Onbir
NaturalGasf
EPA POLLUTION PREVENTER
OT nap-mepOB nporpaMMbi Natural Gas STAR
CJ
DIRECTED INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE AT GATE
STATIONS AND SURFACE FACILITIES
UEJIEHAFIPABJIEHHOE OBCJIEflOBAHME M TEXHMHECKOE
OECJ1V>KMBAHME SAHOPHblX CTAHLJMM M HA3EMHBIX
YCTAHOBOK
B 2001 rofly o6maa awinccufl wieiaHa B pesynbiaie yieneK nepes MSMepmenbHbie npn6opbi n CTa6nnn3MpyK)mMe
ycTpoi/icTsa sanopHbix CTaHU.ni/i n HaseMHbix ycTanosoK B CLUA cocTasuna OKOJIO 27 MJIH. cpyi.3 (764 555 M3).
BbinonHeHne nporpaMMbi ueneHanpasneHHoro o6cneflOBaHMfl n TexHunecKoro o6cny>KMBaHMfl (L|OTO)
HaflexHbiM, acpcpeKTMBHbiM MeioflOM o6Hapy>KeHMfl, usiviepeHMfl, onpefleneHMfl npnopmeTHOCTM n
peMOHTHbix pa6oi no ycipaHeHMK) yieneK B uermx CHMxeHna aMnccnn wieiaHa.
riporpaMMa L|OTO HaHMHaeica c nsyneHMfl 6asoBbix ycnosm/i Ana BbmsneHMfl wiecT n o6teMOB yieneK. TexHonornn,
onpefleneHHbie K3K Han6onee aKOHOMnnecKM acpcpeKTHBHbie, snocneflCTBUM ncnonbsyioTCfl flna pewioHia ysnos c
Hapywem-ioi/i repMeinHHOCTbio. B flanbHei/iiijeM ncnonbsyioTCfl flam-ibie nepsunHbix o6cneflOBaHMi/i, HTO nosBonaeT
onepaiopaivi yflenaib ocHOBHoe BHmviaHne ysnaivi, Han6onee noflsepxeHHbiM yieHKaivi n pewioHT Koiopbix BbirofleH.
flpeflnaraeivioe nccneflosaHne us cepnn "Onbii npmvieHeHMfl" nocsameHO sonpocaivi nonyneHMfl MaKcmvianbHoi/i
3KOHOMMM Hepes BbinojiHeHne nporpawiM L|OTO Ha sanopHbix CTaHunax n HaseMHbix ycianoBKax.
flapiHepbi nporpaMMbi Natural Gas STAR no ceiflM pacnpeflenennfl rasa coo6mnnn o era snaHmenbHoi/i SKOHOMMM n
CHMxeHMM 3MMCCMM MsiaHa B pesyjibiaie BbinoriHeHMfl nporpaMMbi L(OTO. Flo flaHHbiM napiHepos, BbinonHeHne
yKasaHHOi/i nporpaMMbi Ha sanopHbix CTanunflx n HaseMHbix ycianoBKax MOXST o6ecneHMTb exeroflno SKOHOMMK) rasa
na cyMMy flo $1 800 npn CTOMMOCTM saipai OT $20 flo $1 200.
MCTOHHMK
yreHKM
OSopyfloeaHne
sanopHbix
ciai-mni/i M
HaseMHbix
yciaHOBOK
foflOBoii o6~beivi
ynymeHHoro
rasa, Tbic 4>yT.3
(TbIC. M3)/
ynacTOK
OT 0 flo 600 (0 flo
1 7) (30 -200 (0,8-
5,6) - B cpeflHSM no
pasrepMeTusupOBaH-
HblM yCT3HOBKaM)
TexHO/iornfl
CHM>KeHMfl
noTepb rasa
OBhiapyweHMe
M ycTpaneHne
yT6HKM
CTOMMOCTb
C3KOHOMJieHHOrO
rasa1 Ha ynacTOK
flo $1 800
O6lMlie M3flep>KKM
Ha o6napy>KeHMe
M ycTpaHGHne
yTGHGK
OT $20 flo $1 200 M
Bblliie (B SaBMCMMOCTM
OT napaiweTpOB
oBopyflOBaHna M TunoB
peMOHTHblX paBOT)
E>KeroflHan
3KOHOMMfl
napTHepa
OT $50 flo $1 000 M
Bblliie (B SaBMCMMOCTM
OT CTOMMOCTM
oBcneflOBaHMfl,
MHT6HCMBHOCTM yT6HKM
M KonMHecTBa ynacTKOB)
1 U,eHa rasa $3 Tbic. 4)yr.3($1 06/ Tbic. M3)
HacToamni/i flOKyMeHT - oflun us OTHSTOB cepnn "OnbiT npuMeneHMfl", paspa6oTaHHOi/i EPA B coTpyflHunecTse c
rasosoi/i OTpacnbK) B paMKax npoeKTOB nporpaMMbi Natural Gas STAR.
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SanopHbie ciaHunn npeflCTaBrmioT co6oi/i ycipoi/icTBa saiviepa n KOHiporm
flasneHMfl, pacnono>Kei-ii-ibie B oxpanaeivibix nynicrax TpaHcnopinposKM rasa,
Kyqa OH us TpaHcnopiHoro Tpy6onposofla noflaeica no Tpy6onposofly
BbicoKoro flasneHMfl, npuHaflnexamero MecTHOi/i rasopacnpeflenmenbHoi/i
KOMnaHMM. SanopHbie CTanunn o6bNHO ocnamenbi M3MepmenbHoi/i
annapaiypoi/i n peryrmTopaMM flasneHMfl, Koiopbie noHnxaioT flasneHne
rasa B ipaHcnopiHOM Tpy6onposofle OT HecKonbKnx COTSH cpyHios Ha
flo sennHUHbi, npnewineivioi/i arm pacnpeflenmenbHoi/i cucieivibi (o6bNHO
ivienee 300 cpyi./flioi/iM2 (2 Mfla)). flpyrne HaseMHbie yciaHOBKM cucieivibi
pacnpefleneHMfl BKnionaioT HarpesaTenbHbie yciaHOBKM
noiepb Tenna OT pactunpeHUfl rasa, a TaioKe perynaiopbi
HarHeiaTenbHoro noioKa, Koiopbie o6ecneKeHMfl
M saiviepa yieneK, Koiopbie peHTa6enbHbi arm ycnosm/i sanopHbix ciaHum/i n
yciaHOBOK CTaennnsauMM flasneHMfl. l_|enecoo6pasHOCTb Meioflos
o6Hapy>KeHMfl n saiviepa yieneK sasucm OT KOHCipyKunn n pa6o
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xapaKiepuciMK yciaHOBOK Ka>KflOM cucieivibi rasopacnpefleneHna B
OTfleJIbHOCTM.
MeroAbi o6Hapy>KeHMfi yreneK
Meioflbi o6Hapy>KeHMfl yieneK, flBrmfomnecfl cociasHoi/i Hacibio nporpawiMbi
L|OTO, wioryi npmvieHflTbCfl B OTHOiueHnn scex KowinoHeHTOB B nepuqq
paciunpeHHoro o6cneflOBaHMfl MX 6asosbix cocioflHui/i nnn we
TonbKO Arm ysnos, noflsepweHHbix
HapyiueHMK) repMeinHHOCTM. Huxe npusoflmcfl
nepeneHb Meioflos o6Hapy>KeHMfl
Mcnonb30BaHMe MbmbHbix pacTeopoe flBnaeicfl onepaiMSHbiM,
npocibiM n Heflopormvi MeioflOM onpefleneHna wiecT yieneK, npn
KoiopoM MbinbHbii/i paciBop HaHocmcfl Ha wienKne, flociynHbie ysnbi
inna pesb6oBbix coeflMHeHMi/i. llpmvieHeHMe MbinbHoro pacisopa
acpcpeKTMBHO flnfl BbmsneHMfl ocna6neHMfl cpmnHroB n coeflMHeHMi/i,
KOTOpbie MOKHO yCTpaHMTb H3 MeCTe M T6M CaMbIM MCKTHOHMTb yTSHKH, a
TaioKe flnfl onepaiMBHOi/i nposepKM repMeinHHOCTM nocne BbinonneHMfl
pewioHia. Mcnonbsyfl flaHHbii/i wieiofl, onepaiopbi wioryi o6cneflosaTb sa
nac OKOJIO 100 ysnos yciaHOBKM.
3/ieKTpoHHafl MHAMKauMfi nposoflHTCfl c ncnonbsoBaHneivi He6onbujnx
nepenocHbix fleieKiopoB nnn rasoaHannsaiopoB n flBnaeicfl flpyrmvi
onepaiMSHbiM MeioflOM o6Hapy>KeHMfl wiecT flociynHbix
rasoaHannsaiopbi ocHameHbi
n flaiHUKaiviM TennonpoBOflHocin flna o6Hapy>KeHMfl
onpefleneHHbix rasos n wioryi ncnojibsosaTbCfl Ha 6onbujnx
OTKpbiibix ynaciKax, rfle nesosMOKHO Hanecenne MbinbHoro pacisopa.
