EWa
      The Water Security Research
      and Technical Support Action Plan
      Progress Report for 2005
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                                                         Contents
                                  Contents
        About This Document	1
        Section I:    Executive Summary	2
        Section II:    Background	4
        Section III:   Accomplishments to Date	8
        Section IV:   Products in Development	16
        Section V:    Next Steps	32

        Appendices
        Appendix A:  Tier 1 Products for Enhanced Security of Drinking Water and Wastewater Systems
                   (Completed)	34
        Appendix B:  Tier 1 Products to Enhance the Security of Drinking Water and
                   Wastewater Systems (In Development)	38
        Appendix C:  Tier 2 Products to Enhance the Security of Drinking Water and
                   Wastewater Systems	48
        Appendix D:  Acronyms	60
        Ajoint publication of EPA's National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC) and Water Security Division (WSD)
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005

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                                This  Document
     his report describes progress on issues set forth in the U.S.  Environmental Protection
     Agency's (EPA's) Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan (Action
     Plan). EPA collaborated with many stakeholders in developing the Action Plan, which
identifies research and technical support needs to ensure the security of the nation's water
infrastructure. (It should be noted that, for the purposes of this document, the term "water,"
as it applies to the water infrastructure, encompasses both drinking water and wastewater.)
   EPA has initiated more than 100 projects to meet the needs listed in the Action Plan.
These projects will result in a number of important products—including voluntary guidelines,
protocols, technologies, software, training,  handbooks, and other scientific and technical
tools—to improve the nation's capabilities in preventing and responding to a water security
threat or incident.
     Section I, Executive Summary, provides an overview of the progress made to date.
     Section II, Background, describes EPA's role in water security and the development
     of the Action Plan.
     Section III, Accomplishments to Date, summarizes the technical support and
     research products currently completed.
     Section IV, Products  in Development, describes the high-priority, "Tier 1" technical
     support and research products in development. Tier 1  products are the highest-priority
     research products identified in the Action Plan and are of interest to a diverse group of
     stakeholders.
     Section V, Next Steps, describes additional collaborative efforts under way to further
     address the needs identified in the Action Plan.
     Appendices to this report include tables that summarize  the status of all  technical
     support and research products.  Appendix A addresses completed Tier 1 products, and
     Appendix B describes Tier 1 products still in development. Appendix C focuses on Tier
     2 products, which are of interest to smaller, specialized groups of stakeholders and  are
     not described in detail  in this  report. Appendix D lists acronyms used in this report.

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      Since the events of September 11,  2001, improving the security of our nation's drinking
      water and wastewater infrastructure has become a top priority. The U.S.  Environmental
      Protection Agency  (EPA) plays a critical role in this effort as the federal agency lead for
water security.
     March 2004, EPA released the peer-reviewed  Water Security Research and Technical
Support Action Plan (Action Plan), which identified important issues for the drinking water and
wastewater industries,  outlined research and technical support needs to address those issues, and
presented a list of projects to be  undertaken in response to  the identified needs. This document
         the progress in addressing the issues identified in  the Action  Plan.
         	^
    he National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC) in the Office of Research and
     lopment (ORD) and the Water Security Division (WSD)  in the Office of Water (OW) led the
development of the Action Plan, which mobilized a wide range of partners (see sidebar, page 3).
     g the development of the Action Plan, these partners helped identify critical technical sup-
     and research projects needed to ensure the security of  the nation's drinking water and waste-
     systems. These needs form the core of the Action Plan. The various partnerships initiated by
EPA will continue to be of critical importance as the Action Plan is implemented and  updated.
ater
   The completion of the Action Plan marked a major step towards developing a comprehensive
research strategy to protect the country's water infrastructure.  Much has been accomplished since
the release of the Action Plan. Partners have joined together to address the multiple concerns fac-
ing the nation's water sector. EPA has also put into place contracts, interagency agreements, and
memoranda of understanding with organizations to conduct research studies, create standard
operating  procedures and protocols, and develop new technologies and tools to enhance water
security (see Figure 1 on page 3 for the breakdown and status of EPA's Tier 1 and Tier 2 techni-
cal support and research projects).
   A number of key technical and research products  have  already been completed:
   •   Reports describing the most likely physical,  electronic or cyber, and contamination  threats
       to the nation's drinking water and wastewater systems.
       Updates of software tools and training to help water facilities conduct vulnerability assess-
       ments of their systems.
       Guidance, decision trees, protocols, and methodical approaches for responding to con-
       tamination threats and incidents.
   •   Procedures for handling and processing emergency water samples suspected of contami-
       nation  with a known  or unknown chemical  or biological material.
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                                                                              Section I: Executive Summary
         A series of guides that describe products available for
         enhancing communication, physical security, electronic
         security, and water monitoring.
         A compendium of environmental laboratories nationwide
         that could assist water utilities and government agencies
         respond to contamination threats, terrorist attacks, or natu-
         ral disasters.
    •    Studies to determine the inactivation/removal capabilities of
         boiling and chlorination on pathogens.
    •    Evaluations and verifications of technologies related to con-
         tamination detection systems, point-of-use (POU) drinking
         water treatment, and wastewater  treatment.
    The  completion of the remaining projects set forth in the Action
 Plan will result in  the development of valuable tools in the areas of
 physical and cyber infrastructure protection; contamination identifi-
 cation;  monitoring and analysis; treatment, decontamination, and
 disposal;  contingency planning; infrastructure interdependencies;
 and risk assessment and communication.

Figure 1. Breakdown and  Status of EPA's Tier 1 and Tier 2
   Technical  Support and Research Projects Enhancing
    Drinking Water and Wastewater System Security
                                           • Completed Tier 1
                                             Products (18)
                                           • Tier 1 Products in
                                             Development (38)
                                           • Tier 2 Products (43)
    Collectively, these products will enhance the capabilities of the
 many parties involved in protecting the nation's water assets,
 including drinking water and wastewater facility operators and
 managers; homeland security and law enforcement officials; public
 health officials and organizations; laboratories with water testing
 capabilities; state, regional, and local response organizations; fed-
 eral  agencies  and departments; academia and consulting firms;
 vendors; and elected officials and the public.
Partnering for Water
Security Research

From preparation of the Action Plan
through the research, development,
review, and distribution of water secu-
rity projects and products, partner-
ships are critical to ensuring the safety
of the nation's water infrastructure.
EPA has established relationships with
many organizations in order to
address the needs of the Action Plan.
The following is a sampling of the
many partners involved:
   American Society of Civil Engineers
   (ASCE)
   American Water Works Association
   (AWWA)
   American Water Works Association
   Research Foundation (AwwaRF)
   Association of Metropolitan
   Water Agencies (AMWA)
   Association of Public Health
   Laboratories (APHL)
   Association of State and Territorial
   Health Officials (ASTHO)
   Centers for Disease Control and
   Prevention (CDC)
   Department of Energy (DOE)
   National Laboratories
   Department of Homeland Security
   (DHS)
   Department of the Navy (NAVSEA)
   National Association of Clean
   Water Agencies (NACWA), for-
   merly Association of Metropolitan
   Sewerage Agencies (AMSA)
   National Institute of Standards and
   Technology (NIST)
   National Research Council  (NRC)
   U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
   (USAGE)
   U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical
   Biological Center (ECBC)
   U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
   Water Environment Federation
   (WEF)
   Water Environment Research
   Foundation (WERF)
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                                                                                      J
                       Section
                                                  round
     The terrorist attacks on the Pentagon and World Trade Center and subsequent delivery
     of anthrax-contaminated letters in Washington, D.C., have changed the way the nation
     thinks about threats to national security. As the federal government reviewed its security
priorities, the need to protect the country's critical infrastructures has come to the fore. The
U.S. water system is widely recognized as one of the safest in the world, providing millions of
Americans with clean, affordable water. As a critical infrastructure, however, water systems
can be subject to threats and intentional attacks and must be protected.
EPA's Expanded Role
   The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) traditional mission of "protecting
human health and the environment" has been broadened to include responsibility for protect-
ing the United States against the environmental and health consequences of terrorist acts.
The President's National Strategy for Homeland Security, published in July 2002, established
priorities and direction for securing the nation's water infrastructure. In December 2003,
Homeland Security Presidential Directive-7 (HSPD-7) designated EPA as the sector-specific
lead agency for water  infrastructure.
   To address the Agency's water security mandate, EPA's Office of Water (OW) created the
Water Protection Task Force, which was formally organized as the Water Security Division
(WSD) in August 2003. WSD provides national leadership in developing and promoting
security programs that enhance the water sector's ability to prevent, detect, respond to, and
recover from potential terrorist or other intentional attacks. WSD provides the water industries
with information on  best security practices and assists them in developing vulnerability assess-
ments and incorporating security enhancements into day-to-day operations. WSD also devel-
ops emergency response systems and tools, provides technical and financial support, and
establishes information exchange mechanisms to assist members of the water industry.
   EPA established the National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC) in September
    2002. NHSRC  became a permanent part of the Agency's Office of Research and
        Development (ORD) in December 2004. NHSRC is tasked with conducting research to
         provide information, tools, and guidelines that help decisionmakers adequately pre-
          pare for, detect, contain, and decontaminate chemical, biological, and radiological
           attacks on the United States. Within NHSRC, the Water Infrastructure Protection
          Division  (WIPD) conducts research and reports on ways to protect the nation's water
          infrastructure. WIPD provides its products to water security stakeholders through
         close  interaction with WSD, other Agency offices, and the 10 EPA regions.
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                                                                                       jection II: Background
   EPA's Statutory Authority

   The Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and
   Response Act (the Bioterrorism Act) of 2002 provides the
   legislative mandate for EPA's water security work.

   EPA's responsibilities under the Bioterrorism Act include:

   •  Section 1433: Terrorist and Other Intentional
     Acts. Requires EPA to provide information on poten-
     tial adversarial actions that could threaten water sup-
     ply systems and provide strategies and responses that
     utilities could consider while conducting vulnerability
     assessments of their systems.

   •  Section 1434: Contaminant Prevention, Detection, and
     Response. Directs EPA to review methods to prevent, detect,
     and respond to the intentional contamination of water systems, includ-
     ing a review of equipment, early warning notification systems, awareness programs, distribution
     systems, treatment technologies, and biomedical research.

   •  Section 1435: Supply Disruption Prevention, Detection, and Response. Requires EPA to
     review methods by which the water system and all its parts could be intentionally disrupted or
     rendered ineffective or unsafe, including methods to interrupt the physical infrastructure,
     computer infrastructure, and treatment process.

   Several Homeland Security Presidential Directives (HSPDs) have also helped define EPA's homeland
   security role:

   •  HSPD-7, Critical Infrastructure  Identification, Prioritization, and Protection, designates
     EPA as the sector-specific lead agency for critical water infrastructure.

   •  HSPD-9, Defense of United States Agriculture and Food, directs EPA to develop a robust,
     comprehensive, and fully coordinated surveillance and monitoring program to provide early
     detection of biological, chemical, or radiological contaminants. HSPD-9 also requires EPA to
     develop a nationwide laboratory network to support the routine monitoring and response
     requirements of the surveillance program.

   •  HSPD-10, Biodefense in the 21st Century, currently a classified document, reaffirms EPA's
     responsibilities under HSPD-9 while adding a directive regarding the Agency's  responsibilities
     during decontamination efforts.


The Action Plan

   To better identify, understand, and address the  potential threats facing water infrastructure
in the  United States, NHSRC and WSD developed the Water Security Research and Technical
Support Action Plan (Action  Plan). Released in March 2004, the Action Plan  addresses drink-
ing water supply, water treatment, finished water storage, and drinking water distribution
infrastructure. It also addresses wastewater treatment and collection  infrastructure, including
sanitary and  storm sewers and combined sanitary/storm sewer systems, wastewater  treatment,
and treated wastewater discharges.
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      Section  II:  Background
   The Action Plan identifies seven major needs:

   1.   Protecting  physical and cyber infrastructure.

   2.   Identifying drinking water contaminants.

   3.   Improving analytical methodologies and monitoring systems for drinking water.

   4.   Containing, treating, decontaminating, and disposing of contaminated water and
       materials.

   5.   Planning for contingencies and addressing infrastructure interdependencies.

   6.   Targeting impacts on human health and informing the public about risks.

   7.   Protecting  wastewater treatment and collection systems.

   To ensure that all avenues were explored in identifying water security needs and potential
projects,  several EPA offices and a number of stakeholders collaborated in the development
of the Action Plan. These stakeholders included drinking water and wastewater industry pro-
fessionals, government agencies, homeland security experts, academics, and consultants.

   Development of the Action Plan commenced in November 2002, when EPA convened a
meeting of federal partners and water utility representatives in Cincinnati, Ohio, to discuss
and refine water security issues and needs.  Based on the results of that meeting, the Action
Plan was drafted and presented for review at the Water Security Stakeholders Meeting, held in
February 2003 in  Washington,  D.C.
    National Homeland Security
    Research Center

    In September 2002, EPA announced the creation of a program for
    Homeland Security Research within the Agency's Office of Research
    and Development (ORD). The National Homeland Security
    Research Center (NHSRC) is headquartered at EPA's Andrew W.
    Breidenbach  Environmental Research Center in Cincinnati, Ohio, and also maintains offices at EPA
    headquarters in Washington, D.C., and in EPA's Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, facility.

