DHS/S&T-PUB-08-0001
EPA/600/R-08/105
All Hazards Receipt Facility
Screening Protocol
September 2008
Homeland
Security
SEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
-------
-------
DHS/S&T-PUB-08-0001
EPA/600/R-08/105
September 2008
All Hazards Receipt Facility
Screening Protocol
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY
Washington, DC 20528
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Cincinnati, OH 45268
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Protocol
Disclaimer
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), through its Office of Research and Development and in
support of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) under IAG #HSHQDC-06-X-00430,
collaborated with multiple state and federal agencies in the development of the screening protocol
described here. Technical support was provided by Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC) under
Contract EP-W-06-046. This document has been subjected to the Agency's review and has been
approved for publication. Note that approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
views of the Agency. DHS and EPA do not endorse the purchase or sale of any commercial products or
services.
Donald A. Bansleben, Ph.D.
Department of Homeland Security S&T Directorate
245 Murray Lane SW, Building 410
Washington, DC 20528
202-254-6146
Email: donald.bansleben@dhs.gov
Erin Silvestri, MPH
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Homeland Security Research Center
26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, MS NG16
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7619
Email: silvestri.erin@epa.gov
September 2008
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
Table of Contents
Disclaimer ii
Abbreviations and Acronyms v
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Scope and Application 1
1.2 Assumptions 4
1.3 Target Hazards and Equipment 5
2.0 Sample Receipt 12
2.1 Rapid Gamma Survey 12
2.2 Initial Safety Assessment Questions 14
2.3 Interview Sample Delivery Personnel and Verify the COC and Field Documentation 14
2.4 Visually Inspect the Sample Transport Container and Confirm Information 17
2.5 Receive Sample and Assign Sample Tracking Identification Number 19
2.6 Prepare the AHRF Sample Screening Forms Packet 20
2.7 Threat Assessment: Review the Results and Determine the AHRF Screening Plan 20
3.0 Sample Transport Container Screening 22
3.1 Sample Transport Container Screen for an Explosive Device 22
3.2 Sample Transport Container Radiological Survey 23
3.3 Sample Transport Container Screen for Chemical Warfare Agents 25
3.4 Sample Transport Container Screen for Explosives 26
4.0 Secondary and Primary Sample Container Screening 28
4.1 Ion Mobility Spectrophotometer (IMS) and Flame Spectrophotometer (FSP) Screening and
Unpacking the Transport Container 28
4.2 Visual Inspection of the Primary Sample Container 30
4.3 Primary Sample Container Radiological Survey 31
4.4 Primary Sample Container Screen for Chemical Warfare Agents 33
4.5 Primary Sample Container Screen for Explosives 35
4.6 Assessment for Continuation of Screening Procedures 35
4.7 Evaluation of Sample Container for Transfer to Glove Box 36
5.0 Initial Direct Screening of the Sample 37
5.1 Movement of Primary Sample Container(s) into Glove Box 37
5.2 Initial Sample Processing 37
5.3 Opening the Primary Sample Container 37
5.4 Sample Screen for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Combustible Gases 38
5.5 Sample Survey for Radiation 39
5.6 Sample Screen using IMS and FSP 40
5.7 Sample Splitting for Additional AHRF Testing 41
5.8 Sample Screen for Explosives 42
5.9 Thermal Susceptibility Test (Solids) 43
5.10 Visual Inspection of the Sample 44
5.11 Water Solubility, Miscibility, and Reactivity Tests 44
5.12 pH Paper Test (Water Miscible and Aqueous Liquids, Water Soluble Solids, Aqueous Solutions)
5.13 Starch Iodide Paper Test (Water Miscible and Aqueous Liquids, Water Soluble Solids, Aqueous
Solutions) 47
5.14 Sample Screen for Nerve Agents (Water Miscible and Aqueous Liquids, Water Soluble Solids,
Aqueous Solutions) 48
September 2008 Hi
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
5.15 DB-3 Dye Test for Alkylating Agents (Immiscible/Insoluble Liquids and Solids) 49
5.16 Sample Screen for Arsenic (Colorimetric) 50
5.17 Visual Inspection of the Sample 51
5.18 Review Results and Documentation of Initial Screening 51
6.0 Additional Chemical Screening of the Sample 52
6.1 Liquid or Aqueous Samples 52
6.2 Solid Samples 52
7.0 Shipment to the Receiving Laboratory 53
7.1 AHRF Screening Results Forms Review 53
7.2 Contacting Authorities/Receiving Laboratory 53
7.3 Package Preparation and Shipment 54
8.0 Glossary of Terms 55
9.0 Attachments 58
9.1 Attachment 1: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 58
9.2 Attachment 2: Example AHRF Sample Receipt Form 62
9.3 Attachments: Example Chain of Custody Form (COC) 71
9.4 Attachment 4: Example AHRF Screening Results Forms 73
September 2008 iv
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
Abbreviations and Acronyms
AC Chemical agent symbol for hydrogen cyanide
AHRF All Hazards Receipt Facility
ALARA As Low As Reasonably Achievable
ANSI American National Standards Institute
APHL The Association of Public Health Laboratories
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CG Chemical agent symbol for phosgene
CGI Combustible Gas Indicator
CK Chemical agent symbol for cyanogen chloride
CL Chemical agent symbol for chlorine gas
COC Chain of Custody
CWAs Chemical Warfare Agents
CX Chemical agent symbol for phosgene oxime
DB-3 [4-(4' -nitrobenzyl)pyridine]
DHS U.S. Department of Homeland Security
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNT Dinitrotoluene
DoD U.S. Department of Defense
DOT U.S. Department of Transportation
DP Chemical agent symbol for diphosgene
DPM Disintegrations per minute
EGDN Ethylene glycol dinitrate
E.L.I.T.E. Brand of detection kits that screen for explosive materials
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation
FSP Flame Spectrophotometer
GA Chemical agent symbol for tabun
GB Chemical agent symbol for sarin
GD Chemical agent symbol for soman
GF Chemical agent symbol for cyclohexylsarin
H Chemical agent symbol for mustard
HAZMAT Hazardous Materials, used as an abbreviation for a hazardous materials response unit
(e.g., contact HAZMAT for instruction)
HD Chemical agent symbol for distilled (purified) mustard
HEPA High Efficiency Particulate Air
HMTD Hexamethylenetriperoxidediamine
HMTA Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
HMTSA Hazardous Materials Transportation Safety Act
HMX Octogen
HN Chemical agent symbol for nitrogen mustard
HT Chemical agent symbol for a 60/40 mixture of HD and [[bis[2-(2-chloroethylthio)ethyl]
ether]] (a related vesicant, sometimes referred to as "T")
ID Identification
IMS Ion Mobility Spectrophotometer
IOP Internal Operating Procedure
M256A1 Military code assigned to a type of detection kit for CWAs in air
M8 Military code assigned to a type of paper used for field screening of CWAs
NEG Indicates a negative result
NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
September 2008
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
ORIA U.S. EPA Office of Radiation and Indoor Air
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PETN Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate
pH Measurement of acidity or alkalinity of a solution dependent upon the concentration of
hydrogen ions in solution, pH = -logjT-T]
PID Photo-Ionization Detector
POS Indicates a positive result
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
PS Common symbol for chloropicrin
PVC Polyvinyl chloride
R Roentgen, a unit of measurement for ionizing radiation (e.g., microR or milliR)
RDX Cyclonite
rem Roentgen (R) equivalent in man, a unit of radiation dose
SCBA Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus
SEI Safety Equipment Institute
SOP Standard Operating Procedure
TATP Triacetone-triperoxide
TNB Trinitrobenzene
TNT Trinitrotoluene
USEPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds
V See Glossary
V-type See Glossary
VX Chemical agent symbol for S-2 [diisopropylamino] O-ethyl methylphosphonothioate
WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction
September 2008
VI
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Scope and Application
The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (USEPA), U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), Federal Bureau
of Investigation (FBI), and the Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL)
have combined efforts to develop, construct, and implement All Hazards Receipt
Facilities (AHRFs) for screening samples of unknown and potentially hazardous
character prior to laboratory analysis. The effort was initiated in response to
requests from state and federal agencies, particularly public health and
environmental laboratories, to help protect laboratory facilities and staff. The
AHRF Screening Protocol is a recommended approach to use when screening
samples that have been presented to an AHRF.
This protocol is to be used as guide for screening samples for chemical, radiochemical, and explosive
hazards prior to laboratory analysis. Implementation of this protocol may vary from one location to the
next depending on the capabilities of the laboratory to which the AHRF unit is attached. The AHRF and
the protocol should be adjusted to conform to the capabilities and goals of the particular location.
Suspicious packages or substances often generate a public safety/law enforcement
response to determine whether the materials represent a risk to the general public
or the environment. When possible, these materials are screened in the field to
determine if they pose an imminent threat and, therefore, require special handling
and transportation. Field screening procedures should include protocols for
detecting potentially explosive devices, as well as radiological, flammable,
explosive, and corrosive materials. It is not unusual, however, for suspicious
materials to be transported directly to a laboratory without having been screened
in the field. Moreover, it is often the case that laboratories are presented with
samples for which the laboratory has unreliable information regarding field
screening results. It is these situations that have led to requests for an AHRF
where such unknown materials can be received and screened for the presence of
hazards prior to their receipt at a laboratory.
All samples received at an AHRF must be deemed a potential threat by local,
state, or federal law enforcement before they are accepted at the AHRF. Samples
brought to an AHRF by citizen "walk-ins" also must first be evaluated by a
responsible government entity (e.g., a state or federal emergency response team)
prior to being accepted at the AHRF. Samples containing hazardous materials
might become evidence in criminal investigations, and the evidentiary nature of
the sample and chain of custody (COC) must be preserved at all times. If
possible, the inner and outer packaging, as well as the sample itself, should be
photographed during the screening process to provide visual documentation.
Supplemental documentation (e.g., details regarding what was sampled, who
performed any sample screening, the procedures used, and the results) should
accompany the sample, and the sample must be stored in a locked, limited access
September 2008 Page 1 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
container or area when not in the custody of the person or persons responsible for
preserving the COC. If the unknown material might be dangerous, or if there is
an accompanying threat or other evidence of a criminal act, the laboratory
director, local FBI Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Coordinator, and other
appropriate local authorities must be informed immediately.
This AHRF protocol is to be used as a guide by laboratories that are considering
or implementing an AHRF for dealing with these types of scenarios. The protocol
is intended for in-process screening of samples of unknown chemical, explosive,
and radiological hazard presented to an AHRF and to mitigate those hazards to
protect laboratory facilities and staff from contamination and injury. The AHRFs
are not intended to provide detailed or quantitative information regarding the
identity and amount of hazardous materials, but instead provide initial screening
results that can be used to determine whether a specific laboratory can or should
be used for further sample analysis. The protocol described in this document does
not include specific biological screening procedures. Suspected biological
samples should be referred to an appropriate receiving laboratory. The DHS and
DoD are assessing potential "low tech " and low cost biological screening
methods that may be added at a later date.
Figure 1 summarizes the proposed AHRF protocol screening process.
September 2008 Page 2 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
Figure 1.
Summary of AHRF Screening Protocols
SAMPLE RECEIPT and TRANSPORT CONTAINER SCREEN:
Perform gamma radiation survey
Perform initial safety assessment
Interview the delivery personnel
Establish/continue COC and review corresponding documentation
Visually inspect container (Check for explosive device, and unusual liquid or powder. If
present, collect sample, mitigate hazard and contact appropriate authorities.)
Document observations, complete AHRF Sample Receipt Forms, and assign sample
tracking identification number
Perform a threat assessment and develop a screening plan
SECONDARY CONTAINMENT and PRIMARY SAMPLE CONTAINER SCREEN:
Inside fume hood
Screen headspace of transport container for CWAs with IMS and FSP
Remove contents from transport container and screen any secondary containment (if
necessary) with IMS and FSP
Visually inspect and screen sealed primary sample container for CWAs (IMS, FSP, and
colorimetric), for radioactivity (direct readings and wipes), and explosives (colorimetric)
If hazards are indicated, collect exterior wipe sample, mitigate hazards indicated via
decontamination of exterior surface or shielding, and contact appropriate authorities
Document observations and results on AHRF Screening Results Form
Assess need to continue screening process and ability to transfer to glove box
SAMPLE SCREEN: Inside glove box and biological safety cabinet
Transfer primary sample container to glove box
Open primary container and screen for VOCs (PID) and combustible gases (CGI)
Screen sample for radiation
Screen with IMS and FSP
If sufficient amount of sample is present, remove a portion for continuation of screening
process
Remove smaller portions and perform colorimetric test for explosives. If sample is a solid,
transfer an aliquot into the biological safety cabinet. Conduct thermal susceptibility test to
determine if explosive materials are present.
Perform water solubility, float test, and reactivity test
Perform pH and starch iodide test (colorimetric)
Perform nerve agent test (colorimetric)
Perform DB-3 Dye test for alkylating agents (colorimetric)
Perform arsenic test (colorimetric)
Perform the additional chemical screening as needed (colorimetric)
Document observations and results on AHRF Screening Results Form
DOCUMENT RESULTS
Complete and verify AHRF Screening Results Forms
Compile all forms into a single AHRF Screening Report
Contact sampling agency, appropriate local authorities, the laboratory director, and the FBI
WMD Coordinator
Prepare sub sample and primary sample for delivery to the designated laboratory(ies) and/or
sampling authority
Move to the biological safety cabinet to await transfer
CGI- Combustible Gas Indicator
FSP- Flame Spectrophotometer
VOC- Volatile Organic Compounds
COC-Chain of Custody
IMS- Ion Mobility Spectrometer
WMD- Weapons of Mass Destruction
CWA- Chemical Warfare Agent
PID- Photoionization Detector
September 2008
Page 3 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
1.2 Assumptions
This protocol does not include information regarding standard operating
procedures (SOPs) of the AHRFs or tasks and activities that will be performed by
site management or safety and hygiene individuals. It is assumed that AHRF staff
will be trained in Occupational Safely and Health Administration (OSHA)
requirements for hazardous waste operations and emergency response at Title 29
of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Section 1910.120 (Hazardous Waste
Operations and Emergency Response) or 29 CFR 1926.65 (Safety and Health
Regulations for Construction), and will be familiar with a Health and Safety Plan
specific to the AHRF. In accordance with the OSHA Act, each laboratory
operating an AHRF is responsible for having an established SOP for quality
control activities to minimize the possibility of false positives and false negatives
during screening tests. Each laboratory is also responsible for developing site-
specific safety and health plans, ensuring that personnel are informed as to the
potential hazards when working in an AHRF facility, and dictating the
requirements for safely working in the area.
Each laboratory should determine the type of personal protective equipment (PPE)
that should be worn. It should be noted that PPE is a secondary source of
protection, while engineering controls are the first level of defense in preventing
exposure to hazardous materials.
A list of PPE is provided in Attachment 1 of this document for informational
purposes. The type of PPE used should be assessed and modified by the
laboratory as necessary as samples are received. At a minimum, PPE for AHRF
staff should include the following unless otherwise recommended in the
laboratory SOP:
Coveralls or laboratory coat
2 pairs of nitrile gloves (e.g., nitrile gloves compliant with 21 CFR, preferably
at least 5 mil). Alternatively, if Chemical Warfare Agents (CWAs) are
suspected to be present in a sample, 1 pair of non-standard butyl gloves should
be used as outer gloves worn over a double pair of nitrile gloves.
Safety glasses or chemical splash goggles (e.g., ANSI Z87.1-1989, SEI
certified eye protection goggles or visor)
Escape mask (close at hand)
It is also assumed that AHRF staff will be familiar with the U.S. Department of
Transportation (DOT) Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (HMTA) and
Hazardous Materials Transportation Safety Act (HMTSA) requirements at 49
CFR parts 171 through 177 for packaging and transporting hazardous materials.
The screening process and results will be documented and recorded on sample
receipt forms, COC forms, and screening results forms. Examples of these forms
are provided in Attachments 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Each laboratory is
responsible for developing guidelines for sample transportation, preservation, and
storage once samples have been screened.
September 2008 Page 4 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
1.3 Target Hazards and Equipment
The types of compounds targeted by the AHRF equipment included in this
protocol are listed in Table 1 below. The equipment can not be used to identify
specific compounds, but can be used to indicate the presence of hazards such as
those listed in Table 2. This protocol currently does not include specific
biological screening. Suspected biological samples should be referred to an
appropriate receiving laboratory. The DHS and DoD are assessing potential
"low tech" and low cost biological screening methods that may be added at a
later date.
September 2008 Page 5 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
Table 1.
