mineral Products Brick Manufacture Raw Material Drying
30500302 Mineral Products Mineral Products Brick Manufacture Raw Material Grindin
30500304 - 30500405 Mineral Products Mineral Products
30500499 - 30500606 Mineral Products Mineral Products
30500609-30500611 Mineral Products Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing: Dry Process
30500613 Mineral Products Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing: Dry Process Raw
30500614 Mineral Products Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing: Dry Process Clin
30500617 Mineral Products Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing: Dry Process Clin
30500699 Mineral Products Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing: Dry Process Othe
30500706 Mineral Products Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing: Wet Process Kiln
30500709-30500711 Mineral Products Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing: Wet Process
30500714 Mineral Products Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing: Wet Process Clin
30500717 Mineral Products Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing: Wet Process Clin
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-15
1985-1993 Methodology
Introduction
-------
30500799-30500802
30500810-30500904
30500907-30500909
30500915 -30501007
Table 4.1-3. (continued)
Mineral Products Mineral Products
Mineral Products Mineral Products
Mineral Products Mineral Products Clay & Fly Ash Sintering
Mineral Products
30501010
30501012
30501013
30501017
30501022
30501034
30501035
30501099
30501101
30501112
30501113
Mineral Products Coal Cleaning Material Handling Crushing
Mineral Products Coal Cleaning Material Handling Screening
Mineral Products Coal Cleaning Material Handling Air Tables
Mineral Products Coal Cleaning Material Handling Secondary Crushing
Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations Drilling/Bla
Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations Coal Seam: D
Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations Blasting: Co
Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations Other Not Cl
Mineral Products Mineral Products Concrete Batching General (Non-fugitiv
Mineral Products Mineral Products Concrete Batching Mixing: Wet
Mineral Products Mineral Products Concrete Batching Mixing: Dry
30501120 -30501215 Mineral Products
30501223 - 30501503 Mineral Products
30501505-30501507 Mineral Products Mineral Products Gypsum Manufacture
30501511-30501513 Mineral Products Mineral Products Gypsum Manufacture
30501515-30501517 Mineral Products Mineral Products Gypsum Manufacture
30501519-30501606 Mineral Products Mineral Products
30501609 Mineral Products Mineral Products Lime Manufacture Hydrator: Atmospheric
30501611 Mineral Products Mineral Products Lime Manufacture Prodcut Cooler
30501612 Mineral Products Mineral Products Lime Manufacture Pressure Hydrator
30501616-30501902 Mineral Products Mineral Products
Mineral Products Mineral Products
Mineral Products Mineral Products Stone Quarrying/Processing
Mineral Products Mineral Products
Mineral Products Mineral Products
Mineral Products Mineral Products
Mineral Products Mineral Products Asbestos Mining Overburden Stripping
Mineral Products Mineral Products Asbestos Mining Ventilation of Process
30501905 -30502006
30502008 -30502010
30502012-30502105
30502201 -30502501
30502508-30503103
30503108
30503109
30503199-30504010 Mineral Products Mineral Products
30504024 Mineral Products Mineral Products Mining & Quarrying of Nonmetallic Miner
30504030-30504034 Mineral Products Mineral Products Mining & Quarrying of Nonmetallic Minerals
30504099-30509101 Mineral Products Mineral Products
30515001-30588805 Mineral Products Mineral Products
30599999 Mineral Products Mineral Products Mineral Products: Other Not Classified
Tier 2: 06 Machinery Products
2309000000 - 2309100260 Industrial Processes Fabricated Metals: SIC 34
30900198 - 30988805 Fabricated Metal Products Fabricated Metal Products
30999997 - 30999999 Fabricated Metal Products Fabricated Metal Products Other Not Classified Other Not Classified
Tier 2: 07 Electronic Equipment
31399999 Electrical Equipment Electrical Equipment Other Not Classified Other Not
Tier 2: 08 Transportation Equipment
31400901 Transportation Equipment Transportation Equipment Automobiles/Truck Assem
31401101 -31499999 Transportation Equipment Transportation Equipment
Tier 2: 09 Construction
2311000020 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 All Processes Demolition
2311000030 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 All Processes Blasting
2311000080 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 All Processes Welding Ope
2311010020 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 General Building Construct
2311010030 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 General Building Construct
2311010080 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 General Building Construct
2311020020 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 Heavy Construction Demoli
2311020030 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 Heavy Construction Blasti
2311020080 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 Heavy Construction Weldin
2311030020 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 Road Construction Demolit
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-16
1985-1993 Methodology
Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3. (continued)
2311030030 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 Road Construction Blastin
2311030080 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 Road Construction Welding
2311040080 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 Special Trade Construction
31100199-31100202 Building Construction Building Construction
31100299 Building Construction Building Construction Construction: Special Trade C
Tier 2: 10 Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
2312000000 Industrial Processes Machinery: SIC 35 All Processes Total
2312050000 Industrial Processes Machinery: SIC 35 Metalworking Machinery: Tool & Die
2399000000 Industrial Processes Industrial Processes: NEC Industrial Processes: NEC
31299999 Machinery, Miscellaneous Machinery, Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Machinery
31501002 Photographic Equipment Photographic Equipment Photocopying Equipment Mfg.
31501003 Photographic Equipment Photographic Equipment Photocopying Equipment Mfg.
39999989 - 39999999 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries
Tier 1: 08 SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Tier 2: 01 Degreasing
2415000000-2415365999 Solvent Utilization Degreasing
40100201-40100399 Organic Solvent Evaporation Degreasing
40188801-40188898 Organic Solvent Evaporation Degreasing Fugitive Emissions Specify in Comments Field
Tier 2: 02 Graphic Arts
2425000000 - 2425040999 Solvent Utilization Graphic Arts
40500101-40500601 Printing/Publishing Printing Process
40500801-40588805 Printing/Publishing Printing Process
Tier 2: 03 Dry Cleaning
2420000000 - 2420020999 Solvent Utilization Dry Cleaning
40100101-40100199 Organic Solvent Evaporation Dry Cleaning Dry Cleaning
Tier 2: 04 Surface Coating
2401001000-2401990999 Solvent Utilization Surface Coating
2440020000 Solvent Utilization Miscellaneous Industrial Adhesive (Industrial) Applic
40200101 - 40200706 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Application - General
40200710 - 40200998 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40201101 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Fabric Coating Coa
40201103 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Fabric Coating Coa
40201105 -40201303 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40201305 -40201403 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40201405 -40201503 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40201505 -40201603 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40201605 -40201703 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40201705 -40201803 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40201805 -40201903 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40201999 - 40202003 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40202005 - 40202103 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40202105 - 40202203 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40202205 - 40202303 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40202305 - 40202403 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40202405 - 40202503 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40202505 - 40202603 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40202605 - 40288805 Surface Coating Operations
40299995 - 40299999 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating - Miscellaneous
Tier 2: 05 Other Industrial
2430000000 - 2440000999 Solvent Utilization
40100401 Organic Solvent Evaporation Degreasing Knit Fabric Scouring w/Chlorinate
40100499 Organic Solvent Evaporation Degreasing Knit Fabric Scouring w/Chlorinate
49000101-49000199 Organic Solvent Evaporation Miscellaneous Solvent Extraction Processes
49000202 Organic Solvent Evaporation Miscellaneous Waste Solvent Recovery Operatic
49000206 - 49000599 Organic Solvent Evaporation Miscellaneous
49099998 Organic Solvent Evaporation Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Volatile Organic
49099999 Organic Solvent Evaporation Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Volatile Organic
Tier 2: 06 Nonindustrial
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-17 Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3. (continued)
2460000000 - 2465900000 Solvent Utilization
Tier 2: 07 Solvent Utilization NEC
2495000000-2495000999 Solvent Utilization All Solvent User Categories All Processes
Tier 1: 09 STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Tier 2: 01 Bulk Terminals & Plants
2501050000 - 2501050900 Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage Bulk Stations/Terminals: Breathing Loss
40400101-40400271 Bulk Terminals/Plants Petroleum Storage Tanks
40400401-40400498 Bulk Terminals/Plants Petroleum Storage Tanks Underground Tanks
Tier 2: 02 Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
2275900000-2275900102 Mobile Sources Aircraft Refueling: All Fuels
2275900201 Mobile Sources Aircraft Refueling: All Fuels Underground Tank: Total
2501000000 - 2501010900 Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
2501060000 Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage Gasoline Servic
2501060200 Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage Gasoline Servic
2501070000 Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage Diesel Service
2501070200 Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage Diesel Service
2501995000 - 2501995180 Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage All Storage Types: Working Loss
31000104 Oil and Gas Production Oil and Gas Production Crude Oil Production Crude
31000105 Oil and Gas Production Oil and Gas Production Crude Oil Production Crude
40300101 - 40399999 Petroleum Product Storage (Refineries Oil and Gas Fie
40400301 - 40400305 Bulk Terminals/Plants Petroleum Storage Tanks Oil Field Storage of Crude Oil
Tier 2: 03 Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
2505000000 - 2505040180 Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
40600101 - 40600299 Transportation and Marketing of Petroleum Products
40688801 - 40688805 Transportation and Marketing of Petroleum Products Transportation and Marketing of Petroleum Products
Fugitive Emissions Specify in Comments Field
Tier 2: 04 Service Stations: Stage I
2501060050 - 2501060053 Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage Gasoline Service Stations
2501070050 - 2501070053 Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage Diesel Service Stations
40600301 - 40600399 Transportation and Marketing of Petroleum Products Gasoline Retail Operations Stage I
Tier 2: 05 Service Stations: Stage II
2501060100 - 2501060103 Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage Gasoline Service Stations
2501070100 - 2501070103 Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage Diesel Service Stations
40600401 - 40600499 Transportation and Marketing of Petroleum Products Filling Vehicle Gas Tanks Stage II
Tier 2: 06 Service Stations: Breathing & Emptying
2275900202 Mobile Sources Aircraft Refueling: All Fuels Underground Tank: Breathing
2501060201 Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage Gasoline Servic
2501070201 Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage Diesel Service
Tier 2: 07 Organic Chemical Storage
2510000000-2510995405 Storage & Transport Organic Chemical Storage
30100102 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Adipic Acid Raw Material S
30100106 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Adipic Acid Drying, Loadin
30100508 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Carbon Black Production Ba
30101404 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Paint Manufacture Raw Mate
30101602 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Phosphoric Acid: Wet Proces
30101808 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Specific Products Monomer and
30101810 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Specific Products Conveying
30101811 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Specific Products Storage
30101815 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Specific Products Pellet Silo
30101816 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Specific Products Transfering
30101821 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Specific Products Extruding/
30101840 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Specific Products Polyester/A
30101864 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Polyethylene Pellet Silo/S
30101865 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Polyethylene Transfering/
30101883 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Polyurethane Transfering/
30101893 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production General Processes Raw Materia
30101894 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production General Processes Solvent Sto
30102425 Chemical Manufacturing Syn. Org. Fiber Mfg. General Processes Fiber Stor
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-18 Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3. (continued)
30102427 Chemical Manufacturing Syn. Org. Fiber Mfg. General Processes Solvent St
30102612 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Synthetic Rubber (Manufactu
30102709 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Ammonium Nitrate Production
30103003 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Ammonium Phosphates Screen
30103105 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Terephthalic Acid/Dimethyl
30104007 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Urea Production Bulk Loadi
30106010 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Pharmaceutical Preparations
30130108 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Chlorobenzene DCB Crystal
30183001 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing General Processes Storage/
30201920 Food and Agriculture Veg. Oil Processing General Processes Solvent Stora
30800109 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Rubber and Miscellaneous Plasti
30800110 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Rubber and Miscellaneous Plasti
30800803 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Rubber and Miscellaneous Plasti
31501001 Photographic Equipment Photographic Equipment Photocopying Equipment Mfg.
40200707 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating App
40201104 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Fabric Coating Coa
40201304 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Paper Coating Coat
40201404 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating of
40201504 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Magnet Wire Surface
40201604 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating of
40201704 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Metal Can Coating
40201804 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Metal Coil Coating
40201904 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Wood Furniture Surf
40202004 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Metal Furniture Sur
40202104 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating of
40202204 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating of
40202304 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating of
40202404 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating of
40202504 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating of
40202604 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating of
40500701 Printing/Publishing Printing Process Printing Solvent Storage: General
40700401 - 40799998 Organic Chemical Storage
49000201 Organic Solvent Evaporation Miscellaneous Waste Solvent Recovery Operatic
49000204 Organic Solvent Evaporation Miscellaneous Waste Solvent Recovery Operatic
49000205 Organic Solvent Evaporation Miscellaneous Waste Solvent Recovery Operatic
Tier 2: 08 Organic Chemical Transport
2515000000 - 2515040405 Storage & Transport Organic Chemical Transport
30101866 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Polyethylene Packing/Shipp
30101884 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Polyurethane Packing/Shipp
40899995 - 40899999 Organic Chemical Transportation Organic Chemical Transportation Specify Liquid
Tier 2: 09 Inorganic Chemical Storage
2520000000 - 2520995040 Storage & Transport Inorganic Chemical Storage
30100804 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Chloro-Alkali Production C
30101198 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Hydrochloric Acid Handling
30101204 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Hydrofluoric Acid Fluorspa
30101205 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Hydrofluoric Acid Fluorspa
30102321 Chemical Manufacturing Sulfuric Acid Contact Process Storage Tank Vent
30102803-30102805 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Normal Superphosphate
30102821 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Normal Superphosphate Den
30102903-30102905 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Triple Superphosphate
30102921 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Triple Superphosphate Den
30103554 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Inorganic Pigments Conveyi
30104204 Chemical Manufacturing Lead Alkyl Mfg. Na/Pb Alloy Process Sludge Pits
30107002 Chemical Manufacturing Inorganic Chem. Mfg. General Processes Storage/Tr
30121010 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Caprolactum Ammonium Sulfa
30187001-30188599 Chemical Manufacturing Inorganic Chemical Storage
Tier 2: 10 Inorganic Chemical Transport
2525000000 - 2525040040 Storage & Transport Inorganic Chemical Transport
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-19
1985-1993 Methodology
Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3. (continued)
30100803 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Chloro-Alkali Production C
30102320 Chemical Manufacturing Sulfuric Acid Contact Process Tank Car and Truck
Tier 2: 11 Bulk Materials Storage
2530000000-2530050120 Storage & Transport Bulk Materials Storage
2650000004 Waste Disposal, Treatment, & Recovery Scrap & Waste Materials Scrap & Was
30200505-30200511 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Feed and Grain Terminal Elevators
30200605-30200610 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Feed and Grain Country Elevators
30200751 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Corn: Wet Milling Grain Receiv
30200755 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Corn: Wet Milling Bulk Loading
30200771 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Rice Milling Grain Receiving
30200781 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Soybean Mills Grain Receiving
30200791 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Soybean Mills Bulk Loading
30200802 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Feed Manufacture Grain Receivi
30200803 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Feed Manufacture Shipping
30203105-30203111 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Export Grain Elevators
30300003 Primary Metal Production Aluminum Ore Bauxite Fine Ore Storage
30300305 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production By-Product Coke Manufac
30300309 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production By-Product Coke Manufac
30300316 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production By-Product Coke Manufac
30300613 Primary Metal Production Ferroalloy Open Furnace Raw Material Storage
30300614 Primary Metal Production Ferroalloy Open Furnace Raw Material Transfer
30300804 Primary Metal Production Iron Production Blast Furnace Slag Loader: Hi-S
30300805 Primary Metal Production Iron Production Blast Furnace Slag Loader: Low-
30300809 - 30300812 Primary Metal Production Iron Production
30300820 - 30300823 Primary Metal Production Iron Production
30300827 Primary Metal Production Iron Production Blast Furnaces Lump Ore Unloadi
30300841 Primary Metal Production Iron Production Miscellaneous Matl. Handing Flu
30300842 Primary Metal Production Iron Production Miscellaneous Matl. Handing Ble
30300915 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Steel Production Hot M
30301011-30301013 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Lead Production
30301016 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Lead Production Sinter
30301026 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Lead Production Sinter
30302304 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Taconite Iron Ore Proce
30302305 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Taconite Iron Ore Proce
30302307 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Taconite Iron Ore Proce
30302309 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Taconite Iron Ore Proce
30302310 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Taconite Iron Ore Proce
30302316 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Taconite Iron Ore Proce
30303009 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Zinc Production Raw Ma
30303012 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Zinc Production Raw Ma
30400356 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production Gray Iron Foundries
30400357 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production Gray Iron Foundries
30400721 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production Steel Foundries Sa
30400723 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production Steel Foundries Co
30500203 Mineral Products Mineral Products Asphaltic Concrete Storage Piles
30500303 Mineral Products Mineral Products Brick Manufacture Storage of Raw Mater
30500406 Mineral Products Mineral Products Calcium Carbide Circular Charging: Co
30500607 Mineral Products Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing: Dry Process Raw
30500608 Mineral Products Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing: Dry Process Raw
30500612 Mineral Products Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing: Dry Process Raw
30500615 Mineral Products Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing: Dry Process Clin
30500616 Mineral Products Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing: Dry Process Clin
30500618 Mineral Products Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing: Dry Process Ceme
30500619 Mineral Products Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing: Dry Process Ceme
30500707 Mineral Products Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing: Wet Process Raw
30500708 Mineral Products Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing: Wet Process Raw
30500712 Mineral Products Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing: Wet Process Raw
30500715 Mineral Products Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing: Wet Process Clin
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-20
1985-1993 Methodology
Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3. (continued)
30500716 Mineral Products Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing: Wet Process Clin
30500718 Mineral Products Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing: Wet Process Ceme
30500719 Mineral Products Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing: Wet Process Ceme
30500803 Mineral Products Mineral Products Ceramic Clay Mfg. Storage
30500905 Mineral Products Mineral Products Clay & Fly Ash Sintering Raw Clay/ Sha
30500906 Mineral Products Mineral Products Clay & Fly Ash Sintering Raw Clay/Shal
30500910 Mineral Products Mineral Products Clay & Fly Ash Sintering Expanded Shal
30501008 Mineral Products Coal Cleaning Material Handling Unloading
30501009 Mineral Products Coal Cleaning Material Handling Raw Coal Storage
30501011 Mineral Products Coal Cleaning Material Handling Coal Transfer
30501014-30501016 Mineral Products Coal Cleaning Material Handling
30501021 Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations Overburden R
30501023 Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations Loading
30501030 Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations Topsoil Remo
30501032 Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations Topsoil Unlo
30501033 Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations Overburden
30501036-30501038 Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations
30501040-30501043 Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations
30501048 Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations Overburden R
30501106-30501111 Mineral Products Mineral Products Concrete Batching
30501114 Mineral Products Mineral Products Concrete Batching Transferring: Convey
30501115 Mineral Products Mineral Products Concrete Batching Storage: Bins/ Hoppe
30501221 Mineral Products Fiberglass Mfg. Raw Materials Handling Raw Material: Un
30501222 Mineral Products Fiberglass Mfg. Raw Materials Handling Raw Material: St
30501504 Mineral Products Mineral Products Gypsum Manufacture Conveying
30501508-30501510 Mineral Products Mineral Products Gypsum Manufacture
30501514 Mineral Products Mineral Products Gypsum Manufacture Storage Bins: Stucc
Mineral Products Mineral Products Gypsum Manufacture Mixers/Conveyors
Mineral Products Mineral Products Lime Manufacture Raw Material Transfer
Mineral Products Mineral Products Lime Manufacture Raw Material Unloadin
Mineral Products Mineral Products Lime Manufacture Raw Material Storage
30501518
30501607
30501608
30501610
30501613-30501615 Mineral Products Mineral Products Lime Manufacture
30501903
30501904
30502007
30502106
30502502
30502503
Mineral Products Mineral Products Phosphate Rock Transfer/Storage
Mineral Products Mineral Products Phosphate Rock Open Storage
Mineral Products Mineral Products Stone Quarrying/Processing Open Storag
Mineral Products Mineral Products Salt Mining Conveying
Mineral Products Mineral Products Sand/Gravel Aggregate Storage
Mineral Products Mineral Products Sand/Gravel Material Transfer and Conv
30502505 - 30502507 Mineral Products Mineral Products Sand/Gravel
30503104-30503107 Mineral Products Mineral Products Asbestos Mining
30503110 Mineral Products Mineral Products Asbestos Mining Stockpiling
30503111 Mineral Products Mineral Products Asbestos Mining Tailing Piles
30504020-30504023 Mineral Products Mineral Products Mining & Quarrying of Nonmetallic Minerals
30504025 Mineral Products Mineral Products Mining & Quarrying of Nonmetallic Miner
30504036 Mineral Products Mineral Products Mining & Quarrying of Nonmetallic Miner
30510001-30510599 Mineral Products Mineral Products
30703001 Pulp & Paper and Wood Products Pulp & Paper and Wood Products Miscellaneo
30703002 Pulp & Paper and Wood Products Pulp & Paper and Wood Products Miscellaneo
Tier 2: 12 Bulk Materials Transport
2535000000-2535030140 Storage & Transport Bulk Materials Transport
30200711 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Durum Milling Grain Receivin
30200721 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Rye Milling Grain Receiving
3020073 1 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Wheat Milling Grain Receiving
30200741 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Corn: Dry Milling Grain Receiv
30501044 Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations Train Loadin
31100203 Building Construction Building Construction Construction: Demolition of S
31100204 Building Construction Building Construction Construction: Demolition of S
Tier 1: 10 WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-21
1985-1993 Methodology
Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3. (continued)
Tier 2: 01 Incineration
2601000000 - 2601030000 Waste Disposal, Treatment, & Recovery On-Site Incineration
30101015 Chemical Manufacturing Explosives Trinitrotoluene Batch Process: Red Wat
30101023 Chemical Manufacturing Explosives Trinitrotoluene Continuous Process: Re
31307001 Electrical Equipment Electrical Equipment Electrical Windings Reclamation
31307002 Electrical Equipment Electrical Equipment Electrical Windings Reclamation
31401001 Transportation Equipment Transportation Equipment Brake Shoe Debonding S
31401002 Transportation Equipment Transportation Equipment Brake Shoe Debonding M
49000203 Organic Solvent Evaporation Miscellaneous Waste Solvent Recovery Operatic
50100101-50100103 Solid Waste Disposal Government Municipal Incineration
50100505-50100517 Solid Waste Disposal Government Other Incineration
50200101-50200105 Solid Waste Disposal Commercial/Institutional Incineration: General
50200301-50200507 Solid Waste Disposal Commercial/Institutional
50300101-50300109 Solid Waste Disposal Industrial Incineration
50300501 Solid Waste Disposal Industrial Incineration Hazardous Waste
50300506 Solid Waste Disposal Industrial Incineration Sludge
Tier 2: 02 Open Burning
2610000000 - 2610030000 Waste Disposal, Treatment, & Recovery Open Burning
50100201 Solid Waste Disposal Government Open Burning Dump General Refuse
50100202 Solid Waste Disposal Government Open Burning Dump Vegetation Only
50200201 Solid Waste Disposal Commercial/Institutional Open Burning Wood
50200202 Solid Waste Disposal Commercial/Institutional Open Burning Refuse
50300201-50300205 Solid Waste Disposal Industrial Open Burning
Tier 2: 03 POTW
2630000000 Waste Disposal, Treatment, & Recovery Wastewater Treatment All Categories
2630020000 Waste Disposal, Treatment, & Recovery Wastewater Treatment Public Owned
50100701-50100704 Solid Waste Disposal Government Sewage Treatment
Tier 2: 04 Industrial Waste Water
2630010000 Waste Disposal, Treatment, & Recovery Wastewater Treatment Industrial To
30182001-30182003 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing General Processes
Tier 2: 05 TSDF
2640000000 - 2640020004 Waste Disposal, Treatment, & Recovery TSDFs
50300801-50300899 Solid Waste Disposal Industrial Treatment, Storage, Disposal Facilities
Tier 2: 06 Landfills
2620000000 - 2620030000 Waste Disposal, Treatment, & Recovery Landfills
50100401 Solid Waste Disposal Government Landfill Dump Unpave Road Traffic
50200601 Solid Waste Disposal Commercial/Institutional Landfill Dump Waste Gas Fl
50200602 Solid Waste Disposal Commercial/Institutional Landfill Dump Municipal: F
50300601-50300603 Solid Waste Disposal Industrial Landfill Dump
Tier 2: 07 Other
2630030000 Waste Disposal, Treatment, & Recovery Wastewater Treatment Residential/Su
2650000000 - 2650000003 Waste Disposal, Treatment, & Recovery Scrap & Waste Materials Scrap & Waste Materials
2660000000 Waste Disposal, Treatment, & Recovery Leaking Underground Storage Tanks L
50100601-50100604 Solid Waste Disposal Government Fire Fighting
50200901 Solid Waste Disposal Commercial/Institutional Asbestos Removal General
50300701 Solid Waste Disposal Industrial Liquid Waste General
50300901 Solid Waste Disposal Industrial Asbestos Removal General
Tier 1:11 HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Tier 2: 01 Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
2201001000-2201001334 Mobile Sources Highway Vehicles - Gasoline Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles (LDGV)
2201080000-2201080334 Mobile Sources Highway Vehicles - Gasoline Motorcycles (MC)
Tier 2: 02 Light-Duty Gas Trucks
2201020000-2201060334 Mobile Sources Highway Vehicles - Gasoline
Tier 2: 03 Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
2201070000-2201070334 Mobile Sources Highway Vehicles - Gasoline (HDGV)
Tier 2: 04 Diesels
2230001000-2230070334 Mobile Sources Highway Vehicles - Diesel
Tier 1: 12 OFF-HIGHWAY
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-22 Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3. (continued)
Tier 2: 01 Non-Road Gasoline
2260000000 - 2265008010 Mobile Sources
2282005000 - 2282020025 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Recreational
Tier 2: 02 Non-Road Diesel
2270000000-2270008010 Mobile Sources Off-Highway Vehicle Diesel
Tier 2: 03 Aircraft
2275000000 - 2275070000 Mobile Sources Aircraft
Tier 2: 04 Marine Vessels
2280001000-2280004040 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial
2283000000 - 2283004020 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Military
Tier 2: 05 Railroads
2285002000-2285002010 Mobile Sources Railroads Diesel
Tier 1: 13 NATURAL SOURCES
Tier 2: 01 Biogenic
2701000000-2701480000 Natural Sources Biogenic
2740020000-2740040010 Natural Sources Miscellaneous
Tier 2: 02 Geogenic
2730001000-2730100001 Natural Sources Geogenic
Tier 2: 03 Miscellaneous
2740001000 Natural Sources Miscellaneous Lighting Total
Tier 1: 14 MISCELLANEOUS
Tier 2: 01 Agriculture & Forestry
2307010000 Industrial Processes Wood Products: SIC 24 Logging Operations Total
2801000001-2801000008 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Crops Agriculture - Crops
2805000000 - 2805015001 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Livestock
Tier 2: 02 Other Combustion
2801500000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Crops Agricultural Fi
2801520000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Crops Orchard Heaters
2810001000-2810050000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion
30101030 Chemical Manufacturing Explosives Trinitrotoluene Open Burning: Waste
Tier 2: 03 Catastrophic/Accidental Releases
2275900103 Mobile Sources Aircraft Refueling: All Fuels Spillage
2830000000 - 2830010000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Catastrophic/Accidential Releases
Tier 2: 04 Repair Shops
2840000000 - 2841010050 Miscellaneous Area Sources
Tier 2: 05 Health Services
2850000000 - 2850000030 Miscellaneous Area Sources Health Services Hospitals
31502001-31502089 Health Services Health Services Hospitals
Tier 2: 06 Cooling Towers
2820000000 - 2820020000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Cooling Towers
38500101-38500210 Cooling Tower Cooling Tower
Tier 2: 07 Fugitive Dust
2275085000 Mobile Sources Aircraft Unpaved Airstrips Total
2294000000 - 2296010000 Mobile Sources
2311000000 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 All Processes Total
2311000010 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 All Processes Land Cleari
2311000040 - 2311000070 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 All Processes
2311000100-2311010010 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17
2311010040-2311010070 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 General Building Construction
2311010100-2311020010 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17
2311020040-2311020070 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 Heavy Construction
2311020100-2311030010 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17
2311030040-2311030070 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 Road Construction
2311030100 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 Road Construction Wind Er
2311040000 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 Special Trade Construction
2311040100 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 Special Trade Construction
2650000005 Waste Disposal, Treatment, & Recovery Scrap & Waste Materials Scrap & Was
30300519 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Primary Copper Smelting
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-23 Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3. (continued)
30300831-30300834 Primary Metal Production Iron Production Fugitive Emissions: Roads
30302321 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Taconite Iron Ore Proce
30302322 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Taconite Iron Ore Proce
30501024 Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations Hauling
30501031 Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations Scrapers: Tr
30501039 Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations Hauling: Hau
30501045-30501047 Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations
30501049-30501090 Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations
30502011 Mineral Products Mineral Products Stone Quarrying/Processing Hauling
30502504 Mineral Products Mineral Products Sand/Gravel Hauling
31100101-31100103 Building Construction Building Construction Construction: Building Contractors
31100205 Building Construction Building Construction Construction: Demolition of S
31100206 Building Construction Building Construction Construction: Demolition of S
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-24 Introduction
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4.2 FUEL COMBUSTION - ELECTRIC UTILITY
The emissions from the combustion of fuel by electric utilities have been divided into two classifications:
(1) steam generated fossil-fuel units (boiler) and (2) nonsteam generated fossil-fuel units such as gas turbines
(GT) and internal combustion (1C) engines. Two very different methodologies have been used to estimate the
emissions for these two classes; each is described separately in this report. The fossil-fuel steam generated
methodology is described in this section; the GT and 1C methodology is described in section 4.3.
The emissions from fossil-fuel steam electric utility units for the years 1985 through 1992 have been based
on four basic factors: (1) fuel consumption, (2) emission factor, which relates the quantity of fuel consumed to
the quantity of pollutant emitted, (3) fuel characteristics, such as sulfur content, ash content, and heating value of
fuels, and (4) control efficiency, which indicates the amount of pollutant not removed through control methods.
The fuel consumption characteristics and control efficiencies were obtained at the boiler-level, while the
emission factors were specified at the SCC-level. The 1993 emissions were extrapolated from the 1992
boiler-level emissions based on the ratio of plant-level 1993 fuel consumption to 1992 fuel consumption.
It should be noted that these estimates do not include emissions from the combustion of anthracite coal
which accounts for a very small percentage (< 1 percent) of the overall emissions from fuel combustion by
fossil-fuel steam electric utility units.
4.2.1 1985-1992 Steam Electric Utility Emission Inventories
The Energy Information Administration (EIA) of the Department of Energy (DOE) collects monthly boiler-
level data on a yearly basis from Form EIA-767 (Steam-Electric Plant Operation and Design Report1). The
EIA also collects plant-level fossil-fuel steam data from all electric utility plants from Form EIA-759 (Monthly
Power Plant Report2). Currently, Form EIA-767 data are available for the years 1985 through 1992, while
Form EIA-759 data are available through the year 1993. The steam component of the emission inventories for
1985 through 1992 includes data derived from these two forms. These steam components only include boiler-
level data — not data for GT or 1C engines. (The latter account for a very small share of electric utility fuel use
and corresponding emissions and are included in the primarily industrial described in section 4.3.)
The steam emission inventory data for 1985 through 1992 are based on the aggregated monthly electric
utility steam boiler-level data from Form EIA-767. All plants of at least 10 megawatts (MW) that have at least
one operating boiler are required to provide this information to EIA, although the amount of data required from
plants with less than 100 MW of steam-electric generating capacity is much less. For plants with a nameplate
rating from 10 MW to less than 100 MW, only selected pages of the Form EIA-767 must be completed.
Stack and flue information is not required for these smaller plants.
4.2.1.1 Processing Computerized Raw Data
The basis for the fossil-fuel-fired steam electric utility component of the Emission Trends inventory is the
reported primary utility data collected by EIA. The data from these EIA forms are transferred to data tapes
that are not initially serviceable to the public. E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. (Pechan) has developed
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-25 Electric Utilities
-------
customized computer code to process these data and to account for the various characteristics of the data
tapes.
4.2.1.1.1 Form EIA-767 —
Form EIA-767 data are reported by the operating utility for each plant with fossil-fuel steam boilers of 10
MW or greater. The written form is designed so that information for each plant is reported on separate pages
that relate to different levels of data. The relevant data levels are as follows:
! Plant-level: One page for delineating the plant configuration, which establishes the number of boilers
and the IDs for each boiler, as well as the associated generators), flue gas desulfurization (FGD)
unit(s), flue(s) and stack(s). These do not necessarily have a one-to-one correspondence.
! Boiler-level: One page per boiler for monthly fuel consumption and quality data (for coal, oil, gas,
and other), one page for regulatory data, and one page for design parameters.
i
Generator-level: One page for data relating to up to five generators.
! FGD-level: One page for up to five FGD units for annual operating data and one page for each FGD
unit for design parameter data.
i
Flue- and stack-level: One page per flue-stack for design parameter data.
Processing Form EIA-767 is accomplished in a series of steps aimed at converting the computerized data
into data base form. Each "page" format is reproduced on the computer file exactly as it appears on the written
page of the form. The data from each "page" must be extracted from the computer file, associated with the
correct boiler, and combined with all corresponding data from the other pages for that boiler.
For example, fuel-related boiler data — monthly values for each fuel burned, along with the fuel's
associated sulfur, ash, and heat content — are reported on page six. These data must be aggregated for each
fuel in order to produce annual estimates for each boiler before they are combined with the other data (such as
control devices and efficiencies, plant location data, associated generator generation, and associated stack
parameters).
After Source Classification Codes (SCCs) are assigned to each reported fuel for each boiler within a
plant, the SCC-specific data are then separated so that each data base observation is on the plant-boiler-SCC
level.
4.2.1.1.2 FormEIA-759 —
Form EIA-759 data are also processed in a series of steps, using a less intricate method, since the data
for each plant are not reported at the boiler level, but instead are reported by prime mover (steam, hydro, 1C,
GT, combined cycle, for example) and fuel type.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-26 Electric Utilities
-------
For each plant-prime mover combination (in this case, for the steam prime mover), plant ID data, as well
as monthly fuel-specific generation and consumption data, are reported. The monthly plant steam prime mover
data are aggregated to annual estimates for each fuel (that has been categorized as coal, residual oil, distillate
oil, natural gas, or other) and combined to produce a single annual steam plant-level data observation.
These data were utilized to "grow" the 1992 fuel and emissions data for 1993, as described later in section
4.2.2.
4.2.1.2 Emissions Algorithms
Data that were not obtained directly from the computerized data files (or converted to other measurement
units) were developed by Pechan using algorithms that have been utilized since the 1980s. These variables
include heat input, pollutant emissions, NOX control efficiency, and SCC. Emission factors from AP-423 were
used in calculating emissions. The emission factor used depends upon the SCC and pollutant, as explained
below.
! The appropriate SCC is assigned to each fuel based on its characteristics. For coal, the SCC is
based on the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) criteria for moisture, mineral-free
matter basis (if greater than 11,500 Btu/lb, coal type is designated to be bituminous; if between 8,300
and 11,500 Btu/lb, coal type is designated to be subbituminous; and if less than 8,300 Btu/lb, coal
type is designated to be lignite) and the boiler type (firing configuration and bottom type) as specified
by AP-42. If both coal and oil were burned in the same boiler, it is assumed that the oil is distillate;
otherwise, it is assumed to be residual. Then, based on the fuel and boiler type, the SCC is assigned.
For natural gas, the SCC is based on fuel and boiler type. See Table 4.2-1 for a complete list of the
relationships among fuel type, firing type, bottom type, and SCC.
The control efficiencies for NOX and PM-10 were not available from the EIA-767 form. The following
explains how they were derived.
! NOX control efficiency is based on the assumption that the unit would be controlled so that its
emission rate would equal its limit, expressed on an annual equivalent basis. After calculating the heat
input, controlled emissions assuming compliance with the applicable standard is back-calculated.
After calculating the uncontrolled NOX emissions, the presumed net control efficiency is calculated.
! Since only TSP control efficiency is reported on Form EIA-767, the PM-10 Calculator4 was used
to derive PM-10 control efficiencies. (The PM-10 Calculator estimates PM-10 control efficiencies
based on the SCC and the primary and secondary control devices. The control efficiencies from the
PM-10 Calculator are based on data from AP-42 for specific SCCs where available.
The SO2 emissions were computed as controlled emissions assuming 100 percent rule effectiveness and
using the sulfur content of the fuel as specified in the EIA-767 data. The PM-10 emissions were computed as
controlled emissions assuming 100 percent rule effectiveness. The ash content of the fuel used to calculate
uncontrolled PM-10 emissions was also specified in the EIA-767 data. The NOX emissions were computed as
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-27 Electric Utilities
-------
controlled emissions assuming 80 percent rule effectiveness. The CO and VOC emissions were calculated as
uncontrolled emissions. The algorithms to compute controlled emissions are presented in Table 4.2-2.