    NHSRC is now a permanent component of ORD, and is organized into three divisions, each of
    which focuses on a specific area of homeland security research. The three divisions are:

    •  Water Infrastructure Protection Division (WIPD)
    •  Threat and Consequence Assessment Division  (TCAD)
    •  Decontamination and Consequence Management Division (DCMD)

    WIPD is the primary driver of research efforts being conducted under the Action Plan.The divi-
    sion focuses  on water supply, treatment, and distribution infrastructures in U.S. communities and
    conducts research concerning contaminant detection and characterization; emergency response
    and mitigation; and prevention and security.The division also addresses wastewater treatment
    and collection infrastructure, including collection (sanitary and storm sewers, or combined sani-
    tary/storm sewer systems) and impacts on receiving waters such as rivers, estuaries, and lakes.
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                                                      Section II: Background
   Additional needs and projects proposed for inclusion at this meeting were added to the
Peer Review Draft of the Action Plan. This draft was presented to an independent peer review
panel in two meetings with the National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academies.
EPA addressed the comments received from the review panel and incorporated the majority
of them into the Action Plan. In addition to NRC review,  EPA collaborated with the Water
Environment Research Foundation (WERE) to conduct a wastewater security symposium in
August 2003.  Symposium participants identified needs and projects for inclusion in the
Action Plan.
Product Use and Availability
   More than 100 projects have been initiated to address the needs listed in the Action Plan.
Various EPA offices, stakeholders, and federal organizations are leading different projects and
assisting in the implementation of the Action Plan. Information and products resulting from these
projects will be widely disseminated to interested stakeholder groups through documents; data-
bases; Web sites; scientific and technical journals; and symposia, workshops, and conferences.
   Stakeholders will be able to use the information gathered and products developed through
the Action Plan to make more informed decisions regarding prevention, preparedness,
response, and recovery in case of a threat or actual attack on the water sector. These users
include water industry representatives; public health officials and organizations; laboratories
with water testing capabilities; state, regional, and local response organizations; federal
agencies and departments; state environmental agencies; academia and consulting firms;
vendors; and elected officials and the public.
   Certain products contain sensitive material and require distribution through secure or limit-
ed-access information exchanges. In November 2004, the National Association of Clean
Water Agencies (NACWA) developed the Water Security Channel (WaterSC) for distributing
sensitive material. For more information about WaterSC, visit .
   A listing of publicly available NHSRC research
products  is available through the NHSRC Web site at
.
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                       Puon
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   In collaboration with the drinking water and wastewater community, federal part-
   ners, and other stakeholders, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has made
   significant progress in addressing the needs identified in the Action Plan. The Agency has
developed guidance and training, created new analytical tools, and conducted important
research to improve the security of the nation's water infrastructure and emergency response
capabilities. A number of high-priority technical support and research products have been
completed, as described on the following pages. A summary of these projects and more
information on accessing these products is presented in Appendix A.

Threat Scenarios for Water Systems Report
(Classified)
   EPA has developed a report ranking the most likely physical, cyber, and contamination
threats to drinking water systems. This information will inform a number of other projects in
the Action Plan, and more generally, the federal homeland security community. To develop
the report, EPA first created a list of potential threat scenarios relevant to drinking water and
wastewater systems. Building from other EPA efforts to rank and prioritize threats to human
health, EPA developed a risk-based methodology to screen out unlikely or low-impact scenar-
ios. The methodology ranked threat scenarios according to their feasibility, availability of
materials, public health, economic, and environmental impacts. The report was reviewed by
all program offices in EPA before being finalized. The report has been classified.

   Wastewater Baseline Threat Document
     (Classified)
         Under this project, EPA worked with the Water Environment Federation (WEE) to
       identify and prioritize potential physical, cyber, and contamination (e.g. biological,
        chemical, radiological) threats and threat scenarios for the nation's wastewater
         treatment and collection  infrastructure, including consequence analysis of adverse
         events. This document can  help wastewater system managers:
         •  Understand potential vulnerabilities of their systems
            Understand potential threats to their systems
            Identify approaches for risk-based vulnerability assessments of their assets
         •  Understand the planning steps needed to perform a vulnerability assessment
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                                                                         Section II: Accomplishments
Methodologies and Tools for Conducting Vulnerability Assessments
   The 2002 Bioterrorism Act mandates that all community water systems serving more than
3,300 people conduct vulnerability assessments to evaluate their susceptibility to potential
threats and identify risk reduction measures. The law also requires that EPA develop guidance
for small systems serving less than 3,300 people. Under the Action Plan, EPA has supported
the development of new methodologies and training for assessing  vulnerabilities to drinking
water, combined drinking water/wastewater, and wastewater systems. EPA and its project part-
ners  have performed  modifications and enhancements to the following two tools:

   Risk Assessment Methodology for Water Utilities (RAM-WSM)
   (Publicly available at  under Vulnerability Assessments)
   While a number of security risk assessment procedures and tools are now available, many
utilities are using a tool known as the Risk Assessment Methodology for Water Utilities
(RAM-WSM). With EPA support, the American Water Works Association  Research  Foundation
(AwwaRF) and the Department of Energy's Sandia  National Laboratories (SNL) developed
RAM-WSM and conducted extensive training on the tool for thousands of water utility partici-
pants. RAM-WSM and  other vulnerability assessment tools can help  water utilities identify and
prioritize threats, determine critical assets that could be subject to terrorism or other harmful
acts, assess the  likelihood of such an event occurring,  evaluate countermeasures, and devel-
op a plan for reducing risks.  RAM-WSM is  available only to relevant stakeholders in the water
supply community, such as personnel at drinking water utilities; consulting engineers working
for drinking water systems; state drinking  water program regulatory personnel; and others
providing security for drinking water utilities.

   Vulnerability Self Assessment Tool (VSAT™ ) - Version 3.1
   (Publicly available at  under Vulnerability Assessments)
   With support from EPA,  the  National Association of Clean Water Agencies (NACWA)
developed new software to help water  utilities create, update, or revise their vulnerability
assessments.  The Vulnerability Self Assessment Tool (VSAT™) Version 3.1 enables users to
assess a complete range of utility assets and offers significant upgrades, including new infor-
mation on threats and countermeasures,  an improved vulnerability evaluation method, and  a
new  "expert  mode" that makes the review and update of analysis easier. The Emergency
Response Plan (ERP) module  included in VSAT™ Version 3.1 has been enhanced for both
drinking water and combined drinking water/wastewater systems. NACWA is collaborating
with  the Water Environment Research  Foundation (WERF) to make  a similar ERP module
available for wastewater utilities.
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                     Section  III: Accomplishments
Interim Guidance and Voluntary Design Standards to Improve Security at
Drinking Water and Wastewater and Stormwater Facilities
(Publicly available at )
   To improve security at the nation's water utilities, EPA established a cooperative agreement
with the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), the American Water Works Association
(AWWA), and the Water Environment Federation (WEE) to develop guidance and voluntary
design standards. To date, the project partners have completed three interim documents, as
described as follows. EPA and  its partners are continuing to develop additional guidance (see
page  1 7).

   Interim Voluntary Guidelines for Designing an Online Contaminant Monitoring System
   (OCMS)
   Many water utility operators have identified timely contaminant monitoring as an  important
element in risk management. This document provides the water infrastructure community with
important guidance for the design and implementation of an online contaminant monitoring
system (OCMS). The report addresses numerous key issues concerning OCMS development:
   •   OCMS development rationale
   •   Detection, concentration, and identification of contaminants
       Instrument and platform selection and siting
       Data analysis and model use
       Communication system design
       Contamination event response
   •   Connection to  existing surveillance systems
   •   System operations, maintenance, and upgrades

   Interim Voluntary Security Guidance for Water Utilities
   This document provides water utilities with guidance on designing new facilities and retro-
fitting existing ones to enhance security and reduce risks to  the public water supply. The guid-
ance emphasizes facility management, operations, and design considerations that can facili-
tate the installation and upgrade of physical security systems. The document also provides
guidance on enhancing cyber  security, selecting the optimal equipment, and developing an
emergency response plan.

   Interim Voluntary Security Guidance for Wastewater/Stormwater Utilities
   This guidance document is intended for wastewater utilities that have completed a vulnerabil-
ity assessment and are seeking  methods for improving system security. While the guidance is pri-
marily focused on design considerations for wastewater and stormwater systems, it also provides
important information on management and operational practices that can be implemented
without major capital investment. The report also provides initial guidance for enhancing cyber
security, installing electronic security devices, and developing an emergency response plan.

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                                                   Section  III: Accomplishments
Response Protocol Toolbox (RPTB)
(Publicly available at  under
Emergency/Incident Planning)
   The Response Protocol Toolbox (RPTB) is a comprehensive planning
tool that includes decision trees, protocols, and analytical and methodi-
cal approaches to help drinking water utilities,  laboratories, emergency
responders, state drinking water programs, technical assistance providers,
and public health and law enforcement officials effectively and appropri-
ately plan for and respond to contamination threats and incidents.
   The RPTB contains six interrelated modules:
   1.  Water Utility Planning Guide. Module 1 provides a brief discussion of the nature of
       the contamination threat to the public water safety. It also describes planning activities
       that utilities can take to effectively manage contamination threats and incidents.
   2.  Contamination  Threat Management Guide. Module 2 provides a framework for
       evaluating a water contamination threat. It also describes information that could be
       useful for conducting a threat evaluation and describes actions that could be taken in
       response to a threat.
   3.  Site Characterization and Sampling Guide. Site characterization is defined as the
       process of collecting information from the site of a suspected contamination incident at
       a drinking water system. Module 3 presents  protocols and procedures for site charac-
       terization activities.
   4.  Analytical Guide.  Module 4 presents approaches and procedures for analysis of
       water samples that can be collected from the site of a suspected contamination inci-
       dent.  It also describes special laboratory considerations for handling and processing
       the samples.
   5.  Public Health Response Guide. Module 5  deals with public health response meas-
       ures that could be used to minimize public exposure to potentially contaminated water.
       It examines the role of the water utility during a public health response action, as well
       as the interactions between the utility  and other organizations and officials involved in
       making public health decisions. Public notification strategies and alternative water sup-
       ply issues also are discussed.
   6.  Remediation and Recovery Guide.  Following a confirmed water contamination  inci-
       dent,  it will be necessary to remediate the system and demonstrate that the system has
       been successfully restored prior to resuming normal operation. Module 6 describes
       the planning and implementation of remediation and recovery activities.
   The toolbox will be updated periodically, and additional products
toolbox over time.
be added to the
   A laboratory drill was conducted in 2003 to assess the responsiveness of laboratories to
Module 4. Because each laboratory's approach is developed based on existing laboratory
methodologies and infrastructure, the drill was designed to be a test of laboratory responsive-
ness, similar to that required in an emergency situation.

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                     Section III:  Accomplishments
                   Security Product Guides
                   (Publicly available at )
                      EPA has developed a series of Security Product Guides to provide information on products
                   that are available to enhance:
                          Communication/integration, such as electronic sensors and Supervisory Control
                          and Data Acquisition  (SCADA) systems.
                          Physical security, such as card identification and biometric security systems, fences,
                          gates, and manhole locks, to prevent or delay unauthorized entry into buildings or
                          pipe systems.
                      •   Electronic or cyber security, such as computer firewalls, anti-virus software,  and
                          remote monitoring systems.
                          Water monitoring, such as water quality sensors, biological sensors, chemical sen-
                          sors,  and radiation detection equipment, which can identify anomalies that pose a
                          threat in raw water, process streams, finished water, and influent/effluent wastewater.
                      The products described in these guides are applicable to distribution systems, wastewater
                   collection systems, pumping stations, treatment processes, main plant and remote sites, per-
                   sonnel entry,  chemical delivery and storage, SCADA, and control systems for water and waste-
                   water treatment systems. EPA will  regularly update these guides, and develop additional guides
                   as  needed, to ensure the  most recent information on security technologies is available. The
                   inclusion of specific products in the guide does not signify endorsement by EPA.

                   Environmental Laboratory Compendium
                   (Restricted access available at )
                      EPA developed a compendium of environmental laboratories nationwide that could assist
                   water utilities and government agencies in responding to contamination threats, terrorist
                   attacks, or natural disasters. The compendium is a live, secure, searchable database that
                   contains each laboratory's specific capabilities to analyze chemical and biological analytes,
                   radiochemical agents, and contaminants associated with chemical warfare and bioterrorism.
                   Users must be registered  in order to access the database.
                      One of the compendium's special features is a "water view," which allows users to directly
                   access  laboratories that possess water analysis capabilities. Specific information listed
                   includes the laboratory's  location, contact information, capabilities, and instrumentation.
                   Gaps and vulnerabilities  in the current laboratory analytical support area have also been
                   identified, and recommendations for addressing these gaps will  be integrated into existing
                   and future projects.
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                                                  Section III: Accomplishments
Inactivation/Removal Capabilities of Treatment and  Disinfection Technologies
for Biological Contaminants
(Publicly available at )
   EPA conducted a study to determine the capabilities of technologies for effectively inactivat-
ing various strains of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis). The study's results were published in the
October 2004 edition of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) Emerging
Infectious Diseases, a peer-reviewed journal that tracks and analyzes disease trends.

Effectiveness of Chlorination on Vegetative and Spore Forms of Bacterial
Bioterrorist Agents
(Abstract is publicly available at
)
   In a recently completed study, EPA and CDC determined
that select bacterial bioterrorist agents can be effectively inacti-
vated through exposure to free available chlorine (FAC).
Researchers exposed both vegetative cells (Brucella melitensis,
Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Francisella
tularensis, and Yersinia pestis) and spore forms  (Bacillus
anthracis) to varying concentrations of FAC. The team also var-
ied exposure times and  temperature to determine the most
effective parameters for inactivation. A summary of the study
and detailed results were published in the January 2005 edition of Applied and
Environmental Microbiology, a peer-reviewed journal that highlights research findings appli-
cable to the development of new processes or products. Additional ongoing research on
inactivation and disinfection through chlorination  is discussed  on page 23.

Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Program: Water Supply Systems,
Point-of-Use (POU) Treatment, and Wastewater Treatment
(Publicly available at )
   EPA's Environmental  Technology Verification  (ETV) Program focuses on verifying effective
technologies that can be used by water utility operators to monitor, detect, and treat chemical
or biological contaminants introduced into a water system. ETV targets technologies related
to three sections of the water usage cycle: water supply systems, point-of-use (POU) treat-
ment, and wastewater treatment. ETV has evaluated and tested a number of technologies, as
described as follows.