Classes of Compounds Targeted by the AHRF Screening Equipment
AHRF SCREENING EQUIPMENT
TARGET ANALYTES
Transport Container Survey (immediately upon receipt, outside the AHRF)
Radiological
Survey
Micro R Meter gamma scintillator
(from a distance)
Gamma Ray Emission
Transport Container Screen (inside the AHRF)
Radiological
Survey
Chemical
Screen
Explosives
Screen
Alpha, beta, gamma scintillator with
data logger
Wipe with M8 paper if any unusual
contamination is visible
Colorimetric Indicator
Alpha and Beta emitters (container surface)
Gamma Ray emitters (contact dose)
Nerve agents (GA, GB, GD, VX)
Blister agents (H, HD, HN, HT and Lewisite)
Any organic liquid
Nitro aromatics, nitrate-esters, nitramines, inorganic
nitrate compounds. (NOTE: See full list in Table 2)
Primary Sample Container Screen (in fume hood or equivalent)
Radiological
Survey
Explosives
Screen
Chemical
Screen
Alpha, beta, gamma scintillator with
data logger
Colorimetric Indicator
Flame Spectrophotometer(FSP)
Ion Mobility Spectrometer (IMS)
M8 Paper
Alpha and Beta emitters (container surface)
Gamma Ray emitters (contact dose)
Nitro aromatics, nitrate-esters, nitramines, inorganic
nitrate compounds. (NOTE: See full list in Table 2)
Compounds containing phosphorous or sulfur
Nerve agents (GA, GB, GD, VX)
Blister agents (H, HD, HN, HT and Lewisite)
Nerve agents (GA, GB, GD, VX)
Blister agents (HD, HN, Lewisite)
Nerve agents (GA, GB, GD, VX)
Blister agents (H, HD, HN, HT and Lewisite)
Any organic liquid
Sample Screen (in glove box)
Radiological
Survey
Explosives
Screen
Explosives
Screen
Chemical
Screen
Alpha, beta scintillator with data
logger
Colorimetric Indicator
Thermal susceptibility test
(to be performed in the biological
safety cabinet outside of the glove
box)
Photoionization Detector (PID) and
Combustible Gas Indicator (CGI)
FSP
IMS
Colorimetric paper tests: pH, starch
iodide, DB-3
Colorimetric enzyme test: CWA
(nerve agent) detection kit
Colorimetric test for arsenic
compounds
Alpha and Beta emitters (sample surface)
Nitro aromatics, nitrate-esters, nitramines, inorganic
nitrate compounds. (NOTE: See full list in Table 2)
Explosive materials
Energetic materials
Most volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Does not
identify or distinguish between VOCs.
Nerve agents (GA, GB, GD, VX)
Blood agents (CK, AC)
Blister agents (H, HD, HN, HT and Lewisite)
Choking agents (CG)
Compounds containing phosphorous or sulfur
Nerve agents (GA, GB, GD, VX)
Blister agents (H, HD, HN, HT and Lewisite)
Nerve agents (GA, GB, GD, VX)
Blister agents (HD, HN, Lewisite)
Acidity/alkalinity, oxidizing compounds, alkylating agents
(Mustard)
Nerve agents (GA, GB, GD, VX)
Lewisite and other arsenic compounds
September 2008
Page 6 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
Table 2.
Specific Compounds and Materials Targeted by the AHRF Screening Equipment
Chemical Warfare Agents
Nerve:
GA - Tabun
GB - Sarin
GD - Soman
Organophosphate nerve agents
VX
Blister:
H - Mustard agents
HD - Distilled mustard
HN - Nitrogen mustard
HT - Sulfur mustard
Lewisite
Blood:
AC - Hydrogen cyanide
CK - Cyanogen chloride
Choking:
CG - Phosgene
Chemical compounds
Arsine
Arsenic
Chlorine
Cyanide
Fluoride
Hydrocyanic acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Oxidizers
Explosive Agents
Ammonium nitrate
Barium nitrate
Black Powder
Bromides
DNT - Dinitrotoluene
EGDN - Ethylene glycol dinitrate
HMTD - Hexamethylenetriperoxidediamine
HMX - Octogen
Lead styphnate
Nitro cellulose
Nitro glycerin
PETN - Pentaerythritol tetranitrate
Picric acid
Potassium chlorate
Potassium nitrate
RDX - Cyclonite
Semtex
Smokeless powder
Sodium chlorate
Sodium nitrate
TATP - Triacetone-triperoxide
Tetryl
TNB - Trinitrobenzene
TNT - Trinitrotoluene
Tri nitro naphthalene
Radiological Agents
Alpha and Beta particles
Gamma ray emission
If screening tests indicate the presence of an explosive substance or device, radioactive
material, or CWA, the local FBI WMD Coordinator, laboratory director, and appropriate
local authorities should be consulted. This protocol does not include recommendations
regarding which analyses should be performed on the sample after it has gone through the
AFIRF screening process. If the AFIRF procedures do not detect a hazard, it does not
necessarily mean that hazardous material is not present at any quantity. The laboratory
director has the final authority as to whether a sample can enter the laboratory.
Many hazards can be minimized if the AFIRF sends only a small quantity of the sample
to the laboratory. For example, if a sample is suspected to contain a chemical,
radiological, or explosive hazard, the laboratory manager may agree to accept a sample
size of no more than a swab, 500 mg and/or 0.5 mL. This would be appropriate only for
certain analyses where a small amount of sample is needed (e.g., some biological and
radiological testing).
Figure 2 presents a flowchart of the AFIRF protocol screening steps.
September 2008
Page 7 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
Figure 2.
AHRF Screening Protocols Flowchart
Recommended AHRF Screening Process
STEP 1: Sample Receipt
It is assumed that a sample will be collected by first
responders and packaged in a primary sample
container. It is also assumed that primary sample
containers will be further packaged into a transport
container. If a suspicious package is encountered, it
also will be packaged in a transport container.
STOP! Consult
laboratory director,
FBI WMD
Coordinator and
appropriate local
authorities to
determine whether
it is safe to
continue AHRF
screening and at
which point to
resume testing
Note: If transport container
is larger than the AHRF
portal, contact HAZMAT for
instruction
Assess safety. Revi^ COC and field report
information. Interview sample transport personnel.
Visually inspect container.
(Sections 2.2 to 2.4)
STEP 2: Transport Container
Screening
Removal by
bomb squad
Screen with M8 paper and
explosives colormetric test
(Sections 3.3 and 3.4)
Collect surface sample and
remove remaining contamination
with a diluted bleach solution
Alpha, beta (direct
measurement,
wipe test only if
positive)
September 2008
Page 8 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
Recommended AHRF Screening Process (Continued)
STEP 3: Secondary Containment and Primary Sample Container Screening
Place the transport/secondary container in
fume hood or equivalent enclosure
(Section 4.0)
Screen air inside the transport container for CWAs with an FSP
and IMS. Then unpack the transport container and individually
screen any secondary container with FSP and IMS. Individually
screen each sealed primary container with the FSP and IMS.
(Section 4.1)
Note: If the container is a
piece of evidence, the
container should be
handled minimally to protect
forensics evidence. Wipe
samples should occur only
at the container seal.
Note: During the visual
inspection, it may be helpful
to photograph the primary
sample containers or
otherwise document their
condition. Take sample
temperature with IR
thermometer
Note: If multiple layers
(secondary containers)
are present, each layer
proceeding. If a positive
reading is obtained at
Visually inspect primary container!
(Section 4.2)
sample with remaining
Move the primary sample
Perform radiological survey
(Section 4.3)
container to the glove box
Alpha, beta, gamma
(direct measurement,
wipe test only if positive
Move the primary sample
containers to the glove
Note: If leaking, collect a sub-
sample of leaking materia
and consult with laboratory
director to determine if AHRF
screening or laboratory
analysis of the sub-sample is
necessary.
nspect container for leakage. Wip
seam with M8 paper
(Section 4.4)
Explosive screen (colorimetric
(Section 4.5)
If M8 was positive and explosive
screen negative, remove
remaining contamination with a
diluted bleach solution before
continuing
Prepare sample for
shipment to appropriate
aboratory
s the field and AHRF inforrnatio
considered to be sufficient to protect
receiving laboratory?
September 2008
Page 9 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
Recommended AHRF Screening Process (Continued)
STEP 4: Initial Sample Screening |Ensur£
that glove box has been certified as clean
(Section 5.0)
I Transfer primary sample container to all-hazards glove box I
(Section 5.1)
Open primary sample container
(Section 5.3)
Immediately screen with Combustible Gas Indicator (CGI) or
Photoionization Detector (PID)
(Section 5.4)
Perform radiation survey
(direct measurement for alpha and beta)
(Section 5.5)
Screen headspace with FSP and IMS
(Section 5.6)
LIQUID
POSITIVE
Remove homogeneous sample
aliquot(~1g or 1ml_)
(Section 5.7)
Explosive Screen (colorimetric)
(Section 5.8)
Remove a sub-aliquot for
explosive screen and
transfer to the Class II A2
biological safety cabinet
Explosive Screen
(thermal susceptibility test)
(Section 5.9)
Note: Proceed with sample
screening using the remainder of
the 1g or 1ml_ sample aliquot
September 2008
Page 10 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
Recommended AHRF Screening Process (Continued)
STEP 5: Continued Sample
Screening
Record physical properties of sample (state, color, etc.)
(Section 5.10)
YES
Proceed to additional sample screening (e.g., if sample is a liquid or soluble
solid, screen using indicators for chlorine, fluoride, cyanide, sulfide, arsenic)
(Section 6.0)
September 2008
Page 11 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
2.0 Sample Receipt
Prior to accepting a sample into the AHRF, a number of activities should be performed to
ensure sample integrity, the validity of field screening results, and the safety of AHRF
and laboratory personnel. AHRF staff performing these activities should use an AHRF
Sample Receipt Form to document sample receipt activities. An example AHRF Sample
Receipt Form is provided as Attachment 2.
The following procedures assume that samples will be packaged in multiple layers of
containment. The primary sample container is the vessel that physically contains the
unknown sample material. Once this layer of containment is breached, the sample is
exposed. Primary sample containers consist of any type of material that physically
encloses the sample. It can be provided by first responders collecting the sample or may
be part of the evidence itself. In cases where the primary sample container might be part
of the evidence itself, great care should be taken to preserve potential trace evidence (e.g.
fingerprints, DNA, etc.) that may be present on the container. The primary sample
container often will be placed in one or more secondary containment vessels to provide
spill control and sample protection. Secondary containment may consist of a plastic bag
or other larger container and should be packaged further into a transport container for
shipment to the AHRF. The transport container may be a cooler or other suitable
container with proper packaging to minimize breakage and leakage of the primary or
secondary sample containers during transport. If a suspicious package (e.g., package
from an unknown source, found unattended, or showing evidence of a threat) is
encountered, the same general guidelines should be followed and the package should be
placed into a transport container to protect the evidence and the sample during transport.
2.1 Rapid Gamma Survey
2.1.1 Prior to entering the AHRF, the sample transport container should be
surveyed for gamma radiation to determine if an imminent threat to health
and safety exists.
2.1.2 A gamma survey will provide an indication of the presence of gamma
emitters in the sample or on the container. Depending on the container
type, only high energy beta or gamma emitters will penetrate the sample
transport container.
WARNING! Radiological surveys should be performed by personnel trained in, and familiar with,
the equipment that is used. It is recommended that these procedures be performed by a radiation
technician/professional trained to use the AHRF equipment and to perform the calculations that may
be required to obtain survey results.
2.1.3 Gamma Radiation Survey Procedure
2.1.3.1 Perform a gamma dose rate survey of the sample transport
container. When performing this survey, the technician should
use As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) principles,
September 2008 Page 12 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
while pointing the detector at and around the container. If
available, a remote sensing device can be used to perform this
survey. [For the Micro-R meter, as with most gamma
scintillators, the probe is located inside the front bottom edge
of the meter.]
2.1.3.2 To avoid saturating the meter, start at the highest reading range
(if equipment is manual ranging) and decrease the reading
scale as needed.
2.1.3.3 Point the meter at the sample. Monitor dose rates at
approximately 18 inches from the container surface and again
as close as possible to the container. Static one-minute
measurements should be collected at random locations for each
distance. Record the highest level at each distance, noting the
probe location relative to the container.
2.1.3.4 Record survey results on the AHRF Transport Container
Screening Results Form (Attachment 4).
2.1.4 Gamma Radiation Survey Results
Typical background for gamma radiation is 5 to 20 micro R/hr
(roughly 0.005 to 0.02 mR or mrem/hr).
The recommended maximum level of gamma radiation for
acceptance into the AHRF is:
2.1.4.1
2.1.4.2
Gamma threshold: 0.1 mrem/hr
(100 (iR/hr for gamma radiation)
2.1.4.3
2.1.4.4
NOTE: This threshold is recommended by the USEPA Office
of Radiation and Indoor Air (ORIA).
Each AHRF may either use the USEPA threshold or set a
threshold based on AHRF background levels and capabilities
for handling radioactive substances.
If survey results indicate a gamma dose rate greater than the
threshold, the AHRF screening procedures should be halted
and the following measures taken:
Place the transport container in a steel- or lead- lined box, if
available, or behind other appropriate shielding materials
(e.g., cement bunker). Isolate the container in a secure,
weather protected observable area away from the AHRF.
Consult the laboratory director, appropriate local
authorities, and the local FBI WMD Coordinator
immediately to determine whether AHRF screening
procedures should continue.
If screening is stopped, the transport container should be
prepared for transport to a radiological laboratory that can
also receive samples with potential biological, explosive, or
chemical hazards. NOTE: To comply with shipping
September 2008
Page 13 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
regulations, alpha, beta, and gamma scans and wipe
samples may be necessary on the outermost shipping
container. If wipe sample contamination is present, save
the contaminated wipes for possible laboratory analysis,
and contact a radiological hazardous waste transport
professional to remove the transport container and wipes
from the AHRF site.
2.2 Initial Safety Assessment Questions
Assess whether the sample poses an immediate potential threat to the AHRF staff
and facility by asking the sample delivery personnel the following questions:
Has the sample been screened for radioactivity and explosives?
Does the package appear suspicious?
Are there protruding wires, strange odors, crystallization, or apparent damage?
Is the package rigid, bulky, stained, or does it have excessive tape or string?
Has there been a communicated threat?
WARNING! If there was a communicated threat, or hazards or dangers posed by the sample are
imminent, STOP and consult the laboratory director, local FBI WMD Coordinator, and appropriate local
authorities to determine if it is safe to continue.
2.3 Interview Sample Delivery Personnel and Verify the COC and Field
Documentation
It is important to interview the sample delivery personnel to ensure all the
pertinent information regarding the sample's background is documented (e.g.,
collection, packaging, transport, handling, hazards). Each sample received at the
AHRF should have a corresponding COC form. An example COC is provided as
Attachment 3. The COC form should provide information regarding sample
transfer, including documenting any occasion during which a sample may have
been left unattended. Each sample that is delivered to the AHRF should have an
accompanying sample field report or emergency sample form. The information
provided in these documents should be reviewed and evaluated to assist in
determining the type and extent of AHRF screening that will be performed, as
well as the type and extent of personal protection and safety precautions that are
necessary. This information also may be used by laboratories, along with AHRF
screening results, to determine the type and extent of laboratory analysis and
safety precautions necessary.
The COC and any accompanying forms should be reviewed to verify and evaluate
sample transport information prior to bringing the sample into the AHRF.
2.3.1 Have the sample delivery personnel place the transport container on a
stable surface in a sample receipt staging area (e.g., on a table, in a
September 2008 Page 14 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
weather protected area, outside the observation window). Immediately
notify the AHRF staff that a sample has arrived.
WARNING! Do not shake or move the transport container unnecessarily. Do not sniff, touch, or show
the container to others.
2.3.2 Request proof of identification (i.e., government-issued picture ID).
Review the identification against the signature on the COC.
2.3.3 Interview the delivery personnel and check this information against the
sample COC. Information obtained during this interview should include
the following:
List of known potential hazards or dangers posed by the sample
WARNING! If hazards or dangers posed by the sample are imminent, contact the laboratory director,
FBI WMD Coordinator, and appropriate local authorities before continuing the sample receipt process. If
the sample is suspected to contain a specific chemical hazard, or if field screening for explosives or
radiation has not been performed, proceed to Section 3.1 for Explosives and 3.2 for Radiation.
Information related to any unusual substance(s) on the outside of the
transport container
WARNING! If an unusual substance is present on the outside of the transport container and no
information is available regarding its identity, STOP and screen the container using the procedures
described in Section 3.3.
Date, time, and location where delivery personnel took possession of
the sample
Sample condition and/or containment when delivery personnel first got
possession of the sample (e.g., is there a custody seal and is it broken?)
Whether any of the containers are pieces of evidence and, if so,
whether they have been placed in an appropriate containment bag
How sample is contained (e.g., primary, secondary, transport
container)
Contacts or responsible parties
Comments or observations regarding conditions of sample transport
2.3.4 Identify the sample by type and source. Sample type categories include
the following:
Water (e.g., ground water, drinking water, stream, reservoir, other
water body)
Soil (e.g., surface, sub-surface)
Liquids (e.g., oils, leachate, detergent)
Petroleum product or solvent based (e.g., car explosion, chemical leak)
Solids (e.g., powder, chips scraped off of a surface)
Wipes (e.g., cloth with or without a solvent)
September 2008 Page 15 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
Air filters (e.g., filters from field sampling equipment, automotive
vehicles or equipment operating in direct area)
Suspicious packages
Pressurized gas containers or cylinders
WARNING! The AHRF is not equipped to handle gas containers or cylinders that are under pressure.
Handle these with extreme caution. Place the container in a blast box if one is available and move it as
far away from people and buildings as possible, while still keeping it in a secure area. Immediately obtain
the assistance of a bomb squad to remove it.