Although Form EIA-767 data are collected from plants with a total plant capacity of at least 10 MW,
there are fewer required data elements (identification data, boiler fuel quantity and quality data, and FGD data,
if applicable) for those plants with a total capacity between 10 MW and 100 MW. Thus, missing values are
introduced in these situations. Because of time constraints, most data elements are not assigned a default value
other than zero. If variables for boiler firing and bottom type were missing (these are needed in the SCC
assignment) the default values for wall-fired and dry bottom type are assigned.
The 1985 fuel combustion, electric utility emissions reported in the National Air Pollutant Emission Trends,
1900-19935 report is based on the National Allowance Data Base Version 2.11,6 Acide Rain Division, U.S.
EPA, released on March 23, 1993. Allocations at the Tier 3 levels are approximations only and are based on
the methodology described in section 4.2.1.
4.2.2 1993 Steam Emission Inventory
The 1993 monthly computerized fossil-fuel plant-level data from Form EIA-759 are used in conjunction
with 1992 Form EIA-767 data to develop the 1993 steam emission inventory file, since the 1993 Form EIA-
767 data are not available. The data for the 1993 steam emission inventory are the same as those for the 1992
inventory, except that the fuel quantity and emissions variables are grown by a factor based on the ratio of the
1993 Form EIA-759 plant-level, fuel-specific data to the data for 1992.
Note that no new plants were added or subtracted from the 1992 steam inventory to produce the 1993
steam inventory. However, additional boilers were added or retired from the 1992 inventory that were
considered for the 1993 Form EIA-759 plant-level data. Although these boilers would not be physically
included in or excluded from the records in the 1993 steam inventory, their fuel data would be incorporated in
the growth ratios and would be reflected in the 1993 data for the other boilers in the plant. As a result, the
1993 figures should be considered to be preliminary estimates only.
4.2.3 Augmentation Process
The VOC emissions required an additional adjustment due to the underestimation of aldehydes which
occurred for the following SCCs: 10100401, 10100404, 10100501, 10100601, and 10100604. The VOC
emissions were augmented according to the methodology used in the Hydrocarbon Preprocessor (HCPREP)
of the Flexible Regional Emissions Data System (FREDS).7 This augmentation was performed on steam
emission inventory for the years 1985 through 1993.
4.2.4 References
1. "Monthly Power Plant Report," Form EIA-759, data files for 1990 - 1993, U.S. Department of Energy,
Energy Information Administration,Washington DC, 1994.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-28 Electric Utilities
-------
2. "Steam-Electric Plant Operation and Design Report," Form EIA-767, data files for 1985-1992, U.S.
Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, 1994.
3. " Supplement D to Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area
Sources," AP-42, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, September
1991.
4. Dean, T. A. and P. Carlson, PM-10 Controlled Emissions Calculator. E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc.
Contract No. 68-DO-0120 Work Assignment No. 11-81. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. April 27, 1993. (TTN CHIEF
BBS)
5. National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993, EPA-454/R-94-027. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1994.
6. The National Allowance Data Base Version 2.11: Technical Support Document, Acid Rain Division,
Office of Atmospheric Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, March 1993.
7. The Flexible Regional Emissions Data System (FREDS) Documentation for the 1985 NAPAP
Emission Inventory: Preparation for the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program.
Appendix A. EPA-600/9-89-047. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and
Development, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC. May
1989.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-29 Electric Utilities
-------
Table 4.2-1. Steam Electric Utility Unit Source Classification Code Relationships
Fossil-Fuel Firing Type
Coal
Bituminous No data
Wall*
Opposed
Tangential
Stoker
Cyclone
FlmdizedBed
Subbituminous No data
Wall
Opposed
Tangential
Stoker
Cyclone
Lignite No data
Wall
Opposed
Tangential
Stoker
Cyclone
Bottom Type
No data
Wet
Dry
No data
Wet
Dry
No data
Wet
Dry
No data
Wet
Dry
All
All
N/A
No data
Wet
Dry
No data
Wet
Dry
No data
Wet
Dry
No data
Wet
Dry
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
sec
10100202
10100201
10100202
10100202
10100201
10100202
10100202
10100201
10100202
10100212
10100201
10100212
10100204
10100203
10100217
10100222
10100221
10100222
10100222
10100221
10100222
10100222
10100221
10100222
10100226
10100221
10100226
10100224
10100223
10100301
10100301
10100301
10100302
10100306
10100303
(continued)
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-30
1985-1993 Methodology
Electric Utilities
-------
Table 4.2-1. (continued)
Fossil-Fuel
Residual Oil
Distillate Oil
Natural Gas
Firing Type
No data
Wall
Opposed
Tangential
Stoker
Cyclone
No data
Wall
Opposed
Tangential
Stoker
Cyclone
No data
Wall
Opposed
Tangential
Stoker
Cyclone
Bottom Type
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
sec
10100401
10100401
10100401
10100404
10100401
10100401
10100501
10100501
10100501
10100501
10100501
10100501
10100601
10100601
10100601
10100604
10100601
10100601
*Wall firing includes front, arch, concentric, rear, side, vertical, and duct burner firing.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-31
1985-1993 Methodology
Electric Utilities
-------
Table 4.2-2. Equations Used to Estimate Emissions from Electric Utility Boilers
ENOx,b ' FCh x EFN0^SCC x (1 • (RE^ • CEN0^h}) x UCF
EpM-W,b ' FCb x EFm.10fSCC x Af x (1 • CEm.loJ
Eso2,b ' FCh x EFs, ^ x Sf x (1 • CE^ b) x t/CF
EVOCorCO,b ' FCb X EF VOC or CO ,SCC X UCF
where: E = estimated emission (expressed in short tons)
FC = fuel consumption (expressed in unitf)
EF = emi ssion factor (expressed in Ib s SO2/unitf)
S = sulfur content (expressed as a decimal)
A = ash content (expressed as a decimal)
RE = rule effectiveness (expressed as a decimal)
CE = control efficiency (expressed as a decimal)
b = boiler
/ = fuel type (coal, oil, gas)
UCF = units conversion factor (1 ton/2000 Ibs)
unitcottl = tons burned
= 1000 gallons burned
unitgas = million cubic feet burned
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-32 Electric Utilities
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4.3 PRIMARILY INDUSTRIAL
The source categories falling under "Primarily Industrial" include the following Tier 1 and Tier 2 categories:
Tier 1 Category Tier 2 Category
FUEL COMBUSTION - INDUSTRIAL All
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MANUFACTURING All
METALS PROCESSING All
PETROLUEM & RELATED INDUSTRIES All
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES All
STORAGE & TRANSPORT All
FUEL COMBUSTION - ELECTRIC UTILITY Gas Turbines and Internal Combustion
PM-10 area source
WASTEDISPOSAL & RECYCLING All
MISCELLANEOUS Health Services
The 1990 emissions for these source categories were generated from both the nonutility point source and
nonsolvent area source portions of the 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory. These 1990 emissions served as
the base year from which the emissions for the years 1985 through 1989 and the years 1991 through 1993
were estimated. The emissions for the years 1985 through 1991 were estimated using historical data compiled
by the /Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA)1 or historic estimates of fuel consumption based on the
Department of Energy's (DOE) State Energy Data System (SEDS).2 The 1992 and 1993 emissions were
estimated using growth factors produced by the prereleased E-GAS, version 2.03.
4.3.1 Base Year Inventory
The 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory estimates for the point sources have been projected to the year
1990 based on the growth in BEA historic earnings for the appropriate state and industry1, as identified by the
2-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code. In order to remove the effects of inflation, the earnings
data were converted to 1982 constant dollars using the implicit price deflator for personal consumption
expenditures (PCE).4 State and SIC-level growth factors were calculated as the ratio of the 1990 earnings
data to the 1985 earning data. More details on growth indicators are presented in section 4.3.2.1.
The area source emissions from the 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory have been projected to the year
1990 based on BEA historic earnings data, BEA historic population data, DOE SEDS data, or other growth
indicators. The specific growth indicator was assigned based on the source category. The BEA earnings data
were converted to 1982 dollars as described above. The 1990 SEDS data were extrapolated from data for
the years 1985 through 1989. All growth factors were calculated as the ratio of the 1990 data to the 1985
data for the appropriate growth indicator. More details on growth indicators are presented in section 4.3.2.2.
When creating the 1990 emissions inventory, changes were made to emission factors, control efficiencies,
and emissions from the 1985 inventory for all sources. The PM-10 control efficiencies were obtained from the
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-33 Primarily Industrial
-------
PM-10 Calculator.5 In addition, rule effectiveness which was not applied in the 1985 NAPAP Emission
Inventory, was applied to the 1990 emissions estimated for the point sources. The CO, NOX, and VOC point
source controls were assumed to be 80 percent effective; PM-10 and SO2 controls were assumed to be 100
percent effective.
The 1990 emissions for CO, NOX, SO2, and VOC were calculated using the following steps:
(1) projected 1985 controlled emissions to 1990 using the appropriate growth factors, (2) calculated the
uncontrolled emissions using control efficiencies from the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory, and (3) calculated
the final 1990 controlled emissions using revised control efficiencies and the appropriate rule effectiveness. The
1990 PM-10 emissions were calculated using the TSP emissions from the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory.
The 1990 uncontrolled TSP emissions were estimated in the same manner as the other pollutants. From these
TSP emissions, the 1990 uncontrolled PM-10 estimates were calculated by applying SCC-specific
uncontrolled particle size distribution factors.6 The controlled PM-10 emissions were estimated in the same
manner as the other pollutants. Because the majority of area source emissions for all pollutants represented
uncontrolled emissions, the second and third steps were not required to estimate the 1990 area source
emissions.
4.3.1.1 Control Efficiency Revisions
In the 1985 NAPAP point source estimates, control efficiencies for VOC, NOX, CO, and SO2 sources in
Texas were judged to be too high for their process/control device combination. These high control efficiencies
occurred because Texas did not ask for control efficiency information, and simply applied the maximum
efficiency for the reported control device7. High control efficiencies lead to high future growth in modeling
scenarios based on uncontrolled emissions (which are based on the control efficiency and reported actual
emissions). High control efficiencies also lead to extreme increases in emissions when rule effectiveness is
incorporated.
Revised VOC control efficiencies were developed for Texas for the Emission Reduction and Cost
Analysis Model for VOC (ERCAM-VOC)8. For this analysis, revised efficiencies were also developed by
SCC and control device combination for NOX, SO2, and CO using engineering judgement. These revised
control efficiencies were applied to sources in Texas. A large number of point sources outside of Texas had
VOC and CO control efficiencies that were also judged to be too high. The VOC and CO control efficiencies
used for Texas were also applied to these sources.
Control efficiencies not applied in the 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory were incorporated in the data
files for VOC emissions from gasoline marketing (stage I and vehicle refueling) were incorporated in the data
files for VOC emissions from gasoline marketing (stage I and vehicle refueling) and bulk gasoline plants and
terminals, since many areas already have regulations in place for controlling stage I and stage n gasoline
marketing emissions. Many current State regulations require the use of Stage I controls (except at small volume
service stations) to reduce emissions by 95 percent. Emissions were revised to reflect these controls in areas
designated as having these requirements as part of their SIPs.9 Stage n vapor recovery systems are estimated
to reduce emissions by 84 percent.10 Stage n controls are already in place in the District of Columbia, in St.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-34 Primarily Industrial
-------
Louis, Missouri, and in parts of California. Stage II controls also reduce underground tank breathing/emptying
losses. Emissions in these area were revised to reflect these controls.
Gasoline bulk plants and terminals are covered by existing CTGs and are included in many State
regulations. Emissions were revised to reflect these controls in areas with regulation.9 Control efficiencies
assumed for these area source categories were 51 percent for gasoline bulk plants and terminals. NAPAP area
source estimates have control levels built into these emissions. These control levels were first backed out of the
emissions. In areas with no controls, the emissions remained at uncontrolled levels. In areas with regulation,
the uncontrolled emissions were reduced to reflect the above efficiencies.
4.3.1.2 Rule Effectiveness Assumptions
Controlled emissions for each inventory year were recalculated, assuming that reported VOC, NOX, and
CO controls were 80 percent effective. Sulfur dioxide and PM-10 controls were assumed to be 100 percent
effective. The 80 percent rule effectiveness assumption was judged to be unreasonable for several VOC and
CO source categories. The VOC rule effectiveness was changed to 100 percent for bulk storage tank sources
that had VOC control devices of 90, 91, or 92. These three codes represent conversion to variable vapor
space tank, conversion to floating roof tank, and conversion to pressurized tank, respectively. These controls
were judged to be irreversible process modifications (there are SCCs which represent these type of tanks), and
therefore 100 percent rule effectiveness was applied. VOC and CO rule effectiveness was changed to 100
percent for all Petroleum Industry - Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units (FCCs), SCC 30600201. AP-42 lists CO
waste heat boilers as a control for these units with both CO and hydrocarbon emissions reduced to negligible
levels. Since these boilers handle VOCs and CO as a fuel rather than as an emission, they are treated as a
process instead of as control device, and therefore ar not subject to rule effectiveness. Unfortunately, there is
no control device code for CO boilers in NAPAP. In order to implement this set of revisions, all FCCs were
assumed to have CO boilers. In addition, the CO rule effectiveness was changed to 100 percent for sources in
5 other SCCs that burn CO as a fuel. The CO rule effectiveness was also changed to 100 percent for sources
with In-Process Fuel Use SCCs. According to AP-42, there should be no CO emissions from these sources.
Emissions were not deleted from the inventory, however applying 80 percent rule effectiveness resulted in CO
emissions of up to 36,000 short tons from some In-Process Fuel Use sources. Changing the rule effectiveness
to 100 percent for sources in these SCCs retains the emissions, but at more reasonable levels. Table 4.3-1 lists
the SCCs for which the CO rule effectiveness was changed to 100 percent.
4.3.1.3 Emission Factor Changes
The VOC emission factors for vehicle refueling were updated to reflect changes in gasoline RVP. The
NAPAP gasoline marketing service station emissions were broken into two components — evaporative losses
from underground tanks (stage I) and stage n vehicle refueling (including spillage). The NAPAP emissions
were derived based on gasoline usage combined with the uncontrolled emissions factors from AP-42. These
emission factors are as follows:
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-35 Primarily Industrial
-------
Stage I: 7.3 lbs/1000 gallons
Stage II: 11.0 lbs/1000 gallons
Spillage: 0.7 lbs/1000 gallons.
These emission factors were used to calculate the fraction of total emissions attributable to each of the
components above. The total percentage is 38.4 percent for stage I emissions and 61.6 percent for stage n
emission, plus spillage.
The stage n emissions were also revised to reflect changes in emission factors. Stage n emission factors
are a function of gasoline RVP and temperature. Gasoline RVPs have lowered since 1985 in response to the
phase I and phase n RVP regulations. MOBILES was used to calculate stage n emission factors for five
sample states (Maryland, Illinois, New York, Texas, and North Carolina). Factors for each season were
calculated based on the seasonal RVP and temperature (see Tables 4.3-2 to 4.3-4) based on engineering
judgement. The national average annual factors for each inventory year are shown in Table 4.3-5. The 1987
value was used to estimate the 1985 and 1986 emissions. The 1992 and 1993 emissions used the 1990
emission factor.
In addition to updating the emission factor for stage n, underground tank breathing/emptying losses were
also added to the inventory. The AP-42 emission factor of 1.0 lbs/1000 gallons was used to estimate emissions
for each inventory year. Gasoline usage was back-calculated from the stage n VOC emissions and emission
factor.
4.3.1.4 Emissions Calculations
A three-step process was used to calculate emissions incorporating rule effectiveness. First, base year
controlled emissions are projected to the inventory year using the following formula:
CE, • CEBY • (CEBY x EG)
where: CE; = controlled emissions for inventory year i
CEBY = controlled emissions for base year
EG; = earnings growth for inventory year i
Earnings growth (EG) is calculated as:
EG,
where: DAT; = earnings data for inventory year i
DATBY = earnings data in the base year
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-36 Primarily Industrial
-------
Second, uncontrolled emissions in the inventory year are back-calculated from the controlled emissions based
on the control efficiency with the following formula:
CEt
UEf •
where: UE; = uncontrolled emissions for inventory year i
CE; = controlled emissions for inventory year i
CEFF = control efficiency (%)
Third, controlled emissions are recalculated incorporating rule effectiveness using the following formula:
CERf» UCt
where: CER; = controlled emissions incorporating rule effectiveness
UC; = uncontrolled emissions
REFF = rule effectiveness (%)
CEFF = control efficiency (%)
EF; = emission factor for inventory year
EFBY = emission factor for base year
In many cases, the PM-10 emissions calculated based on the particle size distribution and PM-10 control
efficiency was higher than the total suspended paniculate (TSP) emissions. The source problem is
inconsistency between the TSP control efficiencies from the 1985 NAPAP inventory and the control
efficiencies determined using the PM-10 calculator. This error may have been compounded in the following
steps with the values selected for particle size distribution and efficiency. In the instances where the controlled
PM-10 emissions were calculated to be higher than the controlled TSP emissions, the controlled PM-10
emissions were replaced with the controlled TSP emissions. The uncontrolled PM-10 was then recalculated
using the revised PM-10 emissions and the control efficiency from the PM-10 calculator. In other words, it is
assumed that in these instances, virtually all of the particles above 10 microns are being controlled and that
particles emitted after the control device are all particles of 10 microns or less.
The basis for replacing the PM-10 emissions with the TSP emissions in these cases is the assumption that
the controlled TSP emissions from the 1985 NAPAP inventory are the best data that are available as a
measure of point source paniculate emissions. If the assumption was that the uncontrolled emissions were the
best data available, then an adjustment to the TSP control efficiency (resulting in an increase to actual TSP
emissions) would be performed rather than replacing the PM-10 emissions.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-37 Primarily Industrial
-------
4.3.1.5 Revised Emissions
Hazardous waste Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility (TSDF) emissions were updated using a file
from EPA's Emission Standards Division (BSD), created in April 1989.lob This file provided estimates of
TSDF emissions with longitude and latitude as the geographical indicator for each facility. The longitude and
latitude were used to match each emission to the appropriate State and county.
Area source petroleum refinery fugitive emissions were re-estimated based on a revised estimate of
national petroleum refinery emissions. The national petroleum refinery emissions used to estimate area source
emission in the 1985 NAPAP is from the Emission Trends100 report. The emissions for blowdown systems
were revised to reflect the high level of control as shown in the point source inventory.
The area source petroleum refinery fugitive emissions were re-estimated using the revised national emission
total by applying the methodology used to develop the 1985 NAPAP estimate.lod Total county fugitive
petroleum refinery emissions were determined by distributing the revised Emission Trends estimate (excluding
process heaters and catalytic cracking units) based on 1985 county refinery capacity from the DOE Petroleum
Supply Annual.10e Refinery capacity from this publication was allocated to counties based on the designated
location of the refinery. The 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory was used to aid in the matching of refineries to
location.
Total area source petroleum refinery fugitive emissions were then estimated by subtracting the point source
emissions (SCCs 3-06-004 through 3-06-888) from the total county-level emissions. Negative values
(indicating higher point source emissions than the totals shown for the county), were re-allocated to counties
exhibiting positive emission values based on the proportion of total refinery capacity for each county to avoid
double-counting of emissions. This resulted in an estimate of 351 thousand short tons for 1985 compared with
the prior 1985 NAPAP estimate of 728 thousand short tons (area source refinery fugitives). This revised 1985
estimate was grown to the inventory years, as described in section 4.3.2.1.
The SO2 emissions for 1987 through 1993 were adjusted to correct for the permanent closing of the
Phelps Dodge copper smelter in Arizona in January of 1987. This adjustment was made by subtracting the
1985 emissions for State=04, County=003, and NEDS ID =0013 from the inventory for 1987 through 1993.
4.3.2 Emissions, 1985 to 1991
As explained in section 4.3.1.3, the 1990 controlled emissions were projected from the 1985 NAPAP
Emissions Inventory using equations 1 through 4. For all other years (1985 to 1989 & 1991) the emissions
were projected from the 1990 emissions using equations 1 and 2. Therefore the 1985 emissions estimated by
this method do not match the 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory due to the changes made in control
efficiencies and emission factors and the addition of rule effectiveness when creating the 1990 base year
inventory. For refueling sources the emissions were adjusted to account for the updated emission factors for all
years as described in section 4.3.1.3.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-38 Primarily Industrial
-------
4.3.2.1 Point Source Growth
The changes in the point source emissions were equated with the changes in historic earnings by state and
industry. Emissions from each point source in the 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory were projected to the
years 1985 through 1991 based on the growth in earnings by industry (2-digit SIC code). Historical earnings
data from BEA's Table SA-51 were used to represent growth in earnings from 1985 through 1990. (Earnings
data from a different BEA source, Table SQ-5 discussed below, were used to estimate 1991 emissions.)
Table SA-5 historical annual earnings data are by state and industry.
The 1985 through 1990 earnings data in Table SA-5 are in nominal dollars. In order to be used to
estimate growth, these values were converted to constant dollars to remove the effects of inflation. Earnings
data for each year were converted to 1982 constant dollars using the implicit price deflator for personal
consumption expenditures (PCE).4 The PCE deflators used to convert each year's earnings data to 1982
dollars are:
Year 1982 PCE Deflator
1985 111.6
1987 114.3
1988 124.2
1989 129.6
1990 136.4
Several BEA categories did not contain a complete time series of data for the years 1985 through 1990.
Because the SA-5 data must contain 1985 earnings and earnings for each inventory year (1985 through 1990)
to be useful for estimating growth, a log linear regression equation was used to fill in missing data elements
where possible. This regression procedure was performed on all categories that were missing at least one data
point and which contained at least three data points in the time series.
Each record in the point source inventory was matched to the BEA earnings data based on the state and
the 2-digit SIC. Table 4.3.6 shows the BEA earnings category used to project growth for each of the 2-digit
SICs found in the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory. No growth in emissions was assumed for all point
sources for which the matching BEA earnings data were not complete. Table 4.3.6 also shows the national
average growth and earnings by industry from Table SA-5.
At the time the Emission Trends Inventory was compiled, 1991 BEA earnings data were not available in
Table SA-5. Earnings data from BEA Table SQ-511 were used to estimate emissions for 1991. Table SQ-5
contains historical quarterly earnings data by state and 1-digit SIC. These data were converted to an annual
constant dollars basis.
The 1991 quarterly earnings data were first summed to compute annual totals. Because the PCE deflator
used to convert to constant 1982 dollars was not available for 1991, a 1987 PCE deflator11 was used to
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-39 Primarily Industrial
-------
convert the 1990 and 1991 earnings data from Table SQ-5 to a 1987 constant dollar basis. The PCE deflators
are as follows:
Year 1987 PCE Deflator
1990 114.7
1991 119.3
The 1991 inventory was then developed by growing the 1990 inventory based on the changes in State industry
earnings (by 1-digit SIC) from 1990 to 1991. National average growth in earnings by industry is shown below
in Table 4.3-7.
4.3.2.2 Area Source Growth
Emissions from the 1985 NAPAP Inventory were grown to the Emission Trends years based on historical
BEA earnings data (section 4.3.2.1), historical estimates of fuel consumption2, or other category-specific
growth indicators. Table 4.3-8 shows the growth indicators used for each area source by NAPAP category.
The SEDS data2 were used as an indicator of emissions growth for the area source fuel combustion
categories and for the gasoline marketing categories shown in Table 4.3-9. (SEDS reports fuel consumption by
sector and fuel type.) Since fuel consumption is the activity level used to estimate emissions for these
categories, fuel consumption is a more accurate predictor of changes in emissions, compared to other surrogate
indicators such as earnings or population. SEDS fuel consumption data were available through 1989. The
1990 and 1991 values were extrapolated from the 1985 through 1989 data using a log linear regression
technique. In addition to projecting 1990 and 1991 data for all fuel consumption categories, the regression
procedure was used to fill in missing data points for fuel consumption categories if at least three data points in
the time series (1985 to 1989) were available. A summary of SEDS national fuel consumption by fuel and
sector can be found in Table 4.3-9.
The last step in the creation of the area source inventory was the matching of NAPAP categories to the
new AMS categories. This matching is provided in Table 4.3-10. Note that there is not always a one-to-one
correspondence between NAPAP and AMS categories. For example, the gasoline marketing NAPAP
category was split into two separate AMS categories representing Stage I and Stage n emissions. In addition,
three NAPAP SCCs are not included in the AMS system of codes. Therefore, AMS codes were created for
process emissions from pharmaceutical manufacture and synthetic fiber manufacture and for SOCMI fugitive
emissions.
4.3.3 Emissions, 1992 and 1993
The 1992 and 1993 emissions for all pollutants were estimated by applying growth factors to the 1990
emissions using a modified version of equation 1. The growth factors were obtained from the prereleased
E-GAS, version 2.O.3 The E-GAS generates growth factors at the SCC-level for counties representative of all
counties within each ozone nonattainment area classified as serious and above and for counties representative of
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-40 Primarily Industrial
-------
all counties within both the attainment portions and the marginal and moderate nonattainment areas within each
state. The appropriate growth factors were applied by county and SCC to the 1990 emissions as shown by the
following equation:
Emissions (camtytSCCtyear) • Growth (county^cc^ear) x Emissions (camtyJiCCiVm)
There are approximately 150 representative counties in E-GAS and 2000 SCCs present in the base year
inventory. This yields a matrix of 300,000 growth factors generated to determine a single year's inventory. To
list all combinations would be inappropriate.
4.3.4 References
1. Table SA-5—Total Personal Income by Major Sources 1969-1990. Data files. Bureau of
Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. 1991.
2. " State Energy Data Report — Consumption Estimates 1960-1989," DOE/EIA-0214(89), U. S.
Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, May 1991.
3. Economic Growth Analysis System: User's Guide, Version 2.0. EPA-600/R-94-139b. Joint
Emissions Inventory Oversight Group, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
NC. August 1994.
4. Survey of Current Business. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC. 1988, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991.
5. Dean, T. A. and P. Carlson, PM-10 Controlled Emissions Calculator. E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc.
Contract No. 68-DO-0120 Work Assignment No. U-81. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. April 27, 1993. (TTN CHIEF
BBS)
6. Barnard, W.R., and P. Carlson, "PM-10 Emission Calculation, Tables 1 and 4" E.H. Pechan &
Associates, Inc. Contract No. 68-DO-1020, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Emission Factor
and Methodologies Section. June 1992.
7. Gill, W., Texas Air Control Board personal communication with D. Solomon, April 23, 1992
8. E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., "National Assessment of VOC, CO, and NOX Controls, Emissions,
and Costs," prepared for Office of Policy Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, September 1988.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-41 Primarily Industrial
-------
9. Battye,W., Alliance Technologies Corporation, Chapel Hill, NC, "Ozone Cost Study Files,"
memorandum and computer files to Jim Wilson, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., April 3, 1987.
10. Shedd, S., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
personal communication, November 13, 1991.
lOb. TSDF Inventory File, computer file transferred to E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., from Emission
Standards Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, via Alliance Technologies, Research
Triangle Park, NC, April 1989.
lOc. "National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1940-1985," U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1986.
lOd. "Area Source Documentation for the 1985 National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Inventory,"
EPA-600/8-88-106, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1988.
lOe. "1985 Petroleum Supply Annual," DOE/EIA-0340, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information
Administration, Office of Oil and Gas, Washington, DC, May 1986.
11. Table SQ-5 — Quarterly State Personal Income 1987: I - 1991: IV. Data files. Bureau of
Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. 1992.
12. "Climatology of the United States," No. 81, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
September 1982.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-42 Primarily Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-1. SCCs With 100 Percent CO Rule Effectiveness
sec
Process
30300801 Primary Metals Production - Iron Production - Blast Furnaces
30300913 Primary Metals Production -Steel Production - Basic Oxygen Furnace: Open Hood-Stack
30300914 Primary Metals Production -Steel Production - Basic Oxygen Furnace: Closed Hood-Stack
30500401 Mineral Products - Calcium Carbide - Electric Furnace (Hoods and Main Stack)
30600201 Petroleum Industry - Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units
31000205 Oil and Gas Production - Natural Gas Production - Flares
31000299 Oil and Gas Production - Natural Gas Production - Other Not Classified
39000689 In-Process Fuel Use - Natural Gas - General
39000797 In-Process Fuel Use - Process Gas - General
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-43
1985-1993 Methodology
Primarily Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-2. July RVPs Used to Model Motor Vehicle Emission Factors
State Reid Vapor Pressure (psi)
State
AL
AZ
AR
CA
CO
CT
DE
DC
FL
GA
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MI
MN
MS
MO
MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
OR
PA
RI
sc
SD
TN
IX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
WI
WY
1987
10.8
8.6
10.2
8.6
9.7
10.9
11.3
11.0
10.2
10.5
10.1
11.1
11.6
10.5
9.8
11.3
10.4
10.8
11.2
10.8
11.7
10.5
10.2
10.0
9.3
10.2
8.6
10.8
11.3
9.0
11.2
10.5
10.5
11.6
9.9
9.7
11.4
10.8
10.5
10.5
10.4
9.8
9.7
10.8
10.9
10.8
11.4
11.4
9.5
1988
10.9
8.3
9.8
8.5
9.4
11.0
10.8
10.8
10.5
10.7
9.9
10.6
11.1
10.3
9.6
10.9
11.0
11.0
10.8
11.0
11.0
10.3
9.8
9.7
9.5
9.9
8.5
11.0
10.9
8.5
11.0
10.7
10.3
11.4
9.7
9.4
10.9
11.0
10.7
10.3
10.5
9.6
9.4
11.0
10.8
10.2
11.2
10.9
9.4
1989
8.9
8.2
9.4
8.4
8.7
8.6
9.2
9.1
9.0
8.6
9.5
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.1
9.5
8.6
8.6
9.1
8.6
9.8
9.7
9.4
9.3
9.3
9.4
8.3
8.6
9.0
8.2
8.7
8.6
9.7
9.8
8.7
9.1
9.3
8.6
8.6
9.7
8.8
8.4
8.7
8.6
9.0
9.7
9.6
9.6
9.0
1990
8.5
8.1
8.7
8.1
8.3
8.3
8.4
8.2
9.1
8.5
9.1
8.6
8.7
9.6
8.5
8.7
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
9.1
9.6
8.7
8.6
8.6
9.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.1
8.3
8.5
9.6
9.6
8.2
8.9
8.6
8.3
8.5
9.6
8.5
8.0
8.3
8.3
8.3
9.6
9.1
8.8
8.4
1991
8.5
8.2
8.5
8.2
8.4
8.3
8.3
8.1
9.1
8.3
9.4
8.8
9.0
9.8
8.6
8.8
8.4
8.3
8.2
8.3
9.3
9.8
8.5
8.6
9.2
9.2
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.1
8.4
8.3
9.8
9.7
8.4
9.0
8.5
8.3
8.3
9.8
8.3
8.2
8.4
8.3
8.1
9.7
9.1
9.0
8.8
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-44 Primarily Industrial
-------
Source: Developed from July MVMA Fuel Volatility Surveys
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-45 Primarily Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-3. 1990 Seasonal RVP (psi) by State
State
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
AL
AZ
AR
CA
CO
CT
DE
DC
FL
GA
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MI
MN
MS
MO
MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
OR
PA
RI
sc
SD
TN
IX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
WI
WY
Source:
12.8
10.1
13.4
12.3
11.5
13.2
13.9
12.2
11.9
12.5
12.5
13.7
13.8
13.4
12.5
12.9
12.2
13.1
13.4
13.1
13.8
13.4
13.4
12.4
13.1
13.0
10.9
13.1
13.8
11.6
13.4
12.5
13.4
13.9
13.1
12.4
13.9
13.1
12.5
13.0
12.7
12.4
11.5
13.1
12.1
13.6
13.5
13.7
12.2
Based on RVPs
10.3
8.5
10.7
10.1
9.6
10.2
10.5
9.1
9.1
10.2
10.5
10.5
10.6
11.2
9.5
9.6
10.0
10.1
10.2
10.1
10.9
11.0
10.7
10.7
10.1
10.5
8.8
10.1
10.5
9.0
10.2
11.0
11.8
11.2
9.6
10.4
10.6
10.1
11.0
10.9
11.1
9.9
10.0
10.1
9.1
11.1
10.8
10.7
9.8
from the January and
9.1
8.1
8.7
8.1
8.5
8.3
8.4
8.2
9.1
9.1
9.1
8.6
8.7
10.0
8.5
8.7
8.9
8.3
8.3
8.3
9.1
9.6
9.4
8.6
8.6
9.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.1
8.3
9.1
9.6
9.6
8.2
8.8
8.6
8.3
9.1
9.6
9.1
8.0
8.5
8.3
8.2
9.6
9.1
8.8
8.4
July MVMA Fuel Volatility Surveys
9.7
8.3
10.9
8.7
9.3
10.2
9.4
9.1
9.1
9.6
9.5
9.6
9.7
11.2
9.0
9.6
9.4
10.1
9.3
10.1
10.9
10.3
10.0
10.2
10.1
9.5
8.5
10.1
10.5
9.3
10.2
10.4
10.9
10.4
8.9
9.6
10.6
10.1
10.4
10.0
10.5
8.6
9.3
10.1
9.1
10.4
9.9
9.7
8.8
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-46
1985-1993 Methodology
Primarily Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-4. Seasonal Maximum and Minimum Temperatures (°F) by State
Winter
State
AL
AK
AZ
AR
CA
CO
CT
DE
DC
FL
GA
HI
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MI
MN
MS
MO
MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
OR
PA
RI
sc
SD
TN
IX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
WI
WY
U.S. NOAA
Min
42
20
41
32
45
18
19
25
29
52
34
66
25
17
21
15
23
27
44
14
26
25
14
5
36
22
14
15
21
12
25
24
21
32
1
22
28
35
24
22
34
7
31
37
22
11
31
30
26
15
17
"Climatoloj
Max
62
31
67
53
61
45
36
42
45
72
54
81
40
33
37
31
44
44
64
33
43
38
30
24
59
40
33
35
47
33
43
49
36
54
23
38
50
47
39
38
58
27
50
61
40
28
49
42
44
29
40
iy of the United
Spring
Min
57
32
54
50
50
34
38
42
47
62
50
69
37
39
41
39
44
45
59
33
43
41
33
32
53
44
31
40
31
32
41
40
39
48
30
40
48
42
41
38
51
34
50
54
37
33
47
39
43
35
30
States", 198212.