   Immunoassay Test Kits for Pathogens and Biotoxins
   Four immunoassay test kits for pathogens and  biotoxins have been tested. These portable
technologies allow water utility operators to conduct onsite testing for anthrax, botulinum
toxin, and ricin contamination. Test results, which  are available in a matter of minutes, are
read using immunochromatographic or photometric devices.
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                      Portable Cyanide Analyzers
                      Six monitoring technologies to rapidly detect the presence and concentration of cyanide in
                   water have also been verified. One of the technologies is a colorimetric test that uses a pho-
                   tometer to measure cyanide contamination, while two others use portable colorimeters to gen-
                   erate results. The remaining three technologies rely on solid sensing elements.

                      Rapid Toxicity Testing Systems
                      ETV has verified the performance of eight rapid toxicity testing systems. Six of the tested
                   technologies rely on luminescent microorganisms to measure toxicity. A seventh technology
                   measures the respiration rates of small  crustaceans to measure contamination, while the
                   eighth system relies on chemiluminescence to quantitatively assess water samples.

                      Rapid Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Technologies
                      Three rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technologies have been  recently evaluated.
                   One technology is an integrated system that includes PCR chemistry, instrumentation,  and
                   data analysis software for the detection of Eschericia coll (E. coli). The provided software
                   offers both a real-time  and endpoint assay for PCR and data analysis. A second technology—
                   also a three-part system—allows for the timely detection of Francisella tularensis (F. tularen-
                   sis),  Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis),  Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis), Brucella suis (B. suis), and E.
                   coli, as well as a number of biowarfare agents, including plague, salmonella, and botulism.
                   A third technology is a multiplex system capable of detecting F. tularensis,  Y. pestis, B.
                   anthracis, and smallpox in individual  endpoint assays.

                      Reverse Osmosis Point-of-Use (POU) Devices
                      For POU  treatment, investigators evaluated three processes that use combinations of
                   reverse osmosis and filtration to remove sediments, contaminants, and tastes and odors from
                   drinking water. During a three or five-phase  process, depending on the technology selected,
                   inlet water passes through a series of reverse-osmosis membranes and carbon blocks or filters.

                      Decontamination Wastewater Treatment  Technologies
                      The ETV program has verified the performance of an easily portable, self-contained
                   wastewater treatment system to decontaminate water and wastes generated during the
                   cleanup of buildings and structures contaminated with  biological or chemical agents.
14
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                                                   Section III: Accomplishments
EPA's Technology Testing Programs

In 1995, EPA launched the Environmental Technology
Verification (ETV) Program to develop testing protocols
and verify the performance of innovative technologies that
have the potential to improve protection of human health
and the environment. ETV was created to accelerate the
entrance of new environmental technologies into the domes-
tic and international marketplace. ETV operates through pub-
lic/private testing partnerships and input is provided by the active
involvement of stakeholder groups. All test/quality assurance  plans and
protocols are developed with the participation of technical experts, stakeholders, and ven-
dors. In 2001, ETV's traditional  role was expanded to test and verify homeland security
technologies.

In 2004, NHSRC began a new program, the Technology Testing and Evaluation Program
(TTEP),to provide reliable information regarding  the performance of homeland security
related technologies. TTEP is an offshoot of the ETV Program, but differs in that it is not
based on voluntary vendor participation and that it compares the  performance of similar
technologies. TTEP is based on user needs, and the selection and prioritization of tech-
nologies evaluated is made with stakeholder input.

In 2003-2004, ETV verified 40 monitoring and treatment technologies relevant for water
security. In 2005, an additional 20 homeland security verifications are expected.This will
complete ETV verification of homeland security technologies, and further work will con-
tinue under TTEP.

Reports of testing  performed under the ETV and TTEP programs can be found under the
"Publications" section of the NHSRC  Web site at . A fact sheet providing additional  information  on TTEP  is also
available under the "Publications" section of the NHSRC Web site.
         Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
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                               ection   IV:
                                      rod
                                  in    Dev
  'IS!
ent
                       As described in Section III of this report, a
                       significant amount of work has been accom-
                       plished in a short time, and many high-priority
                 technical support and research products are com-
                 plete. At the same time, a number of other activities
                 outlined in the Action Plan are still in progress. Some
                 products are nearing completion; others will require
                 more time. The body of research currently under way
                 will result in additional guidance, tools, and improve-
                 ments to safeguard the nation's water infrastructure.

                   This section of the report describes "Tier 1  prod-
                 ucts," which are the products of the  Action Plan's
                 highest-priority research projects. These high-priority
                 products, currently in development, are of interest to
                 a diverse group of stakeholders.  Appendix B provides
                        a summary listing of these  products.  "Tier 2
                            products," which are of interest to
                                smaller, specialized groups of stake-
                                holders, are not described in detail
                                in this report, but are summarized
                                in Appendix C.
Addressing Stakeholder
Needs
The Tier 1 products discussed in this
section are organized by the following
needs, which were outlined in the
2004 Water Security Research and
Technical Support Action Plan:
1. Protecting drinking water systems
  from physical and cyber threats.
2. Identifying drinking water threats,
  contaminants, and threat scenarios.
3. Improving analytical methodologies
  and  monitoring systems for drinking
  water.
4. Containing, treating, decontaminating,
  and  disposing of contaminated water
  and  materials.
5. Planning for contingencies and
  addressing infrastructure interdepen-
  dences.
6. Targeting  impacts on human health
  and  informing the public about risks.
7. Protecting wastewater treatment and
  collection systems.
A final need, Implementing the Action
Plan, is  addressed on pages 32-33 of this
report.
16
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Protecting Drinking Water Systems from
Physical  and  Cyber Threats
Water systems are vulnerable to physical attacks that can compromise
the quantity and quality of a community's drinking water, as well as elec-
tronic or cyber attacks that can disrupt a system's computer operations.
Physical threats include disruptions to water supply, treatment plants, stor-
age facilities, and distribution systems. Cyber threats include attacks
against computers, networks, and information stored in them, such as
intrusion by hackers into a plant's system. Computer attacks could alter
water quality or flow, disrupt plant operations, or release or prevent the
release of chemicals that are stored, generated, or used on site.

Guidance and Voluntary Design Standards to Improve
Security at  Drinking  Water and Wastewater and
Stormwater Facilities
Supervisory Control  and
Data Acquisition
(SCADA) Systems

Many drinking water and wastewater
facilities use Supervisory Control and
Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems to
integrate the monitoring of various facili-
ty operations into a central processing
center. With the help of remote sensors
and alarms located throughout a facility
system (e.g., at pump houses, reservoirs,
and water tanks), SCADA systems can
help detect atypical or abnormal water
quality conditions  in real-time.These sys-
tems also can be programmed to
respond to changes in system parame-
ters, either by performing automated
actions (such as adding chlorine to a
drinking water system in response to low
residual chlorine levels), or by sounding
an  alarm, which can alert operators and
allow them to respond manually.
   In partnership with the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE),
the American Water Works Association (AWWA), and the Water
Environment Federation (WEE), the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) is developing guidance and voluntary design standards
for reducing risks to the drinking water, wastewater, and stormwater infrastructure arising from
both malevolent and natural occurrences. Information on a full spectrum of potential solutions
is being addressed, including retrofits, operational and management practices, and new design
features. The standards are placing special emphasis on multiple benefits (in addition to security
benefits) to increase the cost-effectiveness of design enhancements. The completion of these
standards  involves three phases:

       Phase I - Development of pre-standards guidance documents

       Phase II - Preparation of training materials

       Phase III  - Development,  vetting, and acceptance of appropriate standards

   To date, Phase I has been completed for three different standards (see page 10 for a
more detailed description of these products).

Guidance on Protecting Drinking Water and Wastewater Facilities from Blasts
   EPA is working in collaboration with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE) - Engineer
Research and  Development Center to develop a methodology for drinking water and waste-
water utilities to assess their vulnerability to blasts from explosive devices that could severely
damage their facilities and disrupt operations. The methodology, which will be compatible
with existing vulnerability assessment approaches currently used by drinking water and waste-
water utilities, would also identify measures that could be implemented by  utilities to better
protect their facilities from blasts.
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18
                    Section IV:  Products in Development
                  Guidance for Water and Wastewater Utility Computer Systems
                     EPA has funded a project to provide guidance to drinking water and wastewater utilities
                  on securing and protecting their automated systems.  The Water Environment Research
                  Foundation (WERE) and the American Water Works Association Research Foundation
                  (AwwaRF) are developing  guidance for water infrastructure computer systems, including
                  SCADA systems. The guidance will also document technology that is currently available (and
                  being further developed) to sense and correct security breaches, as well as to alert the rele-
                  vant authorities about the  event.

                  Identifying Drinking  Water Threats, Contaminants, and Threat
                  Scenarios
                  Knowing  the biological, chemical, and radiological contaminants of greatest concern to the
                  nation's drinking water supplies and systems is critical to the Agency's research and technical
                  support efforts. EPA has undertaken an extensive effort to identify these contaminants and the
                  situations in which the contaminants could be used.  The effort is an evolving one, and tools are
                  being developed that will be updated and improved as more  information becomes available.

                  Water Contaminant Information  Tool  (WCIT)
                     EPA is developing the Water Contaminant Information Tool (WCIT), a Web-accessible
                  database that will  manage current, peer-reviewed information on priority contaminants for
                  both drinking water and wastewater. The tool will contain information on physical properties,
                  fate and transport, medical information and toxicity properties, drinking water and wastewater
                  treatment effectiveness, sampling and analysis, potential early warning indicators, and consid-
                                     erations for a utility's planning for and  responding to an incident. WCIT
                                     users will include drinking water and wastewater utilities, emergency
                                     responders, public health officials, environmental laboratories, states,
                                     federal entities, and technical assistance providers.
                                        WCIT will support the development of vulnerability assessments,
                                     emergency response plans, and site-specific response guidelines.  WCIT
                                     will also inform response decisions and identify knowledge gaps for pri-
                                     ority  contaminants, which will, in turn, direct future research efforts. Users
                                     will be able to search on a variety of parameters, generate standard or
                                     customized reports, compare  agent information, and perform simple
                                     contamination calculations. User training and guidance will be incorpo-
                  rated into WCIT through an online user's guide, help menus, and a glossary. A feedback
                  module will also be available. As more research is conducted, WCIT will be updated and
                  populated with more information.

                  Water Contaminant Surrogates and Simulants  Methods, Guidance, and Training
                     EPA has signed a memorandum of understanding with the U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical
                  Biological Center (ECBC)  to identify and  validate surrogates or simulants for various agents.
                  ECBC is also identifying or developing methods to  detect the surrogates.
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                                         Section IV: Products in Development
   The surrogates will provide safer alternatives for use in testing, evaluation, and verification
of technologies to protect drinking water supplies and systems. Validation studies will be con-
ducted to ensure that the selected surrogates appropriately mimic their corresponding agent in
response to various situations. ECBC will develop information describing the relationship
between the surrogate and the contaminant of interest regarding a  variety of biological, phys-
iochemical, and toxicological properties. Guidance and training materials will  also be devel-
oped for approved  individuals and organizations.

Improving Analytical Methodologies and Monitoring  Systems
for Drinking Water
Correctly identifying contaminants after they have entered a drinking water
system is of critical  importance, particularly when they are not apparent
through general observation or conventional testing. To safeguard  the
drinking water supply, treatment,  and distribution infrastructure in U.S.
communities,  technologies need  to be developed that can rapidly detect
and identify unknown contaminants. EPA has formed several partnerships
to help in this effort and to assist water utilities implement effective, new
contamination warning systems. The water quality sensor technologies and
software in these research agreements could potentially be incorporated
into a system  that will provide local drinking water quality officials with a
timely alert of intentional or accidental drinking water contamination.

Development of  Ultrafiltration Devices and a Water Filtering Protocol
   While concentration techniques are  essential to the sampling and analysis of biological
contaminants, many of the currently available  technologies are time-consuming and complex.
EPA is working to enhance concentration technologies in cooperation with the Department of
Defense's  (DoD's) Joint Service Agent Water Monitor (JSAWM) Program, the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), AwwaRF, and  the Department of Energy's (DOE's)
Idaho National Laboratory. Ultrafiltration has been identified as the most practical technology
based on input from water utilities and  response organizations. Two versions (automated and
manual) of a  new Ultrafiltration concentration device are in development, along with a proto-
col  for filtering water samples. EPA will  solicit feedback from users to improve the technology
and protocols for using the devices.

Sampling and Analytical Methods and Interim Protocol  for Detecting
Biological Contaminants in  Water
   Water utilities need improved  analytical methods that can provide reliable  information  on
contaminants. An initiative is under way to develop analytical methods for detecting biologi-
cal  contaminants, which will be integrated into a protocol to guide sampling  and analysis.
This protocol  will become part of the Response Protocol Toolbox, described on page 11 of
this report.  A  draft interim protocol will  be developed for field and laboratory testing. Based
on  lessons learned  from testing and real-world experiences, the protocol will  be improved
accordingly.
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                     Section IV:  Products in Development
                      In the meantime, the National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI) is being updated to
                   include analytical methods for biological, chemical, and radiological water contaminants.
                   NEMI is an online database that allows users to search for and compare analytical methods.
                   Upon completion of the protocol, NEMI-CBR (the version of NEMI that includes water security
                   contaminants) will be further updated.

                   Reports on Biotoxins
                     This project is being  conducted through an interagency agreement  between EPA and the
                   Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division. A literature review is under way to identify
                   the properties of specific biotoxins or their role as intentional drinking water contaminants.
                   Experimental laboratory work will follow the literature review and will be directed at develop-
                   ing methods for detecting and remediating biotoxins in water.
                     A  number of products will  result from this work:
                     «    A report focusing on the state of knowledge on biotoxins as  intentional contaminants
                          for drinking water systems.
                     «    A report detailing the  use, performance, and suitability of immunoassay test kits in
                          detecting biotoxins at  concentrations of concern in drinking water.
                     «    A report summarizing the data generated from  using heat inactivation treatment and
                          water treatment  processes on biotoxins.
                     The  information gleaned from this project will help inform the development of a protocol
                   for analyzing unknown contaminants in drinking water supplies and systems. The protocol will
                   be incorporated into the Response Protocol  Toolbox.

