Onbir
NaturalGasf
EPA POLLUTION PREVENTER
OT nap-mepOB nporpaMMbi Natural Gas STAR
CJ
REDUCING METHANE EMISSIONS FROM COMPRESSOR
ROD PACKING SYSTEMS
COKPAUJEHME 3MMCCMM METAHA HEPE3 CMCTEMbl
ynJIOTHEHMM LJTOKA KOMF1PECCOPA
B rasosoi/i oipacnn CLUA ncnonbsyeicfl 6onee 29 000 nopiuHesbix KowinpeccopoB, B Ka>KflOM us Koiopbix B
HaxoflMTca neibipe unnnHflpa, HTO osHanaei ncnojibsosaHne OKOJIO 160 000 cucieivi ynnoiHeHUfl nopujHesbix UJTOKOB.
Mepes a™ cucieMbi exeroflHO B aiMoccpepy Bbi6pacbisaeTCfl 43,8 winpfl. cpyi.3 (1 226 winpfl. M3) wieiaHa, HTO
paCCMaipMBaib MX K3K OflMH M3 OCHOBHblX MCTOHHMKOB 3MMCCMM H3 KOMnpeCCOpHblX yCTaHOBK3X npM flo6bN6
npupoflHoro rasa.
Bee cucieivibi ynnoiHeHUfl B HopivianbHbix ycnosuflx flaioi yieHKy, o6teM Koiopoi/i sasucm OT flasneHMfl B
noflroHKM M perynnposKM ynnoTHmenbHbix aneivieHTOB n cieneHM usHoca Koneu n WTOKa. Hosaa cucieivia
npasunbHO HacipoeHHaa n noflomaHHaa, MOKST nponycKaib npmviepHO 11-12 cpyi.VH (0,3-0,3 M3/H). OflHaKO no wiepe
ciapeHMfl cucieivibi yposeHb yieHKM noBbiujaeicfl ns-sa usHoca ynnoTHmenbHbix Koneu n nopujHesoro iiJTOKa. OflMH us
napiHepos nporpaMMbi Natural Gas STAR coo6mnn o perncipaunn yposHfl aMnccnn B o6teivie 900 cpyi.VH (25,2 M3/H)
H3 OflHOM KOMnpeCCOpHOM UJTOK6.
C yneTOM cpMHaHcosbix saflan npeflnpnaim/i n flaHHbix MOHmopuHra napmepbi nporpaMMbi Moryi onpeflenaib yposHM
3MMCCMM, npM KOTOpblX 3aM6Ha KOJieU M UJTOKOB CiaHOBMTCfl 3KOHOMMHeCKM BblTOflHOI/i. BblTOflbl OT OU6HKM M
nocneflyiomero npuMeneHMfl Meiofla, onpeflenaiomero "nopor peHTa6enbHoc™ saMeHbi", BKruonaioT coKpamenne
3MMCCMM Meiana n yMeHbiueHne saipai. flpn TaKOM noflxofle napinep nporpaMMbi Natural Gas STAR SKOHOMMT 6onee
$100 000 B rofl. Meiofl onpefleneHna "nopora peHTa6enbHoc™ saMeHbi" nosBonaei nonynmb n npoMSBOflCTsem-ibie
Bbiroflbi: npoflnesaeicfl cpoK aKcnnyaiaunn cymecisyiomero o6opyflosaHMfl, ysennHMBaeTCfl acpcpeKTMBHOcib
nponsBOflCTsa, coKpamaioTCfl pacxoflbi B flonrocpoHHOi/i nepcneKinse.
MeCTO yTGHKM
ynnoiHeHne ujiOKa
KOMnpeccopa
foflOBoii o6~beivi
yjeHKM rasa, Tbic.
(})yT.3 (TbIC. M3)
865/24,21
MeTOfl coKpameHMfl
yjeHKM rasa
3KOHOMMH6CKM
oBocHoeaHHasq saMena
KOn6L4 M UJTOKOB
3KOHOMMfl
rasa, $/rofl
2,5952
CTOMMOCTb
BHeflpGHMfl,
$/rofl
4003
CpOK
OKynaeMOCTM
2 Mecsqi4a
1 Pipeline Research Committee International (1999).
2 Llena rasa $3,00/Tbic. cjDyr.3 ($106/ Tbic. M3)
3 $1 200 - flonojiHmejibHbie aarparbi npn aaivieHe Konei4 pas B rpn rofla BMecTO oflHoro paaa B nerbipe rofla (B cpeflHeM no orpacnn).
HacToamni/i flOKyMeHT - oflMH MS OTHeios cepnn "Onbii npuMeHeHMfl", paspa6oTaHHOi/i EPA B coipyflHUHecTse c
rasosoi/i oipacnbio B paMKax npoeKios nporpaMMbi Natural Gas STAR.
