Onbir
NaturalGasf
EPA POLLUTION PREVENTER
CJ
OT nap-mepOB nporpaMMbi Natural Gas STAR
DIRECTED INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE AT GAS
PROCESSING PLANTS AND BOOSTER STATIONS
UEJIEHAFIPABJIEHHOE OBCJIEflOBAHME M TEXHMHECKOE
OBCJ1Y>KMBAHME rA3OnEPEPABATblBAK)mMX SABOflOB
M BYCTEPHblX CTAHUMM
Sasoflbi no nepepa6oTKe npupoflHoro rasa n conyTCTBytomne MM 6yciepHbie KowinpeccopHbie ciaHunn Bbi6pacbisaK)T
npn6j-iM3MTenbHO 36 MunnnapflOB Ky6nKMBaHMfl (L|OTO) -
3TO nposepeHHbii/i, aKOHOMnnecKM acpcpeKTHBHbii/i cnoco6, nossorifliomm/i o6Hapy>KMBaTb, nsMepaib, onpeflenaib
npnopmeTHOCTb pewioHTHbix pa6oi M ycipai-mTb yieHKM B o6opyflosaHMM c uenbio ywieHbiueHMfl Bbi6pocos wieiaHa.
L|OTO HaHMHaeica c nccneflosaHMfl 6asoBbix ycnosm/i Ana yciaHOBneHMfl M onpefleneHna KonnnecTBa yieneK. Saieivi
BbinonHfleicfl pewioHT TonbKO Toro o6opyflosaHMfl, ycipaHeHne yieneK Koioporo flBnaeTCfl aKOHOMnnecKM
o6ocHOBaHHbiM c yHeioM CTOMMOCTM pewioHia, npeflnonaraewioro cpoKa aKcnnyaiaunn flo pewioHia M nepnofla
OKynaeMoc™. flocneflyiomMe nposepKM nnaHnpyioTCfl Ha ocnose flannbix npeflbiflymnx nposepoK, HTO nosBormei
onepaiopaivi 6onee imaienbHO cneflmb sa TSIVIM ysnawin o6opyflosaHMfl, Koiopbie wioryi flasaib yieHKM, M pewioHT
Koiopbix peHTa6eneH. MccneflosaHMfl 6asoBbix ycnosm/i ra3onepepa6aTbiBaK)mnx sasoflos napiHepos nporpaMMbi Nat-
ural Gas STAR noKasann, HTO 6onbiuafl nacib wieiaHa Bbiflenaeicfl us OTHOcmenbHO He6onbiuoro nucna ysnos
o6opyflosaHMfl c Hapywem-ioi/i repMeinHHOCTbio. KnanaHbi flsnaioTCfl MCTCHHMKOM Han6onbiiJMX yieneK (30%), flanee
coeflMHmenbHbie wiycpibi (24%) M ynnoiHeHUfl Kowinpeccopa (23%). OcTasujnecfl 23% noiepb wieiaHa
, npe>Kfle scero, Ha naipy6KM, Kapiepbi, orpaHUHmenn flasneHMfl M ynnoTHennfl Hacocos.
flapiHepbi no nepepa6oiKe npupoflHoro rasa Natural Gas STAR coo6maK)T o SHaHmenbHoi/i aKOHOwinn v\
3MMCCMM wieiaHa npn BbinonHeHnn nporpaMMbi L(OTO. MccneflosaHMfl, nposefleHHbie Ha neibipex sasoflax ArenicTBOM
oxpanbi OKpyxaiomei/i cpeflbi CLUA (EPA) v\ l/lHCTmyTOM lexHonornn rasa (GTI), noKasann, HTO BbinonneHne
nporpaMMbi L(OTO Ha rasonepepa6aTbiBaK)mnx sasoflax nossonnno coKpaimb Bbi6pocbi Meiana flo 96% v\
C3KOHOMMTb flO $164 000 H3 OflMH 33BOfl.
MCTOHHMK
yTGHKM
SMMCCua Meiana OT
rasonepepaSaTbiea-
IOIUMX saeqqoB M
SyciepHbix CTaHL(m/i
3MMCCMfl
Mejana
45000- 128000
Tbic. dpyj.3/rop,
(1 350 000 -
3 840 000 M3) Ha
rasoBbiM saeofl
MeTOfl
CHM>KeHMfl
noTepb Mejana
L(eneHanpaBneHHoe
oBcneflOBaHne M
iexo 6cny>KMBaHMe
BO3MO>KHOe
CHM>KeHMe
3MMCCMM
flo 96%, B
cpeflHSM 77%
CTOMMOCTb
BbinormeHMfl
$14 000 - $50 000
Ha nposepKy M
nsMepenne yieneK,
$39 000 - $78 000
Ha peMOHi
E>KeroflHan 3KOHOMMfl
napTHepa npn LieHe rasa
$3/Tbic. (pyT.3 ($1 06/Tbic. M3)
$58 000 - $164 000 /rofl na
rasoBbiM sasofl
HacToamni/i flOKyMeni - oflMH us OTHeios cepnn "Onbii npuMeHeHna", paspa6oTaHHOi/i EPA B coipyflHUHecTse c
rasosoi/i oipacnbio B paMKax npoeKios nporpaMMbi Natural Gas STAR.
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Bbi6pocbi B aiMoccpepy scneflCTBue yieneK us o6opyqoBaHMfl cocTasnaioT
Sonee 80% OT exeroflHbix yieneK npupoflHoro rasa Ha
rasonepepa6aTbiBaK}mnx sasoflax n 6yciepHbix CTaHunax. 3MMCcna rasa us
BbinycKHbix OTsepcTMi/i, o6opyqoBaHMfl BHyipeHHero cropaHna n cucieivi
OKuraHMfl cocTasnaeT ocTasujnecfl 20% yieneK rasa n Bbi6pocos wieiaHa.
flapiHepbi Natural Gas STAR noKasann, Kfloi/i yieHKe. flaHHbie
no yieHKaivi n CTOMMOCTM pewioHia, nonyneHMbie B pesynbiaie ocHOBHbix
nposepoK, saieivi ncnonbsyioTCfl flrm nposefleHna nocneflytomnx ocMoipos,
nosBonflfl onepaiopaivi CKOHueHTpuposaib BHmviaHne Ha ysnax,
npeflpacnonoxeHHbix K yieHKaivi n pewioHT Koiopbix peHTa6eneH.
B nocneflytomnx pasflenax onucbisaioTCfl pasnuHHbie wieioflbi onpefleneHna
yieneK n usiviepeHm/i, Koiopbie Moryi ncnojibsosaTbCfl K3K nacib nporpaMMbi
L|OTO Ha rasonepepa6aTbiBaK)mnx sasoflax n 6yciepHbix CTanunflx.
MeroAbi o6Hapy>KeHMfi yreneK
Meioflbi o6napy>KeHMfl yieneK, flsnaiomMecfl cociasHoi/i Hacibio nporpaMMbi
L(OTO, Moryi npuMenflTbca B oiHoiueHMM scex KOMnoHeHios B nepnofl
nposefleHMfl pacwupeHHoro o6cneflOBaHMfl MX 6asoBbix cocioflHui/i nnn xe
TonbKO Ana ysnos, noflsepxeHHbix SHanmenbHOMy HapyiueHMK)
Huxe npuBOflmca peKOMeHflosaHHbii/i nepeneHb
Mcnonb30BaHne MbmbHbix pacTeopoe HBrmeTca onepaiMBHbiM,
npocibiM n HefloporuM MeioflOM onpefleneHna MSCT yieneK, npn
KoiopoM MbinbHbii/i paciBop HaHocmcfl Ha MeriKne, flociynnbie ysnbi
inna pesb6oBbix coeflMHenm/i. FlpuMeHeHne MbinbHoro pacisopa
acpcpeKTMBHO arm BbmsneHMfl ocna6neHMfl cpmnHroB n coeflMHeHMi/i,
KOTOpbie MO>KHO yCTpaHMTb H3 M6CT6 M T6M C3MblM MCKHfOHMTb yTSHKH, 3
TaioKe flnfl onep3TMBHOi/i nposepKM repMeinHHOc™ nocne BbinonneHMfl
peMOHia. Mnorne MCTOHHMKM aMnccnn Meiana, o6Hapy>KeHMe,
MSMepeHne n ycipaHeHne Koiopbix npuHocm npn6binb, B 6onbiiJMHCTBe
CBoeM 6onbiue no pasMepy, HSM He6onbLune yieHKM, o6Hapy>KMBaeMbie
MbinbHbiM paciBopoM. OflHaKO, nocKonbKy nposepKa MeioflOM
HaHeceHMfl MbinbHoro pacisopa flsrmeTCfl 6bicipoi/i n fleujesoi/i, ee
MO>KHO nerKO BKnionnTb B npoueflypy leKymnx peMOHios.