2.3.5 Identify samples by known and unknown sources.
Known source: collected by a field technician or remote
sensing/monitoring equipment and controlled in a sample container
Unknown source: discovered unattended, source unidentified, placed
in container at the scene
2.3.6 Segregate samples from known and unknown sources for screening.
Samples from known sources may require less screening at the AHPvF,
depending on review of the field reports and first responder's knowledge
of the sampling site and event impact.
2.3.7 Review the COC form.
2.3.7.1 At a minimum, the COC form should include the following
information:
Sample description
Sample identification code or number
Date, time, and location of sample collection
Number of samples collected and transported
Number of containers collected for each sample
Identification of sample collector
Contact information for a principal investigator, project
manager, or project coordinator
Names of any person(s) handling the sample
Time and location of any transfer of sample possession
If a sample has been left unattended, information regarding
the location and conditions of sample storage (i.e., sample
was stored in a locked compartment or container)
2.3.7.2 This COC form also may include information regarding the
following:
Sample containers used
Sample container decontamination
Transport containers used
Type and conditions of transport
September 2008 Page 16 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
2.3.8 Review the Sample Field Report.
2.3.8.1 Check the sample field report for completeness and suspicious
indicators; follow up as necessary.
2.3.8.2 At a minimum, this report should include the following
information:
Location, date, and time of sample collection
Sample identification number
If field tests have been performed, the field report should
contain the types of tests performed (e.g., specific
chemical, biological, radiation/radioactive contamination,
explosives, field measurements), the testing equipment
used (including make/model number, serial number,
calibration date), date and time testing was performed, the
results of the tests, and the person(s) performing each test
Noted environmental and/or human health impacts
Name(s) of field personnel collecting the sample and
performing field tests
2.3.8.3 These reports also may include information regarding:
Reason for sample collection
Event description
Risk assessment
Number of people exposed, type of exposure, and
symptoms (e.g., blistering, skin/eye/nose/mouth irritation,
disorientation, respiratory problems, convulsions, death)
Sample type (e.g., envelope, package, swab, swipe, air,
water (and source of water), soil, petroleum product or
solvent)
Physical state of sample (e.g., solid, liquid, gas)
Sample appearance (e.g., granular, powder, oily, color)
Sample amount (approximate)
Preservative or other chemical or material, if any, added to
the sample
Identification of person(s) who have been informed of the
event
2.4 Visually Inspect the Sample Transport Container and Confirm Information
A visual inspection will allow the AHRF personnel to confirm the information
provided by the sample delivery personnel and the corresponding documentation.
In cases where a risk is known or expected as a result of field screening or site
evaluation, a label or placard may be attached to the sample transport container
providing information regarding associated risks (e.g., radioactive, explosive,
corrosive, toxic, or flammable). As a precaution, AHRF personnel should assume
that any unlabeled sample transport container contains hazards until the contents
are further screened or evaluated. The possibility that containers may be
mislabeled also should be considered. Record results of the following visual
inspection on the AHRF Sample Receipt Form (Attachment 2).
September 2008 Page 17 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
WARNING! Sample transport containers should not be opened during any sample receipt activities,
including visual inspection of the container.
2.4.1 Prior to transferring the sample transport container into the AHRF, use the
radiological survey equipment that will be used to survey the transport
container inside the fume hood (or equivalent environmental enclosure) to
determine the average alpha and beta radioactivity inside the fume hood.
Twice the established average background will be used as the alpha/beta
thresholds during the direct reading radioactive survey of the transport
container (Section 3.2.3) and primary/secondary containers (Section
4.3.3).
2.4.2 Have the sample delivery personnel place the transport container into the
sample entrance air lock.
2.4.3 Don appropriate PPE. Move sample transport container into the fume
hood or equivalent environmental enclosure.
2.4.4 Visually inspect the sample transport container.
2.4.4.1 Examine the sample transport container for suspicious
indicators, including:
Protruding wires
Rigidness or bulkiness
Strange odors (only obvious odors - DO NOT sniff the
sample container)
Oily stains, discoloration, or crystallization
Excessive tape or string
Unusual or unexpected contamination on the container
(e.g., bright colored substances, crystalline deposits,
liquids; not dirt, dust, dried mud, or any other
contamination that might be expected from field
sampling or exposure)
Damaged, bulging, or discolored container
WARNING! If there has been a communicated threat, or if any of the suspicious indicators are present,
mitigate imminent hazards, isolate the sample transport container and consult the appropriate authorities for
assistance before further handling.
HINT: Post a call list in the AHRF that includes contact names and telephone numbers for responsible
parties (e.g., laboratory director, local authorities, local FBI WMD Coordinator).
2.4.4.2 Inspect the sample transport container to ensure sample
integrity. Check the following:
Condition of transport container. Is it intact?
Transport container seal. Is it properly sealed?
September 2008 Page 18 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
Custody seal. Is it unbroken?
Labels. Are they consistent with the information
contained in the COC form and/or field report?
Placards/labels that provide information regarding
associated risks (e.g., radioactive, explosive, corrosive,
toxic, or flammable). Does it match the documentation
provided?
NOTE: Some transport containers may have a custody seal
and will not have a label or vice versa. If the transport
container does not contain a custody seal, the primary
container(s) should be examined for seals once they are
unpacked from the transport and/or secondary containment
vessels (Section 4.2).
2 A A3 If possible, photograph the transport container and all labels,
placards, seals, etc.
2.4.4.4 If the container is damaged, discolored, or leaking, place it in a
larger container to control possible spillage prior to transferring
the sample to the glove box. Ensure that no personnel have
direct contact with the leaking substance. Increased PPE may
be necessary, including respiratory protection (see Attachment
1). Proceed to Section 3.3.
2.5 Receive Sample and Assign Sample Tracking Identification Number
2.5.1 Transfer custody of the sample to AHRF personnel.
2.5.1.1 Document sample receipt and release using signature, date,
time, and location of the transfer. NOTE: Each person
accepting custody of a sample accepts the responsibility for
ensuring the integrity and security of that sample.
2.5.1.2 Have delivery personnel sign the AHRF Sample Receipt Form
(Attachment 2) and sample COC (Attachment 3). Ensure they
include their printed name, affiliation, date and time along with
their signature.
2.5.2 Enter an AHRF sample tracking identification number on the sample
label, container, or containment bag. NOTE: This number may be
identical to the sample identification number used on the COC.
2.5.3 Enter sample tracking identification number on the COC and field report
forms.
2.5.4 If possible, make a copy of the completed COC form, custody seals, and
any other documentation and maintain them in the AHRF records.
2.5.5 Seal the completed, original COC form, along with any other
accompanying documentation, in a resealable plastic bag and include it
September 2008 Page 19 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
with the sample report and tracking forms (Section 2.6 and Attachment 4)
that accompany each sample through the AHRF screening process.
2.6 Prepare the AHRF Sample Screening Forms Packet
2.6.1 Compile the forms that will accompany the sample through the AHRF
screening process. Forms that accompany each sample should include:
The original sample COC form (Attachment 3)
The original field report
AHRF Sample Receipt Form (Attachment 2)
AHRF Screening Results Forms (Attachment 4)
- Transport Container Screening Results
- Primary/Secondary Sample Container Screening Results
- Sample Screening Results
2.6.2 Enter sample tracking identification number on the AHRF Screening
Results Forms (Attachment 4).
2.6.2.1 The results of all AHRF screening procedures should be
recorded on the AHRF Screening Results Forms (see
Attachment 4) as well as the signatures of screening
technicians and the date and time of each screening test.
2.7 Threat Assessment: Review the Results and Determine the AHRF
Screening Plan
Results and observations noted during sample receipt should be reviewed and
evaluated to maximize sample screening efficiency and personnel protection.
2.7.1 Personal Protective Equipment
2.7.1.1 Information obtained during the sample receipt process can be
used to make decisions regarding the level of protection needed
and to ensure that AHRF staff are properly protected.
2.7.1.2 The minimal amount of PPE that is considered necessary for
performing AHRF screening activities includes two pairs of
nitrile gloves, eye protection, and protective clothes covering.
Escape masks also should be easily accessible. A summary of
PPE that should be considered for the AHRF is provided in
Attachment 1.
CAUTION: If CWAs are suspected to be present in a sample, one pair of non-standard butyl gloves
should be used as outer gloves worn over a single pair of nitrile gloves. Nitrile gloves should be replaced
between every sample or every five minutes, whichever comes first. Information regarding PPE that
should be available at the AHRF is included in Attachment 1.
2.7.1.3 Equipment also should be available so that AHRF personnel
can increase PPE if desired or needed. It is possible, for
September 2008 Page 20 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
example, that AHRF staff may choose to use Level B or C
protection when moving and/or screening suspicious packages
for which there is no available field screening information.
2.7.1.4 If information in the field report indicates an immediate threat
or health risk (e.g., exposure resulted in blistering,
disorientation, respiratory problems, convulsions, and/or
death), AHRF staff should increase the level of PPE.
HINTS: (1) Positioning of wall clocks and timers throughout the AHRF aids in monitoring glove change
times and assists in the timing of tests. (2) Use of two different colors for inner and outer gloves allows
for easier monitoring of proper glove use.
2.7.2 AHRF screening plan
2.7.2.1 AHRF staff, including the laboratory director, should use best
professional judgment to evaluate the field information
provided during sample receipt. The AHRF staff should
determine the extent of AHRF screening that is required to
expeditiously and accurately provide the information needed to
protect the laboratory. Example decisions include the
following:
If the sample transport container is suspected to contain an
explosive device, or explosive or shock-sensitive material
as determined by visual inspection (i.e., protruding wires,
rigidness or bulkiness, excessive tape or string), seek bomb
squad assistance before further handling.
Immediately obtain expert assistance in removing
pressurized gas containers or cylinders from the AHRF. If
possible, place the container in a secure, protected (e.g.,
behind a cement bunker or in a blast box, if available)
location as far away from people and buildings as possible.
Samples that have been identified as coming from a known
source (e.g., drinking water) with no indication that the
sample may contain an explosive device should not require
an explosives device screen.
If the sample is identified as a suspicious powder, and there
is indication of an intentional threat, AHRF screening
should focus on protecting biological laboratories and
increasing the level of PPE used by AHRF personnel.
If the receiving laboratory is equipped to handle samples
containing hazardous chemicals (e.g., arsenic, cyanide,
organic vapors), AHRF screening should focus on
radioactivity, explosives, and chemical warfare agents.
2.7.2.2 If a hazard has been identified or ruled out in the field with
certainty, screening steps that target the hazard may not be
necessary at the AHRF.
September 2008 Page 21 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
3.0 Sample Transport Container Screening
The sample transport container is screened for explosive devices, radioactivity, and
hazardous chemicals, prior to screening any secondary containment, primary sample
container(s), or the sample itself. If possible, and if explosive devices are suspected, the
sample transport container is screened for explosive devices in a staging area outside of
the AHRF. Ideally, any sample suspected of containing explosive devices would have
been screened before arriving at the AHRF site.
WARNING! Do not open sample transport containers during the transport container screening process.
Transport containers should be moved into the chemical/biological fume hood inside the AHRF prior to
removal and screening of secondary containment and/or primary sample container(s).
CAUTION: The presence of solvents or testing solutions near screening equipment can result in false
readings. Marker pens may contain solvents which can affect equipment.
3.1 Sample Transport Container Screen for Explosive Device
3.1.1 Explosive Device Screening Procedures
3.1.1.1 Inspect the container to determine if any suspicious indicators
are present such as the following:
Protruding wires
Rigidness or bulkiness
Excessive tape or string
3.1.1.2 If the AHRF has the available equipment, perform an X-ray
screen of the transport container. X-ray screening must be
performed by persons trained by the equipment manufacturer.
X-ray screening of containers suspected to contain an explosive
device must be performed by a bomb specialist or person
trained by a bomb specialist.
3.1.1.3 If a container is suspected to contain an explosive device,
isolate the container and notify a bomb squad immediately.
Place the container in a secure, protected (e.g., behind a cement
bunker or in a blast box, if available) location as far away from
people and buildings as possible.
WARNING! Samples that are suspected to contain an explosive device should be cleared by a bomb
squad prior to continuing screening.
3.1.1.4 Record the results of the X-ray screen on the AHRF Transport
Container Screening Results Form (Attachment 4). NOTE:
Ensure copies are maintained in the AHRF files.
3.1.1.5 If it is determined that explosive devices are not present,
proceed to Section 3.2.
September 2008 Page 22 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
3.2 Sample Transport Container Radiological Survey
3.2.1 Radiological Survey
An alpha/beta survey will provide an indication of the presence of any
radioactive contamination on the outside of the transport container, or of
gamma radiation that is in the sample.
WARNING! Radiological surveys should be performed by personnel trained in, and familiar with, the
equipment that is used. It is recommended that these procedures be performed by a radiation
technician/professional trained to use the AHRF equipment and to perform the calculations that may be
required to obtain survey results.
3.2.2 Direct Reading Radiological Survey Procedures
3.2.2.1 Focusing on the areas of the container that are most likely to be
contaminated (e.g., bottom of the container, lid opening,
handles, and container seams), perform a direct reading survey
of the sample transport container.
3.2.2.2 Scan the container as close to its surface as possible (e.g., Vi
inch from the surface of the container), without allowing the
instrumentation to come in contact with the surface. Move the
meter slowly over the surface of the container.
3.2.2.3 Convert the alpha and beta counts to disintegrations per minute
(dpm), if necessary, and record alpha, beta, and gamma results
on the AHRF Transport Container Screening Results Form
(Attachment 4).
3.2.3 Direct Reading Radiological Survey Results
3.2.3.1 The recommended thresholds are:
Alpha threshold: 2 x average background (see Section 2.4.1)
Beta threshold: 2 x average background (see Section 2.4.1)
Gamma threshold: 100 (iR/hr
NOTE: These thresholds are recommended by the USEPA
ORIA.
3.2.3.3 If levels are above the thresholds, proceed to Section 3.2.4 and
perform a wipe test on the outside of the sample transport
container to determine if removable contamination is present.
3.2.3.4 If levels are below the thresholds, proceed to Section 3.3 and
continue with container screening for CWAs.
September 2008
Page 23 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
3.2.4 Wipe Alpha and Beta Removable Surface Contamination Survey
Procedures
WARNING! It is important to note that an AHRF may receive suspicious packages or containers that
should be considered and handled as evidence. Suspicious packages should be handled as little as
possible, taking care to maintain the integrity of any potential evidence the package may provide (e.g.,
finger prints, container or material manufacturer, physical particles). Package handling should be
minimized, and wipe samples should be collected only from target areas, such as the seam of the
container and lid.
3.2.4.1 Wipe an adequate number of locations to ensure that the
transport container is thoroughly evaluated for loose
contamination.
3.2.4.2 The wipe locations should focus on the areas of the container
that are most likely to be contaminated (e.g., bottom of the
container, lid opening, handles, and container seams).
3.2.4.3 Place wipe samples on planchets and count (see Table 1 for
ABTRF equipment list).
3.2.4.4 Most instruments read individual counts for alpha and beta
particles simultaneously. The counts are converted to counts
per minute, then to dpm, by applying instrument efficiency
factors. The results are then divided by the area (cm2) of the
surface wiped.
3.2.4.5 Convert and record the alpha and beta counts as dpm/cm2 on
the AHRF Transport Container Screening Results Form
(Attachment 4).
3.2.5 Wipe Alpha and Beta Surface Contamination Survey Results
3.2.5.1 The recommended alpha and beta wipe thresholds are:
Alpha threshold: 2.2 dpm/cm2
Beta threshold: 22 dpm/cm2
3.2.5.3
3.2.5.4
NOTE: These thresholds are taken from 49 CFR 173.443 and
are recommended by the USEPA ORIA.
If the results of the wipe sample are less than the thresholds,
proceed to Section 4.0 (unless there is an unusual substance
present on the transport container as discussed in Section 2.4; if
so proceed to Section 3.3.1, M8 Paper Screen).
If the wipe is above the thresholds (Section 3.2.5.1), attempt to
decontaminate the container using a wet cloth. Save the
cleaning materials and contaminated wipes for laboratory
analysis along with the sample.
September 2008
Page 24 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
WARNING! If the sample transport container is considered to be a piece of evidence, this process will
destroy any classical forensic evidence that may be on the outside of the container. Evaluate the risks
before decontaminating the container.
3.2.5.5 Rewipe the surface of the container and count the wipes
following the procedure above (Section 3.2.4).
3.2.5.6 Evaluate the results against the established thresholds (Section
3.2.5.1). If results are below the thresholds, proceed to Section
4.0 (unless there is an unusual substance present on the
transport container as discussed in Section 2.4; if so proceed to
Section 3.3.1, M8 Paper Screen).
3.2.5.7 If the results are still above the thresholds, the container cannot
be easily decontaminated. STOP screening procedures.
Wrap the container in plastic or other appropriate shielding
material. Isolate the transport container in a secure,
weather protected observable area away from the AHRF.
Consult the laboratory director, appropriate local
authorities, and the local FBI WMD Coordinator
immediately to determine whether AHRF screening
procedures should continue.
If screening cannot continue, the transport container and
wipes should be prepared for transport to a radiological
laboratory that can receive samples with potential
biological, explosive, or chemical hazards.