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OnucaHne
TexHonoruM
Pa6oia rasosbix nopwHesbix KowinpeccopoB conpoBOKflaeica
wieiaHa. Hauje scero 310 nponcxoflm nepes cpnaHUbi, KnanaHbi n flpyrne
coeflMHMTenbHbie nac™ KowinpeccopoB. OflHaKO Ha cucieivibi WTOKOBbix
ynnoTH6Hm/i npuxoflmca Han6onbium/i o6teM noiepb rasa.
Cucieivibi canbHMKOB Heo6xoflMMbi flrm npefloiBpameHMfl yieneK rasa
BbicoKoro flasneHMfl us pa6oHero unnnHflpa no iiJTOKy, npn aioivi
o6ecneHMBaeTCfl CBo6oflHbii/i xofl cawioro iiJTOKa. Ha puc. 1 noKasana
cucieivia ynnoiHeHMi/i KowinpeccopHoro iiJTOKa.
PMC. 1: CjaHflapTHan cucjeivia ynjioTHemiii KOMnpeccopHoro
UJTOK3
(BMA c6oKy B paapeae)
I_IMJIMHAP
flea Konbua, Ka>Kfloe
M3 KOTOpblX COCTOMT
us rpex cerMGHTOB "V
flpy>KMHbl
(BMA c6oKy B paapeae)
LUioKOBoe ynnoiHeHne Kowinpeccopa COCTOMT us HecKonbKnx nap
paspesHbix Koneu, xopoiuo noflomam-ibix no iiJTOKy
rasosoro saTsopa. ynnoTHMTenbHbie Konbua
wiacnoM, KOTOpoe CHMxaeT MSHOC,
n OTBOflMT Tenno. flpyrne wieTOflbi oxna>KfleHMfl
sosflyxa, soflflHbie py6aiiJKM n
xnaflareHTa BHyTpn Kawiepbi canbHMKa. ynnoTHMTenbHbie
npuxniviaioTCfl K iiJTOKy KpyrosbiMn npywmnaiviM n, K3K npasuno,
pacnonaraioTCfl nonapno B ynnoTHMTenbHoi/i KioseTe. KonnnecTBO KioseT
n Koneu sasucMT OT flasneHMfl B KOMnpeccopHOM unnnHflpe. Onopnoe
Konbuo Ha saflHei/i CTeHKe Kawiepbi canbHMKa npeflOTBpamaeT yTeHKM us
ynnoTHMTenbHbix
Hosaa cucTeivia iiJTOKOBbix ynnoTHeHMi/i npn npasunbHoi/i ycTaHOBKe Ha
i, xopoiuo OTueHTposaHHbii/i UJTOK MOXST o6ecneTCfl
sa flpyroi/i;
-------
* nepes flecpopMMposaHHbie BO speivm xofla wioKa ynnoTHmenbHbie
SKOHOMMHeCKMe
n 3Kono
Bbiroflbi
* M6>Kfly KOJ1bU.aiVIM M UJTOKOM.
ras BbinycKaeica B aiMoccpepy nepes OTsepcinfl BO
cpnai-me. PeryrmpHbii/i KOHiponb n CBoespeivieHHafl sawiena
ynnoTHmenbHbix Koneu. Mowei CHUsmb yieHKM. Hosbie Maiepnanbi n
canbHMKOB Moryi SHanmenbHO coKpaimb aMnccnK) rasa B
PerynapHbii/i MOHmopm-ir n sawiena canbHMKOB Kowinpeccopa
o6ecneKflbie
nei. OflHaKO no wiepe paspyiueHMfl ynnoiHeHMi/i, yieHKM wioryi
TaKoro yposHfl, npn KoiopoM 6onee Haciaa sawiena
ciaib aKOHOMMHecKM onpasflaHHOi/i. Kpowie Toro, 6onee
saivieHa Koneu SHanmenbHO npoflnesaei cpoK aKcnnyaiaunn iiJTOKa
Kowinpeccopa.
flapTHepbi, pa6oTaK)mne no nporpaivnvie MOHmopuHra n
acpcpeKTMBHOi/i saivieHbi, wioryi flo6mbcfl cneflyiomnx pesynbiaTos:
3MMCCMM MeiaHa;
* 3KOHOMMM r333 33 CH6T
* ysennHeHHoro cpoio aKcnnysisunn KOMnpeccopHoro iiJTOKa.
Moryi onpeflenmb rpacpMK aKOHOMnnecKM acpcpeKTMBHOi/i
saivieHbi, BKnionaiomm/i naib aianos.