3neKTpoHHbii/i wieiofl onpefleneHna yieneK wienee onepaiMseH no
cpasHeHMK) c ncnonbsoBaHneivi MbinbHoro pacisopa (B cpeflHewi 50
o6cneflOBaHMi/i sa nac), n onpefleneHne wiecT yieneK Ha era ocnose
Moxei 6biib saipyflHeno npn 6onbiuoi/i KOHueHipaunn ymesoflopoflHbix
rasos.
FlpuMeHeHne aHa/iMsaropoB opraHnnecKnx napoe (OVA) n
aHannaajopoB TOKCMHHbix napoe (TVA), Koiopbie npeflciaBrmioT
co6oi/i nopiaiMSHbie fleieKiopbi yrnesoflopoflos n TaioKe wioryi
onpeflenennfl yieneK. AHannsaiop
fleieKiopoM (FID), Koiopbii/i
opraHnnecKnx napos B fluanasone 9-10 000
ppm. AHannsaiop TVA o6teflMHfleT FID n
fleieKiop (PID) n npeflHasHaneH flna saiviepa
opraHMHecKnx napos, npesbiiuaiomMX 10 000 ppm. AHannsaiopbi TVAn
OVA nosBonaioT usiviepflTb KOHueHTpaunK) wieiaHa B sone
o6Hapy>KMBaK)T nyieivi paswiemeHna snycmoro oisepcTHfl
B 3OHe BO3MO>KHoro noflBJieHMfl yieHKM. B xofle wieflneHHoro
nepewiemeHMfl soHfla Bflonb nosepxHoc™ KOHiaicra nnn oisepcTHfl
CHMTblBaiOTCfl HOKasaHMfl KOHUeHTpaUMM flO MOMeHTa flOCTM>KeHMfl
MaKcmvianbHoro yposHfl. MaKcuivianbHafl saperncTpuposaHHafl
KOHueHTpaunfl npuHMMaeicfl B KanecTse noKasaHna sennHUHbi
o6Hapy>KeHHOi/i yieHKM. O6cneflOBaHne c npmvieHeHMeM aHannsaiopa
TVA nponcxoflMT wieflneHHee, npniviepHO 40 ysnos sa nac, n npn6op
B Hacioi/i Kann6poBKe.
flpn aKycTunecKOM o6Hapy>KeHMM yreneK c noMoujbK) nopiaTMBHoro
aKycTunecKoro ycipoi/icTBa MSMepaeicfl ssyKosoi/i curHan, sosHMKaiomm
npn Bbixofle us OTsepciMfl rasa, Haxoflameroca nofl BbicoKMM
flpn nepewiemeHnn Typ6yneHTHoro noioKa rasa us soHbi
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BbicoKoro flasneHMfl B sony HMSKOTO flasneHMfl nepes wiecTO
B03HMK36T aKyciMHecKMi/i curHan, Koiopbii/i o6Hapy>KMBaeTCfl
nopiaTMSHbiM flaiHMKOM MJIM soHflOM, ycujiMBaeTCfl n perncipupyeTCfl B
MSMepmenbHoi/i cucieivie. AKycTunecKne fleieKiopbi He nosBormioT
nswiepnTb o6teM yieneK, HO c MX noMoujbK) MO>KHO onpeflenmb
OTHOcmenbHbie pasiviepbi wiecT yieneK, iaK K3K ssyK c noBbiujennbiM
ypOBHSM MHTeHCMBHOCTM MJ1M "rpOMKMI/i" yK33blB3eT H3 6onee BblCOKMI/i
yposenb yieHKM. AKycTunecKne
npn6opbl p33p363TblB3K)TCfl
o6napy>KeHMfl curHanos K3K
BblCOKOM, T3K M HM3KOM
HaCTOTbl.
BbicoKoyacmomHoe
aKvcmuyecKoe
PMC. 2: O6tiapy>KeHMe yreHKM
flaTHMKOM
MCTOHHMK: Physical Acoustics Corp.
Han6onee L4enecoo6pa3HO
npnivieHflTb B ycnosuflx
nociopoHHero tuyivia n
BOSMOKHOCTM pasMeujeHMfl
flaiHMKa HenocpeflCTseHHO Ha
wiecTe yieHKM. Ha puc. 2
noKasana ycianoBKa
Ha
i ysen flna
o6napy>KeHMfl yieHKM. flpyrnivi
sapnaHTOM flBnaeicfl
npuMenenne vfibrnpasevKoeoao Memoda o6Hapy>KeHUfi
ocHosaHHoro Ha perncipaunn pacnpocipaHflfomnxcfl B
cpefle ynbipassyKOBbix cumanoB B fluanasone 20 \KeHMM
Bospaciaei rpowiKOCTb ssyKa B nayiiJHMKax. YnbipassyKOBbie
wioryi 6biib HyBCTBmenbHbi K cpoHOBbiM ujyiviaM, xoifl MHorne
ocHamaioTCfl cneunanbHbiMM HacioTHbiMn cpunbipaMM, HTO
HaciponTb soHfl Ha onpefleneHHbii/i sufl yieHKM npn nosbiiueHHOM yposHe
nowiex.
TexHonornn M3MepeHnsq yreneK
cocTSBJifliommvi KOMnoHeHTOM nporpsMMbi L|OTO
nswiepeHne yflenbHbix wiaccosbix awinccm/i nnn o6teMOB yieneK us
BbmsneHHbix MCTOHHMKOB, HTO nosBonaeT HanpasnaTb cneunanncTOB n
cpeflcisa Ha pewioHT ynacTKOB TonbKO c BbicoKoi/i MHieHCMBHOcibK)
rfle nposeflenne pewioHTHbix pa6oi peHTa6enbHO.
cneflyiomne neibipe wieiofla nsMepenm/i: npeo6pasoBaHMe
o6Hapy>KeHHbix aHannsaTopaiviM TVA n OVA Ha ocnose o6mnx ypasHenm/i
nepecneia; wieiofl oi6opa B rasoc6opHbie ewiKoc™; npo6ooT6opHHKM
o6teMOB; n poiaMeipbi.
flaHHbie no o6mmvi o6teMaM aMnccnn nepes o6opyflosaHMe sanopnbix
ciaHuni/i M HaseMHbix yciaHOBOK yKasbisaioT Ha OTHOcmenbHO He6onbLune
o6teMbi yieneK no MHO™M ysnaivi B OTflenbHocin. flrm 6onbiiJMHCTBa
sanopnbix ciaHuni/i nposeflenne nporpaMMbi L|OTO ivioxei OKasaibca
peHTa6enbHbiM TonbKO B cnynae npuMenennfl cawibix flewesbix TexHonorm/i
saiviepa yieneK. 3io ci
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Ahia;iM3aTopbi OVA n TVA Moryi npmviei-mTbCfl flrm usiviepeHMfl o6teivia
yflenbHoi/i wiaccoBoi/i 3MHccnn. MsiviepeHHbie aHannsaiopoM
Ha wiecie yieHKM He oipaxaioT HenocpeflCTseHHyio
yflenbHoi/i wiaccoBoi/i 3MHccnn OT yieHKM. Tewi ne wieHee,
nonyneHMbie B ppm KOHueHipaunn npeo6pasyK)TCfl B yflenbHyio
Maccosyio aMnccnio Ha ocnose ypasneHUfl nepecneia, npeflno>KeHHoro
EPA. flaHHbie ypasHeHMfl wioryi ncnojibsosaTbCfl flna OUSHKH o6teMOB
3MMCCMM no sceiviy fluanasoHy saperncTpuposaHMbix KOHueHipaum/i, i.e.
OT npeflena HyscTBHTenbHOCTM npn6opa flo "pacnosHasaeivibix"
Koiopbie npeflCTasriflioT co6oi/i sepxHMi/i npeflen
B03MO>KHOCTei/i npn6opa. Ecnn sepxHMi/i npeflen
saiviepeHHOi/i TVA, cocTasrmeT 10 000 ppm, TO MO>KHO npmvieHflTb
pas>KM>KeHMfl flnfl saiviepa o6Hapy>KeHHbix
sennHUHbi 100 000 ppm. Kann6poBKy aHannsaiopoB OVA n TVA
Heo6xoflMMO nposoflHTb Ha ocnose rasa, nivieiomero ussecTHbii/i cocias
npn MssecTHOi/i KOHueHipaunn. O6bNHO flna ainx uenei/i Mcnonbsyeicfl
cwiecb. flpn Kann6poBKe TaioKe onpeflenaeicfl
pearnposaHMfl npn6opa, Koiopbii/i KoppeKinpyei
saperncTpuposanHbie KOHueHipaunn flna MX cooTseicTBUfl cpaKTunecKoi/i
KOHueHipauuM cociasa yieHKM. Hanpniviep, KoacpcpnuneHT pearnposaHMfl
"oflun" osnanaeT, HTO KOHueHTpauna, sacpuKcuposaHHaa TVA,
cooTBeTCTByei cpaKTunecKoi/i KOHueHipaunn
, o6napy>KeHHbie no oiflenbHbiM ysnaivi, KoppeKinpyioTCfl
pearnposaHMfl (ecnn Heo6xoflmvio) n saieivi BBOflflica B
nepecneia EPAflna aKCTpanonauuM saiviepa o6teivia
no Ka>KflOMy KOMnoHeHiy. Ha puc. 3 npeflCTasneH nepeneHb
nepecneia EPAflna ysnos o6opyflosaHMfl, npuwieHfleivioro B
Hecpierasosoi/i oipacnu.