Summer Fall
Max
78
46
83
73
67
61
59
62
66
77
72
83
61
59
62
59
67
66
78
52
64
56
53
51
77
65
54
62
64
56
61
70
57
72
53
61
71
61
61
57
76
56
71
78
62
52
68
57
66
53
54
Min
72
46
76
70
59
56
60
64
68
73
68
73
56
62
63
64
68
66
73
55
65
63
55
56
70
66
52
64
45
54
62
62
61
67
54
61
69
55
62
61
69
59
69
71
58
56
67
53
62
59
52
Max
91
63
103
92
78
85
83
84
86
89
87
87
86
83
84
84
91
86
90
76
85
79
77
78
92
87
80
86
87
80
82
91
81
88
82
82
91
77
83
80
91
84
89
95
89
78
86
76
84
78
80
Min
58
36
59
51
54
37
42
47
51
65
52
71
39
43
44
42
47
47
60
38
47
48
39
36
53
52
35
42
31
36
46
43
45
51
31
44
50
45
45
44
52
36
51
55
40
39
51
41
45
41
34
Max
79
47
86
75
73
66
63
66
69
82
73
86
64
63
65
63
69
68
79
59
68
62
57
54
78
67
58
65
69
60
66
71
62
73
57
64
73
64
65
63
76
60
73
79
66
57
71
59
67
59
60
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-47
1985-1993 Methodology
Primarily Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-5. Average Annual Service Station Stage n VOC Emission Factors
Emission Factor
Year grams/gallon lbs/1,000 gallons
1985 4.6 10.0
1986 4.6 10.0
1987 4.6 10.0
1988 4.6 10.0
1989 3.9 8.5
1990 3.6 8.0
1991 3.6 8.0
1992 3.6 8.0
1993 3.6 8.0
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-48 Primarily Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-6. Bureau of Economic Analysis's SA-5 National Changes in Earnings by Industry
Percent Growth from:
Industry
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry,
fisheries, and other
Coal mining
Metal mining
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels
Construction
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Tobacco manufactures
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products
Leather and leather products
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products
Machinery, except electrical
Electric and electronic equipment
Transportation equipment, excluding
motor vehicles
Motor vehicles and equipment
Stone, clay, and glass products
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing
industries
Railroad transportation
Trucking and warehousing
Water transportation
Local and interurban passenger transit
Transportation by air
Pipelines, except natural gas
Transportation services
Communication
Electric, gas, and sanitary services
SIC
01,02
07, 08, 09
11
10
14
15
20
22
23
26
27
28
29
21
30
31
24
25
33
34
35
36
37
371
32
38
39
40
42
44
41
45
46
47
48
49
1985 to 1987
14.67
23.58
-17.46
-3.03
2.33
7.27
1.67
8.50
-1.72
2.62
7.44
1.75
-10.82
-1.97
5.27
-9.39
10.03
6.82
-9.09
-4.72
-5.72
-3.17
8.44
-6.45
-0.23
-0.04
1.84
-14.13
5.63
-8.92
13.45
12.01
-5.21
15.92
1.94
0.07
1987 to 1988
-2.73
5.43
-6.37
18.01
3.74
4.81
1.34
-0.64
1.25
0.94
5.67
6.94
-3.22
2.43
5.51
-1.64
5.15
2.35
5.32
2.55
6.02
-18.01
-1.57
2.20
-1.61
60.65
6.92
-2.53
3.26
0.07
0.51
4.63
3.67
8.52
0.68
3.05
1988 to 1989
14.58
1.01
-4.16
8.94
-2.79
-1.36
-1.20
-1.39
-1.62
-0.14
-0.81
0.32
-3.02
-2.43
0.68
-3.58
-3.54
-1.46
-0.34
-0.86
-0.32
-1.91
0.55
-2.96
-1.96
-0.82
-2.21
-3.83
-0.20
-1.02
2.14
4.94
-4.93
4.60
-2.81
0.63
1989 to 1990
-3.11
2.48
4.73
4.56
-0.45
-3.80
-0.24
-4.97
-4.22
-0.39
0.43
1.61
1.06
-5.01
-0.14
-2.55
-3.71
-2.98
-3.03
-1.91
-1.92
-3.22
-1.07
-5.43
-3.19
-2.91
-2.54
-6.03
0.99
2.83
1.44
4.36
3.53
4.97
2.07
0.39
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-49
1985-1993 Methodology
Primarily Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-7. BEA SQ-5 National Growth In Earnings By Industry
Percent
Growth from
Industry 1990 to 1991
Farm -18.38
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other -5.06
Coal mining -0.75
Construction -10.37
Manufacturing -3.01
Nondurable goods -0.89
Durable goods -4.30
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-50 Primarily Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-8. Area Source Growth Indicators
NAPAP
SCC Category Description
Data
Source
Growth Indicator
13 Industrial Fuel - Anthracite Coal SEDS
14 Industrial Fuel - Bituminous Coal SEDS
15 Industrial Fuel - Coke BEA
16 Industrial Fuel - Distillate Oil SEDS
17 Industrial Fuel -Residual Oil SEDS
18 Industrial Fuel -Natural Gas SEDS
19 Industrial Fuel - Wood BEA
20 Industrial Fuel - Process Gas SEDS
21 On-Site Incineration - Residential BEA
22 On-Site Incineration - Industrial BEA
23 On-Site Incineration-Commercial/Institutional BEA
24 Open Burning - Residential BEA
25 Open Burning - Industrial BEA
26 Open Burning - Commercial/Institutional BEA
54 Gasoline Marketed SEDS
63 Frost Control - Orchard Heaters BEA
99 Minor Point Sources BEA
100 Publicly Owned Treatment Works BEA
102 Fugitive Emissions From Synthetic Organic BEA
Chemical Manufacturing
103 Bulk Terminal and Bulk Plants BEA
104 Fugitive Emissions From Petroleum Refinery
105 Process Emissions From Bakeries BEA
106 Process Emissions From Pharmaceutical BEA
Manufacturing
107 Process Emissions From Synthetic Fiber BEA
Manufacturing
108 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production Fields BEA
109 Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal BEA
Facilities (TSDFs)
Ind - Anthracite
Ind - Bituminous
Total Manufacturing
Ind - Distillate oil
Ind - Residual oil
Ind - Natural gas
Total Manufacturing
Ind-LPG
Population
Total Manufacturing
Services
Population
Total Manufacturing
Services
Trans - Motor gasoline
Farm
Population
Electric, Gas, and Sanitary Services
Mfg - Chemicals and Allied Products
Trucking and Warehousing
Refinery operating cap
Mfg - Food and Kindred Products
Mfg - Chemicals and Allied Products
Mfg - Textile Mill Products
Oil and Gas Extraction
Total Manufacturing
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-51
1985-1993 Methodology
Primarily Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-9. SEDS National Fuel Consumption
Category
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
Anthracite Coal (thousand short tons)
Industrial 575 470 437
Bituminous Coal (thousand short tons)
Industrial 115,854 111,119 111,695
Distillate Fuel (thousand barrels)
Industrial 203,659 206,108 210,699
Liquefied Petroleum Gases (thousand barrels)
Industrial 437,964 411,451 447,120
Motor Gasoline (thousand barrels)
Transportation 2,433,592 2,507,936 2,570,047
All Sectors 2,493,361 2,567,436 2,630,089
Natural Gas (million cubic feet)
Industrial 6,867 6,502 7,103
Residual Fuel (thousand barrels)
Industrial 120,002 132,249 107,116
434
392
117,729 117,112
453,599 441,784
387
385
118,322 120,414
209,553 197,035 205,856 208,503
457,013 473,897
2,627,331 2,617,450 2,703,666 2,758,444
2,685,145 2,674,669 2,760,414 2,814,398
7,479 7,887 8,120 8,495
105,448 95,646 118,122 158,077
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-52
1985-1993 Methodology
Primarily Industrial
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Table 4.3-10. AMS to NAPAP Source Category Correspondence
AMS
NAPAP
SCC
Category
SCC
Category
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
2102001000 Industrial - Anthracite Coal (Total: All Boiler
Types)
2102002000 Industrial - Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal
(Total: All Boiler Types)
2102004000 Industrial - Distillate Oil (Total: Boilers & 1C
Engines)
2102005000 Industrial - Residual Oil (Total: All Boiler Types)
2102006000 Industrial - Natural Gas (Total: Boilers & 1C
Engines)
2102008000 Industrial - Wood (Total: All Boiler Types)
2102009000 Industrial - Coke (Total: All Boiler Types)
2102010000 Industrial - Process Gas (Total: All Boiler Types)
Industrial Processes
2301020000 Process Emissions from Pharmaceuticals
(PECHAN)
2301030000 Process Emissions from Synthetic Fiber
(PECHAN)
2301040000 SOCMI Fugitives (PECHAN)
2302050000 Food & Kindred Products: SIC 20 - Bakery
Products (Total)
2306000000 Petroleum Refining: SIC 29 - All Processes
(Total)
2310000000 Oil & Gas Production: SIC 13 - All Processes
(Total)
2399000000 Industrial Processes: NEC
13 Industrial Fuel - Anthracite Coal
14 Industrial Fuel - Bituminous Coal
16 Industrial Fuel - Distillate Oil
17 Industrial Fuel - Residual Oil
18 Industrial Fuel - Natural Gas
19 Industrial Fuel - Wood
15 Industrial Fuel - Coke
20 Industrial Fuel - Process Gas
106 Process Emissions from
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
107 Process Emissions from Synthetic
Fibers Manufacturing
102 Fugitive Emissions From Synthetic
Organic Chemical Manufacturing
105 Process Emissions From Bakeries
104 Fugitive Emissions From Petroleum
Refinery Operations
108 Crude Oil and Natural Gas
Production Fields
99 Minor point sources
Storage & Transport
2501050120 Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage - Bulk
Stations/Terminals: Breathing Loss (Gasoline)
2501060050 Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage -
Gasoline Service Stations (Stage I: Total)
2501060100 Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage -
Gasoline Service Stations (Stage II: Total)
2501060201 Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage -
Gasoline Service Stations (Underground Tank:
Breathing & Emptying)
103 Bulk Terminal and Bulk Plants
54 Gasoline Marketed (Stage I)
54 Gasoline Marketed (Stage II)
54 Gasoline Marketed (Breathing &
Emptying)
(continued)
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-53
1985-1993 Methodology
Primarily Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-10. (continued)
AMS
NAPAP
SCC
SCC
Category
Waste Disposal, Treatment, & Recovery
2601010000 On-Site Incineration - Industrial (Total)
2601020000 On-Site Incineration - Commercial/Institutional
(Total)
2601030000 On-Site Incineration - Residential (Total)
2610010000 Open Burning - Industrial (Total)
2610020000 Open Burning - Commercial/Institutional
(Total)
2610030000 Open Burning - Residential (Total)
2630020000 Wastewater Treatment - Public Owned (Total)
2640000000 TSDFs - All TSDF Types (Total: All
Processes)
22 On-Site Incineration - Industrial
23 On-Site Incineration -
Commercial/Institutional
21 On-Site Incineration - Residential
25 Open Burning - Industrial
26 Open Burning - Commercial/Institutional
24 Open Burning - Residential
100 Publicly-Owned Treatment Works (POTWs)
109 Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and
Disposal Facilities (TSDF)
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-54
1985-1993 Methodology
Primarily Industrial
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4.4 OTHER COMBUSTION
The source categories falling under "Other Combustion" include the following Tier 1 and Tier 2 categories:
TIER 1 CATEGORY TIER 2 CATEGORY
OTHER COMBUSTION All
MISCELLANEOUS Other Combustion
The Tier 1, Other Combustion emissions are from residential and commercial / institutional burning of all fuels
except solid waste. The emissions for the miscellaneous, other combustion category include agricultural
burning, forest fires/wildfires, prescribed/slash and managed burning, and structural fires. The emissions from
agricultural burning and structural fires were produced using the methodology described in section 4.4.1. The
methodologies used to estimate the emissions for forest fires/wildfires and prescribed/slash and managed
burning are described in section 4.4.4.1.
The 1990 emissions for the majority of the source categories were generated from both the nonutility point
source and nonsolvent area source portions of the 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory except for emissions
from wildfires and prescribed burning. The 1990 emissions served as the base year from which the emissions
for the years 1985 through 1989 and the years 1991 through 1993 were estimated. The emissions for the
years 1985 through 1991 were estimated using historical data compiled by the Bureau of Economic Analysis
(BEA)1 or historic estimates of fuel consumption based on the DOE's State Energy Data System (SEDS).2 The
1992 and 1993 emissions were estimated using growth factors produced by the prereleased E-GAS3, version
2.0.
4.4.1 1990 Base Year Inventory
The 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory estimates for the point sources have been projected to the year
1990 based on the growth in BEA historic earnings for the appropriate state and industry1, as identified by the
2-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code. In order to remove the effects of inflation, the earnings
data were converted to 1982 constant dollars using the implicit price deflator for personal consumption
expenditures (PCE).4 State and SIC-level growth factors were calculated as the ratio of the 1990 earnings
data to the 1985 earning data. More details on growth indicators are presented in section 4.4.2.1.
The area source emissions from the 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory have been projected to the year
1990 based on BEA historic earnings data, BEA historic population data, DOE SEDS data, or other growth
indicators. The specific growth indicator was assigned based on the source category. The BEA earnings data
were converted to 1982 dollars as described above. The 1990 SEDS data were extrapolated from data for
the years 1985 through 1989. All growth factors were calculated as the ratio of the 1990 data to the 1985
data for the appropriate growth indicator. More details on growth indicators are presented in section 4.4.2.2.
When creating the 1990 emissions inventory, changes were made to emission factors, control efficiencies,
and emissions from the 1985 inventory for some sources. The PM-10 control efficiencies were obtained from
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-55 Other Combustion
-------
the PM-10 Calculator.5 In addition, rule effectiveness which was not applied in the 1985 NAPAP Emission
Inventory, was applied to the 1990 emissions estimated for the point sources. The CO, NOX, and VOC point
source controls were assumed to be 80 percent effective; PM-10 and SO2 controls were assumed to be 100
percent effective.
The 1990 emissions for CO, NOX, SO2, and VOC were calculated using the following steps:
(1) projected 1985 controlled emissions to 1990 using the appropriate growth factors, (2) calculated the
uncontrolled emissions using control efficiencies from the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory, and (3) calculated
the final 1990 controlled emissions using revised control efficiencies and the appropriate rule effectiveness. The
1990 PM-10 emissions were calculated using the TSP emissions from the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory.
The 1990 uncontrolled TSP emissions were estimated in the same manner as the other pollutants. From these
TSP emissions, the 1990 uncontrolled PM-10 estimates were calculated by applying SCC-specific
uncontrolled particle size distribution factors.6 The controlled PM-10 emissions were estimated in the same
manner as the other pollutants. Because the majority of area source emissions for all pollutants represented
uncontrolled emissions, the second and third steps were not required to estimate the 1990 area source
emissions.
4.4.1.1 Control Efficiency Revisions
In the 1985 NAPAP point source estimates, control efficiencies for VOC, NOX, CO, and SO2 sources in
Texas were judged to be too high for their process/control device combination. These high control efficiencies
occurred because Texas did not ask for control efficiency information, and simply applied the maximum
efficiency for the reported control device7. High control efficiencies lead to high future growth in modeling
scenarios based on uncontrolled emissions (which are based on the control efficiency and reported actual
emissions). High control efficiencies also lead to extreme increases in emissions when rule effectiveness is
incorporated.
Revised VOC control efficiencies were developed for Texas for the Emission Reduction and Cost
Analysis Model for VOC (ERCAM-VOC)8. For this analysis, revised efficiencies were also developed by
SCC and control device combination for NOX, SO2, and CO using engineering judgement. These revised
control efficiencies were applied to sources in Texas. A large number of point sources outside of Texas had
VOC and CO control efficiencies that were also judged to be too high. The VOC and CO control efficiencies
used for Texas were also applied to these sources.
4.4.1.2 Rule Effectiveness Assumptions
Controlled emissions for each inventory year were recalculated, assuming that reported VOC, NOX, and
CO controls were 80 percent effective. Sulfur dioxide and PM-10 controls were assumed to be 100 percent
effective.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-56 Other Combustion
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4.4.1.3 Emission Factor Changes
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-57 Other Combustion
-------
Emission factors for several sources were updated to reflect recent technical improvements in AP-42 and
other emission inventory guidance documents. Emission factors for all four pollutants were updated for
residential wood combustion.
AP-42 sections for residential wood combustion sources have recently been updated. With the exception
of the SO2 emission factor (which has not changed), emission factors for each pollutant have decreased. Table
4.4-1 lists the NAPAP emission factors (which reflect a combination of wood-burning devices) and the
emission factors listed in the revised AP-42 sections. No data are available to weight these emission factors.
Because of this, and because conventional woodstoves constitute the majority of woodstoves nationwide, these
data were used to calculate all residential wood combustion emissions. Because conventional stove emissions
are higher than other wood-burning devices, this will provide an upper bound of emissions.
4.4.1.4 Emissions Calculations
A three-step process was used to calculate emissions incorporating rule effectiveness. First, base year
controlled emissions are projected to the inventory year using the following formula:
CE, • CEBY • (CEBY x EG)
where: CE; = controlled emissions for inventory year i
CEBY = controlled emissions for base year
EG; = earnings growth for inventory year i
Earnings growth (EG) is calculated as:
DAT,
EG • !•
DATBY
where: DAT; = earnings data for inventory year i
DATBY = earnings data in the base year
Second, uncontrolled emissions in the inventory year are back-calculated from the controlled emissions based
on the control efficiency with the following formula
CE,
UE; •
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-58 Other Combustion
-------
where: UE; = uncontrolled emissions for inventory year i
CE; = controlled emissions for inventory year i
CEFF = control efficiency (%)
Third, controlled emissions are recalculated incorporating rule effectiveness using the following formula:
(( REFF\ ( CEFF\\ ( EF, \
1 • x x
{ 100 / I 100 // (EF^J
CER,• UC
where: CER; = controlled emissions incorporating rule effectiveness
UC; = uncontrolled emissions
REFF = rule effectiveness (%)
CEFF = control efficiency (%)
EF; = emission factor for inventory year
EFBY = emission factor for base year
4.2.2 Emissions, 1985 to 1991
As explained in section 4.4.1.1, the 1990 controlled emissions were projected from the 1985 NAPAP
Emissions Inventory using equations 1 through 4. For all other years (1985 to 1989 & 1991) the emissions
were projected from the 1990 emissions using equations 1 and 2. Therefore the 1985 emissions estimated by
this method do not match the 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory due to the changes made in control
efficiencies and emission factors and the addition of rule effectiveness when creating the 1990 base year
inventory.
4.4.2.1 Point Source Growth
The changes in the point source emissions were equated with the changes in historic earnings by state and
industry. Emissions from each point source in the 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory were projected to the
years 1985 through 1991 based on the growth in earnings by industry (2-digit SIC code). Historical earnings
data from BEA's Table SA-51 were used to represent growth in earnings from 1985 through 1990. (Earnings
data from a different BEA source, Table SQ-5 discussed below, were used to estimate 1991 emissions.)
Table SA-5 historical annual earnings data are by state and industry.
The 1985 through 1990 earnings data in Table SA-5 are in nominal dollars. In order to be used to
estimate growth, these values were converted to constant dollars to remove the effects of inflation. Earnings
data for each year were converted to 1982 constant dollars using the implicit price deflator for personal
consumption expenditures (PCE).4 The PCE deflators used to convert each year's earnings data to 1982
dollars are:
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-59 Other Combustion
-------
Year 1982 PCE Deflator
1985 111.6
1987 114.3
1988 124.2
1989 129.6
1990 136.4
Several BEA categories did not contain a complete time series of data for the years 1985 through 1990.
Because the SA-5 data must contain 1985 earnings and earnings for each inventory year (1985 through 1990)
to be useful for estimating growth, a log linear regression equation was used to fill in missing data elements
where possible. This regression procedure was performed on all categories that were missing at least one data
point and which contained at least three data points in the time series.
Each record in the point source inventory was matched to the BEA earnings data based on the state and
the 2-digit SIC. Table 4.4-2 shows the BEA earnings category used to project growth for each of the 2-digit
SICs found in the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory. No growth in emissions was assumed for all point
sources for which the matching BEA earnings data were not complete. Table 4.4-2 also shows the national
average growth and earnings by industry from Table SA-5.
At the time the Emission Trends inventory was compiled, 1991 BEA earnings data were not available in
Table SA-5. Earnings data from BEA Table SQ-59 were used to estimate emissions for 1991. Table SQ-5
contains historical quarterly earnings data by state and 1-digit SIC. These data were converted to an annual
constant dollars basis.
The 1991 quarterly earnings data were first summed to compute annual totals. Because the PCE deflator
used to convert to constant 1982 dollars was not available for 1991, a 1987 PCE deflator9 was used to
convert the 1990 and 1991 earnings data from Table SQ-5 to a 1987 constant dollar basis. The PCE deflators
are as follows:
Year 1987 PCE Deflator
1990 114.7
1991 119.3
The 1991 inventory was then developed by growing the 1990 inventory based on the changes in State industry
earnings (by 1-digit SIC) from 1990 to 1991. National average growth in earnings by industry is shown below
in Table 4.4-3.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-60 Other Combustion
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4.4.2.2 Area Source Growth
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-61 Other Combustion
-------
Emissions from the 1985 NAPAP Inventory were grown to the Emission Trends years based on historical
BEA earnings data section 4.4.2.1, historical estimates of fuel consumption2, or other category-specific growth
indicators. Table 4.4-4 shows the growth indicators used for each area source by NAPAP category.
The SEDS data2 were used as an indicator of emissions growth for the area source fuel combustion
categories shown in Table 4.4-5. (SEDS reports fuel consumption by sector and fuel type.) Since fuel
consumption is the activity level used to estimate emissions for these categories, fuel consumption is a more
accurate predictor of changes in emissions, compared to other surrogate indicators such as earnings or
population. SEDS fuel consumption data were available through 1989. The 1990 and 1991 values were
extrapolated from the 1985 through 1989 data using a log linear regression technique. In addition to projecting
1990 and 1991 data for all fuel consumption categories, the regression procedure was used to fill in missing
data points for fuel consumption categories if at least three data points in the time series (1985 to 1989) were
available.
Due to the year-to-year volatility in the SEDS fuel consumption data for the commercial residual oil fuel
use category, the regression technique used above did not yield realistic projections for 1990 and 1991 for this
category. Therefore, a different procedure was used to project 1990 and 1991 data for commercial residual
oil fuel use. State-level sales volumes of residual fuel to the commercial sector were obtained from Fuel Oil and
Kerosene Sales 199010 for 1989 and 1990. Each State's growth in sales of residual fuel to the commercial
sector from 1989 to 1990 was applied to that State's 1989 SEDS commercial residual fuel consumption to
yield a 1990 consumption estimate. Sales data for 1991 were not yet available; the growth decline from 1990
to 1991 was assumed to be the same as from 1989 to 1990. A summary of SEDS national fuel consumption
by fuel and sector can be found in Table 4.4-5.
The last step in the creation of the area source inventory was the matching of NAPAP categories to the
new AMS categories. This matching is provided in Table 4.4-16. Note that there is not always a one-to-one
correspondence between NAPAP and AMS categories.
4.4.3 Emissions, 1992 and 1993
The 1992 and 1993 emissions for all pollutants were estimated by applying growth factors to the 1990
emissions using a modified version of equation 1. The growth factors were obtained from the prereleased
E-GAS, version 2.O.3 The E-GAS generates growth factors at the SCC-level for counties representative of all
counties within each ozone nonattainment area classified as serious and above and for counties representative of
all counties within both the attainment portions and the marginal and moderate nonattainment areas within each
state. The appropriate growth factors were applied by county and SCC to the 1990 emissions as shown by the
following equation:
Emissions (county,scc,year) • Growth (county^cc ^ear)
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-62 Other Combustion
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There are approximately 150 representative counties in E-GAS and 2000 SCCs present in the base year
inventory. This yields a matrix of 300,000 growth factors generated to determine a single year's inventory. To
list all combinations would be inappropriate.
4.4.4 Alternative Base Inventory Calculations
For two combustion sources the 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory was not used as the base year for
some or all other years. The wildfire emissions for 1985 to 1989 are the same estimates and are equal to the
1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory. The wildfire emissions for 1990 to 1993 are based on AP-42 emission
factors and fuel loading values. The activity data was derived from the Forest Service and the Department of
Interior. The Prescribed burning estimates for the years 1985 to 1993 are the same and were obtained from
the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
4.4.4.1 Forest Fires/Wildfires
Since a surrogate for changes in wildfires is not available, Pechan tried to obtain wildfire emissions data.
Work is currently being done for the Grand Canyon Visibility Study that will develop wildfire emissions for the
10 western states included in the study. Pechan was unable to obtain these or any emissions data from the
Forest Service. What Pechan did for 1990 to 1993 was to obtain state level acres of land burned. This
acreage was used in conjunction with AP-42 regional fuel loading and national emission factors presented in
Table 4.4-7 to estimate emissions. For the years 1990 through 1992, the number of acres burned was
obtained according the this methodology. For the 1993 emissions, the number of acres burned were
determined by summing the 1993 Department of Interior (DOI) state-level acreage data11 and the USD A
Forest Service state-level acreage data12'13 averaged over the years 1990 through 1992. The state level
emissions were distributed to the county-level using the same distribution as in 1985 NAPAP Emissions
Inventory.
The emissions for the wildfire category were generated for the years 1985 through 1989 using the
methodology described in sections 4.4.1 and 4.4.2. The base year was 1985 and the growth factor was 1.
Therefore the emissions for 1985 to 1989 are the same.
4.4.4.2 Prescribed/Slash and Managed Burning
The prescribed burning emissions were based on a 1989 USDA Forest Service inventory of particulate
matter and air toxics from prescribed burning14 . The Forest Service inventory contained State-level totals for
Total Particulate Matter, PM-10, PM-2.5, CO, carbon dioxide, methane, non-methane, and several air toxics.
The emissions for all pollutants were based on the 1989 USDA Forest Service inventory of particulate
matter from prescribed burning.14 This inventory contains state-level emissions for CO, PM-10, and VOC.
The NOX and SO2 emissions were calculated by assuming the ratio between the CO emissions to either the
NOX or SO2 emissions in the Forest Service inventory was equal to the corresponding ratio using the 1985
NAPAP Emission Inventory. The following formula was used:
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-63 Other Combustion
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where: FSPOL = prescribed burning (NOX or SO2) emissions from Forest Service
FSCO = prescribed burning CO emissions from Forest Service
NAPAPPOL = prescribed burning (NOX or SO2) emissions from 1985 NAPAP
NAPAPCO = prescribed burning CO emissions from 1985 NAPAP
The resulting 1989 emissions for CO, NOX, PM-10, SO2, and VOC have been used for all years between
1985 and 1993. The pollutants were distributed to the county-level using the same county-level distribution as
was used in the 1985 NAPAP Inventory where forest acreage per county was obtained from local officials and
State land usage maps.
4.4.5 References
1. Table SA-5 — Total Personal Income by Major Sources 1969-1990. Data files. Bureau of Economic
Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. 1991.
2. " State Energy Data Report — Consumption Estimates 1960-1989," DOE/EIA-0214(89), U. S.
Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, May 1991.
3. Economic Growth Analysis System: User's Guide, Version 2.0. EPA-600/R-94-139b. Joint
Emissions Inventory Oversight Group, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
NC. August 1994.
4. Survey of Current Business. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC. 1988, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991.
5. Dean, T. A. and P. Carlson, PM-10 Controlled Emissions Calculator. E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc.
Contract No. 68-DO-0120 Work Assignment No. 11-81. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. April 27, 1993. (TTN CHIEF
BBS)
6. Barnard, W.R., and P. Carlson, "PM-10 Emission Calculation, Tables 1 and 4" E.H. Pechan &
Associates, Inc. Contract No. 68-DO-1020, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Emission Factor
and Methodologies Section. June 1992.
7. Gill, W.,. Texas Air Control Board personal communication with D. Solomon, April 23, 1992
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-64 Other Combustion
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8. E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., "National Assessment of VOC, CO, and NOX Controls, Emissions, and
Costs," prepared for Office of Policy Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
September 1988.
9. Table SQ-5 — Quarterly State Personal Income 1987: 1-1991: IV. Data files. Bureau of Economic
Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. 1992.
10. "Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1990," U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,
Washington, DC, October 1991.
11. Annual Wildland Fire Report. U.S. Department of the Interior. Internal Publication. 1994.
12. Report to the U.S. Forest Service, Fiscal Year 1992. ISBN 0-16-041707-4. Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture. 1993.
13. National Forest Fire Report 1992. Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 1993.
14. An Inventory of Paniculate Matter and Air Toxic Emissions from Prescribed Fires in the United
States for 1989. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Seattle, WA. 1989.
Table 4.4-1. Residential Wood Combustion Emission Factors
Emission Factors (Ibs/ton)
1985 NAPAP
AP-42 Emission Factors:
Conventional Stoves
Noncatalytic Stoves
Pellet Stoves*
Catalytic Stoves
Fireplaces
PM-10
39.30a
30.60
19.60
4.20
20.40
34.6
VOC
85.72
28.00
ND
ND
17.20
26.00
CO
242.63
230.80
140.80
39.40
104.80
122.20
NOX
2.92
2.80
ND
13.80
2.00
1.80
SOX
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
ND = no data.
aTSP emission factor
b Pellet stoves comprise less than 2 percent of the national population.
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Table 4.4-2. Bureau of Economic Analysis's SA-5 National Changes in Earnings by Industry
Percent Growth from:
Industry
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Banking and credit agencies
Insurance
Real estate
Holding companies and investment
services
Hotels and other lodging places
Personal services
Private households
Business and miscellaneous repair
services
Auto repair, services, and garages
Amusement and recreation services
and motion pictures
Health services
Legal services
Educational services
Social services and membership
organizations
Miscellaneous professional services
Federal, civilian
Federal, military
State and local government
SIC
50,51
52 to 59
60,61
63,64
65,66
67
70
72
88
76
75
78,79
80
81
82
83
84
91
97
92 to 96
1985 to 1987
5.01
5.19
12.44
14.09
92.14
39.05
12.65
7.17
-5.68
17.05
6.65
17.93
15.15
20.14
9.35
17.39
11.28
-0.54
1.96
7.88
1987 to 1988
5.87
4.39
2.45
4.20
-6.98
-34.86
5.59
2.35
2.41
-17.34
2.46
16.43
7.08
9.92
7.17
8.45
5.04
3.79
-1.07
3.63
1988 to 1989
2.44
0.65
-0.33
1.52
-7.87
-12.18
1.71
7.44
0.83
5.79
3.00
4.06
5.11
4.09
3.88
7.95
7.08
1.21
-1.58
3.19
1989 to 1990
-1.02
-0.94
-0.49
2.71
-0.48
16.91
2.29
5.41
-3.69
4.34
3.93
7.59
6.28
4.80
2.60
7.37
4.12
1.96
-3.19
3.04
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1985-1993 Methodology
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Table 4.4-3. BEA SQ-5 National Growth In Earnings By Industry
Percent
Growth from
Industry 1990 to 1991
Wholesale trade -2.55
Retail trade -284
Services 1.91
Government and government enterprises 1.16
Federal, civilian -0.49
Federal, military -1.94
State and local 2.00
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
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Table 4.4-4. Area Source Growth Indicators
NAPAP
SCC
Category Description
Data
Source
Growth Indicator
1 Residential Fuel - Anthracite Coal
2 Residential Fuel - Bituminous Coal
3 Residential Fuel - Distillate Oil
4 Residential Fuel - Residual Oil
5 Residential Fuel - Natural Gas
6 Residential Fuel - Wood
7 Commercial/Institutional Fuel - Anthracite Coal
8 Commercial/Institutional Fuel - Bituminous Coal
9 Commercial/Institutional - Distillate Oil
10 Commercial/Institutional - Residual Oil
11 Commercial/Institutional - Natural Gas
12 Commercial/Institutional - Wood
60 Forest Wild Fires
61 Managed Burning - Prescribed
62 Agricultural Field Burning
64 Structural Fires
99 Minor Point Sources
SEDS Res - Anthracite
SEDS Res - Bituminous
SEDS Res - Distillate oil
Zero growth
SEDS Res-Natural gas
BEA Population
SEDS Comm - Anthracite
SEDS Comm - Bituminous
SEDS Comm - Distillate oil
SEDS Comm - Residual oil
SEDS Comm - Natural gas
BEA Services
Zero growth
Zero growth
BEA Farm
Zero growth
BEA Population
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Table 4.4-5. SEDS National Fuel Consumption
Category 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Anthracite Coal (thousand short tons)
Commercial
Residential
524
786
494
740
478
717
430
646
422
633
410
615
403
604
Bituminous Coal (thousand short tons)
Commercial 4,205 4,182 3,717 3,935 3,323 3,470 3,515
Residential 2,264 2,252 2,002 2,119 1,789 1,869 1,893
Distillate Fuel (thousand barrels)
Commercial 107,233 102,246 101,891 98,479 91,891 95,385 96,712
Residential 171,339 173,736 176,822 182,475 178,629 184,501 187,994
Motor Gasoline (thousand barrels)
All Sectors 2,493,361 2,567,436 2,630,089 2,685,145 2,674,669 2,760,414 2,814,398
Natural Gas (million cubic feet)
Commercial 2,432 2,318 2,430 2,670 2,719 2,810 2,928
Residential 4,433 4,314 4,315 4,630 4,777 4,805 4,922
Residual Fuel (thousand barrels)
Commercial 30,956 39,480 41,667 42,256 35,406 27,776 28,216
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
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Table 4.4-6. AMS to NAPAP Source Category Correspondence
AMS
NAPAP
SCC
Category
SCC
Category
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
2103001000 Commercial/Institutional - Anthracite Coal (Total:
All Boiler Types)
2103002000 Commercial/Institutional-
Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal (Total: All
Boiler Types)
2103004000 Commercial/Institutional - Distillate Oil (Total:
Boilers & I.C. Engines)
2103005000 Commercial/Institutional - Residual Oil (Total:
All Boiler Types)
2103006000 Commercial/Institutional - Natural Gas (Total:
Boilers & I.C. Engines)
2103008000 Commercial/Institutional - Wood (Total: All
Boiler Types)
2104001000 Residential - Anthracite Coal (Total: All
Combustor Types)
2104002000 Residential - Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal
(Total: All Combustor Types)
2104004000 Residential - Distillate Oil (Total: All Combustor
Types)
2104005000 Residential - Residual Oil (Total: All Combustor
Types)
2104006000 Residential - Natural Gas (Total: All Combustor
Types)
2104008000 Residential - Wood (Total: Woodstoves and
Fireplaces)
7 Commercial/Institutional Fuel - Anthracite
Coal
8 Commercial/Institutional Fuel -
Bituminous Coal
9 Commercial/Institutional - Distillate Oil
10 Commercial/Institutional - Residual Oil
11 Commercial/Institutional - Natural Gas
12 Commercial/Institutional - Wood
1 Residential Fuel - Anthracite Coal
2 Residential Fuel - Bituminous Coal
3 Residential Fuel - Distillate Oil
4 Residential Fuel - Residual Oil
5 Residential Fuel - Natural Gas
6 Residential Fuel - Wood
Miscellaneous Area Sources
2801500000 Agriculture Production - Crops - Agricultural
Field Burning (Total)
2801520000 Agriculture Production - Crops - Orchard Heaters
(Total)
2810001000 Other Combustion - Forest Wildfires (Total)
2810015000 Other Combustion - Managed (Slash/Prescribed)
Burning (Total)
2810030000 Other Combustion - Structure Fires
62 Agricultural Field Burning
63 Frost Control - Orchard Heaters
60 Forest Wild Fires
61 Managed Burning - Prescribed
64 Structural Fires
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
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Table 4.4-7. Wildfires
Region
Rocky Mountain
Pacific
North Central
South
East
Fuel loading
Tons/Acre Burned
37
19
11
9
11
Pollutant
TSP
S02
NOX
VOC
CO
PM-10
Emission Factor
Ibs/ton
17
0.15
4
19.2
140
13
States Comprising Regions
South
Alabama
Arkansas
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Louisiana
Mississippi
North Carolina
Oklahoma
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Virginia
East
Connecticut
Delaware
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Vermont
West Virginia
Rocky Mountain
Arizona
Colorado
Idaho
Kansas
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Mexico
North Dakota
South Dakota
Utah
Wyoming
North Central
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Ohio
Wisconsin
Pacific
Alaska
California
Guam
Hawaii
Oregon
Washington
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4.5 SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Solvent utilization emissions are included as both point and area sources in the Emission Trends inventory.
Point source emissions were based on the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory (see section 4.5.2). The basis for
the VOC area source component is a material balance on total nationwide solvent consumption. (There are no
area source CO, NOX, SO2, and PM-10 emissions in the Emission Trends inventory.) Total nationwide solvent
emissions by end-use category are estimated from national consumption figures with some adjustments to
account for air pollution controls and waste management practices. The nationwide emissions are then
apportioned to states and counties using census data and information on state and local regulations pertaining to
solvent emissions. At this stage, county- and category-level point source emissions are deducted from the
emission totals, and the balance of emissions is included in the area source solvent inventory. The following
section 4.5.1 describes the development of national solvent emissions, apportionment to states and counties,
and short-term projections to the timeframes covered by the Emission Trends inventory.
4.5.1 Area Source Emissions (VOC only)
Volatile organic compound emissions are estimated for area sources by first estimating national total
emissions that are distributed to county and end user, described in this section and then subtracting the point
source emissions, described in section 4.5.2.
4.5.1.1 Overall National Emissions Estimates
The overall national solvents material balance can be summarized as follows:
,, , , Solvents Solvents conveyed
National solvent ., , , . ,.
.. , National solvent destroyed by air to waste
emissions (by end- = - ,, -
. consumption pollution management
use category) ,
controls operations
(It should be noted that this overall national material balance yields total solvent emissions, including both point
and area sources.)
National solvent usage estimates by end-use category were obtained from three main sources. For paints
and coatings, the main source was the U.S. Paint Industry Data Base, prepared by SRI International for the
National Paint and Coatings Association. * Solvent usage estimates for other categories were obtained from
industrial solvent marketing reports.2'3 The base year for this activity data and for the total solvent emissions is
1989.
The solvent emission methodology is designed to incorporate pollution control and waste management
information at the source category level. However, the timeframe for the Emission Trends inventory effort was
too tight to permit development of category-specific information. The mass balance term for waste
management was based on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) data base4 for hazardous
waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDF), which also forms the basis for the TSDF portion of the
'National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-72 Solvent Utilization
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Emission Trends inventory. (See section 4.3.1.5 for details on TSDF emissions.) In essence, the portion of the
TSDF inventory that is attributable to solvents is deducted from the current solvents inventory in order to avoid
double-counting. The TSDF deduction was apportioned evenly to all industrial categories, and amounts to
about 21 percent of total solvent usage in these categories.
Solvent destruction adjustments in the nationwide material balance were based on the same assumptions
used for the 1985 National Emissions Data System (NEDS) and the 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory.
According to the data in NEDS and 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory, approximately 16 percent of industrial
surface coating emissions are assumed to be destroyed in air pollution controls.
Table 4.5-1 lists the elements in the national solvent material balance by emission source category. As
discussed above, these elements are: national solvent consumption, solvent destroyed in air pollution controls,
solvent sent to waste management operations, and net solvent emissions. Table 4.5-1 also summarizes the
major sources of these data.
4.5.1.2 Distribution of Solvent Emissions to States and Counties
The primary tools used to distribute national solvent emissions to states and counties are 1988 census data
bases.5'6'7 For each of the source categories listed in Table 4.5-1, state- and county-level solvent usage is
assumed to be proportional to a particular census measure. For consumer end-use categories, solvent usage
was distributed based on population. County-level employment data were used for commercial and industrial
end-use categories. Census data on the number of farm acres treated with chemical sprays were used to
distribute pesticide solvent usage. Table 4.5-2 lists the specific census data used for each emission category.
