EWa
The Water Security Research
and Technical Support Action Plan
Progress Report for 2005
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Contents
Contents
About This Document 1
Section I: Executive Summary 2
Section II: Background 4
Section III: Accomplishments to Date 8
Section IV: Products in Development 16
Section V: Next Steps 32
Appendices
Appendix A: Tier 1 Products for Enhanced Security of Drinking Water and Wastewater Systems
(Completed) 34
Appendix B: Tier 1 Products to Enhance the Security of Drinking Water and
Wastewater Systems (In Development) 38
Appendix C: Tier 2 Products to Enhance the Security of Drinking Water and
Wastewater Systems 48
Appendix D: Acronyms 60
Ajoint publication of EPA's National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC) and Water Security Division (WSD)
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
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This Document
his report describes progress on issues set forth in the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's (EPA's) Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan (Action
Plan). EPA collaborated with many stakeholders in developing the Action Plan, which
identifies research and technical support needs to ensure the security of the nation's water
infrastructure. (It should be noted that, for the purposes of this document, the term "water,"
as it applies to the water infrastructure, encompasses both drinking water and wastewater.)
EPA has initiated more than 100 projects to meet the needs listed in the Action Plan.
These projects will result in a number of important products—including voluntary guidelines,
protocols, technologies, software, training, handbooks, and other scientific and technical
tools—to improve the nation's capabilities in preventing and responding to a water security
threat or incident.
Section I, Executive Summary, provides an overview of the progress made to date.
Section II, Background, describes EPA's role in water security and the development
of the Action Plan.
Section III, Accomplishments to Date, summarizes the technical support and
research products currently completed.
Section IV, Products in Development, describes the high-priority, "Tier 1" technical
support and research products in development. Tier 1 products are the highest-priority
research products identified in the Action Plan and are of interest to a diverse group of
stakeholders.
Section V, Next Steps, describes additional collaborative efforts under way to further
address the needs identified in the Action Plan.
Appendices to this report include tables that summarize the status of all technical
support and research products. Appendix A addresses completed Tier 1 products, and
Appendix B describes Tier 1 products still in development. Appendix C focuses on Tier
2 products, which are of interest to smaller, specialized groups of stakeholders and are
not described in detail in this report. Appendix D lists acronyms used in this report.
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Since the events of September 11, 2001, improving the security of our nation's drinking
water and wastewater infrastructure has become a top priority. The U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) plays a critical role in this effort as the federal agency lead for
water security.
March 2004, EPA released the peer-reviewed Water Security Research and Technical
Support Action Plan (Action Plan), which identified important issues for the drinking water and
wastewater industries, outlined research and technical support needs to address those issues, and
presented a list of projects to be undertaken in response to the identified needs. This document
the progress in addressing the issues identified in the Action Plan.
^
he National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC) in the Office of Research and
lopment (ORD) and the Water Security Division (WSD) in the Office of Water (OW) led the
development of the Action Plan, which mobilized a wide range of partners (see sidebar, page 3).
g the development of the Action Plan, these partners helped identify critical technical sup-
and research projects needed to ensure the security of the nation's drinking water and waste-
systems. These needs form the core of the Action Plan. The various partnerships initiated by
EPA will continue to be of critical importance as the Action Plan is implemented and updated.
ater
The completion of the Action Plan marked a major step towards developing a comprehensive
research strategy to protect the country's water infrastructure. Much has been accomplished since
the release of the Action Plan. Partners have joined together to address the multiple concerns fac-
ing the nation's water sector. EPA has also put into place contracts, interagency agreements, and
memoranda of understanding with organizations to conduct research studies, create standard
operating procedures and protocols, and develop new technologies and tools to enhance water
security (see Figure 1 on page 3 for the breakdown and status of EPA's Tier 1 and Tier 2 techni-
cal support and research projects).
A number of key technical and research products have already been completed:
• Reports describing the most likely physical, electronic or cyber, and contamination threats
to the nation's drinking water and wastewater systems.
Updates of software tools and training to help water facilities conduct vulnerability assess-
ments of their systems.
Guidance, decision trees, protocols, and methodical approaches for responding to con-
tamination threats and incidents.
• Procedures for handling and processing emergency water samples suspected of contami-
nation with a known or unknown chemical or biological material.
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
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Section I: Executive Summary
A series of guides that describe products available for
enhancing communication, physical security, electronic
security, and water monitoring.
A compendium of environmental laboratories nationwide
that could assist water utilities and government agencies
respond to contamination threats, terrorist attacks, or natu-
ral disasters.
• Studies to determine the inactivation/removal capabilities of
boiling and chlorination on pathogens.
• Evaluations and verifications of technologies related to con-
tamination detection systems, point-of-use (POU) drinking
water treatment, and wastewater treatment.
The completion of the remaining projects set forth in the Action
Plan will result in the development of valuable tools in the areas of
physical and cyber infrastructure protection; contamination identifi-
cation; monitoring and analysis; treatment, decontamination, and
disposal; contingency planning; infrastructure interdependencies;
and risk assessment and communication.
Figure 1. Breakdown and Status of EPA's Tier 1 and Tier 2
Technical Support and Research Projects Enhancing
Drinking Water and Wastewater System Security
• Completed Tier 1
Products (18)
• Tier 1 Products in
Development (38)
• Tier 2 Products (43)
Collectively, these products will enhance the capabilities of the
many parties involved in protecting the nation's water assets,
including drinking water and wastewater facility operators and
managers; homeland security and law enforcement officials; public
health officials and organizations; laboratories with water testing
capabilities; state, regional, and local response organizations; fed-
eral agencies and departments; academia and consulting firms;
vendors; and elected officials and the public.
Partnering for Water
Security Research
From preparation of the Action Plan
through the research, development,
review, and distribution of water secu-
rity projects and products, partner-
ships are critical to ensuring the safety
of the nation's water infrastructure.
EPA has established relationships with
many organizations in order to
address the needs of the Action Plan.
The following is a sampling of the
many partners involved:
American Society of Civil Engineers
(ASCE)
American Water Works Association
(AWWA)
American Water Works Association
Research Foundation (AwwaRF)
Association of Metropolitan
Water Agencies (AMWA)
Association of Public Health
Laboratories (APHL)
Association of State and Territorial
Health Officials (ASTHO)
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC)
Department of Energy (DOE)
National Laboratories
Department of Homeland Security
(DHS)
Department of the Navy (NAVSEA)
National Association of Clean
Water Agencies (NACWA), for-
merly Association of Metropolitan
Sewerage Agencies (AMSA)
National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST)
National Research Council (NRC)
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
(USAGE)
U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical
Biological Center (ECBC)
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
Water Environment Federation
(WEF)
Water Environment Research
Foundation (WERF)
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J
Section
round
The terrorist attacks on the Pentagon and World Trade Center and subsequent delivery
of anthrax-contaminated letters in Washington, D.C., have changed the way the nation
thinks about threats to national security. As the federal government reviewed its security
priorities, the need to protect the country's critical infrastructures has come to the fore. The
U.S. water system is widely recognized as one of the safest in the world, providing millions of
Americans with clean, affordable water. As a critical infrastructure, however, water systems
can be subject to threats and intentional attacks and must be protected.
EPA's Expanded Role
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) traditional mission of "protecting
human health and the environment" has been broadened to include responsibility for protect-
ing the United States against the environmental and health consequences of terrorist acts.
The President's National Strategy for Homeland Security, published in July 2002, established
priorities and direction for securing the nation's water infrastructure. In December 2003,
Homeland Security Presidential Directive-7 (HSPD-7) designated EPA as the sector-specific
lead agency for water infrastructure.
To address the Agency's water security mandate, EPA's Office of Water (OW) created the
Water Protection Task Force, which was formally organized as the Water Security Division
(WSD) in August 2003. WSD provides national leadership in developing and promoting
security programs that enhance the water sector's ability to prevent, detect, respond to, and
recover from potential terrorist or other intentional attacks. WSD provides the water industries
with information on best security practices and assists them in developing vulnerability assess-
ments and incorporating security enhancements into day-to-day operations. WSD also devel-
ops emergency response systems and tools, provides technical and financial support, and
establishes information exchange mechanisms to assist members of the water industry.
EPA established the National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC) in September
2002. NHSRC became a permanent part of the Agency's Office of Research and
Development (ORD) in December 2004. NHSRC is tasked with conducting research to
provide information, tools, and guidelines that help decisionmakers adequately pre-
pare for, detect, contain, and decontaminate chemical, biological, and radiological
attacks on the United States. Within NHSRC, the Water Infrastructure Protection
Division (WIPD) conducts research and reports on ways to protect the nation's water
infrastructure. WIPD provides its products to water security stakeholders through
close interaction with WSD, other Agency offices, and the 10 EPA regions.
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jection II: Background
EPA's Statutory Authority
The Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and
Response Act (the Bioterrorism Act) of 2002 provides the
legislative mandate for EPA's water security work.
EPA's responsibilities under the Bioterrorism Act include:
• Section 1433: Terrorist and Other Intentional
Acts. Requires EPA to provide information on poten-
tial adversarial actions that could threaten water sup-
ply systems and provide strategies and responses that
utilities could consider while conducting vulnerability
assessments of their systems.
• Section 1434: Contaminant Prevention, Detection, and
Response. Directs EPA to review methods to prevent, detect,
and respond to the intentional contamination of water systems, includ-
ing a review of equipment, early warning notification systems, awareness programs, distribution
systems, treatment technologies, and biomedical research.
• Section 1435: Supply Disruption Prevention, Detection, and Response. Requires EPA to
review methods by which the water system and all its parts could be intentionally disrupted or
rendered ineffective or unsafe, including methods to interrupt the physical infrastructure,
computer infrastructure, and treatment process.
Several Homeland Security Presidential Directives (HSPDs) have also helped define EPA's homeland
security role:
• HSPD-7, Critical Infrastructure Identification, Prioritization, and Protection, designates
EPA as the sector-specific lead agency for critical water infrastructure.
• HSPD-9, Defense of United States Agriculture and Food, directs EPA to develop a robust,
comprehensive, and fully coordinated surveillance and monitoring program to provide early
detection of biological, chemical, or radiological contaminants. HSPD-9 also requires EPA to
develop a nationwide laboratory network to support the routine monitoring and response
requirements of the surveillance program.
• HSPD-10, Biodefense in the 21st Century, currently a classified document, reaffirms EPA's
responsibilities under HSPD-9 while adding a directive regarding the Agency's responsibilities
during decontamination efforts.
The Action Plan
To better identify, understand, and address the potential threats facing water infrastructure
in the United States, NHSRC and WSD developed the Water Security Research and Technical
Support Action Plan (Action Plan). Released in March 2004, the Action Plan addresses drink-
ing water supply, water treatment, finished water storage, and drinking water distribution
infrastructure. It also addresses wastewater treatment and collection infrastructure, including
sanitary and storm sewers and combined sanitary/storm sewer systems, wastewater treatment,
and treated wastewater discharges.
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Section II: Background
The Action Plan identifies seven major needs:
1. Protecting physical and cyber infrastructure.
2. Identifying drinking water contaminants.
3. Improving analytical methodologies and monitoring systems for drinking water.
4. Containing, treating, decontaminating, and disposing of contaminated water and
materials.
5. Planning for contingencies and addressing infrastructure interdependencies.
6. Targeting impacts on human health and informing the public about risks.
7. Protecting wastewater treatment and collection systems.
To ensure that all avenues were explored in identifying water security needs and potential
projects, several EPA offices and a number of stakeholders collaborated in the development
of the Action Plan. These stakeholders included drinking water and wastewater industry pro-
fessionals, government agencies, homeland security experts, academics, and consultants.
Development of the Action Plan commenced in November 2002, when EPA convened a
meeting of federal partners and water utility representatives in Cincinnati, Ohio, to discuss
and refine water security issues and needs. Based on the results of that meeting, the Action
Plan was drafted and presented for review at the Water Security Stakeholders Meeting, held in
February 2003 in Washington, D.C.
National Homeland Security
Research Center
In September 2002, EPA announced the creation of a program for
Homeland Security Research within the Agency's Office of Research
and Development (ORD). The National Homeland Security
Research Center (NHSRC) is headquartered at EPA's Andrew W.
Breidenbach Environmental Research Center in Cincinnati, Ohio, and also maintains offices at EPA
headquarters in Washington, D.C., and in EPA's Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, facility.
NHSRC is now a permanent component of ORD, and is organized into three divisions, each of
which focuses on a specific area of homeland security research. The three divisions are:
• Water Infrastructure Protection Division (WIPD)
• Threat and Consequence Assessment Division (TCAD)
• Decontamination and Consequence Management Division (DCMD)
WIPD is the primary driver of research efforts being conducted under the Action Plan.The divi-
sion focuses on water supply, treatment, and distribution infrastructures in U.S. communities and
conducts research concerning contaminant detection and characterization; emergency response
and mitigation; and prevention and security.The division also addresses wastewater treatment
and collection infrastructure, including collection (sanitary and storm sewers, or combined sani-
tary/storm sewer systems) and impacts on receiving waters such as rivers, estuaries, and lakes.