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PMC. 3: Be/iMHMHa nepecneja U.S. EPA o6~beivia/o6Hapy>KeHM» yreHKM
Ana ys/iOB o6opyflOBaHMfl HecpTerasoeoM OTpacnn
Yse/i o6opyqoBaHMfl
TpySonpOBOflnaa apiviaiypa
ynjiOTHenna Hacoca
CoeflMHmenbHbie Myqbibi
0JiaHL(bl
CeenHbie KpaHbi
flpyn/ie yanbi (npuSopbi,
nepenycmbie KnanaHbi
flaaneHna, BeHTnnai4MOHHbie
Kanajibi M see nponee)
Be/iMHMHa
nepecneja EPA
o6i>eMa
/o6Hapy>KeHMa
yreHKM
(KF/H/MCTOHHUK)
2,29E-06 x (SV)0746
5,03E-05 x (SV)0610
1 ,53E-06 x(SV)0735
4,61E-06x(SV)0703
2,20E-06 x (SV)0704
1 ,36E-05 x (SV)0589
nepecHGT o6i>eMa
yreHKM (KF/H) no
o6Hapy>KeHHOMy
"pacnosHaBae-
MOMy" SHaneHMK)
>10 000 ppm
0,064
0,074
0,028
0,085
0,030
0,073
nepecHGT o6i>eMa
yreHKM (KF/H) no
o6Hapy>KeHHOMy
"pacnosHaBae-
MOMy" SHaHGHMK)
>100 000 ppm
0,140
0,160
0,030
0,084
0,079
0,110
flaHHbie SHaneHna nepecneia npeflciaanaiOT co6oi/i CKOppeKTupoeaHMbie SHaneHna no HeqVraHOi/i
oipacnu. VpaBHeHna nepecneia npomosi/ipyiOT o6mne oSteMbi SMMCCMM opraHnnecKOi/i civieai.
Kosc^cJjimMeHT nepecneia MeiaHa: IKF Meiana = 51, 92 INC. dpyj.3 (1,5 Tbic. M3); iKr/nac =
1 ,246 Tbic. (JyT.VfleHb (352 827 M^flSHb).
MCTOHHMK: U.S. EPA, 1995, Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission Estimates.
Ha puc. 4 npeflCTasneHa Ta6nni4a ypasHeHMi/i nepecneia EPA
i aHannsaiopoB TVA n OVA. Ona MOKST 6biib McnonbsosaHa
yAenbHbix wiaccoBbix 3MMCcm/i no KOHueHTpaunflM yieneK,
o6Hapy>KeHHbix Ha ysnax c Hapyujem-ioi/i repMeinHHOCTbio Ha sanopnbix
M HaseMHbix yciaHOBKax.
PMC. 4: flpuMep nepecneja o6tiapy>KeHHOM KOHL|eHTpaL|MM/o6'beMa
yTGHKM
KoHLjempaLjMM,
o6Hapy>KeHHbie
npn6opoM,
ppmv
1
10
100
1 000
10000
100000
O6Hapy>KeHHoe
SHaneHne,
noflqep>KMBaeMoe
npn>10000
O6Hapy>KeHHoe
SHaneHne,
noflqep>KMBaeMoe
npn>100000
PacHGTHbiii o6teM yqe/ibHOM Maccosoii SMMCCMM, Tbic. 4>yr.3
(TbIC. M3)/rOfl
TpySonpo-
apMarypa
0,001
(0,00003)
0,006
(0,0002)
0,032(0,001)
0,180(0,005)
1,004(0,03)
5,593 (0,2)
29,109(0,8)
63,676(1,8)
YnjioTHe-
HMfl
Hacoca
0,023
(0,0006)
0,093
(0,003)
0,380
(0,01)
1,547
(0,04)
6,301 (0,2)
25,669
(0,7)
33,657
(0,9)
72,773
(2,1)
CoeflMHM
TGJIbHbie
My4>Tbi
0,001
(0,00003)
0,004
(0,0001)
0,021
(0,0006)
0,112
(0,003)
0,606
(0,02)
3,293(0,1)
12,735
(0,4)
13,645
(0,4)
(PjiaHLJbl
0,002
(0,00006)
0,011
(0,0003)
0,053
(0,002)
0,269
(0,008)
1,360
(0,04)
6,864
(0,2)
38,660
(1,1)
38,206
(1,1)
C6pocHbie
narpy6KM
0,001
(0,00003)
0,005
(0,0001)
0,026
(0,0007)
0,130
(0,004)
0,655 (0,02)
3,313(0,1)
13,645(0,4)
35,931
(1,02)
ripoHue
yanbi1
0,006
(0,0002)
0,024
(0,0007)
0,093
(0,003)
0,362
(0,01)
1,404
(0,04)
5,450
(0,1)
33,203
(0,9)
50,031
(1,4)
1 "flpOHne" yanbi oSopyqoBaHna BKnKwaiOT: npuSopbi, aarpyaoHHbie pyKasa, nepenycmbie
KnanaHbi flaaneHna, naSuBHbie canbHMKn n BeHTmwu,MOHHbie Kananbi. flaHHoe nono>KeHMe
npHMBHUMO K JlK)6blM KOMnOHBHTaM OSOpyflOBaHMS KpOMe COeflMHMTejlbHblX MyqDT, CSpOCHblX
naipySKOB, Hacocos MJIM Tpy6onpOBOflHOi/i apMaiypbi.
MCTOHHMK: U.S. EPA, 1995, Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission Estimates.
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MGTOA OT6opa B ra3oc6opHbie GMKOCTM o6bNHO Mcnonbsyeicfl
yqenbHoi/i wiaccoBoi/i 3MHccnn us wiecT yieneK. Mecio
secb ysen HaKpbisaioT "wieujKOM" nnn TeHTOM. MHepiHbii/i ras,
Hanpniviep, asoi, noflaeica B ewiKocib c MssecTHbiM pacxoflowi. flocne
wieujKa us Hero OT6npaeTCfl npo6a rasosoi/i cwiecu n
KOHueHTpauna wieiaHa. YqenbHafl Maccosaa awinccufl
Ha ocnose usiviepeHHOi/i KOHueHipaunn wieiana B
rasoc6opHOM wieujKe n CKOpocin noflann B Hero unepTHoro rasa. Meiofl
oi6opa B rasoc6opHbie ewiKoc™ flociaioHHO TOHHbii/i (norpeujHocib OT
± 10% flo 15 %), HO MeAneHHbii/i n TpyfloewiKMi/i (TonbKO flsa-ipn o6pasua
B nac). OH TaioKe flociaioHHO floporocToamm/i ssufly npuBneneHMfl
Sonbujoro nucna pa6o
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riporpaMMa L|OTO
BbinonHfleicfl B neibipe aiana:
(1) nccneflosaHne 6asoBbix
ycnosMi/i; (2)
ysnos
3KOHOMMHeCKM 3CpCpeKTMBHblX
pewioHTHbix pa6oi; (3) aHanna
flaHHbix, BbinonHeHne
peMOHTa M OUSHKa 3KOHOMMM
wieiaHa; n (4) paspa6oTKa
nnana
3janbi npuHflTMfl peiueHMfl
nporpaMMbi UOTO
1. MccneflOBaHne Sasosbix ycnoBMi/i.
pesynbiaioB n onpeflenenne
2. PerncTpai4na pesynbiaTOB n onpefleneHne
ysjioe - KaHflMflaiOB Ha peMom.
3. AHanns flaHHbix n cmeHKa SKOHOMMM.
4. PaspaSoiKa nnana oScneflOBam/ii/i An
6yqymei/i nporpaMMbi LJOTO.