3ran 1: Ha6nK>AeHne n perncTpaunsq OCHOBHBIX yreneK n M3Hoca
nopujHeeoro ujTOKa. OnpefleneHne 6asoBoro yposHfl yieneK n
MOHMiopuHr usHoca nopujHesoro iiJTOKa nosBonaei napiHepaivi Natural
Gas STAR OTcnexusaTb ysennHeHne noiepb rasa n oueHMsaib
3KOHOMMHecKm/i acpcpeicr OT saivieHbi ynnoTHmenbHbix Koneu n UJTOKOB.
OTsepcTue Ha cpnanue Kawiepbi canbHMKa
npocoHMBLueiviycfl rasy yneiyHMBaTbCfl B aiMoccpepy. fas TaioKe i
npoxoflnib no iiJTOKy M/MJIM nepes onopnoe Konbuo canbHMKa n
o6pasoM nonaflaib B LUTOKOByio Kawiepy. noaioiviy, no BOSMOXHOCTM,
Heo6xOflMMO MSMepflTb yiSHKH K3K M3 CaJIbHHKOBOM K3Mepbl, T3K M M3
UJTOKOBOI/i K3Mepbl. HeKOTOpbie CMCTeMbl OTBOflflT ras HepeS UJTOKOByK)
K3Mepy, flpyrne mvieioT oiflenbHbie Bbixoflbi.
T333 MOryi MSMepflTbCfl K3K nOpT3TMBHblMM, T3K M
CT3UMOH3pHblMM yCTpOMCTB3MM. flepefl H3H3J1OM
Heo6xoflMMO nposepmb cucieiviy BeHTunflunn. Ecnn He
yieHKM iiJTOKOBOi/i Kawiepbi, TO o6maa awinccufl ivioxei 6biib
Ha 40%, HTO Moxei nosnuflTb na pacnei aKOHOMnnecKoi/i
3CpCpeKTMBHOCTM.
Ba>KHO nposecTM usiviepeHMfl cpasy nocne yciaHOBKM HOBbix
ynnoTHMTenbHbix aneivieHTOB (nnn HOBbix ynnoTHmenbHbix aneivieHTOB n
UJTOKOB). 3™ usiviepeHMfl ciaHyi 6a3OBbiMM noKasaienflMH Ana flaHHoro
UnnnHflpa n wioryi cnyxmb TOHKOM OTcneia flna flpyrux unnnHflpos n
KOMnpeccopoB c aHanornHHbiMM KOHCipyKunflMM, pasiviepaMM,
-------
n cieneHbio
M3HOC3 ujTOKOB. flocjie riflTb 3Tanoe peHTa6e/ibHOM
yci3HOBKM KOJieu Ha ynjioTHeHMM n nopwHeebix UJTOKOB:
npoTiroeHMM scero cpoKa
MX 3KCn.ny3T3l4MM ^ HaSruoflem/ie n pe™CTpai4i/ia OCHOBHUX
Heo6xoAMMO peryrapHO yT8HeK M M3HOCa n
pas B Mecflu MJ1M Ksapian 2. CpaeHeHne ypoeHew ncxoflHbix n
nposoflHTb MOHMiopUHr, yTeHeK M onpeflejieHne
perMCTpuposaib o6teMbi coKpameHM^ SMMCCMM.
yieneK n
COOTBeTCTBytomne 3- °48HKa CTOMMOCTM aaueHbi.
pa6oHne ycnosufl 4. OnpefleneHne nopora
(flasjieHne, Tewinepaiypy, saMSHbi.
pe>KMM CM33KM)
Kowinpeccopa. 5' 3aM8Ha v™0™6™* w ^TOKOB no
flociM>KeHMM nopora
LUioKM
BO speivm saivieHbi Koneu, npn aioivi
M3HOC3 UJTOK3 B M6CT6 efO KOHTaKTa C ynnOTHMTenbHbIMM
. flopujHeBbie UJTOKM MSHaujMsaioTCfl wieflneHHee, neivi
ynnoTHmenbHbie Konbua, n nivieioT cpoK cny>K6bi OKOJIO 10 nei. flnoxo
OTueHTposaHHbie UJTOKM ncinpaioTCfl, lepaa Kpyrnyio cpopwiy,
npespamaioTCfl B KOHyc, HTO BnnaeT Ha nonoxenne Koneu Ha
CKOpOCTb MX M3HOC3 (M TaKMM o6pa3OM, H3 nnOTHOCTb MSOJIflU
HeflociaioHHO Kpyrnbii/i LJJTOK ne TonbKO nponycKaei ras, HO n
HepasHOMepHO MSHaujusaeT ynnoTHennfl, HTO seflei K
cpoKa 3KcnnyaTai4MM K3K ujTOKa, iaK n ynnoTHmenbHbix aneivieHTOB.