                   Early Warning System (EWS) Technologies  and Techniques to Monitor and
                   Evaluate Drinking Water Quality: State-of-the-Art  Review
                     EPA is developing a state-of-the-art document on technologies applicable to Early
                   Warning Systems (EWSs) in drinking water. The  document is for water utility operators, water
                   organizations, monitoring technology and system developers and vendors. An EWS is an inte-
                   grated system of monitoring sensors or devices  linked in near real-time to provide immediate
                   analysis and interpretation of  a  contamination event for a distribution system.
                     As promising technologies are brought into the commercial market, pilot testing will be
                   conducted to observe the feasibility of EWSs. The results from the pilot-scale testing will  be
                   used  to plan, organize,  and conduct field-scale testing  and  evaluation. Through an intera-
                   gency agreement with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), detectors  and systems are being
                   evaluated at an operating water utility. Upon successful completion of  field-scale testing and
                   evaluation, a report will be  prepared that identifies qualifying protocols and technologies to
                   apply tested EWSs to drinking water supply and distribution  system protection. This document
                   and additional reports on pilot testing will be made available over the  next couple of years,
                   and will play a role in meeting the requirements of HSPD-9.
20
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                                        Section IV:  Products in  Development
Integrated Consortium of Laboratory Networks
   In 2004, EPA and CDC developed a roadmap for integrating laboratories into an existing
national network to meet emergency water analysis needs. The roadmap presents a phased
strategy for aligning water laboratories with the CDC's Laboratory Response Network (LRN).
EPA has joined the LRN Steering Committee and is working with the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture  (USDA) to integrate this strategy
with the Food Emergency Response Network (FERN),  a system of laboratories for food and
agriculture sample analysis. At the Agency level, EPA and CDC also developed a plan to
address laboratory capability and capacity for handling environmental samples. This plan is
being considered as EPA participates with CDC, USDA, FDA, the Department of Homeland
Security (DHS), and other federal partners to address issues in laboratory preparedness for
homeland security events.

Laboratory Response Tools
   EPA is developing several tools, including training exercises and simulation modules, to
prepare laboratories in responding to drinking water  contamination events:
       A computer-assisted tool to increase effectiveness of lab-
       oratory strategies and decisionmaking in the process  of
       identifying  unknown contaminants in an emergency
       response situation.
       Additional  laboratory drills to build on the lessons learned
       from the 2003 laboratory response (see Response
       Protocol Toolbox on page 11).

Containing,  Treating, Decontaminating, and
Disposing  of Contaminated Water and
Materials
To be prepared for a contamination event,  water utilities, emergency responders, and others
must have the knowledge and technology for containing and  treating the nation's drinking
water, decontaminating both water and equipment, and safely disposing of any residuals from
response activities. EPA is developing modeling tools, reports, databases, and guidance to
help water utilities  and others better prepare and respond to a potential contamination event.

Reference Guide for Utilities—Distribution System Analysis: Field Studies,
Modeling, and  Management
   This guide for drinking water  utilities explains how to hydraulically model distribution sys-
tems, conduct tracer studies for distribution system evaluation, calibrate hydraulic and water
quality  models, and integrate geospatial technology into data management and modeling.
The document guides utility personnel on selecting the proper equipment and software need-
ed to understand fate and transport in complex piping systems. The guide is a collection of
"lessons learned" from many EPA studies regarding distribution system research and analysis.
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                     Section  IV: Products in  Development
                   Threat Ensemble Vulnerability Assessment (TEVA) Modeling Tool for Water
                   Distribution  Systems
                     The EPANET model  (version 2.0), developed by EPA's National Risk Management Research
                   Laboratory, performs extended period simulations of hydraulic and water quality behavior
                   within pressurized pipe  networks. The model provides the time-series concentration of a
                   chemical as a single component; however, it does not consider bulk chemical reactions or
                   pipe wall interactions. EPA is upgrading EPANET 2.0 to add the ability to perform modeling
                   of multi-component reactions involving bulk water phase compounds, pipe surface com-
                   pounds, and chemical  and biochemical mechanisms. EPA is also developing improved meth-
                   ods for model calibration and data collection and identifying dual  use benefits of these
                   model improvements.
                     Through a collaborative interagency agreement with DOE's Argonne National Laboratory
                   (ANL), EPA is developing the TEVA Modeling System. The TEVA system provides a suite of soft-
                   ware tools for drinking water distribution system security that can be used in a distributed comput-
                   ing environment. This system enables high performance computing of multiple probabilistic simu-
                   lations of complex behavior in large distribution systems, including chemical reactions, biological
                   transformations, and interactions with the pipe wall. The TEVA computing framework makes large
                   complex simulations tractable on  small computing clusters.
                                  By integrating software tools for drinking water security, the TEVA Modeling
                                System will be  useful in helping utilities to prepare for and respond  to events to
                                minimize their  consequences. Based on the application of the TEVA Modeling
                                System to several  utility distribution systems, EPA will  develop guidance on the
                                use of models  in mitigating and  responding to contamination events. This  guid-
                                ance will include information on isolating affected portions of the network,
                                locating  the contamination source, identifying locations for confirmatory sam-
                                pling, and developing decontamination strategies. Ultimately, the lessons
                                learned from the TEVA  Modeling System  development and application will be
                                used to assist those water distribution system networks not having detailed
                                hydraulic models.
22
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                                          Section  IV: Products in  Development
Threat Ensemble Vulnerability Assessment (TEVA) Contamination Warning
System Data Analysis Tools
   EPA and DOE's Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) are working in partnership to develop
new software tools that will be incorporated in the TEVA Modeling System. EPA and SNL are
developing tools to:
   "   Assess the vulnerability of distribution systems to contamination events.
   «   Estimate the public health impacts due to ingestion of contaminated water.
   «   Design,  evaluate,  and optimize sensor networks for contamination in a  drinking water
       system.
   «   Identify contamination events from a stream of water quality online sensors.
   "   Locate the source of contamination  from sensor data.
These tools will be contained within the TEVA Modeling System and will  be available to water
utilities, consultants, and researchers.

Resource Guide on the Aquatic Fate  of Biological,  Chemical, and Radiological
Contaminants
   Due to the threat of intentional attacks, there has been a  significant increase in interest
surrounding the fate of contaminants in natural waters. EPA is particularly interested in the
hydrolysis  rates and the formation of degradation byproducts resulting from interaction with
dissolved humic materials (substances formed from the biological and chemical breakdown
of animal  and plant life).
   To address this information need, EPA is  developing a technical resource document on the
fate of numerous biological, chemical,  and  radiological contaminants in source waters,
drinking water treatment plants, and distribution systems. The document will incorporate the
results of joint research with ECBC on the effect of humic material on these chemicals.

Research on the Inactivation of Biological Agents in Water
   EPA has published  two  articles concerning its water treatment research, which  has examined
the effectiveness of: 1) boiling anthrax-contaminated water and 2) inactivating select bacterial
agents through chlorination (see page 13). EPA is also researching the  chlorination of
Francisella tularensis and numerous surrogates for anthrax spores, as well as the resistance of
Bacillus spores to chlorine dioxide when  used as a disinfectant for drinking water treatment.

Drinking Water Treatability Database
   To provide a more thorough understanding of effective treatment and decontamination
processes  for contaminated drinking water,  EPA  is developing a computerized database. The
database will contain information on various drinking water contaminants, including those
that are regulated, of particular interest to water security, or on  the contaminant candidate list
(CCL), as well as pesticides, endocrine  disrupters, and Pharmaceuticals. This online resource
will also provide data on more than 30 different treatment processes.  Information from this

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23

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                    Section  IV: Products  in  Development
                   database will be added to WCIT as it becomes available (see page 18).
                     To help compile the database, EPA will use information gathered during numerous related
                   research activities. This research covers the following areas:
                          The ability of common water treatment methods to remove microbial and chemical
                          contaminants.
                     •    Identification of point-of-use/point-of-entry (POU/POE) technologies for treating
                          contaminants.
                     •    Chemical contaminants that could create hazardous byproducts during the deconta-
                          mination process.
                     Municipal water system engineers and emergency responders will be able to use this data-
                   base to identify the most appropriate and effective treatment processes or series of treatment
                   processes in response to intentional (water security) and unintentional  (spill) contamination
                   events.  Others (including regulators,  researchers, design engineers, and academia) can use
                   the data to identify best available technology (BAT), perform regulatory reviews,  make CCL
                   determinations, and identify research needs.
                     The Agency will update the database regularly to expand the number  of contaminants includ-
                   ed and to provide the most current information on treatment processes.

                   Resource  Document and Guidance for Decontaminating Post-Service
                   Connections
                                     Through an interagency agreement, EPA and the  National Institute of
                                  Standards and Technology (NIST) are developing a technical resource docu-
                                  ment that will provide critical information about tested decontamination
                                  technologies for post-service (post-distribution system) connection pipes,
                                  equipment, and appliances, including copper pipes,  ice machines, and hot
                                  water heaters.  Pipe towers at NIST will be used as part of the project field-
                                  testing. EPA will also use the information gathered through this testing to
                                  help draft guidance on decontaminating piping and  equipment following an
                                  intentional attack on a water distribution system (see next product description)
                   Handbook for Decontaminating Piping  and  Equipment
                     Using information from research on decontaminated drinking water system components,
                   EPA is developing a handbook for effectively decontaminating piping and equipment follow-
                   ing an intentional attack on a water distribution system. This handbook, which will be includ-
                   ed in EPAs Response Protocol Toolbox (see page 11), will help first responders, water utilities,
                   and state and federal regulators prepare for and respond to an attack. This document will
                   also provide important clean-up level criteria, helping utilities and regulators determine when
                   a system is safe to use again.
24
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                                          Section IV: Products in Development
Disposal Alternatives Tool
   Following an attack on a water system, the immediate challenge that utilities and emergency
responders face is the decontamination of the system and post-service connections so that the
public can continue to receive safe drinking water. An additional challenge that must be
addressed is the safe disposal of any contaminated waste, including contaminated piping, treat-
ment residuals, and sludges generated during the decontamination process or the dismantling
of a system. EPA is developing an online tool that will provide information about disposal
options and associated regulations for decontamination-related waste.
The tool will  provide users with:
       Disposal regulations for various types of waste streams.
       Specific waste characteristics.
   •   Decontamination methods.
       Types of treatment and handling requirements necessary for safe
       disposal of waste streams.
   •   Lists  of potential treatment options.
This effort is part of a larger undertaking to address disposal of all materi-
als from intentional attacks.

Planning for Contingencies and Addressing  Infrastructure
Interdependencies
Following an intentional event or accidental disruption to water service, water utilities and
municipalities must work as quickly as possible to address the root cause  of the disruption.
Prompt response is critical to decreasing the potential down time for a water distribution sys-
tem. In some cases, a straightforward system repair might address the concern.  In other cases,
however, a primary water distribution system could be unavailable for an  extended period of
time. Under these circumstances,  water utilities and municipalities must have effective contin-
gency plans in place for supplying alternative sources of safe drinking water. EPA is develop-
ing tools to assist utilities plan for contingencies and provide alternative water supplies.  The
Agency is also examining interdependencies that water distribution and treatment systems
have with other critical infrastructures, which could be disrupted or damaged by a water secu-
rity breach.

Guidance for Drinking  Water and Wastewater Utilities to Minimize Outages
Due to Interdependencies with  Other Critical Sectors
   The operations of drinking water and wastewater facilities are dependent, to some degree, on
the operations in  10 other critical sectors.  Likewise, 13 sectors are dependent in some way on
the supply of drinking water or wastewater services. EPA is working with Argonne National
Laboratory (ANL) to provide tools to help drinking water and wastewater utilities minimize outages
resulting from problems initiating within their own systems, as well as problems in  other infrastruc-
tures (e.g., power supply, telecommunications) that critically affect the operations of water sys-
tems.  Minimizing outages is important for not only maintaining continuity of drinking water and

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                     Section IV:  Products in Development
                   wastewater services, but also for reducing the possibility of cascading or escalating effects.
                   Application of these tools will allow drinking water and wastewater utilities to assess their vulnera-
                   bilities with respect to interdependencies, take preventative measures reduce these vulnerabilities,
                   and respond more effectively in the event that problems occur.

                   Report on  Impacts to Water Systems Following Community-wide Radiological
                   Events
                      EPA and ANL are evaluating the potential secondary impacts to water resources and infra-
                   structure from a variety of possible incidents involving a radiological dispersal device (ROD) in
                   urban areas. An ROD is any device that causes the intentional spreading of radioactive mate-
                   rial across an area using conventional explosives. The research addresses different aspects of
                   drinking water and wasterwater system impacts following an ROD event. A report is being
                   prepared to  provide an estimate of the magnitude of the impacts that could potentially occur
                   to  drinking water and wastewater systems.

                   Guide on Deployment of Alternative Water
                      When drinking water systems are disrupted  by an attack, it is essential for local utilities
                   and municipalities to have contingency plans in place to provide customers with alternative
                   sources of safe drinking water. EPA  is working with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE)
                   to  provide information on planning for alternative water supplies. The information will include
                   a compendium of options for a variety of situations.
                      USAGE is conducting a number  of activities:
                      1)   Developing case studies. These case  studies examine contingency planning efforts
                          under numerous situations (e.g., community water system size, population, geograph-
                          ic location, short-term versus long-term water needs) to help water utilities make the
                          most technically feasible and cost-effective decisions.
                      2)   Assessing the deployment of portable water treatment facilities. This project
                          entails locating existing truck-mounted  and otherwise portable water treatment units
                          throughout the United States and within military installations  and identifying a number
                          of characteristics for each unit, including ownership, operating costs, type of treat-
                          ment processes and capabilities, speed of deployment, and accessibility during
                          domestic water emergencies.
                      3)   Assessing drinking water system redundancies. This project identifies best practices
                          for assessing and managing system redundancy based on technical feasibility and
                          cost-effectiveness. Redundancies among a system can include backup diesel pumps,
                          alternative storage, bypass delivery systems, and interconnections for rerouting water
                          distribution.
26
                    Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005

-------
                                          Section IV:  Products in Development
Targeting Impacts on  Human Health and Informing the Public
About Risks
In the event of a water security threat or attack, responders will need to rapidly assess the risks
and communicate information to the public in a clear, consistent, and accurate way. Research
in this area focuses on adapting standard risk assessment methods for use during and immedi-
ately after a terrorist attack or other emergency. EPA is also developing a Web-based rapid risk
assessment tool and a risk communication framework for emergency responders.