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Section II: Background
Additional needs and projects proposed for inclusion at this meeting were added to the
Peer Review Draft of the Action Plan. This draft was presented to an independent peer review
panel in two meetings with the National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academies.
EPA addressed the comments received from the review panel and incorporated the majority
of them into the Action Plan. In addition to NRC review, EPA collaborated with the Water
Environment Research Foundation (WERE) to conduct a wastewater security symposium in
August 2003. Symposium participants identified needs and projects for inclusion in the
Action Plan.
Product Use and Availability
More than 100 projects have been initiated to address the needs listed in the Action Plan.
Various EPA offices, stakeholders, and federal organizations are leading different projects and
assisting in the implementation of the Action Plan. Information and products resulting from these
projects will be widely disseminated to interested stakeholder groups through documents; data-
bases; Web sites; scientific and technical journals; and symposia, workshops, and conferences.
Stakeholders will be able to use the information gathered and products developed through
the Action Plan to make more informed decisions regarding prevention, preparedness,
response, and recovery in case of a threat or actual attack on the water sector. These users
include water industry representatives; public health officials and organizations; laboratories
with water testing capabilities; state, regional, and local response organizations; federal
agencies and departments; state environmental agencies; academia and consulting firms;
vendors; and elected officials and the public.
Certain products contain sensitive material and require distribution through secure or limit-
ed-access information exchanges. In November 2004, the National Association of Clean
Water Agencies (NACWA) developed the Water Security Channel (WaterSC) for distributing
sensitive material. For more information about WaterSC, visit .
A listing of publicly available NHSRC research
products is available through the NHSRC Web site at
.
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
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In collaboration with the drinking water and wastewater community, federal part-
ners, and other stakeholders, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has made
significant progress in addressing the needs identified in the Action Plan. The Agency has
developed guidance and training, created new analytical tools, and conducted important
research to improve the security of the nation's water infrastructure and emergency response
capabilities. A number of high-priority technical support and research products have been
completed, as described on the following pages. A summary of these projects and more
information on accessing these products is presented in Appendix A.
Threat Scenarios for Water Systems Report
(Classified)
EPA has developed a report ranking the most likely physical, cyber, and contamination
threats to drinking water systems. This information will inform a number of other projects in
the Action Plan, and more generally, the federal homeland security community. To develop
the report, EPA first created a list of potential threat scenarios relevant to drinking water and
wastewater systems. Building from other EPA efforts to rank and prioritize threats to human
health, EPA developed a risk-based methodology to screen out unlikely or low-impact scenar-
ios. The methodology ranked threat scenarios according to their feasibility, availability of
materials, public health, economic, and environmental impacts. The report was reviewed by
all program offices in EPA before being finalized. The report has been classified.
Wastewater Baseline Threat Document
(Classified)
Under this project, EPA worked with the Water Environment Federation (WEE) to
identify and prioritize potential physical, cyber, and contamination (e.g. biological,
chemical, radiological) threats and threat scenarios for the nation's wastewater
treatment and collection infrastructure, including consequence analysis of adverse
events. This document can help wastewater system managers:
• Understand potential vulnerabilities of their systems
Understand potential threats to their systems
Identify approaches for risk-based vulnerability assessments of their assets
• Understand the planning steps needed to perform a vulnerability assessment
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Section II: Accomplishments
Methodologies and Tools for Conducting Vulnerability Assessments
The 2002 Bioterrorism Act mandates that all community water systems serving more than
3,300 people conduct vulnerability assessments to evaluate their susceptibility to potential
threats and identify risk reduction measures. The law also requires that EPA develop guidance
for small systems serving less than 3,300 people. Under the Action Plan, EPA has supported
the development of new methodologies and training for assessing vulnerabilities to drinking
water, combined drinking water/wastewater, and wastewater systems. EPA and its project part-
ners have performed modifications and enhancements to the following two tools:
Risk Assessment Methodology for Water Utilities (RAM-WSM)
(Publicly available at under Vulnerability Assessments)
While a number of security risk assessment procedures and tools are now available, many
utilities are using a tool known as the Risk Assessment Methodology for Water Utilities
(RAM-WSM). With EPA support, the American Water Works Association Research Foundation
(AwwaRF) and the Department of Energy's Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) developed
RAM-WSM and conducted extensive training on the tool for thousands of water utility partici-
pants. RAM-WSM and other vulnerability assessment tools can help water utilities identify and
prioritize threats, determine critical assets that could be subject to terrorism or other harmful
acts, assess the likelihood of such an event occurring, evaluate countermeasures, and devel-
op a plan for reducing risks. RAM-WSM is available only to relevant stakeholders in the water
supply community, such as personnel at drinking water utilities; consulting engineers working
for drinking water systems; state drinking water program regulatory personnel; and others
providing security for drinking water utilities.
Vulnerability Self Assessment Tool (VSAT™ ) - Version 3.1
(Publicly available at under Vulnerability Assessments)
With support from EPA, the National Association of Clean Water Agencies (NACWA)
developed new software to help water utilities create, update, or revise their vulnerability
assessments. The Vulnerability Self Assessment Tool (VSAT™) Version 3.1 enables users to
assess a complete range of utility assets and offers significant upgrades, including new infor-
mation on threats and countermeasures, an improved vulnerability evaluation method, and a
new "expert mode" that makes the review and update of analysis easier. The Emergency
Response Plan (ERP) module included in VSAT™ Version 3.1 has been enhanced for both
drinking water and combined drinking water/wastewater systems. NACWA is collaborating
with the Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) to make a similar ERP module
available for wastewater utilities.
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Section III: Accomplishments
Interim Guidance and Voluntary Design Standards to Improve Security at
Drinking Water and Wastewater and Stormwater Facilities
(Publicly available at )
To improve security at the nation's water utilities, EPA established a cooperative agreement
with the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), the American Water Works Association
(AWWA), and the Water Environment Federation (WEE) to develop guidance and voluntary
design standards. To date, the project partners have completed three interim documents, as
described as follows. EPA and its partners are continuing to develop additional guidance (see
page 1 7).
Interim Voluntary Guidelines for Designing an Online Contaminant Monitoring System
(OCMS)
Many water utility operators have identified timely contaminant monitoring as an important
element in risk management. This document provides the water infrastructure community with
important guidance for the design and implementation of an online contaminant monitoring
system (OCMS). The report addresses numerous key issues concerning OCMS development:
• OCMS development rationale
• Detection, concentration, and identification of contaminants
Instrument and platform selection and siting
Data analysis and model use
Communication system design
Contamination event response
• Connection to existing surveillance systems
• System operations, maintenance, and upgrades
Interim Voluntary Security Guidance for Water Utilities
This document provides water utilities with guidance on designing new facilities and retro-
fitting existing ones to enhance security and reduce risks to the public water supply. The guid-
ance emphasizes facility management, operations, and design considerations that can facili-
tate the installation and upgrade of physical security systems. The document also provides
guidance on enhancing cyber security, selecting the optimal equipment, and developing an
emergency response plan.
Interim Voluntary Security Guidance for Wastewater/Stormwater Utilities
This guidance document is intended for wastewater utilities that have completed a vulnerabil-
ity assessment and are seeking methods for improving system security. While the guidance is pri-
marily focused on design considerations for wastewater and stormwater systems, it also provides
important information on management and operational practices that can be implemented
without major capital investment. The report also provides initial guidance for enhancing cyber
security, installing electronic security devices, and developing an emergency response plan.
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Section III: Accomplishments
Response Protocol Toolbox (RPTB)
(Publicly available at under
Emergency/Incident Planning)
The Response Protocol Toolbox (RPTB) is a comprehensive planning
tool that includes decision trees, protocols, and analytical and methodi-
cal approaches to help drinking water utilities, laboratories, emergency
responders, state drinking water programs, technical assistance providers,
and public health and law enforcement officials effectively and appropri-
ately plan for and respond to contamination threats and incidents.
The RPTB contains six interrelated modules:
1. Water Utility Planning Guide. Module 1 provides a brief discussion of the nature of
the contamination threat to the public water safety. It also describes planning activities
that utilities can take to effectively manage contamination threats and incidents.
2. Contamination Threat Management Guide. Module 2 provides a framework for
evaluating a water contamination threat. It also describes information that could be
useful for conducting a threat evaluation and describes actions that could be taken in
response to a threat.
3. Site Characterization and Sampling Guide. Site characterization is defined as the
process of collecting information from the site of a suspected contamination incident at
a drinking water system. Module 3 presents protocols and procedures for site charac-
terization activities.
4. Analytical Guide. Module 4 presents approaches and procedures for analysis of
water samples that can be collected from the site of a suspected contamination inci-
dent. It also describes special laboratory considerations for handling and processing
the samples.
5. Public Health Response Guide. Module 5 deals with public health response meas-
ures that could be used to minimize public exposure to potentially contaminated water.
It examines the role of the water utility during a public health response action, as well
as the interactions between the utility and other organizations and officials involved in
making public health decisions. Public notification strategies and alternative water sup-
ply issues also are discussed.
6. Remediation and Recovery Guide. Following a confirmed water contamination inci-
dent, it will be necessary to remediate the system and demonstrate that the system has
been successfully restored prior to resuming normal operation. Module 6 describes
the planning and implementation of remediation and recovery activities.
The toolbox will be updated periodically, and additional products
toolbox over time.
be added to the
A laboratory drill was conducted in 2003 to assess the responsiveness of laboratories to
Module 4. Because each laboratory's approach is developed based on existing laboratory
methodologies and infrastructure, the drill was designed to be a test of laboratory responsive-
ness, similar to that required in an emergency situation.
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Section III: Accomplishments
Security Product Guides
(Publicly available at )
EPA has developed a series of Security Product Guides to provide information on products
that are available to enhance:
Communication/integration, such as electronic sensors and Supervisory Control
and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems.
Physical security, such as card identification and biometric security systems, fences,
gates, and manhole locks, to prevent or delay unauthorized entry into buildings or
pipe systems.
• Electronic or cyber security, such as computer firewalls, anti-virus software, and
remote monitoring systems.
Water monitoring, such as water quality sensors, biological sensors, chemical sen-
sors, and radiation detection equipment, which can identify anomalies that pose a
threat in raw water, process streams, finished water, and influent/effluent wastewater.
The products described in these guides are applicable to distribution systems, wastewater
collection systems, pumping stations, treatment processes, main plant and remote sites, per-
sonnel entry, chemical delivery and storage, SCADA, and control systems for water and waste-
water treatment systems. EPA will regularly update these guides, and develop additional guides
as needed, to ensure the most recent information on security technologies is available. The
inclusion of specific products in the guide does not signify endorsement by EPA.
Environmental Laboratory Compendium
(Restricted access available at )
EPA developed a compendium of environmental laboratories nationwide that could assist
water utilities and government agencies in responding to contamination threats, terrorist
attacks, or natural disasters. The compendium is a live, secure, searchable database that
contains each laboratory's specific capabilities to analyze chemical and biological analytes,
radiochemical agents, and contaminants associated with chemical warfare and bioterrorism.
Users must be registered in order to access the database.
One of the compendium's special features is a "water view," which allows users to directly
access laboratories that possess water analysis capabilities. Specific information listed
includes the laboratory's location, contact information, capabilities, and instrumentation.
Gaps and vulnerabilities in the current laboratory analytical support area have also been
identified, and recommendations for addressing these gaps will be integrated into existing
and future projects.
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Section III: Accomplishments
Inactivation/Removal Capabilities of Treatment and Disinfection Technologies
for Biological Contaminants
(Publicly available at )
EPA conducted a study to determine the capabilities of technologies for effectively inactivat-
ing various strains of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis). The study's results were published in the
October 2004 edition of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) Emerging
Infectious Diseases, a peer-reviewed journal that tracks and analyzes disease trends.
Effectiveness of Chlorination on Vegetative and Spore Forms of Bacterial
Bioterrorist Agents
(Abstract is publicly available at
)
In a recently completed study, EPA and CDC determined
that select bacterial bioterrorist agents can be effectively inacti-
vated through exposure to free available chlorine (FAC).
Researchers exposed both vegetative cells (Brucella melitensis,
Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Francisella
tularensis, and Yersinia pestis) and spore forms (Bacillus
anthracis) to varying concentrations of FAC. The team also var-
ied exposure times and temperature to determine the most
effective parameters for inactivation. A summary of the study
and detailed results were published in the January 2005 edition of Applied and
Environmental Microbiology, a peer-reviewed journal that highlights research findings appli-
cable to the development of new processes or products. Additional ongoing research on
inactivation and disinfection through chlorination is discussed on page 23.
Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Program: Water Supply Systems,
Point-of-Use (POU) Treatment, and Wastewater Treatment
(Publicly available at )
EPA's Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Program focuses on verifying effective
technologies that can be used by water utility operators to monitor, detect, and treat chemical
or biological contaminants introduced into a water system. ETV targets technologies related
to three sections of the water usage cycle: water supply systems, point-of-use (POU) treat-
ment, and wastewater treatment. ETV has evaluated and tested a number of technologies, as
described as follows.