Contact a radioactive materials shipping professional to
remove the sample from the AFtRF.
3.3 Sample Transport Container Screen for Chemical Warfare Agents
3.3.1 M8 Paper Screen Procedures
3.3.1.1 Inspect the container to determine if any unusual material or
substances are present, such as the following:
Strange odors (only obvious odors - DO NOT sniff the
transport container)
Oily stains, discoloration, or crystallization
Unusual powders (not dirt, dust, dried mud, or any other
contamination that might be expected from field sampling)
3.3.1.2 If no unusual material is present, proceed to Section 4.0.
3.3.1.3 If unusual material is present, follow procedures outlined
below:
3.3.1.3.1 Collect a sample of the material from the transport
container with M8 paper.
3.3.1.3.2 Observe the reaction with the paper.
3.3.1.3.3 Record the results on the AHRF Transport Container
Screening Results Form (Attachment 4).
September 2008 Page 25 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
3.3.1.3.4 If positive, collect a sample of the material for potential
laboratory analysis and wash the outside of the
container with a 10% bleach solution, followed by
reagent grade water.
WARNING! If the sample transport container is considered to be a piece of evidence, the container
cleaning and decontamination process will destroy any classical forensic evidence that may be on the
outside of the container. Evaluate the risks before washing the container with bleach and water.
3.3.1.3.5 If negative, proceed to Section 3.4.
HINT: Plastic tongs are recommended for disposal of screening and decontamination waste into the
bleach container. Metal tongs can discolor and possibly contaminate the work area.
3.3.2 M8 Paper Screen Results
3.3.2.1 M8 paper is a chemically-treated, dye-impregnated indicator
paper. Interaction between the indicator dyes and an organic
liquid produces a pH-dependent color change.
3.3.2.2 M8 paper was designed to change color to indicate the
presence of non-persistent G-type nerve agent (yellow), V-type
nerve agent (dark green), or blister agents (red). It should be
noted, however, that all organic liquids will be absorbed by M8
paper and produce some color change.
3.3.2.3 For purposes of this screening test, any wetting of the M8
paper and subsequent color change is a positive indicator of
sample leakage and appropriate precautions must be taken,
including increasing the level of PPE.
3.3.2.4 If the M8 screen is positive, STOP and consult the laboratory
director, local FBI WMD Coordinator, and appropriate local
authorities to determine whether it is safe to continue.
3.4 Sample Transport Container Screen for Explosives
3.4.1 Perform an explosive screen using a colorimetric test kit. There are
commercially available colorimetric test kits (such as the E.L.I.T.E. test
or equivalent) that use multiple reagents to indicate the presence and
identification of different types of explosive compounds. These kits
usually require collection of one or two wipe samples, which are then
exposed to a series of reagents. If a color change occurs after exposure to
a reagent, it indicates that a certain type of explosive compound is present.
September 2008 Page 26 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
WARNING! It is important to note that an AHRF may receive suspicious packages or containers that
should be considered and handled as evidence. Suspicious packages should be handled as little as
possible, taking care to maintain the integrity of any potential evidence the package may provide (e.g.,
finger prints, container or material manufacturer, physical particles). Package handling should be
minimized, and wipe samples should be collected only from target areas, such as the seam between the
container and lid.
3.4.2 Collect a wipe sample from a representative area (e.g., 2x2 inch,
depending on container size) of the container on all sides (top, bottom,
right, left, front, and back). Include the area near the container lid and the
seam between the container and lid. Make sure that a sufficient area of
each side remains unwiped for any additional surface wipe testing that
may be required.
3.4.3 Follow the manufacturer's instructions and place one to two drops of
liquid from a selected reagent bottle on the collection paper.
3.4.4 Observe and record the color change.
3.4.5 Continue to add other reagents or take additional wipe samples as needed.
3.4.6 Mark all results on the AHRF Sample Transport Container Screening
Results Form (see Attachment 4).
3.4.7 If the colorimetric screen is positive, STOP and consult the laboratory
director, local FBI WMD Coordinator, and appropriate local authorities to
determine whether it is safe to continue. If both the M8 and explosives
screen are negative, proceed to Section 4.0.
HINT: In the E.L.I.T.E. test kit, a positive colorimetric test for explosives results in a vivid reddish
color. Other colors, or very faint pink, are considered negative and may result from contaminants or
interferences.
September 2008 Page 27 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
4.0 Secondary and Primary Sample Container Screening
This part of the screening is performed in the fume hood or equivalent environmental
enclosure.
WARNING! It is important to note that an AHRF may receive suspicious packages or containers that
should be considered and handled as evidence. Suspicious packages should be handled as little as
possible, taking care to maintain the integrity of any potential evidence the package may provide (e.g.,
finger prints, container or material manufacturer, physical particles). Package handling should be
minimized, and wipe samples should be collected only from target areas, such as the seam of the
container and lid.
4.1 Ion Mobility Spectrophotometer (IMS) and Flame Spectrophotometer (FSP)
Screening and Unpacking the Transport Container
4.1.1 IMS and FSP Background
4.1.1.1 Refer to the manufacturer's user manual and be aware of the
results produced by, and limitations of, the equipment used.
4.1.1.2 IMS instruments contain a library of specific compounds. If
the library includes CWAs, the IMS will identify any
corresponding CWA that is detected. Since the results are
based on time of flight of an ion, similar ions from related
compounds may produce false positives.
In addition, IMS screening is influenced by changes in
ambient conditions (temperature, humidity, etc.), which
could produce anomalous results. All results from IMS
screening should be treated as presumptive and should be
considered only within the context of other screening
results.
If more than one CWA is programmed into the IMS or if
the IMS detects more than one CWA, the detector will
identify only the class of any CWA(s) detected (i.e., nerve,
blister, irritant).
Any substance containing phosphorous or sulfur will cause
the FSP to respond, whether the substance is a CWA or a
relatively harmless compound.
The numeric value assigned to an IMS reading does not
correspond to a specific concentration. The IMS will
identify the compound and give a relative reading.
If an IMS becomes saturated with a high concentration of a
chemical, it will go into back flush mode to prevent
damage to the detector. In this mode, the instrument cannot
be used. If the back flush mode is indicated during a
sample screen, the sample is suspected to contain
significant quantities of CWAs.
September 2008 Page 28 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
4.1.1.3 The FSP is capable of detecting the presence of specific
elements produced during the thermal decomposition of vapor
and aerosol samples. The specific elements detected are based
on the types of filters installed in the unit. For the purposes of
general CWA screening in the AHRF, the AHRF FSP should
be equipped with filters for sulfur and phosphorus.
Sulfur is generally associated with blister agents; the FSP
display indicates the presence of sulfur-bearing compounds
as bars of H, with the number of bars indicating the degree
of contamination.
Phosphorus is generally associated with nerve agents; the
FSP display indicates the presence of phosphorus-bearing
compounds as bars of G.
V-type nerve agents contain both sulfur and phosphorus;
the FSP will display bars of H and G when they are present.
WARNING! When screening for sulfur and phosphorus, the FSP will detect any volatile compounds
that contain these elements.
4.1.2 IMS and FSP Screening Procedures
4.1.2.1 Prior to opening the transport container, screen the container
with the FSP and IMS by holding the end of the FSP or IMS at
the seam of the container and lid.
4.1.2.2 Open the transport container approximately 2 to 3 inches and
hold the front ends of the FSP and the IMS in the container
opening. Wait at least 5 seconds for the FSP and 60 seconds
for the IMS to see if there is a response.
4.1.2.3 Remove the transport container lid and slowly scan the tops of
each secondary/primary container with the FSP.
WARNING! The primary container(s) should not be opened, or the sample(s) otherwise exposed, until
after they have been transferred into the AHRF glove box (Section 5.0). If there is any suspicion that a
primary sample container has been breached or an unusual liquid is on the outside of the container, adjust
the level of PPE as necessary, and follow the procedures outlined in Section 4.4.1.
4.1.2.4 Remove each primary/secondary container from the sample
transport container one at a time and run each through the
AHRF screening procedures before removing the next
container.
4.1.2.5 All secondary containment must be tested (layer by layer, if
necessary) before removing the primary sample container.
4.1.2.6 Use blunt, round-tip scissors for removal of sample packaging
and container materials.
4.1.2.7 Hold the FSP or IMS next to the seal of each container (5
seconds for the FSP and 60 seconds for the IMS).
September 2008 Page 29 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
4.1.3 IMS and FSP Screening Results
4.1.3.1 If results of both the FSP and IMS screens are negative,
proceed to Section 4.2.
4.1.3.2 If results of either the FSP or IMS screen indicate the presence
of a CWA, move the container to the glove box immediately,
prior to proceeding with Section 4.2 procedures.
4.1.3.2 If both the FSP and IMS screen indicate that CWAs may be
present at any point during this screening, make sure all
primary containers remain inside the transport container, re-
secure the transport container, move the container to the glove
box and immediately notify the laboratory director, local FBI
WMD Coordinator, and appropriate authorities.
WARNING! At any point during this screening, if both the FSP and IMS screen indicate that CWAs
may be present, make sure all primary containers remain inside the transport container, re-secure the
transport container, move the container to the glove box, and immediately notify the laboratory director,
local FBI WMD Coordinator, and appropriate authorities. If CWAs are indicated by either the FSP or
IMS, immediately transfer the containers to the glove box before continuing screening.
4.2 Visual Inspection of the Primary Sample Container
4.2.1 Visually inspect the sample container to ensure sample integrity.
4.2.2 Check the container type; make sure the container label matches the COC
(Section 2.4.4.2).
4.2.3 If the primary sample container appears to contain a suspicious powder
(e.g., not dirt, dust, or any other contamination that might be expected
from field sampling or exposure), special precautions should be taken
immediately.
4.2.3.1 Notify the laboratory director, local FBI WMD Coordinator,
and appropriate local authorities.
4.2.3.2 Place the container in an additional layer of containment (e.g.,
resealable plastic bag or container).
4.2.3.3 Transfer the container to the glove box and await further
instructions.
4.2.4 Check for damage, bulging, discoloration, or leakage. If the container is
damaged, bulging, discolored, or leaking, place it into a secondary
container or spill tray/tub to control possible spillage.
4.2.5 If it is possible to see the sample through the primary sample container,
record a description of the sample. Note color, presence of foreign
material or objects, approximate volume, size, or weight.
September 2008 Page 30 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
4.2.6 Check if there is any unusual or unexpected field contamination on the
container (e.g., bright colored substances, crystalline deposits, liquid - not
dirt, dust, or any other contamination that might be expected from field
sampling or exposure).
4.2.7 Using an infrared thermometer, take sample temperature.
4.2.8 Photograph the container(s). Place the container next to a ruler or other
size indicator and take as many pictures as deemed appropriate to clearly
and accurately document the sample.
4.3 Primary Sample Container Radiological Survey
4.3.1 Radiological Survey
An alpha/beta survey will provide an indication of the presence of any
radioactive contamination on the outside of the primary sample container,
or of any gamma or high energy beta radiation that is in the sample.
WARNING! Radiological surveys should be performed by personnel trained in, and familiar with, the
equipment that is used. It is recommended that these procedures be performed by a radiation
technician/professional trained to use the AHRF equipment and to perform the calculations that may be
required to obtain survey results.
4.3.2 Direct Reading Radiological Survey Procedures
4.3.2.1 Focusing on the areas of the container that are most likely to be
contaminated (e.g., bottom of the container, lid opening,
handles, and container seams), perform a direct reading survey
of the primary sample container.
4.3.2.2 Scan the container as close to its surface as possible (e.g., Vi
inch from the surface of the container), without allowing the
instrument to come in contact with the surface. Move the
meter slowly over the surface of the container.
4.3.2.3 Convert the alpha and beta counts as disintegrations per minute
(dpm), if necessary, and record alpha, beta, and gamma results
on the Primary Sample Container Screening Results Form
(Attachment 4).
4.3.3 Direct Reading Radiological Survey Results
4.3.3.1 The recommended thresholds are:
Alpha threshold: 2 x average background (see Section 2.4.1)
Beta threshold: 2 x average background (see Section 2.4.1)
Gamma threshold: 500 (iR/hr
NOTE: These thresholds are recommended by the USEPA
ORIA.
September 2008 Page 31 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
4.3.3.2 If levels are above the lowest threshold, proceed to Section
4.3.4 and perform a wipe test on the outside of the primary
sample container to determine if removable contamination is
present.
4.3.3.3 If levels are below the thresholds, proceed to Section 4.4 and
continue with container screening for CWAs.
4.3.4 Wipe Alpha and Beta Surface Contamination Survey Procedures
WARNING! It is important to note that an AHRF may receive suspicious packages or containers. These
packages or containers should be considered evidence and handled as such. Suspicious packages should
be handled as little as possible, taking care to maintain the integrity of any potential evidence the package
may provide (e.g., fingerprints, container or material manufacturer, physical particles). Package handling
should be minimized and wipe samples should be collected only from target areas, such as the seam of the
container and lid.
4.3.4.1 Wipe an adequate number of locations along the surface of the
secondary or primary sample container(s) to ensure that the
container is thoroughly evaluated for loose contamination.
4.3.4.2 The wipe locations should focus on the areas of the container
that are most likely to be contaminated (e.g., bottom of the
container, lid opening, handles, and container seams).
4.3.4.3 Place wipe samples on planchets and count (see Table 1 for
AHPvF equipment list).
4.3.4.4 Most instruments read individual counts for alpha and beta
particles simultaneously. The counts are converted to counts
per minute, then to dpm, by applying instrument efficiency
factors. The results are then divided by the area (cm2) of the
surface wiped.
4.3.4.5 Convert and record the alpha and beta counts as dpm/cm2 on
the Primary Sample Container Screening Results Form
(Attachment 4).
4.3.5 Wipe Alpha and Beta Surface Contamination Survey Results
4.3.5.1 The recommended alpha and beta wipe thresholds are:
Alpha threshold: 2.2 dpm/cm2
Beta threshold: 22 dpm/cm2
4.3.5.2
4.3.5.3
NOTE: These thresholds are taken from 49 CFR 173.443 and
are recommended by the USEPA ORIA.
If the results of the wipe sample are less than the thresholds
(Section 4.3.5.1), proceed to Section 4.4.
If the wipe is above the thresholds (Section 4.3.5.1), attempt to
decontaminate the container using a wet cloth. Save the
September 2008
Page 32 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
cleaning materials and contaminated wipes for laboratory
analysis along with the sample.
WARNING! If the container is considered to be a piece of evidence, this process will destroy any
classical forensic evidence that may be on the outside of the container. Evaluate the risks before
decontaminating the container.
4.3.5.4 Rewipe the surface of the container and count the wipes
following the procedure above (Section 4.3.4).
4.3.5.5 Evaluate the results against the established thresholds (Section
4.3.5.1). If results are below the thresholds, proceed to Section
4.4.
4.3.5.6 If the results are still above the thresholds, the container cannot
be easily decontaminated. STOP screening procedures.
Wrap the container in plastic or other appropriate shielding
material and isolate the sample in a secure area.
Consult the laboratory director, appropriate local
authorities, and the local FBI WMD Coordinator
immediately to determine whether AHRF screening
procedures should continue.
If screening cannot continue, the containers and wipes
should be prepared for transport to a radiological laboratory
that can also receive samples with potential biological,
explosive, or chemical hazards.
Contact a radioactive materials shipping professional to
remove the sample from the AHRF.
4.4 Primary Sample Container Screen for Chemical Warfare Agents
4.4.1 M8 Paper Screen Procedures
4.4.1.1 Inspect the container to determine if there are any visual signs
of leaking. If there are visible signs of leaking, collect a wipe
sample of the leaking material and place the wipe in a
container for possible laboratory analysis. Consult with
laboratory director to determine if laboratory analysis of the
material is needed.
4.4.1.2 If there are no signs of leaking, follow the procedures outlined
below:
4.4.1.2.1 Wipe around the seal between the container and lid and
on the outside of the container using M8 paper.
WARNING! If the sample container is considered to be a piece of evidence, wipe only the seam
between the container and its lid. Wipe the portion of the seam that was not wiped during the radiation
screen (Section 4.3).
4.4.1.2.2 Observe the reaction with the paper.
September 2008 Page 33 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
4.4.1.2.3 Record the results on the AHRF Primary Sample
Container Screening Results Form (Attachment 4).
4.4.1.2.4 If positive (Section 4.4.2), collect sample for explosives
screen (Section 4.5) and wash the outside of the
container with a 10% bleach solution, followed by
reagent grade water.
WARNING! If the sample container is considered to be a piece of evidence, this process will destroy
any classical forensic evidence that may be on the outside of the primary sample container. Evaluate the
risks before washing the container with bleach and water.
4.4.1.2.5 If negative (Section 4.4.2), proceed to Section 4.5.
4.4.1.3 If there are signs of leaking, follow procedures outlined below:
4.4.1.3.1 Wipe the contaminated area(s) with M8 paper.
4.4.1.3.2 Observe the reaction with the paper.
4.4.1.3.3 Record the results on the AHRF Primary Sample
Container Screening Results Form (Attachment 4).
4.4.1.3.4 If positive (Section 4.4.2), collect a sample of the
leaking material and consult with the laboratory
director to determine if AHRF screening or laboratory
analysis of the material is necessary. Wash the outside
of the container with a 10% bleach solution, followed
by reagent grade water.