3neKTpoHHasq HHAMKaunsq npoBOflmca c ncnojibsosaHneM He6onbujnx
nepenocHbix fleieKiopoB nnn rasoaHannsaiopoB n flBnaeicfl flpyruM
onepaiMBHbiM MeioflOM o6Hapy>KeHMfl MSCT yieneK. 3neKTpoHHbie
rasoaHannsaiopbi ocnameHbi TepMOKaTanmnHecKHMM flaiHUKaMM n
flaiHMKaMM TennonpoBOflHOCTM flna o6Hapy>KeHMfl npucyiciBUfl
onpefleneHHbix rasos n Moryi ncnojibsosaTbCfl Ha 6onbujnx OTKpbiibix
ynaciKax, rfle HSBOSMOXHO Hanecenne MbinbHoro pacisopa.
3neKTpoHHbii/i Meiofl onpeflenennfl yieneK Menee onepainseH no
c ncnojibsosaHneM MbinbHoro pacisopa (B cpeflneM 50
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o6cneflOBaHMi/i sa KMBaK)T nyieivi HanpasneHMfl snycKHoro OTsepciMfl
Ha OTsepcTue, OTKyqa BOSMO>KHO noflsneHne yieHKM. B xofle
nepewiemeHMfl sonfla Bflonb nosepxHoc™ KOHiaKia nnn
CHMTbisaioTCfl noKasaHMfl KOHueHipauMM flo MOMenia
MaKcmvianbHoro yposna. MaKcuivianbHafl saperncTpuposaHHafl
KOHueHTpaunfl npuHMMaeicfl B KanecTse noKasaHna sennHUHbi
o6Hapy>KeHHOi/i yieHKM. O6cneflOBaHne c npmvieHeHMeM aHannsaiopa
TVA nponcxoflMT wieflneHHee, npniviepHO 40 ysnos sa nac, n npn6op
Hy>KflaeTCfl B Hacioi/i Kann6poBKe. Ha KpynHbix sasoflax aHannsaiopbi
TOKCMHHbix napos npnivieHflioTCfl Ana fluarHocinKM yieneK
opraHnnecKnx coeflMHeHMi/i
(VOC), T3K HTO 3TM >K6 npn6opbl
MO>KHO MCnOJIbSOBaib M
o6Hapy>KeHMfl yieneK wieiaHa.
PMC. 2: AKycTMHecKoe
o6Hapy>KeHMe
axycTMHecxoM
o6Hapy>KeHMM yreneK c
nopiaTMBHoro
ycipoi/icTBa
ssyKosoi/i curHan,
npn Bbixofle us
rasa, Haxoflflmeroca
BbicoKMM flasneHneivi. flpn
nepewiemeHMM Typ6yneHTHoro
noioKa rasa us soHbi BbicoKoro
B sony HMSKoro
nepes wiecTO
sosHMKaei aKyciMHec
curHan, Koiopbii/i
o6Hapy>KMBaeTCfl nopiaTMSHbiM flaiHUKOM nnn soHflOM, a saieivi
n perncipupyeTCfl B MSMepmenbHoi/i cucieivie.
MCTOHHMK: Physical Acoustics Corp.
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fleieKiopbi He nossoriflioT nsMepaib o6teM yieneK, HO c
MX noMombK) MO>KHO onpeflejiMTb OTHOcmenbHbie pasiviepbi wiecT yiene
T3K K3K BbicoKOMHieHCMBHbii/i MJiM "rpoMKMi/i" ssyK yKasbisaei Ha 6onee
BbicoKMi/i yposenb yieHKM. AKycTunecKne npn6opbi paspa6aTbiBaK)TCfl
o6napy>KeHMfl curHanos K3K BbicoKoi/i, iaK n HMSKOM
BbicoKovacmomHoe aKycmu^ecKoe odHapyxemie Han6onee
uenecoo6pa3HO npmvieHflTb B ycnosuflx nociopoHHero wywia n
BOSMOKHOCTM pasiviemeHMfl flaiHMKa HenocpeflCTseHHO Ha wiecie
Ha PMC. 2 nc-Kasana ycianoBKa aKycTunecKoro flaiHMKa Ha
fluarHOCTMpyeivibii/i ysen flna o6napy>KeHMfl yieHKM.
flaiHMKM oco6eHHO yqo6Hbi Ana o6napy>KeHMfl yieneK, csasaHMbix c
KnanaHawiM, inna BbinycKHbix, npefloxpaHmenbHbix ycipoi/icTB c6poca
flasneHMfl, coeflMHeHHbix c BeHTunflunoHHbiMM OTBOflawin flna rasos.
flpyrmvi sapnaHTOM flBnaeTCfl npmvieHeHne ynbrnpaseyKoeoeo Memoda
ymeveK. ocHosaHHoro Ha perncipaunn
B sosflyujHoi/i cpefle ynbipassyKOBbix cumanoB B
fluanasone 20 Kfu - 100 K|~U. ynbipassyKOBbie fleieKiopbi ocnamenbi
nopiaTMSHbiM aKycTunecKUM soHflOM MJIM CKainepoM, Koiopbii/i nosBonae
Haxoflnib MCTOHHMK yieHKM Ha paccTOflHun flo 100 cpyios (30,5 M). flpn
o6Hapy>KeHMM yieHKM Bospaciaei rpowiKOCTb ssyKa B HayujHMKax.
YnbipassyKOBbie fleieKiopbi wioryi 6biib HyBCTBmenbHbi K cpoHOBbiM
ujyiviaM, xoifl MHorne MOflenn ocHamaioTCfl cneunanbHbiMM
cpunbTpaiviM, HTO nosBonaeT Hacipomb soHfl Ha onpeflenennbii/i
npn nosbiiueHHOM yposHe BHeujHux nowiex.
TexHonornn M3MepeHnsq yrenex
cociaBJifliommvi KowinoHeHTOM nporpawiMbi L|OTO
nswiepeHne yflenbHbix wiaccosbix awinccm/i nnn o6teMOB yieneK us
BbmsneHHbix MCTOHHMKOB, HTO nosBonaeT HanpasnaTb cneunanncTOB n
cpeflcisa Ha pewioHT ynacTKOB TonbKO c BbicoKoi/i MHTencMBHOcibK)
rfle nposeflenne pewioHTHbix pa6oi peHTa6enbHO. O6bNHO ncnonbsyioTCfl
neibipe wieiofla M3MepeHMi/i:
AHannaaropbi TOKCUHMBIX napoe (TVA) wioryi npmvieHflTbCfl
oueHKM yflenbHbix wiaccosbix awinccm/i. MsiviepeHHbie anannsaTopoM B
ppm KOHueHipauMM npeo6pasyK)TCfl B yqenbHyK) Maccosyio aMnccnio na
ocHose ypasHeHMfl nepecneia. rnasHbiM HeflociaTKOM npmvieHeHMfl TVA
flnfl usiviepeHMfl yieneK wieiaHa flBrmeicfl TO, HTO ypasHeHne nepecneia
o6bNHO He yHMTbisaeT cneuncpMKy ynaciKa. l~lpn aioivi yflenbHbie
wiaccoBbie 3MMCCMM, nonyHeHHbie na ocnose TVAc ncnonbsoBaHneivi
ypasneHMfl nepecneia, OTnunaioTCfl OT peanbHbix SHaneHMi/i B flsa-ipn
pasa. B nccneflosaHMflx, nposefleHHbix napiHepaiviM nporpawiMbi Natural
Gas STAR cosiviecTHO c AreHiciBOM oxpaHbi OKpyxaiomei/i cpeflbi CLUA
(EPA), 1/lHCTMTyTOM rasa (GRI), cei/inac l/lHCTmyT lexHonornn rasa (GTI),
M AiviepMK3HCKOi/i rasosoi/i 3ccouM3unei/i (AGA), ycTSHOsneHO, HTO
HyscTBHTenbHOCTb MJIM "noporosbie" SHaneHMfl B 10 000 ppm nnn
100 000 ppm aHannsaiopoB TOKCMHHbix napos He nosBormioT naxoflmb
MCTOHHMKM yieHeK wieiaHa, ycTpaHeHMe Koiopbix peHT36enbHO. Bsufly
Toro, HTO ncnonb30B3Hne o6mero ypsBHenna nepecneia B TVA BnnaeT
Ha TOHHOCTb MSMepenni/i, paspa6oTKa nosbix ypasHenm/i nepecneia,
yHMTbisaiomMX ycnosMfl ynaciKa, ivioxei nosbicmb acpcpeKTHBHOCTb
onpeflenennfl cpaKinnecKnx o6teMOB
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MGTOA OT6opa B ra3oc6opHbie GMKOCTM o6bNHO Mcnonbsyeicfl
yqenbHoi/i wiaccoBoi/i 3MHccnn us wiecT yieneK. Mecio
secb ysen HaKpbisaioT "wieujKOM" nnn TeHTOM. MHepiHbii/i ras,
Hanpniviep, asoi, noflaeica B ewiKocib c MssecTHbiM pacxoflowi. flocne
wieujKa us Hero OT6npaeTCfl npo6a rasosoi/i cwiecu n
KOHuempauMfl wieiaHa. YflenbHaa Maccosaa awinccufl
Ha ocnose usiviepeHHOi/i KOHueHipaunn wieiana B
rasoc6opHOM wieujKe n CKOpocin noflann B Hero unepTHoro rasa. Meiofl
oi6opa B rasoc6opHbie ewiKoc™ flociaioHHO TOHHbii/i (norpeujHocib OT
± 10% flo 15%), HO MeflneHHbii/i (TonbKO flsa-ipn o6pasua B nac). OH
TaioKe yflo6en flna
nenocpeflCTBeHHoro
HO
nenpneivineM flna nsMepenm/i
na onenb Kpynnbix ysnax
PMC. 3: Msh/iepeHiie YTGHKH c
npo6ooj6opHMKOB
6onbiuoro o6~beivia
cpopwiy n
pacnonoxeHHbix B HeAociynHbix
wieciax.