o6cneflOBaHMi/i n nocneflyiomero MOHmopm-ira o6opyflosaHMfl,
noflsepxeHHoro
6a3OBbix ycnoenM. riporpaMMa L(OTO o6bNHO
c o6cneflOBaHMfl 6asoBoro cocioflHUfl wiecT yieneK. Flo Ka>KflOMy
ysny c HapyiueHHOi/i repMeinHHOCTbio Ha ocHose oflHoro us
BbiujensnoKeHHbix wieioflOB onpeflermeTCfl yflenbHaa Maccosaa awinccufl. B
ceicrope rasopacnpefleneHMfl o6teMbi yieneK us KOMnneKTyfomnx ysnos
sanopHbix ciaHum/i n HaseMHbix yciaHOBOK wioryi 6biib Ha
nopaflKa HM>Ke o6teMOB yieneK, xapaKiepnbix flna o6opyqoBaHMfl
KowinpeccopHbix ciaHum/i. Ms coo6pa>KeHm/i peHTa6enbHoc™
nporpaMMbi L(OTO Ha sanopnbix CTanunflx pacxoflbi na BbinonHeHne
nepsoro aiana flon>KHbi 6biib
HeKoiopbie napiHepbi ceKiopa rasopacnpefleneHna npeflnonmaioT TonbKO
o6cneflosaTb Mecia yieneK, ncnonbsya Hefloporoi/i, HO onepaiMBHbii/i
o6napy>KeHMfl, BKruonaa npoueflypy o6cneflOBaHMfl B nnanosoe
o6cny>KMBaHMe. B noflo6Hbix cnynaax npoBOflmca TonbKO o6cneflOBaHne
MecT yieneK n noaioMy saipaibi HesHaHmenbHbie. OflHaKO o6cneflOBaHne,
cocpeflOToneHHoe MCKnioHmenbHO Ha o6napy>KeHMM MSCT yieneK, ne
nosBonaei onpeflenmb o6teMbi yieneK nnn noTeHunanbHbii/i o6teM
3KOHOMMM rasa, HTO flBnaeicfl KTHOHesoi/i MHCpopMaunei/i, o6ocHOBbisaK)mei/i
3KOHOMMHeCKyK) 3CpCpeKTMBHOCTb peMOHTa M BJIMfllOmei/i H3 npUHflTMe
peweHMfl no era nposefleHMK) npn HeflociaTOHHOCTM cpeflcis Ha ycTpanenne
scex
3ran 2: PerncTpaunsq peaynbTaroB n onpeAeneHne ysnoa -
Ha peMOHT. flaHHbie MSMepeHna yieneK, nonyneHMbie B xofle
3iana 1, flon>KHbi perncTpuposaTbCfl c uenbio BbmsneHMfl ysnos, peMOHT
KOTOpblX 3KOHOMMHeCKM SCpCpeKTMBeH.
flocne BbmsneHMfl n MSMepeHna yieneK onepaiopbi flon>KHbi
saperncTpuposaTb ncxoflHbie flam-ibie flna Toro, HTo6bi
o6cneflOBaHMfl nposoflnib MCKnioHmenbHO Ha ysnax,
Han6onbiiJMe o6teMbi yieneK. Pesynbiaibi nposeflennfl nporpaMMbi L|OTO
MO>KHO OTcnexMBaib JiK)6biM yflo6HbiM MeioflOM n B JiK)6oM cpopMaie. Hn>Ke
npusefleHbi flaHHbie, Koiopbie onepaiopbi peKOMeHflyioT perncTpuposaTb:
(1) MfleHTMCpMKauMOHHbii/i 3H3K flnfl Ka>Kfloro Mecia yieHKn; (2) inn ysna
, sanopHbii/i Knanan); (3) MSMepeHHaa CKOpocib yieHKn; (4) flaia
o6cneflOBaHMfl; (5) oueHOHHaa roflosaa noiepa rasa n (6)
cioMMOCTb peMOHia. flaHHaa MHCpopMauna nossonm npasunbHO
ocneflytomne o6cneflOBaHMfl no onpefleneHMK) o6teMOB
3MMCCMM, yciaHOBMT npnopnieTHOCTb 6yflymnx peMOHTHbix pa6oi n MOXST
Sbiib McnonbsosaHa flna OTcnexusaHMfl o6teMOB SKOHOMMM Meiana n
pacneia aKOHOMnnecKoi/i acpcpeKTMBHOcin nporpaMMbi L|OTO.
flapiHepbi nporpaMMbi Natural Gas STAR coo6maK)T, HTO Han6onee
xapaKiepHbie Mecia yieneK Ha sanopHbix CTaHunax n HaseMHbix ycianoBKax
-------
Ms-sa npoKonoB M TpeujMH Ha o6opyqoBaHMM, ocna6neHMM
/i, MSHOca nnn HennoiHoi/i nocaflKM ynnoiHeHm/i wioKa KnanaHOB.
flapiHepbi Bbmsunn cneflytomne, Han6onee Hacio perncipupyeivibie, wiecia
BOSHMKHOseHMfl yieHeKi MSMepnTejibHafl fluacppanvia/apiviaTypa, sarnywKM,
ycTaHasnMBaeivibie Ha KOHiponbHbix TOHKax, npecc-iviacneHKM Ha
Tpy6onposoflHoi/i apiviaiype, wiycpibi, ynnoTHenne wioKa Knanana n
cpnaHUbi, a TaioKe yieHKM, o6ycnoBnem-ibie cnowHocibK) cipyicrypbi
MSMepmenbHoro soHfla nnn era 6onbwmvi fluaMeipoM. Han6onbiiJMe yieHKM
sosHMKaioT B nepenycKHbix Knananax flasneHMfl, c6pocHbix naipy6Kax,
cpnaHuax, sanopHbix Knananax n ynnoTHeHnax UJTOKOB sanopHbix KnanaHOB.
npnopmeTHOCTb ycipaHeHMfl yieneK onpeflenaeicfl nyieivi conocTasneHMfl
o6teMOB noiepb npupoflHoro rasa n MX oueHOHHOi/i CTOMMOCTM,
TaioKe CTOMMOCTb Tpyflosaipai, sanacHbix Haciei/i, speivieHM npocioa
o6opyflosaHMfl npn sefleHnn pewioHTHbix pa6oi.
SanopHbie ciaHunn n HaseMHoe o6opyflosaHMe wioryi 6biib
pasiviepoB n mvieib pasHyio yciaHOBOHHyK) sennHMHy pa6oHero
Koiopaa onpeflermeTCfl ra6apmaMM n cno>KHOCTbK) cucieivibi
rasopacnpefleneHMfl. B pesynbiaie o6teMbi TexHonornnecKnx noiepb rasa
OT 3MMCCMM HO flaHHbIM BMflaM o6opyflOBaHMfl MOfyi CMJIbHO OTJIMHaibCfl. B
pesynbiaie nonesbix nccneflosaHm/i, nposeflem-ibix B 1994 rofly AreHTCTBOM
oxpaHbi OKpyxaiomei/i cpeflbi CLUA (EPA) n MHCTmyTOM rasa (GRI), cei/inac
TexHonornn rasa (GTI), c ncnonbsoBaHneivi lexHonornn nposepKM
Ha ocHose npo6Horo rasa, 6bina nsMepena yqenbHafl
Maccosaa awinccufl Ha o6opyflosaHMM 40 sanopHbix cianum/i n na
peryrmiopax flasneHMfl B 55 OKpyrax. riposefleHHoe nccneflosaHne
Bbmsuno, HTO cpeflHflfl roflosaa sennHMHa aMnccnn wieiaHa sapbupyeica OT
1 575 Tbic. cpyi.3 (44,6 Tbic. M3) Ha sanopHbix CTanunflx, pa6oTaK)mnx npn
flasneHMM snycKa csbiiue 300 cpyi./flioi/iM2 (2 wifla) flo ivienee 1 Tbic. cpyi.3
(28,3 M3) na TeppmopnanbHbix ycianoBKax CTa6nnMsai4MM flasnennfl, rfle
flasnenne snycKa cocTasrmeT ivienee 40 cpyi./flioi/iM2 psig (0,2 wifla).
CpeflHflfl sennHMHa aMnccnn na yciaHOBKy, paccnmaHHafl no sceivi 95
o6teKTaM, cocTasuna 425 Tbic. cpyi.3 (12 Tbic. M3). B xofle flaHHoro
6bino onpefleneHO, HTO ocHOBHaa flona o6mei/i aMnccnn
Ha nneBMaTMHecKne KOHiponnepbi, KOHCTpyKuna Koiopbix
npeflycMaTpusaei BbinycK rasa B aiMoccpepy.
B 1998 rofly EPA/GRI M American Gas Association Pipeline Research Com-
mittee International (PRCI) nposenn siopoe nccneflosaHne no o6teiviaM
3MMCCMM wieiana nepes KOMnneKTytomne ysnbi 16 KOHiponbHO-
MSMepmenbHbix v\ CTa6nnM3npyK)mMX yciaHOBOK B ceicrope
ipaHcnopinpoBKH v\ pacnpefleneHna npupoflHoro rasa. Cucieivia
pacnpefleneHMfl 6bina npeflCTasneHa neibipbivifl sanopHbiwin ciaHunflMM.
Ahanns nposoflnncfl no o6opyqoBaHMK) Ka>Kfloro ynaciKa Ha ocnose flannbix
o6cneflOBaHMfl v\ saiviepos oiflenbHbix ysnos c HapyiueHHOi/i
repMeinHHOCTbio c McnojibsosaHneM npo6ooT6opHMKOB 6onbiiJMX pasiviepoB.