WARNING! If the sample container is considered to be a piece of evidence, this process will destroy
any classical forensic evidence that may be on the outside of the primary sample container. Evaluate the
risks before washing the container with bleach and water.
4.4.1.3.5 If negative (Section 4.4.2), proceed to Section 4.5.
4.4.2 M8 Paper Screen Results
4.4.2.1 M8 paper is a chemically-treated, dye-impregnated indicator
paper. Interaction between the indicator dyes and an organic
liquid produces a pH-dependent color change.
4.4.2.2 M8 paper was designed to change color to indicate the
presence of non-persistent G-type nerve agent (yellow), V-type
nerve agent (dark green), or blister agents (red). It should be
noted, however, that all organic liquids will be absorbed by M8
paper and produce some color change.
4.4.2.3 For purposes of this screening test, any wetting of the M8
paper and subsequent color change is a positive indicator of
container leakage and appropriate precautions must be taken,
including increasing the level of PPE.
4.4.2.4 Proceed to Section 4.5 for both positive and negative results.
September 2008 Page 34 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
4.5 Primary Sample Container Screen for Explosives
4.5.1 Perform an explosive screen using a colorimetric test kit (such as
E.L.I.I.E.test or equivalent) with wipe samples. If a color change
occurs after exposure to a reagent, it indicates that a certain type of
explosive compound is present.
4.5.2 Collect a wipe sample from a representative area (e.g., 2x2 inch,
depending on container size) of the container on all sides (top, bottom,
right, left, front, and back). Include the seam between the container and
lid. Make sure that a sufficient area of each side remains unwiped for any
additional surface wipe testing that may be required.
WARNING! If the sample container is considered to be a piece of evidence, wipe only the seam
between the container and its lid.
4.5.3 Following the manufacturer's instructions, place one to two drops of
liquid from a selected reagent bottle on the collection paper.
4.5.4 Observe and record the color change.
4.5.6 Continue to add other reagents or take additional wipe samples as needed.
4.5.7 Record all results on the AHRF Sample Transport Container Screening
Results Form (see Attachment 4).
HINT: In the E.L.I.T.E. test kit, a positive colorimetric test for explosives results in a vivid reddish
color. Other colors or very faint pink are considered negative and may result from contaminants or
interferences.
4.5.8 If any of the colorimetric explosives screens are positive, check the area
where the container was wiped for crystallization. If crystallization is
present, professional help from a bomb squad should be sought before
opening the container. If possible, place the container in a secure,
protected (e.g., behind a cement bunker or in a blast box, if available)
location as far away from people and buildings as possible.
4.6 Assessment for Continuation of Screening Procedures
4.6.1 If explosive screens are negative and the sample is not leaking, consult
with the laboratory director to determine whether the information provided
in the sample COC, field report, and AFIRF Screening Results Forms is
sufficient to provide an assessment of risk to the laboratory.
September 2008 Page 35 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
4.6.2 If information is considered to be sufficient, prepare the sample, field
report, COC, AHRF Sample Receipt Form, and AHRF Screening Results
Forms for transport to the laboratory.
4.6.3 If additional screening is needed or requested, proceed with Section 4.7 to
screen the sample directly.
4.7 Evaluation of Sample Container for Transfer to Glove Box
4.7.1 Determine whether the sample container is a size that will allow it to be
transferred to the all hazards glove box for sample screening. Sample
containers that are too large to pass through the fume hood into the glove
box may not be suitable for direct sample screening.
4.7.2 If there is only a small amount of sample available (< 2 grams or 2 mLs),
skip the sample screening procedures described in Sections 5.0 and 6.0.
These procedures will consume too much of the sample. In this case, the
sample should proceed directly to the receiving laboratory for analysis.
4.7.3 The AHRF is not equipped to handle gas containers or cylinders that are
under pressure. Handle these with extreme caution. Immediately obtain
the assistance of a bomb squad to remove it from the AHRF.
September 2008 Page 36 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
5.0 Initial Direct Screening of the Sample
Prior to transferring primary sample containers into the all hazards glove box, the glove
box should be decontaminated to ensure that samples and sample screening results are
not compromised.
Collect an aggregate wipe sample on the inside of the glove box. This wipe sample
should be analyzed on site or labeled so that it is easily traceable to the sample
container that enters the glove box next. This wipe sample will function as a
decontamination blank for that sample.
Run a photoionization detector (PID) and combustible gas indicator (CGI) to test the
ambient air in the glove box. Use these results to check that there is no background
contamination.
Determine the average background alpha and beta radiation levels, using the
radiological survey instrument that will be used to survey the sample (Section 5.5).
Twice the established average background will be used as the alpha/beta thresholds
during the direct reading radioactive survey of the sample (Section 5.5.3).
HINT: AHRF staff may want to prepare sample screening kits that contain the disposable pieces of
screening equipment that will be used for direct sample screening (e.g., one or two strips of pH, starch
iodide, and colorimetric indicator paper, an extra containment bag, a disposable spatula, or any other
screening equipment used to test most samples). These kits can enter and exit the glove box with each
sample, and help prevent overcrowding and cross contamination.
5.1 Movement of Primary Sample Containers) into Glove Box
5.1.1 Prior to opening the primary sample container for direct screening of the
sample, transfer the container from the fume hood through the double lock
doors into a glove box that contains High Efficiency Particulate Air
(HEPA) and carbon filtration.
5.2 Initial Sample Processing
5.2.1 Review the AHRF Screening Results Forms to ensure that all required
screening of the primary sample container(s) has been performed and
recorded (Section 4.0). If any screening procedures have not been
performed, perform these screens either in the glove box or move the
container back into the fume hood to complete screening.
5.3 Opening the Primary Sample Container
5.3.1 Carefully open the container to expose the sample for screening. Use
blunt, round-tip scissors to remove packaging and other materials.
September 2008 Page 37 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
5.4 Sample Screen for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Combustible
Gases
5.4.1 CGI and PID Screening Background
5.4.1.1 CGI and PID instruments allow the sample to be screened for
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and combustible gases
using a multi-gas detector.
5.4.1.2 These instruments typically contain multiple detectors,
including a PID to detect VOCs, a CGI, and an oxygen
detector, which can be used simultaneously.
5.4.1.3 Many of these instruments can be upgraded to include toxic gas
sensors that are specific to common industrial hazards (carbon
dioxide, hydrogen cyanide, etc.).
5.4.2 CGI and PID Screening Procedures
5.4.2.1 In order to obtain the most sensitive PID and CGI reading, the
reading should be taken on the headspace inside the primary
container immediately after the primary container is opened.
5.4.2.2 Shut off all vents in the glove box to minimize air movement
and exchange.
5.4.2.3 Hold the end of the detector inside the container,
approximately !/2 inch from the sample. Observe the
instrument readout for at least 5 seconds. Do not touch the
sample or sample container with the detector or the instrument
may become contaminated.
5.4.2.4 If the primary sample container is enclosed inside a secondary
container or bag, open the secondary containment just enough
to insert the detector. Close the secondary containment as
much as possible, while holding the detector close to the
opening of the primary sample container. The secondary
containment should trap airborne VOCs and combustible gases
from the sample. Observe the readings for a few minutes and
record the highest reading.
5.4.2.5 If the primary sample container is not inside a secondary
container or bag, place it inside a containment bag and insert
the detector through the opening or, alternatively, through a
small hole in the bag. Close the bag around the detector as
much as possible, while holding the detector close to the
opening of the primary sample container. The bag will trap
any airborne VOCs and combustible gases from the sample.
Observe the readings for a few minutes and record the highest
reading.
5.4.2.6 Hold the detector in the same location until the results remain
constant and record the reading on the AHRF Sample
Screening Results Form.
5.4.2.7 Re-open the glove box vents.
September 2008 Page 38 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
5.4.3 CGI and PID Screening Results
5.4.3.1 CGI and PID results indicate only the pressure of elevated
levels of combustible gases or VOCs in the sample and do not
identify specific threats. In addition, the CGI and PID
screening tools are influenced by changes in environmental
conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity) that could produce
anomalous results. Positive results may indicate the presence
of flammable, explosive, or toxic hazards, and the sample must
be treated appropriately.
5.5 Sample Survey for Radiation
WARNING! Radiation surveys should be performed by personnel trained in, and familiar with, the
equipment that is used. It is recommended that these procedures be performed by a radiation technician
trained to use the AHRF equipment and to perform the calculations that may be required to obtain survey
results.
5.5.1 Radi ati on Survey
5.5.1.1 A direct reading alpha/beta survey, using an alpha, beta
scintillator with data logger will be performed on the sample.
5.5.1.2 The test measures alpha/beta radiation on the surface of the
sample without the shielding that may have been provided by
the primary or transport sample containers. This survey will
detect only contamination on the surface of the sample, and
will not detect an immediate external dose threat. Alpha
readings are particularly questionable for water or liquid
samples.
5.5.1.3 This test is a direct measurement and does not consume any
sample material.
5.5.2 Direct Reading Alpha and Beta Radiation Survey Procedures
5.5.2.1 Open the primary container and perform a direct read
alpha/beta scan of the sample.
5.5.2.2 Scan the sample as close to its surface as possible (e.g., Vi inch
from the surface), without allowing the instrumentation to
come in contact with the sample. If a large sample area is
exposed, move the probe slowly over the sample surface.
5.5.2.3 Convert and record the alpha and beta counts to disintegrations
per minute (dpm), if necessary, and record the results on the
Sample Screening Results Form (Attachment 4).
5.5.3 Direct Reading Alpha and Beta Radiation Survey Results
5.5.3.1 The recommended alpha and beta thresholds are:
Alpha threshold: 2 x average background (see Section 5.0)
Beta threshold: 2 x average background (see Section 5.0)
September 2008 Page 39 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
NOTE: These thresholds are recommended by the USEPA
ORIA.
5.5.3.2 If survey results indicate alpha and/or beta dose rates greater
than the thresholds (Section 5.5.3.1), STOP screening
procedures.
Close the sample container and wrap the container in
plastic or other appropriate shielding material. Isolate the
sample in a secure area.
Consult the laboratory director, appropriate local
authorities, and the local FBI WMD Coordinator
immediately to determine whether AHRF screening
procedures should continue.
If screening cannot continue, the sample should be
prepared for transport to a radiological laboratory that can
also receive samples with potential biological, explosive, or
chemical hazards.
Contact a radioactive materials shipping professional to
remove the sample from the AHRF.
5.6 Sample Screen using IMS and FSP
5.6.1 IMS and FSP Screening Procedures
5.6.1.1 Refer to Section 4.1 for a description of the IMS and FSP, and
follow the procedures described in Section 4.1.2 to screen the
headspace inside the primary sample container(s) using these
instruments.
5.6.1.3 Observe and record all results on an AHRF Sample Screening
Results Form.
5.6.2 IMS Results
5.6.2.1 IMS instruments contain a library of specific compounds. If
the library includes CWAs, the IMS will identify any
corresponding CWA that is detected. Since the results are
based on time of flight of an ion, similar ions from related
compounds may produce false positives.
5.6.2.2 In addition, IMS screening is influenced by changes in ambient
conditions (temperature, humidity, etc.), which could produce
anomalous results. All results from IMS screening should be
treated as presumptive and should be considered only within
the context of other screening results.
5.6.2.3 If more than one CWA is programmed into the IMS or if the
IMS detects more than one CWA, the detector will identify
only the class of any CWA(s) detected (i.e., nerve, blister, or
irritant).
September 2008 Page 40 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
5.6.2.4 Any substance containing phosphorous or sulfur will cause the
FSP to respond, whether the substance is a CWA or a relatively
harmless compound.
5.6.2.5 The numeric value assigned to an IMS reading does not
correspond to a specific concentration. The IMS will identify
the compound and give a relative reading.
5.6.2.6 If an IMS becomes saturated with a high concentration of a
chemical, it will go into back flush mode to prevent damage to
the detector. In this mode, the instrument cannot be used. If
the back flush mode is indicated during a sample screen, the
sample is suspected to contain significant quantities of CWAs.
5.6.3 FSP Results
5.6.3.1 TheFSP is capable of detecting the presence of specific
elements produced during the thermal decomposition of vapor
and aerosol samples. The specific elements detected are based
on the types of filters installed in the unit. For the purposes of
general CWA screening in the AHRF, the AHRF FSP should
be equipped with filters for sulfur and phosphorus.
5.6.3.2 Sulfur is associated with blister agents; the FSP indicates the
presence of sulfur-bearing compounds as bars of H, with the
number of bars indicating the degree of contamination.
5.6.3.3 Phosphorus is associated with nerve agents; the FSP indicates
the presence of phosphorus-bearing compounds as bars of G.
5.6.3.4 V-type nerve agents contain both sulfur and phosphorus; the
FSP will display bars of H and G when they are present.
WARNING! When screening for sulfur and phosphorus, the FSP will detect any volatile compounds
that contain these elements.
5.6.4 If both the IMS and FSP indicate the presence of a CWA, immediately
STOP sample screening and consult supervising laboratory director, FBI
WMD Coordinator, and appropriate local authorities to determine whether
it is safe to continue screening.
HINT: If additional information is needed and the FSP instrument is equipped with a scraper accessory,
an aliquot of sample can be removed to a Class II (Type A or B) biological safety cabinet for screening
using the FSP. Follow the manufacturer's directions for calibration. Apply a small amount of sample
directly to the scraper.
5.7 Sample Splitting for Additional AHRF Testing
5.7.1 In order to ensure that sufficient sample is available for laboratory testing
and to protect forensics information, an aliquot of sample should be
removed for any further sample screening at the AHRF.
September 2008 Page 41 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
5.7.2 Determine if there is sufficient sample available to obtain an aliquot for
further testing.
5.7.2.1 There must be a minimum of either 2 mL or 2 grams of sample
to allow approximately 1 mL or 1 gram of sample to be
removed for additional AHRF screening. If there is less than 2
mL or 2 grams of sample available, halt sample screening and
consult the local FBI WMD Coordinator and laboratory
director for further direction.
5.7.2.2 If at least 2 mL or 2 grams of sample is available, proceed with
Step 5.7.3 to obtain a sample aliquot.
5.7.3 A representative and homogeneous sample aliquot of approximately 1 mL
(or 1 gram) must be obtained for all additional AHRF sample screening.
5.7.3.1 If the sample is composed of a single matrix, an aliquot should
be obtained that is as homogeneous as possible with minimal
sample disturbance.
5.7.3.2 If multiple phases are present, an aliquot should be collected
from each phase.
5.7.3.3 If the sample is composed of multiple liquids, each liquid will
be screened separately. Use a clean syringe or pipette to
remove a separate aliquot from each liquid. Place each liquid
aliquot into a separate vial or other container.
5.7.3.4 If the sample is composed of a heterogeneous solid (e.g.,
multiple colored particles, both oily and dry solids), mix the
sample as little as possible while trying to obtain a
homogeneous and representative aliquot.
5.7.3.5 If the sample is composed of both a liquid and solid phase,
immediately halt sample screening and contact the laboratory
director and local FBI WMD Coordinator for further
instruction.
5.7.4 Once an aliquot has been removed, the remaining sample is retained in the
original sample container and packaged for transfer to a laboratory.
5.8 Sample Screen for Explosives
5.8.1 Perform an explosive screen using a colorimetric test kit (such as
E.L.I.I.E. test or equivalent) using a small amount of sample. If a color
change occurs after exposure to a reagent, it indicates that a certain type of
explosive compound is present.
5.8.2 Following the manufacturer's instructions, place one to two drops of
liquid sample or a small amount of solid sample onto the test paper.
5.8.3 Place one to two drops of liquid from the first reagent bottle on the
collection paper.
September 2008 Page 42 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
5.8.4 Observe and record the color change.
5.8.5 Continue to add other reagents as needed and observe the color change.
5.8.5 Record the results on the AHRF Sample Screening Results Form (see
Attachment 4).
5.8.6 If the sample is a liquid and the colorimetric explosives screen is positive,
immediately STOP sample processing and report the results to the
laboratory director, local FBI WMD Coordinator, and appropriate local
authorities.
5.8.7 If the sample is a liquid and the colorimetric explosives screen is negative,
proceed to Section 5.10.
5.8.8 If the sample is a solid, proceed to Step 5.9.
5.9 Thermal Susceptibility Test (Solids)
CAUTION: The thermal susceptibility test should be performed only by personnel who have specialized
training handling explosives, such as a certified bomb technician. Training should include instructions
regarding safety precautions related to testing potentially energetic materials, as well as interpretation of
test results.
5.9.1 Thermal Susceptibility Test Background
5.9.1.1 The thermal susceptibility test determines whether the sample
contains explosive or energetic materials. The test involves
holding a small amount of sample to a flame and observing the
reaction.
5.9.1.2 This test should not be performed if CWAs are suspected (e.g.,
positive IMS or FSP screen).
5.9.2 Thermal Susceptibility Test Procedures
5.9.2.1 Place the smallest visible amount of sample possible on the end
of a platinum wire loop.
5.9.2.2 To avoid sample ignition from possible back flash, transfer the
sample portion to a Class II biological safety cabinet to
perform this test.