* flpo6ooT6opHMKM 6ojibLunx
o6~beMOB nOJIHOCTbK)
ynasnuBaioT yieHKM us ysnos c
HapyiueHHOi/i repwieTUHHOCTbio n
nosBormioT TOHHO
MX CKOpocib. Ha puc. 3
noKasano nswiepeHne yieHKM c ncnonbsoBaHneivi npo6ooi6opHMKa
Sonbiijoro o6teivia. MsMepaeivibii/i ras n 6onbiuoi/i o6teM sosAyxa B
wiecTe yieHKM Ha ysne c napyiueHHOi/i repwieTUHHOCTbio HarneiaioTCfl B
npn6op nepes BaKyyMHbii/i ujnaHr. ripo6ooT6opHMKM 6onbLunx o6teMOB
AByivia AeieKiopaiviM ymesoAopoAos AJ"m usiviepeHMfl
i yrnesoAopoAHbix rasos B oio6paHHOi/i npo6e n B sosAyxe.
Pesynbiaibi usiviepeHm/i KoppeKinpyioTCfl c yneioivi
yrnesoAopoAOB B sosAyxe, npn aioivi yAenbHaa Maccosaa ;
paccHMTbiBaeicfl nyieivi ywiHoxeHMfl CKOpocin noioKa OT6npaeivioi/i
npo6bi Ha pasHnuy KOHueHipaum/i rasa B nei/i n B sosAyxe. O6teM
3MMCCMM wieiana onpeAenaeicfl nyieivi Kann6poBKM AeieKiopoB
yrnesoAopoAOB c yneioivi Ananasona KOHueHipaum/i wieiaHa B sosAyxe.
MCTOHHMK: Oil & Gas Journal, 21 waa 2001 r.
ripo6ooT6opHMKM 6onbLUMX o6teMOB o6opyflosaHbi
ycipoi/icTBOM, o6ecneKamMX MCTOHHMKOB.
ripo6ooT6opHMKM 6onbiiJMX o6teMOB nosBonaioT nswiepflib yieHKM co
CKOpOCTbK) flO 8 CpyT.3/MMH. (0,22 M3/MMH.), HTO COOTB6TCTByeT
11,5 Tbic. cpyi.Vcyi. (325 M3/cyi.). YienKM co CKOpocibio Bbiiue
8 cpyT.3/MMH. (0,22 M3/MMH.) cjieflyei nswiepflib MeioflOM oi6opa B
rasoc6opHbie ewiKoc™ nnn pacxoflowiepoM. flsa onepaiopa sa nac wioryi
BbinonHMTb usiviepeHMfl Ha 30 ysnax o6opyqoBaHMfl c noMoujbio
npo6ooi6opHMKa 6onbujnx o6teMOB, B TO speivm K3K wieiofl oi6opa B
rasoc6opHbie ewiKoc™ nosBonaei nposecin TonbKO 2-3 MSMepenna B
nac.
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* PoraiweTp n flpyrne pacxqqoiviepbi npmvieHflioTCfl Arm M3MepeHMi/i
MCKTHOHMTeribHO 6onbiiJMX yieneK, Koiopbie Henbsa BbinonHHTb c
noMoujbK) flpyrux npn6opoB. Ha pacxoflowiepbi ras OT ncioHHUKa
o6bNHO nociynaeT nepes Kaj-in6poBCHHyK} ipy6iKeHMfl yieneK, a
TaioKe yKasaHbi M3no>KeHHbie Bbiiue wieioflbi nposefleHna M3MepeHMi/i.
PMC. 4: TexHO/iorMM o6Hapy>KeHMfl n MSMepeHna yjeneK
ripn6op/
TexHOJiormi
MblJlbHblM
pacTBOp
SjieKTpOHHbie
rasoaHajiMsa-
TOpbl
AKyCTMHBCKMe
ynbTpasByKO-
Bbie
WA
(ruiaMeHHO-
MOHM3ai4MOH-
HblM
OT6op B
raaocSopHbie
6MKOCTM
flpoSooTSop-
HMK
Sojibiuoro
oSteivia
POTaMSTp
npHMGHeHMe
Manbie MCTOHHMKM
yTSHKM, TMna
coeflMHMTenbHbix
B8HTMJ1M, SOJlblilMS
SaSOpbl M CBSHHbie
KpaHbi.
Bee yanbi, KpynHbie
yTSHKM, ras nofl
HSflOCTynHbie yanbi
Bee yanbi.
HaMSonee floCTynHbie
yanbi.
HaMSonee floCTynHbie
yanbi (MHTSHCMBHOCTb
yTSHKM <11,5 Tbic. qbyT3
B cyrKu) (325 MVcyTKn).
VTSHKH oneHb
SOJlblUMX OStSMOB.
3**eKrMBHOCTb
TonbKO nposepKa.
TonbKO npOBepKa.
TonbKO nposepKa.
JlyHiue Bcero TonbKO
Ana o6Hapy>KeHMa.
1/laiviepeHMe TpeSyeT
paaiviepOM yTSHKM
HenocpeflCTBeHHO Ha
ynacTKe.
TonbKO MaiviepeHMa.
TpyflOSMKMM
npoi4ecc.
O6Hapy>KeHMe M
MaiviepeHMe
TOJlbKO M3MepeHM8.
FlpMMepHbie
KanuTanbHbie
sarparbi
MeHee$100
Menee $1 000
$1 000 - $20 000 (aaBMCMT
OT HyBCTBMTejlbHOCTM
npMSopa, paaiviepa,
CMe>KHoro oSopyflOBaHMa)
MeHee$10000
aa npMSop (B
aaBMCMMOCTM OT
HyBCTBMTejlbHOCTM
/paaiviepa)
Menee $10 000 aa anajiMa
(B 33BMCMMOCTM OT
CTOMMOCTM o6pa3u,a)
> $10 000
Menee $1 000
riporpaMMa L(OTO BKnionaeT neibipe aiana: (1) MccneflosaHMe 6asoBbix
ycnosm/i; (2) perncipaunfl pesynbiaTOB n onpefleneHne ysnos flna
aKOHOMnnecKM acpcpeKTHBHbix pewioHTHbix pa6oi; (3) aHanna
, BbinonHeHMe pewioHia, oueHKa aKOHOMUM wieiaHa n (4) paspa6oTKa
nnaHa nocneflyfomnx o6cneflOBaHm/i n MOHmopuHra o6opyflosaHMfl,
noflsepweHHoro
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6a3OBbix ycnoenM. flporpaiviMa L|OTO o6bNHO
c o6cneflOBaHMfl 6asoBoro cocioflHUfl wiecT BOSMOKHBIX yieneK.
flocne BbmsneHMfl ysnos c yTeHKawiM nonynaioT TOHHbie flam-ibie MSMepeHMM
CKOPOCTM yieneK, Mcnonbsya wieiofl oi6opa B rasoc6opHbie SMKOCTM,
npo6ooT6opHMK 6ojibLiJMX o6teMOB M.TIM aHannsaiop TOKCMHHbix napos,
HacTpoeHHbiM Ha cneuMcpMHecKyio KOHueHipaumo rasa Ha ynaciKe.
flapiHepbi nporpawiMbi yciaHOBMnn, KHOCTM yciaHOBKM.