State and local regulations covering solvent emissions were also incorporated in the spatial distribution
step for the solvent inventories. For an industrial or commercial end-use category, the overall spatial
distribution calculation can be summarized as follows:
„ County Estimated control efficiency for
Lounty emissions ., , ,
.. , National employment county
(by end-use =- - c—' " '
, emissions National Nationwide average control
category) . *
employment efficiency jor category
Quantitative information on state- and county-level control efficiency, rule effectiveness, and rule
penetration was obtained primarily from surveys carried out under EPA's ongoing Regional Oxidant Model
(ROM) modeling effort.8 For states outside the ROM domain, these parameters were estimated using Bureau
of National Affairs regulation summaries.
4.5.1.3 Deduction of Point Source Emissions
The area source inventory is produced by deducting point source emissions from the county-level category
emission totals produced in equation 2. The calculation is performed as follows:
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County-level area source _ , , , „ , ,
total county-level emissions County-level point
emissions (by end-use = . _.
, (equation 2) source emissions
category)
The Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) Area/Mobile Source Subsystem (AMS) solvent
categories were first matched to the corresponding point source Source Classification Codes (SCCs). Using
the Emission Trends 1990 point source totals by county for each corresponding AMS SCC were calculated.
These emissions were then subtracted from the total solvent emissions (the 1989 total solvent emissions were
projected to 1990 as described below) to yield the area source emissions. In the cases of negative emissions
(higher point source emissions than total estimated solvent emissions), the 1985 NAPAP methodology811 was
followed — area source emissions were set to zero.
Then the non-zero county values were readjusted so that the sum of all county area source emissions equal
the difference between the total national emissions and the national point source emissions; otherwise, area
source emissions are underestimated.
All County
. Area Source '
Emissions
National
Total
Emissions
National
' Point Source
Emissions
4.5.1.4 Projecting Solvent Emissions to Other Inventory Years
The Emission Trends inventory includes annual area source solvent emissions for 7 calendar years (from
1985 through 1991). (Methodology used to estimate the 1992 and 1993 emisssions is explained in section
4.5.2.3.) The total solvent inventory was based on 1989 activity- level data. (Spatial allocations for the solvent
area source inventory were based on the 1988 census, which provides the most recent data available at the
county level.) Projections to other years covered by the Emission Trends inventory are based on state-level
earnings data for major industrial categories, which generally correspond to 2-digit Standard Industrial
Classifications (SICs). The following algorithm is used for the emission projection:
Projection year emissions Projection year earnings (by
(by county and end-use = ^aseyear x State and 2-digit SIC)
, emissions _
category) Base year earnings
In this equation, the projection year represents the appropriate calendar year for the Emission Trends inventory
(ranging from 1985 to 1991). The total solvent inventory was first projected to 1990 to complete the point
source deduction described above. After deducting the point source solvents, this 1990 area source solvent
data base was then scaled-back/projected to the other inventory years.
The county/source category emissions predicted using changes in BEA earnings data were then scaled
according to expected changes in national solvent emissions. Annual changes in national solvent usage (by end-
use category) were taken from the solvent marketing reports.2'3 All county-level emissions within an end-use
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
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category were scaled by a factor so that total national emissions would be equivalent to the national solvent
emissions reported in the literature.
4.5.2 Point Source Emissions
The 1990 emissions for these source categories were generated from the point source portion of the 1985
NAPAP Emissions Inventory. These 1990 emissions served as the base year from which the emissions for the
years 1985 through 1989 and the years 1991 through 1993 were estimated. The emissions for the years 1985
through 1991 were estimated using historical data compiled by the BEA11 or historic estimates of fuel
consumption based on the Department of Energy's (DOE) State Energy Data System (SEDS).9 The 1992 and
1993 emissions were estimated using growth factors produced by the prereleased E-GAS, version 2.010.
4.5.2.1 Base Year Inventory
The 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory estimates for the point sources have been projected to the year
1990 based on the growth in BEA historic earnings for the appropriate state and industry,n as identified by the
2-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code.11 In order to remove the effects of inflation, the earnings
data were converted to 1982 constant dollars using the implicit price deflator for personal consumption
expenditures (PCE).12 State and SIC-level growth factors were calculated as the ratio of the 1990 earnings
data to the 1985 earning data. More details on growth indicators are presented in section 4.5.2.2.
When creating the 1990 emissions inventory, changes were made to emission factors, control efficiencies,
and emissions from the 1985 inventory for all sources. The PM-10 control efficiencies were obtained from the
PM-10 Calculator.13 In addition, rule effectiveness which was not applied in the 1985 NAPAP Emission
Inventory, was applied to the 1990 emissions estimated for the point sources. The CO, NOX, and VOC point
source controls were assumed to be 80 percent effective; PM-10 and SO2 controls were assumed to be 100
percent effective.
The 1990 emissions for CO, NOX, SO2, and VOC were calculated using the following steps:
(1) projected 1985 controlled emissions to 1990 using the appropriate growth factors, (2) calculated the
uncontrolled emissions using control efficiencies from the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory, and (3) calculated
the final 1990 controlled emissions using revised control efficiencies and the appropriate rule effectiveness. The
1990 PM-10 emissions were calculated using the TSP emissions from the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory.
The 1990 uncontrolled TSP emissions were estimated in the same manner as the other pollutants. From these
TSP emissions, the 1990 uncontrolled PM-10 estimates were calculated by applying SCC-specific
uncontrolled particle size distribution factors.14 The controlled PM-10 emissions were estimated in the same
manner as the other pollutants. Because the majority of area source emissions for all pollutants represented
uncontrolled emissions, the second and third steps were not required to estimate the 1990 area source
emissions.
4.5.2.1.1 Control Efficiency Revisions —
In the 1985 NAPAP point source estimates, control efficiencies for VOC, NOX, CO, and SO2 sources in
Texas were judged to be too high for their process/control device combination. These high control efficiencies
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occurred because Texas did not ask for control efficiency information, and simply applied the maximum
efficiency for the reported control device. High control efficiencies lead to high future growth in modeling
scenarios based on uncontrolled emissions (which are based on the control efficiency and reported actual
emissions). High control efficiencies also lead to extreme increases in emissions when rule effectiveness is
incorporated.
Revised VOC control efficiencies were developed for Texas for the Emission Reduction and Cost
Analysis Model for VOC (ERCAM-VOC)15. For this analysis, revised efficiencies were also developed by
SCC and control device combination for NOX, SO2, and CO using engineering judgement. These revised
control efficiencies were applied to sources in Texas. A large number of point sources outside of Texas had
VOC and CO control efficiencies that were also judged to be too high. The VOC and CO control efficiencies
used for Texas were also applied to these sources.
4.5.2.1.2 Rule Effectiveness Assumptions —
Controlled emissions for each inventory year were recalculated, assuming that reported VOC, NOX, and
CO controls were 80 percent effective. Sulfur dioxide and PM-10 controls were assumed to be 100 percent
effective.
4.5.2.1.3 Emissions Calculations —
A three-step process was used to calculate emissions incorporating rule effectiveness. First, base year
controlled emissions are projected to the inventory year using the following formula:
CE, • CEB¥ • (CEBY x
where: CE; = controlled emissions for inventory year i
CEBY = controlled emissions for base year
EG; = earnings growth for inventory year i
Earnings growth (EG) is calculated as:
EG,
DAT,
DATBY
where: DAT; = earnings data for inventory year i
DATBY = earnings data in the base year
Second, uncontrolled emissions in the inventory year are back-calculated from the controlled emissions based
on the control efficiency with the following formula
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CEt
UE; •
where: UE; = uncontrolled emissions for inventory year i
CE; = controlled emissions for inventory year i
CEFF = control efficiency (%)
Third, controlled emissions are recalculated incorporating rule effectiveness using the following formula:
^Z7D jin (i ( REFF\ I CEFF\\
CER.• UC. x1 1 • [ ft x h ft ft
' { { 100 / [ 100 }}
where: CER; = controlled emissions incorporating rule effectiveness
UC; = uncontrolled emissions
REFF = rule effectiveness (%)
CEFF = control efficiency (%)
4.5.2.2 Emissions, 1985 to 1991
As explained in section 4.5.2.1.3, the 1990 controlled emissions were projected from the 1985 NAPAP
Emissions Inventory using equations 5 through 8. For all other years (1985 to 1989 & 1991) the emissions
were projected from the 1990 emissions using equations 5 and 6. Therefore the 1985 emissions estimated by
this method do not match the 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory due to the changes made in control
efficiencies and emission factors and the addition of rule effectiveness when creating the 1990 base year
inventory. For refueling sources the emissions were adjusted to account for the updated emission factors for all
years as described in section 4.5.2.1.3.
The changes in the point source emissions were equated with the changes in historic earnings by state and
industry. Emissions from each point source in the 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory were projected to the
years 1985 through 1991 based on the growth in earnings by industry (2-digjt SIC code). Historical earnings
data from BEA's Table SA-511 were used to represent growth in earnings from 1985 through 1990. (Earnings
data from a different BEA source, Table SQ-5 discussed below, were used to estimate 1991 emissions.)
Table SA-5 historical annual earnings data are by state and industry.
The 1985 through 1990 earnings data in Table SA-5 are in nominal dollars. In order to be used to
estimate growth, these values were converted to constant dollars to remove the effects of inflation. Earnings
data for each year were converted to 1982 constant dollars using the implicit price deflator for personal
consumption expenditures (PCE).12 The PCE deflators used to convert each year's earnings data to 1982
dollars are:
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Year 1982 PCE Deflator
1985 111.6
1987 114.3
1988 124.2
1989 129.6
1990 136.4
Several BEA categories did not contain a complete time series of data for the years 1985 through 1990.
Because the SA-5 data must contain 1985 earnings and earnings for each inventory year (1985 through 1990)
to be useful for estimating growth, a log linear regression equation was used to fill in missing data elements
where possible. This regression procedure was performed on all categories that were missing at least one data
point and which contained at least three data points in the time series.
Each record in the point source inventory was matched to the BEA earnings data based on the state and
the 2-digit SIC. Table 4.5-3 shows the BEA earnings category used to project growth for each of the 2-digit
SICs found in the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory. No growth in emissions was assumed for all point
sources for which the matching BEA earnings data were not complete. Table 4.5-3 also shows the national
average growth and earnings by industry from Table SA-5.
At the time the Emission Trends inventory was compiled, 1991 BEA earnings data were not available in
Table SA-5. Earnings data from BEA Table SQ-516 were used to estimate emissions for 1991. Table SQ-5
contains historical quarterly earnings data by state and 1-digit SIC. These data were converted to an annual
constant dollars basis.
The 1991 quarterly earnings data were first summed to compute annual totals. Because the PCE deflator
used to convert to constant 1982 dollars was not available for 1991, a 1987 PCE deflator16 was used to
convert the 1990 and 1991 earnings data from Table SQ-5 to a 1987 constant dollar basis. The PCE deflators
are as follows:
Year 1987 PCE Deflator
1990 114.5
1991 119.3
The 1991 inventory was then developed by growing the 1990 inventory based on the changes in State industry
earnings (by 1-digit SIC) from 1990 to 1991. National average growth in earnings by industry is shown below
in Table 4.5-4.
4.5.2.3 Emissions, 1992 and 1993
The 1992 and 1993 emissions for all pollutants were estimated by applying growth factors to the 1990
emissions using a modified version of equation 5. The growth factors were obtained from the prereleased
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-78 Solvent Utilization
-------
E-GAS, version 2.O.10 The E-GAS generates growth factors at the SCC-level for counties representative of all
counties within each ozone nonattainment area classified as serious and above and for counties representative of
all counties within both the attainment portions and the marginal and moderate nonattainment areas within each
state. The appropriate growth factors were applied by county and SCC to the 1990 emissions as shown by
equation 9.
Emissions (county,scc,year) • Growth (county^cc ^ear)
There are approximately 150 representative counties in E-GAS and 2000 SCCs present in the base year
inventory. This yields a matrix of 300,000 growth factors generated to determine a single year's inventory. To
list all combinations would be inappropriate.
4.5.3 References
1. Connolly et al, "U.S. Paint Industry Data Base," prepared by SRI International for the National Paint and
Coatings Association, Inc., Washington, DC, 1990.
2. The Freedonia Group, "Solvents, Industry Study #264," Cleveland, Ohio, 1989.
3. Frost & Sullivan, Inc., "Industrial Solvents (Report A2180)," New York, New York, 1989.
4. TSDF Inventory File, computer file transferred to E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., from U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Emission Standards Division, via Alliance Technologies, April 1989.
5. "1987 Census of Agriculture, Volume 1: Geographic Area Series," county data file, U.S. Bureau of the
Census, Department of Commerce, Washington, DC, 1987.
6. "County Business Patterns," Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC,
1988.
7. City/County Data Base, data files, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington,
DC, 1988.
8. "Regional Ozone Modeling for Northeast Transport (ROMNET)," EPA- 450/4-9l-002a, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,Research Triangle Park,
NC, 1991.
8b. "Area Source Documentation for the 1985 National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Inventory,"
EPA-600/8-88-106, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research
Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1988.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-79 Solvent Utilization
-------
9. " State Energy Data Report — Consumption Estimates 1960-1989," DOE/EIA-0214(89), U. S.
Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, May 1991.
10. Economic Growth Analysis System: User's Guide, Version 2.0. EPA-600/R-94-139b. Joint
Emissions Inventory Oversight Group, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
NC. August 1994.
11. Table SA-5 — Total Personal Income by Major Sources 1969-1990. Data files. Bureau of Economic
Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. 1991.
12. Survey of Current Business. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC. 1988, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991.
13. Dean, T. A. and P. Carlson, PM-10 Controlled Emissions Calculator. E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc.
Contract No. 68-DO-0120 Work Assignment No. 11-81. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. April 27, 1993. (TTN CHIEF
BBS)
14. Barnard, W.R, and P. Carlson, "PM-10 Emission Calculation, Tables 1 and 4" E.H. Pechan &
Associates, Inc. Contract No. 68-DO-1020, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Emission Factor
and Methodologies Section. June 1992.
15. E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., "National Assessment of VOC, CO, and NOX Controls, Emissions, and
Costs," prepared for Office of Policy Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
September 1988.
16. Table SQ-5 — Quarterly State Personal Income 1987: 1-1991: IV. Data files. Bureau of Economic
Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. 1992.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-80 Solvent Utilization
-------
Table 4.5-1. National Material Balance for Solvent Emissions
Category
Description
Solvent
Usage
(1,000 tpy)
Percent
Destroyed by
Air Pollution
Controls1
Percent
Sent to
TSDFs2
Estimated
Emissions
(1,000 tpy)
Source
Surface Coating
2401001
2401005
2401008
2401015
2401020
2401025
2401030
2401040
2401045
2401055
2401060
2401065
2401070
2401075
2401080
2401085
2401090
2401100
2401200
Architectural
Auto refmishing
Traffic markings
Flat wood coating
Wood furniture
Metal furniture
Paper coating
Can coating
Coil coating
Electrical insulation
Appliances
Machinery
Motor vehicles (new)
Aircraft coating
Marine paints
Rail equip, coating
Misc. manufacturing
Industrial maintenance
Aerosols, spec, purpose
Vapor Degreasing (Conveyorized and
2415105
2415110
2415120
2415125
2415130
2415135
2415140
2415145
Cold Cleaner
2415305
2415310
2415320
2415325
2415330
2415335
2415340
2415345
2415355
2415360
2415365
Furniture
Metallurgical proc.
Fabricated metals
Industrial machinery
Electrical equipment
Transportation equip.
Instrument mfg.
Misc. manufacturing
Degreasing
Furniture
Metallurgical proc.
Fabricated metals
Industrial machinery
Electrical equipment
Transportation equip.
Instruments
Misc. manufacturing
Automobile dealers
Automobile repair
Other
503
133
106
5
221
70
33
156
58
48
34
130
134
11
29
6
210
99
173
Open-Top)
9
29
97
100
98
36
48
17
12
8
38
52
16
12
8
19
191
70
5
0
0
0
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
503
133
106
3
139
44
21
99
37
30
21
82
85
7
18
4
132
78
137
7
23
76
79
77
28
38
13
9
7
30
41
12
9
6
15
151
55
4
SRI International/
National Paint and
Coatings Institute
Total category
number from Frost
& Sullivan.
Industry
breakdowns from
EPA BOAT Report
for spent solvents.
Total category
number from Frost
& Sullivan.
Industry
breakdowns from
EPA BOAT Report
for spent solvents.
Other Categories
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-81
1985-1993 Methodology
Solvent Utilization
-------
2420010
2420010
2420020
2425000
2430000
2440020
2461021
2461800
2465100
2465200
2465400
2465600
Drycleaning (perc.)
Drycleaning (petroleum)
Coin-op drycleaning
Graphic arts
Rubber/plastics
Adhesives - industrial
Cutback asphalt
Pesticides - farm
Personal products
Household products
Automotive products
Adhesives - Comml.
135
134
2
276
48
460
200
260
228
186
650
350
0
0
0
16
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21
21
21
21
21
21
0
0
0
0
0
0
107
105
1
174
30
363
200
260
228
186
650
350
Frost & Sullivan
Frost & Sullivan
Frost & Sullivan
Frost & Sullivan
Frost & Sullivan
Freedonia Group
Asphalt Institute
Freedonia Group
Frost & Sullivan
Frost & Sullivan
Freedonia Group
Frost & Sullivan
'Based on the 1985 NEDS methodology. Does not include solvents that are captured and recycled.
Calculated based on the TSDF sector of the 1985 NAPAP Inventory.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-82
1 985- 1 993 Methodology
Solvent Utilization
-------
Table 4.5-2. Data Bases Used for County Allocation
AMS
Category
Surface Coating
2401001
2401005
2401008
2401015
2401020
2401025
2401030
2401040
2401045
2401055
2401060
2401065
2401070
2401075
2401080
2401085
2401090
2401100
2401200
Description
Architectural
Auto refmishing
Traffic markings
Flat wood coating
Wood furniture
Metal furniture
Paper coating
Can coating
Coil coating
Electrical insulation
Appliances
Machinery
Motor vehicles (new)
Aircraft coating
Marine paints
Rail equip, coating
Misc. manufacturing
Industrial maintenance
Aerosols, spec, purpose
Allocation Data
(from the Census)
Population
Employment in SIC 7532
Population
Employment in SIC 2430
Employment in SIC 25
Employment in SIC 25
Employment in SIC 26
Employment in SIC 341
Employment in SIC 344
Employment in SIC 36
Employment in SIC 363
Employment in SIC 35
Employment in SIC 371
Employment in SIC 372
Employment in SIC 373
Employment in SIC 374
Employment in SIC 20-39
Employment in SIC 20-39
Population
Vapor Degreasing (Conveyorized and Open-Top)
2415105
2415110
2415120
2415125
2415130
2415135
2415140
2415145
Cold Cleaner Degreasing
2415305
2415310
2415320
2415325
2415330
2415335
2415340
2415345
2415355
2415360
2415365
Other Categories
Furniture
Metallurgical proc.
Fabricated metals
Industrial machinery
Electrical equipment
Transportation equip.
Instrument mfg.
Misc. manufacturing
Furniture
Metallurgical proc.
Fabricated metals
Industrial machinery
Electrical equipment
Transportation equip.
Instruments
Misc. manufacturing
Automobile dealers
Automobile repair
Other
Employment in SIC 25
Employment in SIC 33
Employment in SIC 34
Employment in SIC 35
Employment in SIC 36
Employment in SIC 37
Employment in SIC 38
Employment in SIC 39
Employment in SIC 25
Employment in SIC 33
Employment in SIC 34
Employment in SIC 35
Employment in SIC 36
Employment in SIC 37
Employment in SIC 38
Employment in SIC 39
Employment in SIC 55
Employment in SIC 75
Employment in SIC 22
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-83
1985-1993 Methodology
Solvent Utilization
-------
2420010 Drycleaning (perc.) Employment in SIC 7216
2420010 Drycleaning (petroleum) Employment in SIC 7216
2420020 Coin-op drycleaning Employment in SIC 7215
2425000 Graphic arts Employment in SIC 27
2430000 Rubber/plastics Employment in SIC 30
2440020 Adhesives - industrial Employment in SIC 20-39
2461021 Cutback asphalt Population
2461800 Pesticides - farm Farm acres treated with sprays
2465100 Personal products Population
2465200 Household products Population
2465400 Automotive products Population
2465600 Adhesives - Comml. Population
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-84 Solvent Utilization
-------
Table 4.5-3. Bureau of Economic Analysis's SA-5 National Changes in Earnings by Industry
Percent Growth from:
Industry
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry,
fisheries, and other
Coal mining
Metal mining
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels
Construction
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Tobacco manufactures
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products
Leather and leather products
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products
Machinery, except electrical
Electric and electronic equipment
Transportation equipment, excluding
motor vehicles
Motor vehicles and equipment
Stone, clay, and glass products
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing
industries
Railroad transportation
Trucking and warehousing
Water transportation
Local and interurban passenger transit
Transportation by air
Pipelines, except natural gas
Transportation services
Communication
Electric, gas, and sanitary services
SIC
01,02
07, 08, 09
11
10
14
15
20
22
23
26
27
28
29
21
30
31
24
25
33
34
35
36
37
371
32
38
39
40
42
44
41
45
46
47
48
49
1985 to 1987
14.67
23.58
-17.46
-3.03
2.33
7.27
1.67
8.50
-1.72
2.62
7.44
1.75
-10.82
-1.97
5.27
-9.39
10.03
6.82
-9.09
-4.52
-5.72
-3.17
8.44
-6.45
-0.23
-0.04
1.84
-14.13
5.63
-8.92
13.45
12.01
-5.21
15.92
1.94
0.07
1987 to 1988
-2.73
5.43
-6.37
18.01
3.74
4.81
1.34
-0.64
1.25
0.94
5.67
6.94
-3.22
2.43
5.51
-1.64
5.15
2.35
5.32
2.55
6.02
-18.01
-1.57
2.20
-1.61
60.65
6.92
-2.53
3.26
0.07
0.51
4.63
3.67
8.52
0.68
3.05
1988 to 1989
14.58
1.01
-4.16
8.94
-2.79
-1.36
-1.20
-1.39
-1.62
-0.14
-0.81
0.32
-3.02
-2.43
0.68
-3.58
-3.54
-1.46
-0.34
-0.86
-0.32
-1.91
0.55
-2.96
-1.96
-0.82
-2.21
-3.83
-0.20
-1.02
2.14
4.94
-4.93
4.60
-2.81
0.63
1989 to 1990
-3.11
2.48
4.53
4.56
-0.45
-3.80
-0.24
-4.97
-4.22
-0.39
0.43
1.61
1.06
-5.01
-0.14
-2.55
-3.71
-2.98
-3.03
-1.91
-1.92
-3.22
-1.07
-5.43
-3.19
-2.91
-2.54
-6.03
0.99
2.83
1.44
4.36
3.53
4.97
2.07
0.39
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-85
1985-1993 Methodology
Solvent Utilization
-------
Table 4.5-4. BEA SQ-5 National Growth In Earnings By Industry
Percent
Growth from
Industry 1990 to 1991
Farm -18.38
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other -5.06
Coal mining -0.75
Construction -10.37
Manufacturing -3.01
Nondurable goods -0.89
Durable goods -4.30
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-86 Solvent Utilization
-------
4.6 HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Highway vehicle emissions were calculated using a consistent methodology for all years from 1970 through
1993. Emissions were calculated by month, county, road type, and vehicle type for each of these years.
Emissions of VOC, NOX, and CO were calculated using monthly state-level emission factors from MOBILESa
by vehicle type while PM-10 and SO2 emissions were calculated using national annual emission factors by
vehicle type. This section of the procedures document discusses the methodology used for calculating highway
vehicle emissions.
The activity factor that is used to estimate highway vehicle emissions is vehicle miles traveled (VMT). The
first section of this chapter discusses the development of the VMT database. The next section of this chapter
discusses the development of the inputs used for the MOBILESa modeling. Estimation of the PM-10 and SO2
emission factors are discussed next. Finally, the emission calculation procedure is discussed.
4.6.1 VMT
Using state totals for each year, VMT were allocated by county, roadway type, and vehicle type for each
year between 1970 and 1993. Each state and county combination in the output files has 96 assigned SCCs
representing the 6 rural and 6 urban roadway types, and 8 vehicles types. The methodology used for
calculation VMT from (1) 1980 to 1992 differs from the methodology used for calculation mileage totals from
(2) 1970 to 1979 and for (3) 1993. Each of the three approaches is described separately below.
4.6.1.1 Background on Highway Performance Monitoring System
The following sections describe the information contained with in Highway Performance Monitoring
System (HPMS) and the problems with using this information.
4.6.1.1.1 Description of HPMS —
Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS)1 is a national data collection and reporting system
administered by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) in
cooperation with state highway programs. The HPMS contains data on the mileage, extent, and usage of the
various functional road systems, the condition and performance of pavements, physical attributes of roads, road
capacity and improvement needs, and other data important to the structural integrity and operation of the
nation's road systems. The data that make up HPMS are submitted to FHWA annually by each state highway
program.
The HPMS has three main data components: (1) the universe data base, (2) the sample data base (a
subset of the universe data base), and (3) the areawide data base. The universe data base contains a complete
inventory of all mileage for all functional systems, except local roads. The sample data base contains more
detailed information for a subset of the highway sections in the universe data base. Each record in the sample
data base is part of a sample panel which can be expanded to represent the universe of highway mileage. The
areawide data base contains annual state-level summaries of the major components of HPMS. Most of the
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-87 Highway Vehicles
-------
state-level data in the areawide data base are divided into rural, small urban, and individualized urban area
components. Table 4.6-1 illustrates the main data components of HPMS and the type of data they contain.
The travel data in HPMS are of great interest in estimating VMT. HPMS travel data are based on
samples of daily traffic counts taken at various points in a state's roadway network. These daily traffic counts
are expanded to annual average daily traffic (AADT). To calculate VMT for a specific section of road, the
AADT for that section of road is multiplied by the road length2.
4.6.1.1.2 Problems with Using HPMS to Estimate VMT —
There are several complexities associated with using HPMS data to estimate VMT for this inventory. The
county is the basic geographic unit in the 1990 Emission Trends inventory, while all data in HPMS are divided
into rural, small urban, and individualized urban geographic areas. In order to use the HPMS data, a
mechanism to distribute VMT from a rural, small urban, and individual urban area level to a county level had to
be developed. In addition, the level of detail of reporting in the sample data base (the most detailed data base
which contained VMT information) varied from state to state. Some states reported data for each individual
urban area, some states reported data for all individual urban areas together, and some states reported data
separately for some individual urban areas and reported data for the remaining individual urban areas together.
This made distributing VMT from the sample data base to counties a difficult task. In the areawide data base,
however, all states reported data for individual urban areas separately. Finally, travel data for local road
systems were only contained in the areawide data base. Given the problems described above and the limited
timeframe of the project, the areawide data base was used to generate county-level VMT estimates. The
methodology used to generate county-level VMT estimates is described below.
4.6.1.2 Distribution of HPMS VMT, 1980 to 1992
The FHWA supplied the latest mileage and daily travel summary areawide records that were reported for
the HPMS for the period 1980 through 1992. The HPMS files contain state-level summaries of miles of daily
travel by functional system and by rural, small urban (population of 5,000 to 49,999), and individual urbanized
(population of 50,000 and more) areas. Rural DVMT is provided on a state level for the following six roadway
types: Principal arterial-interstate, other principal arterial, minor arterial, major collector, minor collector, and
local. Small urban and urban area DVMT are provided for the following six roadway types: principal; arterial
- interstate, principal arterial - other freeways and expressways, other principal arterial, minor arterial, collector,
and local.
VMT from the HPMS areawide data base was distributed to counties based on each county's rural, small
urban, and urbanized area population. Two tables in the Bureau of the Census 1980 Number of Inhabitants
(CNOI) documents3 were used as the source for population data. The 1980 population data had to be used
to allocate the VMT because the Census Urbanized Area boundaries were changed for the 1990 census.
Although not exactly the same, the large urban area boundaries used in HPMS are based on the 1980 Census
Urbanized Area boundaries. Use of the 1990 Census Urbanized Area boundaries would prevent a one-to-one
match between HPMS large, urban-area VMT and urbanized area population, making VMT distribution
difficult.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-88 Highway Vehicles
-------
The two CNOI tables used to distribute VMT to counties are:
Table 3: Population of Counties by Urban and Rural
Residence. This table lists the urban population living
inside census-defined urbanized areas, the urban
population living outside census-defined urbanized
areas, and the rural population for each county.
Table 13: Population of Urban Areas. This table divides an
urbanized area's population among the counties that
contain portions of that urbanized area.
County-level rural VMT, small urban VMT, and urbanized area VMT were calculated separately using
the following methodology. The methodology described below was performed for each functional road system.
4.6.1.2.1 Rural VMT —
step 1. The percentage of the state's rural population in each county was calculated using county rural
population data from CNOI Table 3.
step 2. Each county's rural VMT was calculated by distributing state rural VMT from the HPMS
areawide data base, based on the percentage of the state's rural population in each county using
the following equation:
POP
POP**
where: VMTR c = rural VMT in county C (calculated)
VMTR;S = rural VMT, state total (HPMS)
POPR!C = rural population in county C (CNOI)
POPR,S = rural population, state total (CNOI)
4.6.1.2.2 Small Urban VMT—
step 1. The percentage of the state's small urban population in each county was calculated using county
urban population living outside census-defined urbanized areas from CNOI Table 3.
step 2. Each county's small urban VMT was calculated by distributing state small urban VMT from the
HPMS areawide data base based on the percentage of the state's small urban population in
each county using the following equation:
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-89 Highway Vehicles
-------
POP sue
>< —
where: VMTSU c = Small urban VMT in county C (calculated)
VMTSU!S = Small urban VMT, state total (HPMS)
POPSU c = Small urban population in county C (CNOI)
POPSU s = small urban population, state total (CNOI)
The approach for allocation HPMS DVMT reported for individual urban area was slightly different than
the approach used to allocate rural and small urban DVMT. Each urbanized area in the HPMS file is assigned
a unique 3-digit code. In order to allocate DVMT totals by road type for each individual urbanize area, an
urban area population file was used which provides a linkage between a given urban area code, and the
corresponding population in each component county. The percentage or urban DVMT totals to obtain a total
urban DVMT by roadway category for each county. Because the boundaries of urbanized and small urban
areas changed from year to year, there were urban areas in the HPMS input files for which the population for
component counties was not available. In these cases, the VMT for this urban area was added to the HPMS
small urban VMT total by road category and allocated by small urban population ratios.
4.6.1.2.3 Urban Area VMT—
step 1. For each urbanized area, the percentage of its population in each county containing a portion of
the urbanized area using data from CNOI Table 13.
step 2. Each county's share of an urban area's VMT was calculated by distributing urban area VMT
from the HPMS areawide data base based on the percentage of the urban area's population in
each county using the following equation:
VMTUAC • VMTUAS
UA,S
where: VMTUAC = Urban area's VMT in county C (calculated)
VMTUA;S = Urban area's VMT, state total (HPMS)
POPUA c = Urban area's population in county C (CNOI)
POPUA s = Urban area's population, state total (CNOI)
In a few cases, a single county contained parts of more than one urban area. For those counties, urban
VMT was calculated as the sum of the county's proportion of VMT from each of the large urban areas in the
county and the county's small urban VMT.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-90 Highway Vehicles
-------
The next step in calculation was to allocate the DVMT totals in twelve rural and urban roadway categories
among the 8 vehicle type categories. For each year between 1980 and 1992, a percentage distribution was
calculated for each vehicle type for both the rural and urban classifications. The first step in the development of
this percentage distribution was to obtain the most recent VMT totals by vehicle type and by year from
FHWA's Flighway Statistics.4 Rural and urban VMT in this publication are provided for the following vehicles
types: Passenger cars, motorcycles, buses, 2-axle/4-tire single-unit trucks, other single-unit trucks, and
combination trucks. (In the years prior to 1990, a VMT breakdown between passenger cars and
motorcycles was not provided. A total VMT for Personal Passenger Vehicles is provided. It was assumed
that the division between passenger car VMT and motor cycle VMT is the same in earlier years as was
reported for 1990.) For each of the 6 vehicle type categories for which VMT is reported in Flighway Statistics,
a percentage of the total was calculated for both rural and urban VMT. In order to convert these percentages
for the 6 HPMS categories to the 8 MOBILESa vehicle type categories, a breakdown provided by EPA was
used which reconciles the vehicle class categories used in the HPMS to those used in EPA's MOBILE model5.
This method of conversion form HPMS categories to MOBILESa categories is based on a matching scheme
that allows states to apportion VMT as it is reported in HPMS categories to the 8 MOBILE model vehicles
class categories. The apportionment percentages supplied by EPA are shown in Table 4.6-2.
After allocating HPMS DVMT totals by county, roadway category, and vehicle type, the values were
converted to millions of annual VMT. Quality assurance was performed on the output files for each of the
years by comparing state totals to the HPMS data provided by state. It is important to note that for certain
years, slight discrepancies exist between the HPMS totals and the totals reported in Highway statistics.
4.6.1.3 Distribution of VMT, 1970 to 1979 and 1993
The methodology for allocating VMT totals for 1970 through 1979 was based on state totals which were
published in FHWA's Highway Statistics 1985. For each year, state totals were allocated by county, roadway
type, and vehicle type using a ration from the 1980 VMT file for each state/county/SCC combination expressed
as a percentage of the 1980 state total. Quality assurance was performed by comparing statewide totals for
each year's output to the FHWA's state totals.
The input for the 1993 VMT files were rural and urban VMT totals by state which were obtained from
FHWA.6 The allocation of 1993 VMT by county, roadway category, and vehicle type was accomplished
using the 1992 output file. To allocate rural VMT by county, the population file used to allocate rural VMT for
the years 1980 to 1992 was used. For urban VMT, the two population files used for earlier years which
contained small urban and urban population were combined into one files. After allocating the rural VMT and
urban VMT by county, percentages by each of the 12 roadway types were calculated using 1992 output.
Lastly, 1993 VMT was divided among the 8 vehicles types using the same vehicles distribution that was used in
the allocation of the 1992 VMT.
The resulting annual county-level vehicle and roadway type specific VMT data were temporally allocated
to months. Seasonal 1985 NAPAP temporal allocation factors7 were used to apportion the VMT to the four
seasons. Monthly VMT data were obtained using a ratio between the number of days in a month and the
number of days in the corresponding season.
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4.6.2 Development of VOC, NOX, and CO Emission Factors
EPA's MOBILESa mobile source emission factor model was used to calculate all emission factors.19 The
March 26, 1993, version of MOBILESa was used for this inventory. The pollutants modeled were exhaust
VOC, evaporative VOC (which includes resting loss, running loss, and evaporative emissions), exhaust NOX,
and exhaust CO. VOC emissions include aldehydes and hydrocarbons measured by Flame lonization Detector
(FID) testing.
4.6.2.1 Temperature
The temperature data used for Emission Trends inventory included an average daily maximum and
minimum temperature for each state for each month for each year from 1970 to 1993. The data were obtained
on diskette from the National Climatic Data Center.9 A single city was selected from each state to represent
the state's temperature conditions. The cities were selected to be the most representative of the average
conditions within the state, generally either centrally located cities or in states with a majority of VMT clustered
in one area, the most populous cities. Because of the great variations of temperature and the wide distribution
of VMT throughout California, EPA suggested that California should be broken into two geographic regions,
with Los Angeles representing the southern and interior portions of the state and San Francisco representing the
northern coastal region of the state. It was also suggested that Texas be broken into two regions, with Houston
representing the coastal and southern portions of the state and Dallas representing the interior and northern
portions of the state. After investigating the differences in the actual temperature data for these two cities,
however, it was determined that there was not enough variation in the temperatures for these two cities to
warrant dividing the state into two regions. Table 4.6-3 shows the cities that were used to represent each
state's temperature conditions. As noted in Table 4.6-3, data were missing for some years for some states. In
these cases, 30-year average monthly maximum and minimum temperature values were used from Statistical
Abstracts.10 The allowable temperature range for input to MOBILESa is 0°F to 100°F for the minimum daily
temperatures and 10°F to 110°F for the maximum daily temperatures. In the few cases where the temperatures
fell outside of these ranges, the endpoint of the range was substituted for the actual temperatures.
4.6.2.2 RVP
This section describes the methodology used to apportion Reid vapor pressure (RVP) values to each state
by month. The steps involved in making these calculations were as follows: (1) assigning a January and July
RVP to each state, and (2) estimating the RVP for the other months for each state.