5.9.2.3 Insert the sample into the flame of a small hand-held gas
lighter. A high quality butane lighter is recommended for a
cleaner burn and improved observation (e.g., butane grill
lighter with an extended reach).
5.9.2.4 Observe the reaction (Section 5.9.3) and record the results on
the AHRF Sample Screening Results Form (Attachment 4).
September 2008 Page 43 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
5.9.3 Thermal Susceptibility Test Results
5.9.3.1 If a small explosion, rapid burning (deflagration), or energy
release is observed, it is strong evidence that explosive
materials may be present. STOP sample screening and contact
the laboratory director, the local FBI WMD Coordinator, and
appropriate local authorities.
WARNING! Some secondary explosives are very stable (e.g., ammonium nitrate) and will not show any
reaction to the thermal susceptibility test. However, ammonium nitrate is sometimes mixed with an
accelerant such as diesel fuel, which will screen positive for organic vapor during the PID screening.
5.9.3.2 If no response is observed, proceed to Section 5.10.
5.10 Visual Inspection of the Sample
5.10.1 Record the physical properties of the sample (e.g., color, texture,
composition) on the AHRF Sample Screening Results Form (Attachment
4).
5.11 Water Solubility, Miscibility, and Reactivity Tests
5.11.1 M8 Paper Test Procedures and Results (Liquid Samples)
5.11.1.1 If the sample is a liquid, place one drop of the sample onto a
piece of M8 paper. Observe and record the results. NOTE:
M8 paper is hydrophobic; it will not be wetted by aqueous
materials.
M8 Chemical Agent Detection Paper is a chemically-
treated, dye-impregnated indicator paper. The paper is
hydrophobic, allowing only organic liquids to be absorbed
and interact with the indicator dyes. Interaction between
the indicator dyes and a CWA produces a pH-dependent
color change.
M8 Paper is designed to change color in the presence of G-
type nerve agent (yellow), V-type nerve agent (dark green),
or blister agents (red). It should be noted that all organic
liquids will be absorbed by M8 paper and produce some
color change. Therefore, results of this test should be
interpreted primarily as an indication of whether or not a
liquid is aqueous.
Organic liquids will be absorbed into the paper; aqueous
solutions will bead on its surface. Although all nerve and
blister agents are organic liquids and will be adsorbed by
M8 paper if neat, nerve agents also are soluble in water.
Therefore, if a solution beads up on the paper (i.e., is
aqueous), it does not rule out the presence of a CWA.
5.11.1.2 If the results indicate an organic liquid, proceed with the water
solubility/mi scibility test (Section 5.11.2). If the results
September 2008 Page 44 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
indicate an aqueous solution, proceed with pH paper screening
(Section 5.12).
5.11.2 Water Solubility, Miscibility and Reactivity Test Procedures (Solid and
Non Aqueous Liquid Samples)
5.11.2.1 Place a small amount of sample (~5 drops if a liquid or a micro
spatula amount if solid) into a 2-mL conical centrifuge tube
containing -0.5 mL of water.
5.11.2.2 Observe and record the results on an AHRF Sample Screening
Results Form (Attachment 4).
5.11.2.3 If the sample reacts with water (e.g., increases the water's
temperature, produces fumes, or causes the water to bubble)
immediately STOP sample screening and contact the
laboratory director, appropriate local authorities, and local FBI
WMD Coordinator.
5.11.2.4 If the sample does not react with water as described in Section
5.11.2.3, determine whether the sample dissolves or is miscible
in the water.
5.11.2.5 If the sample forms a precipitate, record a description of the
precipitate on the AHRF Sample Screening Results Form.
5.11.2.6 Note the density of the sample (i.e., does it sink or float?).
NOTE: Although a float test is not considered a biological
screen, weaponized powders for biological agents typically
float, therefore such results should be noted.
HINT: Sufficient sample must be added to the water to observe formation of discrete layers. If unclear,
add a few more drops of sample.
5.11.3 Water Solubility and Reactivity Results
5.11.3.1 The solubility, miscibility, and reactivity of a sample in water
provide potential indicators of the class of CWA that may be
present in a sample. Knowledge of the physical properties of
CWAs or classes of CWA is helpful in interpreting the results
of water solubility/miscibility testing.
5.11.3.2 Generally, G-type nerve agents are miscible in water, while V-
type nerve agents are moderately water soluble. If the sample
is an organic liquid that is soluble or miscible in water but not
reactive, proceed with pH paper screening (Section 5.12). All
follow-on screening tests are performed using the aqueous
sample solution.
5.11.3.3 Lewisite is soluble in, and mildly reactive with, water. As
Lewisite is hydrolyzed, it forms Lewisite oxide, a white
precipitate that may form during the water solubility/
miscibility test. If a precipitate is formed, test the pH of the
sample solution; the hydrolysis of Lewisite will make the pH of
the solution acidic (pH < 4).
September 2008 Page 45 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
If results of solubility/mi scibility testing indicate a mildly
reactive sample that produces a precipitate and an acidic
solution, report a presumptive positive for Lewisite.
If the pH of the sample solution is between 4 and 8,
proceed with potassium iodide-starch paper screening.
If the results indicate that the pH is greater than 8, record
the physical properties of the sample and assess how to
proceed with additional screening.
5.11.3.4 Blister agents are generally poorly soluble or insoluble in
water, with the exception of Lewisite and phosgene oxime
(CX). Mustard is denser than water and will settle to the
bottom of the container used for this test. If the sample is an
insoluble organic liquid that is denser than water, the sample
may contain mustard. Proceed with the DB-3 dye test (Section
5.15) for alkylating agents.
5.11.3.5 If the sample reacts violently when added to water, screening
should be stopped, and the laboratory director, local FBI WMD
Coordinator, and appropriate local authorities should be
contacted for direction.
5.11.3.6 If the sample dissolves or is miscible in water, perform the
additional sample screening procedures described in Sections
5.12 to 5.16 (pH, starch iodide, enzyme kit, and arsenic test).
5.11.3.7 If the sample is not soluble or miscible in water, the pH, starch
iodide paper, and enzyme tests cannot be performed on that
phase. Record the physical properties of the sample, as
described in Section 5.17.
5.11.3.8 Continue testing all phases created in the water solubility test,
as hazardous materials may have been extracted from the
insoluble/immiscible sample.
5.11.4 Following the water solubility, miscibility and reactivity tests described in
Sections 5.11.1 through 5.11.3, each phase of the sample should be
screened as indicated in Step 5 of Figure 2, using the test procedures
described below
5.12 pH Paper Test (Water Miscible and Aqueous Liquids, Water Soluble Solids,
Aqueous Solutions)
5.12.1 pH Paper Test Procedures
5.12.1.1 pH paper can only be used on aqueous solutions.
5.12.1.2 If the sample is aqueous, place one drop of the sample onto pH
paper. Observe and record the results.
5.12.1.3 If the sample is a miscible or soluble liquid or solid, place one
drop of the miscibility/solubility solution (Section 5.11) onto
pH paper. Observe and record the results on an AFIRF Sample
Screening Results Form (Attachment 4).
September 2008 Page 46 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
5.12.2 pH Paper Test Results
5.12.2.1 Generally, a pH outside the range of 4 - 8 indicates that CWAs
are not present. However, this is not definitive since the
processes that are used to produce or purify CWAs may
influence the pH.
5.12.2.2 If the pH is between 4 and 8, proceed with starch iodide paper
screening (Section 5.13).
5.12.2.3 If the pH is less than 4 or greater than 8, proceed with the
starch iodide paper test in Section 5.13. Note that the enzyme
test described in Section 5.15 will not be accurate for samples
outside the pH range of 4-8.
5.13 Starch Iodide Paper Test (Water Miscible and Aqueous Liquids, Water
Soluble Solids, Aqueous Solutions)
5.13.1 Starch Iodide Paper Test Background
5.13.1.1 Starch iodide paper is used to test for the presence of oxidizing
compounds, which convert the iodide ions to elemental iodine
to form triiodide and pentaiodide ions. These ions react with
the starch to produce a blue complex. Development of a
blue/purple color upon introduction of the sample indicates the
presence of oxidizers.
5.13.2 Starch Iodide Paper Test Procedures
5.13.2.1 Starch iodide paper is used on aqueous samples or solutions.
5.13.2.2 If the sample is aqueous, place one drop of the sample onto the
starch iodide paper. Observe and record the results.
5.13.2.3 If the sample is a liquid or a solid and is miscible/soluble in
water, place one drop of the miscibility/solubility solution
(Section 5.11) onto the paper. Observe and record the results
on an AHRF Sample Screening Results Form (Attachment 4).
5.13.3 Starch Iodide Paper Test Results
5.13.3.1 If the results of the starch iodide paper test are negative (no
color change), proceed with the nerve agent enzyme ticket
screening (Section 5.14).
5.13.3.2 If the paper develops a blue/purple color, the result is positive
and indicates that an oxidizer is present.
5.13.3.3 Since oxidizers such as bleach are often used to decontaminate
CWAs, a positive result reduces the possibility that the sample
contains a CWA. However, the presence of strong oxidizers
may still present a hazard that needs to be assessed prior to
release of the sample to a fixed laboratory.
5.13.3.4 Strong oxidizers may cause rapid breakdown of the blue
complex formed by the iodide ions and starch. This bleaching
September 2008 Page 47 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
of the test paper can lead to false negative results if the test is
not read quickly. As the sample wicks up the paper, watch the
leading edge of the liquid for a color change. If color change
occurs, record as a positive result.
5.13.3.5 If results of the starch iodide paper are positive, do not perform
the nerve agent enzyme ticket screening because the presence
of a strong oxidizer in solution will invalidate the results of the
nerve agent enzyme ticket screening. Instead proceed to the
visual inspection of the sample (Section 5.17).
5.14 Sample Screen for Nerve Agents (Water Miscible and Aqueous Liquids,
Water Soluble Solids, Aqueous Solutions)
5.14.1 Nerve Agent Test B ackground
5.14.1.1 Screen the sample for nerve agents using a chemical and
enzymatic indicator test kit (such as M256A1 kit or
equivalent).
5.14.1.2 Enzyme and chemical impregnated papers used in these kits
will change color (typically to blue or green) in the absence of
nerve agents.
5.14.1.3 Be sure to follow the manufacturer's instructions.
WARNING! If analyses require direct physical contact of test materials with the sample or sample
consumption, be sure to remove the amount of sample needed from the sample container. Do not
introduce any foreign objects or materials into the sample container. Some of these kits contain
chemicals that could contaminate the sample. Some of the equipment used also could introduce
contaminants that could compromise or complicate future analyses.
5.14.1.4 Observe and record all results on an AHRF Sample Screening
Results Form (Attachment 4).
5.14.2 Nerve Agent Screen Procedures for Aqueous Samples or Solutions
5.14.2.1 Place the smallest amount of sample or solubility/mi scibility
solution (Section 5.11) needed to wet the entire surface of the
paper onto the enzyme impregnated paper contained in the
detector.
5.14.2.2 Follow the manufacturer's instructions for the test kit.
5.14.2.3 A change in the color of the paper indicates that nerve agents
are not present.
5.14.3 Nerve Agent Screen Procedures for Sample Vapors
5.14.3.1 Moisten the enzyme-impregnated paper with reagent water.
5.14.3.2 Place the paper into the opening of the sample container
without touching the paper to any container surfaces.
5.14.3.3 Follow the specific instructions for the test kit.
September 2008 Page 48 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
5.14.3.4 A change in the color of the paper, in the area of direct sample
contact with the paper, indicates that nerve agents are not
present.
CAUTIONS: (1) False positives (no color change) can result from very acidic or basic sample inhibiting
the reaction. (2) A very faint blue ring may appear at the edges of the contact between the sample and the
test paper. This does not denote a negative result. The color change must occur in the entire area of
direct sample contact with the paper.
5.14.4 Nerve Agent Screening Results
5.14.4.1 Nerve agent enzyme tickets use an enzyme system to detect the
presence of nerve agents. The test reagents consist of
acetylcholinesterase enzyme immobilized on a filter paper spot
and the substrate indoxyl acetate. Nerve agents compete with
the substrate for the active site of the enzyme. In the absence
of nerve agent, acetylcholinesterase converts indoxyl acetate
into 3-hydroxyindole, a compound that is blue in color. If
either G or V agent is present, it will tie up the enzyme, which
is then unavailable to react with indoxyl acetate. Thus, no blue
color is formed.
5.14.4.2 Since the performance of the nerve agent enzyme ticket
depends on the activity of acetylcholinesterase, strong
oxidizers, low or high pH, organo-phosphate pesticides, and
other acetylcholinesterase inhibitors may produce false positive
results. For this reason, aqueous samples for which previous
screening results indicate a pH outside the range of 4-8 or the
presence of strong oxidizers should not be screened with the
nerve agent enzyme ticket.
5.14.4.3 If the nerve agent enzyme ticket results indicate that an
acetylcholinesterase inhibitor is present in the sample (no
color), a presumptive positive for nerve agent should be
reported. If the results indicate that nerve agent is not present
in the sample (color change to blue), record the physical
properties of the sample and assess how to proceed with
additional screening (see Step 5 in Figure 2).
5.15 DB-3 Dye Test for Alkylating Agents (Immiscible/Insoluble Liquids and
Solids)
5.15.1 DB-3 Dye Test Procedures
5.15.1.1 Mix reagents
Reagent 1: Prepare a solution containing 4-(4-nitrobenzyl)
pyridine (11.25 mg/mL) in methanol.
Reagent 2: Prepare a solution of potassium carbonate (600
mg/mL) in water.
September 2008 Page 49 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
5.15.1.2 Test Sample
5.15.1.2.1 Wet a piece of chromatography grade silica gel paper
with ~ 5 drops of Reagent 1.
5.15.1.2.2 Place the silica gel paper on a hot plate for 2 minutes.
HINT: Adjust hot plate setting to a temperature just high enough to heat the sample. Very hot
temperatures can scorch the test paper and/or melt the plastic used in these test kits.
5.15.1.2.3 Remove silica gel paper from the hot plate and wet it
with 3-5 drops of the sample.
5.15.1.2.4 Return the silica gel paper with the sample to the hot
plate for 1 minute.
5.15.1.2.5 Remove the silica gel paper from the hot plate and wet
it with -10 drops of Reagent 2.
5.15.1.2.5 Observe and document any color change on an AHRF
Sample Screening Results Form (Attachment 4).
5.15.2 DB-3 Dye Test Results
5.15.2.1 Mustard gas (H) can be detected because of its reaction with a
methanolic solution of DB-3 [4-(4' -nitrobenzyl)pyridine] in
the presence of a catalyst (mercuric cyanide and/or heat). The
product of this reaction reacts with potassium carbonate to
form an intense blue-purple color. The reaction rate increases
at elevated temperatures. Since the DB-3 dye test is used as a
general test for alkylating agents, any alkylating agent will
produce a positive result.
5.15.2.2 If DB-3 dye test results indicate that an alkylating agent is
present in the sample, a presumptive positive for mustard
should be reported.
5.15.2.3 If results indicate alkylating agents are not present in the
sample, record the sample's physical properties and assess how
to proceed with additional screening (see Step 5 in Figure 2).
HINT: A positive test will result in an intense blue-purple-black color. Any other color change is not a
positive result.
5.16 Sample Screen for Arsenic (Colorimetric)
5.16.1 Colorimetric Arsenic Test Background
5.16.1.1 Screen the sample for arsenic compounds using a test strip
from a Colorimetric test kit (such as M256A1 kit or equivalent),
following the manufacturer's instructions.
5.16.1.2 A chemical reaction will convert arsenic compounds (mostly
inorganic) into arsine gas. The arsine gas reacts with the color
impregnated paper to produce a color change.
September 2008 Page 50 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
5.16.2 Test Procedure for Arsenic Detection
5.16.2.1 Follow the manufacturer's instructions.
5.16.2.2 Look closely for a difference in color between the two marks
on the paper. NOTE: The color change may be very slight.
5.16.2.3 For the arsenic test strip from the N256A1 kit, a change to
olive green, yellow, or brown indicates the presence of arsenic.
A tan color indicates the absence of arsenic.
NOTE: A positive result from this test, along with either low pH readings or precipitation during the
water solubility test, would be a strong indication of the presence of Lewisite.
5.17 Visual Inspection of the Sample
5.17.1 Record additional information of the physical properties of the sample
(e.g., density, reactivity, miscibility) on the AHRF Sample Screening
Results Form (Attachment 4).
5.18 Review Results and Documentation of Initial Screening
5.18.1 Review the AHRF Sample Screening Results Form (Attachment 4) to
ensure that all screening results have been reported.
5.18.2 Consult with the receiving laboratory to determine whether the
information provided by the sample COC, field report, and AHRF
screening is considered sufficient to provide an assessment of risk to the
receiving laboratory. If the information is considered to be sufficient,
prepare the sample, field report, COC, and AHRF screening report forms
for transport to the laboratory. Except in cases where a container is
considered to be a piece of evidence (see WARNING in Section 4.4.1.3),
the outside of all sample containers should be decontaminated with a 10%
bleach solution and rinsed with deionized or distilled water before leaving
the glove box. Samples that are removed from the glove box should be
stored in a biological safety cabinet until they are shipped from the AHRF.