O6cneflOBaHne 6asoBoro cocioflHUfl o6opyflosaHMfl, nposefleHHoe EPA n
GRI Ha neibipex ra3onepepa6aTbiBaK)mnx sasoflax, noKasano, HTO HMCJIO
cpaKTunecKnx ysnos naxoflnnocb B npeflenax OT 14 flo 200 na MSJIKHX
yciaHOBKax n flo 6onee 56 400 ysnos Ha cawibix Kpynnbix ycianoBKax.
CTOMMOCTb normoro o6cneflOBaHMfl
SaSOBOFO COCTOflHMfl C
npo6ooT6opHMKOB
o6"beMOB COCTaBTlfleT
npM6nM3MTenbHO $1,00 Ha ysen
= $1,00 Ha ysen
$15 000 - $20 000; flna rasosoro
sasofla cpeflnero pasiviepa (B
MGTOfl
cionMOCTb
Sasoeoro
2000 r). flapiHepbi o6napy>KMnM, HTO cioniviocTb
o6cneflOBaHMi/i no nporpawiMe L(OTO Ha 25 - 40% nuxe CTOMMOCTM
. flpn flanbHei/iujnx o6cneflOBaHMflx o6opyflosaHMfl
B OCHOBHOM ysnaivi, noflsepxeHHbiM yieHKaivi. Ha neKoiopbix
arperaiax rasosoro sasofla nposepKM Ha yieHKy n MSMepenna cneflyei
nposoflHTb BO speivm perynapHoro nnanoBoro ocwioipa n TeKymero pewioHia.
flpyrux ysnos o6opyqoBaHMfl npociaa n 6bicipafl nposepKa Ha
6biib BKnioHena B nosceflHesHyK) TeKymyK) pa6oiy n npoueflypy
Texo6cny>KMBaHMfl. HeKoiopbie onepaiopbi o6yHaK)T nepconan
ocMoipos flnfl BbmsneHMfl yieneK, flpyrne npusneKaioT Hesasucmvibix
KOHcynbiaHTOB fl.ra nposefleHMfl nccneflosaHm/i 6asoBbix ycnosni/i.
3ran 2: PerncTpaunsq peaynbTaroB n onpeAeneHne ysnoa,
peMOHTy. MsiviepeHMfl yieneK, nonyneHMbie sxofle BbinonHeHna 3iana 1,
flon>KHbi aHannsupoBaTbCfl Ha BbmsneHne MCTOHHMKOB n ycTpanenne
c Han6oj-ibLuei/i aKOHOMnnecKoi/i acpcpeKTMBHOcibio.
npnopmeiHOCTb ycipaHeHMfl MCTOHHMKOB yieneK nyieivi
CTOMMOCTM ynymeHHoro npMpoflHoro rasa M oueHOHHbix saTpaT Ha
MaTepManbi, onnaTy Tpyqa pa6oHMM, npocTOM o6opyflosaHMfl BO speivm
ycTpaneHMfl yTeHKM. HeKorapbie yTeHKM nerKO ycTpaHflioTCfl Ha wiecTe
npOCTOM 33Tfl>KKOM COeflMHMTeJIbHblX 3JieiVieHTOB. flpyrMS BMflbl P6MOHT3
Sonee cnoxnbi M Tpe6yK)T npocToa o6opyflosaHMfl. Oneparapbi wioryT
wiecTa yTeneK na o6opyflosaHMM MfleHTMCpMKauMOHHbiMM
fl Toro, HTo6bi yTeHKM MO>KHO 6bino ycTpaHMTb nosflnee.
Mnorfla 6ojibUJMe yTeHKM o6napy>KMBaK)TCfl Ha ysnax o6opyqoBaHMfl,
KOTOpoe o6bNHO nposepaeTCfl TonbKO npM nnanosbix ocwioTpax, B 3TOM
cnynae MOXST 6biTb npeAnoxen nnan npocpMnaKTMHecKoro pewioHTa
yTeneK 6es flononHMTenbHbix saTpaT.
-------
flocne o6Hapy>KeHMfl n
onepaiopbi flon>KHbi
saperncTpuposaTb McxoflHbie
c ISM,
TonbKO Ha
ySJIbl C BblCOKOM
Pesynbiaibi
nporpaMMbi L|OTO MO>KHO
nio6biM
3janbi npm-mTMfl peweHMfl
nporpaMMbi LJQTO
2. PerncTpai4na pesynbiaTOB n onpeflenem/ie
3. AHanns flaHHbix n oi48HKa SKOHOMMM.
MHTeHCMBHOCTbK) y , o.o,. 4 PaspaSoiKa n^ana oSc^efloeaHM^
Syflymero BbinojiHeHna nporpaMMbi L(OTO.
yflo6HbiM MeioflOM n B nio6oM cpopMaie. Huxe npusefleHbi flaHHbie,
Koiopbie onepaiopbi npeflnaraioT perncTpuposaTb:
* MfleHTMCpMKai4MOHHbll/i 3H3K flJIfl K3>KflOrO M6CT3
* inn ysna (nanpuMep, c6pocHoi/i naipy6oK);
* nsMepennafl CKOpocib yieHKn;
* flaia nposefleHMfl o6cneflOBaHMfl;
roflosaa noiepa rasa;
cionMOCTb peMOHia.
MHCpopMaunfl nossonm npasunbHO CKOopflMHUposaTb
nocneflytomne nccneflosaHMfl aMnccnn, yciaHOBm npnopmeiHOCTb
peMOHTHbix pa6oi n MOKST 6biib McnonbsosaHa flna aHannsa
3KOHOMMM r333 M 3KOHOMMHeCKOI/i 3CpCpeKTMBHOCTM
nporpsMMbi L|OTO.
MccneflOB3HMfl 633OBbix ycnoBMi/i, nposefleHHbie H3 6onee HSM 100 000
ysnsx o6opyflosaHMfl Ha neibipex ynpasnaeMbix napinepaMM
ra3onepepa6aTbiBaK)mnx sasoflax, noKasann, HTO yieHKM MMenn TonbKO 3%
ysnos o6opyflosaHMfl. OflnaKO Ha flonio ainx ysnos npuxoflnnncb 82% scei/i
3MMCCMM Meiana c neibipex sasoflos, B uenoM 6onee 265 MJIH. cpyi.3
(7,42 MJIH. M3) B rofl. Pesynbiaibi noKasann, HTO fleiann o6opyflosaHMfl,
noflsepxeHHbie Bn6pai4MM, nacioMy ncnonbsoBaHHK) nnn TeMnepaiypnbiM
Kone6aHMflM, Han6onee Hacio nponycKaioT ras.
Ha puc. 5 noKasano MSMepeHHoe cpeflHee KonnnecTBO Bbi6pocos Meiana us
HerepMeTMHHbix ysnos o6opyflosaHMfl rasosoro sasofla, a TaioKe cpeflHaa
peMOHia pasnuHHbix ysjios. flaHHbie puc. 5 MO>KHO ncnojibsosaTb
onpeflenennfl yieneK o6opyflosaHMfl rasosoro sasofla, o6napy>KeHMe n
ycTpanenne Koiopbix MMeei HaMMeHbiuyK) cionMOCTb. HanpuMep, MHorne us
KpynHbix yieneK Moryi 6biib csasaHbi c KOMnpeccopaMM, oflHaKO
ycipaHeHne ainx yieneK o6bNHO 6bisaeT Han6onee flopornM. C flpyroi/i
ciopoHbi, saipaibi Ha ycTpanenne yieneK us coeflMHmenbHbix Mycpi
He6onbLune. Ha ocHose flam-ibix puc. 5, MO>KHO npeflnonaraib, HTO
csoespeMeHHoe o6cny>KMBaHMe TaKMX ysnos o6opyflosaHMfl K3K cpnaHUbi,
KnsnsHbi M naipy6KM nosBonaeT acpcpeKTHBHO CHMxaib Bbi6pocbi Meiana B
aiMoccpepy.