B xofle nepBOHananbHoro o6cneflOBaHMfl 6bino BbmsneHO, HTO OCHOBHOM
o6teM 3MMCCMM (6onee 95%) npuxoflnnca Ha nneBMaTMHecKne
KOHTponnepbi. Bsufly Toro, HTO KOHCTpyKuna nHesMaiMHecKnx KOHTponnepos
npeflycMaipuBaei BbinycK rasa B xofle MX o6bNHOi/i aKcnnyaiaunn,
o6teM 3MMCCMM He paccMaTpusancfl K3K yieHKa. flHeBMaTMHecKne
KOHTponnepbi npeflCTasnaioT co6oi/i SHaHmenbHbie BOSMO>KHOCTM
CHMxennfl 3MMCCMM ivieiaHa Ha sanopHbix ciaHunflx M HaseMHbix ycianoBKax,
HTO 6onee fleianbno paccMoipeno B flsyx oineiax cepnn "Onbim
npuMeHeHUfi": Convert Gas Pneumatic Controls to Instrument Air
/"l~lpeo6pa3OBaHMe rasosbix nHesMaiMHecKnx cucieivi ynpasneHna Ha
McnonbsosaHne TexHonornnecKoro sosflyxa" M Options For Reducing
Methane Emissions from Pneumatic Devices in the Natural Gas
lndustryl"BapiAamb\ coKpamenna aMnccnn wieiana us
-------
PMC. 5: YcpeflHeHHbie KO34>4>ML|MeHTbi OMMCCMM Mejana no
yjeHKawi nepes o6opyflOBaHne 16 KOHTpo/ibHO-MSMepMTe/ibHbix M
CTa6nfiM3MpyK»LHMX ycjaHOBOK
yae/i
LUapOBOi/i/ KOHMHecKMi/i
BSHTUJlb
PerynnpyiOLum/i KnanaH
0naHei4
SanOpHblM BSHTUJlb
FaSOOTBOfl
nHeBMOCMCieMbi
KnanaH cSpoca flaanenna
CoeflMHMTejlbHbie MyCflTbl
Bcero
3MMCCMM, TbIC. 4>yT.3
(TbIC. M3)/rOfl/y36Jl
0,21 (0,006)
0,46(0,01)
0,13 (0,004)
0,79 (0,02)
134,3(3,8)
4,84(0,1)
0,11 (0,003)
O6mee HMCJio
o6cjieflosaHHbix
248
17
525
146
40
5
1 280
2261
CpeflHee KOJI-
BO ys/ioB Ha
ynacTKe
18
1
38
10
1
1
91
162
MCTOHHMK: Indaco Air Quality Services, 1998.
yciponcTB B rasosoM npoMbiiuneHHOCTM .
Ha puc. 5 npusefleHO o6o6meHne ycpeflHem-ibix KoacpcpnuneHTOB
no KOMnneKiyiommvi ysnaivi, Koiopbie 6binn nonyneHbi B xofle nccneflosaHm/i
1998 rofla. YienKM 6binn o6Hapy>KeHbi npniviepHO Ha 5% scex 2 261
ysnos.
Ms flaHHbix puc. 5 cneflyei, HTO Ha Knananbi c6poca flasneHMfl
Han6onbium/i o6teM yieneK, sa HMMM cneflyioT sanopHbie seHTunn n
perynnpyfomne KnanaHbi. HamvieHbium/i o6teM yieneK 6bin o6Hapy>KeH Ha
wiycpiax, cpnanuax n LuapoBbix/KOHnnecKnx
Ha ocHose puc. 5 MO>KHO cflenaib Bbisofl, HTO Tunosoi/i o6teM yieneK no
sanopnbiM ciaHUMflM n naseiviHbiM yciaHOBKaivi OTHOcmenbHO HesennK, a
KonnnecTBO ysnos, noflnexamnx o6cneflOBaHMK) Ha Ka>Kfloi/i ycianoBKe,
npesbiiuaeT 100
cpeflHflfl sennHMHa rasosoi/i aMnccnn na KOHiponbHO-
MSMepmenbHbix n CTa6nnn3npyK)mMX yciaHOBKax 6bina paccnmaHa no
OTflenbHbiM KOMnneKiyiommvi ysnaivi npn o6cneflOBaHMflx 1998 rofla n
cocTasuna 409 Tbic. cpyi.3 B rofl (11,5 Tbic. M3). Ecnn ncKruoHMib o6mni/i
o6teM 3MMCCMM Hepes nHeBMaiMHecKne KOHiponnepbi, TO B cpeflHewi o6teM
3MMCCMM no o6opyflOBaHMK) Ka>Kfloro ynaciKa cocTasun 20 - 40 Tbic. cpyT.3
(566 - 1133 M3), xoTfl Ha neKOTOpbix ynacTKax 6binn saperncTpuposanbi n
Sonee BbicoKne o6teMbi aMnccnn, cocTaBMBUJne 60-100 Tbic. cpyT.Vrofl (1,7
- 2,8 Tbic. M3).
TaKMM o6pasoM, nonesbie nccneflosaHMfl 1998 rofla eme pas noflnepKHynn
SHannMOCTb Bbisofla, no 3Tany 1, o TOM, HTO aKOHOMMHecKaa
acpcpeKTMBHOCTb nposefleHMfl nporpaMMbi L|OTO Ha sanopnbix CTanunax M
HaseMHbix ycTaHOBKax onpeflenaeTca HMSKOM sennHMHOi/i saTpaT v\
onepaTMBHOCTbK) npmvieHfleivibix TexHonorni/i o6cneflOBaHMfl. B npoTMBHOM
cnynae CTomviocTb o6Hapy>KeHMfl yTeneK MOXST npesbicnTb
nonynaeiviyK) B pesynbTaTe MX
3ran 3: Ananns AaHHbix M oueHKa SKOHOMMM. PeHTa6enbHOCTb
pewioHTHbix pa6oT flsnaeTCfl KnioHesbiM cpaKTOpowi ycnewHoro
nporpaMMbi L|OTO, T3K K3K Han6onbiuafl aKOHOMna flocTuraeTca TonbKO
10
-------
Snaroflapa ueneHanpasneHMbiM flei/icTBMflM no ycipaHeHMK) iex
Koiopbie B 6yqymeivi o6ecneKHbi M ipe6yK)T ociaHOBKM o6opyflosaHMfl MJIM saivieHbi fleianei/i. TaKne
ysnbi peKOMeHflyeicfl MapKuposaib n nposoflmb pewioHTHbie pa6oibi Ha HMX
nosxe.
pewioHT cneflyei nposoflmb Ha wiecie cpasy xe nocne
o6napy>KeHMfl yieHKM. Bo scex cnynaax cioniviocTb caKOHOMneHHoro rasa
flon>KHa npesbiiuaTb saipaibi Ha o6napy>KeHMe n ycTpanenne
flapiHepbi nporpawiMbi npniunn K Bbisofly, HTO acpcpeKTMBHOCTb
aHannsa 6asoBbix ycnosni/i onpeflenaeicfl cocTasneHneivi nonHoro
wiecT yieneK n saipai Ha MX ycTpanenne c yKasaHneivi oxuflaeivibix o6teMOB
3KOHOMMM rasa n npeflnonaraewioro cpoKa cny>K6bi BocciaHOBneHHbix ysnos.
Ha ocHose flam-ioi/i MHCpopiviauMM TaKoi/i aKOHOMnnecKMi/i noKasaienb, K3K
nepnofl OKynaewioc™, ivioxei 6biib nerKO paccnmaH no Ka>KflOMy cnynaKi
yieHKM, HTO nosBonm napinepy npuHflib peiueHne no pewioHiy ysnos c
Han6onbiuei/i aKOHOMnnecKoi/i acpcpeKTMBHOcibio.
Ha puc. 6 npusefleH npniviep aHannsa saipai flam-ioro inna pewioHTHbix
pa6oi, rfle coo6meHbi flaHHbie saipai Ha pewioHT, nonnoi/i aKOHOwinn rasa n
pacneTHbix HMCTbix c6epe>KeHm/i. flaHHbie no yieHKaivi n saipaiaivi na
pewioHT, npusefleHHbie na puc. 6, nonyneHbi B xofle nonesbix nccneflOBanm/i
1998 rofla, nposeflennbix EPA/GRI/PRC, Korfla nponssoflnncfl pacnei
flsyx us 16 yciaHOBOK, BKnioHeHMbix B nnan o6cneflOBaHMfl.
PMC. 6: ripuMep aajpaT Ha peMOHT n pasiviepa HMCTBIX c6epe>KeHMM no
OTflenbHbiM ysnaM o6opyflOBaHMfl
OnncaHne
yana
LLJapOBOi/i
BeHTMJlb
SanopHbii/i
Knanan
3anopHbii/i
Knanan
CoeflMHM-
lenbHbie
MyC}3Tbl
fluacjjpar-
M8HHbll/i
pacxoflOMep
Sr.Daniel
0naHei43
Tun
peMOHra
rioBiopHaa
CMasKa
3aM6Ha
ynnoTHeHna
CT6p>KHH
Knanana
3aM6Ha
ynnoTHeHna
ciep>KHa
Knanana
Haia>KeHMe
pesbSoBOi/i
apiviaiypbi
Haia>KeHMe
apiwaiypbi
Haia>KeHMe
(pacneTHoe)
CTOMMOCTb
peMOHra1
(BKJIHDHaa
ypyfloaa-
rpaTbi v\
MarepManbi)
$13
$3
$3
$3
$33
$40
O6mee KOJI-
BO yanoB,
OTpeMOH-
TMpOBaHHblX
Ha flByx
ynacTKax
5
5
1
4
1
5
O6iMMM
o6teM
3KOHOMMM
rasa, Tbic.
4>yr.3 (Tbic.