5.18.3 If additional screening is needed or requested, proceed with Section 6.0.
September 2008 Page 51 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
6.0 Additional Chemical Screening of the Sample
An example of additional screening that might be performed at the AHRF is outlined in
this section. Ultimately, the supervising laboratory director and AHRF personnel will
determine what, if any, additional screening is needed at the AHRF, based on results
obtained using the procedures presented in Figure 2 and described in Sections 2 through 5
of this protocol.
Screen the sample for CWAs and chemical compounds using colorimetric chemical
indicator paper. Colorimetric chemical indicator paper can be obtained commercially in
single patches of eight small squares that change color when they come into contact with
their target chemical. One of the indicator papers should be M8 paper to detect the
presence of nerve or blister (V, G, and H) agents. The other indicator papers should
identify chlorine, pH, fluoride, cyanide, sulfide, arsenic, and oxidizers. Draeger-Tubes
also may be used as an option for assessing sample headspace for target chemical agents
and compounds.
6.1 Liquid or Aqueous Samples
6.1.1 Place one drop of sample onto each of the colorimetric indicator papers.
To avoid spillage, the indicator papers may be placed inside a small
container (e.g., petri dish, concave observation dish, wide beaker). The
reaction time necessary to produce a color change if a target compound is
present should be instantaneous.
6.1.2 Observe the color of the indicator papers and record results on the AHRF
Sample Screening Results Form (Attachment 4).
6.2 Solid Samples
6.2.1 Hold each colorimetric indicator paper inside a sealed containment bag
near the open end of the sample container for approximately one minute.
Do not allow the paper to come into contact with the sample.
6.2.2 Remove the indicator paper from the bag. Observe the color and record
results on the AHRF Sample Screening Results Form (Attachment 4).
6.2.3 If no color change occurs, place the smallest visible amount of the solid
sample onto each paper that did not undergo a color change. To avoid
spillage, the indicator paper may be placed inside a small container (e.g.,
petri dish, concave observation dish, wide beaker).
6.2.4 Observe if any color change occurred. If the indicator paper does not
change color, wet the sample on top of the paper with a few drops of
reagent grade water. Wait approximately one minute. Observe the color
of the indicator paper and record results on the AHRF Sample Screening
Results Form (Attachment 4).
September 2008 Page 52 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
7.0 Shipment to the Receiving Laboratory
7.1 AHRF Screening Results Forms Review
7.1.1 Review the AHRF Screening Results Forms from all phases of the AHRF
screening.
7.1.1.1 All results should be legible, verifiable, and contain appropriate
measurement units.
7.1.1.2 Ensure that the results of all AHRF screening procedures have
been recorded and signed by the appropriate screening
technician.
7.1.2 Compile finalized forms into a single AHRF Screening Report.
7.1.3 Ensure that all screening technicians and the AHRF Coordinator sign the
final report, including date and time of signature.
7.2 Contacting Authorities/Receiving Laboratory
7.2.1 Consult the agency that has ownership of the sample (e.g., police or fire
department, other emergency responders), appropriate local authorities,
and the local FBI WMD Coordinator to determine fate of the sample based
on the AHRF screening results. NOTE: The AHRF does not screen for
specific biological hazards. Thus, samples cannot be sent to a laboratory
that is not prepared to receive samples that may contain a biological
hazard unless the sample has been deemed to be safe by a biological
laboratory. If field or AHRF screening indicates the presence of a hazard
that a biological laboratory is not capable of receiving, the hazard
(chemical, radiological, or explosive) might be mitigated by transporting a
small aliquot of the sample. If the biological laboratory director agrees, a
small sample aliquot (e.g., 0.5 mL or 500 mg) and/or a sample swab may
be sent to the laboratory even if it contains a chemical, radiological, or
explosive hazard.
7.2.1.1 If samples are to be transported to a receiving laboratory for
further analysis, AHRF staff should contact the receiving
laboratory to ensure the laboratory is capable of receiving
samples that contain hazards that have been identified during
field and AHRF screening. Sample reports and screening
results forms should be delivered to the receiving laboratory
and the laboratory manager consulted prior to sample
shipment.
7.2.1.2 If the samples do not need any further analysis, AHRF staff
should contact the agency with ownership of the sample to
coordinate destruction or transfer of the sample back to that
agency.
September 2008 Page 53 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
7.3 Package Preparation and Shipment
7.3.1 Decontaminate the outside of the sample containers with a 10% bleach
solution, rinse with deionized or distilled water, and provide a final rinse
with ethanol or isopropyl alcohol before moving the samples from the
glove box to the biological safety cabinet.
WARNING! If the sample container is considered to be a piece of evidence, this process will destroy
any classical forensic evidence that may be on the outside of the primary sample container. Evaluate the
risks before washing the container with bleach and water.
7.3.2 Package samples for shipment to the receiving laboratory according to
U.S. Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Transportation
Act and Hazardous Materials Transportation Safety Act requirements at
49 CFR parts 171 through 177.
7.3.3 Place AHRF Sample Receipt and Screening Report Forms, sample COC,
and the sample field report into a transparent protective wrap. Adhere the
package to the sample transport container. Prepare a copy of these
documents, and ship the copies to the receiving laboratory.
7.3.4 Store the packaged samples in the biological safety cabinet or sample exit
interlock until they are shipped from the AHRF.
7.3.5 Prior to relinquishing custody of the sample to the transporting courier,
ensure courier credentials are carefully established, confirmed, and
documented.
September 2008 Page 54 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
8.0 Glossary of Terms
Alpha Radiation, Emission, or Particles: Alpha radiation is made up of positively charged
particles composed of two neutrons and two protons. It is easily blocked by clothing, skin, or
even significant quantities of air. Alpha emitters are generally only hazardous to humans when
inhaled or ingested.
Beta Radiation, Emission, or Particles: Beta radiation is made up of negatively charged
particles equivalent to an electron. These particles can be blocked by fairly thin (a few
millimeters) shielding, such as thin metal, wallboard, or heavy clothing. Beta particles are
generally hazardous when inhaled, ingested, or when in direct contact with the skin or eyes.
Bleaching Station: Chemical fume hood or equivalent environmental enclosure HEPA and
carbon filters designed for use with CWAs.
Blister Agents (also referred to as mustard agents): The wounds caused by these agents
resemble burns and blisters. Blistering agents cause severe damage to the eyes, respiratory
system, and internal organs. Common blistering agents are sulfur mustard (HD), nitrogen
mustards (HN-1, HN-2, HN-3), and Lewisite (L).
Blood Agents: Cyanide-based agents that inhibit the metal-containing enzymes, most notably
iron in the blood (hemoglobin), preventing cell respiration from occurring. Common examples
are hydrogen cyanide and cyanogen chloride.
Biological Safety Cabinet: Minimum Class II Type A2 with HEPA and carbon filters designed
for use with CWAs.
Chemical Warfare Agents (CWAs): The United Nations (UN) Chemical Weapons Convention
defines a CWA as "... any chemical which, through its chemical effect on living processes, may
cause death, temporary loss of performance, or permanent injury to people and animals." Nerve
agents and blister agents are the two classes of CWAs that have been most widely manufactured
and used for military purposes.
Choking Agents: Chemical agents that attack lung tissue, primarily causing pulmonary edema.
Common choking agents are chloropicrin (PS), chlorine gas (CL), phosgene (CG), and
diphosgene (DP).
Colorimetric Indicator: A colorimetric indicator is a detector that changes color when it comes
in contact with a substance it was designed to detect. These indicators typically require a
minimum amount of the material to change color. They are usually not capable of determining
the quantity or concentration of the substance present. Some colorimetric indicators are prone to
false positives and non-detects. Some colorimetric indicators are embedded into a strip of paper,
and are often referred to as indicator papers.
Combustible Gas Indicator (CGI): Detects and measures concentrations of combustible gases
or vapors in the air. These instruments typically can be used in the immediate environment or,
September 2008 Page 55 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
with sampling lines and probes, draw samples from remote areas.
Containment Bag: An airtight sealable bag that encloses a sample container.
Direct Read: A direct read instrument is an instrument that provides a measurement, either as a
meter needle deflection or numerical readout, that is instantly usable. The measurement does not
require any calculations or conversions, but may require the use of a scale factor multiplying the
reading as determined by a selector switch position. For example, the micro R meter reads
directly in uR/hr. The meter face is from 0 to 5 and the switch settings are xl, xlO, xlOO, and
xlOOO, thus providing readings from 0 - 5 uR/hr to 0 - 5000 uR/hr.
Flame Spectrophotometer (FSP): A flame spectrophotometer uses a burner (often a hydrogen
source) to heat a sample, allowing the elements to produce their characteristic spectral emissions
for detection. FSPs used for chemical warfare agents are set to detect the emissions of sulfur and
phosphorous. This instrument provides a rapid analysis in a few seconds. It will detect any
compound containing sulfur or phosphorous, in addition to chemical warfare agents.
Fume Hood: Chemical fume hood with FIEPA and carbon filters designed for use with CWAs.
G Agents: A series of organo-phosphorous nerve agents that were labeled "G" because they
were first manufactured in Germany. The common G agents are GA (Tabun), GB (Sarin), GD
(Soman), GE, and GF (Cyclohexylsarin).
Gamma Radiation, Emission, or Rays: Gamma radiation is electromagnetic energy from the
decay of an isotope. This energy can be partially blocked with dense material (e.g., lead or dense
concrete). Excessive or prolonged elevated exposure to gamma rays is known to cause cancer,
and extreme exposure can cause death. High levels of gamma radiation can be detected through
a sample container or a series of containers and overpack materials.
Glove Box: Class III biological safety cabinet with HEPA and carbon filters designed for use
with CWAs.
H Agents: A class of chlorinated blister agents. H agents include sulfur mustard (HD) and
nitrogen mustards (HN-1, HN-2, and HN-3).
Indicator Paper: Indicator paper is a strip of paper that contains reagents that cause the paper to
change color when it comes into contact with the substance it was designed to detect. There are
many different types of indicators. Some indicator papers can change to many different shades
of a particular color that can be used to determine a very rough concentration of a target
substance. M8 paper is used to detect the presence of nerve or blister (V, G, and H) agents.
Ion Mobility Spectrometer (IMS): An ion mobility spectrometer determines the presence of a
substance by placing a positive charge on each molecule that enters the IMS, and then measuring
its molecular mass-to-charge ratio. An IMS will identify molecules that have a corresponding
mass-to-charge ratio programmed into the instrument's database. This instrument can identify
specific compounds, but it is unable to quantify the amount present.
September 2008 Page 56 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
Lewisite (L): A chemical warfare blister agent that contains arsenic.
Nerve Agents: Nerve agents affect the transmission of nerve impulses in the nervous system.
Most nerve agents are organo-phosphorous compounds. These compounds are stable, easily
dispersed, and have highly toxic and rapid effects with inhalation or skin contact. Common
nerve agents are Tabun (GA), Sarin (GB), Soman (GD), Cyclohexylsarin (GF), and VX.
Non-Standard Butyl Gloves: Butyl rubber gloves that are 7 mil thick.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Equipment that protects the human body from hazards
(e.g., chemical, biological, radiological, explosive, or physical). Gloves, safety goggles, steel-
toed boots, aprons, Tyvek suits, face shields, and respirators are examples of different types of
PPE.
Photoionization Detector (PID): A PID detects, but cannot differentiate between, most organic
compounds. A high energy bulb knocks electrons off of molecules that enter the PID, making
them positively charged. These positively charged molecules are then pumped towards a
detector. The movement of the positively charged molecules creates a current. The more
charged molecules that are present, the larger the current. A measurement of the current
determines the magnitude of the reading. These instruments are typically sensitive, but not
selective. The readout is usually in parts per billion, but the reading is often inaccurate.
Primary Sample Container: The primary sample container holds and comes into direct contact
with the sample. A primary container never holds more that one sample.
Secondary Containment: Secondary containment includes any layer of containment between
the primary sample container and the transport container. Often, for potentially hazardous
samples, multiple layers of secondary containment are used and may consist of plastic bags,
boxes or jars into which the primary sample container is placed.
Transport Container: The sample transport container is the outermost container that is
received from the carrier at the AHRF. Some government agencies refer to this as the
"overpack" or "strong-tight containers." Often it is in the form of a cooler or trunk. A single
transport container may hold multiple samples.
V Agents: V agents are one set of persistent nerve agents (several days are required for
decomposition). The first V agent was synthesized in 1954 by the British. VX, VE, VG, VM,
and V-gas are the most common V agents.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Organic molecules with low boiling points that will
spontaneously evaporate in the air. This evaporation may not necessarily be rapid.
Wipe Sample: A sample that is made up of material that is wiped over a substance or surface to
be sampled removing a loose layer of material. This is most often used to sample visible or non-
visible film or particulates covering a surface.
September 2008 Page 57 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
9.0 Attachments
9.1 Attachment 1: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
All Hazards Receipt Facility (AHRF) staff should be trained in Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for hazardous waste
operations and emergency response at 29 CFR 1910.120 or 29 CFR 1926.65, and
should be familiar with a Health and Safety Plan that is specific for the AHRF.
AHRF staff also should be familiar with U.S. Department of Transportation
Hazardous Materials Transportation Act and Hazardous Materials Transportation
Safety Act requirements at 49 CFR parts 171 through 177 for packaging and
transporting hazardous materials.
Information obtained during the AHRF sample receipt and screening processes
can be used to make decisions regarding the level of protection needed and to
ensure AHRF staff has proper PPE. PPE that will protect employees from the
hazards and potential hazards they are likely to encounter as identified during
sample receipt and screening should be selected and used. OSHA standards at 29
CFR 1910.120 include the following:
PPE selection is based on an evaluation of the performance characteristics of
the PPE relative to the requirements and limitations of the site, the task-
specific conditions and duration, and the hazards and potential hazards
identified at the site.
The level of protection provided by PPE shall be increased when additional
information on site conditions indicates that increased protection is necessary
to reduce employee exposures below permissible exposure limits and
published exposure levels for hazardous substances and health hazards.
The level of employee protection provided may be decreased when additional
information or site conditions show that decreased protection will not result in
hazardous exposures to employees.
Specific information regarding selection of PPE is provided in Appendix B of 29
CFR 1910.120. The minimal amount of PPE that is considered to be necessary
for performing AHRF activities includes two pairs of nitrile gloves, eye
protection, face mask, and coveralls. Equipment also should be available such
that AHRF personnel can increase the PPE, if necessary. Information regarding
AHRF PPE is listed below. Information regarding the hazards of contaminants
that AHRF personnel may encounter and additional resources that should be
consulted also are provided.
9.1.1 Minimum PPE that Should Be Used by All Hazards Receipt Facility
Personnel (Level D)
Level D protection is used when the atmosphere contains no known
hazard, and work functions preclude splashes, immersion, or the potential
for unexpected inhalation of or contact with hazardous levels of any
chemicals. Although Level D lists the use of hard hats and face shields, it
September 2008 Page 58 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
is anticipated that these will not be needed during routine AHRF
operations.
Coveralls (e.g., 20 Mil Vinyl PVC Apron) or lab coat
2 pairs of nitrile gloves (e.g., Nitrile Gloves compliant with 21 CFR,
preferably at least 15 Mil)
Boots/shoes (Chemical-resistant steel toe and shank, and disposable
outer boot/shoe covers
Safety glasses or chemical splash goggles (e.g., ANSI Z87.1-1989, SEI
certified eye protection goggles or visor)
Escape mask - close at hand
Nitrile gloves should be changed in between each sample or every five
minutes of sample handling, whichever occurs first.
9.1.2 Additional PPE for Potential Use at the All Hazards Receipt Facility
Level C
Full-face or half-mask, air purifying respirators (National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-approved)
Hooded chemical-resistant clothing (overalls, two-piece chemical-
splash suit, disposable chemical-resistant overalls)
Level D protection
Level B
Positive pressure, full face piece self-contained breathing apparatus
(SCBA), or positive pressure supplied air respirator with escape SCB A
(NIOSH-approved)
Level C protection
9.1.3 Potential Hazards that May Be Encountered by All Hazards Receipt
Facility Personnel
Information regarding potential hazardous exposures is taken from the
Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste
Site Activities, prepared by NIOSH, OSHA, U.S. Coast Guard, and
USEPA.
9.1.3.1 Radiation
Radioactive materials can emit one or more of four types of
harmful radiation: alpha, beta, neutron, and gamma. Neutron
radiation is not addressed in this document. Alpha radiation has
limited penetration ability and is usually stopped by clothing and
the outer layers of the skin. Alpha radiation poses little threat
outside the body, but can be hazardous if materials that emit alpha
radiation are inhaled or ingested. Beta radiation can cause harmful
"beta burns" to the skin and damage the subsurface blood system.
September 2008 Page 59 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
Beta radiation is also hazardous if materials that emit beta radiation
are inhaled or ingested. Use of protective clothing, coupled with
scrupulous personal hygiene and decontamination, affords good
protection against alpha and beta radiation.
Gamma radiation easily passes through clothing and human tissue
and can cause serious permanent damage to the body. Chemical-
protective clothing affords no protection against gamma radiation
itself; however, use of respiratory and other protective equipment
can help keep radiation-emitting materials from entering the body.