Health Effects Database
   EPA is compiling a comprehensive, readily modified information system on the acute (one
hour to less than one day), short-term (one day to 30 days), and chronic non-cancer health
effects associated  with the identified priority contaminants. Toxicity and infectivity information,
risk assessment methods, dose-response, and health effects information  is being compiled for
chemicals (warfare agents, toxic industrial chemicals,  and biotoxins) and microbiological
agents of interest  in both water and air.
   As part of this project,  EPA will evaluate nontraditional data sources for deriving acute and
chronic toxicity values applied to water. The project will evaluate the
use of lethal dose 50th percentile (LD50) and QSAR (Quantitative
Structure Activity Relationship) models to determine health and risk
information for chemical agents that lack a complete set of toxico-
logical data.
   EPA will also compile and evaluate LD50 extrapolation methods
for deriving acute and chronic toxicity values.  This project is
designed to develop and test methodologies to extrapolate across
durations, to extrapolate from lethal doses to  minimally toxic doses,
and to interpret and apply summary toxicity properties of chemical
groups to derive appropriate advisory levels.
   The project will evaluate all  possible routes by which people might be exposed to contam-
inated water. Although the traditional exposure route for  contaminated drinking water is
ingestion, some contaminants could result in exposures following inhalation, dermal, and
ocular routes.
   The information compiled will be made available through a secure and easy-to-update
information portal on exposure routes and public health  effects associated with various threat
scenarios to water supplies and treated water. The compiled information also will be used as
inputs into numerous  activities and products such as fact sheets,  derivation of toxicity values,
and rapid risk tools. Collected  data will also be incorporated into WCIT (see page 18).
            Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
                                                                                                      27

-------
                     Section IV:  Products in Development
                   Health Surveillance Network Linkages
                      EPA is collaborating with CDC, FDA, and state and local agencies to improve health sur-
                   veillance  networks and develop procedures for detecting water-related disease outbreaks.
                   New and existing public health surveillance monitoring systems will be evaluated for their
                   ability to track a disease or illness outbreak.
                      "Syndromic" systems are one type of network that could be useful in early disease detec-
                   tion.  These systems include the reporting of increased cases of diseases by entities such as
                   pharmacies and hospitals.  The project will examine ways to improve input to such surveillance
                   systems, link them with water utility data, and link the information electronically.
                      A technical guidance document will also be developed to help water utilities, public health
                   officials, and other organizations institute a program for tracking disease outbreaks associat-
                   ed with water contamination events. This guidance will incorporate threat scenarios, detection
                   methods, available technologies, distribution models, public health information, and other
                   available data as appropriate.

                   Risk Assessment Decisionmaking Tools
                      Risk assessment and risk management need to be integrated into the decisionmaking
                   process during all stages of a water security event, so that responders understand the options
                   for minimizing exposures to the public. Using a holistic approach, this project will develop a
                   decisionmaking framework for determining the actions needed to mitigate the health  impacts
                   of a water contamination event.
                      Using  risk assessments and characterizations based on scenarios suggested by stakehold-
                   ers (emergency response teams, regional response teams), this project will develop  exercises
                   that can be used by anyone looking to sharpen their risk assessment skills and to understand
                   the nature of the potential risks within their communities. "Tabletop" exercises  for group train-
                   ing and computer-based simulations for more individualized learning will be included.

                   Methods for  Communicating Risks to Local Communities
                      EPA is developing a risk communication framework to help water utilities, health officials,
                   emergency responders, and others communicate quickly and effectively with local communi-
                   ties when a threat or attack occurs. The Agency is reviewing existing risk communication
                   resources and information-sharing strategies to help develop and refine  the framework. Once
                   the framework is established, tools will be  developed to facilitate effective communication
                   with a variety of audiences during a crisis. For example, EPA is currently  developing a series
                   of fact sheets that describe the risks of contaminants and/or toxicological information in mul-
                   tiple  languages and for multiple uses. In addition, educational and training  programs are
                   being created on effective risk communication techniques.
28
                    Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005

-------
                                            Section  IV:  Products  in  Development
Message Mapping for Decisionmakers
   EPA is developing written and verbal message statements that
water and wastewater utilities and elected officials can use to
effectively communicate the potential risks arising from water
emergencies. EPA anticipates that these communication  tools will
help communities establish  local networks prior to the onset of
crises and also enlist their cooperation with public agencies both
before and during any such events.

Emergency  Consequence  Assessment Tool
   This project is developing a  tool  that uses readily available
risk assessment techniques to rapidly assess the risks following a
threat or intentional attack. The tool is envisioned to be a Web-
based expert system, which can instantly calculate the health
risks from multiple attack scenarios. Through a series of simple
questions or queries, the system will provide step-by-step guid-
ance through the risk assessment process and provide a numeric
estimate of risk to human health. The system will be made avail-
able to users via secured access to EPAs Web site.
   The system will be organized  around data collection and
evaluation, exposure assessment, toxicity assessment, and risk
characterization. Data collection and evaluation will focus on
identifying, measuring, and characterizing the toxic agents
involved  in the terrorist incident.  Exposure assessment will focus
on rapidly predicting and estimating the fate, transport, and
transformation of the chemical or biological agent from its
source to possible human receptors. Toxicity assessment will
focus on the acute and sub-chronic effects and dose-response
relationships of  chemical and biological agents. Toxicologic
information will  be provided  on a route-specific basis  (e.g.,
ingestion, inhalation, dermal).
Crisis Communication
Symposium
In May 2004, EPA conducted the National Water
Security Risk Communication Symposium in San
Francisco, California.The event featured presenta-
tions on the state-of-the-art of crisis communica-
tion and provided a forum for participants to
share effective water security-related communica-
tion strategies, best practices, tools, and projects.
Approximately 100 individuals attended the
event, including drinking water and wastewater
utility managers, public health officials, state and
local government representatives, local emer-
gency response officials, elected officials, and the
media. EPA is developing a comprehensive pro-
ceedings of the symposium on CD-ROM featur-
ing PowerPoint presentations, video summaries of
keynote topics, audio-recorded question and
answer sessions, written summaries, photographs,
and references.
             Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
                                                                                                           29

-------
                     Section  IV: Products  in  Development
                                      Protecting Wastewater Treatment and  Collection
                                      Systems
                                      In addition to addressing threats against drinking water systems, EPA and
                                      its project partners are also conducting a multitude of projects to address
                                      the similar and more unique threats against wastewater treatment sys-
                                      tems. To provide a more clear understanding of these threats,  EPA is
                                      supporting research with the Water Environment Research Foundation
                                      (WERE) and others in a number of areas. These areas include identifying
                                      threats; assessing potential health and safety risks resulting from contam-
                                      inated wastewater treatment facilities; developing intrusion prevention
                   technologies; and delivering appropriate response guidance and communication tools for
                   wastewater treatment personnel.

                   Guidance on Managing Contamination Events
                     In collaboration with WERF, EPA is developing a guidance document to help wastewater
                   utilities safely respond to, remediate, and recover from direct or secondary intentional con-
                   tamination of wastewater collection and treatment systems. This report will emphasize risks
                   associated with specific contaminants, detection methods, treatment and inactivation mecha-
                   nisms, fate and transport, and emergency operating procedures. Its purpose  it to protect  pub-
                   lic and employee health and safety, and prevent the spread of materials to other environmen-
                   tal media. More specifically, this report will:
                          Identify biological, chemical, and radiological agents of concern for municipal  waste-
                         water treatment facilities. Each  contaminant's impact on wastewater infrastructure,
                         treatment processes, plant operators, public health, and the environment will be
                         examined.
                         Assess available treatment technologies and emergency operating procedures that
                         detect, remove, degrade, inactivate, or minimize the effect of these agents on work-
                         ers, the public, and the environment. These technologies or operating procedures
                         would  also be expected to prevent the spread of the agents to other environmental
                         media, or determine that treatment is not necessary for specific agents.
                         Provide information on the fate and transport and treatability of these agents in a typ-
                         ical municipal wastewater treatment plant. Contaminant volatility; uptake by biosolids;
                         and degradation, inactivation, or disinfection will be explored.
                     •  Address high-priority, critical areas of uncertainty through experimentation to develop
                         guidance for emergency operating  procedures,  treatment process modifications, and
                         potentially new treatment technologies.
                         Compile available data to prioritize the critical areas of future research.
30
                    Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005

-------
                                         Section  IV: Products  in Development
Information on Current Practices for Controlling Access to Wastewater
Collection and Treatment Systems
   To assist wastewater collection and treatment facilities around the country in better defend-
ing against system intrusion,  EPA and WERF are developing a guidance document that con-
tains comprehensive information on the use of a  number of intrusion
control methods and technologies.  One such technology is a real-time
sensing device that can detect and  provide early warning of the presence
of gases, toxins, and other contaminants that can result in process dis-
ruption.  These sensors might be integrated with other emerging technolo-
gies to develop "smart pipes" and "intelligent infrastructure"  with real-
time  monitoring capabilities.  This guidance document will also incorpo-
rate research conducted by other agencies, including the American
Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and the Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA).
1
Response Protocol Playbooks
   In collaboration with WERF, EPA is developing a series of response protocol playbooks to
help wastewater treatment system operators respond  to moderate and severe chemical and
biological contamination events. The playbooks will contain strategic decision support net-
works and guidance on how to avoid treatment process failures and most effectively decon-
taminate a treatment process while minimizing  down time.
   To  develop the playbooks, EPAs research team will first conduct field experiments analyz-
ing the effects of various chemicals and toxins on water treatment processes (e.g., conven-
tional  aerobic activated sludge, nitrogen removal, biological phosphorous removal, and
biofilm treatment). As part of these experiments, EPA will characterize the changes in key
process model parameters that occur in response to  the intrusion of contaminants.
   EPA expects that the playbooks will help  prevent or minimize permit violations,  down-
stream ecological damage, and public health concerns that can arise from contaminant
discharges or a malfunctioning biological treatment plant, especially in urban areas where
the travel time and dilution effect between wastewater discharge and drinking water intake
are minimal.
            Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
                                                                                                     31

-------
                      ,
                        The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is implementing the Action Plan with
                        the help of many partners and stakeholders. A number of collaborative technical, research,
                        and information-sharing efforts are under way—both within the Agency and with federal
                   agencies, research organizations, and water sector associations. Some examples of the collabo-
                   rations in place are described below.

                   Collaborative Research
                      The U.S. Environmental Protection Agnecy (EPA) is establishing  relationships with organizations
                   that are critical to the execution of the Action Plan, including federal  agency research laborato-
                   ries, national science institutions, and water association research foundations.
                      •   Department of Homeland Security (DHS), 
                          EPA is working with the Science and Technology Directorate within DHS,  which serves as
                          the primary research and development arm of the department, to examine both  internal
                          and external threats to the nation's water systems. EPA and DHS  are:
                             Developing and implementing the National  Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) for
                             water infrastructure.
                             Jointly managing  DHS-funded water security projects.
                             Routinely meeting to exchange information on water infrastructure research.
                          Water Science and Technology Board (WSTB),
                          < www7.nationalacademies.org/wstb>
                          EPA has engaged the  National Research Council's Water Science and Technology Board
                          (WSTB) to provide consultation and peer review of the Agency's water security efforts. A
                          peer panel, consisting of approximately 1 2 members supported by WSTB,  has been estab-
                          lished to gather information,  deliberate on critical research issues,  and discuss short- and
                          long-term research needs related to securing the  nation's water infrastructure. The panel will
                          also highlight opportunities for EPA and help the Agency advance  its research program on
                          water security.
32
                    Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005

-------
   •   Distribution System Research Consortium
       EPA has formed the Distribution System Research
       Consortium (DSRC), an umbrella organization made up
       of 14 partnering organizations, to advance science,
       technology, and research in: 1) monitoring and detec-
       tion, 2) contamination warning systems, 3) models and
       modeling of systems, 4) treatment waters in systems,  and
       5) decontamination of equipment and materials. The
       consortium is also working to identify challenges;  priori-
       tize solutions to expedite technology implementation;
       and transfer research results and guidance to users.

Information  Sharing
   Communication and information dissemination is of critical
importance to all of EPA's homeland security activities. EPA is
reviewing a variety of venues and media to disseminate techni-
cal information and research results to its stakeholders.
Currently, all publicly available products are being placed on
two main EPA  Web sites at:   and
.
       Water Sector Stakeholder Conferences,
       < www.epa.gov/nhsro
       EPA and the Water Environment Federation  (WEE), in
       partnership with many other organizations, hosted three
       regional water sector stakeholder conferences in 2005.
       The conference participants identified a list of trends
       and needs to enhance the  overall security of the water
       infrastructure in the nation.  Participants also developed
       recommendations on how to best meet the identified
       needs. The output from the workshops is a report on
       trends  and utility  needs.