M3)/ rofl
60(1,7)
67(1,9)
92 (2,6)
11 (0,3)
68(1,9)
99 (2,8)
PaCHGT-
Hbie
HMCTbie
c6epe>Ke-
HM512,
$/rofl
$115
$36
$243
$21
$171
$97
FlepMOfl
OKynae-
MOCTM
peMOHTa,
rofl
0,4
0,8
0,1
0,4
0,2
0,7
1 CpeflHaa cionMOCTb peMOHia B flonnapax CLLJA B 2002 rofly.
2 flpeflnonaraa, HTO cionMOCTb rasa cocTaanaeT $3/Tbic. cjjyi.3 ($106/Tbic. M3).
3 CionMOCTb peMOHia He noKasaHa B oiHeie cfiaKTMHecKoro oScneflOBaHna. Saipaibi Ha peMOHT
cfjjiai-ma OGHOBaHbi Ha flannbix 1977 rofla, nonyneHMbix npn ycipaHeHMM yrenKH nepes 43naHL(bi
KOMnpeccopOB KOMnpeccopHbix CTaHL(m/i BO speivia MX OTKntoneHMM OT Tpy6onpOBOflHOi/i cucieMbi.
MCTOHHMK: Indaco Air Quality Services, Inc., 1998, Trends in Leak Rates at Metering and Regulating
Facilities and the Effectiveness of Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) Programs, Draft Report.
11
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B uermx 6esonacHOCTM HeKoiopbie napmepbi ycipaHRTiM yieHKM Ha scex
ysnax sanopHbix n MSMepmenbHbix ciaHum/i, rfle 6bino BbmsneHO
HapytueHne repMeinHHOCTM. B TaKMX cnynaax nposefleHne nporpawiMbi
L|OTO yflo6HO flna nosbiwei-iMfl peHTa6enbHoc™ nocneflyiomMX
o6cneflOBaHMi/i n TexHunecKoro o6cny>KMBaHMfl c onpeflenem/ieM
npnopmeTHOCTM pewioHia, Koiopoe npeflnonaraei nepsoonepeflHoe
BbmsneHne n pewioHT ysnos c Han6onbiumviM oeteiviaMM yieneK, nnn we
Sonee Hacioe nposefleHne HHcneKTHposaHMfl n TexHunecKoro
o6cny>KMBaHMfl Ha ycianoBKax, rfle HacToia BOSHMKHOBeHMfl
flocne o6Hapy>KeHMfl, usiviepeHMfl n ycipaHeHMfl yieneK onepaiopaivi
peKOMeHflyeicfl perncTpuposaTb flaHHbie 6asoBbix ycnosni/i flna Toro, HTo6bi
cocpefloiaHMBaTb nocneflytomne o6cneflOBaHMfl Ha ysnax c HansbiciumviM
o6teMaMM yieneK. 3ia uncpopiviauMfl noMOKei CKOopflMHUposaTb
nocneflytomne flei/iciBUfl no o6sopy awinccm/i, onpeflenmb onepeflHocib
Syqymnx pewioHTHbix pa6oi, oicneflmb aKOHOMMK) rasa n
acpcpeKTMBHOCTb BbinojiHeHMfl nporpawiMbi L(OTO.
3ran 4: Paspa6oTKa nnana o6cneAoeaHMM p,nn 6ypy\nev\ nporpaMMbi
L|OTO. Ha KoneHHOM aiane BbinonneHMfl nporpawiMbi L(OTO
paspa6aTbiBaeTCfl nnan npeflcioamnx pa6oi c ncnonbsoBaHneivi
pesynbiaioB nepBOHananbHoro o6cneflOBaHMfl 6asoBbix ycnosni/i
o6opyflosaHMfl flna onpefleneHna coflepxaHna npeflnonaraeivibix
MHcneKunoHHbix pa6oi n TexHunecKoro o6cny>KMBaHMfl. flporpaiviMa L(OTO
flon>KHa paspa6aTbiBaTbCfl c yneioivi Tpe6osaHm/i Meioflos TexHunecKoro
o6cny>KMBaHMfl, npmvieHfleMbix Ha ynaciKe. 3cpcpeKTMBHOCTb nnana
o6cneflOBaHMi/i flon>KHa
* flepeneHb KOMnneKiyfomnx ysnos, noflnexamnx o6cneflOBaHMK) n
TecTuposaHMK), a TaioKe nepeneHb fleianei/i o6opyflosaHMfl, Koiopbie
cneflyei ncKruoHMib us o6cneflOBaHMfl.
* npn6opbi o6Hapy>KeHMfl n usiviepeHMfl yieneK n wieioflbi c6opa,
perncipauuM n oueHKM flaHHbix, nonyneHMbix npn nposefleHnn
nporpaMMbi L|OTO.
* TpacpMK o6Hapy>KeHMfl n
* 3KOHOMMHecKne noKasaienn
* Pesynbiaibi n aHanns npeflbiflymnx o6cneflOBaHMi/i n TexHunecKoro
o6cny>KMBaHMfl flna onpefleneHna HanpasneHHOCTM nocneflytomnx
o6cneflOBaHMi/i no nporpaivnvie L|OTO.
FpacpMK BbinoriHeHMfl nporpaMMbi L(OTO cneflyei paspa6aTbiBaTb c
ycnoBneM MaKCMManbHoi/i aKOHOMnnecKoi/i acpcpeKTMBHOcin nonyneHMfl
3KOHOMMM rasa M yHBTa CneUMCpMHeCKMX XapaKTepMCTMK, TaKMX, K3K,
HanpuMep, sospaci, pasMep, KOHCTpyKuna yciaHOBKM n flasneHne ssofla.
HeKoiopbie napinepbi npn cocTasneHMM rpacpMKa L|OTO pyKosoflCTsyioTCfl
npeflnonaraeMbiM CPOKOM cny>K6bi BoccTaHOBneHHbixfleianei/i,
onpefleneHHbiM B xofle npeflbiflymero o6cneflOBaHMfl. flpyrne napinepbi
onpeflenaioT HacToiy nocneflytomnx o6cneflOBaHMi/i Ha ocnose UMKTIOB
Texo6cny>KMBaHMfl n Hannnnfl cpeflcis. flporpaMMa L|OTO flociaTOHHO
rn6Kafl, n noaioMy, ecnn nocneflytomne o6cneflOBaHMfl o6Hapy>KMBaK)T
MHoroHncneHHbie noBiopflfomnecfl yieHKM, onepaiop MOXST nposoflnib B
o6cneflOBaHMfl o6opyflosaHMfl no nporpaMMe L|OTO name.
o6cneflOBaHMfl MO>KHO cpoKycuposaib Ha ysnax, npoweflWHX
BoccTaHOBnenne panee, nnn na iex, HTO onpefleneHbi K3K Han6onee
npeflpacnonoxeHHbie K yieHKaM. Co speMeneM onepaiopbi Moryi yioHHUTb
o6teM n HacToiy o6cneflosaHm/i Ha ocnose ccpopMnposannbix MOflenei/i
12
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Pacnei
3KOHOMMM
C6epe>KeHMfl, nonyneHMbie napmepaMM Natural Gas STAR npn
nporpawiM L|OTO Ha sanopHbix CTaHunax n HaseMHbix yciaHOBKax,
sapbupyioTCfl. OaKiopbi, Bnnflfomne Ha pasMep c6epe>KeHm/i,
KOJiMHeciBO ciai-mm/i, oxsanenHbix nporpawiMoi/i L|OTO, U.MKTI
nporpawiMbi (HOBbii/i nnn onpo6oBaHHbii/i sapnaHT), yposeHb
n CTOMMOCTb pewioHia. Saipaibi no Ka>KflbiM yciaHOBKaivi
n onpeflenaioTCfl Tunawin npn6opoB, ncnonbsyeivibix Ana
o6Hapy>KeHMfl n usiviepeHMfl, HacToioi/i o6cneflOBaHMfl, KsanncpuKaunei/i n
saHflioro nepcoHana.
Ha puc. 7 npeflCTasneH runoieTMHecKm/i npniviep saipai n npn6bmn npn
nporpawiMbi L(OTO Ha ipex sanopnbix CTanunflx. B
npniviepe o6teMbi yieneK n KonnnecTBO ysnos c napyiueHHOi/i
cooTBeicTByioT cpaKTMHecKMM noKasaieriflM, Koiopbie 6binn
npeflCTasneHbi B oiHeiax EPA/GRI/PRCI sa 1998 rofl no ipeivi ynacTKaivi. Ha
puc. 7 npusefleH ivieiofl pacneia, peKowieHflyeivibii/i napinepy ceicropa
rasopacnpefleneHMfl, flna OUSHKH BOSMO>KHOCTM peHTa6enbHoc™
L(OTO flna KOHKpeiHbix ycnosni/i n
PMC. 7 HarnflflHO npeflciaBrmei cmyaumo, npn Koiopoi/i saipaibi Ha
o6napy>KeHMe n ycTpanenne yieneK He OKynaioTCfl sa cnei CTOMMOCTM
caKOHOMneHHoro rasa na nK)6oM us ynaciKOB, HO ecnn nporpaivnvia L(OTO
BbinojiHfleicfl na 6onbiuoM KonnnecTBe ynaciKOB, TO B u.enoM ee
BbinonneHne Mowei npunecin npn6binb. B runoieTMHecKOM npniviepe,
npeflCTasneHHOM na puc. 7, BbinonneHne nporpaMMbi L(OTO Ha YnaciKe 2
HepeHTa6enbHO, xoia B uenoM no ipeivi ynacTKaivi BbinonneHne nporpaMMbi
L(OTO npn6binbHO. B flannoi/i cmyaunn onepaiop Mcnonbsyei onbii
nccneflosaHMfl 6asoBbix ycnosni/i no YnaciKy 2 flna onpefleneHna
HanpasneHHOCTM nocneflytomnx o6cneflOBaHMi/i c sosMO>KHbiM
YnaciKa 2 nnn era o6cneflOBaHneM c MeHbiuei/i HacToioi/i,
o6cneflOBaHneM TonbKO Bbi6opoHHOi/i rpynnbi ysnos.