9.1.3.2 Explosion and Fire
There are many potential causes of explosions and fires, including:
Chemical reactions
Ignition of explosive or flammable chemicals
Ignition of materials due to oxygen enrichment
Agitation of shock- or friction- sensitive compounds
Sudden release of materials under pressure
Explosions and fires may arise spontaneously. However, more
commonly, they result from site activities, such as moving drums,
accidentally mixing incompatible chemicals, or introducing an
ignition source (such as a spark from equipment) into an explosive
or flammable environment. Explosions and fires not only pose the
obvious hazards of intense heat, open flame, smoke inhalation, and
flying objects, but may also cause the release of toxic chemicals.
Keep all potential ignition sources away from an explosive or
flammable environment; use non-sparking, explosion-proof
equipment. Follow safe practices when performing any task that
might result in the agitation or release of chemicals.
9.1.3.3 Chemical Exposure
Hazardous chemicals can enter the unprotected body by inhalation,
skin absorption, ingestion, or through a puncture wound
(injection). A contaminant can cause damage at the point of
contact or can act systemically, causing a toxic effect at a part of
the body distant from the point of initial contact.
For either chronic (low concentrations over a long period of time)
or acute (high concentrations over a short period of time) exposure,
the toxic effect may be temporary and reversible, or may be
permanent (disability or death). Some chemicals may cause
obvious symptoms such as burning, coughing, nausea, tearing
eyes, or rashes. Other chemicals may cause health damage without
any warning signs (this is a particular concern for chronic
exposures to low concentrations). Health effects such as cancer or
September 2008 Page 60 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
respiratory disease may not manifest for several years or decades
after exposure. In addition, some toxic chemicals may be colorless
and/or odorless, may dull the sense of smell, or may not produce
any immediate or obvious physiological sensations. Thus, a
worker's senses or feelings cannot be relied upon in all cases to
warn of potential toxic exposure.
An important exposure route of concern at a hazardous waste site
is inhalation. The lungs are extremely vulnerable to chemical
agents. Even substances that do not directly affect the lungs may
pass through the lung tissue into the bloodstream, where they are
transported to other vulnerable areas of the body. Some toxic
chemicals present in the atmosphere may not be detected by human
senses (e.g., they may be colorless and their toxic effects may not
produce immediate symptoms). Respiratory protection is,
therefore, extremely important if there is a possibility that the work
site may contain such hazardous substances.
Direct contact of the skin and eyes by hazardous substances is
another route of exposure. Some chemicals directly injure the
skin. Some pass through the skin into the bloodstream where they
are transported to vulnerable organs. The eye is particularly
vulnerable because airborne chemicals can dissolve in its moist
surface and be carried to the rest of the body through the
bloodstream (capillaries are very close to the surface of the eye).
Wearing protective equipment, not using contact lenses in
contaminated atmospheres (since they may trap chemicals against
the eye surface), keeping hands away from the face, and
minimizing contact with liquid and solid chemicals can help
protect against skin and eye contact.
9.1.3.4 Biological Hazards
Like chemical hazards, etiologic agents may be dispersed in the
environment via water and wind. Protective clothing and
respiratory equipment can help reduce the chances of exposure.
Thorough washing of any exposed body parts and equipment will
help protect against infection.
September 2008 Page 61 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
9.2 Attachment 2: Example AHRF Sample Receipt Form
A Sample Receipt Form creates an accurate written record of the information
gained through the interview process with the courier. An example Sample
Receipt Form is provided in this attachment. This form is supplied as an example
only. Each AHRF may opt to create their own Sample Receipt Form and
Questionnaire based on their specific operating procedures and concerns.
September 2008 Page 62 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
Example AHRF Sample Receipt Form
Name of Sample Receipt Personnel
Date: (mm/dd/yyyy)
Rapid Gamma Survey
Time:
A.M. / P.M.
Direct Gamma Radiation Survey Performed?
Instrument Model:
S/N:
Results:
WARNING! If Sample exceeds threshold, STOP. Instruct Sample Delivery Personnel to place container in a steel or lead-lined box, if one is available, or
other appropriate shielding materials and isolate the sample in a secure area away from the building. Immediately contact supervising lab director and the
local FBI WMD Coordinator.
Ask Initial Safety Assessment Questions to Sample Delivery Personnel
Has the sample been surveyed for radioactivity and explosives?
Does the package appear suspicious?
Are there protruding wires, strange odors, crystallization or
apparent damage?
Is it rigid, bulky, or stained? Is there excessive tape or string?
Has there been a communicated threat?
WARNING! If suspected of being an explosive, pressurized or
dispersal device, STOP, and contact qualified bomb specialist. If
sample is suspected to contain an explosive device or shock
sensitive waste as determined by visual inspection, seek
specialized assistance before further handling.
Comments
Does the sample have a corresponding Chain of Custody (COC)
form?
Does the sample have a corresponding field report or emergency
sample form?
Government Agency Performing Field Evaluation?
September 2008
Page 63 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
1. Interview Technician Delivering Sample
a) Technician Name:
(please print)
b) Government Agency Affiliation (NOTE: if unknown, contact approving official):
c) Date of Delivery:
Time:
A.M./P.M.
(mm/dd/yyyy)
d) Technician Signature:
e) Check the technician's government-issued picture ID against signature
f) Did the technician sign the Chain of Custody (COC) form?
Comments:
- Technician first received possession of the sample on
at
A.M./P.M.
Date (mm/dd/yyyy)
- Location where technician first obtained possession of sample:
Time
g) Sample condition and/or containment when technician first had possession of the sample:
h) Report Results To (provide 24/7 contact information):
Name
i) Comments or observations regarding environmental conditions or sample transport:
Phone Number
j) Does the above information match the information in the COC form?
Comments:
September 2008
Page 64 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
2. Identify Sample by Type
Identify sample by known and unknown sources (check one):
Known Source:
(collected by a field technician or remote sensing/monitoring equipment and controlled in sample container)
Unknown Source:
(discovered unattended, source unidentified, placed in container at the scene)
If the source is known, was sampling equipment or primary collection container supplied by field collector or appropriate government
agency?
Identify sample type (check only one):
Water (e.g., groundwater, drinking water, stream, reservoir,
other water body)
Soil (e.g., surface, sub-surface)
Liquids (e.g., oils, leachate, detergent)
Petroleum products or solvent based (e.g., car explosion,
chemical leak)
Solids (e.g., powders, chips scraped off of a surface)
Wipes (e.g., cloth with or without a solvent)
Air filters (e.g., filters from field sampling equipment,
automotive vehicles or equipment operating in direct area)
Suspicious packages
Pressurized gas containers or cylinders
Comments
September 2008
Page 65 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
3. Review, Verify, and Update the COC
Does the COC contain the following information and is it correct and up-to-date?
Sample description
Sample identification number
Date, time, and location of sample collection
Number of samples collected and transported
Number of containers collected for each sample
Identification of sample collector
Contact information for principal investigator, project manager,
or project coordinator
Names of any person(s) handling the sample
Time and location of any transfer of sample possession
Comments
September 2008
Page 66 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
4. Review and Evaluate the Field Report or Emergency Sample Form
Does the field report or emergency sample form contain the following information?
Date, time, and location of sample collection
Sample identification number
Environmental and/or human health impacts
Name(s) of field personnel collecting the sample
Were field tests performed?
If yes, does the form indicate:
Types of tests performed
Equipment used
Date and time of testing
Results of Tests
Person(s) performing tests
Comments
September 2008
Page 67 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
5. Visual Inspection of Sample Transport Container
NOTE: Sample transport containers must not be opened during any sample receipt activities, including during visual inspection of container.
a) Examine the sample transport container and the field report form for suspicious indicators.
Comments
Protruding wires
Strange odors (Odor should be evident. DO NOT sniff the
sample container!)
Oily stains, discoloration, or crystallization
Excessive tape or string
Damaged, bulging, or discolored container
Unusual or unexpected field contamination on the container
(e.g., bright colored substances, crystalline deposits, liquids)
Yl.'S
Y.]>,
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
b) Visually inspect the sample transport container and perform the following tasks and note observations.
Description of the sample as determined
by inspection
Color
Approximate volume or size/weight
Photograph sample transport container (number taken)
Is the transport container properly sealed?
September 2008
Page 68 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
6. Inspect Sample Container Label
a) If the transport container has a label or custody seal, does the
date, time, and location of sample collection match the
information on the COC form?
b) If the transport container has a label or custody seal, does the
date, time, and location of sample collection match the
information on the field report or emergency sample form?
c) Does each sample transport container label contain the
following information?
Sample description (location and type)
Time/date taken or found
Field technician initials
Sample identification code or number
d) Examine the transport container for additional placards,
labels, or marks indicating that the contents are hazardous.
Any reported associated risks?
Y.]>,
NO
NO
y.]>,
NO
NO
NO
Yl.'S
NO
Comments
NOTE: Unlabeled sample transport containers should be assumed hazardous until the contents are further screened or evaluated.
September 2008
Page 69 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
Notes/Comments:
Signature of Sample Receipt Personnel
Signature of Approving Official
Date (mm/dd/yyyy)
Date (mm/dd/yyyy)
Time
Time
A.M./P.M.
A.M./P.M.
September 2008
Page 70 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Protocol Guidance
9.3 Attachment 3: Example Chain of Custody Form (COC)
A Chain of Custody (COC) form creates an accurate written record that can be
used to trace the possession and handling of the sample from the moment of its
collection through analysis. Chain of Custody is used and required, without
exception, for the tracking and recording of on-site or off-site sample collection,
transport, and analysis. A COC form creates an accurate documented record that
can be used to trace the possession and handling of the sample from the moment
of its collection through analysis. An example COC form is provided in this
attachment.
A COC form accompanies each sample or group of samples as custody of the
sample(s) is transferred from one custodian to another. One copy of the form is
retained by the original sample collector. Another is obtained by each receiving
laboratory. Each laboratory or AHRF representative who accepts an incoming
sample shipment signs and dates the COC record. It is the laboratory or AHRFs
responsibility to maintain internal logbooks and custody records throughout
sample preparation and analysis. Sample custodians are responsible for initiating,
maintaining, or completing COC tracking. A sample custodian is the person
responsible for the custody of a sample or samples at a particular time, until
custody is transferred to another person (and so documented), who then becomes
the new custodian. A sample is under a person's custody if:
it is in that person's possession
it is in that person's view, after being in that person's physical possession
it was in that person's physical possession and then he/she locked it up to
prevent tampering
that person placed it in a designated and identified secure area
NOTE: Common carriers usually will not accept responsibility for handling Chain
of Custody forms. This often necessitates packing the COC record in the shipping
container (enclosed with other documentation in a re-sealable plastic bag). As
long as custody forms are sealed inside the shipping container and the custody
seals are intact, commercial carriers are not required to sign the custody form.
September 2008 Page 71 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
Example Chain of Custody Form
Sample Owner and Contact Info:
Primary Sample Collector (Print) Primary Sample Collector (Signature)
Sample Type
1.Surface Water
2.Ground Water
3.Potable Water
4.Wastewater
S.Leachate
6.Soil/Sediment
7. Sludge
S.Waste
9. Air
10.Powder
11 .Petroleum
12. Other:
Sample Collector(s) Affiliation
(If different from Sample Owner)
Sample Collector(s) Print
Sample Collector(s) Signature
Sample Collector(s) Print
Sample Collector(s) Signature
Comments:
Sample ID
Number
Site Location/Description
Description of Packaging
Container(s) and Preservation
(if added)
Relinquished By: (Print Name and Affiliation)
Date/Time
Received by: (Print Name and Affiliation)
Relinquished By: (Print Name and Affiliation)
Date/Time
Received By: (Print Name and Affiliation)
Sign:
Sign:
Relinquished By: (Print Name and Affiliation)
Date/Time
Received by: (Print Name and Affiliation)
Relinquished By: (Print Name and Affiliation)
Date/Time
Received By: (Print Name and Affiliation)
Sign:
Sign:
September 2008
Page 72 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
9.4 Attachment 4: Example AHRF Screening Results Forms
These forms are supplied as examples only. Each AHRF may opt to create their
own Screening Results Forms based on their specific operating procedures and
concerns.
September 2008 Page 73 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
9.4.1 Example AHRF Transport Container Screening Results Form
Example AHRF Transport Container Screening Results Form
Date (mm/dd/yyyy)
Customer Sample Identification Number
Screening Personnel #1 #2
Are suspicious indicators present?
Protruding wires
Rigidness or bulkiness
Excessive tape or string
Other:
Direct Alpha, Beta and Gamma Survey Performed?
Instrument Model:
S/N:
Wipe Alpha and Beta Survey Performed?
Instrument Model:
S/N:
AHRF Sample Identification Number
#3
#4
Explosives Device Screen
If yes, immediately isolate sample and contact the bomb squad.
X-Ray Screen Performed?
S/N:
Deemed Inert by Certified Bomb
Radiological Survey
Results:
Results:
Results:
Comments:
Hint: Each Facility may chose to enter their specific threshold levels on the form for ease of use in determining if levels detected are low
enough for sample screening to continue. "
September 2008
Page 74 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
Chemical Screen
Unknown substance on container?
Oily stains
Discoloration
Crystallization
Powders
Liquids
M8 Paper Test Performed
Colorimetric Test for Explosives Performed
'<'[.'-.
I .v
.. i >..
vi.--
:...' )
Comments:
Comments:
Comments:
Comments:
Comments:
Comments:
Results:
Results:
September 2008
Page 75 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
9.4.2 Example AHRF Primary Sample Container Screening Results Form
Example AHRF Primary/Secondary Container Screening Results Form
AHRF Sample Identification Number
NOTE: Each layer of secondary containment must be screened with the IMS and FSP before continuing to the primary sample container. At any point, if the
IMS or FSP screen is positive, the layer being screened and any interior layers must be immediately moved to the glove box.
IMS and FSP Screen
IMS Screen Performed?
Instrument Model:
S/N:
FSP Screen Performed?
Instrument Model:
S/N:
Results:
Results:
Visual Inspection
Sample integrity
Description
Color
Volume or size/weight
Temperature
Photograph
Container type
Unusual or unexpected
contamination on container
Suspicious indicators
Presence of foreign material or
objects
Unusual powder
Damage, bulging, discoloration
or leakage
Radiological Survey
Direct Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Survey Performed?
Instrument Model:
S/N:
Wipe Alpha and Beta Survey Performed?
Instrument Model:
S/N:
Results:
Results:
September 2008
Page 76 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
Chemical Screen
Are there any visual signs of Leakage?
M8 Paper Test
; .'-
POS
NO
Comments:
Comments:
Explosives Screen
Colorimetric wipe test performed?
Start Time: Stop Time:
Crystallization present?
; .'-
-, | >..
Comments:
Comments:
Continuation of Screening Procedures Assessment
Is it suitable to transfer entire primary
sample container to the glove box?
Is there greater than 2 grams/milliliters of
sample present?
Is there enough information to transfer the
sample to a fixed site laboratory?
-, | >..
; .'-
NO
NO
Comments:
Comments:
Comments:
September 2008
Page 77 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
9.4.3 Example AHRF Sample Screening Results Forms
Example AHRF Sample Screening Results Form
Date (mm/dd/yyyy)
Customer Sample Identification Number
Screening Personnel #1
#2
AHRF Sample Identification Number
#3
#4
Combustible Gases and VOCs Screen
CGI Screen Performed?
Instrument Model:
S/N:
PID Screen Performed?
Instrument Model:
S/N:
Results
Results
Comments
Comments
Radiation Survey
Direct Alpha and Beta Survey Performed?
Instrument Model:
S/N:
Wipe Alpha and Beta Survey Performed?
Instrument Model:
S/N:
Results
Results
Comments
Comments
IMS and FSP Screen
IMS Screen Performed?
Instrument Model:
S/N:
FSP Screen Performed?
Instrument Model:
S/N:
Results:
Results:
Explosives Screen
Colorimetric Test Performed?
Start Time: Stop Time:
Thermal Susceptibility Test Performed?
(solids only)
Results
Comments
September 2008
Page 78 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
Visual Inspection
Physical Description
Color
Composition
Texture
Photograph Taken
Other
| |
Water Solubility, Miscibility, and Reactivity Sample Test
Water Solubility, Miscibility, and Reactivity Test
Performed?
Did Sample React with the Water?
Did precipitate form during solubility test?
Did sample float on water?
Results
Comments
Description:
September 2008
Page 79 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
Additional Tests
M8 Paper Test Performed?
pH Paper Test Performed?
Starch Iodide Paper Test Performed?
Nerve Agent Enzyme Ticket Test Performed?
Colorimetric Test for Arsenic Performed?
Alkylating Agents Paper Test Performed?
Results
Record physical properties
Comments
Initial Screening and Shipment Assessment
Is there sufficient information to provide an
assessment of risk to the receiving laboratory?
Is there an appropriate laboratory to transfer the
sample to?
Packaged and decontaminated the exterior of all
transport containers
Chain of Custody prepared and signed
Comments:
Comments:
Comments:
Comments:
September 2008
Page 80 of 87
-------
All Hazards Receipt Facility Screening Protocol
September 2008 Page 81 of 87
-------
Homeland
Security
Security S&T Directorate
Washington, DC 20528
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
Cincinnati, OH 45268
------- |