Immunoassay Test Kits for Pathogens and Biotoxins
Four immunoassay test kits for pathogens and biotoxins have been tested. These portable
technologies allow water utility operators to conduct onsite testing for anthrax, botulinum
toxin, and ricin contamination. Test results, which are available in a matter of minutes, are
read using immunochromatographic or photometric devices.
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Portable Cyanide Analyzers
Six monitoring technologies to rapidly detect the presence and concentration of cyanide in
water have also been verified. One of the technologies is a colorimetric test that uses a pho-
tometer to measure cyanide contamination, while two others use portable colorimeters to gen-
erate results. The remaining three technologies rely on solid sensing elements.
Rapid Toxicity Testing Systems
ETV has verified the performance of eight rapid toxicity testing systems. Six of the tested
technologies rely on luminescent microorganisms to measure toxicity. A seventh technology
measures the respiration rates of small crustaceans to measure contamination, while the
eighth system relies on chemiluminescence to quantitatively assess water samples.
Rapid Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Technologies
Three rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technologies have been recently evaluated.
One technology is an integrated system that includes PCR chemistry, instrumentation, and
data analysis software for the detection of Eschericia coll (E. coli). The provided software
offers both a real-time and endpoint assay for PCR and data analysis. A second technology—
also a three-part system—allows for the timely detection of Francisella tularensis (F. tularen-
sis), Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis), Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis), Brucella suis (B. suis), and E.
coli, as well as a number of biowarfare agents, including plague, salmonella, and botulism.
A third technology is a multiplex system capable of detecting F. tularensis, Y. pestis, B.
anthracis, and smallpox in individual endpoint assays.
Reverse Osmosis Point-of-Use (POU) Devices
For POU treatment, investigators evaluated three processes that use combinations of
reverse osmosis and filtration to remove sediments, contaminants, and tastes and odors from
drinking water. During a three or five-phase process, depending on the technology selected,
inlet water passes through a series of reverse-osmosis membranes and carbon blocks or filters.
Decontamination Wastewater Treatment Technologies
The ETV program has verified the performance of an easily portable, self-contained
wastewater treatment system to decontaminate water and wastes generated during the
cleanup of buildings and structures contaminated with biological or chemical agents.
14
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Section III: Accomplishments
EPA's Technology Testing Programs
In 1995, EPA launched the Environmental Technology
Verification (ETV) Program to develop testing protocols
and verify the performance of innovative technologies that
have the potential to improve protection of human health
and the environment. ETV was created to accelerate the
entrance of new environmental technologies into the domes-
tic and international marketplace. ETV operates through pub-
lic/private testing partnerships and input is provided by the active
involvement of stakeholder groups. All test/quality assurance plans and
protocols are developed with the participation of technical experts, stakeholders, and ven-
dors. In 2001, ETV's traditional role was expanded to test and verify homeland security
technologies.
In 2004, NHSRC began a new program, the Technology Testing and Evaluation Program
(TTEP),to provide reliable information regarding the performance of homeland security
related technologies. TTEP is an offshoot of the ETV Program, but differs in that it is not
based on voluntary vendor participation and that it compares the performance of similar
technologies. TTEP is based on user needs, and the selection and prioritization of tech-
nologies evaluated is made with stakeholder input.
In 2003-2004, ETV verified 40 monitoring and treatment technologies relevant for water
security. In 2005, an additional 20 homeland security verifications are expected.This will
complete ETV verification of homeland security technologies, and further work will con-
tinue under TTEP.
Reports of testing performed under the ETV and TTEP programs can be found under the
"Publications" section of the NHSRC Web site at . A fact sheet providing additional information on TTEP is also
available under the "Publications" section of the NHSRC Web site.
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
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ection IV:
rod
in Dev
'IS!
ent
As described in Section III of this report, a
significant amount of work has been accom-
plished in a short time, and many high-priority
technical support and research products are com-
plete. At the same time, a number of other activities
outlined in the Action Plan are still in progress. Some
products are nearing completion; others will require
more time. The body of research currently under way
will result in additional guidance, tools, and improve-
ments to safeguard the nation's water infrastructure.
This section of the report describes "Tier 1 prod-
ucts," which are the products of the Action Plan's
highest-priority research projects. These high-priority
products, currently in development, are of interest to
a diverse group of stakeholders. Appendix B provides
a summary listing of these products. "Tier 2
products," which are of interest to
smaller, specialized groups of stake-
holders, are not described in detail
in this report, but are summarized
in Appendix C.
Addressing Stakeholder
Needs
The Tier 1 products discussed in this
section are organized by the following
needs, which were outlined in the
2004 Water Security Research and
Technical Support Action Plan:
1. Protecting drinking water systems
from physical and cyber threats.
2. Identifying drinking water threats,
contaminants, and threat scenarios.
3. Improving analytical methodologies
and monitoring systems for drinking
water.
4. Containing, treating, decontaminating,
and disposing of contaminated water
and materials.
5. Planning for contingencies and
addressing infrastructure interdepen-
dences.
6. Targeting impacts on human health
and informing the public about risks.
7. Protecting wastewater treatment and
collection systems.
A final need, Implementing the Action
Plan, is addressed on pages 32-33 of this
report.
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Protecting Drinking Water Systems from
Physical and Cyber Threats
Water systems are vulnerable to physical attacks that can compromise
the quantity and quality of a community's drinking water, as well as elec-
tronic or cyber attacks that can disrupt a system's computer operations.
Physical threats include disruptions to water supply, treatment plants, stor-
age facilities, and distribution systems. Cyber threats include attacks
against computers, networks, and information stored in them, such as
intrusion by hackers into a plant's system. Computer attacks could alter
water quality or flow, disrupt plant operations, or release or prevent the
release of chemicals that are stored, generated, or used on site.
Guidance and Voluntary Design Standards to Improve
Security at Drinking Water and Wastewater and
Stormwater Facilities
Supervisory Control and
Data Acquisition
(SCADA) Systems
Many drinking water and wastewater
facilities use Supervisory Control and
Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems to
integrate the monitoring of various facili-
ty operations into a central processing
center. With the help of remote sensors
and alarms located throughout a facility
system (e.g., at pump houses, reservoirs,
and water tanks), SCADA systems can
help detect atypical or abnormal water
quality conditions in real-time.These sys-
tems also can be programmed to
respond to changes in system parame-
ters, either by performing automated
actions (such as adding chlorine to a
drinking water system in response to low
residual chlorine levels), or by sounding
an alarm, which can alert operators and
allow them to respond manually.
In partnership with the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE),
the American Water Works Association (AWWA), and the Water
Environment Federation (WEE), the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) is developing guidance and voluntary design standards
for reducing risks to the drinking water, wastewater, and stormwater infrastructure arising from
both malevolent and natural occurrences. Information on a full spectrum of potential solutions
is being addressed, including retrofits, operational and management practices, and new design
features. The standards are placing special emphasis on multiple benefits (in addition to security
benefits) to increase the cost-effectiveness of design enhancements. The completion of these
standards involves three phases:
Phase I - Development of pre-standards guidance documents
Phase II - Preparation of training materials
Phase III - Development, vetting, and acceptance of appropriate standards
To date, Phase I has been completed for three different standards (see page 10 for a
more detailed description of these products).
Guidance on Protecting Drinking Water and Wastewater Facilities from Blasts
EPA is working in collaboration with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE) - Engineer
Research and Development Center to develop a methodology for drinking water and waste-
water utilities to assess their vulnerability to blasts from explosive devices that could severely
damage their facilities and disrupt operations. The methodology, which will be compatible
with existing vulnerability assessment approaches currently used by drinking water and waste-
water utilities, would also identify measures that could be implemented by utilities to better
protect their facilities from blasts.
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18
Section IV: Products in Development
Guidance for Water and Wastewater Utility Computer Systems
EPA has funded a project to provide guidance to drinking water and wastewater utilities
on securing and protecting their automated systems. The Water Environment Research
Foundation (WERE) and the American Water Works Association Research Foundation
(AwwaRF) are developing guidance for water infrastructure computer systems, including
SCADA systems. The guidance will also document technology that is currently available (and
being further developed) to sense and correct security breaches, as well as to alert the rele-
vant authorities about the event.
Identifying Drinking Water Threats, Contaminants, and Threat
Scenarios
Knowing the biological, chemical, and radiological contaminants of greatest concern to the
nation's drinking water supplies and systems is critical to the Agency's research and technical
support efforts. EPA has undertaken an extensive effort to identify these contaminants and the
situations in which the contaminants could be used. The effort is an evolving one, and tools are
being developed that will be updated and improved as more information becomes available.
Water Contaminant Information Tool (WCIT)
EPA is developing the Water Contaminant Information Tool (WCIT), a Web-accessible
database that will manage current, peer-reviewed information on priority contaminants for
both drinking water and wastewater. The tool will contain information on physical properties,
fate and transport, medical information and toxicity properties, drinking water and wastewater
treatment effectiveness, sampling and analysis, potential early warning indicators, and consid-
erations for a utility's planning for and responding to an incident. WCIT
users will include drinking water and wastewater utilities, emergency
responders, public health officials, environmental laboratories, states,
federal entities, and technical assistance providers.
WCIT will support the development of vulnerability assessments,
emergency response plans, and site-specific response guidelines. WCIT
will also inform response decisions and identify knowledge gaps for pri-
ority contaminants, which will, in turn, direct future research efforts. Users
will be able to search on a variety of parameters, generate standard or
customized reports, compare agent information, and perform simple
contamination calculations. User training and guidance will be incorpo-
rated into WCIT through an online user's guide, help menus, and a glossary. A feedback
module will also be available. As more research is conducted, WCIT will be updated and
populated with more information.
Water Contaminant Surrogates and Simulants Methods, Guidance, and Training
EPA has signed a memorandum of understanding with the U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical
Biological Center (ECBC) to identify and validate surrogates or simulants for various agents.
ECBC is also identifying or developing methods to detect the surrogates.
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Section IV: Products in Development
The surrogates will provide safer alternatives for use in testing, evaluation, and verification
of technologies to protect drinking water supplies and systems. Validation studies will be con-
ducted to ensure that the selected surrogates appropriately mimic their corresponding agent in
response to various situations. ECBC will develop information describing the relationship
between the surrogate and the contaminant of interest regarding a variety of biological, phys-
iochemical, and toxicological properties. Guidance and training materials will also be devel-
oped for approved individuals and organizations.
Improving Analytical Methodologies and Monitoring Systems
for Drinking Water
Correctly identifying contaminants after they have entered a drinking water
system is of critical importance, particularly when they are not apparent
through general observation or conventional testing. To safeguard the
drinking water supply, treatment, and distribution infrastructure in U.S.
communities, technologies need to be developed that can rapidly detect
and identify unknown contaminants. EPA has formed several partnerships
to help in this effort and to assist water utilities implement effective, new
contamination warning systems. The water quality sensor technologies and
software in these research agreements could potentially be incorporated
into a system that will provide local drinking water quality officials with a
timely alert of intentional or accidental drinking water contamination.
Development of Ultrafiltration Devices and a Water Filtering Protocol
While concentration techniques are essential to the sampling and analysis of biological
contaminants, many of the currently available technologies are time-consuming and complex.
EPA is working to enhance concentration technologies in cooperation with the Department of
Defense's (DoD's) Joint Service Agent Water Monitor (JSAWM) Program, the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), AwwaRF, and the Department of Energy's (DOE's)
Idaho National Laboratory. Ultrafiltration has been identified as the most practical technology
based on input from water utilities and response organizations. Two versions (automated and
manual) of a new Ultrafiltration concentration device are in development, along with a proto-
col for filtering water samples. EPA will solicit feedback from users to improve the technology
and protocols for using the devices.
Sampling and Analytical Methods and Interim Protocol for Detecting
Biological Contaminants in Water
Water utilities need improved analytical methods that can provide reliable information on
contaminants. An initiative is under way to develop analytical methods for detecting biologi-
cal contaminants, which will be integrated into a protocol to guide sampling and analysis.
This protocol will become part of the Response Protocol Toolbox, described on page 11 of
this report. A draft interim protocol will be developed for field and laboratory testing. Based
on lessons learned from testing and real-world experiences, the protocol will be improved
accordingly.
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Section IV: Products in Development
In the meantime, the National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI) is being updated to
include analytical methods for biological, chemical, and radiological water contaminants.
NEMI is an online database that allows users to search for and compare analytical methods.
Upon completion of the protocol, NEMI-CBR (the version of NEMI that includes water security
contaminants) will be further updated.
Reports on Biotoxins
This project is being conducted through an interagency agreement between EPA and the
Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division. A literature review is under way to identify
the properties of specific biotoxins or their role as intentional drinking water contaminants.
Experimental laboratory work will follow the literature review and will be directed at develop-
ing methods for detecting and remediating biotoxins in water.
A number of products will result from this work:
« A report focusing on the state of knowledge on biotoxins as intentional contaminants
for drinking water systems.
« A report detailing the use, performance, and suitability of immunoassay test kits in
detecting biotoxins at concentrations of concern in drinking water.
« A report summarizing the data generated from using heat inactivation treatment and
water treatment processes on biotoxins.