YieHKa, CBflsannafl c MSHOCOM ujTOKa, onpeflenaeicfl K3K MSMeneHne
Sasosoro SHsneHMfl yieHKM nocne Ka>Kfloi/i HOBOM saivieHbi Koneu (npn iex
>Ke ycnosMflx aKcnnyaiauuM n inne Koneu). ysennHeHne
noKasaienei/i yieneK Mowei ncnojibsosaTbCfl Ana pacneia
o6ocHosaHHoro cpoKa saivieHbi nopujHesoro ujTOKa (CM. 3ian 4).
3ran 2. CpaBHenne ypoBHePi reKymnx n MCXOAHBIX yreneK n
onpeAeneHne o>KMAaeMoro coKpamennsq SMMCCMM. Mcnojibsya
AaHHbie, co6paHHbie Ha nepsoivi aiane, Heo6xoAMMO cpasnuTb
nananbHoe SHanenne yieneK n MX yposenb B AaHHbii/i MowieHT speivieHM,
onpeAennib Heo6xoAMMOCTb saivieHbi ynnoiHeHUfl nnn ujTOKa. Ha puc. 2
noKasano, K3K nponcxoAm cpasHeHne.
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PMC. 2: CpaBHGHkie ypoBHeft TeKymnx n ncxoflHbix yjeneK
flaHo:
IL = 1/lcxoflHbii/i ypoeeiHb yreneK npn nocneflHei/i saivieHe ynnoTHmenbHoro Kont>u,a
LUTOKa
CL = TeKymm/i ypoeeHb yreneK
LRE = O>KMflaeMoe coKpamem/ie yieneK
Packer:
LRE = CL-IL
Hanpmviep, ecnn ypoeeHb yieneK nepes canbHMK Ha flaHHbii/i MOMSHT 100 cfjyr.VH
(2,8 MS/H), a nocne nocneflHei/i saivieHbi cociaanaji -11,5 cf>yT.3/H (0,32 MS/H), TO
o>KMflaeMoe coKpamem/ie yreneK cocrasMT:
LRE = 100 - 11,5 $yT.3/H (2,8 - 0,32 MS/H)
LRE = 88,5 $yr.3/H (2,48 MS/H)
TOHHoro aHannsa "o>KMflaeMoro coKpameHna yieneK" (LRE)
Heo6xoflMMO oueHMBaib pasflenbHO npn6bmb OT saivieHbi
ynnoTHMTenbHbix Koneu n nopujHesbix UJTOKOB. flpn onpefleneHnn LRE
TonbKO BcneflciBue saivieHbi HOBbix Koneu cneflyei npeflnonaraib, HTO
secb npupoci yieneK c MowieHia nocneflHei/i saivieHbi Koneu o6ycnoBrieH
MX MSHOCOM. flpn onpefleneHMM LRE nyieivi saivieHbi Koneu n nopujHesoro
ujTOKa (oTMeimvi, Hio npn saivieHe iiJTOKa scerfla
HOBbie Koribua) peKOMeHflyeica McnoribsosaTb HananbHoe
yieneK, usiviepeHHoe cpasy nocne nocneflHei/i saivieHbi iiJTOKa Ha flam-iowi
Kowinpeccope. flpn OTcyicTBUM CTaincTMHecKnx flaHHbix no
paccMaipuBaeMOMy KOMnpeccopy MO>KHO ncnoribsosaTb flaHHbie flpyroro
noflo6Horo KOMnpeccopa flna yciaHOBneHMfl 6asoBbix (HanaribHbix)
3Tan 3: OueHKa CTOMMOCTM saiuieHbi. CiomviocTb saivieHbi
ynnoTHmeribHbix Koneu n nopujHesbix UJTOKOB pasnuHHa
Tunos KOMnpeccopoB. Mio6bi sawieHMib ynnoTHmeribHbie
Heo6xoflMMO yHMTbisaTb KonnnecTBO unnnHflpos KOMnpeccopa n
sawieHfleivibix Koneu. Flo flaHHbiM oflHoro us napmepoB Natural Gas
STAR, CTOMMOCTb Tunosoro TecpnoHosoro nnn c BKruoHeHMflMM
Monn6fleHa Ha6opa ynnoTHmeribHbix Koneu Bapbupyeica OT $100 flo
$125 Ha KfOBeiy, npn aioivi o6maa ciomviocTb Ana 8-10 KioseT canbHMKa
ipexflioi/iMOBoro ujTOKa cocTasm OT $800 flo $1 250. flpyroi/i MCTOHHMK
yiBep>KflaeT, HTO canbHMKOBbie ynnoiHeHUfl o6xoflflicfl OT $500 flo $800
MJIM OT $1 500 flo $2 500, ecrin canbHMK sawieHfleTca noriHOCTbio. TaKne
CpaKTOpbl, K3K paSMepbl M TMn LJJTOKa, BJIMfllOT H3 CTOMMOCTb 3aM6Hbl
LJJTOKa. CTOMMOCTb LJJTOKa MOXST BapbMpOB3Tb OT $1 800 flO $3 500.