3ran 3: Ana/ins AaHHbix M oueHKa SKOHOMMM. CpasHMBaa saipaibi Ha
peMOHT C OUeHCHHOM CTOMMOCTbK) yTSHKH, MO>KHO OnpefleJIMTb, B03MO>KeH JIM
peHTa6enbHbii/i peMOHT. PeMOHT c HanMeHbiuMMM saipaiaMM - 310
-------
PMC. 5: CpeflHue noKasajenn SMMCCMM Mejana n cjomviocTb
peMOHTa Bbi6paHHbix ysnoB rasonepepadaTbiBaioujero
yanoB
FasoBbiii
6es
KOMnpeccopoB,
TbIC. 4>yT.3 (TbIC.
M3)/rofl/y3eji
KOMnpeccop,
Tbic. 4>yT.3
(TbIC. M3)/
rofl/yae/i
l4empo6e>KHbiM
KOMnpeccop,
Tbic. 4>yr.3 (Tbic.
M3)/rofl/y3eji
CTOMMOCTb
peMOHTa, $
KOMnpeccop
OTKpblTOrO
ipySonpOBOfla
(OT)
VCTpOMCTBO
sanycKa (OT)
CSpocHOi/i
naipySoK
flpyn/ie
ycipoi/icTBa
(OT)
1 417(40,1)
1 341 (38)
2887(81,7)
1 341 (38)
$5000
KOMnpeccopa
Knanan
PasrpysoHHbii/i
KnanaH
742(21)
43 (1,2)
25 (0,7)
3,9(0,1)
1 440 (40,7)
308 (8,7)
127(3,6)
485 (13,7)
63,4 (1,8)
TOnjlMBHblM
KnanaH
6,7 (0,2)
88,2 (2,5)
89,7 (2,5)
115(3,2)
$75
$65
$2000
$130
$150
$125
$25
$150
MCTOHHMK: noKasaienn BbiSpocos Meiana npeflciaanaiOT co6oi/i
noKasaienn M3MepeHi/ii/i BbiSpocos, sapen/iCTpi/ipOBaHHbie B flsyx nccneflOBaHnax: U.S. EPA,
Gas Research Institute (ceuyac Gas Technology Institute), u Radian Intl., 1996, Methane
Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, Volume 8: Equipment Leaks; u Gas Technology
Institute and Clearstone Engineering, 2002, Identification and Evaluation of Opportunities to
Reduce Methane Losses at Four Gas Processing Plants/Onpedenenue u ouemKaHmo Meiana B npupoflHOM rase, KOiopbii/i paseH 87%. noKasaienn BbiSpocos OT
KOMnpeccopoB, KOiopbie noflaioi ras Ha OKuranne B 43aKene, n fleianei/i KOMnpeccopoB, B
KOiopbix He ncnojibsyiOTCa nycKaienn na npupOflHOM rase, cociaanaiOT 11%.
sa>KHei/iujafl Hacib ycneujHoi/i nporpawiMbi L|OTO, iaK KaK Han6onbujei/i
3KOHOMMM MOKHO flo6mbcfl B TOM cnyHae, Korfla ycTpaHeHMe yTeneK
peHTa6enbHO.
flposepKa o6opyflosaHMfl Ha yTeHKM n oueHKa CTOMMOCTM peMOHTa Ha
neTbipex rasosbix sasoflax noKasana, HTO sa 6 Mecaues M Menbiue
OKynaeTca PSMOHT 78% ysnos o6opyflosaHMfl, noflsepxeHHbix yTeHKaM.
KpoMe Toro, 92% PSMOHTOB, csasaHMbix c ycTpaneHMeM yTeneK, OKynMJiMCb
Menee, H6M sa 1 rofl, a ycTpaneHMe 94,5% yTeneK OKynMnocb Menee, HSM sa
4 rofla.
Ha PMC. 6 noKasan npMMep pacneTa SKOHOMMM rasa npM ycTpaneHMM 10
HaM6onbUJMX yTeneK Ha OTflenbHOM rasosoM sasofle. STOT npMMep noacHaeT,
KaK cneflyeT nposoflMTb pacneT flna BbmsneHMfl Tex yTeneK, KOTOpbie MO>KHO
ycTpaHMTb c HaMMeHbUJMMM saTpaTaMM flnfl K3>Kfloro onpefleneHHoro ysns
o6opyflOB3HMfl.
-------
PMC. 6: ripuMep BOSMOKHOM SKOHOMMM rasa npvi ycTpaHGHUM
flecfljn KpynHeMWMX yjeneK Ha OAHOM rasonepepa6aTbiBaiOLijeM
saeofle
HasBaHue ysnoB
KoHMHecKMi/i Knanan
(yieHKa nepes CSATIO
Knanana)
Mydpra Ha
TOnjlMBHOM
rasonpOBOfle
PesbSoBoe
KoHMHecKMi/i KnanaH
na jiMHMM Ana
OTBOfla rasa na
OKuranne B fyaKene
PerynaTOp
ripOKnaflKa
14MJlMHflpa flBOMHOfO
FlaTpySoK
Myc}3Ta na
TORriMBHOM
rasonpOBOfle
CailbHMKM
3anopHbii/i Knanan
Bcero
3KOHOMMS1
rasa, Tbic.
4>yr.3 (Tbic.
M3)/rofl
4214(119)
4052(114,7)
3 482 (98,6)
3 030 (85,8)
2 572 (72,8)
2 550 (72,2)
2320
2204
1 928
1 576
27928
Be/iMHMHa
C3KOHOMJ1GHHOrO
rasa npn $3/Tbic.
4>yr.3($106/Tbic.
M3), $/rofl
$12 642
$12 156
$10446
$9090
$7716
$7650
$6960
$6612
$5784
$4728
$83 784
CTOMMOCTb
peMOHTa, $
$200
$100
$10
$200
$200
$2000
$60
$100
$2000
$60
$4930
FlepMOfl
OKynaeMOCTM
5-6 flnei/i
3-4 flna
Bnn>Kai/iium/i
8flHei/i
10flnei/i
3 Mec*ma
3-4 P.HX
5-6 flnei/i
4 Mec*ma
4-5 flnei/i
21 flCHb
flapiHepbi Natural Gas STAR o6Hapy>KMnM, HTO acpcpeKTMBHbiM cnoco6oM
aHannsa pesynbiaTOB o6cneflOBaHMfl 6asoBbix ycnosm/i flBnaeicfl
cocTasneHne nepeHHfl, B KoiopoM yKasbisaioTCfl see yieHKM, csasaHHafl c
HMMM CTOMMOCTb pewioHia, o>KMflaeMafl aKOHOMMfl rasa M npeflnonaraewibii/i
cpoK cny>K6bi OTpeMOHTHposaHHoro ysna. Mcnonbsyfl aiy
MOKHO nerKO paccnmaTb TaKMe aKOHOMnnecKne noKasaienn, K3K
npusefleHHSfl CTOMMOCTb MJiM nepnofl OKynseMOCTM peMOHTa Ka>Kfloro ysna
o6opyqoB3HMfl, MMeiomero yTeHKH. Ranee nspTHepbi MoryT onpeflennTb,
peMOHT K3KMX arpersTos flsnaeTCfl peHTa6enbHbiM.
Ha puc. 7 M 8 npuseflen aHanns, Korapbii/i MO>KHO ncnojibsosaTb
onpefleneHMfl OTHOCMTenbHoi/i peHTa6enbHOCTM no nporpaMMe L|OTO
Bbi6paHHbix ysnos rasosoro sasofla. flaHHbie no CTOMMOCTM, HMCJIO ysnos M
cpeflHue noKasaTenn rasosoi/i aMnccnn us HeKorapbix ysnos o6opyflosaHMfl
ocHOBbisaioTCfl Ha flaHHbix, nonynenHbix npn ocymecTsneHnn nporpaMMbi
L|OTO na neTbipex ra3onepepa6aTbiBaK)mnx sasoflax. Ha puc. 7 OTpaxenbi
ncxoflHbie CTOMMOCTM o6cneflosaHMfl 6asoBbix ycnosMM, peMOHTa
nerepMeTMHHbix coeflMHeHMM, pasrpysoHHbix Knananos, naTpy6Kos M flpymx
ysnos. Ha PMC. 8 npeflCTasneHbi pesynbTaTbi aKOHOMMHecKoro anariMsa
ocymecTsneHMfl nporpaMMbi L|OTO no Bbi6paHHbiM ysnaM o6opyqoBaHMfl na
OCHOB6 MCXOflHblX flaHHblX pMC. 7.