The information gleaned from this project will help inform the development of a protocol
for analyzing unknown contaminants in drinking water supplies and systems. The protocol will
be incorporated into the Response Protocol Toolbox.
Early Warning System (EWS) Technologies and Techniques to Monitor and
Evaluate Drinking Water Quality: State-of-the-Art Review
EPA is developing a state-of-the-art document on technologies applicable to Early
Warning Systems (EWSs) in drinking water. The document is for water utility operators, water
organizations, monitoring technology and system developers and vendors. An EWS is an inte-
grated system of monitoring sensors or devices linked in near real-time to provide immediate
analysis and interpretation of a contamination event for a distribution system.
As promising technologies are brought into the commercial market, pilot testing will be
conducted to observe the feasibility of EWSs. The results from the pilot-scale testing will be
used to plan, organize, and conduct field-scale testing and evaluation. Through an intera-
gency agreement with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), detectors and systems are being
evaluated at an operating water utility. Upon successful completion of field-scale testing and
evaluation, a report will be prepared that identifies qualifying protocols and technologies to
apply tested EWSs to drinking water supply and distribution system protection. This document
and additional reports on pilot testing will be made available over the next couple of years,
and will play a role in meeting the requirements of HSPD-9.
20
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Section IV: Products in Development
Integrated Consortium of Laboratory Networks
In 2004, EPA and CDC developed a roadmap for integrating laboratories into an existing
national network to meet emergency water analysis needs. The roadmap presents a phased
strategy for aligning water laboratories with the CDC's Laboratory Response Network (LRN).
EPA has joined the LRN Steering Committee and is working with the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to integrate this strategy
with the Food Emergency Response Network (FERN), a system of laboratories for food and
agriculture sample analysis. At the Agency level, EPA and CDC also developed a plan to
address laboratory capability and capacity for handling environmental samples. This plan is
being considered as EPA participates with CDC, USDA, FDA, the Department of Homeland
Security (DHS), and other federal partners to address issues in laboratory preparedness for
homeland security events.
Laboratory Response Tools
EPA is developing several tools, including training exercises and simulation modules, to
prepare laboratories in responding to drinking water contamination events:
A computer-assisted tool to increase effectiveness of lab-
oratory strategies and decisionmaking in the process of
identifying unknown contaminants in an emergency
response situation.
Additional laboratory drills to build on the lessons learned
from the 2003 laboratory response (see Response
Protocol Toolbox on page 11).
Containing, Treating, Decontaminating, and
Disposing of Contaminated Water and
Materials
To be prepared for a contamination event, water utilities, emergency responders, and others
must have the knowledge and technology for containing and treating the nation's drinking
water, decontaminating both water and equipment, and safely disposing of any residuals from
response activities. EPA is developing modeling tools, reports, databases, and guidance to
help water utilities and others better prepare and respond to a potential contamination event.
Reference Guide for Utilities—Distribution System Analysis: Field Studies,
Modeling, and Management
This guide for drinking water utilities explains how to hydraulically model distribution sys-
tems, conduct tracer studies for distribution system evaluation, calibrate hydraulic and water
quality models, and integrate geospatial technology into data management and modeling.
The document guides utility personnel on selecting the proper equipment and software need-
ed to understand fate and transport in complex piping systems. The guide is a collection of
"lessons learned" from many EPA studies regarding distribution system research and analysis.
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Section IV: Products in Development
Threat Ensemble Vulnerability Assessment (TEVA) Modeling Tool for Water
Distribution Systems
The EPANET model (version 2.0), developed by EPA's National Risk Management Research
Laboratory, performs extended period simulations of hydraulic and water quality behavior
within pressurized pipe networks. The model provides the time-series concentration of a
chemical as a single component; however, it does not consider bulk chemical reactions or
pipe wall interactions. EPA is upgrading EPANET 2.0 to add the ability to perform modeling
of multi-component reactions involving bulk water phase compounds, pipe surface com-
pounds, and chemical and biochemical mechanisms. EPA is also developing improved meth-
ods for model calibration and data collection and identifying dual use benefits of these
model improvements.
Through a collaborative interagency agreement with DOE's Argonne National Laboratory
(ANL), EPA is developing the TEVA Modeling System. The TEVA system provides a suite of soft-
ware tools for drinking water distribution system security that can be used in a distributed comput-
ing environment. This system enables high performance computing of multiple probabilistic simu-
lations of complex behavior in large distribution systems, including chemical reactions, biological
transformations, and interactions with the pipe wall. The TEVA computing framework makes large
complex simulations tractable on small computing clusters.
By integrating software tools for drinking water security, the TEVA Modeling
System will be useful in helping utilities to prepare for and respond to events to
minimize their consequences. Based on the application of the TEVA Modeling
System to several utility distribution systems, EPA will develop guidance on the
use of models in mitigating and responding to contamination events. This guid-
ance will include information on isolating affected portions of the network,
locating the contamination source, identifying locations for confirmatory sam-
pling, and developing decontamination strategies. Ultimately, the lessons
learned from the TEVA Modeling System development and application will be
used to assist those water distribution system networks not having detailed
hydraulic models.
22
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Section IV: Products in Development
Threat Ensemble Vulnerability Assessment (TEVA) Contamination Warning
System Data Analysis Tools
EPA and DOE's Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) are working in partnership to develop
new software tools that will be incorporated in the TEVA Modeling System. EPA and SNL are
developing tools to:
" Assess the vulnerability of distribution systems to contamination events.
« Estimate the public health impacts due to ingestion of contaminated water.
« Design, evaluate, and optimize sensor networks for contamination in a drinking water
system.
« Identify contamination events from a stream of water quality online sensors.
" Locate the source of contamination from sensor data.
These tools will be contained within the TEVA Modeling System and will be available to water
utilities, consultants, and researchers.
Resource Guide on the Aquatic Fate of Biological, Chemical, and Radiological
Contaminants
Due to the threat of intentional attacks, there has been a significant increase in interest
surrounding the fate of contaminants in natural waters. EPA is particularly interested in the
hydrolysis rates and the formation of degradation byproducts resulting from interaction with
dissolved humic materials (substances formed from the biological and chemical breakdown
of animal and plant life).
To address this information need, EPA is developing a technical resource document on the
fate of numerous biological, chemical, and radiological contaminants in source waters,
drinking water treatment plants, and distribution systems. The document will incorporate the
results of joint research with ECBC on the effect of humic material on these chemicals.
Research on the Inactivation of Biological Agents in Water
EPA has published two articles concerning its water treatment research, which has examined
the effectiveness of: 1) boiling anthrax-contaminated water and 2) inactivating select bacterial
agents through chlorination (see page 13). EPA is also researching the chlorination of
Francisella tularensis and numerous surrogates for anthrax spores, as well as the resistance of
Bacillus spores to chlorine dioxide when used as a disinfectant for drinking water treatment.
Drinking Water Treatability Database
To provide a more thorough understanding of effective treatment and decontamination
processes for contaminated drinking water, EPA is developing a computerized database. The
database will contain information on various drinking water contaminants, including those
that are regulated, of particular interest to water security, or on the contaminant candidate list
(CCL), as well as pesticides, endocrine disrupters, and Pharmaceuticals. This online resource
will also provide data on more than 30 different treatment processes. Information from this
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Section IV: Products in Development
database will be added to WCIT as it becomes available (see page 18).
To help compile the database, EPA will use information gathered during numerous related
research activities. This research covers the following areas:
The ability of common water treatment methods to remove microbial and chemical
contaminants.
• Identification of point-of-use/point-of-entry (POU/POE) technologies for treating
contaminants.
• Chemical contaminants that could create hazardous byproducts during the deconta-
mination process.
Municipal water system engineers and emergency responders will be able to use this data-
base to identify the most appropriate and effective treatment processes or series of treatment
processes in response to intentional (water security) and unintentional (spill) contamination
events. Others (including regulators, researchers, design engineers, and academia) can use
the data to identify best available technology (BAT), perform regulatory reviews, make CCL
determinations, and identify research needs.
The Agency will update the database regularly to expand the number of contaminants includ-
ed and to provide the most current information on treatment processes.
Resource Document and Guidance for Decontaminating Post-Service
Connections
Through an interagency agreement, EPA and the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) are developing a technical resource docu-
ment that will provide critical information about tested decontamination
technologies for post-service (post-distribution system) connection pipes,
equipment, and appliances, including copper pipes, ice machines, and hot
water heaters. Pipe towers at NIST will be used as part of the project field-
testing. EPA will also use the information gathered through this testing to
help draft guidance on decontaminating piping and equipment following an
intentional attack on a water distribution system (see next product description)
Handbook for Decontaminating Piping and Equipment
Using information from research on decontaminated drinking water system components,
EPA is developing a handbook for effectively decontaminating piping and equipment follow-
ing an intentional attack on a water distribution system. This handbook, which will be includ-
ed in EPAs Response Protocol Toolbox (see page 11), will help first responders, water utilities,
and state and federal regulators prepare for and respond to an attack. This document will
also provide important clean-up level criteria, helping utilities and regulators determine when
a system is safe to use again.
24
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Section IV: Products in Development
Disposal Alternatives Tool
Following an attack on a water system, the immediate challenge that utilities and emergency
responders face is the decontamination of the system and post-service connections so that the
public can continue to receive safe drinking water. An additional challenge that must be
addressed is the safe disposal of any contaminated waste, including contaminated piping, treat-
ment residuals, and sludges generated during the decontamination process or the dismantling
of a system. EPA is developing an online tool that will provide information about disposal
options and associated regulations for decontamination-related waste.
The tool will provide users with:
Disposal regulations for various types of waste streams.
Specific waste characteristics.
• Decontamination methods.
Types of treatment and handling requirements necessary for safe
disposal of waste streams.
• Lists of potential treatment options.
This effort is part of a larger undertaking to address disposal of all materi-
als from intentional attacks.
Planning for Contingencies and Addressing Infrastructure
Interdependencies
Following an intentional event or accidental disruption to water service, water utilities and
municipalities must work as quickly as possible to address the root cause of the disruption.
Prompt response is critical to decreasing the potential down time for a water distribution sys-
tem. In some cases, a straightforward system repair might address the concern. In other cases,
however, a primary water distribution system could be unavailable for an extended period of
time. Under these circumstances, water utilities and municipalities must have effective contin-
gency plans in place for supplying alternative sources of safe drinking water. EPA is develop-
ing tools to assist utilities plan for contingencies and provide alternative water supplies. The
Agency is also examining interdependencies that water distribution and treatment systems
have with other critical infrastructures, which could be disrupted or damaged by a water secu-
rity breach.
Guidance for Drinking Water and Wastewater Utilities to Minimize Outages
Due to Interdependencies with Other Critical Sectors
The operations of drinking water and wastewater facilities are dependent, to some degree, on
the operations in 10 other critical sectors. Likewise, 13 sectors are dependent in some way on
the supply of drinking water or wastewater services. EPA is working with Argonne National
Laboratory (ANL) to provide tools to help drinking water and wastewater utilities minimize outages
resulting from problems initiating within their own systems, as well as problems in other infrastruc-
tures (e.g., power supply, telecommunications) that critically affect the operations of water sys-
tems. Minimizing outages is important for not only maintaining continuity of drinking water and
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Section IV: Products in Development
wastewater services, but also for reducing the possibility of cascading or escalating effects.
Application of these tools will allow drinking water and wastewater utilities to assess their vulnera-
bilities with respect to interdependencies, take preventative measures reduce these vulnerabilities,
and respond more effectively in the event that problems occur.
Report on Impacts to Water Systems Following Community-wide Radiological
Events
EPA and ANL are evaluating the potential secondary impacts to water resources and infra-
structure from a variety of possible incidents involving a radiological dispersal device (ROD) in
urban areas. An ROD is any device that causes the intentional spreading of radioactive mate-
rial across an area using conventional explosives. The research addresses different aspects of
drinking water and wasterwater system impacts following an ROD event. A report is being
prepared to provide an estimate of the magnitude of the impacts that could potentially occur
to drinking water and wastewater systems.
Guide on Deployment of Alternative Water
When drinking water systems are disrupted by an attack, it is essential for local utilities
and municipalities to have contingency plans in place to provide customers with alternative
sources of safe drinking water. EPA is working with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE)
to provide information on planning for alternative water supplies. The information will include
a compendium of options for a variety of situations.
USAGE is conducting a number of activities:
1) Developing case studies. These case studies examine contingency planning efforts
under numerous situations (e.g., community water system size, population, geograph-
ic location, short-term versus long-term water needs) to help water utilities make the
most technically feasible and cost-effective decisions.
2) Assessing the deployment of portable water treatment facilities. This project
entails locating existing truck-mounted and otherwise portable water treatment units
throughout the United States and within military installations and identifying a number
of characteristics for each unit, including ownership, operating costs, type of treat-
ment processes and capabilities, speed of deployment, and accessibility during
domestic water emergencies.
3) Assessing drinking water system redundancies. This project identifies best practices
for assessing and managing system redundancy based on technical feasibility and
cost-effectiveness. Redundancies among a system can include backup diesel pumps,
alternative storage, bypass delivery systems, and interconnections for rerouting water
distribution.