4.6.2.2.1 Apportioning RVP Data to Each State —
The first step in the process of determining monthly RVP values for each state was to assign a weighted
January and July RVP for each year to every state. EPA's Office of Mobile Sources (OMS) provided
spreadsheets of historic RVP data that included the average January and July RVP values weighted by the
market share of each type of gasoline (regular unleaded, intermediate unleaded, premium unleaded, etc.) from
each of the 23 cities included in the American Automobile Manufacturer's Association (AAMA) fuel surveys.11
These data were provided for each year from 1970 through 1993. Using these data, January and July RVP
values were assigned to each state for each year. This was done using a listing, provided by OMS, matching
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each nonattainment area throughout the United States which with the corresponding AAMA survey city whose
RVP should be used to represent that nonattainment area. These assignments were based on pipeline
distribution maps. The corresponding January and July weighted RVP values were then assigned to each of
these nonattainment areas. The January or July RVP values for a given year for all nonattainment areas within a
state were then averaged to estimate a single statewide January or July RVP value. Several states had no
nonattainment areas and therefore were not included in the OMS cross reference listing. Survey cities were
assigned to these states based on a combination of location and pipeline maps. These assignments were as
follows:
State Survey City
Idaho Billings, MT and Seattle, WA
Iowa Minneapolis, MN
Nebraska Kansas City, MO and Minneapolis, MN
North Dakota Minneapolis, MN
South Dakota Minneapolis, MN
Wyoming Billings, MT and Denver, CO
For states where two survey cities are listed, the average of the RVP values for the two survey cities was used.
Alaska and Hawaii were not matched with survey cities but were assigned winter and summer RVP values
based on guidance from OMS. Alaska was assigned a winter RVP value of 14.5 psi and a summer RVP value
of 12.5 psi while Hawaii was assigned a winter RVP value of 10.0 psi and a summer RVP value of 9.5 psi.
These assignments applied for each year from 1970 through 1993.
4.6.2.2.2 Estimating Monthly RVP for Each State —
The next step was to estimate statewide RVP values for the remaining months based on the January and
July RVP values. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) schedule of seasonal and
geographical volatility classes was used as the basis for the RVP allocation by month.12 This schedule assigns
one or two volatility classes to each state for each month of the year. Volatility classes are designated by a
letter (A through E), with A being the least volatile. Several states are divided into two or more regions, with
each region having its own set of volatility class guidelines. The MOBILE4 User's Guide13 provides guidance
on which ASTM class to assign to each state for each month when more than one region is included for a state,
or when two ASTM classes are listed for a given state in a given month. This guidance was followed here to
select a single ASTM class for each state and month. The MOBILE4 User's Guide also lists RVP limits that
correspond to each ASTM class (EPA, 1989). These RVP limits are as follows:
ASTM class A
ASTM class B
ASTM class C
ASTM class D
ASTM class E
= 9.0
= 10.0
= 11.5
= 13.5
= 15.0
psi
psi
psi
psi
psi
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The January ASTM class designation was assigned to the January RVP value calculated for each state (as
determined in step 2 above) and the July ASTM class designation was assigned to the July RVP value
calculated for each state. Other months with the same ASTM class designation as either January or July were
assigned the January or July RVP value for that state. The RVP values for months with intermediate ASTM
class designations were calculated by interpolation using the January and July RVP values and the ASTM class
RVP limits. The equation used for this interpolation is shown below.
M • [(IA - SA) x (WM - SM) I (WA - SA)} • SM
where: JJVI = Intermediate month's (not January or July) RVP value
WM = Winter (January) RVP value
SM = Summer (July) RVP value
IA = Intermediate month's (non-January or July) ASTM RVP limit
WA = Winter (January) ASTM RVP limit
S A = Summer (July) ASTM RVP limit
Calculations were made for each intermediate month for each state. Starting in 1989, summer RVP values
were limited by EPA's Phase I RVP limits and in 1992 by the Phase U RVP limits. After the May through
September RVP values were calculated for each state using the procedure above, the values were replaced by
the state-specific monthly Phase I (for 1989 to 1991) or the Phase H (for 1992 and 1993) limit if the
corresponding limit was lower than the calculated monthly RVP value.
4.6.2.3 Speed
Nine speeds were modeled for each state. The nine speeds used in the model were derived from the
average overall speed output from the HPMS impact analysis. Average overall speed data were obtained for
the years 1987 through 1990.1 The average overall speed for each vehicle type varied less than one mile per
hour (MPH) over the 4-year span. Therefore, the same speeds (from 1990) were used for all years from 1970
to 1993. Table 4.6-4 lists the average overall speed output for 1990 from the HPMS impact analysis. To
determine the actual speeds to use in modeling the emission factors, HPMS vehicle types were chosen to
represent the speeds for each AMS vehicle type:
passenger cars — used for LDVs and motorcycles (speeds for small and large cars
were the same)
pickup trucks and vans — used for LDTs
multi-trailer trucks with five or more axles — used for HDVs
To reduce the number of speeds to be modeled, the HPMS speeds were rounded to the nearest 5 miles
per hour. Local speeds, which were not included in the HPMS impact analysis output, were assumed to be the
same as minor collector speeds for rural roads and collector speeds for urban roads. Table 4.6-5 lists the
average speed used for each road type/vehicle type combination.
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4.6.2.4 Operating Mode
All MOBILES a runs at all speeds were made using the operating mode assumptions of the Federal Test
Procedure (FTP). With the FTP, 20.6 percent of all VMT is accumulated in the cold start mode (or Bag 1 of
the FTP), 27.3 percent of all VMT is accumulated in the hot start mode (or Bag 3 of the FTP), and 52.1
percent of all VMT is accumulated in the hot stabilized mode (or Bag 2 of the FTP).
4.6.2.5 Altitude
The entire states of Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah were modeled as high altitude areas. All
other states were modeled as low altitude areas.
4.6.2.6 Registration Distribution/Month
A national registration distribution was included in all of the MOBILESa input files. These registration
distributions varied by calendar year and show the fraction of vehicles registered in the given calendar year by
model year. Separate registration distributions are developed for each vehicle type (with a single registration
distribution for light duty gasoline and diesel vehicles and a single registration distribution for light duty gasoline
trucks I and light duty diesel trucks). Registration distributions developed under earlier Emission Trends work
assignments were used for calendar years 1970 through 1990. New registration distributions were developed
under this assignment for 1991, 1992, and 1993.
The main difference between the 1991 registration distribution and those of previous years is the
expansion from a 20-year distribution to a 25-year distribution. In addition to the development of the 1991
distribution, data used in the development of the 1990 registration distribution were updated with more current
vehicle sales figures. All registration distributions for the years 1980 through 1990 were also expanded to a
25-year range.
The specific procedures used in each of the steps outlined above are discussed in detail in the following
sections. In some cases, the methods used for this version of Emission Trends inventory correspond to
procedures used in previous years, while in other cases, improvements have been made to the estimation
procedure. Both old and new methods are documented below.
Vehicle registration distributions for 1991, 1992, and 1993 were developed using a dBase computer
program. (This program was developed to perform the computations that had been done for earlier Emission
Trends inventory in a spreadsheet model.) This registration distribution program estimates the distribution of
vehicles operating by model year in 1991, 1992, and 1993 for each of the eight MOBILE vehicle types. For
automobiles, the registration distribution is based on the number of cars in operation by model year as reported
in AAMA's Facts and Figures 1993n and sales data from Automotive News' Market Data Book 1993U.
For each of the five MOBILE truck classes, the distribution is based on sales figures from AAMA and
Automotive News, as well as the number of trucks in operation by model year from AAMA. For motorcycles,
the registration distribution for these three years did not change from previous years; this distribution was taken
from the default distribution from the previous Emission Trends procedures manual, which covered a 12-
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model-year range. The specific procedure used to calculate the registration distribution for automobiles and
trucks is discussed below.
4.6.2.6.1 Automobiles —
AAMA's Facts and Figures 1993 lists the number of cars in operation by model year. The most recent
calendar year for which data are available from this source is 1992. The number of cars in operation in 1992
for each model year from 1977 through 1992 was used as a preliminary estimate of the number of cars from
these model years operating in 1992 (These will be updated in the next version of Emission Trends inventory by
AAMA's actual estimates for the 1993 calendar year).
The earliest model year for which data were given on the number of cars operating in 1992 was the 1977
model year. The figure given for the number of model year 1977 cars operating in 1992 is actually an
aggregate figure of the number of cars from 1977 and all earlier model years still operating in 1992. A
methodology was developed to distribute the cars operating from model year 1977 and earlier years over the
remaining nine years required for developing a 25-year registration distribution. In order to do this, a formula
was derived using automobile survival rates to project estimates of operation for these older cars by model year
to 1993.15 Based on AAMA data for previous years, the number of cars from each model year from 1969
through 1977 still in operation in 1993 was estimated using the following formula:
Model Year N Cars in Operation in Yearl993* A x =
B
where: A = AAMA number of Model YearN Cars Operating in YearY
B = Survival rate for ageY. N
C = Survival rate for age1993. N
Year = Last calendar year for which an estimate is available for this particular model year (as
of July 1)
N = Most current model year for which ^Number of Automobiles in Operation'are
available
AAMA's estimate of model year 1992 automobiles operating in 1992 appeared to be low in comparison
to historical data. Therefore, a rate of change was calculated for automobile sales from the years 1991 to 1992
(Automotive News, 1993). The rate was then multiplied by AAMA's estimate of model year 1991 cars in
operation in 1992. To develop an estimate of the number of 1993 model year cars operating in 1993, the
number of 1992 registrations of model year 1992 automobiles was multiplied by 0.75, since by July 1, three-
quarters of the car model year had passed (new model year automobiles are generally released in October).
Using this complete set of automobile registrations by model year for the 25-year period from 1969 to
1993, the registration distribution was calculated by dividing the number of cars in operation by model year by
the total number of cars operating over the 25-year period. This process was repeated to develop a
registration distribution for 1991 and 1992. The only difference for these years is that the number of cars in
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operation in the most recent model year was available from AAMA for these previous years and therefore, no
projections of the number of cars in operation were made for the latest model year.
4.6.2.6.2 Trucks —
For each truck type, the 1993 registration distribution was calculated with truck sales figures by type and
model year, which were weighted by the distribution of truck registrations (the total over all truck types) from
AAMA's Facts and Figures 1993. The basic methodology for calculating this distribution is outlined here and
closely follows that used in previous years (with a few modifications).
The first step was to determine 1993 truck sales by MOBILE truck category. (Sales figures for years
prior to 1992 were not changed from those used in calculating previous years' registration distributions.)
AAMA and Automotive News were the sources of sales data.11'14 Because AAMA's truck categories do not
exactly correspond to the categories used in MOBILE, the previous version of the Emission Trends procedures
manual outlined a method for allocating sales from AAMA's weight class categories to the MOBILE truck
categories. The formulas used for the 1991, 1992, and 1993 distribution are as follows:
LDGT1 • Retail Sales (domestic • import)™. 60oo/fe)* Diesel Factory Sales,0. 6
I •/ Diesel \
• VCC • M • (0.05 x CP) • Factory I
Sales e 7 I
bales J (6;000. io;ooo/fo)
where: VCC = Retail sales of van cutaway chassis
M = Retail sales of multi-stops
CP = Retail sales of conventional pickups
TTT^^rr, -,,„„ J^ n nr ^n I HeOVV • Duty | (Retail}
HDGT • tVCC • M- ,0.05 x CP^. w>oooao • \DJdTrJks\ (Sales)
LDDT • Diesel Factory Sales m. 6 000/M • (0.10 x Diesel Factory Sales)(6 000.
(> 10,000 7fcs)
HDDT • .0.9 x f)iesel Factory Sales^6000.10 000/&)i • • f)iesel Factory Sales^
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Since the most current year for which data were available was 1992, the formulas above were used to
determine 1992 truck sales; 1993 sales were then based on 1992 estimates. However, because the 1992 sales
calculated with the formulas above seemed unusually low, the ratio of 1991 truck sales to 1992 truck sales14
was multiplied by AAMA's 1991 sales11 to obtain comparable figures for 1992 sales. Sales for 1993 were
then estimated by using 50 percent of the 1992 figures for each of the truck categories. (The truck model year
is assumed to start in January, so half of the model year trucks would be sold by July 1.)
Once AAMA sales data for 1992 and 1993 were converted into MOBILE categories, a distribution of
truck registrations by model year was needed to determine the percentage of trucks operating for each model
year as of July 1, 1993.
The AAMA list of trucks in operation by model year covered a range of 17 model years (the last year
representing an aggregate figure of all previous years). The total number of trucks in operation was distributed
over the remaining eight years in a method consistent with that described for automobiles. Again, 1993
registrations were estimated based on those in 1992, although in the case of trucks, 1992 registrations were
multiplied by 50 percent, rather than 75 percent, since half of the truck model year had passed as of July 1.
The total number of trucks operating in 1991 reported by AAMA11 was multiplied by the rate of change in
registrations from 1991 to 1992.14
Because registration data are not available for each of the five MOBILE truck categories, a method was
developed and used in past years of the Emission Trends procedures document to estimate the number of
trucks operating by MOBILE category. Following this procedure, the 1993 sales figure for each truck type
was multiplied by the ratio of the total number of trucks operating from each model year to the total number of
truck sales (comparable to AAMA's data on cars in operation from the previous section). For example, the
formula used to calculate Model YearN LDGTls operating in 1993 is as follows:
Total Model YearNTrucks
Model YearNLDGTls Model YearNLGTls Operating in 1993
X
Operating in 1993 Sold in 1993 Total Trucks Sold in 1993
This formula was applied to all five truck types for model years 1969 through 1993. To estimate the
registration distribution for each truck type, the number of trucks operating per model year, as estimated above,
was divided by the total of all trucks operating for that particular truck category.
The sales and registration data used in the development of registration distribution data for 1991 was
updated to be comparable to the 1993 data. To estimate 1991 sales in a manner similar to the estimation
procedure used in estimating 1992 sales, AAMA's 1988 sales were multiplied by the ratio of sales of
automobiles and trucks for 1990 to 1991.16 These estimates of 1991 sales were then used to derive 1992
sales by multiplying the 1991 car sales figure by 75 percent and the 1991 truck sales figure by 50 percent. The
methodology used in the 1993 distribution is exactly the same procedure used for 1992.
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Registration distributions input to MOBILESa should be expressed as a July 1 registration distribution.
Internally, the model can than adjust this registration distribution to represent either a January 1 or a July 1
registration distribution, depending on the user selected setting of the month flag. When modeling months from
January through June, the month flag within the MOBILESa input files was set to " 1" to simulate January
registration distributions. For months from July through December, the flag was set to "2" to model July
registration distribution.
4.6.2.7 I/M Programs
For states that had an inspection and maintenance (I/M) program in place in one or more counties in the
year being modeled, at least one additional MOBILESa input file was created that modeled the characteristics
of the I/M program in that state. All other inputs (such as temperature, RVP, speeds, etc.) were identical to the
no I/M input file modeled for the state in the year being analyzed. The determination of whether or not a county
had an I/M program in place in a given year was based on a series of I/M program summaries released by
OMS. Emission factors calculated with I/M benefits in a given inventory year were applied only to counties
having an I/M program in place in December of the prior year. I/M program characteristics were also included
in the I/M program summaries. These program characteristics vary by state and in some cases by
nonattainment area or county within a particular state. The effectiveness statistics used as MOBILES inputs
varied by state based on the characteristics of representative I/M programs in that state. For states where I/M
programs varied within a given state, a single set of effectiveness statistics, based on a combination of
characteristics of all the I/M programs within the state, was used as an I/M input to the model. In some cases,
the characteristics of the different programs within a specific state could not be adequately modeled using some
average of the I/M program characteristics. In these cases, multiple I/M programs were modeled for these
states, with the appropriate I/M programs applied to the corresponding counties.
4.6.2.8 Oxygenated Fuels
The oxygenated fuel requirements of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) took effect beginning
in late 1992. Therefore, oxygenated fuel was modeled in the areas indicated by OMS, using the oxygenated
fuel flag and the oxygenated fuel market share and oxygen content inputs in MOBILESa. OMS provided a
listing of areas participating in the oxygenated fuel program, the months that each area used oxygenated fuel,
and market share data indicating the percentage of ether blends versus alcohol blends in each oxygenated fuel
area. The average oxygen content of ether blend fuels for all areas, except California, was assumed to be 2.7
percent while alcohol blend fuels were assumed to have an oxygen content of 3.5 percent. For California, the
oxygen content of both ether blends and alcohol blends was modeled as 2 percent, based on documentation
from OMS on how to model reformulated and oxygenated fuels in the CALI5 model.
4.6.2.9 California
California's highway vehicle fleet has been subject to different emission standards than the rest of the
country. To account for these differences in basic emission rates, an EPA-modified version of MOBILESa was
used for California. This model is referred to as CALI5. Input files used with this model are essentially
identical to MOBILESa input files. The model internally handles the different emission standards.
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Temperature, RVP, speed, registration distribution, and operating mode inputs were developed for California in
the same manner as they were for the rest of the nation. The primary difference in inputs is the earlier start date
(1992) of the reformulated gasoline program in California. Using CALIS, this was modeled in the summer
months for 1992 and 1993 by setting the reformulated gasoline flag to "4" and the RVP to 7.8 psi. As
mentioned above, California was also divided into two regions to account for the differences in climate
throughout the state.
4.6.3 Development of PM-10 and SO2 Emission Factors
Emission factors for PM-10 and SO2 can not be calculated with MOBILESa. The PARTS model can be
used to calculate these emission factors, but was not released in time to be used for the 1994 Emission Trends
report. Therefore, PM-10 and SO2 emission factors using data from AP-42 and other applicable EPA
documents. Emission factors for both of these pollutants were developed on a national basis by vehicle type for
each year. The procedure followed for developing these emission factors is discussed below.
4.6.3.1 PM-10 Emission Factors
Highway vehicle PM-10 emission factors were calculated using the methodology to develop the Regional
Particulate Inventory for 1990.17 National annual 1990 PM-10 emission factors were calculated for this
inventory by vehicle type. Gasoline PM-10 exhaust emission factors were based on exhaust paniculate
emission factors specific to the technology type of the vehicle (i.e., catalyst vs. no catalyst) and model year
group.18 These basic exhaust emission factors were then applied within a spreadsheet to the corresponding
portion of the vehicle fleet for each model year from age 1 to 25 comprising the 1990 fleet. Model year
specific data indicating the fraction of vehicles with catalysts were obtained from the MOBILESa source
code.19 After obtaining the model year weighted emission factor for each of the gasoline vehicle types, the
model year specific emission factors were then weighted by the model year travel fraction, obtained using the
by-model-year option in MOBILESa that lists VMT fractions for each model year for the calendar year
specified. These model year-weighted emission factors were then summed to obtain the fleet average exhaust
particulate emission factor for each of the gasoline vehicle types. These particulate emission factors were then
multiplied by the PM-10 particle size multiplier from AP-42. The PM-10 emission factors calculated for
LDGVs were also applied to motorcycles.
The same procedure was applied to obtain 1970 and 1984 PM-10 exhaust emission factors for gasoline-
fueled vehicles. PM-10 exhaust emission factors for the intermediate years and the years out to 1993 were
calculated by straight line interpolation. Total PM-10 emission factors were then calculated by adding the
brake and tire wear PM-10 emission factors from AP-42 (which do not vary by year).
PM-10 emission factors from diesel vehicles were calculated using a similar methodology, but using data
by model year and vehicle type for diesel particulate emission factors and diesel travel fractions.8 Again, the
particulate emission factors were multiplied by the AP-42 particle size multipliers to obtain PM-10 exhaust
emission factors, and PM-10 brake and tire wear emission factors were added to the exhaust emission factors.
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The PM-10 emission factors by vehicle type and year used in Emission Trends inventory are shown in
Table 4.6-6. These emission factors include the exhaust, brake, and tire wear components of PM-10.
4.6.3.2 SO2 Emission Factors
The following equation was used to calculate the highway vehicle SO2 emission factors by vehicle type:
SO-EF • SULFCONT x 0.98 x FUELDENS x 453 .59
T^ x,y y,z z
FUELECON
x,y
where: SO2EFxy = SO2 emission factor for vehicle type x in year y (grams per mile)
SULFCONTy z = Sulfur content in year y for fuel type z (fractional value)
FUELDENSZ = Fuel density of fuel type z (pounds per gallon)
FUELECONX y = Fuel economy for vehicle type x in year y (miles per gallon)
The factor of 0.98 in the above equation represents the fraction of sulfur in the fuel that is converted to SO220
while the 2 represents the weight molecular ratio of sulfur to SO2. The remaining term (453.59) is the
conversion from pounds to grams.
The value used for sulfur content of the fuel depends only on whether is gasoline-fueled or diesel-fueled.
A fuel sulfur content of 0.000339 was used for gasoline-fueled vehicles based on the fuel sulfur content of EPA
baseline fuel while a fuel sulfur content of 0.00221 was used for diesel-fueled vehicles through September 1993.
Beginning on October 1, 1993, a fuel sulfur content of 0.0005 was used for diesel-fueled vehicles, in
accordance with the sulfur content requirements for diesel fuel as specified in the CAAA. Fuel density values of
6.17 pounds per gallon for gasoline and 7.05 pounds per gallon for diesel were used in all years (AP-42).
Fleet average fuel economy varies slightly from year to year for each vehicle type. The values used for fuel
economy from 1982 to 1993 were obtained from output from the draft MOBILE4.1 Fuel Consumption
Model22 for all vehicle types except motorcycles. 1982 was the earliest model year included in this output.
Fuel economy values for 1970 through 1981 were estimated using fuel economy data from Highway Statistics.4
Adjustments were made to the Highway Statistics fuel economy data since the vehicle classes included in
Highway Statistics differ from the MOBILE vehicle classes and to smooth out the discontinuity in fuel economy
estimates between the two sources from 1981 to 1982. This was done using the following general equation:
FE(FCM) 1982
FE,V • FE(HS)X_V x
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where: FE^ y = Fuel economy value for vehicle type x in year y used SO2 emission factor
calculations (mpg)
FE(HS)X y = Highway Statistics fuel economy for vehicle type x in year y (mpg)
FE(FCM)X 1982 = MOBILE4.1 Fuel Consumption Model fuel economy for vehicle type x in
1982
FE(HS)X 1982 = Highway Statistics fuel economy for vehicle type x in 1982
This equation was complicated by the differences in vehicle class definitions used in the MOBILE4.1 Fuel
Consumption Model versus those used in Highway Statistics. Therefore, a singe light duty vehicle and a single
light duty truck fuel economy value were calculated for each year. The weighing of gasoline and diesel vehicles
was made using the same OMS apportionment as was used for allocating the HPMS VMT to the diesel and
gasoline categories. Motorcycles were not included in the MOBILE4.1 Fuel consumption Model. Therefore,
a fuel economy value of 50 mpg was used for motorcycles in all years from 1970 through 1993 based on
AAMA motorcycle fuel economy data.11 The fuel economy values used for each vehicle type and year are
shown in Table 4.6-7.
The resulting SO2 emission factors by vehicle type and year are shown in Table 4.6-8. The 1993 diesel
emission factors were calculated by weighing emission factors calculated with the two different diesel fuel sulfur
content values by weighing the higher fuel sulfur content by 75 percent (for the nine months that the higher sulfur
content applies) and the lower fuel sulfur content value by 25 percent (for the three months that the lower sulfur
content applies).
4.6.4 Calculation of Emissions
Once the highway vehicle emission factors and VMT were developed, a computer program was used to
map the corresponding VMT and emission factors to calculate monthly, county-level emissions estimates for
each vehicle type and road type. Although emission factors were developed for VOC, NOX, and CO at the
state level, the factors could vary by county depending on the presence or absence of I/M programs and
oxygenated fuel program.
4.6.5 References
1. "Highway Performance Monitoring System Field Manual," Federal Highway Administration, U.S.
Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, December 1987.
2. "Traffic Monitoring Guide," Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation,
Washington, DC, June 1985.
3. "1980 Census of Population, Volume I Characteristics of Population, Chapter B Number of Inhabitants,"
Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC, April 1983.
4. Highway Statistics 1985. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation,
Washington DC, 1986.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-102 Highway Vehicles
-------
5. Letter from Mark Wolcott, Technical Support Branch, to Pechan dated January 5, 1994
6. "Traffic Volume Trends Table 5A and Traffic Volume Trends 5B", ASCII text files received by E.H.
Pechan & Associates, Inc. from Mr. Kenneth Welty of the Federal Highway Administration, Washington,
DC, March 1994.
7. "The 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory: Development of Temporal Allocation Factors," EPA-600/7-
89-010d, Air & Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, April 1990.
8. "Motor Vehicle-Related Air Toxics Study," U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile
Sources, Public Review Draft, Ann Arbor, MI, December 1992.
9. National Climatic Center, data files to E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Ashville, NC 1994.
10. National Data Book and Guide to Sources, Statistical Abstract of the United States -1993. U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC. 1989.
11. "Facts and Figures 1993," American Automobile Manufacturers Association,Washington, DC, 1993.
12. "1988 Annual Book of ASTM Standards" American Society for Testing and Materials, (Section 5:
Petroleum Products, Lubricants, and Fossil Fuels; Volume 05.01: Petroleum Products and Lubricants (I):
D 56 - D 1947), Philadelphia, PA 1988.
13. "User's Guide to MOBILE4 (Mobile Source Emission Factor Model)," EPA-AA-TEB-89-01, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, MI, February 1989.
14. " 1993 Market Data Book," Automotive News, 1993: Automotive News,Detroit, MI, 1993.
15. "Study of Vehicle Scrappage Rates," Miaou, Shaw-Pin, ORNL, Oak Ridge National Laboratories, Oak
Ridge, TN, August 1990.
16. "1992 Market Data Book," Automotive News,Detroit, MI, 1993.
17. E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., "Regional Particulates Inventory for the National Particulate Matter
Study," prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Policy, Planning and
Evaluation/Office of Policy Analysis, June 1994.
18. "Air Toxics Emissions from Motor Vehicles," U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile
Sources,EPA-AA-TSS-PA-86-5, Ann Arbor, MI, September 1987.
19. "User's Guide to MOBILES (Mobile Source Emission Factor Model)," U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, EPA-AA-AQAB-94-01, Office of Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, MI, May 1994.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-103 Highway Vehicles
-------
20. "Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Sulfur and Aromatics Contents of On-Highway Diesel Fuel, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources, 1990.
21. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, AP-42, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1975.
22. "MOBILE4.1 Fuel Consumption Model (Draft)," U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, MI, August 1991.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-104 Highway Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-1. Data Components of HPMS
Universe - All Road Mileage
Identification
System
Jurisdiction
Operation
Other
Contains state, county, and rural/small urbanized codes and a unique
identification of location reference.
Optionally, the latitude and longitude coordinates for the beginning and ending
points of universe and sample sections are provided.
Provides for coding of functional system and Federal-aid system.
Provides for coding of state or local highway system and special funding
category.
Includes type of facility, truck prohibition, and toll.
Contains length of highway section and fields for the coding of AADT and the
number of through lanes.
Sample - Statistical Sample of Universe
Identification
Computational Elements
Pavement Attributes
Improvements
Geometries/
Configuration
Traffic/Capacity
Environment
Supplemental Data
Contains unique identification for the sample section portion of the record.
Provides data items used to expand sample information to universe values.
Contains data items used to evaluate the physical characteristics of pavement,
pavement performance, and the need for pavement overlays.
Describes the improvement type for the year of the improvement completion.
Describes the physical attributes used to evaluate the capacity and operating
characteristics of the facility.
Provides operational data items used to calculate the capacity of a section and
the need for improvements.
Contains items that marginally affect the operation of a facility but are important
to its structural integrity.
Provides linkage to existing structure and railroad crossing information systems.
Areawide - State Summaries
Mileage
Travel
Accidents
Injuries
Population
Road mileage
Vehicle miles traveled, percent travel by vehicle type
Number of accidents
Number of injuries
Area population
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-105
1985-1993 Methodology
Highway Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-2. Apportionment Percentages for Conversion of HPMS Vehicle Type Categories to MOBILESa
Categories
HPMS Vehicle Type Category
MOBILESa Vehicle Type Category and Apportionment Percentages
Motorcycle
Passenger Car
Other 2-Axle, 4-tire
Buses
Other Single Unit Trucks
Combination Trucks
MC
LDGV
LDDV
LDGT1
LDGT2
LDDT
HDGV
HDDV
HDGV
HDDV
HDDV
1.0000
0.9864
0.0136
0.6571
0.3347
0.0082
0.1028
0.8972
0.7994
0.2006
1.0000
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-106
1985-1993 Methodology
Highway Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-3. Cities Used for Temperature Data Modeling from 1970 through 1993
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
City
Birmingham
Anchorage
Phoenix
Little Rock
Los Angeles
San Francisco
Denver
Hartford
Dover
Washington
Orlando (1974-1993)
Atlanta
Honolulu
Boise
Springfield
Indianapolis
Des Moines
Topeka
Louisville
Baton Rouge
Portland
Baltimore
Boston
Detroit
Minneapolis
Jackson
Springfield
Billings
Lincoln
Las Vegas
Concord
Newark
Albuquerque
New York City
Greensboro
Bismarck
Columbus
Oklahoma City
Eugene
Harrisburg (1970-1991), Middletown (1991-1993)
Providence
Columbia
Pierre
Nashville
Dallas/Fort Worth (1974-1993)
Salt Lake City
Montpelier
Richmond
Seattle
Charleston
Milwaukee
Casper
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-107
1985-1993 Methodology
Highway Vehicles
-------
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-108
1985-1993 Methodology
Highway Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-5. Average Speeds by Road Type and Vehicle Type
(MPH)
Rural
LDV
LDT
HDV
Interstate
60
55
40
Principal
Arterial
45
45
35
Minor
Arterial
40
40
30
Major
Collector
35
35
25
Minor
Collector
30
30
25
Local
30
30
25
Urban
LDV
LDT
HDV
Interstate
45
45
35
Other Freeways
& Expressways
45
45
35
Principal
Arterial
20
20
15
Minor
Arterial
20
20
15
Collector
20
20
15
Local
20
20
15
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-109
1985-1993 Methodology
Highway Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-6. PM-10 Emission Factors used in the Emission Trends Inventory
Emission Factor (grams per mile)
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
LDGV
0.070
0.066
0.063
0.060
0.057
0.054
0.051
0.048
0.045
0.042
0.039
0.036
0.033
0.030
0.026
0.026
0.025
0.024
0.023
0.022
0.021
0.020
0.019
0.018
LDGT1
0.069
0.066
0.063
0.060
0.057
0.054
0.051
0.049
0.046
0.043
0.040
0.037
0.034
0.032
0.029
0.028
0.026
0.025
0.024
0.023
0.022
0.021
0.020
0.018
LDGT2
0.070
0.067
0.064
0.062
0.059
0.057
0.054
0.052
0.049
0.047
0.044
0.042
0.039
0.037
0.034
0.033
0.031
0.029
0.028
0.026
0.025
0.023
0.022
0.020
HDGV
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.065
0.068
0.071
0.074
0.077
0.080
0.083
0.086
0.089
LDDV
0.615
0.615
0.615
0.615
0.615
0.615
0.615
0.585
0.555
0.525
0.495
0.465
0.435
0.405
0.375
0.368
0.361
0.355
0.348
0.342
0.335
0.329
0.322
0.316
LDDT
0.615
0.615
0.615
0.615
0.615
0.615
0.615
0.583
0.552
0.520
0.489
0.457
0.426
0.395
0.363
0.361
0.360
0.358
0.356
0.354
0.353
0.351
0.349
0.347
HDDV
2.367
2.367
2.367
2.367
2.351
2.335
2.319
2.303
2.287
2.271
2.255
2.239
2.223
2.207
2.191
2.068
1.945
1.822
1.699
1.576
1.453
1.330
1.207
1.084
MC
0.070
0.066
0.063
0.060
0.057
0.054
0.051
0.048
0.045
0.042
0.039
0.036
0.033
0.030
0.026
0.026
0.025
0.024
0.023
0.022
0.021
0.020
0.019
0.018
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-110
1985-1993 Methodology
Highway Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-7. Fuel Economy Values Used in Calculation of SO2 Emission Factors
for the Emission Trends Inventory
Fuel Economy (miles/gallon)
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
LDGV
12.68
12.70
12.57
12.48
12.59
12.68
12.69
12.94
13.17
13.52
14.50
14.95
15.49
16.13
16.78
17.46
18.18
18.95
19.63
20.25
20.77
21.23
21.62
21.93
LDGT
10.18
10.39
10.51
10.69
11.15
11.40
11.39
11.63
11.81
12.00
12.54
12.72
12.96
13.42
13.90
14.33
14.79
15.24
15.60
15.87
16.06
16.30
16.52
16.70
HDGV
6.79
6.85
6.86
6.90
7.11
7.16
7.05
7.05
6.97
6.94
7.13
7.07
7.65
7.96
8.15
8.39
8.49
8.66
8.76
8.90
9.03
9.15
9.27
9.37
LDDV
12.68
12.70
12.57
12.48
12.59
12.68
12.69
12.94
13.17
13.52
14.50
14.95
24.90
25.10
25.21
25.31
25.37
25.50
25.55
25.48
25.43
25.41
25.43
25.52
LDDT
10.18
10.39
10.51
10.69
11.15
11.40
11.39
11.63
11.81
12.00
12.54
12.72
24.59
24.85
24.96
25.00
25.08
25.15
25.09
24.93
24.65
24.57
24.66
24.77
HDDV
5.05
5.17
5.27
5.32
5.47
5.62
5.47
5.47
5.45
5.45
5.64
5.56
5.30
5.44
5.57
5.71
5.82
5.93
6.01
6.11
6.19
6.27
6.34
6.41
MC
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-111
1985-1993 Methodology
Highway Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-8. SO2 Emission Factors used in the Emission Trends Inventory
Emission Factor (grams per mile)
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
LDGV
0.147
0.146
0.148
0.149
0.148
0.147
0.147
0.144
0.141
0.138
0.128
0.124
0.120
0.115
0.111
0.107
0.102
0.098
0.095
0.092
0.090
0.088
0.086
0.085
LDGT1
0.183
0.179
0.177
0.174
0.167
0.163
0.163
0.160
0.158
0.155
0.148
0.146
0.144
0.139
0.134
0.130
0.126
0.122
0.119
0.117
0.116
0.114
0.113
0.111
LDGT2
0.183
0.179
0.177
0.174
0.167
0.163
0.163
0.160
0.158
0.155
0.148
0.146
0.144
0.139
0.134
0.130
0.126
0.122
0.119
0.117
0.116
0.114
0.113
0.111
HDGV
0.274
0.272
0.271
0.270
0.262
0.260
0.264
0.264
0.267
0.268
0.261
0.263
0.243
0.234
0.228
0.222
0.219
0.215
0.212
0.209
0.206
0.203
0.201
0.199
LDDV
0.989
0.987
0.997
1.004
0.996
0.989
0.988
0.969
0.952
0.927
0.865
0.839
0.503
0.499
0.497
0.495
0.494
0.492
0.491
0.492
0.493
0.493
0.493
0.399
LDDT
1.231
1.207
1.193
1.173
1.124
1.100
1.101
1.078
1.061
1.045
1.000
0.986
0.510
0.504
0.502
0.501
0.500
0.498
0.500
0.503
0.509
0.510
0.508
0.411
HDDV
2.482
2.425
2.379
2.356
2.292
2.231
2.292
2.292
2.300
2.300
2.223
2.255
2.365
2.304
2.251
2.195
2.154
2.114
2.086
2.052
2.025
1.999
1.977
1.589
MC
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-112
1985-1993 Methodology
Highway Vehicles
-------
4.7 OFF-HIGHWAY
This category includes the estimated emissions from aircraft, commercial marine vessels, railroads, and all
other nonroad vehicles and equipment. The methodology used to generate the emissions for these sources is
described in this section.
4.7.1 1990 Base Year Inventory
The 1990 emissions from aircraft, commercial marine vessels, and railroads have been estimated from the
area source portion of the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory by the process described in section 4.7.1.2. The
basis for the 1990 nonroad emissions was emission inventories1 prepared by OMS for 27 nonattainment areas
(NAAs). These inventories were combined and used to create national county-level emissions. These
emissions are detailed in section 4.7.1.1.
4.7.1.1 Nonroad Mobile Source Emi ssions
Nonroad sources include motorized vehicles and equipment that are not normally operated on public
roadways to provide transportation. The nonroad mobile source emissions in the Emission Trends inventory
are based on 1990 nonroad emissions2 compiled by EPA's Emission Inventory Branch (Effi). The Effi
nonroad data contains a total emissions for non-road sources at the county level. These emissions include all
nonroad sources except aircraft, commercial marine vessels, and railroads. The Effi nonroad emissions were
developed from nonroad emission inventories for 27 ozone NAAs by EPA's Office of Mobile Sources (OMS).
The OMS inventories contained 1990 emissions at the SCC-level for each county within 1 of the 27 NAAs.
These nonroad data do not include emissions for SO2. The SO2 emissions in the 1985 NAPAP Inventory from
the nonroad sources was approximately 92,000 short tons.
A two step process was used to convert the OMS NAA emissions to county-SCC-level emissions
needed for the Emission Trends inventory. The first step, performed by Effi, used the OMS 1990 nonroad
emissions for the 27 ozone NAAs to estimate nonroad emissions for the rest of the country. The second step
used the Effi total nonroad emissions for each county to create 1990 county-SCC-level nonroad emissions.