CneuManbHbie ujTOKOBbie noKpbiTMfl, TSKMS, K3K KepaMMK3, c
BKruoneHMflMM Kap6Mfla BOJibcpp3M3 MJiM xpoM3, MoryT yBenMHMTb era
CTOMMOCTb H3 $1 000 M BblLJje. CTOMMOCTb HSKOTOpblX UJTOKOB flOCTMr36T
$9 000 -$10 000.
CTOMMOCTb fl6MOHT3>K3 T3IOK6 MOXST B3pbMpOB3TbCfl B 33BMCMMOCTM OT
M6CTOH3XO>KfleHMfl M TpyflHOCTSM, BO3HMK3K>mMX B npOUeCCe 33M6Hbl.
K3K nSpTHepbl, T3K M npOMSBOflMTeJIM npMpaBHMB3K)T CTOMMOCTb
fl6MOHT3>K3 o6opyflOB3HMfl K CTOMMOCTM yCT3HOBKM. Flo HSKOTOpblM
flSHHbiM, oflMH MS napTHepoB noTpaTMJi B cpeflHSM no $1 050 na
npMo6peT6HMe M ycTanosKy oflnoro na6opa ynnoTHMTenbHbix Koneu.
flapTHepbi CHMTaioT, HTO saTpaTbi na MOHMTOPMHT M MSMepeHMe yTeneK no
Ka>KflOMy canbHMKy necymecTBennbi H3 cpone CTOMMOCTM TpyflO33Tp3T
npM saMene Koneu M UJTOKOB.
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3ran 4: OnpeAeneHne nopora peHTa6enbHOCTM saiuieHbi. Ha ocHose
MHCpopMauMM, nonyneHHOi/i Ha aianax 1 - 3, napmepbi wioryi BbNucnmb
"nopor peHTa6enbHoc™ saivieHbi", npn KoiopoM sawiena Koneu n UJTOKOB
ciaHOBMTCfl 3KOHOMMKHO oueHMib sennHMHy oxuflaeivioro
yieneK (LRE), aKBUBaneHTHyio Bosspaiy snoxeHm/i Ha
KOMnneKT ynnoTHmenbHbix Koneu sa rofl, flsa rofla n T.fl. Hanpniviep,
saipaibi B $1 200 Ha sawieny KOMnneKia ynnoTHmenbHbix Koneu
OKynaicfl sa oflMH rofl npn coKpamennn 55 cpyi.VH (1,54 M3/H) yieneK, sa
flsa rofla - npn coKpamennn yieneK 29 cpyi.VH (0,81 M3/H) n T.fl. (npn 10%
flMCKOHTHposaHMM). TaKMM o6pasoM, ecnn napinep Bbi6npaeT Kpmepm/i
OKynaeiviocTM 2 rofla, TO flrm Hero aKOHOMnnecKM BbiroflHbiM 6yqeT
saiviena Koneu npn yposne yieneK 29 cpyi.VH (0,81 M3/H). flpyrmvin
cnosaiviM, Korfla oxuflaeivioe coKpamenne yieneK (LRE) OT saivieHbi
flocTumeT 29 cpyi.VH (0,81 M3/H), napinepy cneflyei
ynnoTHMTenbHbie
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PMC. 3: Flopor peHTa6enbHOCTM aaivieHbi yn/ioTHMTe/ibHbix
KoneM
OwMflaeMoe coKpamehme yreneK,
4>yr.3/H (M3/n)
55 (1 ,55)
29(0,81)
20 (0,56)
16(0,44)
13(0,36)
FlepMOfl OKynaeMOCTM1,
rofl
1
2
3
4
5
1 flpeflnonaraeiviaa CTOMMOCTb aaivieHbi ynnOTHMTenbHbix KOneL( $1 200 npn U.BHB rasa
$3,/Tbic. cjDyr.3 ($106 Tbic. M3) n 8 000 pa6KHO nponssec™
aHanornHHO sapnaHiy c Konbuawin, i.e. nepes onpefleneHne Tpe6yeivioro
o6teivia coKpameHna yieHeKflna noKpbiinfl saipai Ha yciaHOBKy Hosoro
ujTOKa. AnropnTM flei/Jcism/i TOT xe, HTO onucaH Bbiiue, TonbKO B
CR Bbi6npaK)TCfl KannTanbHbie saTpaTbi Ha sawieny ujTOKa.