26
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Section IV: Products in Development
Targeting Impacts on Human Health and Informing the Public
About Risks
In the event of a water security threat or attack, responders will need to rapidly assess the risks
and communicate information to the public in a clear, consistent, and accurate way. Research
in this area focuses on adapting standard risk assessment methods for use during and immedi-
ately after a terrorist attack or other emergency. EPA is also developing a Web-based rapid risk
assessment tool and a risk communication framework for emergency responders.
Health Effects Database
EPA is compiling a comprehensive, readily modified information system on the acute (one
hour to less than one day), short-term (one day to 30 days), and chronic non-cancer health
effects associated with the identified priority contaminants. Toxicity and infectivity information,
risk assessment methods, dose-response, and health effects information is being compiled for
chemicals (warfare agents, toxic industrial chemicals, and biotoxins) and microbiological
agents of interest in both water and air.
As part of this project, EPA will evaluate nontraditional data sources for deriving acute and
chronic toxicity values applied to water. The project will evaluate the
use of lethal dose 50th percentile (LD50) and QSAR (Quantitative
Structure Activity Relationship) models to determine health and risk
information for chemical agents that lack a complete set of toxico-
logical data.
EPA will also compile and evaluate LD50 extrapolation methods
for deriving acute and chronic toxicity values. This project is
designed to develop and test methodologies to extrapolate across
durations, to extrapolate from lethal doses to minimally toxic doses,
and to interpret and apply summary toxicity properties of chemical
groups to derive appropriate advisory levels.
The project will evaluate all possible routes by which people might be exposed to contam-
inated water. Although the traditional exposure route for contaminated drinking water is
ingestion, some contaminants could result in exposures following inhalation, dermal, and
ocular routes.
The information compiled will be made available through a secure and easy-to-update
information portal on exposure routes and public health effects associated with various threat
scenarios to water supplies and treated water. The compiled information also will be used as
inputs into numerous activities and products such as fact sheets, derivation of toxicity values,
and rapid risk tools. Collected data will also be incorporated into WCIT (see page 18).
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Section IV: Products in Development
Health Surveillance Network Linkages
EPA is collaborating with CDC, FDA, and state and local agencies to improve health sur-
veillance networks and develop procedures for detecting water-related disease outbreaks.
New and existing public health surveillance monitoring systems will be evaluated for their
ability to track a disease or illness outbreak.
"Syndromic" systems are one type of network that could be useful in early disease detec-
tion. These systems include the reporting of increased cases of diseases by entities such as
pharmacies and hospitals. The project will examine ways to improve input to such surveillance
systems, link them with water utility data, and link the information electronically.
A technical guidance document will also be developed to help water utilities, public health
officials, and other organizations institute a program for tracking disease outbreaks associat-
ed with water contamination events. This guidance will incorporate threat scenarios, detection
methods, available technologies, distribution models, public health information, and other
available data as appropriate.
Risk Assessment Decisionmaking Tools
Risk assessment and risk management need to be integrated into the decisionmaking
process during all stages of a water security event, so that responders understand the options
for minimizing exposures to the public. Using a holistic approach, this project will develop a
decisionmaking framework for determining the actions needed to mitigate the health impacts
of a water contamination event.
Using risk assessments and characterizations based on scenarios suggested by stakehold-
ers (emergency response teams, regional response teams), this project will develop exercises
that can be used by anyone looking to sharpen their risk assessment skills and to understand
the nature of the potential risks within their communities. "Tabletop" exercises for group train-
ing and computer-based simulations for more individualized learning will be included.
Methods for Communicating Risks to Local Communities
EPA is developing a risk communication framework to help water utilities, health officials,
emergency responders, and others communicate quickly and effectively with local communi-
ties when a threat or attack occurs. The Agency is reviewing existing risk communication
resources and information-sharing strategies to help develop and refine the framework. Once
the framework is established, tools will be developed to facilitate effective communication
with a variety of audiences during a crisis. For example, EPA is currently developing a series
of fact sheets that describe the risks of contaminants and/or toxicological information in mul-
tiple languages and for multiple uses. In addition, educational and training programs are
being created on effective risk communication techniques.
28
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
-------
Section IV: Products in Development
Message Mapping for Decisionmakers
EPA is developing written and verbal message statements that
water and wastewater utilities and elected officials can use to
effectively communicate the potential risks arising from water
emergencies. EPA anticipates that these communication tools will
help communities establish local networks prior to the onset of
crises and also enlist their cooperation with public agencies both
before and during any such events.
Emergency Consequence Assessment Tool
This project is developing a tool that uses readily available
risk assessment techniques to rapidly assess the risks following a
threat or intentional attack. The tool is envisioned to be a Web-
based expert system, which can instantly calculate the health
risks from multiple attack scenarios. Through a series of simple
questions or queries, the system will provide step-by-step guid-
ance through the risk assessment process and provide a numeric
estimate of risk to human health. The system will be made avail-
able to users via secured access to EPAs Web site.
The system will be organized around data collection and
evaluation, exposure assessment, toxicity assessment, and risk
characterization. Data collection and evaluation will focus on
identifying, measuring, and characterizing the toxic agents
involved in the terrorist incident. Exposure assessment will focus
on rapidly predicting and estimating the fate, transport, and
transformation of the chemical or biological agent from its
source to possible human receptors. Toxicity assessment will
focus on the acute and sub-chronic effects and dose-response
relationships of chemical and biological agents. Toxicologic
information will be provided on a route-specific basis (e.g.,
ingestion, inhalation, dermal).
Crisis Communication
Symposium
In May 2004, EPA conducted the National Water
Security Risk Communication Symposium in San
Francisco, California.The event featured presenta-
tions on the state-of-the-art of crisis communica-
tion and provided a forum for participants to
share effective water security-related communica-
tion strategies, best practices, tools, and projects.
Approximately 100 individuals attended the
event, including drinking water and wastewater
utility managers, public health officials, state and
local government representatives, local emer-
gency response officials, elected officials, and the
media. EPA is developing a comprehensive pro-
ceedings of the symposium on CD-ROM featur-
ing PowerPoint presentations, video summaries of
keynote topics, audio-recorded question and
answer sessions, written summaries, photographs,
and references.
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
29
-------
Section IV: Products in Development
Protecting Wastewater Treatment and Collection
Systems
In addition to addressing threats against drinking water systems, EPA and
its project partners are also conducting a multitude of projects to address
the similar and more unique threats against wastewater treatment sys-
tems. To provide a more clear understanding of these threats, EPA is
supporting research with the Water Environment Research Foundation
(WERE) and others in a number of areas. These areas include identifying
threats; assessing potential health and safety risks resulting from contam-
inated wastewater treatment facilities; developing intrusion prevention
technologies; and delivering appropriate response guidance and communication tools for
wastewater treatment personnel.
Guidance on Managing Contamination Events
In collaboration with WERF, EPA is developing a guidance document to help wastewater
utilities safely respond to, remediate, and recover from direct or secondary intentional con-
tamination of wastewater collection and treatment systems. This report will emphasize risks
associated with specific contaminants, detection methods, treatment and inactivation mecha-
nisms, fate and transport, and emergency operating procedures. Its purpose it to protect pub-
lic and employee health and safety, and prevent the spread of materials to other environmen-
tal media. More specifically, this report will:
Identify biological, chemical, and radiological agents of concern for municipal waste-
water treatment facilities. Each contaminant's impact on wastewater infrastructure,
treatment processes, plant operators, public health, and the environment will be
examined.
Assess available treatment technologies and emergency operating procedures that
detect, remove, degrade, inactivate, or minimize the effect of these agents on work-
ers, the public, and the environment. These technologies or operating procedures
would also be expected to prevent the spread of the agents to other environmental
media, or determine that treatment is not necessary for specific agents.
Provide information on the fate and transport and treatability of these agents in a typ-
ical municipal wastewater treatment plant. Contaminant volatility; uptake by biosolids;
and degradation, inactivation, or disinfection will be explored.
• Address high-priority, critical areas of uncertainty through experimentation to develop
guidance for emergency operating procedures, treatment process modifications, and
potentially new treatment technologies.
Compile available data to prioritize the critical areas of future research.
30
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
-------
Section IV: Products in Development
Information on Current Practices for Controlling Access to Wastewater
Collection and Treatment Systems
To assist wastewater collection and treatment facilities around the country in better defend-
ing against system intrusion, EPA and WERF are developing a guidance document that con-
tains comprehensive information on the use of a number of intrusion
control methods and technologies. One such technology is a real-time
sensing device that can detect and provide early warning of the presence
of gases, toxins, and other contaminants that can result in process dis-
ruption. These sensors might be integrated with other emerging technolo-
gies to develop "smart pipes" and "intelligent infrastructure" with real-
time monitoring capabilities. This guidance document will also incorpo-
rate research conducted by other agencies, including the American
Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and the Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA).
1
Response Protocol Playbooks
In collaboration with WERF, EPA is developing a series of response protocol playbooks to
help wastewater treatment system operators respond to moderate and severe chemical and
biological contamination events. The playbooks will contain strategic decision support net-
works and guidance on how to avoid treatment process failures and most effectively decon-
taminate a treatment process while minimizing down time.
To develop the playbooks, EPAs research team will first conduct field experiments analyz-
ing the effects of various chemicals and toxins on water treatment processes (e.g., conven-
tional aerobic activated sludge, nitrogen removal, biological phosphorous removal, and
biofilm treatment). As part of these experiments, EPA will characterize the changes in key
process model parameters that occur in response to the intrusion of contaminants.
EPA expects that the playbooks will help prevent or minimize permit violations, down-
stream ecological damage, and public health concerns that can arise from contaminant
discharges or a malfunctioning biological treatment plant, especially in urban areas where
the travel time and dilution effect between wastewater discharge and drinking water intake
are minimal.
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
31
-------
,
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is implementing the Action Plan with
the help of many partners and stakeholders. A number of collaborative technical, research,
and information-sharing efforts are under way—both within the Agency and with federal
agencies, research organizations, and water sector associations. Some examples of the collabo-
rations in place are described below.
Collaborative Research
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agnecy (EPA) is establishing relationships with organizations
that are critical to the execution of the Action Plan, including federal agency research laborato-
ries, national science institutions, and water association research foundations.
• Department of Homeland Security (DHS),
EPA is working with the Science and Technology Directorate within DHS, which serves as
the primary research and development arm of the department, to examine both internal
and external threats to the nation's water systems. EPA and DHS are:
Developing and implementing the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) for
water infrastructure.
Jointly managing DHS-funded water security projects.
Routinely meeting to exchange information on water infrastructure research.
Water Science and Technology Board (WSTB),
< www7.nationalacademies.org/wstb>
EPA has engaged the National Research Council's Water Science and Technology Board
(WSTB) to provide consultation and peer review of the Agency's water security efforts. A
peer panel, consisting of approximately 1 2 members supported by WSTB, has been estab-
lished to gather information, deliberate on critical research issues, and discuss short- and
long-term research needs related to securing the nation's water infrastructure. The panel will
also highlight opportunities for EPA and help the Agency advance its research program on
water security.
32
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
-------
• Distribution System Research Consortium
EPA has formed the Distribution System Research
Consortium (DSRC), an umbrella organization made up
of 14 partnering organizations, to advance science,
technology, and research in: 1) monitoring and detec-
tion, 2) contamination warning systems, 3) models and
modeling of systems, 4) treatment waters in systems, and
5) decontamination of equipment and materials. The
consortium is also working to identify challenges; priori-
tize solutions to expedite technology implementation;
and transfer research results and guidance to users.
Information Sharing
Communication and information dissemination is of critical
importance to all of EPA's homeland security activities. EPA is
reviewing a variety of venues and media to disseminate techni-
cal information and research results to its stakeholders.
Currently, all publicly available products are being placed on
two main EPA Web sites at: and
.
Water Sector Stakeholder Conferences,
< www.epa.gov/nhsro
EPA and the Water Environment Federation (WEE), in
partnership with many other organizations, hosted three
regional water sector stakeholder conferences in 2005.
The conference participants identified a list of trends
and needs to enhance the overall security of the water
infrastructure in the nation. Participants also developed
recommendations on how to best meet the identified
needs. The output from the workshops is a report on
trends and utility needs.
The Path Forward
Distribution System
Research Consortium
To advance the science, technology, and
research efforts underway to protect
water distribution systems from terror-
ist attack, EPA formed the Distribution
System Research Consortium (DSRC).
Once a year, DSRC brings together 14
partnering federal and non-federal
organizations, including EPA, the U.S.
Army Edgewood Chemical Biological
Center, the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, the American Water Works
Association Research Foundation, the
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, and the U.S. Geological
Survey among others, to collaborate on
issues including:
• Monitoring and detection.
• Early alert and warning systems.
• Models and modeling of systems.
• Treatment of waters in systems.
• Decontamination of equipment and
materials.
DSRC also works to identify challenges
and prioritize the development of
short- and long-term solutions that
expedite the implementation of useful
and feasible distribution system tech-
nologies. The group disseminates infor-
mation and provides assistance to
drinking water utilities, states,
researchers, policymakers, risk asses-
sors, public health community members,
and others in need of research results
or guidance through EPA communica-
tion mechanisms and other routes.
The Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan was released in March
2004. It was prepared with the help of federal partners and stakeholders and was reviewed
by the NRC. The Action Plan is a comprehensive approach to addressing security issues and
needs related to water infrastructure; however, it is only a snapshot in time. As work progress-
es on the projects identified in the Action Plan, efforts are also under way to update and
revise the Action Plan based on EPA's current understanding of threats to, and vulnerabilities
of, drinking water and wastewater systems.
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
33
-------
Appendix A
Product Name*
Access Information
Product
Type
Related
Projects**
Primary Users
Product
Partner(s)
Statutory
Authority/
Programmatic
Basis
3.1 Protecting Physical and Cyber Infrastructure
Threat Scenarios for
Water Systems Report
(August 2004)
Methodologies and
Tools for Conducting
Vulnerability
Assessments:
1) Risk Assessment
Methodology for
Water Utilities (RAM-
WSM)
2) Vulnerability Self
Assessment Tool
(VSAT™)- Version 3.1
Interim Guidance and
Voluntary Design
Standards to Improve
Security at Drinking
Water and
Wastewater and
Stormwater Facilities
Classified
www.epa.gov/
safewater/
watersecurity
(under Vulnerability
Assessments)
www.asce.org/
static/1 /wise.cfm
Document
Tools
Guidance
Documents
3.1.3.1
32a 2
iJ.i-.Q .L.
3.1.a.3 (com-
bined with
3.1.3.2)
3.1.C.2
3.1.C.3
4.0.3.3
3.1.C.1
3.1.C.3
4.0.3.3
Federal sgencies
working on water
security and threat
analysis
Water utilities
State and local gov-
prnrripntc
Cl MM ICI 1 Lo
Threat analysts
Federal
policymakers
Drinking and waste-
water utilities
State water boards
State and local
health and environ-
mental regulatory
agencies
Threat analysts
Federal policymakers
N/A
American Water
Works
Association
Research
Foundation
(AwwaRF)
Department of
Energy's
Sandia National
Laboratories
(SNL)
National
Association of
Clean Water
Agencies
(NACWA)
American Society
of Civil Engineers
(ASCE)
American Water
Works
A^nriatinn
r^ooUUIQ LI Ul 1
(AWWA)
Water
Environment
Federation (WEF)
Bioterrorism Act
of 2002, Section
1434(a),
1435(a)
HSPD-7 Critical
Infrastructure
Identification,
Prioritization, and
Protection
Bioterrorism Act
of 2002, Section
1435 (a) (1-4)
* Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
** Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
34
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
-------
Appendix A
Product Name*
Access
Information
Product
Type
Related
Projects**
Primary Users
Product
Partner(s)
Statutory
Authority/
Programmatic
Basis
3.3 Improving Analytical Methodologies and Monitoring
Response Protocol
Toolbox
Security Product
Guides
Environmental
Laboratory
Compendium
EPA Document #817-
D-03-004
www.epa.gov/
safewater/
watersecurity
(under Emergency/
Incident Planning)
www.epa.gov/
safewater/
watersecurity/
guide/index.html
www.epa.gov/
compendium
(Restricted access)
Document;
online
resource
Online guide
Online
database
3.3.a.1
3 3a7
iJ.iJ.Q.i.
3.3.a.3
3.3.a.4
3? h 1
\J .£-. U. 1
3.3.a.5
3.3.a.6
3.3.b.7
3.3.C.1
3.3.C.2
3.3.C.4
3.3.C.1
3.3.C.2
3.3.C.3
3.3.11
3 3f 7
\J .\J. 1 .£-
3.3.f.3
Chemical analysis
laboratories
Laboratory capacity
and infrastructure
planners
Emergency
responders
Analytical method
developers
Drinking water
utilities
Laboratory capacity
and infrastructure
planners
Emergency
responders
Analytical method
developers
Water utilities
Individuals responsi-
ble for planning for
analytical response
to contamination
threats
State officials
Emergency
responders
Laboratories
N/A
N/A
N/A
Bioterrorism Act of
2002, Sections 1434
(a) (1) and (a) (3)
HSPD-9 Defense of
United States
Agriculture and
Food
Bioterrorism Act of
2002, Sections 1434
(a) (1) and (a) (3)
HSPD-9 Defense of
United States
Agriculture and
Food
HSPD-9 Defense of
United States
Agriculture and
Fnnrl
1 UUU
Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
35
-------
Appendix A
Product Name*
Access
Information
Product
Type
Related
Projects**
Primary Users
Product
Partner(s)
Statutory
Authority/
Programmatic
Basis
3.4 Containing, Treating, Decontaminating, and Disposing of Contaminated Water and Materials
1) Inactivation/Removal
Capabilities of
Treatment and
Disinfection
Technologies for
Biological
Contaminants
2) Effectiveness of
Chlorination on
Vegetative and Spore
Forms of Bacterial
Bioterrorist Agents
www.cdc.gov/
ncidod/EID/
voUOnolO/
04-0158.htm
http://aem.asm.org/
cgi/content/abstract/
71/1/566
Journal
articles
3.4.C.3
3.4.C.5
Emergency
responders
State and local
agencies
Water utilities
Centers for
Disease Control
and Prevention
(CDC)
Bioterrorism Act
of 2002; Section
1434 (a) (1-6),
Section 1435
(a)(1-4)
HSPD-10
Biodefense for the
21st Century
4.0 Wastewater Treatment and Collection Infrastructure Materials
Wastewater Baseline
Threat Document
Classified
Document
4.0.3.1
4.0.b.1
3 1 r?
\J. 1 .\j.£-
4.0.b.5
Wastewater utilities
State and local
health and environ-
mental regulatory
agencies
Water
Environment
Federation (WEF)
Bioterrorism Act
of 2002, Sections
1434 (a) (3) and (a)
(6)
HSPD-7 Critical
Infrastructure
Identification,
Prioritization, and
Protection
HSPD-9 Defense
of United States
Agriculture and
Food
HSPD-10
Biodefense for the
21st Century
Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
36
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
-------
Appendix A
Product Name*
Access
Information
Product
Type
Related
Projects**
Primary Users
Product
Partner(s)
Statutory
Authority/
Programmatic
Basis
5.0 Providing the Means to Implement the Action Plan
Environmental
Technology Verification
(ETV) Program Detection
Technologies:
- Immunoassay Test Kits
for Pathogens and
Biotoxins
- Portable Cyanide
Analyzers
- Rapid Toxicity Testing
Systems
- Rapid Polymerase
Chain Reaction (PCR)
Technologies
Environmental
Technology Verification
(ETV) Program
Point-of-Use (POU)
Water Treatment
Technology:
- Reverse Osmosis Point-
of-Use (POU) Devices
Environmental
Technology Verification
(ETV) Program
Wastewater and
Residuals Treatment
Technology:
- Decontamination
Wastewater Treatment
Technologies
www.epa.gov/etv/
verifications/
verification-
index.html
www.epa.gov/etv/
verifications/
verification-
index.html
www.epa.gov/etv/
verifications/
verification-
index.html
Online
verification
reports
Online
verification
report
Online
verification
report
5.2.a.1
5.2.a.2
5.2.a.3
Water utilities
State officials
Emergency
responders
Technology
developers
Water utilities
State officials
Emergency
responders
Technology
developers
Water utilities
State officials
Emergency
responders
Technology
developers
N/A
N/A
N/A
Bioterrorism Act
of 2002, Sections
1434 (a) (1-3) and
(a) (5), Section
1435 (d)
HSPD-9 Defense
of United States
Agriculture and
Fnnrl
1 UUU
HSPD-10
Biodefense for the
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act
of 2002, Sections
1434 (a) (1-3) and
(a) (5), Section
1435 (d)
HSPD-10
Biodefense for the
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act
of 2002, Sections
1434 (a) (1-3) and
(a) (5), Section
1435 (d)
HSPD-10
Biodefense for the
21st Century
Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
37
-------
Appendix B
Product Name*
Product
Type
Related
Projects**
Anticipated Users
Product Partner(s)
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
3.1 Protecting Physical and Cyber Infrastructure
Guidance and
Voluntary Design
Standards to Improve
Security at Drinking
Water and
Wastewater and
Stormwater Facilities
Guidance on Protecting
Drinking Water and
Wastewater Facilities
from Blasts
Guidance for Water
and Wastewater Utility
Computer Systems
Guidance
documents
Software
Standards
3.1 .c.1
3.1. c.3
4.0.3.3
3.1 .c.3
3.1.C.1
3.1 .c.2
4.0.C.6
Drinking and wastewater
utilities
State water boards
State and local health
and environmental regu-
latory agencies
Threat analysts
Federal policymakers
Drinking water systems
State water boards
State and local health
and environmental regu-
latory agencies
Threat analysts
Federal agencies
Drinking water and
wastewater utilities
State and local health
and environmental regu-
latory agencies
American Society of Civil
Engineers (ASCE)
American Water Works
Association (AWWA)
Water Environment
Federation (WEF)
U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers (USACE)
American Water Works
Association Research
Foundation (AwwaRF)
Water Environment
Research Foundation
(WERF)
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1435 (a) (1-4)
HSPD-7 Critical
Infrastructure
Identification, Prioritization
and Protection
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1435 (a) (1-4)
HSPD-7 Critical
Infrastructure
Identification,
Prioritization, and
Protection
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (3) and
(a) (6)
HSPD-7 Critical
Infrastructure
Identification, Prioritization
and Protection
Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
38
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
-------
Appendix B
Product Name*
Product Type
Related
Projects**
Anticipated Users
Product Partner(s)
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
3.2 Identifying Drinking Water Contaminants
Water Contaminant
Information Tool
(WCIT)
Training Modules
Contained Within the
WCIT
Improvements to the
WCIT
Tool (Web-based
database)
Training modules
Tool (Web-based
database)
3.2.a.1
(combined
with
3.2.b.1)
3.2.b.2
3.2.b.3
3. 3. a. 2
3 3r 3
iJ.iJ.U.iJ
3.4.b.1
3.4.C.1
3.4.C.8
3.6.3.1
4.0.f.1
3.2.b.2
32h 1
\J.£-.VJ . 1
3.2.b.3
3.2.b.3
32h 1
\J.£-.VJ . 1
Drinking water and
wastewater utilities
Emergency responders
Public health officials
State officials
Federal agencies
Technical assistance
providers
Environmental laborato-
ries
Federal agencies
State drinking water
programs
Drinking water and
wastewater utilities
Public health officials
Environmental
laboratories
Emergency responders
Technical assistance
providers
Federal agencies
State drinking water pro-
grams
Drinking water and
wastewater utilities
Public health officials
Environmental laboratories
Emergency responders
Technical assistance
providers
N/A
N/A
N/A
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Food and
Agriculture
HSPD-10Biodefensefor
the 21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and
Food
HSPD-10Biodefensefor
the 21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and
Food
HSPD-10Biodefensefor
the 21st Century
Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
39
-------
Appendix B
Product Name*
Product Type
Related
Projects**
Anticipated Users
Product Partner(s)
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
3.3 Improving Analytical Methodologies and Monitoring Systems for Drinking Water
Water Contaminant
Surrogates and
Simulants Methods,
Guidance, and Training
Development of
Ultrafiltration Devices
and a Water Filtering
Protocol
Sampling and
Analytical Methods for
Detecting Biological
Contaminants in Water
Interim Protocol for
Detecting Biological
Contaminants in Water
Document
Physical product
Documents
Document
3.2.C.1
3.3.M
3.3.D.5
3.3.b.5
3.2.D.4
3.3.D.1
3.3.D.4
3 3 h7
o.o. u. /
3.3.b.7
3.2.D.4
3.3.D.4
3.3.D.5
Federal agencies involved
in research
Utilities
Emergency responders
Public health
decisionmakers
Scientific community at
large
Laboratories
Emergency responders
Individuals responsible
for planning for analytical
responses to contamina-
tion threats
Drinking water utilities
Environmental
tahnratnrip^
IOUUI OIUI IGo
Emergency responders
Drinking water utilities
Environmental
laboratories
Emergency responders
U.S. Army Edgewood
Chemical Biological Center
(ECBC)
Department of the Defense
Joint Service Agent Water
Monitor (JSAWM)
Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention
(CDD
\\jLJ\j 1
American Water Works
Association Research
Foundation (AwwaRF)
Department of Energy's
Idaho National Laboratory
U.S. Army Edgewood
Chemical Biological Center
(ECBC)
Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention
(CDC)
Metropolitan Water
District of Southern
California
N/A
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and
Food
HSPD-10Biodefensefor
the 21st Century
Bioterrrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and
Food
HSPD-10Biodefensefor
the 21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (1) and
(a) (3)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and
Food
HSPD-10Biodefensefor
the 21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (1) and
(a) (3)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and
Food
HSPD-10Biodefensefor
the 21st Century
Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
40
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
-------
Appendix B
Product Name*
Reports on Biotoxins
Early Warning System
Technologies and
Techniques to Monitor
and Evaluate Drinking
Water Quality: State-
of -the- Art Review
Integrated Consortium
of Laboratory
Networks
Laboratory Response
Tools
Product Type
Documents
Document
Document
Tools
Related
Projects**
3.3.C.3
3.2.a.3
3.2.b.1
3.3.C.1
3.3.C.2
3.3.C.4
3.3.e.4
3.3.6.1
3.3.e.2
3.3.e.3
3.3.f.4
3.3.f.2
3.3.g.1
3.3.a.3
3.3.f.3
3.3.f.6
Anticipated Users
Rapid risk (threat) asses-
sors
Fate and transport model-
ers
Analytical method devel-
opers
Drinking water utilities
Laboratory capacity and
infrastructure planners
Emergency response offi-
cials
Water utilities
Water organizations
Monitoring technology
and system developers
and vendors
Water utilities
Laboratories
Emergency responders
Federal agencies
Water utilities
Laboratories
Emergency responders
Federal agencies
Public in need of environ-
mental testing laboratory
support to contamination
threats
Product Partner(s)
Naval Surface Warfare
Center, Dahlgren Division
N/A
Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention
Laboratory Response
Network (LRN)
U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA)
U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA)
N/A
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (1 )and
(a) (3)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and
Food
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and
Food
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and
Food
HSPD-10Biodefensefor
the 21st Century
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and
Food
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
41
-------
Appendix B
Product Name*
Product Type
Related
Projects**
Anticipated Users
Product Partner(s)
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
3.4 Containing, Treating, Decontaminating, and Disposing of Contaminated Water and Materials
Reference Guide for
Utilities — Distribution
System Analysis: Field
Studies, Modeling, and
Management
Threat Ensemble
Vulnerability
Assessment (TEVA)
Modeling Tool for
Water Distribution
Systems
Threat Ensemble
Vulnerability
Assessment (TEVA)
Contamination
Warning System Data
Analysis Tools
Resource Guide on the
Aquatic Fate of
Biological, Chemical,
and Radiological
Contaminants
Research on the
Inactivation of
Biological Agents in
Water
Document
Modeling tools
Computer
models/
software
Document
Ongoing research
3.4.a.1
3.4.a.2
3.2.b.1
3.4.a.1
3.4.a.3
3.6.a.3
3.4.a.3
3.2.b.1
3.4.3.1
3.4.3.2
3.6.3.3
3.4.b.3
3.4.b.2
3.4.C.5
3.6.3.1
3.4.C.3
3.4.C.5
Water utilities
Federal agencies
State snd local health
snd environments!