10
-------
PMC. 7: Easoean CTOMMOCTb pj\s\ aHannsa ABiiweHMfl cpeflCTB no
nporpaMMe LJQTO A/in HGKOTOpbix ysnoB
ra3onepepa6aTbiBaK»mero aaeofla
Tun yana
Coefli/i-
H6HHa
Pasrpy-
SOHHblM
Knanan
OlKpbl-
TblM
ipySo-
npOBOfl
flpyn/ie
yanbi
Ha
KOMnpeccope
BHS
KOMnpeccopa
Bcero
coeflMHeHMi/i
Ha
KOMnpeccope
BHB
KOMnpeccopa
Bcero f\nn
pasrpysoHHbix
KnanaHOB
CSpocHbii/i
naipySoK
nycKaienb
CSpocHbii/i
naipySoK
flpOHne yanbi
Bcero no
OTKpblTOMy
ipySonpoeofly
Ha
KOMnpeccope
BHB
KOMnpeccopa
Bcero no
flpyn/iM yanaM
Hucno
yanoB
Ha
rasoBbiii
saBOfl
2135
7664
9799
13
48
61
15
15
1
171
202
309
1825
2134
OqeHKa
CTOM-
MOCTM
npoBep-
KM
$2135
$7664
$9799
$13
$48
$61
$15
$15
$1
$171
$202
$309
$1 825
$2134
ripn
flony-
IMeHMM
3%
yreHKM
64
230
294
1
1
2
1
1
1
5
8
9
55
64
OqeHKa
CTOM-
MOCTM
PGMOH-
Ta,
$/y3eji
$5
$-
$150
$150
$5000
$1 000
$75
$65
$175
$130
DojiHafl
CTOM-
MOCTb
PGMOH-
T3
$320
$0
$150
$150
$5000
$1 000
$75
$325
$1 575
$7150
O6w.an
CTOM-
MOCTb
nOMCKOB
M
ycTpane-
HM51
yreneK
$2455
$7664
$10119
$163
$198
$361
$5015
$1 015
$76
$496
$6602
$1 884
$8975
$10859
ripeflnonoKeHna: flamnbie no CTOMMOCTM M HMCneHHOCTM yanos npneefleHbi us
MCcneflOBaHMa GTI/Clearstone 2000 r. CionMOCTb peMOHia coeflMHeHMM BHS KOMnpeccopa
npeflnonaraei, HTO peMOHT BbinonHaeTca Ha MSCTS npocioi/i 3aia>KKOi/i coeflMHeHMi/i.
B pesynbiaie aHannsa flam-ibix Ha puc. 8 MO>KHO cflenaib saKJUoneHne, HTO
nporpawiMa L|OTO Han6onee aKOHOMnnecKM acpcpeKTHBHa arm ysnos
o6opyflosaHMfl inna KpaHos, pasrpysoHHbix KnanaHOB KowinpeccopoB.
YieHKH M3 T3KMX ySJIOB OTHOCMTeJIbHO JierKO o6H3py>KMTb,
KJiaccucpnunpoBaTb M nswiepnTb, M MX ycipaHeHne o6ecne
-------
flpyrux KnanaHOB, HMeiomnx MeHbUjyio cpeflHioK) m-ueHCMBHOCTb
serin nposepKa Ha repwieTUHHOCTb n pewioHT He BKnioneHbi B npoueflypy
Texo6cny>KMBaHMfl.
PMC. 8: ripmviep aKOHOMMHecKoro aHannsa no nporpaMMe LJQTO f\na
Bbi6paHHbix ysnoB rasonepepadaTbiBaioujero saBOfla
Tun ysna
Coefli/i-
H6HMa
Pasrpy-
SOHHblM
Knanan
OlKpbl-
Tbii/i
ipySo-
npOBOfl
flpyrne
yanbi
Ha KOM-
npeccope
BHS KOM-
npeccopa
Bcero
coefln-
H8Hm/i
Ha KOM-
npeccope
BHS KOM-
npeccopa
Bcero
Ana
pasrpy-
SOHHblX
KnanaHOB
C6poc-
Hbii/i
naipySoK
flycKa-
lenb
C6poc-
HblM
naipySoK
flpOHne
yanbi
Bcero no
OTKpbl-
TOMy
ipySo-
npOBOfly
Ha KOM-
npeccope
Bne KOM-
npeccopa
Bcero no
flpyn/iM
yanaM
O6w.an
CTOM-
MOCTb
noMCKa
M
ycrpa-
HGHV\f\
yreHKM
$2455
$7664
$10119
$163
$198
$361
$5015
$1 015
$76
$496
$6602
$1 884
$8975
$10859
3KOHO-
MMfl
rasa,
TbIC.
*yr.3
(TbIC.
M3)/
yaen/
rofl
6,7
(0,2)
6,7
(0,2)
6,7
(0,2)
308
(8,7)
3,9
(0,1)
2152
(61)
1 341
(38)
742
(21)
43(1,2)
95 (2,7)
25 (0,7)
DojiHafl
roflOBaa
3KOHO-
MMfl
rasa,
TbIC.
*yr.3
(TbIC.
M3)
429
(12,1)
1 540
(43,6)
1 970
(55,8)
308 (8,7)
4(0,1)
312(8,8)
2152
(61)
1 341
(38)
742(21)
215(6,1)
4450
(126)
855
(24,2)
1 375
(39)
2230
(63,1)
O6i>eM
C3KOHOM-
JIGHHOrO
rasa ($3/
TbIC.
*yr.3)
($106/
TbIC. M3)
$1 287
$4621
$5909
$924
$12
$936
$6456
$4023
$2226
$645
$13 350
$2565
$4125
$6690
flBM-
weHMe
J1MK-
BMfl-
HOCTM
TOfll
($1 168)
($3 043)
($4210)
$761
($186)
$575
$1441
$3008
$2150
$149
$6748
$681
($4 850)
($4 169)
flBM-
weHMe
J1MK-
BMfl-
HOCTM
T0fl2
$1 287
$4621
$5909
$924
$12
$936
$6456
$4023
$2226
$645
$13
350
$2565
$4125
$6690
Hucrasi
npMBe-
fleHHaa
CTOM-
MOCTb
$2
$1 053
$1 056
$1 455
($160)
$1 296
$6646
$6059
$3794
$669
$17168
$2739
($1 000)
$1 739
FlepM-
Ofl
OKyna-
eMOCTM
(fOflbl)
1,9
1,6
1,7
0,2
16,9
0,4
0,8
0,3
0,3
0,8
0,5
0,7
2,2
1,6
ripeflnonoKeHna: flamnbie no CTOMMOCTM n HucneHHOcm yanos npneeflSHbi na nccneflOBaHna
GTI/Clearstone 2000 r. CionMOCTb peMOHia coeflMHeHMi/i BHS KOMnpeccopa npeflnonaraei, HTO
peMOHT BbinojiHaeica Ha Mecie npocioi/i 3aia>KKOi/i coeflMHem/ii/i.
4: Paspa6oTKa nnana
nporpaMMbi L|OTO. KonenHbiM aianoivi nporpawiMbi L|OTO
paspa6oTKa nnana 6yflymnx nccneflosaHm/i v\ Texo6cny>KMBaHMfl,
yHMTbisaiomero pesynbiaibi o6cneflOBaHMfl 6asoBoro
3cpcpeKTMBHbii/i nnan o6cneflOBaHMfl no nporpaMMe L|OTO
MOMembi:
12
-------
* flepeneHb KOMnneicryiomMX ysnos, noAnexoujMX o6cneflOBaHMK) n
TecTuposaHMK), a TaioKe nepeneHb fleianei/i o6opyflosaHMfl, Koiopbie
cneflyei ncKruoHMib us o6cneflOBaHMfl.
* npn6opbi o6Hapy>KeHMfl, nsMepeHna n lexHonornn c6opa,
M oueHKM flam-ibix, nonyHeiHHbix no nporpawiMe L(OTO.
* TpacpMK o6Hapy>KeHMfl n
* 3KOHOMMHecKafl acpcpeKTMBHOCTb
* PesynbraTbi n aHanns npeflbiflymnx o6cneflOBaHMfl n TexHunecKoro
o6cny>KMBaHMfl flna cpopMnposaHMfl saflan nocneflytomnx nccneflosaHm/i
no nporpaivnvie L|OTO.