nopor peHTa6enbHOCTM saivieHbi, napTHepbi flon>KHbi
onpeflennTb o6teM coKpameHna aMnccnn wieTana, o>KMflaeMoro npn
T3Koi/i saivieHe. MswiepeHne TeKymnx yTeneK (CL) He nosBormeT
onpeflennTb, Bbissanbi OHM MSHOCOM Koneu nnn ujTOKa. OflnaKO, co
speMeneivi, SHaneHMfl ncxoflHoro yposHfl (IL) nocne nepnoflnnecKnx
saivieH Koneu 6yflyT nocTeneHHO sospacTaTb sa CHST usHoca ujTOKa.
flapTHepaivi cneflyeT sacpuKcuposaTb 6asoBbii/i yposeHb, no Korapoiviy
SyqeT onpeflenaTbca yposeHb yTeneK sa CHST usHoca ujTOKa. 3ra
SbiTb BbinoriHeHO nyTewi usiviepeHMfl yTeHKM cpasy nocne ycTaHOBKM
Hosoro ujTOKa Jin6o nyTeM cpasHeHMfl noKasaTenei/i flna noflo6Hoi/i
ycTaHOBKM, ocHameHHOi/i HOBbiwin ujTOKawiM M ynnoTHeHMflMM. Korfla
6asoBbii/i yposeHb ycTaHosneH, MO>KHO ssecTM KoacpcpnuneHT
flMCKOHTHposaHMfl flnfl onpeflejieHMfl yposHfl yTeneK no WTOKy n
Heo6xoflMMOCTM era saivieHbi.
PMC. 4 mmfocTpupyeT cnoco6, noflo6Hbii/i npeflCTasneHHOiviy Ha puc. 3,
nopora peHTa6enbHOCTM saivienbi UJTOKOB n Koneu. B
npniviepe npeflnonaraeTca, HTO CTOMMOCTb saivienbi ujTOKa n
canbHMKa cocTasnaeT $8 200. Ms Ta6nni4bi suflHO, HTO flna KowinaHnn,
npeflnonaraiomei/i nivieTb cpoK OKynaeiviocTM oflMH rofl, Tpe6yeTca LRE
376 cpyT.Vn (10,53 M3/H), B TO speivm K3K KoivinaHMflM, KOTOPHX
ycTpansaeT cpoK OKynaeiviocTM Tpn rofla, MO>KHO MeHflTb UJTOK n
ynnoTHeHMfl yxe npn LRE = 137 cpyT.Vn (3,84 M3/H), npn STOM
flUCKOHTHpOBaHMfl COCTaBJIfleT 10%.
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PMC. 4: flopor peHTa6enbHOCTM aaivieHbi UJTOKOB n KOJIGU.
OwMflaeMoe coKpameHMe yreneK,
dpyr.3/H (M3/n)
376(10,53)
197(5,52)
137(3,84)
108(3,02)
90 (2,52)
FlepMOfl OKynaeMOCTM1,
rofl
1
2
3
4
5
1 flpeflnonaraeiviaa CTOMMOCTb aaivieHbi ynnOTHMTenbHbix KOneL( $1 200, aaivieHbi LUTOKa -$7 000
npn u,ene rasa $3,00/Tbic. cjDyr.3 ($1067 Tbic. M3) n 8 000 pa6oHMX nacax B rofl.
: BbicoKMi/i yposeHb yieneK MOKST 6biib TaioKe cneflciBneivi
HenpasunbHoi/i ueHiposKM iiJTOKa nnn nnoxoi/i noflroHKM Koneu. B TaKOM
cnynae BbicoKoe SHaneHne LRE MOKST osHanaib Heo6xoflmviocTb
nepeyciaHOBKM Koneu n flononHmenbHoi/i ueHiposKM iiJTOKa, a He era
saivieHy. flononHmenbHbii/i OCMOTP reoMeipnn iiJTOKa (KOHyc, osan,
saflupbi M LuepoxosaTOCTb) nosBonaeT ipaKTOBaib ysennHeHne IL
OTHOcmenbHO 6a3osoro yposHfl K3K pa6oKeHMM nopora
peHTa6enbHOCTM. MoHmopuHr aMnccnn n sawiena ynnoiHeHMi/i n
UJTOKOB no flocTuxeHMM nopora peHTa6ejibHOCTM oneHb 6bicipo CHMSMT
3MMCCMK) M saipaibi Ha TOHTIMBO fljifl Kowinpeccopa. flapTHepaivi Hy>KHO
TOJibKO cpasHMBaib flaHHbie no KowinpeccopHoi/i ciaHunn c
yciaHOBneHHOi/i sejinHMHOi/i "nopora saivieHbi". flponsBOflHTb sawieny
ynjioTHMiejibHbix KOJieu n ujTOKa cjieflyei npn LRE pasHoi/i MJIM
npeBbiujaK)uj.ei/i nopor peHTa6ejibHoc™ saivieHbi. >KejiaiejieH Bbi6op
SHaneHMi/i "nopora saivieHbi", MaKcmviajibHO CHM>KaK)uj.MX
wieiaHa.