regulatory agencies
Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
snd environmental regu-
latory agencies
Water utilities
Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental regu-
latory agencies
Water utilities
Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental regu-
latory agencies
Water utilities
Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental regu-
latory agencies
Water utilities
N/A
Department of Energy's
Argonne National
Laboratory (ANL)
Department of Energy's
Sandia National
Laboratories (SNL)
N/A
N/A
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5),
Section 1435 (a) (1-4)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and
Food
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5),
Section 1435 (a) (1-4)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and
Fnnrl
1 UUU
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5),
Section 1435 (a) (1-4)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and
Fnnrl
1 UUU
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-9 Defense of the
United States Agriculture
and Food
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1-6),
Section 1435 (a) (1-4)
HSPD-10Biodefensefor
the 21st Century
42
Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
-------
Appendix B
Product Name*
Drinking Water
Treatability Database
Resource Document
and Guidance for
Decontaminating Post-
Service Connections
Handbook for
Decontaminating
Piping and Equipment
Disposal Alternatives
Tool
Report on Impacts to
Water Systems
Following Community-
wide Radiological
Events
Product Type
Database
Document
Document
Web-based tool
(also on CD-ROM)
Document
Related
Projects**
3.4.C.5
3.2.b.1
34r 3
iJ.T.U.lJ
3.4.C.4
3.4.C.6
3.4.C.8
3.4.d.7
3.4.d.8
3.4.d.8
3.4.C.9
3.4.d.1
3.4.d.2
3.4.d.5
3.4.d.6
3.4.d.7
3.4.d.9
3.4.d.9
3.4.C.9
3.4.d.1
3.4.d.2
3.4.d.5
3.4.d.6
3.4.d.7
3.4.d.8
3.4.d.10
Anticipated Users
Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental regu-
latory agencies
Water utilities
State and local health
and environmental regu-
latory agencies
Building owners
Water utilities
State and local health
and environmental regu-
latory agencies
Water utilities
Federal agencies
State and local health
and environmental regu-
latory agencies
Water utilities
Federal agencies
Federal agencies
Water utilities
Emergency responders
Planners
Product Partner(s)
N/A
National Institute of
Standards and Testing
(NIST)
N/A
N/A
Department of Energy's
Argonne National
Laboratory! AN L)
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-10Biodefensefor
the 21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-10Biodefensefor
the 21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-10Biodefensefor
the 21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-10Biodefensefor
the 21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1435 (a) (1-4)
HSPD-7 Critical
Infrastructure
Identification, Prioritization,
and Protection
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
43
-------
Appendix B
Product Name*
Product
Type
Related
Projects**
Anticipated Users
Product Partner(s)
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
3.5 Planning for Contingencies and Addressing Infrastructure Interdependencies
Guidance on
Deployment of
Alternative Water
Guidance for Drinking
Water and
Wastewater Utilities
to Minimize Outages
Due to
Interdependencies
with Other Critical
Sectors
Document
Document
3.5.a.5
3.5.3.1
3.5.a.2
3.5.a.3
3.5.3.4
3.5.C.2
(incorporated into
3.1.D.1)
Federal agencies
State health and environ-
ments! regulatory agen-
cies
Water utilities
Consulting engineers
Federal agencies
State health and environ-
mental regulatory agen-
cies
Water utilities
Consulting engineers
U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers (USACE)
Department of Energy's
Argonne National
Laboratory (AN L)
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1 435 (b)
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1 435 (b)
HSPD-7 Critical
Infrastructure
Identification, Prioritization
and Protection
3. 6 Targeting Impacts on Human Health and Informing the Public About Risks
Health Effects
Database
Database
3.6.a.1
(scope of project
completed through
Rapid Risk Project
#1 [RR1])
3.2.b.1
3.4.b.3
3.6.3.2
3.6.3.3
3.6.3.4
3.6.C.1
3.6.C.2
Risk assessors
Detection limits
scientists
Decontamination
planners
N/A
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (3) and
If,} IR\
\QI \oi
HSPD-10Biodefensefor
the 21st Century
Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
44
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
-------
Appendix B
Product Name*
Health Surveillance
Network Linkages
Risk Assessment
Decisionmaking Tools
Methods for
Communicating Risks to
Local Communities
Message Mapping for
Decisionmakers
Emergency Consequence
Assessment Tool
Product Type
Document
Tabletop and
computer-based
simulation exer-
cises
Documents;
training
modules
Tools
Tool
(Web-based)
Related
Projects**
3.6.b.2
(scope of project
encompassed by
Rapid Risk Projects
#22 [RR22] and #23
[RR23])
3.6. b.1
3.6.d.2
3.6.d.3
3.6.6.1
3.6.d.3
4.0.6.3 (combined
with 3.6.e.2)
3.6.6.2
(scope of project
completed through
Rapid Risk Project
#38 [RR38])
3.6.e.3
3.6.e.4
Anticipated Users
Risk assessors
Public health officials
Scientists
Water utility operators
Planners
Emergency responders
Risk assessors
Detection limits
scientists
Decontamination
planners
Water utilities
Emergency responders
Emergency
responders
Public officials
Wastewater utilities
State and local health
and environmental reg-
ulatory agencies
Risk assessors
Detection limits
scientists
Decontamination
planners
Emergency responders
Product
Partner(s)
Centers for Disease
Control and
Prevention (CDC)
U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1 434 (a)(2) and
HSPD-9 Defense of
United States Agriculture
QnH Pnnrl
Ql IU 1 UUU
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434(a)(2)
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (3) and
(a) (6)
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (3) and
(a) (6)
HSPD-10: Biodefense
for the 21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (3) and
(a) (6)
HSPD-10 Biodefense for
the 21st Century
Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
45
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
DRAFT ONLY
-------
Appendix B
Product Name*
Product Type
Related
Projects**
Anticipated Users
Product
Partner(s)
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
4.0 Wastewater Treatment and Collection Infrastructure Projects
Guidance on Managing
Contamination Events
Information on Current
Practices for Controlling
Access to Wastewater
Collection and Treatment
Systems
Response Protocol
Playbooks
Document
Documents
Document
4.0.b.4
3.1. c.2
4.0.D.1
4 0 h?
T.U.U.i-
4.0.C.1
4.0.6.1
Wastewater utilities
Emergency responders
Federal agencies
State and local health
and environmental reg-
ulatory agencies
Wastewater utilities
State and local health
and environmental reg-
ulatory agencies
Wastewater utilities
State and local health
and environmental reg-
ulatory agencies
Water Environment
Research Foundation
(WERF)
Water Environment
Research Foundation
(WERF)
Water Environment
Research Foundation
(WERF)
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (3) and (a)
(6)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (3) and (a)
(6)
HSPD-10: Biodefense for the
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (3) and (a)
(6)
HSPD-10: Biodefense for the
21st Century
Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
46
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
-------
Appendix B
Product Name*
Product Type
Related
Projects**
Anticipated Users
Product
Partner(s)
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
5.0 Providing the Means to Implement the Action Plan
Technology Testing and
Evaluation Program
(TTEP)
Detection Technologies
Technology Testing and
Evaluation Program
(TTEP)
Point-of-Use (POU) Water
Treatment Technology
Technology Testing and
Evaluation Program
(TTEP)
Wastewater and
Residuals Treatment
Technology
Documents
Documents
Documents
5.2.a.1
5.2.a.2
5.2.3.3
Water utilities
State officials
Emergency responders
Technology developers
Water utilities
State officials
Emergency responders
Technology developers
Water utilities
State officials
Emergency responders
Technology developers
N/A
N/A
N/A
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (1-3) and (a)
(5), Section 1435 (d)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (1-3) and
(a) (5), Section 1435 (d)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (1-3) and (a)
(5), Section 1435 (d)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
47
-------
Appendix C
Product Name"
Product Type
Related
Projects""
Anticipated Users
Product
Partner(s)
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
Guidance for Using
Models to Analyze
Terrorist Attack
Consequences
Decision Tree for
Alternatives to Chlorine
Disinfection
Document
Document
3.1.b.1
3.5.C.1
3.5.C.2
3.1.C.4
Drinking water systems
State water boards
State and local health
and environmental reg-
ulatory agencies
Threat analysts
EPA and other federal
policymakers
Wastewater utilities
using chlorine gas for
disinfection
N/A
Department of
Homeland Security
(DHS)
National Association
of Clean Water
Agencies (NACWA)
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1435 (a) (1-4)
HSPD-7 Critical Infrastructure
Identification, Prioritization,
and Protection
HSPD-7 Critical Infrastructure
Identification, Prioritization,
and Protection
Documentation of
Background Levels of
Priority Biological
Contaminants
Document
3.2.b.4
3.3.D.5
Federal agencies
Water utilities
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Scientific community at
large
N/A
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
48
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
-------
Appendix C
Product Name*
Product Type
Related
Projects**
Anticipated Users
Product
Partner(s)
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
3.3 Improving Analytical Methodologies and Monitoring Systems for Drinking Water
Revisions to the
National Environmental
Methods Index (NEMI)
Database to Include
Analytical Methods for
Priority Water
Contaminants
Report on the Water
Industry's Position
Regarding the Use of
Ultrafiltration to Identify
Contaminants in Water
Reports and Journal
Articles Summarizing
the Response of
Sensors to the
Introduction of
Contaminants
Database
Document
Documents
3.3.b.2/
3.3.b.6
3.3.b.5
3.3.b.3
3.3.b.1
3.3.b.5
3.3.(l.1
3.4.a.1
33d?
ij.ij. \Ji.f-
3.3.d.6
Laboratories
Individuals responsible
for planning for analyti-
cal responses to con-
tamination threats
Laboratories
Individuals responsible
for planning for analyti-
cal responses to con-
tamination threats
Water utility operators
Water organizations
Monitoring technology
and system developers
and vendors
N/A
N/A
EPAs Water
Awareness
Technology
Evaluation Research
and Security
(WATERS) Center
U.S. Army Edgewood
Chemical Biological
Center (ECBC)
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
49
-------
Appendix C
Product Name*
Standard Operating
Procedures and Quality
Assurance and Control
Practices to Guide the
Evaluation of Monitoring
Technologies
Identification of Sensors
Used in Other Sectors
That Might Be Applicable
to Drinking Water
Monitoring and Detection
Report on Biosensor
Responses and the
Development and Use of
an Interpretive Algorithm
Standard Operating
Procedures for Evaluating
Monitoring Technologies
Product Type
Documents
Documents
Document
Document
Related
Projects**
3.3.(l.2
3.3.d.1
3 3 d fi
5.2.3.1
3.3.d.3
3.3.d.6
34a?