The Path Forward
Distribution System
Research Consortium
To advance the science, technology, and
research efforts underway to protect
water distribution systems from terror-
ist attack, EPA formed the Distribution
System  Research Consortium (DSRC).
Once a year, DSRC brings together 14
partnering federal and non-federal
organizations, including EPA, the U.S.
Army Edgewood Chemical Biological
Center, the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, the American Water Works
Association Research Foundation, the
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, and the U.S. Geological
Survey among others, to collaborate on
issues including:
•   Monitoring and detection.
•   Early alert and warning systems.
•   Models and modeling of systems.
•   Treatment of waters in systems.
•   Decontamination of equipment and
   materials.
DSRC also works to identify challenges
and prioritize the development  of
short- and long-term solutions that
expedite the implementation of useful
and feasible distribution system tech-
nologies. The group disseminates infor-
mation and provides assistance  to
drinking water utilities, states,
researchers, policymakers, risk asses-
sors, public health community members,
and others in need of research  results
or guidance through EPA  communica-
tion mechanisms and other routes.
   The Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan was released in March
2004. It was prepared with the help of federal partners and stakeholders and was reviewed
by the NRC. The Action Plan is a comprehensive approach to addressing security issues and
needs related to water infrastructure; however, it is only a snapshot in time. As work progress-
es on the projects identified in the Action Plan, efforts are also under way to update and
revise the Action Plan based on EPA's current understanding of threats to, and vulnerabilities
of, drinking water and wastewater systems.
             Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
                                                                                                         33

-------
                                   Appendix A
Product Name*



Access Information



Product
Type


Related
Projects**


Primary Users



Product
Partner(s)


Statutory
Authority/
Programmatic
Basis
3.1 Protecting Physical and Cyber Infrastructure
Threat Scenarios for
Water Systems Report
(August 2004)

Methodologies and
Tools for Conducting
Vulnerability
Assessments:
1) Risk Assessment
Methodology for
Water Utilities (RAM-
WSM)
2) Vulnerability Self
Assessment Tool
(VSAT™)- Version 3.1





Interim Guidance and
Voluntary Design
Standards to Improve
Security at Drinking
Water and
Wastewater and

Stormwater Facilities



Classified



www.epa.gov/
safewater/
watersecurity
(under Vulnerability
Assessments)







www.asce.org/
static/1 /wise.cfm






Document



Tools








Guidance
Documents






3.1.3.1
32a 2
iJ.i-.Q .L.

3.1.a.3 (com-
bined with
3.1.3.2)
3.1.C.2
3.1.C.3
4.0.3.3







3.1.C.1

3.1.C.3
4.0.3.3





Federal sgencies
working on water
security and threat
analysis
Water utilities
State and local gov-
prnrripntc
Cl MM ICI 1 Lo
Threat analysts
Federal
policymakers







Drinking and waste-
water utilities
State water boards
State and local
health and environ-

mental regulatory
agencies
Threat analysts
Federal policymakers
N/A



American Water
Works
Association
Research
Foundation
(AwwaRF)
Department of
Energy's
Sandia National
Laboratories

(SNL)
National
Association of
Clean Water
Agencies
(NACWA)
American Society
of Civil Engineers
(ASCE)
American Water
Works
A^nriatinn
r^ooUUIQ LI Ul 1
(AWWA)

Water
Environment
Federation (WEF)




Bioterrorism Act
of 2002, Section
1434(a),
1435(a)
HSPD-7 Critical
Infrastructure
Identification,
Prioritization, and
Protection






Bioterrorism Act
of 2002, Section
1435 (a) (1-4)





 *   Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
 **  Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
34
                       Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005

-------
                                                                 Appendix A
Product Name*



Access
Information


Product
Type


Related
Projects**


Primary Users



Product
Partner(s)


Statutory
Authority/
Programmatic
Basis
3.3 Improving Analytical Methodologies and Monitoring
Response Protocol
Toolbox












Security Product
Guides






Environmental
Laboratory
Compendium







EPA Document #817-
D-03-004
www.epa.gov/
safewater/
watersecurity
(under Emergency/
Incident Planning)







www.epa.gov/
safewater/
watersecurity/
guide/index.html





www.epa.gov/
compendium
(Restricted access)







Document;
online
resource











Online guide







Online
database







3.3.a.1
3 3a7
iJ.iJ.Q.i.
3.3.a.3

3.3.a.4

3? h 1
\J .£-. U. 1
3.3.a.5

3.3.a.6
3.3.b.7
3.3.C.1
3.3.C.2
3.3.C.4
3.3.C.1

3.3.C.2
3.3.C.3




3.3.11
3 3f 7
\J .\J. 1 .£-
3.3.f.3





Chemical analysis
laboratories
Laboratory capacity
and infrastructure
planners
Emergency
responders
Analytical method
developers





Drinking water
utilities
Laboratory capacity
and infrastructure
planners
Emergency
responders
Analytical method
developers
Water utilities
Individuals responsi-
ble for planning for
analytical response
to contamination
threats
State officials
Emergency
responders
Laboratories
N/A













N/A







N/A







Bioterrorism Act of
2002, Sections 1434
(a) (1) and (a) (3)

HSPD-9 Defense of
United States
Agriculture and
Food






Bioterrorism Act of
2002, Sections 1434
(a) (1) and (a) (3)
HSPD-9 Defense of
United States
Agriculture and
Food

HSPD-9 Defense of
United States
Agriculture and
Fnnrl
1 UUU






Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
          Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
                                                                                                                  35

-------
                                   Appendix A
Product Name*



Access
Information


Product
Type


Related
Projects**


Primary Users



Product
Partner(s)


Statutory
Authority/
Programmatic
Basis
3.4 Containing, Treating, Decontaminating, and Disposing of Contaminated Water and Materials
1) Inactivation/Removal
Capabilities of
Treatment and
Disinfection
Technologies for
Biological
Contaminants
2) Effectiveness of
Chlorination on
Vegetative and Spore
Forms of Bacterial
Bioterrorist Agents
www.cdc.gov/
ncidod/EID/
voUOnolO/
04-0158.htm



http://aem.asm.org/
cgi/content/abstract/
71/1/566


Journal
articles









3.4.C.3

3.4.C.5








Emergency
responders
State and local
agencies
Water utilities






Centers for
Disease Control
and Prevention
(CDC)








Bioterrorism Act
of 2002; Section
1434 (a) (1-6),
Section 1435
(a)(1-4)
HSPD-10
Biodefense for the
21st Century




4.0 Wastewater Treatment and Collection Infrastructure Materials
Wastewater Baseline
Threat Document













Classified














Document














4.0.3.1
4.0.b.1
3 1 r?
\J. 1 .\j.£-
4.0.b.5










Wastewater utilities
State and local
health and environ-
mental regulatory
agencies











Water
Environment
Federation (WEF)













Bioterrorism Act
of 2002, Sections
1434 (a) (3) and (a)
(6)
HSPD-7 Critical
Infrastructure
Identification,
Prioritization, and
Protection
HSPD-9 Defense
of United States
Agriculture and
Food
HSPD-10
Biodefense for the
21st Century
     Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
     Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
36
                       Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005

-------
                                                                      Appendix A
Product Name*



Access
Information


Product
Type


Related
Projects**


Primary Users



Product
Partner(s)


Statutory
Authority/
Programmatic
Basis
5.0 Providing the Means to Implement the Action Plan
Environmental
Technology Verification
(ETV) Program Detection
Technologies:
- Immunoassay Test Kits
for Pathogens and
Biotoxins
- Portable Cyanide
Analyzers

- Rapid Toxicity Testing
Systems
- Rapid Polymerase
Chain Reaction (PCR)
Technologies
Environmental
Technology Verification
(ETV) Program
Point-of-Use (POU)
Water Treatment
Technology:
- Reverse Osmosis Point-
of-Use (POU) Devices
Environmental
Technology Verification
(ETV) Program
Wastewater and
Residuals Treatment
Technology:
- Decontamination
Wastewater Treatment
Technologies
www.epa.gov/etv/
verifications/
verification-
index.html











www.epa.gov/etv/
verifications/
verification-
index.html




www.epa.gov/etv/
verifications/
verification-
index.html





Online
verification
reports












Online
verification
report





Online
verification
report






5.2.a.1













5.2.a.2






5.2.a.3






Water utilities
State officials
Emergency
responders
Technology
developers








Water utilities
State officials
Emergency
responders
Technology
developers

Water utilities
State officials
Emergency
responders
Technology
developers


N/A













N/A






N/A






Bioterrorism Act
of 2002, Sections
1434 (a) (1-3) and
(a) (5), Section
1435 (d)
HSPD-9 Defense
of United States
Agriculture and
Fnnrl
1 UUU
HSPD-10
Biodefense for the
21st Century



Bioterrorism Act
of 2002, Sections
1434 (a) (1-3) and
(a) (5), Section
1435 (d)
HSPD-10
Biodefense for the
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act
of 2002, Sections
1434 (a) (1-3) and
(a) (5), Section
1435 (d)
HSPD-10
Biodefense for the
21st Century

Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
              Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
                                                                                                                      37

-------
                                   Appendix B
Product Name*

Product
Type
Related
Projects**
Anticipated Users

Product Partner(s)

Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
3.1 Protecting Physical and Cyber Infrastructure
Guidance and
Voluntary Design
Standards to Improve
Security at Drinking
Water and
Wastewater and
Stormwater Facilities


Guidance on Protecting
Drinking Water and
Wastewater Facilities
from Blasts





Guidance for Water
and Wastewater Utility
Computer Systems




Guidance
documents




Software







Standards






3.1 .c.1

3.1. c.3
4.0.3.3



3.1 .c.3

3.1.C.1





3.1 .c.2


4.0.C.6



Drinking and wastewater
utilities
State water boards
State and local health
and environmental regu-
latory agencies
Threat analysts
Federal policymakers
Drinking water systems
State water boards
State and local health

and environmental regu-
latory agencies
Threat analysts
Federal agencies
Drinking water and
wastewater utilities
State and local health
and environmental regu-
latory agencies


American Society of Civil
Engineers (ASCE)
American Water Works
Association (AWWA)
Water Environment
Federation (WEF)


U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers (USACE)






American Water Works
Association Research
Foundation (AwwaRF)
Water Environment
Research Foundation
(WERF)

Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1435 (a) (1-4)
HSPD-7 Critical
Infrastructure
Identification, Prioritization
and Protection



Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1435 (a) (1-4)
HSPD-7 Critical

Infrastructure
Identification,
Prioritization, and
Protection

Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (3) and
(a) (6)
HSPD-7 Critical
Infrastructure
Identification, Prioritization
and Protection
     Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
     Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
38
                       Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005

-------
                                                                 Appendix B
Product Name*

Product Type

Related
Projects**
Anticipated Users

Product Partner(s)

Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
3.2 Identifying Drinking Water Contaminants
Water Contaminant
Information Tool
(WCIT)












Training Modules
Contained Within the
WCIT









Improvements to the
WCIT








Tool (Web-based
database)













Training modules










Tool (Web-based
database)








3.2.a.1
(combined
with
3.2.b.1)
3.2.b.2
3.2.b.3

3. 3. a. 2

3 3r 3
iJ.iJ.U.iJ
3.4.b.1
3.4.C.1
3.4.C.8
3.6.3.1
4.0.f.1
3.2.b.2

32h 1
\J.£-.VJ . 1
3.2.b.3







3.2.b.3

32h 1
\J.£-.VJ . 1






Drinking water and
wastewater utilities
Emergency responders
Public health officials
State officials
Federal agencies
Technical assistance

providers

Environmental laborato-
ries




Federal agencies
State drinking water
programs
Drinking water and
wastewater utilities
Public health officials
Environmental
laboratories
Emergency responders
Technical assistance
providers
Federal agencies
State drinking water pro-
grams
Drinking water and
wastewater utilities
Public health officials
Environmental laboratories
Emergency responders
Technical assistance
providers
N/A














N/A










N/A









Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Food and
Agriculture
HSPD-10Biodefensefor
the 21st Century










Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and
Food

HSPD-10Biodefensefor
the 21st Century





Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and
Food

HSPD-10Biodefensefor
the 21st Century




Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
          Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
                                                                                                                  39

-------
                                   Appendix B
Product Name*

Product Type

Related
Projects**
Anticipated Users

Product Partner(s)

Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
3.3 Improving Analytical Methodologies and Monitoring Systems for Drinking Water
Water Contaminant
Surrogates and
Simulants Methods,
Guidance, and Training




Development of
Ultrafiltration Devices
and a Water Filtering
Protocol







Sampling and
Analytical Methods for
Detecting Biological
Contaminants in Water




Interim Protocol for
Detecting Biological
Contaminants in Water




Document






Physical product








Documents






Document





3.2.C.1






3.3.M
3.3.D.5







3.3.b.5

3.2.D.4
3.3.D.1
3.3.D.4
3 3 h7
o.o. u. /

3.3.b.7

3.2.D.4
3.3.D.4
3.3.D.5


Federal agencies involved
in research
Utilities
Emergency responders
Public health
decisionmakers
Scientific community at
large
Laboratories
Emergency responders
Individuals responsible
for planning for analytical
responses to contamina-
tion threats





Drinking water utilities
Environmental
tahnratnrip^
IOUUI OIUI IGo
Emergency responders




Drinking water utilities
Environmental
laboratories
Emergency responders



U.S. Army Edgewood
Chemical Biological Center
(ECBC)




Department of the Defense
Joint Service Agent Water
Monitor (JSAWM)
Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention
(CDD
\\jLJ\j 1
American Water Works
Association Research
Foundation (AwwaRF)
Department of Energy's
Idaho National Laboratory
U.S. Army Edgewood
Chemical Biological Center
(ECBC)
Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention
(CDC)
Metropolitan Water
District of Southern
California
N/A





Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and
Food

HSPD-10Biodefensefor
the 21st Century


Bioterrrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and
Food

HSPD-10Biodefensefor
the 21st Century




Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (1) and
(a) (3)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and
Food
HSPD-10Biodefensefor
the 21st Century

Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (1) and
(a) (3)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and
Food
HSPD-10Biodefensefor
the 21st Century
     Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
     Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
40
                       Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005

-------
                                                 Appendix  B
Product Name*
Reports on Biotoxins



Early Warning System
Technologies and
Techniques to Monitor
and Evaluate Drinking
Water Quality: State-
of -the- Art Review
Integrated Consortium
of Laboratory
Networks

Laboratory Response
Tools


Product Type
Documents



Document
Document

Tools


Related
Projects**
3.3.C.3
3.2.a.3
3.2.b.1
3.3.C.1
3.3.C.2
3.3.C.4

3.3.e.4
3.3.6.1
3.3.e.2
3.3.e.3
3.3.f.4
3.3.f.2

3.3.g.1
3.3.a.3
3.3.f.3
3.3.f.6
Anticipated Users
Rapid risk (threat) asses-
sors
Fate and transport model-
ers
Analytical method devel-
opers
Drinking water utilities
Laboratory capacity and
infrastructure planners
Emergency response offi-
cials
Water utilities
Water organizations
Monitoring technology
and system developers
and vendors
Water utilities
Laboratories
Emergency responders
Federal agencies