13
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PMC. 7: DpMiviep pacnera c6epe>KeHMM OT BbinormeHMfl
nporpaMMbi UOTO Ha sanopHbix CTaHLjMnx M HaseMHbix
ycTaHOBKax
06mne no/iorceHM*:
OSnapyweHi/ie yTeneK MSTOflOM HaneceHna
MbinbHoro pacTBOpa; 80 ysnos B nac
l/ISMepenne yreHKM Ha OCHOBS WA c
ypaBHenneivi nepecHera
flonacoBaa CTaBKa onnaTbi Tpyqa
Kani/iTanbHbie saTpaTbi no npuMeneHMio TVA
OqeHOHHbii/i cpOK cnywSbi nocne peMOHTa
2 naca x $/nonacoBaa CTaBKa onnaTbi Tpyqa
1 nac x $/nonacoBaa CTaBKa onnaTbi Tpyqa
$50/nac
$0 (npeflnonaraa, HTO napmep ywe MMSST
npuSop)1
12Meca4eB
YnacTOK 1
Mucno yTSHSK
FunoTeTMHecKe saTpaTbi na PSMOHT
O6maa SKOHOMna rasa
20 yreneK (OTpeMOHTHposaHO 6 Knananos -
2 x 30 Tbic. cf>yT.3/ro,q; 2x10 Tbic. cf>yT.3/ro,q;
2x1 Tbic. c}3yT.3/rofl)
flpeiqnonaraa 3 peMOHTa x $10 M 3 peMOHTa
sa$3
82 Tbic. cf>yr.3
YnacTOK 2
Mucno yTSHSK (npeflnonaraa MSMepeHne
MSHblUerO KOJlMHSCTBa yTSHSK)
FunoTeTMHecKe saTpaTbi Ha PSMOHT
O6maa SKOHOMna rasa
8 yTSHSK (2x10 Tbic. c}3yT.3/rofl;
6x2 Tbic. cf>yT.3/rofl)
flpeiqnonaraa 2 peMOHTa x $5; 6 PSMOHTOB
SecnnaTHO
32 Tbic. cf>yr.3
YnacTOK 3
KOJIMHSCTBO yreneK
TunoTeTHHf
O6maa SKC
VnacTOK 1
VnacTOK 2
VnacTOK 3
Bcero
3CKM8 SaTpaTbi
iHOMna rasa
O6maa
CTOMMOCTb
o6c/ieflo-
B3HV\f\
$150
$125
$150
$425
na peMOHT
16 yreneK (1x60 Tbic. <$>yT.3; 2x30 Tbic. dpyr.3;
1x15 Tbic. <$>yT.3;6x10 Tbic. dpyr.3;
6x1 Tbic. <$>yT.3)
npeflnonaraa: 1 PSMOHT x $33; 2 peMOHTa x
$15; 5 peMOHTOB x $3; ocraBiuMeca
peMOHTbi SecnnaTHO
201 Tbic. cfiyT.3
O6u\at\ CTOMMOCTb HMCT351 FlepMOfl
CTOMMOCTb C3KOHOMJ1GH- 3KOHOMMJ1 OKynaGMOCTM
peMOHTa Horo rasa
(npM Mene
$3/Tbic. 4>yr.3
($106/TblC. M3)
$39 $246 $57 9,2 MecaqeB
$10 $96 ($39) 17MecHM8B
$78 $603 $375 4,5 MecaqeB
$127 $945 $393 7 Mecfmee
1 CTOMMOCTb TVA cocTaanaeT npuMepno $2 000. SKOHOMMH OT MCKntoneHHOi/i SMMCCMM
MO>K8T ne noKpbiTb CTOMMOCTb noKynKM npuSopa.
OnbiT napTHepa
B nepnofl 1995-2000 IT. 18 napTHepos nporpaMMbi Natural Gas STAR
coo6mnnn o nonyHeHMM aKOHOMUM rasa 6naroflapfl BbinonHeHMK)
nporpaMMbi L(OTO Ha sanopHbix CTaHunax n HaseMHbix ycTaHOBKax. Ha
puc. 8 npeflCTasneHbi Tpn npuMepa.
14
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PMC. 8: OnbiT nap-mepoB no BbinormeHMK) nporpaMMbi LJQTO Ha
sanoptibix CTaHLjiiflx n Haseivmbix ycrraHOBKax
: B 2000 rofly KOMnaHna npoeena oScnefloeaHne 86 ycTanoeoK M o6napy>KM.na
Ha 48 ynacTKax. Bcero 6bmo o6Hapy>KeHO 105 MSCT yieneK, M Ha 66 ysnax (63%)
npoeeflSH peMOHT. OSmne saipaibi na oSnapyweHMe M ycipaHeHne yieneK cociaBmin
$2 453, i.e. B cpeflHSM $29 Ha o6cne,qyeMyK> yciaHOBKy. OSiUMM oSteM SKOHOMMM rasa
cocTaeMJi 1 519 Tbic. cfiyT.3 (43 INC. M3) B rofl, a B flene>KHOM BbipaweHMM - $6 557 npi/i
148H8 rasa $3/Tbic. cfcyr.3 ($106/ Tbic. M3). O6mne cSepeweHMa OT BbinormeHMa nporpaMMbi
L(OTO cocTaeMJiM $4 104. Muciaa SKOHOMMH no Ka>KflOi/i o6cneflyeMOi/i yciaHOBKe
npuMepHO $50.
CTOMMOCTb csKOHOMJieHHOro rasa $6 557
CTOMMOCTb oScneflOBaHi/ia $1 700
CTOMMOCTb peMOHTHbix paSoT $753
Hucran OKOHOMMH $4 104
B: B 1997 rofly 6bmo oScneflOsaHO 18 ycTaHOBOK Ha oSmyio cyMMy $1 080.
OSnapyweno 15 HeSojibiuMX yTeneK, BKnionaa 1 fynaneu,, 2 saTsopa Ha myxoM naTpySKe w
12 neSojibiuMX KnanaHOB. CpeflHMi/i oSteM yTeneK cocTaBMn 17,5 Tbic. cJjyr.Vrofl (495 M3).
VcTpaHeHbi 15 yTSHSK Ha oSmyio cyMMy $380, HTO o6ecneHM.no SKOHOMMIO 263 Tbic. qbyT.3
(7,4 Tbic. M3) rasa B rofl. flpM uene rasa $3 Tbic. qbyr.3 ($106/ Tbic. M3) CTOMMOCTb
csKOHOMJieHHoro rasa cocTaBMna $789. OSiuMe saTpaTbi Ha o6napy>KeHMe M ycTpanenMe
yT6H6K B cyMMe $1 460 He SbiriM BOSBpameHbi sa nepsbiM rofl. Cpeflnaa CTOMMOCTb
o6Hapy>KeHMa M ycTpaHSHMa yTeneK no Ka>KflOM ycTaHOBKe cocTaBMna $60.
CTOMMOCTb csKOHOMnem-ioro rasa $789
CTOMMOCTb oScneflOsaHMa $1 080
CTOMMOCTb peMOHTHbix paSoT $380
Hucran OKOHOMMSI $(671)
C: flaHHaa KOMnaHMa oScnefloeana 306 ycTaHOBOK, o6Hapy>KMna M ycrpaHMna
824 yTSHSK. MeTbipe yTSHKM SUJIM KnaccMqbMi4MpoeaHbi KBK "KpynHbie", ceMb - KBK
"cpeflHMe", a ocTaeiuMeca - KBK "MenKne". flna o6Hapy>KeHMa yreneK Mcnojibsoeanca MSTOfl
sneKTpOHHOM MHflMKai(MM MJiM MeTOfl HaHeceHMa MbinbHoro pacTBOpa. O6ii(Me saTpaTbi Ha
oScnefloeaHMe M PSMOHT cocTaeMJiM npMMepno $16 500, B cpeflHSM $54 Ha oScneflyeMyio
ycranoBKy. O6maa SKOHOMMS rasa cocTaeMJia 1 1 7 800 Tbic. cfcyr.3 (3 336 Tbic. M3), B
cpeflHSM 143 Tbic. cfiyT.3 Ha ycTpanenHyio yTSHKy. MMCTaa SKOHOMMS flOCTMrna $1 100 Ha
oScneflyeMyio ycTanosKy (npM i^ene rasa $3 Tbic. cf>yT.3).