3.3.(l.4
3.3.d.6
3.3.d.5
*updates
3.3.d.2
Anticipated Users
Water utility
operators
Water organizations
Monitoring technology
and system developers
and vendors
Water utility
operators
Water organizations
Monitoring technology
and system developers
and vendors
Water utility
operators
Water organizations
Monitoring technology
and system developers
and vendors
Water utility operators
Water organizations
Monitoring technology
and system developers
and vendors
Product
Partner(s)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
50
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
-------
Appendix C
Product Name*
Product Type
Related
Projects**
Anticipated Users
Product
Partner(s)
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
3.4 Containing, Treating, Decontaminating, and Disposing of Contaminated Water and Materials
Upgrade of the EPANET
Model to Allow the
Modeling of Multi-
Component Reactions
Guidance and Models
for Performing
Computational
Contaminant Fate and
Transport Studies
Final Report on the
Environment Fate of
Selected Biological,
Chemical, and
Radiological
Contaminants in Source
Waters
Report on theTreatability
of Less Well Understood
Water Contaminants and
Recommendations for
Additional Treatability
Studies
Model
Document
Document
Document
3.4.3.1
3.2.b.2
3.3.C.3
3.3.d.1
3.3.d.3
3.4.a.2
3.4.a.3
3.4.d.4
3.4.d.5
3.4.d.6
3.4.d.7
3.6.3.3
3.4.a.2
3.2.b.1
3.4.a.1
3.4.3.3
3.6.3.3
3.4.b.1
3.2.b.1
3.4.b.3
3.4.C.1
3.2.b.1
34r 5
iJ.T.U. \J
Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities
Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities
Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities
Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities
N/A
Department of
Energy's Argonne
National Laboratory
(ANL)
U.S. Army Edgewood
Chemical Biological
Center (ECBC)
N/A
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5), and
Sections 1435 (a) (1-4)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5), and
Sections 1435 (a) (1-4)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5), and
Sections 1435 (a) (1-4)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (1-6)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
51
-------
Appendix C
Product Name*
Method for Evaluating
Existing and Innovative
Treatment Technologies
Report on the Ability of
Common Drinking Water
Treatment Methods to
Remove Microbial and
Chemical Agents
Report Identifying Point-
of-Use/Point-of-Entry
(POU/POE) Devices,
Uses, and Disposal
Requirements
Report Describing
Pretreatment
Technologies and
Effectiveness
Report Describing
Decontamination
Byproducts and Health
Effects
Product
Type
Document
Document
Document
Document
Document
Related
Projects**
3.4.C.2
(combined with
5.2.a.2)
3.4.C.4
3.4.C.5
3.4.C.6
3.4.C.5
5.2.a.3
3.4.C.7
3.4.C.8
3.2.b.1
3.4.C.5
Anticipated Users
Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities
Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities
Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities
Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities
Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities
Product
Partner(s)
N/A
Department of the
Navy (NAVSEA)
N/A
N/A
N/A
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (1-6), and
Sections 1435 (a) (1-4)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
52
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
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Appendix C
Product Name*
Decontamination
Residues Disposal Tool
Standard Operating
Procedures for the
Decontamination of
Drinking Water
Infrastructure
Report on the Relevant
Physiochemical
Properties of
Contaminants That Are
Difficult to Remove from
Pipes and Equipment
Product
Type
Document
Document
Document
Related
Projects**
3.4.C.9
3.4.C.1
3.4.C.3
3.4.C.4
3.4.C.5
3.4.C.6
3.4.C.7
3.4.C.8
3.4.d.1
3.4.d.2
3.4.d.3
3.4.d.4
3.4.d.5
3.4.d.6
3.4.d.8
3.4.d. 2 (com-
bined with
3.4.b.2)
3.2.D.1
3.4.d.1
3.4.d.3
3.4.d.4
3.4.d.6
3.4.d.8
Anticipated Users
Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities
Federal agencies
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities
Federal agencies
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities
Product
Partner(s)
N/A
American Water
Works Association
Research Foundation
(AwwaRF)
N/A
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
53
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Appendix C
Product Name*
Reports Describing the
Results of Fate and
Transport Studies and
Enzyme-Based
Decontamination
Methods
Mirco-Scale Models to
Evaluate Fate and
Transport of
Contaminants in a Pipe
and Decontamination
and Recovery Methods
Report on the Use of
EPANET to Design
Decontamination Policies
and Procedures for
Drinking Water
Distribution Systems
Report on
Decontamination Efforts
on In Situ Water Utility
Pipes
Product
Type
Documents
Computer
models
Document
Document
Related
Projects**
3.4.d.3
3.4.a
3.4.d.1
3.4.d.2
3.4.3.4
3.4.d.5
3.4.d.6
3.4.d.8
3.4.(l.4
3.4.a .1
3.4.d.2
3.4.d.3
3.4.d.5
3.4.d.8
3.4.d.5
3.4.a.2
3.4.d.1
3.4.d.3
3.4.d.4
3.4.d.6
3.4.d.8
3.4.d.6
3.4.a .1
3.4.d.2
3.4.d.3
3.4.d.4
3.4.d.8
Anticipated Users
Federal agencies
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities
Federal agencies
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities
Federal agencies
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities
Federal agencies
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities
Product
Partner(s)
U.S. Army Edgewood
Chemical Biological
Center (ECBC)
N/A
N/A
N/A
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
54
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
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Appendix C
Product Name*
Report on the Preliminary
Assessment of the
Potential Impacts of
Radiological Dispersion
Devices on Water
Systems
Product
Type
Document
Related
Projects**
3.4.d.10
Anticipated Users
Federal agencies
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities
Product
Partner(s)
N/A
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
3.5 Planning for Contingencies and Addressing Infrastructure Interdependencies
Case Studies on
Technical and Cost
Aspects of Existing
Contingency Plans
Report Assessing the
Feasibility of Deploying
Portable Water
Treatment Facilities
Report on Best Practices
for Managing Drinking
Water System
Redundancies
Document
Document
Document
3.5.3.1
3.5.a.5
3.5.C.5
3.5.a.2
3.5.3.5
3.5.a.3
3.5.a.5
Federal agencies
State health and envi-
ronmental regulatory
agencies
Water utilities
Consulting engineers
Federal agencies
State health and envi-
ronmental regulatory
agencies
Water utilities
Consulting engineers
Federal agencies
State health and envi-
ronmental regulatory
agencies
Water utilities
Consulting engineers
U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers (USACE)
U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers (USACE)
U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers (USACE)
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1 435 (b)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1 435 (b)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1 435 (b)
HSPD-7 Critical Infrastructure
Identification, Prioritization,
and Protection
Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
55
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Appendix C
Product Name*
Database of Water
Supply Sources
Feasibility Study on the
Implementation of
Innovative Drinking
Water Technologies
Report Assessing the
Performance of
Innovative Drinking
Water Technologies
Reports on a Variety of
Water Interdependency
Issues and a Water
Version of the Critical
Infrastructures
Interdependencies
Integrator Repair and
Recovery Model
Product
Type
Database
Document
Document
Document;
model
Related
Projects**
3.5.a.4
3.5.a.5
3.5.b.1
3.5.b.2
3.5.b.2
3.5.b.1
3.5.C.1
(combined with
3.1. b.1, 4.0.a.4f
and 4.0.a.5)
Anticipated Users
Federal agencies
State health and envi-
ronmental regulatory
agencies
Water utilities
Consulting engineers
Federal agencies
State health and envi-
ronmental regulatory
agencies
Water utilities
Consulting engineers
Federal agencies
State health and envi-
ronmental regulatory
agencies
Water utilities
Consulting engineers
Federal agencies
Drinking water and
wastewater utilities
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Product
Partner(s)
U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers (USACE)
N/A
N/A
Department of
Energy's Argonne
National Laboratory
(ANL)
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1 435 (b)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1 435 (b)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1 435 (b)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (3) and (a) (6)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
56
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
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Appendix C
Product Name*
Product
Type
Related
Projects**
Anticipated Users
Product
Partner(s)
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
3. 6 Targeting Impacts on Human Health and Informing the Public About Risks
Report on Bioaerosol
Generation During
Bathing and Screening
Guidance for Evaluating
Direct and Indirect
Exposure Pathways
Report on Risk
Assessment
Methodology,
Application, and
Limitations
Methods for Developing
Short-Term Toxicity Data
Documents
Document
Document
3.6.a.2
3.6.3.1
3.6.a.4
3.6.3.1
3.6.C.2
3.6.C.1
3.6.3.1
3.6.3.4
Federal agencies
State snd local health
snd environments!
regulatory agencies
Risk assessors
Decontamination
planners
Water utilities
Emergency responders
Federal agencies
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Risk assessors
Decontamination
planners
Water utilities
Emergency responders
Federal agencies
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Risk assessors
Decontamination
planners
Water utilities
Emergency responders
N/A
N/A
N/A
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (2)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (2)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (3)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
57
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Appendix C
Product Name*
Report on the
Uncertainty of the QSAR
Model's Application to
Chemicals Without
Empirical Data
Decision Trees for
Contamination Event
Response
Consequence
Management Protocol for
Addressing Threats and
Attacks on Drinking
Water Supplies and
Systems
Product
Type
Document
Document
Document
Related
Projects**
3.6.C.2
3.6.3.1
3.6.3.4
3.6.(l.1
3.6.d.2
3.6.(l.3
3.6.d.1
Anticipated Users
Federal agencies
State and local health
and environmental reg-
ulatory agencies
Risk assessors
Decontamination
planners
Water utilities
Emergency responders
Federal agencies
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Risk assessors
Decontamination
planners
Water utilities
Emergency responders
Federal agencies
State and local health
and environmental reg-
ulatory agencies
Risk assessors
Decontamination
planners
Water utilities
Emergency responders
Product
Partner(s)
N/A
N/A
N/A
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (3)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (2)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (2)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
58
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
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Appendix C
Product Name*
Product
Type
Related
Projects**
Anticipated Users
Product
Partner(s)
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
4.0 Wastewater Treatment and Collection Infrastructure Projects
Resource Document on
the Efficacy of Treatment
Methods for a Variety of
Contaminants
Guidance Manual for
Expert Detection System
Report Documenting the
New SewerNet and
PipelineNet Module
Development Activities,
Findings, and
Recommendations
Documents)
Document
Document,
model
4.0.b.2
3.2.b.1
4.0.b.1
4.0.C.2
4.0.C.3
4.0.C.4
Federal agencies
Drinking water and
wastewater utilities
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Federal agencies
Wastewater utilities
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Federal agencies
Wastewater utilities
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water Environment
Research Foundation
(WERF)
N/A
Water Environment
Research Foundation
(WERF)
BioterrorismActof2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (3) and (a) (6)
HSPD-7 Critical Infrastructure
Identification, Prioritization,
and Protection
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
BioterrorismActof2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (3) and (a) (6)
HSPD-7 Critical Infrastructure
Identification, Prioritization,
and Protection
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (3) and (a) (6)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
59
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Appendix D
Appendix D—Acronyms
AMWA Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies
ANL Argonne National Laboratory
APHL Association of Public Health Laboratories
ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers
ASTHO Association of State and Territorial Health Officials
AWWA American Water Works Association
AwwaRF American Water Works Association Research Foundation
BAT best available technology
CCL contaminant candidate list
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
DCMD Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
DHS Department of Homeland Security
DoD Department of Defense
DOE Department of Energy
DSRC Distribution System Research Consortium
ECBC U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
ERP Emergency Response Plan
EWS Emergency Warning System
ETV Environmental Technology Verification
FAC free available chlorine
FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
FERN Food Emergency Response Network
HSPD Homeland Security Presidential Directive
JSAWM Joint Service Agent Water Monitor
LD50 lethal dose 50 (dose causing death in 50 percent of exposed animals)
LRN Laboratory Response Network
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
NACWA National Association of Clean Water Agencies, formerly Association of
Metropolitan Sewerage Agencies (AMSA)
NAVSEA Department of the Navy
NEMI National Environmental Methods Index
NHSRC National Homeland Security Research Center
60
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
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Appendix D
NIPP National Infrastructure Protection Plan
NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology
NRC National Research Council
OCMS online contaminant monitoring system
ORD EPA Office of Research and Development
OW EPA Office of Water
PCR polymerase chain reaction
POU/POE point-of-use/point-of-entry
QSAR Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship
RAM-W Risk Assessment Methodology for Water Utilities
ROD radiological dispersal device
RPTB Response Protocol Toolbox
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SNL Sandia National Laboratories
TCAD Threat and Consequence Assessment Division
TEVA Threat Ensemble Vulnerability Assessment
TTEP Technology Testing and Evaluation Program
USAGE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture
USGS U.S. Geological Survey
VSAT™ Vulnerability Self Assessment Tool
WaterSC Water Security Channel
WCIT Water Contaminant Information Tool
WEE Water Environment Federation
WERE Water Environment Research Foundation
WIPD Water Infrastructure Protection Division
WSD Water Security Division
WSTB Water Science and Technology Board
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
61
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Notes
62
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
-------
-------
&EFA
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Office of Water
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
(163)
Washington, DC 20460
www.epa.gov/nhsrc
www.epa.gov/safewater/security
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use $300
EPA600-R-05-104
September 2005
Recycled/Recyclable—Printed with Vegetable Oil Based Inks on 100%
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