Step 1. Creation of National County-Level 1990 Nonroad Emissions
OMS had 1990 nonroad emission inventories prepared for 27 ozone and 6 CO NAAs. (Data from the
CO NAAs was not used because it did not include VOC and NOX emissions). Table 4.7-1 lists the 27 ozone
NAAs for which nonroad inventories were compiled. Each NAA inventory contained county-level emissions
for 279 different equipment/engine type combinations for each county in the NAA. For this information to be
useful for the Emission Trends inventory, nonroad emissions were needed for the entire country (excluding
Alaska and Hawaii). The following methodology was used to create 1990 nonroad emissions for the entire
country:
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-113 Off-highway
-------
(a) VOC, NOX, and CO per capita emission factors were developed for each NAA by summing each
pollutant's emissions for all equipment/engine categories for all counties within the NAA and dividing
by the NAA population;
(b) for counties entirely within 1 of the 27 NAAs, the emissions in the OMS inventories was used;
(c) for counties partially in 1 of the 27 NAAs, emissions were calculated by multiplying the NAA per
capita emission factor by the total county population;
(d) all other counties were assigned a "surrogate NAA" based on geography and climate, emissions were
calculated by multiplying the "surrogate NAA" per capita emission factors by the total county
population. Figure 4.7-1 shows the "surrogate NAA" each area of the country was assigned.
Step 2. Distribution of Total Nonroad Emissions to SCCs
The resulting emissions from step 1 above, represent total county nonroad emissions. In order to be
incorporated into the Emission Trends inventory, these emissions must be distributed to the appropriate SCCs.
The following methodology was used to distribute total nonroad emissions to SCCs:
(a) an SCC was assigned to each of the 279 equipment/engine type combinations in the OMS
inventories; the 27 SCCs used are listed in Table 4.7-2;
(b) for each of the 27 OMS inventories, the percentage of emissions from sources assigned to each of
the 27 SCCs was calculated;
(c) each county's total nonroad emissions were distributed to the 27 sees using the SCC percentages
from its "surrogate NAA".
4.7.1.2 Aircraft, Marine Vessels and Railroads
The area source emissions from the 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory have been projected to the year
1990 based on BEA historic earnings data or other growth indicators. The specific growth indicator was
assigned based on the source category. The BEA earnings data were converted to 1982 dollars as described
in section 4.7.1.2.2. All growth factors were calculated as the ratio of the 1990 data to the 1985 data for the
appropriate growth indicator.
When creating the 1990 emissions inventory, changes were made to emission factors from the 1985
inventory for some sources. The 1990 emissions for CO, NOX, SO2, and VOC were calculated using the
following steps: (1) projected 1985 controlled emissions to 1990 using the appropriate growth factors, (2)
calculated the uncontrolled emissions using control efficiencies from the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory, and
(3) calculated the final 1990 controlled emissions using revised emission factors. The 1990 PM-10 emissions
were calculated using the TSP emissions from the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory. The 1990 uncontrolled
TSP emissions were estimated in the same manner as the other pollutants. From these TSP emissions, the
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1990 uncontrolled PM-10 estimates were calculated by applying SCC-specific uncontrolled particle size
distribution factors.3 The controlled PM-10 emissions were estimated in the same manner as the other
pollutants.
4.7.1.2.1 Emission Factor Changes —
Emission factors for several sources were updated to reflect recent technical improvements in AP-42 and
other emission inventory guidance documents. Emission factors for all four pollutants were updated for
railroads. The SO2 emission factors for aircraft were also updated.
Railroad emission factors in NAPAP were derived from data in AP-42. Improved emission factors for
railroad locomotives have recently been developed in a revision to EPA's mobile source emission inventory
guidance.4 These updated emission factors were incorporated into the Emission Trends estimates. Railroad
emission factors are summarized in Table 4.7-3 for line-haul locomotives and yard (switch) locomotives.
Because only one set of emission factors is required for railroads, the separate emission factors for line-haul and
yard locomotives were weighted by fuel usage. AAR provided data on fuel consumption by line-haul and yard
locomotives for Class I railroads for 1985 through 1990, as shown in Table 4.7-4.
AP-42 SO2 emission rates were compared with emission rates published in EPA's emission inventory
guidance.5 SO2 rates were on average 54 percent lower, due to changes in fuel sulfur content. This change
was incorporated into the aircraft emissions for the Emission Trends inventory. (Although new data were
available only for civil aircraft, the emission factor change was incorporated for all aircraft). Aircraft emission
factors for VOC, NOX, and CO have not changed. Table 4.7-5 is a comparison of SO2 emission rates from
aircraft.
4.7.1.2.2 1990 Growth Indicators for Aircraft, Marine Vessels, and Railroads —
Emissions from the 1985 NAPAP Inventory were grown to the Emission Trends years based on historical
BEA earnings data or other category-specific growth indicators. Table 4.7-6 shows the growth indicators used
for each area source by NAPAP category.
Activity levels for aircraft are measured by the number of landing-takeoff operations (LTOs). Annual
LTO totals are compiled by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) on a regional basis. Commercial
aircraft growth is derived from the summation of air carrier and air taxi regional totals of LTOs from FAA-
operated control towers and FAA traffic control centers.6 These data are compiled on a regional basis, so the
regional trends were applied to each State. Civil aircraft growth indicators were also developed from regional
LTO totals. Civil aircraft activity levels were determined from terminal area activity for the years 1985 through
1989, and from a 1990 forecast of terminal area activity.7 Military aircraft LTO totals were not available;
consequently, BEA data were used.
The changes in the military aircraft emissions were equated with the changes in historic earnings by state
and industry. Emissions in the 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory were projected to the years 1985 through
1991 based on the growth in earnings by industry (2-digit SIC code). Historical earnings data from BEA's
Table SA-58 were used to represent growth in earnings from 1985 through 1990. (Earnings data from a
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different BEA source, Table SQ-5 discussed below, were used to estimate 1991 emissions.) Table SA-5
historical annual earnings data are by state and industry.
The 1985 through 1990 earnings data in Table SA-5 are in nominal dollars. In order to be used to
estimate growth, these values were converted to constant dollars to remove the effects of inflation. Earnings
data for each year were converted to 1982 constant dollars using the implicit price deflator for personal
consumption expenditures (PCE).9 The PCE deflators used to convert each year's earnings data to 1982
dollars are:
Year 1982 PCE Deflator
1985 111.6
1987 114.3
1988 124.2
1989 129.6
1990 136.4
Several BEA categories did not contain a complete time series of data for the years 1985 through 1990.
Because the SA-5 data must contain 1985 earnings and earnings for each inventory year (1985 through 1990)
to be useful for estimating growth, a log linear regression equation was used to fill in missing data elements
where possible. This regression procedure was performed on all categories that were missing at least one data
point and which contained at least three data points in the time series.
Each record in the point source inventory was matched to the BEA earnings data based on the state and
the 2-digit SIC. Table 4.7-7 shows the BEA earnings category used to project growth for each of the 2-digit
SICs found in the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory. No growth in emissions was assumed for all point
sources for which the matching BEA earnings data were not complete. Table 4.7-7 also shows the national
average growth and earnings by industry from Table SA-5.
At the time the Emission Trends inventory was compiled, 1991 BEA earnings data were not available in
Table SA-5. Earnings data from BEA Table SQ-510 were used to estimate emissions for 1991. Table SQ-5
contains historical quarterly earnings data by state and 1-digit SIC. These data were converted to an annual
constant dollars basis.
The 1991 quarterly earnings data were first summed to compute annual totals. Because the PCE deflator
used to convert to constant 1982 dollars was not available for 1991, a 1987 PCE deflator10 was used to
convert the 1990 and 1991 earnings data from Table SQ-5 to a 1987 constant dollar basis. The PCE deflators
are as follows:
Year 1987 PCE Deflator
1990 114.7
1991 119.3
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The 1991 inventory was then developed by growing the 1990 inventory based on the changes in State industry
earnings (by 1-digit SIC) from 1990 to 1991. National average growth in earnings by industry is shown below
in Table 4.7-8.
Railroad data are provided by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). National totals of revenue-
ton-miles for the years 1985 through 1990 are used to estimate changes in activity during this period. The
national growth is therefore applied to each State and county.n
Marine vessel activity is recorded annually by the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers. Cargo tonnage national
totals are used to determine growth in diesel- and residual-fueled vessel use through the year 1989.12 Gasoline-
powered vessels are used predominantly for recreation, so growth for this category is therefore based on
population.
4.7.1.2.3. Emissions Calculations —
A four-step process was used to calculate emissions incorporating rule effectiveness. First, base year
controlled emissions are projected to the inventory year using the following formula:
CE, • CEBY • (CEBY x EG,)
where: CE; = Controlled Emissions for inventory year i
CEBY = Controlled Emissions for base year
EG; = Earnings Growth for inventory year i
Earnings growth (EG) is calculated as:
DAT,
EG • !•
DATBY
where: DAT; = Earnings data for inventory year i
DATBY = Earnings data in the base year
Second, uncontrolled emissions in the inventory year are back-calculated from the controlled emissions based
on the control efficiency with the following formula
CE,
UE; -
1CEFF\
100 J
where: UE; = Uncontrolled Emissions for inventory year i
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CE; = Controlled Emissions for inventory year i
CEFF = Control Efficiency (%)
For aircraft, marine vessels, and railroads this equations reduces to the equation number 4 since the control
efficiency is equal to zero.
UE4 • CE,
Third, controlled emissions are recalculated incorporating revised emission factors using the following formula:
CER, • UC, :
where: CER; = Controlled Emissions Incorporating Rule Effectiveness
UC; = Uncontrolled Emissions
EF; = Emission factor for inventory year
EFBY = Emission factor for Base year
The last step in the creation of the inventory was the matching of NAPAP categories to the new AMS
categories. This matching is provided in Table 4.7-9. Note that there is not always a one-to-one
correspondence between NAPAP and AMS categories.
4.7.2 Emissions, 1970 through 1989 and 1991
The nonroad emissions for the years 1970 through 1989 and 1991 have been based on the 1990
estimates. Historic E-GAS growth factors13 were obtained by representative NAA and rest of state counties
and by Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) codes and then correlated to the nonroad SCCs and counties.
Emissions (caunty^year) • Growth (coun^scc^ear) x Emissions (munly^C
4.7.3 Emissions, 1992 and 1993
The 1992 and 1993 emissions for all pollutants were estimated by applying growth factors to the 1990
emissions. The growth factors were obtained from the prereleased E-GAS, version 2.0. The E-GAS
generates growth factors at the SCC-level for counties representative of all counties within each ozone
nonattainment area classified as serious and above and for counties representative of all counties within both the
attainment portions and the marginal and moderate nonattainment areas within each state. The appropriate
growth factors were applied by county and SCC to the 1990 emissions as shown by equation 6.
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There are approximately 150 representative counties in E-GAS and 2000 SCCs present in the base year
inventory. This yields a matrix of 300,000 growth factors generated to determine a single year's inventory. To
list all combinations would be inappropriate.
4.7.4 References
1. "Documentation for Estimation of Nonroad Emission Estimates for the United States," U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, November 1992.
2. "Nonroad Engine Emission Inventories for CO and Ozone Nonattainment Boundaries," U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI, October 1992.
3. Barnard, W.R., and P. Carlson, "PM-10 Emission Calculation, Tables 1 and 4" E.H. Pechan &
Associates, Inc. Contract No. 68-DO-1020, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Emission Factor
and Methodologies Section. June 1992.
4. "Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume IV: Mobile Sources," Draft revision, Chapter 6,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, MI, 1991.
5. "Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume IV: Mobile Sources," Draft revision, Chapter
5, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, MI, November 1991.
6. "Air Traffic Activity," U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Washington,
D.C., 1991.
7. "Terminal Area Forecasts, FY 1991-2005," FAA-APO-91-5, U.S. Department of Transportation,
Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, D.C., July 1991.
8. "Table SA-5 — Total Personal Income by Major Sources 1969-1990," data files, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington, DC, September 1991.
9. "Survey of Current Business," U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis,
Washington, DC, July 1986, July 1987, July 1988, July 1989, July 1990, July 1991.
10. "Table SQ-5 — Quarterly State Personal Income 1987: I -1991: IV," data files, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington, DC, April 1992.
11. "Railroad Ten-Year Trends 1981-1990," Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC, 1991.
12. "Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Year 1989," WRSC-WCUS-89, Part 5, U.S.
Army Corp of Engineers, New Orleans, LA, June 1991.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
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13. E-GAS Grow th Factors and BLS to SCC Cross Reference. Computer PC model and files received by
E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. from TRC Environmental Corporation, Chapel Hill, NC. June 1994.
Table 4.7-1. Ozone Nonattainment Areas with QMS-Prepared Nonroad Emissions
Atlanta, GA
Baltimore, MD
Baton Rouge, LA
Beaumont, TX
Boston, MA
Chicago, IL
Cleveland, OH
Denver, CO
El Paso, TX
Hartford, CT
Houston, TX
Miami, FL
Mlwaukee, WI
Muskegon, MI
New York, NY
Philadelphia, PA
Phoenix, AZ
Portsmouth, NH
Providence, RI
San Diego, CA
San Joaquin, CA
Seattle, WA
Sheboygan, WI
South Coast, CA
Springfield, MA
St. Louis, MO
Washington, DC
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Figure 4.7-1. Assignment of Surrogate Nonattainment Areas
Philadelphia < =fc—'New York
tout!
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Table 4.7-2. Source Categories Used for Nonroad Emissions
AMSSCC
Category Description
2260001000
2260002000
2260003000
2260004000
2260005000
2260006000
2260007000
2260008000
2265001000
2265002000
2265003000
2265004000
2265005000
2265006000
2265007000
2265008000
2270001000
2270002000
2270003000
2270004000
2270005000
2270006000
2270007000
2270008000
2282005000
2282010000
2282020000
Recreational Vehicles: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
Construction Equipment: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
Industrial Equipment: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
Lawn & Garden Equipment: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
Farm Equipment: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
Light Commercial: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
Logging Equipment: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
Airport Service Equipment: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
Recreational Vehicles: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
Construction Equipment: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
Industrial Equipment: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
Lawn & Garden Equipment: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
Farm Equipment: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
Light Commercial: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
Logging Equipment: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
Airport Service Equipment: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
Recreational Vehicles: Diesel
Construction Equipment: Diesel
Industrial Equipment: Diesel
Lawn & Garden Equipment: Diesel
Farm Equipment: Diesel
Light Commercial: Diesel
Logging Equipment: Diesel
Airport Service Equipment: Diesel
Recreational Marine Vessels: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
Recreational Marine Vessels: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
Recreational Marine Vessels: Diesel
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Table 4.7-3. Railroad Locomotives Diesel Fuel Consumption, 1985 to 1990
(million gallons)
Year
1985
1990
Source:
Line-Haul
2,889
2,876
"Railroad Ten- Year Trends 1981-1990,"
Association of American
Switch
255
258
Railroads, Washington, DC, 1991.
Table 4.7-4. Railroad Emission Factors
(lbs/1,000 gallons)
Wtg. Factor NOX CO HC SO2
NAPAP
Revised
Line-haul
Yard
New Wtd. Avg.
370
2,876 493.1
258 504.4
494
130
62.6
89.4
65
90
20.1
48.2
22
57
36.0
36.0
36
Source: "Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume IV: Mobile Sources," Draft revision, Chapter 5,
Office of Mobile Sources, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI, November 1991.
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Table 4.7-5. Civil Aircraft SO? Emission Factors
Engine
Type
250B17B
501D22A
TPE-331-3
JT3D-7
JT9D-7
PT6A-27
Source:
Fuel
Rate
(Ibs/hr)
63
265
245
85
610
2376
2198
1140
112
458
409
250
1013
9956
8188
3084
1849
16142
13193
4648
115
425
400
215
AP-42 SO2 NewSO2
Emission Emission Fuel
Factor Factor Rate
(Ibs/hr) (Ibs/hr) Engine Type (Ibs/hr)
0.06
0.27
0.25
0.09
0.61
2.38
2.2
1.14
0.11
0.46
0.41
0.25
1.01
9.96
8.19
3.08
1.85
16.14
13.19
4.65
0.12
0.43
0.4
0.22
"Supplement D to Compilation
0.03 PT6A-41 147
0.14 510
0.13 473
0.05 273
0.33 DartRDa? 411
1.28 1409
1.19 1248
0.62 645
0.06 0-200 8.24
0.25 45.17
0.22 45.17
0.14 25.5
0.55 TSIO-360C 11.5
5.38 133
4.39 99.5
1.67 61
1.00 O-320 9.48
8.72 89.1
7.12 66.7
2.51 46.5
0.06
0.23
0.22
0.12
AP-42 SO2
Emission
Factor
(Ibs/hr)
0.15
0.51
0.47
0.27
0.41
1.41
1.25
0.65
0
0.01
0.01
0.01
0
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.02
0.01
0.01
of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume I: Stationary
Area Sources," AP-42, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
September
1991.
Triangle Park,
New SO2
Emission
Factor
(Ibs/hr)
0.08
0.28
0.26
0.15
0.22
0.76
0.67
0.35
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
Point and
NC,
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Table 4.7-6. Area Source Growth Indicators
NAPAP
sec
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Data
Category Description Source
Railroad Locomotives AAR
Aircraft LTOs - Military BEA
Aircraft LTOs - Civil FAA
Aircraft LTOs - Commercial FAA
Vessels - Coal Corp of
Vessels - Diesel Oil Engineers
Vessels - Residual Oil
Growth Indicator
Railroad ton-miles (national)
Military
Aircraft - civil
Aircraft - commercial
Cargo tonnage (national)
Cargo tonnage (national)
Cargo tonnage (national)
Table 4.7-7. Bureau of Economic Analysis's SA-5 National Changes in Earnings by Industry
Industry
SIC
Percent Growth
Federal, military
97
1985 to 1987
1.96
1987 to 1988
-1.07
1988 to 1989
-1.58
1989 to 1990
-3.19
Table 4.7-8. BEA National Growth in Earnings by Industry
Industry
Percent Growth from 1990 to 1991
Federal, military
-1.94
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Table 4.7-9. AMS to NAPAP Source Category Correspondence
AMS
SCC
Category
NAPAP
SCC Category
Mobile Sources
2275001001 Aircraft - Military Aircraft (LTOs)
2275020000 Aircraft - Commercial Aircraft (LTOs)
2275050000 Aircraft - Civil Aircraft (LTOs)
2280001000 Marine Vessels - Coal
2280002000 Marine Vessels - Diesel
2280003000 Marine Vessels - Residual Oil
2285002000 Railroads - Diesel
2260001000 Recreational Vehicles: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
2260002000 Construction Equipment: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
2260003000 Industrial Equipment: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
2260004000 Lawn & Garden Equipment: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
2260005000 Farm Equipment: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
2260006000 Light Commercial: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
2260007000 Logging Equipment: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
2260008000 Airport Service Equipment: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
2265001000 Recreational Vehicles: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
2265002000 Construction Equipment: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
2265003000 Industrial Equipment: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
2265004000 Lawn & Garden Equipment: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
2265005000 Farm Equipment: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
2265006000 Light Commercial: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
2265007000 Logging Equipment: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
2265008000 Airport Service Equipment: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
2270001000 Recreational Vehicles: Diesel
2270002000 Construction Equipment: Diesel
2270003000 Industrial Equipment: Diesel
2270004000 Lawn & Garden Equipment: Diesel
2270005000 Farm Equipment: Diesel
2270006000 Light Commercial: Diesel
2270007000 Logging Equipment: Diesel
2270008000 Airport Service Equipment: Diesel
2282005000 Recreational Marine Vessels: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
2282010000 Recreational Marine Vessels: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
2282020000 Recreational Marine Vessels: Diesel
46 Aircraft LTOs - Military
48 Aircraft LTOs - Commercial
47 Aircraft LTOs - Civil
49 Vessels - Coal
50 Vessels - Diesel Oil
51 Vessels - Residual Oil
45 Railroad Locomotives
39 Off-Highway Gasoline Vehicles
39 Off-Highway Gasoline Vehicles
39 Off-Highway Gasoline Vehicles
39 Off-Highway Gasoline Vehicles
39 Off-Highway Gasoline Vehicles
39 Off-Highway Gasoline Vehicles
39 Off-Highway Gasoline Vehicles
39 Off-Highway Gasoline Vehicles
39 Off-Highway Gasoline Vehicles
39 Off-Highway Gasoline Vehicles
39 Off-Highway Gasoline Vehicles
39 Off-Highway Gasoline Vehicles
39 Off-Highway Gasoline Vehicles
39 Off-Highway Gasoline Vehicles
39 Off-Highway Gasoline Vehicles
39 Off-Highway Gasoline Vehicles
44 Off-Highway Diesel Vehicles
44 Off-Highway Diesel Vehicles
44 Off-Highway Diesel Vehicles
44 Off-Highway Diesel Vehicles
44 Off-Highway Diesel Vehicles
44 Off-Highway Diesel Vehicles
44 Off-Highway Diesel Vehicles
44 Off-Highway Diesel Vehicles
52 Marine Vessels - Gasoline
52 Marine Vessels - Gasoline
N/A
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4.8 FUGITIVE DUST
The "Fugitive Dust" grouping includes the estimated emissions for several Tier 2 of two Tier I source
categories: Natural Sources and Miscellaneous sources. The emissions for the natural sources category
included here are from geogenic sources producing PM-10 from wind erosion. The miscellaneous category
including fugitive dust is divided into two subcategories: agriculture and forestry and fugitive dust. This section
presents a description of the methodology used to estimate the emissions for the following tier categories:
Natural Sources
Geogenic
wind erosion
Miscellaneous
Agriculture and Forestry
agricultural crops
agricultural livestock
Fugitive dust
wind erosion
unpaved roads
paved roads
other (construction and mining and quarrying).
For most fugitive dust sources the emissions are estimated every year using the same methodology. Only the
point source unpaved road, paved road, and wind erosion and the area source agricultural livestock emissions
are grown off a base year inventory.
4.8.1 Natural Sources, Geogenic, Wind Erosion
The wind erosion emissions were estimated for each of the 9 years (1985 -1993) using the following
methodology. PM-10 wind erosion emissions estimates for agricultural lands were made using a modification
of the methodology used by Gillette and Passi1 to develop wind erosion emissions for the 1985 National Acid
Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP). Several simplifying assumptions2 were made in order to
perform the calculations using a spreadsheet model.
The NAPAP methodology and the method used to develop the wind erosion estimates presented here
both develop an expectation of the dust flux based on the probability distribution of wind energy. The
methodology uses the mean wind speed coupled with information concerning the threshold friction velocity for
the soil and information on precipitation to predict the wind erosion flux potential for soils.
The basic equation used to determine the expected dust flux is given by the following equation:
/ • k x C2 x C
2 I U4 1 ,_ .
d x —r x"(3X)
\ 0.8864/
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where: I = dust flux (gm/cm2/sec)
k = PM-10 particle size multiplier (0.9)
C = constant (= 4 x lO'^gm/cnf/sec)
Cd = drag coefficient
u = mean wind speed (cm/sec)
• (3,x) = incomplete gamma function
In order to evaluate • (3,x), x must be determined from the following equation:
The threshold velocity (\\) can be determined from the threshold friction velocity (u*t - which is a function of soil
type and precipitation) from the following equation:
u.
t
^0.5
Values of the threshold friction velocity for different soil types both before and after rain have been reported by
Gillette and Passi.1
4.8.1.1 Determination of Correction Parameters
In order to calculate the flux of emissions from wind erosion using the above equation, information
concerning the average monthly wind speed, total monthly precipitation and anemometer height for the wind
speed was necessary. Values for monthly wind speed, total monthly precipitation and anemometer height were
obtained from the Local Climatological Data3 for several meteorological stations within each state. For most
states, several meteorological stations data were obtained and an overall average was determined for the state.
The anemometer height was utilized to determine the drag coefficient (Cd) from the following equation:
where: z, = anemometer height
Information concerning the average soil type for each state was determined from the USD A4 surface soil
map. A single soil type was assigned to each state in order to determine a single value for the threshold friction
velocity (u*t). The threshold friction velocity (u*t) utilized represented either a before or after rain value,
depending upon whether or not precipitation exceeded 5.08 cm during a month. If precipitation exceeded this
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amount, the after rain u*t value was utilized for all succeeding months until the time of a significant tillage
operation or plant emergence. The value of U; was then calculated using the value of u*t determined and Cd.
Once Ut was determined, then x could be calculated and the incomplete gamma function could be evaluated
using an asymptotic expansion. Following evaluation of the incomplete gamma function, the flux for each month
was determined.
Wind erosion was assumed to be zero from the time of plant emergence until harvest. Separate flux
estimates were made for fall planted crops and spring planted crops. This meant that flux estimates were only
calculated from July to October for fall planted crops and from September until May for spring planted crops.
This approach is consistent with the methodology utilized by Gillette and Passi.l However, because they were
evaluating the erosion potential over a multi-year time frame, Gillette and Passi utilized previous year
precipitation information to assign the threshold friction velocity to an area. In this work, the before rain u*t
value was always utilized for January for spring planted crops rather than evaluating whether or not any month
between September and December of the previous year had more than 5.08 cm of precipitation.
4.8.3.2 Activity Data
Once the emission flux potential for each month for each crop type (fall or spring planted) for each state
was calculated, then the acres of spring or fall planted crops in each state were required (and the number of
seconds per month) to determine the emissions. The acres of crops planted in each state was obtained for each
of the 9 years from the USD A.5 Evaluation of which crops were spring planted or fall planted for each state
was made using information available from the USD A.6 The emissions calculated were then estimated for each
state.
4.8.3.3 County Distribution
State-level PM-10 estimates were distributed to the county-level using estimates of county rural land area
from the U.S. Census Bureau.7 The following formula was used:
„ ^ • • County Rural Land „ „ . .
County Emissions • / x State Emissions
State Rural Land
4.8.2 Miscellaneous
The methodology used to estimate the emissions from agricultural crops and livestock and fugitive dust are
described in this section. The PM-10 fugitive dust emissions arise from construction activities, mining and
quarrying, paved road resuspension, and unpaved roads. The general methodology used for these categories
estimated the emissions by using an activity indicator, an emission factor, and one or more correction factors.
The activity indicator for a given category varied from year to year as may the overall correction factor.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
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4.8.2.1 Agricultural Crops
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
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The PM-10 emissions for the years 1985 through 1993 were estimated using the AP-42 emission factor
equation for agricultural tilling.8 The activity data for this calculation were the acres of land planted. The
emission factor, expressed in terms of the mass of TSP produced per acre-tilled was corrected by the following
constant parameters: the silt of the surface soil, the particle size multiplier, and the number of tillings per year.
The following AP-42 particulate emission factor equation was used to determine regional PM-10
emissions from agricultural tilling for 1985-1993:
E • c x k x s0-6 x p x a
where: E = PM-10 emissions
c = constant 4.8 Ibs/acre-pass
k = dimensionless particle size multiplier (PM-10=0.21)
s = silt content of surface soil, defined as the mass fraction of particles smaller than 75 jam
diameter found in soil to a depth of 10 cm (%)
p = number of passes or tillings in a year (assume to be 3 passes)
a = acres of land planted
4.8.2.1.1 Determination of Correction Parameters —
4.8.2.1.1.1 Silt content (s). By comparing the USD A4 surface soil map with the USD A9 county map, soil
types were assigned to all counties of the continental U.S. Silt percentages were determined by using a soil
texture classification triangle.10 For those counties with organic material as its soil type, Pechan used the
previous silt percentages presented by Cowherd.11 The weighted mean state silt values were determined by
weighing the county value by the number of hectares within the county and summing across the entire state.
These silt values were assumed constant for the 9 year period examined.
4.8.2.1.1.2 Number of Tillings per year (p). Cowherd etal.11 reported that crops are tilled three times each
year, on average, and this value was used for p.
4.8.2.1.2 Activity Data —
The acres of crops planted (a) in each state was obtained for each of the 9 years from the USD A.5
4.8.2.1.3 County Distribution —
State-level PM-10 estimates were distributed to the county-level using county estimates of cropland
harvested from the 1987 Census of Agriculture.12 The following formula was used:
„ ^ • • I County Cropland Harvested \ „ „ . .
County Emissions • p / r p x State Emissions
\ State Croplant Harvested j
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4.8.2.2 Agricultural Livestock
The 1990 emissions from agricultural livestock were determined from activity data, expressed in terms of
the number of heads of cattle12 and a national PM-10 emission factor.13 The following formula was used:
„ ^ • • I County Head of Cattle \ , „
County Emissions • / 9 x 1'
( 1,000 /
The emissions for the years 1985 through 1991 were produced using the methodology described in section
4.8.2.6. The emissions for the years 1992 and 1993 were produced using E-GAS growth factors as also
described in section 4.8.2.6.
4.8.2.3 Unpaved Roads
The total PM-10 emissions for the years 1985 through 1992 were based on the unpaved roads VMT
data, a AP-42 base TSP emission factor, and the following correction factors: particle size multiplier, silt
content of road surface material,14 mean vehicle speed, mean vehicle weight, mean number of wheels,15 and the
number of dry days.3 Mean vehicle speeds were assigned to each unpaved road functional class. The number
of dry days is defined in the same manner as for estimating the paved road estimates. The VMT data for
unpaved roads were obtained for rural and urban road functional classes excluding local types and for local
road types.16'17
As with the PM-10 emissions from paved roads, the emissions from highway vehicles must be subtracted
from the total emissions determined by the method described in section 4.8.2.4 in order to yield the PM-10
fugitive dust emissions from unpaved roads and to prevent the double-counting of vehicle emissions. The
highway vehicle emissions were calculated as described in section 4.6 and were distributed to unpaved road
using VMT data.
The 1993 PM-10 emissions were produced by multiplying the 1992 VMT by the AP-42 emission factor
and 1993 correction factors. The point source emissions are explained in section 4.8.2.6.
The following AP-42 particulate emission factor equation was used to determine regional PM-10
emissions from unpaved roads for 1985-1992:
E • VMT x k x 5.9
where: E = PM-10 emissions (Ibs/year)
VMT = vehicle miles travelled on unpaved roads
k = dimensionless particle size multiplier (PM-10=0.36)
s = silt content of road surface material (%)
S = mean vehicle speed (mph)
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W = mean vehicle weight (ton)
w = mean number of wheels
p = number of days with at least 0.01 inch of precipitation per year
x = number of days in a year (either 365 or 366).
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4.8.2.3.1 Determination of Correction Parameters —
4.8.2.3.1.1 Silt Content (sY Average state silt content values were provided to Pechan by the Illinois State
Water Survey.n These values were developed as part of the 1985 National Acid Precipitation Assessment
Program (NAPAP). This database contains the silt content of over 200 unpaved roads from over thirty states.
Average silt content of unpaved roads in a state were calculated for each state that had three or more samples
for that state. For states that did not have the required number of samples, the average for all samples from all
states was substituted.
4.8.2.3.1.2 Vehicle Speeds (SY Mean vehicle speeds were assumed for the various unpaved road
functional classes. The assumed speeds are listed below.
Rural Roads Speeds (mph)
Minor arterial 45
Major collector 40
Minor collector 40
Local 35
Urban Roads Speeds (mph)
Other principal arterial 50
Minor collector 45
Collector 40
Local 40
4.8.2.3.1.3 Vehicle Weight (W). Wheels (w^ and Distribution Estimates of vehicle weight and the number
of wheels per vehicle were made using information provided by the FHWA.15 This data indicated that the
following weighted average values were appropriate for the following vehicle classes:
Vehicle Type Weight (tons^ Wheels
Single trailer trucks 26.7 18
Multi-trailer trucks 31.5 20
Single unit trucks 9.55 7
Passenger vehicles 2.5 4
National statistics provided by FHWA on travel activity by vehicle type were utilized to allocate the
percentage of travel on each road type to each vehicle type.15
4.8.2.3.1.4 Number of dry days in the year (x-p). By obtaining the number of days with 0.01 inches or
more of precipitation in a year from the Local Climatological Data3 for several meteorological stations within
each state, the number of dry days per year were calculated.
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4.8.2.3.2 Activity Data —
The VMT on unpaved roads was developed from two sources. The first source, annual Highway
Statistics16 provided rural and urban mileage by surface type and functional classification. This source did not
include local functional class unpaved road mileage for 1985 to 1990. As a consequence a second source of
information was utilized to determine VMT from local functional class unpaved roads. Lotus 1-2-3
spreadsheets were obtained from FHWA17 for these years. These spreadsheets contained local functional
class rural and urban unpaved road mileage by average daily traffic volume (ADTV) ranges. These ADTV
ranges were then used to calculate the VMT for both local and non-local functional systems.
4.8.2.3.3 County Distribution —
State-level PM-10 estimates were distributed to the county-level using estimates of county rural and urban
land area from the U.S. Census Bureau.7 The following formula was used:
„ _ _,.,_, State _ _ , _ , State
County County Urban Land r T , County Rural Land
. • x Urban • x Rural
Emissions State Urban Land Emissions State Rural Land Emissions
4.8.2.4 Paved Road Resuspension
The calculation of total PM-10 emissions for the years 1985 through 1993 were based on the paved road
VMT, a AP-42 base emission factor, and two correction factors: road surface silt loading and the number of
dry days.3 A dry day is defined as any day with less than 0.1 inches of precipitation. This term attempts to
account for the effect of precipitation. Surface silt loading values by paved road functional classes and state
were determined using an empirical model based on traffic volume.18
Total VMT data for the years 1985 through 1992 were obtained by state and road functional class.16 The
total preliminary 1993 VMT data were obtained by state and two road types (urban and rural). The rural and
urban VMT data were apportioned to the road functional classes using the distribution of the 1992 VMT data.
The VMT from paved roads for each year was calculated by subtracting the unpaved road VMT (see section
4.8.2.3) from the total VMT for each year.
The base emission factor used in the calculation of total PM-10 emissions from paved roads accounts for
the emissions from the vehicle (tailpipe, brake wear, and tire wear) as well as from the interaction between the
vehicle and the road surface. The fugitive dust category includes only those emissions from the road surface
and not the vehicle. For this reason, the PM-10 emissions for highway vehicles calculated as described in
section 4.6 and distributed to paved roads using VMT data were subtracted from the total PM-10 emissions
for paved roads. The results were the PM-10 fugitive dust emissions for paved roads. The point source
emissions are explained in section 4.8.2.6.
The following AP-42 particulate emission factor equation for paved urban roads was used to determine
regional PM-10 emissions from paved road resuspension for 1985-1993. This methodology was modified
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slightly by adding a "dry days" term similar to that used in the unpaved road emission factor in an effort to
account for meteorological influences on emissions.
E • VMT
where: E = PM-10 emissions from paved road resuspension (Ibs/yr)
VMT = VMT from paved roads (vehicle miles traveled per yr)
k = base emission factor (0.0081 Ib/VMT for PM-10)
sL = road surface silt loading (grains/sq.ft)
q = exponent (0.8 dimension!ess)
p = number of days with at least 0.01 inch of precipitation per year
x = number of days in a year (either 365 or 366)
4.8.2.4.1 Determination of Correction Parameters —
4.8.2.4.1.1 Road Surface Silt Loading (sL). The empirical model presented by Cowherd and Englehart19
to express the relationship between traffic volume and surface silt loading is shown below.
sL •
where: V = average daily traffic volume (vehicles/d)
c = conversion factor (1.4337 sq meters-grains/gram-sq ft)
The surface silt loading values were determined for various paved road functional classes by state. The average
daily traffic volume was calculated by dividing the total VMT for a particular functional class by the total
mileage of roads within that functional class and then dividing that quantity by the number of days in the year.
4.8.2.4.1.2 Number of dry days in the year (x-p). By obtaining the number of days with 0.01 inches or
more of precipitation in a year from the Local Climatological Data3 for several meteorological stations within
each state, the number of dry days per year were calculated.
4.8.2.4.2 Activity Data —
For the years 1985 to 1992 the total VMT (by state and functional class) was obtained from the annual
Highway Statistics report16 for the previous years statistics. VMT from paved roads was calculated by
subtracting the unpaved VMT (see unpaved roads section 4.8.2.3) from the total VMT.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
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4.8.2.4.3 1993 Emissions Methodology
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-137 Fugitive Dust
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The method for estimating 1993 PM-10 emissions from paved roads is similar to the above paved road
methodology with the exception that VMT distributed by functional class was unavailable. The silt loading
values calculated for 1992 were used for 1993. Since the state VMT for total rural and total urban roads20
was available, it was distributed to functional classes using the previous year's distribution.
4.8.2.4.3 County Distribution —
State-level PM-10 estimates were distributed to the county-level using estimates of county rural and urban
land area from the U.S. Census Bureau.7 The following formula was used:
„ _ _,.,_, State _ _ , _ , State
County County Urban Land r T , County Rural Land
. • x Urban • x Rural
Emissions State Urban Land Emissions State Rural Land Emissions
4.8.2.5 Other Fugitive Dust Sources
The other fugitive dust sources are from construction and mining and quarrying activies. Construction
sources are explained in section 4.8.2.5.1 and mining and quarrying methodology is detailed in section
4.8.2.5.2.