CTOMMOCTb csKOHOMnenHoro rasa $353 430
O6ii(Me saTpaTbi Ha oScneflOBanMe M PSMOHT $16 500
Hucran OKOHOMMSI $336 930
Mucno yciaHOBOK, BKntoHeHMbix Ana o6cneflOBaHMfl no nporpawiMe L|OTO,
Bapbuposanocb B npeflenax OT 20 flo 6onee 2 100 eflUHMU. YienKM 6bmn
o6Hapy>KeHbi Ha 50% o6opyflosaHMfl, B cpeflHewi no flse yieHKM Ha
yciaHOBKy. CpeflHMi/i o6teM aKOHOwinn rasa OT ycipaHeHMfl oflHoi/i yieHKM
cocTasuri 100 Tbic. cpyi.3 (2,8 Tbic. M3).
B CBOMX oineiax napinepbi nporpaMMbi oiMenaioT, HTO saipaibi Ha
o6napy>KeHMe M ycTpanenne yieneK cunbHO sapbupyioTCfl. flonoriHmeribHbie
M3flep>KKM Ha o6cneflOBaHne no nporpaMMe L|OTO MSMeHflnncb B npeflenax
OT "HesHaHmeribHbix" flna napiepos, Koiopbie yxe BbinonHflnn nporpaMMbi
o6napy>KeHMfl yieneK, flo csbiiue $1200 Ha yciaHOSKy Han6onee BbicoKaa
CTOMMOCTb o6cneflOBaHm/i no nporpaMMe L|OTO 6bina OTMenena
napTHepaMM no 6onbUJMM rasopacnpeflennTeribHbiM cucTeMaM ropoflos, rfle
CTOMMOCTb TpyflosaTpaT Bbiiue, a sanopHbie CTaHunn 6onee MomHbie M
MMeioT MHoroKOMnoHeHTHyio CTpyKTypy. FloKasaHHbie B OTHeTax saTpaTbi Ha
peMOHT TaioKe sapbupyioTCfl B npeflenax OT "HesnaHMTeribHbix" flna npocTbix
peMOHTOB, BbinoriHfleMbix na MSCTS, flo cyMM csbiiue $500 na Ka>Kflbii/i
peMOHT ysna. BbinonHeHne nporpaMMbi L|OTO BnnaeT na CHMxenne saTpaT
na o6cneflOBaHne M nosbiiuaeT nonyneHne npn6bmn OT ycTpanennfl
15
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HanpasneHne ycmim/i n cpeflcis Ha KOHKpeiHbie > ,
ysnbi 3KOHOMMT speMfl n cpeflcisa, Heo6xoflMMbie arm
o6cneflOBaHMi/i, n noMoraei onpeflenmb npnopmeiHOCTb npn cocTasneHnn
rpacpMKa peMOHTHbix pa6oi no ycipaHeHMK) yieneK. OCHOBHOM onbii,
nonyneHMbii/i napiHepaMM nporpaMMbi Natural Gas STAR,
cneflyiomee:
flrm o6ecneHeHMfl aKOHOMnnecKoi/i acpcpeKTMBHOcin
nporpawiMbi L(OTO Ha sanopHbix CTaHunax n HaseMHbix yciaHOBKax
cneflyei McnonbsosaTb cawibie fleiuesbie n onepaiMBHbie wieioflbi
o6Hapy>KeHMfl n usiviepeHMfl yieneK, Koiopbie BKnionaioT HaHeceHne
MbinbHoro paciBopa, npocnyujMsaHne wiecT yieneK, ncnojibsosaHne
nepenocHbix rasoaHannsaiopoB n aHannsaiopoB TVA/OVA. B
aKOHOMnnecKM acpcpeKTMBHoro MeTOfla pacHeia yflenbHbix wiaccoBbix
3MMCcm/i, oco6eHHO npn HannHMM aHannsaiopoB TVA n OVA,
npeo6pa3OBbisaTb usiviepeHHbie aHannsaiopaiviM
B yflenbHyio Maccosyio aMnccnK) Ha ocnose
nepecneia, npeAno>KeHHoro EPA.
He6onbiijoe KonnnecTBO Kpynnbix yieneK cpopwinpyioT OCHOBHOM o6teM
3MMCCMM wieiaHa OT yciaHOBOK. flapiHepbi flon>KHbi HanpasnflTb
ocHOBHbie ycunnfl Ha o6napy>KeHMe iex yieneK, ycTpanenne Koiopbix
peHTa6eJ1bHO. OflHMM MS BMflOB 3KOHOMMHeCKM SCpCpeKTMBHOrO peMOHTa
npocioe noflTflrnsaHne ynnoTHeHm/i KnanaHos nnn HennoiHbix
B MOMem o6Hapy>KeHMfl yieHKM. flapiHepbi OTMeinnn
i4enecoo6pa3HOCTb BbmsneHMfl TeHfleHum/i, saflasaa TaKMe sonpocbi, K3K
"flaioT nn sanopHbie seHTunn 6onbiue yieneK, neivi ujaposbie?"
flapiHepbi TaioKe OTMeinnM, HTO HeKoiopbie ynaciKM 6onee
npeflpacnono>KeHbi K yieHKaivi no cpasHeHMK) c flpyrmvin.
pesynbiaioB ocymecTsneHMfl nporpaMMbi L|OTO ivioxei
Heo6xoflMMOCTb 6onee Hacioro
o6cneflOBaHMi/i Ha neKoiopbix ynaciKax.
* B npouecc o6cneflOBaHMfl Heo6xoflmvio BKnionaTb flei/iciBUfl "6bicTporo
Koiopbie npeflnonaraioT ocymecTsneHne ynpomeHHoro
HecnoxHbix npo6neM (nanpniviep, ocna6neHne rai/iKM,
HenonHoe saKpbiine Knanana).
* rioBiopHoe o6cneflOBaHne ysnos nocne ycipaHeHMfl
noflTsep>KflaeT acpcpeKTHBHOCTb pewioHia. OnepaiMSHbiM
onpefleneHMfl acpcpeKTMBHOcin pewioHia flBnaeicfl wieiofl
MblJIbHblX paCTBOpOB.
* Macioe nposefleHne o6cneflOBaHMi/i (nanpniviep, exeKsapianbHO nnn
pasa B rofl) B leneHne nepsoro rofla BbinonHeHna nporpaMMbi L(OTO
noMoraei o6Hapy>KMTb KOMnneKTyiomne ysnbi n yciaHOBKM c
Han6onbiiJMMM o6teMaMM yieneK, MMeiomnMM leHfleHumo K
noBiopeHMK). Bee 310 o6ecneHMBaeT HaKonneHne Heo6xoflMMOi/i
MHCpopMauuM n ycipaHflei Heo6xoflMMOCTb nacToro nposefleHna
o6cneflOBaHMi/i B nocneflytomne roflbi.
* Perncipaunfl coKpameHMi/i aMnccnn Meiana no Ka>Kfloi/i sanopHoi/i
HaseMHbiM yciaHOBKaM Heo6xoflMMa Hapafly c
flaHHbix B roflosbie oineTbi nporpaMMbi Natural Gas STAR.
16
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Bascom-Turner Instruments, personal communication.
JlmepaTypa
Foxboro Environmental Products, personal communication.
Gas Technology Institute (formerly the Gas Research Institute), personal
communication.
Henderson, Carolyn, U.S. EPA Natural Gas STAR Program, personal com -
munication.
Indaco Air Quality Services, Inc., 1995, A High Flow Rate Sampling System
for Measuring Leak Rates at Natural Gas Facilities. Report No. GRI-
94/0257.38. Gas Technology Institute (formerly Gas Research Institute),
Chicago, IL.
Indaco Air Quality Services, Inc., 1998, Trends in Leak Rates at Metering and
Regulating Facilities and the Effectiveness of Leak Detection and Repair
(LDAR)Programs, Draft Report prepared for PRC International, Gas
Research Institute, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Radian International, 1996, Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Indus-
try, Volume 2, Technical Report, Report No.GRI-94/0257.1. Gas Technology
Institute (formerly Gas Research Institute), Chicago, IL.
Radian International, 1996, Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Indus-
try, Volume 10, Metering and Pressure Regulating Stations in Natural Gas
Transmission and Distribution, Report No. EPA600-R-96-080J.
Tingley, Kevin, U.S. EPA Natural Gas STAR Program, personal communica-
tion.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1994 -2001, Natural Gas STAR Pro-
gram, Partner Annual Reports.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1995, Natural Gas STAR Program
Summary and Implementation Guide for Transmission and Distribution Part-
ners.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, IQQS.Protocol for Equipment Leak
Emission Estimates, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, EPA453-
R-95-017, November 1995.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2001, Lessons Learned: Convert Gas
Pneumatic Controls to Instrument Air, EPA430-B-01-002.
U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, 2003, Lessons Learned: Options for
Reducing Methane Emissions from Pneumatic Devices in the Natural Gas
Industry, EPA430-B-03-004.
17
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&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Air and Radiation (6202J)
1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW
Washington, DC 20460
EPA430-B-03-007
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