OnbiT napTHepa.
Consumers Energy nponseena saivieHy MSHOiueHHbix
ynnoTHMTenbHbix Konei4 Ha 15-™ KOMnpeccopax, CSKOHOMMB B more OKOJIO
$21 000 Ha coKpameHMM yieneK rasa B oSteivie 7 000 cJjyT.Vrofl (196 M3/rofl) n
i46Hbi na ras $3,00/ibic. dpyj.3 ($106/ Tbic. M3). Saipaibi na saivieny scex
canbHMKOB, BKJiKwaa Maiepnanbi M paSoiy, cociaBmin $17 000 M OKynmiMCb
Menee HBM sa rofl.
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flonojiHMTenbHbie
BO3MOKHOCTM
flapiHepbi nporpawiMbi Natural Gas STAR He flocTurnn cornaweHMfl no
ciaHflapiy coKpameHna 3MHccnn npn sawiene ynnoiHeHm/i
KowinpeccopHoro WTOKa. CJIMUJKOM MHorne cpaicropbi BnnaioT Ha
i aKOHOMnnecKm/i acpcpeKT, BKnKwafl flasneHne B
, noflroHKy n uenipoBKy ynnoTHmenbHbix aneivieHTOB, cieneHb
M3HOC3 UJTOK3 M KOJieU., T3K >K6, K3K M npMHflTbie CaMMMM KOMnaHMflMM
Kpniepnn oueHKM. OflHaKO, napiHepbi eflMHbi BO MHeHnn, HTO
onpefleneHne sennHUHbi "nopora saivieHbi" ynnoTHmenbHbix Koneu n
nopujHesbix UJTOKOB flBrmeicfl peanbHbiM cnoco6oM coKpameHna
3MMCCMM wieiaHa B nopujHesbix Kowinpeccopax.
Hosbie Maiepnanbi wioryi npoflnmb cpoK aKcnnyaiaunn n
3CpCpeKTMBHOCTb HSKOTOpblX BMflOB o6opyflOBaHMfl, 3 TaiOKS CO3fl3Tb
flononHMienbHyK) aKOHOMMK) 33 cnei coKpsmeHna yieneK CTOMMOCTM
P6MOHT3 M 33M6Hbl.
* BapnaHTbi 3aM6Hbi Koneu. yrnepoflocoflepxsmne TecpnoHOBbie
KOJ1bl43 nOCTeneHHO BblTeCHflK)T 6pOH3OBbie. OflMH M3
npoM3BOflmenei/i yiBep>Kfl3eT, HTO HOHTM npn oflHoi/i u,ene,
TecpnoHOBbie Konbu,a 6yflyi cnyxmb npniviepHO H3 rofl flonbiue
o6bNHblX 6pOH3OBblX. OflH3KO M flpyfUe CpaKTOpbl, T3KMe K3K
np3BMJ1bH3fl yCT3HOBK3, OXT13>KfleHMe, CM33K3, MOFyi OK33blB3Tb
SoJIbllJOe BJIMflHUe H3 CpOK 3KCnny3T314MM
YjiyHLueHMe Kanecjea nopujHeebix UJTOKOB. MssecTHO, HTO HOBbie
MJIM cymecTBytomne KowinpeccopHbie UJTOKM, noKpbiibie K3p6nflOM
BOJ1bCpp3M3, CJiy>K3T flOJIbUJe 33 CH6T yMeHbUJeHMfl M3HOC3, 3 T3IOK6
33 cnei yKpenneHMfl HenoflsuxHoro coeflMHeHna (CM. OTHST
"CHMXeHMe 3MMCCMM M6T3H3 npM OTKHfOHeHMM KOMnpeCCOpOB" M3
cepnn "Onbii ripnivieHeHMfl"). floKpbiTMe K3p6nflOM sonbcppsivis
o6xoflMTca flononHMienbHO B $1 000 - $2 000. XpowinpoBSHne TSIOKS
ywieHbiueHMfl ncinpsHUfl UJTOKS.
* TpexKOJibueeoe yruioTHeHMe. TpexKonbuesoe ynnoiHeHne,
noKasaHHoe Ha puc. 5, ciaHOBmcfl see 6onee pacnpocTpaneHHbiM.