4.8.2.5.1 Construction Activities —
The PM-10 emissions for the years 1985 through 1992 were calculated from an emission factor, an
estimate of the acres of land under construction, and the average duration of construction activity.21 The acres
of land under construction were estimated from the dollars spent on construction.22 The PM-10 emission factor
was calculated from the TSP emission factor for construction obtained from AP-42 and the PM-10/TSP
ratio.13
The 1993 emissions were extrapolated from the 1992 emissions using the ratio between the numbers of
residential and nonresidential construction permits issued in 1993 and the numbers issued in 1992.
The following AP-42 paniculate emission factor equation for heavy construction was used to determine
regional PM-10 emissions from construction activities for 1985-1992:
where: E = PM-10 emissions
T = TSP emission factor (1.2 ton/acre of construction/month of activity)
$ = dollars spent on construction ($ million)
f = factor for converting dollars spent on construction to acres of construction (varies by type
of construction, acres/$ million)
m = months of activity (varies by type of construction)
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P = dimensionlessPM-10/TSP ratio (0.22).
4.8.2.5.1.1 Dollars spent on construction ($). Estimates of the dollars spent on the various types of
construction by EPA region for 1987 were obtained from the Census Bureau.23 The fraction of total U.S.
dollars spent in 1987 for each region for each construction type was calculated. Since values from the Census
Bureau are only available every five years, the Census dollars spent for the United States for construction were
normalized using estimates of the dollars spent on construction for the U.S. as estimated by the F.W. Dodge22
corporation for the other years. This normalized Census value was distributed by region and construction type
using the above calculated fractions. An example of how this procedure was applied for SIC 1521 (general
contractor, residential building: single family) follows:
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
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1987,Nation ,Census
1987, Region 1,Census,
SIC
1521
$
'1988, Nation, Dodge
1987, Nation ,Dodge
$ SIC
1987, Nation ,Census,
where: $ = dollar amount of construction spent
1988 = year 1988
1987 = year 1987
Region I = U.S. EPA Region I
SIC 1521 = Standard Industrial Code for general contractor, residential building; single
family
Nation = United States
Census = Census Bureau
Dodge = F.W. Dodge
4.8.2.5.1.2 Determination of construction acres (f). Information developed by Cowherd et al.21 determined
that for different types of construction, the number of acres was proportional to dollars spent on that type
construction. This information (proportioned to constant dollars using the method developed by Heisler24) was
utilized along with total construction receipts to determine the total number of acres of each construction type.
4.8.2.5.1.3 Months of construction (m). Estimates of the duration (in months) for each type construction
were derived from Cowherd et al.21
4.8.2.5.1.4 PM-10/TSP Ratio (PI The PM-10/TSP ratio for construction activities was derived from
Midwest Research Institute [MRI].13 In MRI's report, the data in Table 9," Net Particulate Concentrations and
Ratios" is cited from Kinsey et al.25 That table included the ratios of PM-10/TSP for 19 test sites for three
different construction activities. MRI suggests averaging the ratios for the construction activity of interest.
Since Pechan was looking at total construction emissions from all sources, Pechan averaged the PM-10/TSP
ratios for all test sites and construction activities.
4.8.2.5.1.5 County Distribution Regional-level PM-10 estimates were distributed to the county-level using
county estimates of payroll for construction (SICs 15, 16, 17) from County Business Patterns.26 The following
formula was used:
County Emissions
County Construction Payroll
Regional Construction Payroll
Regional Emissions
4.8.2.5.2 Mining and Quarrying —
The PM-10 emissions for the years 1985 through 1992 were the sum of the emissions from metallic ore,
nonmetallic ore, and coal mining operations. The 1993 PM-10 emissions were produced through a linear
projection of the emissions for the years 1985 through 1992.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
4-140
1985-1993 Methodology
Fugitive Dust
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PM-10 emissions estimates from mining and quarrying operations include only the following sources of
emissions: 1) overburden removal, 2) drilling and blasting, 3) loading and unloading and 4) overburden
replacement. Transfer and conveyance operations, crushing and screening operations and storage were not
included. Travel on haul roads was also omitted. These operations were not included in order to be consistent
with previous TSP emissions estimates from these sources (i.e., Evans and Cooper27), because they represent
activities necessary for ore processing, but not necessary for actual extraction of ore from the earth, and
because these activities are the most likely to have some type of control implemented.
Pechan's emissions of mining and quarrying operations is a summation of three types of mining (metallic,
non-metallic and coal) which are expressed in the following equation.
where: E = PM-10 emissions from mining and quarrying operations
£„, = PM-10 emissions from metallic mining operations
Ea = PM-10 emissions from non-metallic mining operations
Ec = PM-10 emissions from coal mining operations
4.8.2.5.2.1 Determination of Correction Parameters. It was assumed that, for the four operations listed
above, the TSP emission factors utilized in developing copper ore processing Emission Trends estimates
applied to all metallic minerals. PM-10 emission factors were determined for each of the four operations listed
above by making the following assumptions. Table 11.2.3-2 of AP-428 was used to determine that 35% of
overburden removal TSP emissions were PM-10. For drilling and blasting and truck dumping, 81% of the
TSP emissions were assumed to be PM-10.28 For loading operations, 43% of TSP emissions were assumed
to be PM-10.28
Non-metallic mineral emissions were calculated by assuming that the PM-10 emission factors for western
surface coal mining29 applied to all non-metallic minerals.
Coal mining includes two additional sources of PM-10 emissions compared to the sources considered for
metallic and non-metallic minerals. The two additional sources are overburden replacement and truck loading
and unloading of that overburden. Pechan assumed that tons of overburden was equal to ten times the tons of
coal mined.27
4.8.2.5.2.2 Activity Data. The regional metallic and non-metallic crude ore handled at surface mines for
1985 through 1992 were obtained from the U.S. Bureau of Mines.30
The regional production figures for surface coal mining operations were obtained from the Coal
Production Annual31 for 1985 through 1992.
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4.8.2.5.2.2.1 Metallic Mining Operations. The following PM-10 emissions estimate equation calculates
the emissions from overburden removal, drilling and blasting, and loading and unloading during metallic mining
operations.
EF0 • B x EFh • EF, • EFd
where: A,,, = metallic crude ore handled at surface mines (1000 short tons)
EF0 = PM-10 open pit overburden removal emission factor for copper ore processing (Ibs/ton)
B = fraction of total ore production that is obtained by blasting at metallic mines
EFb = PM-10 drilling/blasting emission factor for copper ore processing (Ibs/ton)
E?! = PM-10 loading emission factor for copper ore processing (Ibs/ton)
EFd = PM-10 truck dumping emission factor for copper ore processing (Ibs/ton)
4.8.2.5.2.2.2 Non-metallic Mining Operations. The following PM-10 emissions estimate equation
calculates the emissions from overburden removal, drilling and blasting, and loading and unloading during non-
metallic mining operations.
• DxEF' EF' !/2x .EF • EFa
where: A,, = non-metallic crude ore handled at surface mines (1000 short tons)
EFV = PM-10 open pit overburden removal emission factor at western surface coal mining
operations (Ibs/ton)
D = fraction of total ore production that is obtained by blasting at non-metallic mines
EFr = PM-10 drilling/blasting emission factor at western surface coal mining operations
(Ibs/ton)
EFa = PM-10 loading emission factor at western surface coal mining operations (Ibs/ton)
EFe = PM-10 truck unloading: end dump-coal emission factor at western surface coal
mining operations (Ibs/ton)
EFt = PM-10 truck unloading: bottom dump-coal emission factor at western surface coal
mining operations (Ibs/ton)
4.8.2.5.2.2.3 Coal Mining. The following PM-10 emissions estimate equation calculates the emissions
from overburden removal, drilling and blasting, loading and unloading and overburden replacement during coal
mining operations.
Ec- Ac* ,10 x ppto • EFor • EF^ • EFV • EFr • EFa • >/2x
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where: A,, = coal production at surface mines (1000 short tons)
EFto = PM-10 emission factor for truck loading overburden at western surface coal mining
operations (Ibs/ton of overburden)
EFor = PM-10 emission factor for overburden replacement at western surface coal mining
operations (Ibs/ton of overburden)
EFdt = PM-10 emission factors for truck unloading: bottom dump-overburden at western surface
coal mining operations (Ibs/ton of overburden)
EFV = PM-10 open pit overburden removal emission factor at western surface coal mining
operations (Ibs/ton)
EFr = PM-10 drilling/blasting emission factor at western surface coal mining operations
(Ibs/ton)
EFa = PM-10 loading emission factor at western surface coal mining operations (Ibs/ton)
EFe = PM-10 truck unloading: end dump-coal emission factor at western surface coal
mining operations (Ibs/ton)
EFt = PM-10 truck unloading: bottom dump-coal emission factor at western surface coal
mining operations (Ibs/ton)
4.8.2.5.2.3 1993 Emissions Methodology. For the year!993 PM-10 emissions from mining and quarrying
operations were projected based on linear regression of the previous 8 years. Pechan was unable to obtain
regional metallic and non-metallic crude ore handled at surface mines for 1993. The Bureau of Mines publishes
summary statistics on mining and quarrying with a one year delay.
4.8.2.5.2.4 County Distribution Regional-level emissions were distributed equally among counties within
each region.
County Emissions • ^^^^^^^^=^^^^^^^^= x Regional Emissions
Number of Counties in Region
4.8.2.6 Grown Emissions
Point source fugitive dust sources in the 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory were wind erosion, unpaved
roads, and paved roads. Emissions from these sources were grown from the 1985 NAPAP Emissions
Inventory based on BEA earnings listed in tables 4.8-1. The cattle feedlot emissions estimated above were
also grown from year to year but with a base year of 1990.
4.8.2.6.1 Emissions Calculations —
Base year controlled emissions are projected to the inventory year using the following formula:
CE, • CEBY • (CEBY x EG,)
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where: CE; = Controlled Emissions for inventory year i
CEBY = Controlled Emissions for base year
EG; = Earnings Growth for inventory year i
Earnings growth (EG) is calculated as:
DAT
EG, • !•
where: DAT; = Earnings data for inventory year i
DATBY = Earnings data in the base year
4.8.2.6.2. Growth Indicators, 1985-1989 and 1991 —
The changes in the point and area source emissions were equated with the changes in historic earnings by
state and industry. Emissions from each point source in the 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory were projected
to the years 1985 through 1991 based on the growth in earnings by industry (2-digit SIC code). Historical
earnings data from BEA's Table SA-532 were used to represent growth in earnings from 1985 through 1990.
(Earnings data from a different BEA source, Table SQ-5 discussed below, were used to estimate 1991
emissions.) Table SA-5 historical annual earnings data are by state and industry.
The 1985 through 1990 earnings data in Table SA-5 are in nominal dollars. In order to be used to
estimate growth, these values were converted to constant dollars to remove the effects of inflation. Earnings
data for each year were converted to 1982 constant dollars using the implicit price deflator for personal
consumption expenditures (PCE).33 The PCE deflators used to convert each year's earnings data to 1982
dollars are:
Year 1982 PCE Deflator
1985 111.6
1987 114.8
1988 124.2
1989 129.6
1990 136.4
Several BEA categories did not contain a complete time series of data for the years 1985 through 1990.
Because the SA-5 data must contain 1985 earnings and earnings for each inventory year (1985 through 1990)
to be useful for estimating growth, a log linear regression equation was used to fill in missing data elements
where possible. This regression procedure was performed on all categories that were missing at least one data
point and which contained at least three data points in the time series.
Each record in the inventory was matched to the BEA earnings data based on the state and the 2-digit
SIC. Table 4.8-1 shows the BEA earnings category used to project growth for each of the 2-digit SICs found
in the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory. No growth in emissions was assumed for all point sources for which
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the matching BEA earnings data were not complete. Table 4.8-1 also shows the national average growth and
earnings by industry from Table SA-5.
At the time the Emission Trends inventory was compiled, 1991 BEA earnings data were not available in
Table SA-5. Earnings data from BEA Table SQ-534 were used to estimate emissions for 1991. Table SQ-5
contains historical quarterly earnings data by state and 1-digit SIC. These data were converted to an annual
constant dollars basis.
The 1991 quarterly earnings data were first summed to compute annual totals. Because the PCE deflator
used to convert to constant 1982 dollars was not available for 1991, a 1987 PCE deflator34 was used to
convert the 1990 and 1991 earnings data from Table SQ-5 to a 1987 constant dollar basis. The PCE deflators
are as follows:
Year 1987 PCE Deflator
1990 114.7
1991 119.3
The 1991 inventory was then developed by growing the 1990 inventory based on the changes in State industry
earnings (by 1-digit SIC) from 1990 to 1991. National average growth in earnings by industry is shown below
in Table 4.8-2.
4.8.2.6.3. Growth Indicators, 1992 and 1993 —
The 1992 and 1993 emissions for all pollutants were estimated by applying growth factors to the 1990
emissions using a modified version of equation 22. The growth factors were obtained from the prereleased
E-GAS, version 2.O.35 The E-GAS generates growth factors at the SCC-level for counties representative of all
counties within each ozone nonattainment area classified as serious and above and for counties representative of
all counties within both the attainment portions and the marginal and moderate nonattainment areas within each
state. The appropriate growth factors were applied by county and SCC to the 1990 emissions as shown by
equation 24.
Emissions (camtytSCCtyear) • Growth (county^scc^ear) x Emissions (camtyJiCCiVm)
There are approximately 150 representative counties in E-GAS and 2000 SCCs present in the base year
inventory. This yields a matrix of 300,000 growth factors generated to determine a single year's inventory. To
list all combinations would be inappropriate.
4.8.3 References
1. Gillette, D. A, and R. Passi, "Modeling Dust Emission Caused by Wind Erosion," Journal of Geophysical
Research, Vol. 93, #D11, pp. 14233-14242, November, 1988.
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2. Gillette, D.A. personal communication with W.R. Barnard of E. H. Pechan & Associates, Durham, NC.
1991.
3. Local Climatological Data, National Climatic Data Center, Monthly, 1985-1993.
4. Soil Conservation Service Soil Geography - NATSGO Map Series Dominant Surface Soil Texture, Data
Source: USDA-SCS 1982 NRI & Soil-5 Databases & 1984 MLRA Map: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Sept 1988: L.D. Spivey, Jr. & R.L. Glenn. 1988.
5. U.S. Land Use Summary, from the Feed Grains and Oil Seeds Section of ASCS-U.S. Department of
Agriculture, 1985-1993, annual.
6. Usual Planting and Harvesting Dates for U.S. Field Crops, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Statistical
Reporting Service, Agriculture Handbook Number 628, 1984.
7. "1990 Census of Population and Housing," county data file, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Washington, DC, 1994.
8. "Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors", 4th Edition, EPA Publication AP-42, including
Supplements A and B, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1988.
9. Major Land Resource Areas of the United States Adjusted to County Boundaries for Compilations of
Statistical Data, U.S. Department of Soil Conservation Service. USGS National Atlas Base. Agricultural
Handbook 296. 1978.
10. Brady, Nyle C., The Nature & Properties of Soils, 8th Edition, New York, MacMillan, 1974. p 48.
11. Cowherd, C.C. Jr., K. Axtell, C.M. Guenther, & G.A. Jutze, Development of Emission Factors for
Fugitive Dust Sources. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. June 1974.
EPA-450/3-74-037.
12. "1987 Census of Agriculture, Volume 1: Geographic Area Series," county data file, Bureau of the
Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC, 1987.
13. Midwest Research Institute, "Gap Filling PM-10 Emission Factors for Selected Open Area Dust
Sources," U.S. EPA Rept. No. EPA-450/4-88-003, February, 1988.
14. Stensland, G., Illinois State Water Survey, personal communication with W. Barnard of E.H. Pechan &
Associates, Inc., Durham, NC, 1989.
15. Haugh, J., Highway Information Management, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of
Transportaion, person communications with P. Carlson of E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Durham, NC,
1991.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-146 Fugitive Dust
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16. Highway Statistics, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington,
DC. annual 1986-1993.
17. Summary of Local Functional System Mileage, Computer file transferred to E.H. Pechan & Associate,
Inc. from Highway Information Management, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of
Transportation. 1985 - 1992.
18. Paved Road Particulate Emissions. EPA-600/7-84-077. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC, 1984.
19. Cowherd, C. C. Jr., and P.J. Englehart, Paved Road Particulate Emissions. EPA-600/7-84-077. U.S.
EPA, Washington D.C. 1984.
20. Personal communications between K. Welty of the U.S. DOT, FHWA, Highway Information
Management, and E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. 1991
21. Cowherd, C. C. Jr., C. Guenther and D. Wallace, Emission Inventory of Agricultural Tilling, Unpaved
Roads and Airstrips and Construction Sites, MRI, U.S. EPA Rept. No. EPA-450/3-74-085, NTIS PB-
23 8 919, November 1974.
22. Construction Review. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC, annual
23. U.S. DOC, Bureau of Census, Industrial Series Census of Construction, Table 10, Value of Construction
Work for Establishments with Payroll by Location of Construction Work. 1987.
24. Heisler, S.L. "Interim Emissions Inventory for Regional Air Quality Studies," Electric Power Research
Institute Report EPRIEA-6070, November 1988.
25. Kinsey, J.S., etal., Study of Construction Related Dust Control, Contract No. 32200-07976-01,
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Roseville, MN, April 19, 1983.
26. "1990 County Business Patterns," Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington,
DC, 1992.
27. Evans, J.S. and D.W. Cooper, "An Inventory of Particulate Emissions from Open Sources," Journal Air
Pollution Control Association, Vol. 30, #12, pp. 1298-1303, December 1980.
28. U.S. EPA, "Generalized Particle Size Distributions for Use in Preparing Size-Specific Particulate
Emissions Inventories", U.S. EPA Rept. No. EPA-450/4-86-013, July 1986.
29. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listing for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-147 Fugitive Dust
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30. Correspondence with Stephen Smith of the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of Interior,. May 1994.
31. "Coal Production (Annual)," DOE/EIA-0118, U.S. Department of Energy, November, 1985-1993.
32. Table SA-5 — Total Personal Income by Major Sources 1969-1990. Data files. Bureau of Economic
Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. 1991.
33. Survey of Current Business. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC. 1988, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991.
34. Table SQ-5 — Quarterly State Personal Income 1987: 1-1991: IV. Data files. Bureau of Economic
Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. 1992.
35. Economic Growth Analysis System: User's Guide, Version 2.0. EPA-600/R-94-139b. Joint
Emissions Inventory Oversight Group, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
NC. August 1994.
Table 4.8-1. Bureau of Economic Analysis's SA-5 National Changes in Earnings by Industry
Percent Growth from:
Industry SIC 1985 to 1987 1987 to 1988 1988 to 1989
Farm 01,02 14.67 -2.73 14.58
Agricultural services, forestry, 07,08,09 23.58 5.43 1.01
fisheries, and other
Coalmining 11,12 -17.46 -6.37 -4.16
Metal mining 10 -3.03 18.01 8.94
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels 14 2.33 3.74 -2.79
Construction 15,16,17 7.27 4.81 -1.36
1989 to 1990
-3.11
2.48
4.73
4.56
-0.45
-3.80
Table 4.8-2. BEA SQ-5 National Growth In Earnings By Industry
Percent
Growth from
Industry 1990 to 1991
Farm -18.38
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other -5.06
Coal mining -0.75
Construction -10.37
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1985-1993 Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 4-148 Fugitive Dust
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SECTION 5.0
LEAD EMISSIONS METHODOLOGY
5.1 INTRODUCTION
The methodology used to estimate the lead emissions presented in the Trends reports for the years 1940,
1950, 1960, and 1970 to 1993 was based on the 1940-1984 Methodology. This section describes, in detail,
the procedures used to create these estimates.
5.1.1 Background
The lead emissions methodology was based on a "top-down" approach where national information was
used to create a national inventory of lead emissions. The emissions were estimated based on the source of the
emissions and, in the case of combustion sources, the fuel type. The national activity of a process producing
lead emissions was measured by the consumption of fuel, the throughput of raw materials, or an alternative
production indicator. An emission factor was then applied to activity data to determine the amount of lead
emitted from a specific process. For some categories, the lead content of the fuel was incorporated into the
estimating procedure as part of the emission factor. The final element used to estimate emissions was the
control efficiency, which quantifies the amount of lead not emitted due to the presence of control devices.
The lead emissions were presented in the 1994 Trends report by Tier categories, but in the lead emissions
methodology, emissions were estimated by a different set of source categories. The source categories or
subcategories contributing to lead emissions were regrouped into the Tier categories. The estimation
procedures are presented in this section by Tier 2 category. The correspondence between the Tier 2
categories and the lead emissions methodology source categories is presented in Table 5.1-1. Within the
description of the procedures for each Tier 2 category, the correlation between the categories is reiterated.
5.1.2 General Procedure
Lead emissions were calculated according to the following general equation:
Lead Emissions t • Al• . x EFi x [!• CEt ]
where: A = activity
EF = emission factor
CE = control efficiency
i = year
j = source category
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Lead Emissions Methodology
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As an aid in the calculation of emissions by the lead methodology, two Excel spreadsheets were created
for each year and are collectively referred to as the Trends spreadsheets. The spreadsheets were entitled
TRENDSxx.XLS and MGTMPxx.XLS, where xx represents the year. The required data were entered into
the TRENDSxx.XLS spreadsheet, after which the MGTMPxx.XLS spreadsheet was opened and the
necessary calculations were made to estimate the national emissions. This procedure was designed to simplify
the process of estimating emissions for a new year. By using the TRENDSxx.XLS spreadsheets from the
previous year as templates, the spreadsheets for the new year were created by editing only the data requiring
updating.
The calculations utilized within the TRENDSxx.XLS spreadsheets required specific units for the activity
indicators and the emission factors. The required units are specified within the procedures for each Tier 2
category. In general, the units for activity indicators were short tons for solids, gallons for liquids, and cubic feet
for gases. Emission factors were expressed in units of metric pounds of pollutant per unit consumption or
throughput. Control efficiencies were expressed as a dimensionless decimal fraction. By using these units, the
emissions calculated within the spreadsheets were expressed in metric tons. Raw data used as the basis for
activity indicators or emission factors were often expressed in units which required conversion to the
appropriate units. The following conversion factors were used in many cases.
1 ton (metric) = 1.1016 tons (short)
1 ton (long) = 1.12 tons (short)
1 ton (short) = 0.9072 tons (metric)
lib (metric) = 1.10161b
1 bbl = 42 gal
The emission factors used to estimate lead emissions were based on the most recent information available.
For many categories, the most recent emission factor was used to estimate the emissions for all years.
When the emissions were estimated for 1993, not all of the activity information was available. In order to
make a preliminary emissions estimate, activity data from preceding years were used to estimate the activity
data for 1993. This was done using several different methods. The first method used a quadratic equation and
the past 20 years of activity data. The second method used a linear regression and the past 7 years of activity
data. The third method, used in cases where the first method resulted in a negative activity value, calculated the
average of the activity data over the past 5 years. Table 5.1-2 presents by general source category the method
used to estimate activity data for generating 1993 emissions. For general source categories not listed, activity
data for the current year were available at the time the emissions were estimated.
5.1.3 Organization of Procedures
The methodology used to estimate lead emissions is described by Tier 2 category except for the Highway
Vehicles category which is described at the Tier 1 level. For each category, the procedure is divided into four
sections, reflecting the data required to generate the estimates: (1) technical approach, (2) activity indicator, (3)
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Lead Emissions Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 5-2 Introduction
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emission factor, and (4) control efficiency. The procedures for obtaining activity indicators, emission factors or
control efficiencies are arranged in a variety of ways, depending on the specific requirements of the category.
The procedures could be arranged by process, fuel type, or other subcategory.
References are provided at the end of the description of the procedure for each Tier 2 category. Many of
the references are published annually as part of a series. In some cases, several references are provided for the
same information, reflecting a change or discontinuation of one source and its replacement by another. The
specific source used would depend on the specific year for which information is needed. All tables and
supporting data immediately follow the description of the procedure for each Tier 2 category.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Lead Emissions Methodology
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Table 5.1-1. Correspondence Between Tier 2 Categories and Lead Emissions Methodology Categories
Tier 1 Category
Fuel Combustion -
Electric Utilities
Fuel Combustion -
Industrial
Fuel Combustion -
Other
Fuel Combustion -
Other, cont.
Chemical and Allied
Product Manufacture
Tier 2 Category
Coal
Oil
Coal
Oil
Commercial and
Institutional Coal
Commercial and
Institutional Oil
Miscellaneous Fuel
Combustion (except
residential)
Residential Other
Inorganic Chemical
Manufacturing
Tier I/Tier 2 Code
01-01
01-02
02-01
02-02
03-01
03-02
03-04
03-06
04-02
Lead Emissions
Methodology Category
Bituminous Coal and
Lignite
Anthracite Coal
Residual Oil
Distillate Oil
Bituminous Coal and
Lignite
Anthracite Coal
Residual Oil
Distillate Oil
Bituminous Coal and
Lignite
Anthracite Coal
Residual Oil
Distillate Oil
Residual Oil
Bituminous Coal and
Lignite
Anthracite Coal
Residual Oil
Distillate Oil
Industrial Processes
Lead Emissions Methodology Subcategory
Electric Utilities
Electric Utilities
Electric Utilities
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Commercial and Institutional
Commercial and Institutional
Commercial and Institutional
Commercial and Institutional
Waste Oil
Residential
Residential
Residential
Residential
Secondary Metals (lead oxide/pigment)
-------
Table 5.1-1. Correspondence Between Tier 2 Categories and Lead Emissions Methodology Categories
Tier 1 Category
Metals Processing
Other Industrial
Processes
Waste Disposal and
Recycling
Highway Vehicles
Off-Highway Vehicles
Tier 2 Category
Nonferrous
Ferrous
Not Elsewhere
Classified
Mineral Products
Miscellaneous
Industrial Processes
Incineration
All Categories (Light-
Duty Gas Vehicles and
Motorcycles,
Light-Duty Gas Trucks,
and
Heavy-Duty Gas
Vehicles)
Nonroad Gasoline
Tier I/Tier 2 Code
05-01
05-02
05-03
07-05
07-10
10-01
11
12-01
Lead Emissions
Methodology Category
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Industrial Processes
Solid Waste Disposal
Highway Vehicles
Other Off -Highway
Vessels
Lead Emissions Methodology Subcategory
Nonferrous Metals (copper, zinc, and lead production)
Secondary Metals (lead, copper, and battery production)
Miscellaneous Process Sources [miscellaneous products (can
soldering and cable covering)]
Iron and Steel Industry
Nonferrous Metals (ferroalloy production)
Secondary Metals Industry (grey iron foundries)
Mineral Products (ore crushing)
Miscellaneous Process Sources [miscellaneous products (type
metal production)]
Mineral Products (cement manufacturing and glass production,
lead-glass)
Miscellaneous Process Sources (lead alkyl production - electrolytic
process, sodium lead alloy, and miscellaneous products
(ammunition)]
Incineration
Gasoline (leaded and unleaded)
Gasoline
Gasoline
-------
Table 5.1-2. Method Used for Estimating 1993 Activity Data
General Source Category
Activity Data Estimation Method
Off-Highway Vehicles
All Anthracite Coal Categories
Fuel Combustion, excluding Electric Utilities
Bituminous Coal
Residual Oil
Distillate Oil
Solid Waste
Industrial Process Sources
Quadratic equation method, except for motorcycles
for which the 5-year average method is used
Linear regression method
Linear regression method
Quadratic equation method
Linear regression method, except for industrial
sources for which the 5-year average method is used
Quadratic equation method
Linear regression method
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1993
5-6
Lead Emissions Methodology
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5.2 FUEL COMBUSTION ELECTRIC UTILITIES - COAL: 01-01
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the Lead Emissions Methodology for the
following source categories:
Category: Subcategory:
Bituminous Coal and Lignite Electric Utilities
Anthracite Coal Electric Utilities
5.2.1 Technical Approach
The lead emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the emissions from the source categories
listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator and an emissions factor. In order to utilize
these values in the Trends spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed in million short tons for bituminous
coal, and in thousand short tons for anthracite coal. Emission factors were expressed in metric
pounds/thousand short tons.
The following procedures for determining activity indicators and emission factors were used for the years
1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1993.
5.2.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for the combustion of coal at electric utilities was the anthracite coal receipts at
electric utilities obtained from Reference la.
The activity indicator for the combustion of bituminous coal and lignite was calculated as the difference
between the total national consumption of coal by electric utilities and the anthracite coal consumption at electric
utilities as determined above. The total national consumption of coal was obtained from Reference 2 or
Reference 3.
5.2.3 Emission Factor
The emission factors for the combustion of anthracite coal and of bituminous coal and lignite were
obtained from Reference 4a.
5.2.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to activity data to estimate emissions from the sources included in this
Tier 2 category.
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5.2.5 References
1. Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Utility Plants. DOE/EIA-0191(xx). Energy Information
Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
(a) Appendix A
2. Electric Power Annual. DOE/EOA-0348(xx). Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of
Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
3. Quarterly Coal Report: January-March. DOE/EIA-0121(xx/lQ). Energy Information
Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Quarterly.
4. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Third Edition, Supplements 1 through 14, AP-42.
NTIS PB-275525. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September
1977.
a. Appendix E
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5.3 FUEL COMBUSTION ELECTRIC UTILITIES - OIL: 01-02
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the Lead Emissions Methodology for the
following source categories:
Category: Subcategory:
Residual Oil Electric Utilities
Distillate Oil Electric Utilities
5.3.1 Technical Approach
The lead emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the emissions from the source categories
listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator and an emissions factor. In order to utilize
these values in the Trends spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed in million gallons and emission
factors were expressed in metric pounds/million gallons.
The following procedures for determining activity indicators and emission factors were used for the years
1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1993.
5.3.2 Activity Indicators
The activity indicators for the combustion of residual and distillate oils were the consumption of these fuel
types by electric utilities. The distillate oil consumption was assumed to be equal to the "adjusted" distillate fuel
oil sales to electric utilities obtained from Reference 1 or Reference 2. The residual fuel oil consumption was
obtained from "adjusted" residual fuel sales in Reference 1. When this reference was unavailable, the residual
oil consumption was calculated as the difference between the total oil consumption and the distillate oil
consumption. The total annual oil consumption was obtained from Reference 3.
5.3.3 Emission Factors
The emission factors for the combustion of residual oil and of distillate oil by electric utilities were obtained
from Reference 4a.
5.3.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to activity data to estimate emissions from the sources included in this
Tier 2 category.
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5.3.5 References
1. Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 19xx. DOE/EIA-0535(xx). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
2. Petroleum Marketing Annual. DOE/EIA-0389(xx/07). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
3. Electric Power Annual. DOE/EOA-0348(xx). Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of
Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
4. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Third Edition, Supplements 1 through 14, AP-42.
NTIS PB-275525. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September
1977.
(a) Appendix E
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Lead Emissions Methodology
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5.4 FUEL COMBUSTION INDUSTRIAL - COAL: 02-01
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the Lead Emissions Methodology for the
following source categories:
Category: Subcategory:
Anthracite Coal Industrial
Bituminous Coal and Lignite Industrial
5.4.1 Technical Approach
The lead emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the emissions from the source categories
listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator and an emissions factor. In order to utilize
these values in the Trends spreadsheets, the activity indicators were expressed in million short tons for
bituminous coal, and in thousand short tons for anthracite coal. The emission factors were expressed in metric
pounds/thousand short tons.
The following procedures for determining activity indicators and emission factors were used for the years
1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1993.
5.4.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for the industrial combustion of anthracite coal was the distribution of anthracite coal
from Pennsylvania (i.e. District 24) obtained from Reference la under the category "Industrial Plants (except
coke)."
The activity indicator for the combustion of bituminous coal and lignite was based on total national coal
consumption obtained from Reference 2 under the category "Industrial Plants (except coke)." The sum of coal
consumption by cement plants and lime plants was subtracted from the total coal consumption. The coal
consumption by cement plants was obtained from Reference 3. The coal consumption by lime plants was
estimated by multiplying the lime production value obtained from Reference 4 by the conversion factor, 0.1 tons
coal/ton lime produced.
5.4.3 Emission Factors
The emission factors for the industrial combustion of anthracite coal and of bituminous coal and lignite
were obtained from Reference 5 a.
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5.4.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to activity data to estimate emissions from the sources included in this
Tier 2 category.
5.4.5 References
1. Coal Distribution January-December 19xx. DOE/EIA-0125(xx/4Q). Energy Information
Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
(a) table entitled "Domestic Distribution of U.S. Coal by Origin, Destination, and Consumer: January-
December 19xx."
2. Quarterly Coal Report: January-March. DOE/EIA-0121(xx/lQ). Energy Information
Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Quarterly.
3. Minerals Industry Surveys, Cement. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington,
DC. Monthly.
4. Chemical and Engineering News, Facts and Figures Issue. American Chemical Society, Washington,
DC. Annual.
5. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Third Edition, Supplements 1 through 14, AP-42.
NTIS PB-275525. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September
1977.
(a) Appendix E
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Lead Emissions Methodology
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5.5 FUEL COMBUSTION INDUSTRIAL - OIL: 02-02
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the Lead Emissions Methodology for the
following source categories:
Category: Subcategory:
Residual Oil Industrial
Distillate Oil Industrial
5.5.1 Technical Approach
The lead emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the emissions from the source categories
listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator and an emissions factor. In order to utilize
these values in the Trends spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed in million gallons and emission
factors were expressed in metric pounds/million gallons.
The following procedures for determining activity indicators and emission factors were used for the years
1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1993.
5.5.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for industrial combustion of residual oil was based on the adjusted quantity of
residual oil sales for industrial and oil company use obtained from Reference 1 or 2. The total of three statistics
was subtracted from this value to obtain the activity indicator. The first statistic was two-thirds of the quantity
of oil consumed by cement plants reported in Reference 3. The second statistic was the quantity of residual oil
consumed by petroleum refineries reported in Reference 4a. The third statistic was the quantity of residual oil
consumed by steel mills; this value was calculated by multiplying the quantity of raw steel production obtained
from Reference 5, by 0.00738 * 106 gal/103 ton steel. The conversion factor between the gallons of oil and the
tons of steel was updated in 1982 based on Reference 6.
The activity indicator for industrial combustion of distillate oil was based on the adjusted quantity of
distillate oil sales to industrial and oil companies obtained from Reference 1 or 2. The total of two statistics was
subtracted from this value to obtain the activity indicator for distillate oil. The first statistic was one-third of the
quantity of oil consumed by cement plants, expressed in gallons, reported in Reference 3. The second statistic
was the quantity of distillate oil consumed by petroleum refineries, expressed in gallons, reported in Reference
4a.
5.5.3 Emission Factor
The lead emission factor for the industrial combustion of residual oil and of distillate oil were obtained from
Reference 7a.
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5.5.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to activity data to estimate emissions from the sources included in this
Tier 2 category.
5.5.5 References
1. Petroleum Marketing Monthly. DOE/EIA-0380(xx/01). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
2. Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 19xx. DOE/EIA-0535(xx). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
3. Minerals Industry Surveys, Cement. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington,
DC. Monthly.
4. Petroleum Supply Annual. DOE/EIA-0340(xx/07). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
a. table entitled "Fuel Consumed at Refineries by PAD District."
5. Survey of Current Business. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC.
a. table containing information on Metals and Manufactures
6. Census of Manufactures (Fuels and Electric Energy Consumed). Bureau of the Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. 1982.
7. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Third Edition, Supplements 1 through 14, AP-42.
NTIS PB-275525. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September
1977.
(a) Appendix E
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Lead Emissions Methodology
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5.6 FUEL COMBUSTION OTHER - COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL COAL: 03-01
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the Lead Emissions Methodology for the
following source categories:
Category: Subcategory:
Anthracite Coal Commercial / Institutional
Bituminous Coal and Lignite Commercial / Institutional
5.6.1 Technical Approach
The lead emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the emissions from the source categories
listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator and an emissions factor. In order to utilize
these values in the Trends spreadsheets, the activity indicators were expressed in million short tons for
bituminous coal, and in thousand short tons for anthracite coal. The emission factors were expressed in metric
pounds/thousand short tons.
The following procedures for determining activity indicators and emission factors were used for the years
1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1993.
5.6.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicators for the combustion of anthracite and bituminous coal and lignite were the
consumption of each coal type by commercial and institutional users. Determination of these activity indicators
required activity data for both anthracite and bituminous residential coal combustion.
The commercial/institutional consumption of anthracite coal was obtained by subtracting the residential
anthracite consumption from residential and commercial/institutional anthracite consumption. Residential and
commercial/institutional consumption of anthracite coal was obtained from Reference la for District 24 only.
Anthracite Coalc/I • Anthracite CoalRandc/I • Anthracite Coal R
where: R = residential consumption
C /1 = commercial/institutional consumption
Residential consumption of anthracite coal was determined by extrapolating the consumption of the previous
year based on the change in the number of dwelling units in the Northeastern United States having coal as the
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Lead Emissions Methodology
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main fuel for space heating. Data concerning the number of dwelling units were obtained from Reference 2.