Pacnei
3KOHOMMM
Onepaiopbi flon>KHbi cocTasmb OTsenaiomm/i
xapaKiepucTHKaivi n npoueccaivi sasofla rpacpMK o6cneflOBaHMfl no
nporpaivnvie L(OTO c yneioivi MaKcmvianbHoi/i aKOHOMUM wieiaHa n
HamvieHbiiJMX saipai. HeKoiopbie napinepbi nnaHnpyioT ocymecTsneHne
nporpaMMbi L(OTO Ha ocHose oxuflaeivioro cpoKa cny>K6bi ysnos
o6opyflosaHMfl, OTpeMOHTHposaHMbix BO speivm
o6cneflOBaHMi/i. flpyrne napinepbi ocHOBbisaioT
nocneflytomnx flei/icTsm/i Ha unioiax Texo6cny>KMBaHMfl n
o6opyflosaHMfl. flporpaiviMa L(OTO flsrmeTCfl rn6Koi/i, n onepaiop i
ysennHMTb nepnoflUHHOCTb nocneflytomnx nposepoK B cnynae o6Hapy>KeHMfl
MHoroHncneHHbix, 6onbiiJMX MJIM noBiopaeivibix yieneK. flocneflyiomMe
nposepKM wioryi Kacaibca ysnos o6opyflosaHMfl, OTpeMOHTHposaHMbix BO
speivm npeflbiflymnx nposepoK nnn onpefleneHHbix K3K Han6onee
yieHKe. Co speivieHeM onepaiopbi wioryi npoflon>KMTb
perynnposKy o6teivia n HacioTbi o6cneflOBaHMi/i o6opyqoBaHMfl Ha
ocHose ccpopMnpoBasujuxcfl MOflenei/i
aKOHOMna rasa npn BbinonneHMM nporpaMMbi L(OTO
sapbupyeica B sasucuMoc™ OT cpoKa aKcnnyaiaunn n pasMepa sasofla,
Hucna n Tunos ysnos, BKnioHeHMbix B nporpaMMy, a TaioKe
3KcnnyaTai4MOHHbixxapaKTepncTMKycTaHOBKM. flapiHepbi Natural Gas STAR
o6Hapy>KMnM, HTO HananbHbie saipaibi Ha nccneflosaHne 6asoBbix ycnosni/i
Sbicipo KOMnencupyioTCfl 3KOHOMnei/i rasa. Huxe flaioicfl flsa npuMepa
BO3MO>KHOi/i 3KOHOMMM no nporpaMMe L(OTO. flepsbii/i npuMep oipaxaei
pesynbiaibi cosMeciHoro nccneflosaHMfl, nposefleHHoro AreHiciBOM
oxpaHbi OKpyxaiomei/i cpeflbi CLUA n 1/lHCTmyTOM lexHonornn rasa, Ha
neibipex rasosbix sasoflax, a siopoi/i npuMep - nccneflosaHne, nposefleHHoe
napiHepoM Natural Gas STAR - KOMnaHnei/i Dynegy Inc.
CoBMecTHoe nccneAOBaHne no nporpaMMe L|OTO Ha nerbipex
. _ *~
ocymecisneHMfl nporpaMMbi L(OTO AreHTCiso oxpaHbi
cpeflbi CLUA n l/lHCTMTyi lexHonornn rasa Bbi6pann neibipe rasosbix sasofla.
CpoK aKcnnyaiauuM sasoflos sapbupyeica OT 20 flo 50 nei. MX
nponsBOflmenbHOCTb MSMeHanacb OT 60 MJIH. cpyi.3 rasa B cyiKM (1,68 MJIH.
M3 B cyiKu) flo 210 MJIH. cpyi.3 rasa B cyiKM (5,88 MJIH. M3 B cyiKu). flposepKa
Ha yieHKy nposoflnnacb MeioflOM naneceHMfl MbinbHoro pacisopa v\ c
ncnojibsosaHneM nepenocnbix fleieKiopoB yrnesoflopoflHbix rasos. Ysnbi
o6opyflosaHMfl, noflsepxennbie yieHKaM, noMenanncb 6npKaMM, a
npo6ooT6opHMKaMM 6onbiijoro o6teMa.
13
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Ha PMC. 9 noKasan pacneTHbiM roflosoM o6teM npupoflHoro rasa,
noiepflHHoro B BMfle Bbi6pocos B aiMoccpepy, M noieHunanbHafl
OT BbinoriHeHMfl nporpawiMbi L|OTO flna STMX neibipex sasoflos. OcHOBHbie
pesynbraTbi MccneflosaHMfl saKJiKwaioTCfl B
* CioMMOCTb MccneflosaHMfl 6asosbix ycnoBMM Ha Ka>KflOM onbiTHOM
sasofle ou.eHMBanacb npn6nn3MTenbHO B $1,00 Ha ysen o6opyflosaHMfl
MJIM $15 000 - $20 000 na rasosbiM sasofl.
* Ha Knananbi, coeflMHMienM, ynnoTHennfl Kowinpeccopa M naipy6KM
npMxoflMnacb 6onbiuafl nacib Bbi6pocos Meiana.
* Bbmo o6napy>KeHO, HTO wienee 3% ysnos o6opyflosaHMfl
* Ms o6mero nucna yieneK, o6Hapy>KeHHbix Ha oiflenbHbix sasoflax, 50 -
96 Mornn 6biib ycipaneHbi c HamvieHbiumviM saipaiaiviM.
* CiomviocTb pewioHia sapbuposanacb OT HesHaHmenbHoi/i flo $5 000, B
sasMcmviocTM OT Tuna ysna n sufla pewioHia. BonbiiJMHCTBO
OTpeMOHTMposaHHbix ysjios o6opyflosaHMfl mvieno oueHOHHbii/i cpoK
nocne pewioHia flo flByx nei.
PMC. 9: OqeHKa noTeHMiia/ibHOM SKOHOMMM no nporpaMMe LJOTO
Ha HeTbipex ra3onepepa6aTbiBaK»innx aaeoflax
SaBOfl
1
2
3
4
Bcero
3MMC-
CM51
Merana
Ha
saBOfle,
TbIC.
*yr.3
(TbIC. M3)/
cyrKM
123(3,5)
207 (5,8)
352(10)
211 (5,9)
893 (25,3)
FOflOBOM
o6i>eM
norepJiH-
Horo
rasa,
TbIC.
*YT.3
(TbIC.
M3)/rofl
44895
(1 271,3)
75555
(2 139,5)
128480
(3638,1)
77015
(2181)
325 945
(9 229,7)
O6i>eM
noTepnH-
Horo
rasa npn
$3frbic.
*yr.3
($106/
TbIC. M3),
$/rofl
$134685
$226 665
$385 440
$231 045
$977 835
flpOMGHT
3MMC-
CMM,
ycTpaHn-
6MOM C
HaMMGHb-
UJMMM
saTpaTa-
MM
90%
95%
50%
96%
77%
CTOM-
MOCTb
o6cne-
flOBaHMH
6asoBbix
yCJIOBMM,
$
$16 050
$14 424
$56 463
$14 168
$101 105
FlojiHaa
CTOM-
MOCTb
PGMOH-
T3, $
$44 725
$39 300
$77 900
$43 450
$205 375
HMCT351
3KOHO-
Mva\ npn
$3/TblC.
*yr.3
($106/
TbIC. M3),
$/rofl
$60 442
$161 608
$58 357
$164 185
$444 592
KOMnannn Dynegy
flapiHep Natural Gas STAR KowinaHMfl Dynegy Inc. nposena
3KcnepmvieHTanbHoe nccneflosaHne no nporpawiwie L|OTO Ha
ra3onepepa6aTbiBaK)mnx sasoflax. 3io flsa Kpynnbix sasofla co cpoKOM
3Kcn.nyaTau.MM 35 nei (npoMssoflMienbHOCTb 6onee 50 MJIH. cpyi.3 rasa)
(14 MJIH. M3). OflMH sasofl nepeKaHMsaei ras, ne coflepxamMM ceposoflopofl;
flpyroi/i nepepa6aTbisaeT BbicoKocepHMCibiM ras. flposepKa Ha yieHKy
nposoflMJiacb MeioflOM naneceHMfl MbinbHoro pacisopa, nopiaiMSHbix
fleieKiopoB yrnesoflopoflOB M ynbipassyKOBbix fleieKiopoB. MsiviepeHMe
yieneK nposoflMnocb c noMoujbK) npo6ooi6opHMKOB 6onbiiJMX o6teMOB,
MeioflaiviM oi6opa B rasoc6opHbie SMKOCTM M poiaMeipoM flna yieneK,
MHieHCMBHOCTb Koiopbix npesbiiuana sepxHMM npeflen npo6ooi6opHMKa
SojibLuoro o6teivia. flna Ka>KflOM yciaHOBneHHOM yieHKM onpeflenanMCb
3KOHOMMHecKM BbiroflHbie sapMaHTbi CHMxeHMfl Bbi6pocos MeiaHa nyieivi
CpaBHSHMfl CTOMMOCTM peMOHTa MJ1M SaMSHbl o6opyflOB3HMfl CO CTOMMOCTbK)
rasa, KoiopbiM 6yflei csKOHOivmeH sa OflMH rofl. Ha PMC. 10 noflBOflMica Mior
pesynbiaioB aioro MccneflosaHMfl.