Water utilities
Laboratories
Emergency responders
Federal agencies
Public in need of environ-
mental testing laboratory
support to contamination
threats
Product Partner(s)
Naval Surface Warfare
Center, Dahlgren Division



N/A
Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention
Laboratory Response
Network (LRN)
U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA)
U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA)
N/A


Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (1 )and
(a) (3)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and
Food



Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and
Food
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and
Food
HSPD-10Biodefensefor
the 21st Century

HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and
Food


Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
                                                                                           41

-------
                                   Appendix B
Product Name*

Product Type

Related
Projects**
Anticipated Users

Product Partner(s)

Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
3.4 Containing, Treating, Decontaminating, and Disposing of Contaminated Water and Materials
Reference Guide for
Utilities — Distribution
System Analysis: Field
Studies, Modeling, and
Management
Threat Ensemble
Vulnerability
Assessment (TEVA)
Modeling Tool for
Water Distribution
Systems


Threat Ensemble
Vulnerability
Assessment (TEVA)
Contamination
Warning System Data
Analysis Tools


Resource Guide on the
Aquatic Fate of
Biological, Chemical,
and Radiological
Contaminants


Research on the
Inactivation of
Biological Agents in
Water

Document



Modeling tools



Computer
models/
software



Document



Ongoing research


3.4.a.1



3.4.a.2
3.2.b.1
3.4.a.1
3.4.a.3
3.6.a.3
3.4.a.3

3.2.b.1
3.4.3.1
3.4.3.2
3.6.3.3
3.4.b.3
3.4.b.2
3.4.C.5

3.6.3.1
3.4.C.3
3.4.C.5

Water utilities

Federal agencies
State snd local health
snd environments!
regulatory agencies
Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
snd environmental regu-
latory agencies
Water utilities

Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental regu-
latory agencies
Water utilities

Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental regu-
latory agencies
Water utilities
Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental regu-
latory agencies
Water utilities
N/A



Department of Energy's
Argonne National
Laboratory (ANL)



Department of Energy's
Sandia National
Laboratories (SNL)



N/A



N/A


Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5),
Section 1435 (a) (1-4)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and
Food
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5),
Section 1435 (a) (1-4)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and
Fnnrl
1 UUU

Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5),
Section 1435 (a) (1-4)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and
Fnnrl
1 UUU

Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-9 Defense of the
United States Agriculture
and Food


Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1-6),
Section 1435 (a) (1-4)
HSPD-10Biodefensefor
the 21st Century

42
Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.

                  Water Security Research  and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress  Report for 2005

-------
                                                 Appendix B
Product Name*

Drinking Water
Treatability Database






Resource Document
and Guidance for
Decontaminating Post-
Service Connections

Handbook for
Decontaminating
Piping and Equipment








Disposal Alternatives
Tool









Report on Impacts to
Water Systems
Following Community-
wide Radiological
Events


Product Type

Database







Document



Document










Web-based tool
(also on CD-ROM)









Document




Related
Projects**
3.4.C.5

3.2.b.1
34r 3
iJ.T.U.lJ
3.4.C.4

3.4.C.6
3.4.C.8
3.4.d.7

3.4.d.8

3.4.d.8


3.4.C.9
3.4.d.1

3.4.d.2
3.4.d.5
3.4.d.6
3.4.d.7
3.4.d.9
3.4.d.9


3.4.C.9

3.4.d.1
3.4.d.2
3.4.d.5
3.4.d.6
3.4.d.7
3.4.d.8
3.4.d.10




Anticipated Users

Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental regu-
latory agencies

Water utilities


State and local health
and environmental regu-
latory agencies
Building owners
Water utilities
State and local health
and environmental regu-
latory agencies
Water utilities

Federal agencies





State and local health
and environmental regu-
latory agencies

Water utilities
Federal agencies





Federal agencies
Water utilities
Emergency responders

Planners

Product Partner(s)

N/A







National Institute of
Standards and Testing
(NIST)

N/A










N/A










Department of Energy's
Argonne National
Laboratory! AN L)



Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-10Biodefensefor
the 21st Century





Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-10Biodefensefor
the 21st Century

Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-10Biodefensefor
the 21st Century







Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-10Biodefensefor

the 21st Century






Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1435 (a) (1-4)
HSPD-7 Critical
Infrastructure

Identification, Prioritization,
and Protection
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
                                                                                           43

-------
                                   Appendix B
Product Name*

Product
Type
Related
Projects**
Anticipated Users

Product Partner(s)

Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
3.5 Planning for Contingencies and Addressing Infrastructure Interdependencies
Guidance on
Deployment of
Alternative Water




Guidance for Drinking
Water and
Wastewater Utilities
to Minimize Outages
Due to
Interdependencies
with Other Critical
Sectors
Document





Document


3.5.a.5
3.5.3.1

3.5.a.2
3.5.a.3
3.5.3.4
3.5.C.2
(incorporated into
3.1.D.1)

Federal agencies
State health and environ-
ments! regulatory agen-
cies
Water utilities
Consulting engineers

Federal agencies
State health and environ-
mental regulatory agen-
cies
Water utilities
Consulting engineers
U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers (USACE)




Department of Energy's
Argonne National
Laboratory (AN L)

Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1 435 (b)




Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1 435 (b)
HSPD-7 Critical
Infrastructure
Identification, Prioritization
and Protection
3. 6 Targeting Impacts on Human Health and Informing the Public About Risks
Health Effects
Database












Database













3.6.a.1
(scope of project
completed through
Rapid Risk Project
#1 [RR1])


3.2.b.1
3.4.b.3
3.6.3.2
3.6.3.3
3.6.3.4
3.6.C.1
3.6.C.2
Risk assessors
Detection limits
scientists
Decontamination

planners








N/A













Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (3) and
If,} IR\
\QI \oi


HSPD-10Biodefensefor
the 21st Century







     Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
     Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
44
                       Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005

-------
                                                                         Appendix  B
Product Name*

Health Surveillance
Network Linkages




Risk Assessment
Decisionmaking Tools




Methods for
Communicating Risks to
Local Communities
Message Mapping for
Decisionmakers



Emergency Consequence
Assessment Tool


Product Type

Document





Tabletop and
computer-based
simulation exer-
cises




Documents;
training
modules
Tools




Tool
(Web-based)


Related
Projects**
3.6.b.2
(scope of project
encompassed by
Rapid Risk Projects
#22 [RR22] and #23
[RR23])

3.6. b.1

3.6.d.2
3.6.d.3




3.6.6.1

3.6.d.3
4.0.6.3 (combined
with 3.6.e.2)



3.6.6.2
(scope of project
completed through
Rapid Risk Project
#38 [RR38])
3.6.e.3
3.6.e.4
Anticipated Users

Risk assessors
Public health officials
Scientists
Water utility operators
Planners

Emergency responders
Risk assessors
Detection limits
scientists
Decontamination
planners
Water utilities
Emergency responders
Emergency
responders
Public officials
Wastewater utilities
State and local health
and environmental reg-
ulatory agencies

Risk assessors
Detection limits
scientists
Decontamination
planners
Emergency responders
Product
Partner(s)
Centers for Disease
Control and
Prevention (CDC)
U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA)



N/A




N/A


N/A




N/A



Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1 434 (a)(2) and
HSPD-9 Defense of
United States Agriculture
QnH Pnnrl
Ql IU 1 UUU


Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434(a)(2)




Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (3) and
(a) (6)
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (3) and
(a) (6)
HSPD-10: Biodefense
for the 21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (3) and
(a) (6)
HSPD-10 Biodefense for
the 21st Century

        Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
        Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
                                                                                                                         45
Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
DRAFT ONLY

-------
                                   Appendix B
Product Name*

Product Type

Related
Projects**
Anticipated Users

Product
Partner(s)
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
4.0 Wastewater Treatment and Collection Infrastructure Projects
Guidance on Managing
Contamination Events




Information on Current
Practices for Controlling
Access to Wastewater
Collection and Treatment
Systems
Response Protocol
Playbooks



Document





Documents

Document




4.0.b.4

3.1. c.2
4.0.D.1
4 0 h?
T.U.U.i-
4.0.C.1

4.0.6.1




Wastewater utilities
Emergency responders
Federal agencies
State and local health
and environmental reg-
ulatory agencies
Wastewater utilities
State and local health
and environmental reg-
ulatory agencies
Wastewater utilities
State and local health
and environmental reg-
ulatory agencies

Water Environment
Research Foundation
(WERF)




Water Environment
Research Foundation
(WERF)
Water Environment
Research Foundation
(WERF)


Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (3) and (a)
(6)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century


Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (3) and (a)
(6)
HSPD-10: Biodefense for the
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (3) and (a)
(6)
HSPD-10: Biodefense for the
21st Century
     Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
     Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
46
                       Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005

-------
                                                                 Appendix B
Product Name*
Product Type
Related
Projects**
Anticipated Users
Product
Partner(s)
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
5.0 Providing the Means to Implement the Action Plan
Technology Testing and
Evaluation Program
(TTEP)
Detection Technologies

Technology Testing and
Evaluation Program
(TTEP)
Point-of-Use (POU) Water
Treatment Technology
Technology Testing and
Evaluation Program
(TTEP)
Wastewater and
Residuals Treatment
Technology
Documents

Documents
Documents
5.2.a.1

5.2.a.2
5.2.3.3
Water utilities
State officials
Emergency responders
Technology developers

Water utilities
State officials
Emergency responders
Technology developers
Water utilities
State officials
Emergency responders
Technology developers
N/A

N/A
N/A
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (1-3) and (a)
(5), Section 1435 (d)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (1-3) and
(a) (5), Section 1435 (d)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (1-3) and (a)
(5), Section 1435 (d)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
          Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
                                                                                                                  47

-------
                                   Appendix  C
Product Name"
Product Type
Related
Projects""
Anticipated Users
Product
Partner(s)
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
Guidance for Using
Models to Analyze
Terrorist Attack
Consequences


Decision Tree for
Alternatives to Chlorine
Disinfection

Document


Document

3.1.b.1
3.5.C.1
3.5.C.2


3.1.C.4
	
Drinking water systems
State water boards
State and local health
and environmental reg-
ulatory agencies
Threat analysts
EPA and other federal
policymakers
Wastewater utilities
using chlorine gas for
disinfection
	
N/A


Department of
Homeland Security
(DHS)
National Association
of Clean Water
Agencies (NACWA)
	
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1435 (a) (1-4)
HSPD-7 Critical Infrastructure
Identification, Prioritization,
and Protection


HSPD-7 Critical Infrastructure
Identification, Prioritization,
and Protection
	
Documentation of
Background Levels of
Priority Biological
Contaminants



Document




3.2.b.4
3.3.D.5



Federal agencies
Water utilities
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Scientific community at
large
N/A




Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century


     Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
     Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
48
                       Water Security Research and Technical Support Action  Plan - Progress Report for 2005

-------
                                                                 Appendix  C
Product Name*

Product Type

Related
Projects**
Anticipated Users

Product
Partner(s)
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
3.3 Improving Analytical Methodologies and Monitoring Systems for Drinking Water
Revisions to the
National Environmental
Methods Index (NEMI)
Database to Include
Analytical Methods for
Priority Water
Contaminants
Report on the Water
Industry's Position
Regarding the Use of
Ultrafiltration to Identify
Contaminants in Water

Reports and Journal
Articles Summarizing
the Response of
Sensors to the
Introduction of
Contaminants



Database


Document

Documents





3.3.b.2/
3.3.b.6
3.3.b.5

3.3.b.3
3.3.b.1
3.3.b.5

3.3.(l.1
3.4.a.1
33d?
ij.ij. \Ji.f-
3.3.d.6


Laboratories
Individuals responsible
for planning for analyti-
cal responses to con-
tamination threats

Laboratories
Individuals responsible
for planning for analyti-
cal responses to con-
tamination threats

Water utility operators
Water organizations
Monitoring technology
and system developers
and vendors



N/A


N/A

EPAs Water
Awareness
Technology
Evaluation Research
and Security
(WATERS) Center
U.S. Army Edgewood
Chemical Biological
Center (ECBC)
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century


Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
          Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
                                                                                                                  49

-------
                                   Appendix  C
Product Name*

Standard Operating
Procedures and Quality
Assurance and Control
Practices to Guide the
Evaluation of Monitoring
Technologies

Identification of Sensors
Used in Other Sectors
That Might Be Applicable
to Drinking Water
Monitoring and Detection


Report on Biosensor
Responses and the
Development and Use of
an Interpretive Algorithm


Standard Operating
Procedures for Evaluating
Monitoring Technologies


Product Type

Documents




Documents




Document




Document


Related
Projects**
3.3.(l.2

3.3.d.1
3 3 d fi

5.2.3.1
3.3.d.3

3.3.d.6
34a?