The calculation of the residential anthracite coal consumption is summarized in the equation below.
Anthracite CoalR t • Anthracite CoalR t. 1
Dwelling Units .
Dwelling Units .. l
where: R = residential consumption
i = year under study
Commercial/institutional consumption of bituminous coal was obtained by subtracting the residential
bituminous consumption from the residential and commercial/institutional bituminous consumption. Residential
and commercial/institutional consumption of bituminous coal was calculated by subtracting residential and
commercial/institutional consumption of anthracite coal from residential and commercial/institutional
consumption of all types of coal. These two consumption values were obtained from Reference la and
excluded coal from District 24 which represents anthracite coal consumption. This calculation is summarized in
the equation below.
ituminous Coalc/I • (All CoalR and C/I • Anthracite CoalR and C/I) • Bituminous CoalR
where: R = residential consumption
C/I = commercial/institutional consumption
The residential consumption of bituminous coal was determined by estimating the quantity of all coal consumed
by all dwelling units using coal as the main fuel and subtracting from this value the residential consumption of
anthracite coal calculated above. The quantity of all coal consumed was calculated using the number of
dwelling units using coal as the main fuel for space heating obtained from Reference 3 and a factor estimating
the average annual consumption of coal per dwelling unit. This calculation is summarized in the equation below.
Bituminous CoalR • (Dwelling Units x 6.73 tons burned /dwelling /year) • Anthracite CoalR
where: R = residential consumption
5.6.3 Emission Factors
The emission factors for the commercial/institutional combustion of anthracite coal and of bituminous coal
and lignite were obtained from Reference 3 a.
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5.6.4 Control Efficiency
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No control efficiencies were applied to activity data to estimate emissions from the sources included in this
Tier 2 category.
5.6.5 References
1. Coal Distribution January-December 19xx. DOE/EIA-0125(xx/4Q). Energy Information
Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
(a) Table entitled "Domestic Distribution of U.S. Coal to the Residential and Commercial Sector by
Origin."
2. American Housing Survey, Current Housing Reports, Series H-15 0-8 3. Bureau of the Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington DC. Biennual.
3. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Third Edition, Supplements 1 through 14, AP-42.
NTIS PB-275525. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September
1977.
(a) Appendix E
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5.7 FUEL COMBUSTION OTHER - COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL OIL: 03-02
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the Lead Emissions Methodology for the
following source categories:
Category: Subcategory:
Residual Oil Commercial / Institutional
Distillate Oil Commercial / Institutional
5.7.1 Technical Approach
The lead emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the emissions from the source categories
listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator and an emissions factor. In order to utilize
these values in the Trends spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed in million gallons and emission
factors were expressed in metric pounds/million gallons.
The following procedures for determining activity indicators and emission factors were used for the years
1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1993.
5.7.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for the commercial/institutional combustion of residual oil was the "adjusted" total
quantity of residual oil sales for commercial and military use obtained from Reference 1 or Reference 2.
The activity indicator for the combustion of distillate oil was the "adjusted" total quantity of distillate oil
sales for commercial and military use (not including military diesel fuel) obtained from Reference 1 or Reference
2.
5.7.3 Emission Factor
The emission factors for the commercial/institutional combustion of residual oil and of distillate oil were
obtained from Reference 3 a.
5.7.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to activity data to estimate emissions from the sources included in this
Tier 2 category.
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5.7.5 References
1. Petroleum Marketing Monthly. DOE/EIA-0380(xx/01). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
2. Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 19xx. DOE/EIA-0535(xx). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
3. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Third Edition, Supplements 1 through 14, AP-42.
NTIS PB-275525. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September
1977.
(a) Appendix E
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5.8 FUEL COMBUSTION OTHER - MISCELLANEOUS FUEL COMBUSTION (EXCEPT
RESIDENTIAL): 03-04
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the Lead Emissions Methodology for the
following source categories:
Category: Subcategory:
Residual Oil Waste Oil
5.8.1 Technical Approach
The lead emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the emissions from the source categories
listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator and an emissions factor. In order to utilize
these values in the Trends spreadsheets, the activity indicator was expressed in million gallons and the emission
factor was expressed in metric pounds/million gallons.
The following procedures for determining activity indicators and emission factors were used for the years
1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1993.
5.8.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for the combustion of residual waste oil was assumed to be a constant annual
consumption of 500 x 106 gallons of waste oil.
5.8.3 Emission Factor
The emission factor for the combustion of residual waste oil was calculated as 75 lb/1,000 gal multiplied
by the average percentage of lead. It was assumed that the percentage of lead had a constant value of 0.5333
up to the year 1975; after which, it was assumed that the lead percentage steadily decreased. After 1984, the
value has remained constant at 0.0213. The average lead percentage values are presented in Table 5.8-1.
5.8.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiency was applied to activity data to estimate lead emissions from the combustion of waste
oil.
5.8.5 References
None.
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Table 5.8-1. Annual Percentage Lead Content
Percent
Year Lead
1975 0.5333
1976 0.4702
1977 0.407
1978 0.3439
1979 0.2807
1980 0.2176
1981 0.1545
1982 0.0913
1983 0.0282
1984 0.0213
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5.9 FUEL COMBUSTION OTHER - RESIDENTIAL OTHER: 03-06
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the Lead Emissions Methodology for the
following source categories:
Category: Subcategory:
Anthracite Coal Residential
Bituminous Coal and Lignite Residential
Residual Oil Residential
Distillate Oil Residential
5.9.1 Technical Approach
The lead emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the emissions from the source categories
listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator and an emissions factor. In order to utilize
these values in the Trends spreadsheets, the activity indicators were expressed in million tons for bituminous
coal and in thousand tons for anthracite coal. The emission factors for these categories were expressed in
metric pounds/thousand tons. Activity indicators for residual and distillate oils were expressed in million gallons
and emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/million gallons.
The following procedures for determining activity indicators and emission factors were used for the years
1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1993.
5.9.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for the residential combustion of anthracite coal was the residential consumption of
anthracite coal. This value was determined by extrapolating the residential consumption of anthracite coal
during the previous year based on the change in the number of dwelling units in the Northeastern United States
having coal as the main fuel for space heating. Data concerning the number of dwelling units were obtained
from Reference 1. The calculation of the residential anthracite coal consumption is summarized in the equation
below.
Dwelling Units .
Anthracite CoalR t • Anthracite CoalR t. l x
Dwelling Units ..
where: R = residential consumption
i = year under study
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The activity indicator for the combustion of bituminous coal and lignite was the residential consumption of
bituminous coal and lignite. This value was determined by estimating the quantity of all coal consumed by all
dwelling units using coal as the main fuel and subtracting from this value the residential consumption of anthracite
coal calculated above. The quantity of all coal consumed was calculated using the number of dwelling units
using coal as the main fuel for space heating obtained from Reference 1 and a factor estimating the average
annual consumption of coal per dwelling unit. This calculation is summarized in the equation below.
\inous CoalR • (Dwelling Units x 6.73 tons burned/dwelling/year) • Anthracite CoalR
where: R = residential consumption
The activity indicator for the residential combustion of residual oil was assumed to be zero. The activity
indicator for the combustion of distillate oil was the sum of the "adjusted" sales (or deliveries) for residential use
of distillate oil and for farm use of other distillates as reported in Reference 2 or Reference 3.
5.9.3 Emission Factors
The emission factor for the residential combustion of anthracite coal was obtained from Reference 4.
The emission factor for the combustion of bituminous coal and lignite and for distillate oil was obtained
from Reference 5 a.
No emission factor was required for the combustion of residual oil because the activity was assumed to be
zero.
5.9.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to activity data to estimate emissions from the sources included in this
Tier 2 category.
5.9.5 References
1. American Housing Survey, Current Housing Reports, Series H-150-83. Bureau of the Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington DC. Biennual.
2. Petroleum Marketing Monthly. DOE/EIA-0380(xx/01). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
3. Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 19xx. DOE/EIA-0535(xx). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
4. Development of HATREMS Data Base and Emission Inventory Evaluation. EPA-45 0/3-77-011.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. April 1977.
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5. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Third Edition, Supplements 1 through 14, AP-42.
NTIS PB-275525. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September
1977.
a. Appendix E
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5.10 CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCT MANUFACTURE - INORGANIC CHEMICAL
MANUFACTURE: 04-02
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the Lead Emissions Methodology for the
following source categories:
Category: Subcategory:
Industrial Processes - Pb Emissions Secondary Metals (lead oxide/pigment)
5.10.1 Technical Approach
The lead emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the emissions from the source categories
listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator and an emissions factor. In order to utilize
these values in the Trends spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed in thousand tons and emission
factors were expressed in metric pounds/tons.
The following procedures for determining activity indicators and emission factors were used for the years
1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1993.
5.10.2 Activity Indicator
Activity indicators for the of barton pot (litharge and leady oxide), red lead, and white lead were the
respective quantities of each produced as reported in Reference 1.
5.10.3 Emission Factor
The lead emission factors for barton pot, red lead, and white lead were obtained from Reference 2a.
5.10.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to activity data to estimate lead emissions from the sources included
in this Tier 2 category.
5.10.5 References
1. Minerals Yearbook, Lead. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. Annual.
a. Table entitled "Production & Shipments of Lead Pigments and Oxides in the U.S."
2. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
a. Table 7.16-1
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5.11 METALS PROCESSING-NONFERROUS: 05-01
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the Lead Emissions Methodology for the
following source categories:
Category:
Industrial Processes - Pb Emissions
Industrial Processes - Pb Emissions
Industrial Processes - Pb Emissions
Subcategory:
Nonferrous Metals (copper, zinc, and lead
production)
Secondary Metals (lead, copper, and battery
production)
Miscellaneous Process Sources [miscellaneous
products (can soldering and cable covering)]
5.11.1 Technical Approach
The lead emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the emissions from the source categories
listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator, emissions factor, and control efficiency,
where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed
in thousand tons and emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/tons. All control efficiencies were
expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The following procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control
efficiencies were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1993.
5.11.2 Activity Indicator
5.11.2.1 Nonferrous Metal s
The activity indicator for copper roasting was based on the primary copper smelter production from
domestic and foreign ores from Reference la. Copper smelter production was expressed in units of blister
copper produced. It was assumed that of the 4 tons of copper concentrate/ton of blister, only half was roasted.
Therefore, the amount of blister copper produced multiplied by 2 resulted in the activity indicator for the
roasting process.
Activity indicators for copper smelting and converting were assumed to be equivalent. Activity data were
calculated in the same manner as for the roasting process, except it was assumed that all of the blister copper
produced was smelted and converted. Therefore, units of blister copper produced multiplied by 4 resulted in
the activity indicators for the smelting and converting process.
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Lead Emissions Methodology
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Activity data for zinc sintering was based on the redistilled slab zinc production obtained from Reference
2a. The activity indicator for the horizontal retort process was assumed to be zero. The activity indicator for
the vertical retort process was assigned the same value as used for zinc sintering.
The activity indicators for lead sintering, blast furnaces, and reverberatory furnaces were assumed to be
equal to the primary refined lead production from domestic and foreign ores as listed in Reference 3.
5.11.2.2 Secondary Metals
Activity data for three copper-producing processes were obtained from Reference Ib. The production
level of high-leaded tin bronze was used as the basis for high Pb (58%) activity. The production level of
yellow brass was used as the basis for red-yellow brass (15%) activity. Other alloys (7%) activity was based
on the production level of leaded red brass and semi-red brass.
Activity indicators for three lead-producing furnace types and fugitive lead processes were obtained from
Reference 3. The pot furnace activity was estimated as 90 percent of the total consumption of lead scrap by all
consumers obtained from Reference 3. The activity indicator for reverberatory furnaces was estimated by
multiplying the total consumption of lead scrap by the ratio between the quantity of lead recovered as soft lead
and the total lead recovered from scrap. The activity indicator for blast furnaces was estimated by multiplying
the total consumption of lead scrap by the ratio between lead recovered as antimonial lead and the total lead
recovered from scrap. Fugitive lead activity was assumed to be equal to the total quantity of lead recovered.
Battery production consists of five processes: (1) grid casting, (2) paste mixing, (3) lead oxide mill, (4)
three process operations, and (5) lead reclamation furnace. The number of batteries produced was used as the
activity indicator for each process. The total weight of lead used to produce storage batteries was obtained
from Reference 3. This value was converted from metric tons to English units and was used to calculate the
number of batteries produced, expressed in thousands of batteries, as shown in the equation below.
WeightPh x 1.10231 x 2,000 Iblton
Number of Batteries • —
1,000 x 26 Ib /battery
The activity indicator for lead reclamation furnaces was 1 percent of the number of batteries produced as
calculated above.
5.11.2.3 Miscellaneous Process Sources
The activity indicator for can soldering was the can soldering consumption as listed in Reference 3. The
activity indicator for cable covering was based on the value for cable covering consumption, also obtained from
Reference 3, which was multiplied by 10 to account for recycling.
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5.11.3 Emission Factor
5.11.3.1 Nonferrous Metal s
The emission factors for primary copper and lead smelting processes were obtained from References 4a
and 4b, respectively. The emission factors for processes associated with primary zinc smelting were obtained
from Reference 5a. Values for these emission factors were established as the midpoint of the emission factor
ranges reported in the references cited.
5.11.3.2 Secondary Metals
The emission factors for secondary lead processing were obtained from Reference 5a. The emission
factors for secondary copper processing were obtained from Reference 4c. Battery production emission
factors were reported in Reference 4d.
5.11.3.3 Miscellaneous Process Sources
The emission factors for can soldering and can covering were obtained from Reference 4e.
5.11.4 Control Efficiency
5.11.4.1 Nonferrous Metal s
The control efficiencies for all copper, zinc, and lead production processes for the years 1970 through
1993 were equivalent to the TSP control efficiencies for the same processes. The TSP control efficiencies
were derived from Reference 6 or Reference 7 using the equation below.
. (UE- AE)
i i
I UE 1
where: CE = control efficiency
UE = emissions before control
AE = emissions after control
For the years 1940, 1950, and 1960, the origin of the control efficiencies applied to the activity for these
processes is currently unknown.
5.11.4.2 Secondary Metals
The control efficiencies for the secondary lead production processes were obtained from Reference 8.
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5.11.4.3 Miscellaneous Process Sources
The control efficiencies for can soldering and cable covering were obtained from Reference 8.
5.11.5 References
1. Minerals Yearbook., Copper. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.
Annual.
(a) Table entitled "Copper: World Smelter Production, by Country."
(b) Table entitled "Production of Secondary Copper & Copper Alloy Products in the U.S.," by item
produced from scrap.
2. Minerals Year book, Zinc. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. Annual.
(a) Table entitled "Salient Zinc Statistics" (production of slab zinc from scrap).
3. Minerals Yearbook, Lead. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. Annual.
(a) Table entitled "U.S. Consumption of Lead, by Product".
4. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
(a) Table 7.3-10
(b) Table 7.6-1
(c) Table 7.9-1
(d) Table 7.15-1
(e) Table 7.17-1
5. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Third Edition, Supplements 1 through 14, AP-42.
NTIS PB-275525. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September
1977.
(a) Appendix E
6. Standard Computer Retrievals, AFP650 report, from the AIRS Facility Subsystem. Unpublished
computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
7. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE25 7 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
8. Control Techniques for Lead Air Emissions, Volumes 1 and 2. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. December 1977.
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5.12
METALS PROCESSING - FERROUS: 05-02
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the Lead Emissions Methodology for the
following source categories:
Category:
Industrial Processes - Pb Emissions
Industrial Processes - Pb Emissions
Industrial Processes - Pb Emissions
Subcategory:
Iron and Steel Industry (coke, blast furnace, sintering, open
hearth, EOF, and electric arc furnace)
Nonferrous Metals (ferroalloy production)
Secondary Metals Industry (grey iron foundries)
5.12.1 Technical Approach
The lead emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the emissions from the source categories
listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator, emissions factor, and control efficiency,
where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends spreadsheets, activity indicators for all source
categories, except those in the iron and steel industry, were expressed in thousand tons. For the iron and steel
industry source categories, activity indicators were expressed in million tons. All emission factors were
expressed in metric pounds/tons. All control efficiencies were expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The following procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control
efficiencies were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1993.
5.12.2 Activity Indicator
5.12.2.1 Iron and Steel
The activity indicator for coke production was the oven production figure obtained from Reference la.
The activity indicator for blast furnaces was the total pig iron production as reported in Reference Ib. This
value included exports. The activity indicator for the windbox sintering process was the total production of pig
iron obtained from Reference 2 or Reference 1.
The activity indicators for open hearth, basic oxygen, and electric arc furnaces were based on the total
scrap and pig iron consumption. Reference 3 contained the total scrap and pig iron consumed by each furnace
type by manufacturers of pig iron and raw steel and castings. The fraction of the combined quantity of scrap
and pig iron consumed by each of the three furnace types was calculated. Total raw steel production reported
in Reference Ib was multiplied by each fraction to obtain the raw steel production for each furnace type.
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5.12.2.2 Nonferrous Metals
The activity indicator for ferrosilicon production was the net gross weight production obtained from
Reference 4a. Silicon manganese activity was assumed to be 42.1 percent of the net production of ferrosilicon.
Production of ferromanganese by electric furnaces was assumed to be 57.9 percent of the net production of
ferrosilicon. Production of silicon metal was obtained from Reference 5a. For ferromanganese from blast
furnaces and for Ferro-Mang (std), the activity indicators were assumed to be zero.
Ferrochrome-silicon activity was obtained from Reference 4a or 6, and activity data for High Carbon
Ferro production was obtained from Reference 4a or 7. If these data were not available, values for the
previous year were used.
5.12.2.3 Secondary Metals
The activity indicator for cupola furnaces in grey iron foundries was based on the combined quantity of
scrap and pig iron consumed by cupola furnaces. This value was obtained from Reference 3 a under the
category of iron foundries and miscellaneous users. The final activity was determined by adjusting this
production value to account for this category's respective emission factor, which was expressed in terms of the
charged quantity, and not the fresh feed quantity. This adjustment required dividing the production value by
0.78.
The activity indicator for electric induction was based on the combined quantity of iron and steel scrap and
pig iron consumed in electric furnaces. This value was obtained from Reference 3a under the category of iron
foundries and miscellaneous users. The amount consumed was adjusted to account for recycling by dividing the
consumption value by 0.78.
5.12.3 Emission Factor
5.12.3.1 Iron and Steel
The emission factors for all processes were obtained from Reference 8a. The emission factor used for
by-product coke was the same as that established for metallurgical coke manufacturing.
5.12.3.2 Nonferrous Metal s
The emission factors for all processes were set equal to the midpoint of the emission factor ranges
reported in Reference 9a.
5.12.3.3 Secondary Metals - Grey Iron Foundries
The emission factors for all processes were reported in Reference 9b.
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5.12.4 Control Efficiency
The control efficiencies for all processes included in this Tier 2 category for the years 1970 through 1993
were equivalent to the TSP control efficiencies for the same processes. The TSP control efficiencies were
derived from Reference 10 or Reference 11 using the equation below.
. (UE-AE)
i i
I UE 1
where: CE = control efficiency
UE = emissions before control
AE = emissions after control
For the years 1940, 1950, and 1960 the origin of the control efficiencies applied to the activity for these
processes are unknown.
5.12.5 References
1. Survey of Current Business. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC.
(a) Table containing information on "Petroleum, Coal, and Products." SCC = 3-03-003
(b) Table containing information on "Metals and Manufactures."
2. Minerals Industry Surveys, Iron Ores. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington,
DC. Monthly.
3. Minerals Industry Surveys, Iron and Steel Scrap. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior,
Washington, DC. Monthly.
(a) Table on consumption of iron and steel scrap and pig iron in the United States by type of furnace or
other use.
4. Minerals Yearbook, Ferroalloys. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.
Annual.
(a) Table entitled "Table 2. Ferroalloys Produced and Shipped from Furnaces in the U.S."
5. Minerals Yearbook, Silicon. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.
Annual.
(a) "Table 1. Production, Shipments, and Stocks of... and Silicon Metal in the U.S. in 19xx"
6. Minerals Yearbook, Chromium. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.
Annual.
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7. Minerals Yearbook, Iron and Steel. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.
Annual.
8. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Third Edition, Supplements 1 through 14, AP-42.
NTIS PB-275525. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September
1977.
(a) Appendix E
9. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
(a) Table 7.4-5
(b) Table 7.10-3
10. Standard Computer Retrievals, AFP650 report, from the AIRS Facility Subsystem. Unpublished
computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
11. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE25 7 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
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5.13
METALS PROCESSING - NOT ELSEWHERE CLASSIFIED: 05-03
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the Lead Emissions Methodology for the
following source categories:
Category:
Industrial Processes - Pb Emissions
Industrial Processes - Pb Emissions
Subcategory:
Mineral Products (ore crushing)
Miscellaneous Process Sources [miscellaneous products
(type metal production)]
5.13.1 Technical Approach
The lead emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the emissions from the source categories
listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator, emissions factor, and control efficiency,
where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed
in thousand tons and emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/tons. All control efficiencies were
expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The following procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control
efficiencies were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1993.
5.13.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for lead ore production was the gross weight of lead ore produced on a dry weight
basis as reported in Reference 1. The activity indicator for Zn, Cu, Cu-Zn ores was estimated as the sum of
the "ore produced" listed in Reference 2a, and "all other sources" listed in Reference la. The activity data for
Pb-Zn, Cu-Pb, Cu-Pb-Zn ores was assumed to be zero.
The activity indicator for type metal production was based on the consumption of lead for type metal
production obtained from Reference 1. In accordance with procedures provided in Reference 3, this value was
multiplied by 330 to account for recycling.
5.13.3 Emission Factor
The emission factors for ore crushing and grinding processes were obtained from Reference 4a. The
emission factors for type metal production were obtained from Reference 4b.
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Lead Emissions Methodology
Category: 05-03
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5.13.4 Control Efficiency
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The control efficiencies for ore crushing and grinding processes and type metal production were obtained
from Reference 3. No control efficiences were applied to the activity data to estimate emissions from type
metal production.
5.13.5 References
1. Minerals Yearbook, Lead. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. Annual.
(a) Table entitled "Production of Lead and Zinc in Terms of Recoverable Metals, in U.S. in 19xx, by
State."
2. Minerals Yearbook, Copper. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.
Annual.
(a) Table entitled "Salient Copper Statistics."
3. Control Techniques for Lead Air Emissions, Volumes 1 and 2. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. December 1977.
4. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
(a) Table 7.6-1
(b) Table 7.17-1
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Lead Emissions Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 5-37 Category: 05-03
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5.14
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES - MINERAL PRODUCTS: 07-05
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the Lead Emissions Methodology for the
following source categories:
Category:
Industrial Processes - Pb Emissions
Subcategory:
Mineral Products [Cement Manufacturing (wet
kiln/cooler, wet dryer/grinder, dry kiln/cooler and
dry dryer/grinder) and Glass Production (lead-
glass)]
5.14.1 Technical Approach
The lead emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the emissions from the source categories
listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator, emissions factor, and control efficiency,
where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed
in thousand tons and emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/tons. All control efficiencies were
expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The following procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control
efficiencies were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1993.
5.14.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicators for wet kiln/cooler and wet dryer/grinder used in cement manufacturing were
assumed to be equal. The value used was the sum of two categories: "wet" clinker produced and "both" clinker
produced, reported in Reference la. The activity indicators for dry kiln/cooler and dry dryer/grinder were both
estimated to be the sum of "dry" clinker produced and "both" clinker produced, as reported in Reference la.
The activity indicator for lead-glass production was assumed to be zero.
5.14.3 Emission Factor
The emission factors for cement manufacturing processes were obtained from Reference 2a. The emission
factor for glass production was obtained from Reference 2b.
5.14.4 Control Efficiency
The control efficiencies for the wet and dry kiln/cooler used in cement manufacturing for the years 1970
through 1993 were equivalent to the TSP control efficiencies for kilns. The control efficiencies for the wet and
dry dryer/grinders for the years 1970 through 1993 were equivalent to the TSP control efficiencies for grinders.
These TSP control efficiencies were derived from Reference 3 or Reference 4 using the equation below.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
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Lead Emissions Methodology
Category: 07-05
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UE
where: CE = control efficiency
UE = emissions before control
AE = emissions after control
For the years 1940, 1950, and 1960 the origin of the control efficiencies applied to the activity for these
processes is currently unknown.
No control efficiencies were applied to activity data to estimate emissions from lead-glass production.
5.14.5 References
1. Minerals Industry Surveys, Cement. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington,
DC. Monthly.
(a) Table entitled "Clinker Produced and Fuel Consumed by the Portland Cement Industry."
2. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
(a) Table 8.6-1
(b) Table 8.13-1
3. Standard Computer Retrievals, AFP650 report, from the AIRS Facility Subsystem. Unpublished
computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
4. Standard Computer Retrievals, NE25 7 report, from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Lead Emissions Methodology
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5.15 OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES-MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS: 07-
10
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the Lead Emissions Methodology for the
following source categories:
Category:
Industrial Processes - Pb Emissions
Subcategory:
Miscellaneous Process Sources [Lead Alkyl
Production (electrolytic process), Sodium Lead
Alloy (recovery furnace, TEL process vents, TML
process vents, and sludge pits), and Miscellaneous
Products (ammunition)]
5.15.1 Technical Approach
The lead emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the emissions from the source categories
listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator, emissions factor, and control efficiency,
where applicable. In order to utilize these values in the Trends spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed
in thousand tons and emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/tons. All control efficiencies were
expressed as dimensionless fractions.
The following procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control
efficiencies were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1993.
5.15.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for lead alkyl production by the electrolytic process was based on the quantity of
lead consumed in anti-knock manufacturing obtained from Reference la. This quantity of lead was converted
to a quantity of additive by multiplying by 1.76. The activity indicator for this category was assumed to be 10
percent of the quantity of additive consumed based on Reference 2.
The activity indicator for sodium lead alloy production processes was based on the remaining 90 percent
of the quantity of additive consumed as determined above for lead alkyl production. The activity for recovery
furnaces and sludge pits was assumed to be equal to the remaining quantity of additive. The activity of TEL
process vents and TML process vents was 63 percent and 37 percent, respectively, of the remaining quantity
of additive. These apportionments were based on Reference 2.
The activity indicator for ammunition production was the sum of lead consumption for the following uses:
(1) caulking lead (building construction), (2) total pipes, traps, and other extruded products, (3) total sheet
lead, and (4) other metal products. The consumption information was obtained from Reference 1.
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Lead Emissions Methodology
Category: 07-10
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5.15.3 Emission Factor
The emission factors for lead alkyl and sodium lead alloy production processes were obtained from
Reference 3a. The emission factors for ammunition production were obtained from Reference 3b.
5.15.4 Control Efficiency
The control efficiencies for ammunition production were obtained from Reference 2. No control
efficiencies were applied to estimate emissions from the other sources included in this Tier 2 category.
5.15.5 References
1. Minerals Yearbook,Load. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. Annual.
(a) Table entitled "U.S. Consumption of Lead, by Product."
2. Control Techniques for Lead Air Emissions, Volumes 1 and 2. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. December 1977.
3. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
(a) Table 5.22-1
(b) Table 7.17-1
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Lead Emissions Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 5-41 Category: 07-10
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5.16 WASTE DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING - INCINERATION: 10-01
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the Lead Emissions Methodology for the
following source categories:
Category: Subcategory:
Solid Waste Disposal Incineration (Municipal, Residential,
Commercial/Institutional, and Conical Woodwaste)
5.16.1 Technical Approach
The lead emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the emissions from the source categories
listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator and an emissions factor. In order to utilize
these values in the Trends spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed in million tons and emission factors
were expressed in metric pounds/thousand tons.
The following procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control
efficiencies were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1993.
5.16.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for municipal incineration was the sum of the operating rates for the SCCs 5-01-
001-01 and 5-01-001-02 obtained from Reference 1 or 2.
The activity indicator for residential incineration was the operating rate for residential on-site incineration
obtained from Reference 3.
Commercial/industrial incineration was based on the sum of the operating rates provided in Reference 1 or
2 for the following SCCs: 5-02-001-01, 5-02-001-02, 5-03-001-01, and 5-03-001-02. The previous year's
activity data reported in the Trends spreadsheet was scaled based on the ratio of the total operating rate for the
current year to the total for the previous year.
\
* OR
SCCs '
where: A = activity indicator
i = year
OR = operating rates for SCCs 5-02-001-01, 5-02-001-02, 5-03-001-01, and 5-03-001-02
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Lead Emissions Methodology
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The activity indicator for conical woodwaste incineration was the sum of the operating rates for the SCCs
5-02-001-05 and 5-03-001-05 obtained from Reference 1 or 2.
5.16.3 Emission Factor
The emission factors for municipal, residential, and commercial/institutional incineration were obtained
from Reference 4a or Reference 5 a.
The emission factor for conical woodwaste incineration (SCC 5-02-001-05) was assumed to be zero.
5.16.4 Control Efficiency
The control efficiency associated with municipal incineration was obtained from Reference 1 or 2 for SCC
5-01-001.
No control efficiencies were applied to the activity data to estimate emissions from the remaining types of
incineration (i.e., residential, commercial/institutional, and conical woodwaste).
5.16.5 References
1. Standard Computer Retrievals, AFP650 report, from the AIRS Facility Subsystem. Unpublished
computer reports. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Annual.
2. Computer Retrieval, NE257 report, by Source Classification Code (SCC) from the National
Emission Data System (NEDS). Unpublished computer report. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
February 9, 1980.
3. Computer Retrieval, NE260 report, by Source Classification Code (SCC) from the National
Emission Data System (NEDS). Unpublished computer report. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
February 9, 1980.
4. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, Supplements A through D, AP-42.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
(a) Table 2.1-1.
5. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Third Edition, Supplements 1 through 14, AP-42.
NTIS PB-275525. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September
1977.
(a) Appendix E
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Lead Emissions Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 5-43 Category: 10-01
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5.17 HIGHWAY VEHICLES: 11
The emissions for all Tier 2 categories under this Tier 1 category were determined by the Lead Emissions
Methodology for the following source categories:
Category: Subcategory:
Highway Vehicles Gasoline (leaded, unleaded)
5.17.1 Technical Approach
The lead emissions included in these Tier 2 categories were the sum of the emissions from the source
categories listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator and an emissions factor. In order
to utilize these values in the Trends spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed in million gallons and
emission factors were expressed in metric pounds/gallons. The total lead emissions for the Tier 1 category
were allocated to the Tier 2 categories by the relative fraction of vehicle miles traveled (VMT) for the
appropriate vehicle types.
The following procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and allocation to the Tier 2
categories were used for the years 1940 through 1993.
5.17.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for highway vehicles was the gasoline consumption by all highway vehicles as
reported in Reference 1. If this consumption value was not available, the previous year's consumption was
adjusted based on the vehicle miles travelled (VMT) using the following equation:
VMT
GC, • GC,.,
X 1
VMTt.
where: GC = total gasoline consumption by all highway vehicles
i = year of interest
VMT = vehicle miles traveled
The percentage of total unleaded gasoline was obtained from Reference 2a, and this value was applied to
the total consumption of gasoline, resulting in unleaded gasoline use. This procedure was repeated to obtain
leaded gasoline activity.
5.17.3 Emission Factor
The lead emission factors for highway vehicles were reported in Reference 3 to be 1.65(Y) Ib/ton, where
Y is the number of grams of lead/gasoline. The value of Y was obtained from Reference 4.
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5.17.4 Control Efficiency
No control efficiencies were applied to activity data to estimate emissions from highway vehicles.
5.17.5 Allocation of Emissions to the Tier 2 Categories
The total lead emissions were the sum of the emissions from leaded gasoline and from unleaded gasoline.
Lead emissions from these two types of gasolines were calculated by multiplying the activity indicator by the
emission factor. In order to allocate the total lead emissions to the Tier 2 categories, the relative fraction of the
VMT for each of the three vehicle classifications was determined. The VMT data for this purpose were
obtained from a variety of sources. Relative VMT fractions used for the years 1940 through 1993 for each of
the vehicle classifications are given in Table 5.17-1.
5.17.6 References
1. Highway Statistics. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington,
DC. Annual.
2. Petroleum Supply Annual. DOE/EIA-0340(xx/07). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
a. Table entitled "Finished Motor Gasoline Supply and Disposition."
3. Control Techniques for Lead Air Emissions, Volumes 1 and 2. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. December 1977.
4. Gray, C.L. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
"Transmittal of Revised Lead Mobile Source Emission Factors." Internal Memorandum to D. Tyler.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Lead Emissions Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 5-45 Category: 11
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Table 5.17-1. Relative VMT Fractions for Each Tier 2 Category
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles Light-Duty Gas
Year and Motorcycles Trucks
1940
1950
1960
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
0.83
0.80
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.82
0.82
0.82
0.82
0.81
0.80
0.80
0.79
0.78
0.76
0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76
0.75
0.74
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.11
0.12
0.10
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.21
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
Heavy-Duty Gas
Trucks
0.07
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
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Lead Emissions Methodology
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5.18 OFF-fflGHWAY - NONROAD GASOLINE: 12-01
The emissions for this Tier 2 category were determined by the Lead Emissions Methodology for the
following source categories:
Category: Subcategory:
Other Off-Highway Gasoline (Farm Tractors, Other Farm Equipment,
construction, Snowmobiles, Small Utility Engines,
Heavy Duty General Utility Engines, Motorcycles)
Gasoline
Vessels
5.18.1 Technical Approach
The lead emissions included in this Tier category were the sum of the emissions from the source categories
listed above. Emissions were estimated from an activity indicator and an emissions factor. In order to utilize
these values in the Trends spreadsheets, activity indicators were expressed in million gallons and emission
factors were expressed in metric pounds/thousand gallons.
The following procedures for determining activity indicators, emission factors, and applicable control
efficiencies were used for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1993.
5.18.2 Activity Indicator
The activity indicator for gasoline-powered farm tractors was based on the 1973 gasoline consumption by
farm tractors reported in Reference 1. The adjustment factor applied to the 1973 data was the ratio of the
quantity of gasoline consumed by all agricultural equipment in 1973 and in the year under study as reported in
Reference 2a. It is assumed that this procedure was used for the years both before 1973 and after 1973. The
following formula summarizes this procedure.
Agriculture , i
'Tractor, i ' ^"^ Tractor, 1973 "
Agriculture , 1973
where: GC = gasoline consumption
i = year under study
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The activity indicator for other gasoline-powered farm equipment was also based on gasoline
consumption. It was assumed that the gasoline consumption by other farm equipment was equivalent to 8.52
percent of the quantity of gasoline consumed by farm tractors as determined by the preceding procedure.
The activity indicator for gasoline-powered construction equipment was the total gasoline consumption by
construction equipment as reported in Reference 2.
Activity data for snowmobiles were based on the 1973 gasoline consumption by snowmobiles, as
reported in Reference 1. An adjustment factor was applied to the 1973 value to account for the ratio of the
number of snowmobile registrations in 1973 and in the year under study as reported in Reference 3. It is
assumed that this procedure was used for the years both before 1973 and after 1973. The following formula
summarizes this procedure.
^.^ Snowmobiles, i
Snowmobiles , i Snowmobiles , 1973
Snowmobiles , 1973
where: GC = gasoline consumption
i = year under study
N = number of registered vehicles
Activity data for small utility gasoline engines was based on the 1980 value for gasoline consumption by
small engines (533 x 106 gallons). An adjustment factor was applied to the 1980 data to account for the ratio
of the number of single unit dwellings in 1980 and in the year under study. The number of single unit dwellings
in 1980 was obtained from Reference 4. For the year under study, the number of single unit dwellings was
estimated by adding or subtracting the number of new one-family structures started each year between 1980
and the year under study to the number of single unit dwellings in 1980. The number of new one-family
structures started was obtained from Reference 5 for each year. It is assumed that this procedure was used
for the years both before 1973 and after 1973. The following formula summarizes this procedure.
Single Unit Dwellings
GCSmallEngmes,, • ,533 x i-
Single Unit Dwellings
1980
where: GC = gasoline consumption
i = year under study
The activity indicator for heavy duty general gasoline utility engines was the total gasoline consumed by the
industrial/commercial category obtained from Reference 2.
The activity indicator for motorcycles was calculated from the number of motorcycles, the average annual
off-highway mileage traveled, and the median estimated average miles per gallon. The motorcycle population
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and the off-highway mileage were obtained from Reference 6. The average miles per gallon (MPG) was
assumed to be 44.0 miles/gallon. The following equation summarizes this calculation.
(~
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7. Control Techniques for Lead Air Emissions, Volumes 1 and 2. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. December 1977.
8. Gray, C.L. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
"Transmittal of Revised Lead Mobile Source Emission Factors." Internal Memorandum to D. Tyler.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Lead Emissions Methodology
Procedures Document for 1900-1993 5-50 Category: 12-01
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