14
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On
PMC. 10: OnbiT nap-mepa - MccneflOBaHkie KOMnaHnn Dynegy no
nporpaMMe LJQTO
CionMOCTb MCCJiefloeaHna Saaoeux ycnoem/i $35 000 ($15 000 - $20 000 Ha aaeofl)
O6mee HMCTIO yanoe o6opyqoBaHi/ia, _. __0
oU ZUo
npoeepenHbix na fleyx aaeoflax
O6mee Hucno yanoe, nofleep>KeHHbix . _„ ,„ 00/,
lob (0,0/0)
80% na OflHOM aaeofle; 90% na flpyroM
100 000 Tbic. (fcyr.Vnpfl (2831,7 Tbic. M.
$300 000/rofl
(na OCHOBS o>KMflaeMoro cpOKa cny>K6bi Paa B 3
i nocne peMOHTa)
HpcmeHT OTpeMOHTupoeanHbix yanoB
O6mee rofloeoe CHM>KeHMe
Meiana
SKOHOMna (npn $3/ibic.
riporpaMMa L|OTO npeflCTasnaeT co6oi/i nposepeHHyK) Ha npaKTMKe
nporpawiMy aKOHOMnnecKM o6ocHosaHHoro CHMxeHna aMnccnn wieiaHa.
BbinonHeHne nporpawiMbi L|OTO Ha neibipex aKcnnyainpyeivibix napinepaiviM
ra3onepepa6aTbiBaK)mnx sasoflax noKasano, HTO B rasonepepaeaibisaiomeM
ceKiope nporpawiMa flaei BOSMOKHOCTM arm SHaHmenbHoro CHMxeHna
Bbi6pocos wieiaHa. OCHOBHOM onbii npmvieHeHMfl, nonyneHMbii/i napiHepaiviM
Natural Gas STAR,
* Saipaibi Ha nccneflosaHne 6asoBbix ycnosm/i wioryi 6biib
KOMneHcuposaHbi 3KOHOMnei/i rasa sa nepsbii/i rofl. CiomviocTb
nocneflytomnx o6cneflOBaHMi/i MO>KHO cnnsmb, yflenaa BHUManne TonbKO
o6opyflOBaHMK), Han6onee noflsepxeHHOiviy yieHKaivi.
* flapiHepbi cnmaioT, HTO ciomviocTb nocneflytomnx o6cneflOBaHMi/i 6yflei
Ha 25 - 40% HM>Ke, noioiviy HTO B flanbHei/Jujeivi BHUManne
na iex ysnax o6opyflosaHMfl, Koiopbie
n peHTa6enbHbi flna pewioHia.
ra3onepepa6aTbiBaK)mnx sasoflos
B03MO>KHOCTM HO 3KOHOMMM r333 M3MeHflK)TCfl B SaBMCMMOCTM
OT T3KMX CpaKTOpOB, K3K CpOK 3KCnnyaT3UMM M p33M6p 33BOfl3, TMH
o6opyflOB3HMfl n fl3T3 nocneflHero KpynHoro TexHunecKoro
sasofla.
* flnfl nonyneHMfl TOHHbix flaHHbix no yieHKaivi MO>KHO McnonbsosaTb
KOM6nHnpoBaHHbie TexHonornn o6Hapy>KeHMfl n
ripo6ooT6opHMK 6onbiijoro o6teivia
MHCipyivieHTOM flnfl BbmsneHMfl
* riporpaMMa L|OTO flon>KHa 6biib HanpasneHa Ha
Kaieropm/i o6opyqoBaHMfl, Koiopbie BHOCST 6onbiuyK) flonio B noiepn
Meiana: saflsuxKM, Knananbi ynpasneHMfl, coeflMHmenbHbie Mycpibi,
KOMnpeccopa n naipy6KM.
Flo BO3MO>KHOCTM, napiHepbi flon>KHbi ycipaHflib CHaHana Han6onee
yieHKM. O6bNHO TonbKO HecKonbKO ysnos o6opyflosaHMfl,
yieHKaM, cpopMnpyioT 6onbLuyK) nacib aMnccnn Meiana.
ClOMMOCTb peMOHTa T3KMX ySJIOB, K3K
Mycpibi n naipy6KM, onpeflenaeicfl MX pasMepoM,
peMOHT KpynHbix ysnos CTOMT flopoxe, HSM MSJIKHX.
15
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* YcTpaHeHne HesHaHmenbHbix yieneK MOKST BKnKwaTbCfl B peryrmpHoe
Texo6cny>KMBaHMe. PewioHT, Koiopbii/i Tpe6yei ociaHOBKM scei/i cucieivibi,
6biib npeflnpm-mi BO speivm cneflyiomero nnaHosoro pewioHia.
* Heo6xoflmvio BsecTM npou.e,qypy "6bicTporo ycipaHeHMfl", Koiopaa
noflpasyMesaei ycipaHeHne Hecno>KHbix nospe>Kflei-im/i B npou.ecce
nposepKM (Hanpniviep, HennoiHO npuneraiomnx ynnoiHeHMi/i iiJTOKa, He
nOJIHOCTbK) 33KpblTblX BeHTMJiei/i).
* flposepKa Ha yieHKM ysnos o6opyflosaHMfl nocne BbinonneHMfl pewioHia,
noflTsep>KflaeT era acpcpeKTMBHOcib. flposepKa MeioflOM HaHeceHna
MbinbHoro paciBopa - 6bicTpbii/i cnoco6 nposepmb KaneciBO pewioHia.
MsiviepeHMfl Bbi6pocos npo6ooT6opHMKaMM 6onbujnx o6teMOB nocne
pewioHia nosBonaioT onpeflenmb n saperncTpuposaTb
noKasaienn aKOHOwinn rasa.
* Heo6xoflmvio sec™ perncipaunK) coKpameHMi/i aMnccnn wieiaHa
Ka>Kfloro ra3onepepa6aTbisaK)mero sasofla n 6yciepHoi/i ciaHunn n
flaHHbie B roflosbie oineTbi nporpawiMbi Natural Gas STAR.
JlMTepaiypa
Ananthakrishna, S. and Henderson, C., 2002, Cost-effective Emissions
Reductions Through Leak Detection, and Repair, Hydrocarbon Processing,
May 2002.
Clearstone Engineering, 2002, Identification and Evaluation of Opportunities
to Reduce Methane Losses at Four Gas Processing Plants, internal report
prepared under U.S. EPA Grant No. 827754-01-0 for Gas Technology Insti-
tute, Des Plaines, IL.
Connolly, Jan, Toxic Vapor Analyzers, personal communication.
Frederick, J., Phillips, M., Smith, G.R., Henderson, C., Carlisle, B., 2000,
Reducing Methane Emissions Through Cost-Effective Management Prac-
tices, Oil & Gas Journal, August 28, 2000.
Gas Technology Institute (formerly the Gas Research Institute), personal
communication.
Henderson, Carolyn, U.S. EPA Natural Gas STAR Program, personal com-
munication.
Henderson, C., Panek, J., Smith, M., Picard, D., 2001, Gas-Plant Tests
Reveal Cost-Effective Inspection and Maintenance Practices, Oil & Gas Jour-
nal, May 21,2001.
Howard, Touche, Indaco Air Quality Services, Inc., personal communication.
McMillan, L.W. and Henderson, C., 1999, Cost-Effectively Reduce Emissions
for Natural Gas Processing, Hydrocarbon Processing, October 1999.
Mohr, Gary, UE Systems Inc., personal communication.
16
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Phillips, M. and Lott, R., 1999, Emissions Reductions Can Be Cost-Effective,
Pipeline and Gas Journal, October 1999.
Radian International, 1996, Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Indus-
try, Volume 2, Technical Report, Report No. GRI-94/0257.1, Gas Technology
Institute (formerly Gas Research Institute), Chicago, IL.
Radian International, 1996, Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Indus-
try, Volume 8, Equipment Leaks, Report No. GRI-94/0257.1, Gas Technology
Institute (formerly Gas Research Institute), Chicago, IL.
Tamutus, Terry, Physical Acoustics Corporation, personal communication.
Tingley, Kevin, U.S. EPA Natural Gas STAR Program, personal communication.
17
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&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Air and Radiation (6202J)
1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW
Washington, DC 20460
EPA430-B-03-018
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