3.3.(l.4

3.3.d.6


3.3.d.5
*updates
3.3.d.2


Anticipated Users

Water utility
operators
Water organizations
Monitoring technology
and system developers
and vendors
Water utility
operators
Water organizations
Monitoring technology
and system developers
and vendors
Water utility
operators
Water organizations
Monitoring technology
and system developers
and vendors
Water utility operators
Water organizations
Monitoring technology
and system developers
and vendors

Product
Partner(s)
N/A




N/A




N/A




N/A


Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (1)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
     Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
     Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
50
                       Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005

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                                                                 Appendix C
Product Name*

Product Type

Related
Projects**
Anticipated Users

Product
Partner(s)
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
3.4 Containing, Treating, Decontaminating, and Disposing of Contaminated Water and Materials
Upgrade of the EPANET
Model to Allow the
Modeling of Multi-
Component Reactions









Guidance and Models
for Performing
Computational
Contaminant Fate and
Transport Studies


Final Report on the
Environment Fate of
Selected Biological,
Chemical, and
Radiological
Contaminants in Source
Waters

Report on theTreatability
of Less Well Understood
Water Contaminants and
Recommendations for
Additional Treatability
Studies

Model











Document




Document




Document



3.4.3.1

3.2.b.2
3.3.C.3
3.3.d.1
3.3.d.3
3.4.a.2
3.4.a.3
3.4.d.4
3.4.d.5
3.4.d.6
3.4.d.7
3.6.3.3
3.4.a.2

3.2.b.1
3.4.a.1
3.4.3.3
3.6.3.3
3.4.b.1

3.2.b.1
3.4.b.3


3.4.C.1
3.2.b.1
34r 5
iJ.T.U. \J

Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities








Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities

Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities

Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities
N/A











Department of
Energy's Argonne
National Laboratory
(ANL)


U.S. Army Edgewood
Chemical Biological
Center (ECBC)



N/A



Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5), and
Sections 1435 (a) (1-4)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century







Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5), and
Sections 1435 (a) (1-4)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5), and
Sections 1435 (a) (1-4)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (1-6)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
          Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
                                                                                                                  51

-------
                                   Appendix  C
Product Name*
Method for Evaluating
Existing and Innovative
Treatment Technologies

Report on the Ability of
Common Drinking Water
Treatment Methods to
Remove Microbial and
Chemical Agents

Report Identifying Point-
of-Use/Point-of-Entry
(POU/POE) Devices,
Uses, and Disposal
Requirements

Report Describing
Pretreatment
Technologies and
Effectiveness

Report Describing
Decontamination
Byproducts and Health
Effects

Product
Type
Document

Document

Document

Document

Document

Related
Projects**
3.4.C.2
(combined with
5.2.a.2)

3.4.C.4
3.4.C.5

3.4.C.6
3.4.C.5
5.2.a.3

3.4.C.7

3.4.C.8
3.2.b.1
3.4.C.5

Anticipated Users
Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities
Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities
Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities
Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities
Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities
Product
Partner(s)
N/A

Department of the
Navy (NAVSEA)

N/A

N/A

N/A

Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (1-6), and
Sections 1435 (a) (1-4)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century

Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century

Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century

Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century

Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century

     Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
     Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
52
                       Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005

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                                                                 Appendix  C
Product Name*
Decontamination
Residues Disposal Tool



Standard Operating
Procedures for the
Decontamination of
Drinking Water
Infrastructure



Report on the Relevant
Physiochemical
Properties of
Contaminants That Are
Difficult to Remove from
Pipes and Equipment





Product
Type
Document



Document



Document





Related
Projects**
3.4.C.9
3.4.C.1
3.4.C.3
3.4.C.4
3.4.C.5
3.4.C.6
3.4.C.7
3.4.C.8
3.4.d.1
3.4.d.2
3.4.d.3
3.4.d.4
3.4.d.5
3.4.d.6
3.4.d.8
3.4.d. 2 (com-
bined with
3.4.b.2)
3.2.D.1
3.4.d.1
3.4.d.3
3.4.d.4
3.4.d.6
3.4.d.8
Anticipated Users
Federal agencies
Emergency responders
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities



Federal agencies
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities



Federal agencies
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities





Product
Partner(s)
N/A



American Water
Works Association
Research Foundation
(AwwaRF)



N/A





Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century



Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century



Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century





Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
          Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
                                                                                                                  53

-------
                                   Appendix  C
Product Name*
Reports Describing the
Results of Fate and
Transport Studies and
Enzyme-Based
Decontamination
Methods




Mirco-Scale Models to
Evaluate Fate and
Transport of
Contaminants in a Pipe
and Decontamination
and Recovery Methods


Report on the Use of
EPANET to Design
Decontamination Policies
and Procedures for
Drinking Water
Distribution Systems



Report on
Decontamination Efforts
on In Situ Water Utility
Pipes


Product
Type
Documents




Computer
models


Document



Document


Related
Projects**
3.4.d.3
3.4.a
3.4.d.1
3.4.d.2
3.4.3.4
3.4.d.5
3.4.d.6
3.4.d.8
3.4.(l.4
3.4.a .1
3.4.d.2
3.4.d.3
3.4.d.5
3.4.d.8
3.4.d.5
3.4.a.2
3.4.d.1
3.4.d.3
3.4.d.4
3.4.d.6
3.4.d.8
3.4.d.6
3.4.a .1
3.4.d.2
3.4.d.3
3.4.d.4
3.4.d.8
Anticipated Users
Federal agencies
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities




Federal agencies
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities


Federal agencies
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities



Federal agencies
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities


Product
Partner(s)
U.S. Army Edgewood
Chemical Biological
Center (ECBC)




N/A


N/A



N/A


Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century




Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century


Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century



Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century


     Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
     Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
54
                       Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005

-------
                                                                 Appendix  C
Product Name*
Report on the Preliminary
Assessment of the
Potential Impacts of
Radiological Dispersion
Devices on Water
Systems
Product
Type
Document
Related
Projects**
3.4.d.10
Anticipated Users
Federal agencies
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water utilities
Product
Partner(s)
N/A
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (5)
HSPD-9 Defense of United
States Agriculture and Food
3.5 Planning for Contingencies and Addressing Infrastructure Interdependencies
Case Studies on
Technical and Cost
Aspects of Existing
Contingency Plans

Report Assessing the
Feasibility of Deploying
Portable Water
Treatment Facilities


Report on Best Practices
for Managing Drinking
Water System
Redundancies

Document

Document


Document

3.5.3.1
3.5.a.5
3.5.C.5

3.5.a.2
3.5.3.5


3.5.a.3
3.5.a.5

Federal agencies
State health and envi-
ronmental regulatory
agencies
Water utilities
Consulting engineers
Federal agencies
State health and envi-
ronmental regulatory
agencies
Water utilities
Consulting engineers
Federal agencies
State health and envi-
ronmental regulatory
agencies
Water utilities
Consulting engineers
U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers (USACE)

U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers (USACE)


U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers (USACE)

Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1 435 (b)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century

Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1 435 (b)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century


Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1 435 (b)
HSPD-7 Critical Infrastructure
Identification, Prioritization,
and Protection

Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
          Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
                                                                                                                  55

-------
                                   Appendix  C
Product Name*
Database of Water
Supply Sources


Feasibility Study on the
Implementation of
Innovative Drinking
Water Technologies


Report Assessing the
Performance of
Innovative Drinking
Water Technologies


Reports on a Variety of
Water Interdependency
Issues and a Water
Version of the Critical
Infrastructures
Interdependencies
Integrator Repair and
Recovery Model
Product
Type
Database


Document


Document


Document;
model

Related
Projects**
3.5.a.4
3.5.a.5


3.5.b.1
3.5.b.2


3.5.b.2
3.5.b.1


3.5.C.1
(combined with
3.1. b.1, 4.0.a.4f
and 4.0.a.5)
Anticipated Users
Federal agencies
State health and envi-
ronmental regulatory
agencies
Water utilities
Consulting engineers
Federal agencies
State health and envi-
ronmental regulatory
agencies
Water utilities
Consulting engineers
Federal agencies
State health and envi-
ronmental regulatory
agencies
Water utilities
Consulting engineers
Federal agencies
Drinking water and
wastewater utilities
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Product
Partner(s)
U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers (USACE)


N/A


N/A


Department of
Energy's Argonne
National Laboratory
(ANL)
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1 435 (b)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century


Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1 435 (b)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century


Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1 435 (b)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century


Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (3) and (a) (6)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
     Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
     Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
56
                       Water Security Research and Technical Support Action  Plan - Progress Report for 2005

-------
                                                                 Appendix  C
Product Name*
Product
Type
Related
Projects**
Anticipated Users
Product
Partner(s)
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
3. 6 Targeting Impacts on Human Health and Informing the Public About Risks
Report on Bioaerosol
Generation During
Bathing and Screening
Guidance for Evaluating
Direct and Indirect
Exposure Pathways



Report on Risk
Assessment
Methodology,
Application, and
Limitations



Methods for Developing
Short-Term Toxicity Data



Documents



Document



Document



3.6.a.2
3.6.3.1



3.6.a.4
3.6.3.1
3.6.C.2



3.6.C.1
3.6.3.1
3.6.3.4



Federal agencies
State snd local health
snd environments!
regulatory agencies
Risk assessors
Decontamination
planners
Water utilities
Emergency responders
Federal agencies
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Risk assessors
Decontamination
planners
Water utilities
Emergency responders
Federal agencies
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Risk assessors
Decontamination
planners
Water utilities
Emergency responders
N/A



N/A



N/A



Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (2)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century



Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (2)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century



Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (3)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century



Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
          Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
                                                                                                                  57

-------
                                   Appendix  C
Product Name*
Report on the
Uncertainty of the QSAR
Model's Application to
Chemicals Without
Empirical Data



Decision Trees for
Contamination Event
Response




Consequence
Management Protocol for
Addressing Threats and
Attacks on Drinking
Water Supplies and
Systems



Product
Type
Document



Document




Document



Related
Projects**
3.6.C.2
3.6.3.1
3.6.3.4



3.6.(l.1
3.6.d.2




3.6.(l.3
3.6.d.1



Anticipated Users
Federal agencies
State and local health
and environmental reg-
ulatory agencies
Risk assessors
Decontamination
planners
Water utilities
Emergency responders
Federal agencies
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Risk assessors
Decontamination
planners
Water utilities
Emergency responders
Federal agencies
State and local health
and environmental reg-
ulatory agencies
Risk assessors
Decontamination
planners
Water utilities
Emergency responders
Product
Partner(s)
N/A



N/A




N/A



Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (3)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century



Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (2)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century




Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Section 1434 (a) (2)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century



     Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
     Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
58
                       Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005

-------
                                                                 Appendix  C
Product Name*

Product
Type
Related
Projects**
Anticipated Users

Product
Partner(s)
Statutory Authority/
Programmatic Basis
4.0 Wastewater Treatment and Collection Infrastructure Projects
Resource Document on
the Efficacy of Treatment
Methods for a Variety of
Contaminants


Guidance Manual for
Expert Detection System




Report Documenting the
New SewerNet and
PipelineNet Module
Development Activities,
Findings, and
Recommendations
Documents)



Document




Document,
model

4.0.b.2
3.2.b.1
4.0.b.1


4.0.C.2
4.0.C.3



4.0.C.4

Federal agencies
Drinking water and
wastewater utilities
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies

Federal agencies
Wastewater utilities
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies


Federal agencies
Wastewater utilities
State and local health
and environmental
regulatory agencies
Water Environment
Research Foundation
(WERF)


N/A




Water Environment
Research Foundation
(WERF)

BioterrorismActof2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (3) and (a) (6)
HSPD-7 Critical Infrastructure
Identification, Prioritization,
and Protection
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
BioterrorismActof2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (3) and (a) (6)
HSPD-7 Critical Infrastructure
Identification, Prioritization,
and Protection
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century
Bioterrorism Act of 2002,
Sections 1434 (a) (3) and (a) (6)
HSPD-10Biodefenseforthe
21st Century

Products are outcomes of projects enumerated in Action Plan.
Project numbering corresponds to those used in Action Plan. Primary contributing projects appear first in bold.
          Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
                                                                                                                  59

-------
                             Appendix  D
                  Appendix D—Acronyms

                  AMWA        Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies
                  ANL          Argonne National Laboratory
                  APHL         Association of Public Health Laboratories
                  ASCE         American Society of Civil Engineers
                  ASTHO       Association of State and Territorial Health Officials
                  AWWA        American Water Works Association
                  AwwaRF       American Water Works Association Research Foundation
                  BAT          best available technology
                  CCL          contaminant candidate list
                  CDC         Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                  DCMD        Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
                  DHS          Department of Homeland Security
                  DoD          Department of Defense
                  DOE         Department of Energy
                  DSRC         Distribution System Research Consortium
                  ECBC         U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological  Center
                  EPA          U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                  ERP          Emergency Response Plan
                  EWS          Emergency Warning System
                  ETV          Environmental Technology Verification
                  FAC          free available chlorine
                  FDA          U.S. Food and Drug Administration
                  FEMA         Federal Emergency Management Agency
                  FERN         Food Emergency Response Network
                  HSPD         Homeland Security Presidential Directive
                  JSAWM       Joint Service Agent Water Monitor
                  LD50          lethal dose 50 (dose causing death in 50 percent of exposed animals)
                  LRN          Laboratory Response Network
                  MOU         Memorandum of Understanding
                  NACWA       National Association of Clean Water Agencies, formerly Association of
                               Metropolitan Sewerage Agencies (AMSA)
                  NAVSEA       Department of the Navy
                  NEMI         National Environmental Methods Index
                  NHSRC       National Homeland Security Research Center
60
                   Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005

-------
                                                          Appendix D
NIPP          National Infrastructure Protection Plan
NIST          National Institute of Standards and Technology
NRC          National Research Council
OCMS        online contaminant monitoring system
ORD          EPA Office of Research and Development
OW          EPA Office of Water
PCR          polymerase chain reaction
POU/POE     point-of-use/point-of-entry
QSAR         Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship
RAM-W       Risk Assessment Methodology for Water Utilities
ROD          radiological dispersal device
RPTB          Response Protocol  Toolbox
SCADA       Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SNL          Sandia National Laboratories
TCAD         Threat and Consequence Assessment Division
TEVA          Threat Ensemble Vulnerability Assessment
TTEP          Technology Testing and Evaluation Program
USAGE        U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
USDA         U.S. Department of Agriculture
USGS         U.S. Geological Survey
VSAT™        Vulnerability Self Assessment Tool
WaterSC      Water Security Channel
WCIT         Water Contaminant Information Tool
WEE          Water Environment Federation
WERE         Water Environment Research Foundation
WIPD         Water Infrastructure Protection Division
WSD          Water Security Division
WSTB         Water Science and Technology Board
            Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005
                                                                                                   61

-------
                                   Notes
62
                     Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan - Progress Report for 2005

-------

-------
&EFA
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Office of Water
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
(163)
Washington, DC 20460

www.epa.gov/nhsrc
www.epa.gov/safewater/security

Official Business
Penalty for Private Use $300

EPA600-R-05-104
September 2005
    Recycled/Recyclable—Printed with Vegetable Oil Based Inks on 100%

-------