OHO ycTaHasnuBaeTCfl, K3K npasuno, B oflnoi/i us flsyx nocneflnux
KioseT. OcHOBHoe npeniviymecTBO T3Koro noflxofls COCTOMT B TOM, HTO
ycianoBKy MO>KHO nponssec™ 6es saMenbi nnn nepeycipoi/icTBa
canbHMKOBOi/i KaMepbi.
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PMC. 5: KoivmpeccMOHHoe ynnoTHeHMe LUTOKa MS jpex Koneq
BHewHee KnuHoenflHoe KonbLjo
He conpuKacaeTcn co LUTOKOM'
TaHreHunanbHoe KonbLjo
LIJTMCpTOM COeflMH6HO C
paflnanbHbiM firm-
CiopoHa unnn
ScpCpeKTMBHOCTb np
canbHMKa us ipex H
Boapacraej B flea pasa npn
ncnonb3OBaHMM npoflysoHHoro rasa
PaflnanbHoe Konbuo
BneLUHee K
npoflyeoHHoro rasa
C/UlbHl/lK C KOMnPECCMOHHbIMM
MCTOHHMK: Compressor Engineering Corporation
Onbii
riapTHepbi npniunn K Bbisofly, HTO o6yHeHne nepcoHana npociei/iiijmvi
wieioflaivi aKOHOMnnecKM acpcpeKTMBHOi/i saivieHbi KowinpeccopHbix
nopujHesbix LUTOKOB n ynnoTHmenbHbix Koneu cymeciseHHO coKpaujaei
3MMCCMK) wieiaHa. nonynaeiviafl aKOHOMna rasa o6ecneHMBaeT
OKynaewiocTb 6onee nacibix saivieH.
OCHOBHbie BblBOflbl.
* Cosflai/Jie cucieiviy perynapHbix sawiepos n MOHmopuHra yieneK
nepes canbHMK nopujHesoro iiJTOKa. PeryrmpHO nposepai/iTe civiasKy n
oxna>KfleHMe ynnoTHmenbHbix Koneu flna CHMxeHna MX usHoca. flpn
BbicoKnx pa6oKfloro Kowinpeccopa, HTo6bi scerfla
SHaib, Korfla Han6onee BbiroflHO sawieHMib ynnoTHmenbHbie Konbua n
nopujHesoi/i UJTOK.
* YcTaHOBme nopujHesbie UJTOKM ynyHiueHHbix MOflncpMKaum/i, ecnn
3TO onpasflaHO aKOHOMnnecKM. TaKaa sawiena cymeciseHHO CHMSMT
3MMCCMK) B TSHeHMe CpOK3 CJiy>K6bl UJTOKa.
* Hosbie Maiepnanbi flna ynnoTHmenbHbix Koneu n nosbie cucieivibi
canbHMKOB ciaHOBflicfl flociynHbiMM n name npuMenaioTCfl rorfla,
Korfla CTOMMOCTb KoneHHoro npoflyKia n aKonornnecKne cpaKiopbi
onpasflbisaioT noBbiujenne saipai.
10
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* flononHMienbHyK) mHcpopMauMK} MO>KHO nonyHMTb us
"CHUxeHue 3Muccuu Memana npu omKntweHuu KOMnpeccopoe"
cepnn "Onbii
* BKJiKHai/iTe flam-ibie no coKpaujeHMK) aMnccnn wieiaHa npn saivieHe
ynnoTHmenbHbix Koneu n UJTOKOB B exeroflHbie oineTbi no
nporpaivnvie Natural Gas STAR.
Alastair J. Campbell, Bently Nevada Corporation, Houston, Texas. Optical
Alignment of Reciprocating Compressors.
Borders, Robert, C. Lee Cook, Louisville, Kentucky, personal contact.
France Compressor Products. Mechanical Packing — Design and Theory
of Operation, Bulletin 691.
Miniot, Joe, Compressor Engineering Corporation, Houston, Texas, per-
sonal contact.
Parr, Robert, TF Hudgins, Houston, Texas, personal contact.
Pipeline & Gas Journal, "Compressor Shutdown Leakage," December
1985.
Pipeline Research Committee International, Cost-Effective Leak Mitigation
at Natural Gas Transmission Compressor Stations, PR-246-9526, August
1999.
Schroeder, David M., France Compressor Products, Newtown, Pennsylva-
nia, personal contact.
Tingley, Kevin, U.S. EPA Natural Gas STAR Program, personal contact.
11
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&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Air and Radiation (6202J)
1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW
Washington, DC 20460
EPA430-B-04-001
Miojib 2003 r.
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