Onbir
NaturalGasf
EPA POLLUTION PREVENTER
CJ
OT nap-mepOB nporpaMMbi Natural Gas STAR
USING HOT TAPS FOR IN SERVICE PIPELINE CONNECTIONS
nPMMEHEHME METOflA fOPflHEM BPE3KM F1PM
OECJiy>KMBAHMM flEMCTByKJUJHX TASOnPOBOflOB
FasonepeKaHMBaiommvi KowinaHMflM flociaioHHO Hacio B leneHne rqqa flna paciunpeHMfl nnn ycosepiueHCTBOBaHMfl
csoei/i ipaHcnopiHoi/i cucieivibi Heo6xoflmvio cipomb HOBbie oisoflbi Ha Tpy6onposoflax. Euje HeflasHO o6ecneHeHne
6esonacHoi/i spesKM Tpe6osano nepeKpbiinfl ynaciKa cucieivibi n c6poca rasa B aiMoccpepy. TaKaa npoueflypa,
Hasbisaeiviafl spesKoi/i c nepeKpbiTneivi, csasaHa c aMnccnei/i wieiaHa, noiepei/i TosapHoro rasa, coKpaujeHneivi era
, Heyflo6cTBaMM Arm noTpe6menfl, pacxoflaivin Ha asaKyaumo ciapbix Haciei/i Tpy6onposofla.
spesKa (spesKa nofl flasneHneivi) - 310 anbiepHaTMBa, nossorifliomafl noflcoeflUHflib oisoflbi 6es ociaHOBKM
TpaHcnopinpoBKH npupoflHoro rasa no Tpy6onposofly. flpoueflypa ropflnei/i spesKM BKnionaeT yciaHOBKy oisofla n
saflBM>KKM CHapy>KM flei/icTByiomero Tpy6onposofla, Bbipesanne OTsepciMfl B cieHKe ipy6bi BHyipn oisofla n yqaneHne
cppanvieHia CTSHKH nepes saflsuxKy. FopflHaa spesKa npefloiBpamaei noiepio TosapHoro rasa, aMnccnK) wieiaHa n
ycipaHflei nepepbiBbi B CHa6>KeHMM noTpe6menfl rasoM.
spesKa nofl flasneHneivi - wieiofl He nosbii/i, nocneflnne ycosepiueHCTBOBaHMfl era lexHonornn nossoriflioT
npeofloneib CJIOKHOCTM n neonpefleneHHOCTM, Koiopbie onepaiopbi, BOSMO>KHO, ncnbiTbisann panbiue. Pflfl
rasonepeKaHnsaiomMX KowinaHm/i - napiHepos Natural Gas STAR - coo6maK)T o Hacioivi npmvieHeHMM ropflnei/i spesKn:
He6onbLune pa6oibi nposoflflicfl HOHTM Ka>Kflbii/i fleHb, Kpynnaa spesKa (6onee 12 flioi/iMOB (0,3 M)) - flsa-ipn pasa B
rofl.
flpmviei-mfl wieiofl ropflnei/i spesKM, napiHepbi Natural Gas STAR flo6nnncb coKpameHna 3MHccnn wieiaHa n
ysennHeHMfl npn6bmn. SKOHOMMH rasa B uenoM laKosa, HTO nonyneHHafl OT Hee npn6binb flociaioHHa Ana noKpbiinfl
pacxoflos Ha see nosbie oisoflbi flei/icTByfomnx rasonposoflos. CpoK OKynaewioc™ ropanux spesoK Hacio Haciynaei
HesaMeflnmenbHO.
MeTOfl
COKpaiHGHMfl
noTepb rasa
npuMSHeHne
MeiOfla ropanei/i
epesKM1
O6"beM
C3KOHOMJieHHOrO
rasa,
Tbic.(})yT.3/rofl
(TbIC. M3/rOfl)
24400
O6"beM
C3KOHOMJ16H-
Horo rasa, $/
rofl
73 3202
flpyran
3KOHOMMfl, $
68403
Kannjanb-
Hbie
sarpaTbi, $
36200
flpyrne
sajpaTbi4,
$/rofl
43000
CpOK
OKynaeMOCTM,
MGC.
12
1 CpeflHeroflOBbie SKOHOMna n saipaibi paccHmaHbi f\nn 320 ropanux epesoK (pasHoro fluaMeipa) B rofl.
2 npi/i uene rasa $3/Tbic. cJjyT.3 ($106/Tbic. M3).
3 1/lHepiHbie rasbi.
4 flpyrne saipaibi BKnionaiOT 3KcnnyaTai4mo, o6cny>KMBaHMe M cionMOCTb ycnyr no KOHipaKiy.
HacToamni/i flOKywieHT - oflun us OTHeios cepnn "Onbii npuMeneHMfl", paspa6oTaHHOi/i EPA B coipyflHUHecTse c
rasosoi/i oipacnbio B pawiKax npoeKios nporpaMMbi Natural Gas STAR.
-------
OnucaHne
TexHonoruM
B cucieiviax TpaHcnopinposKM n pacnpefleneHna npupoflHoro rasa Hacio
BOSHMKaei Heo6xoflMMOCTb flewioHiaxa MJIM pactunpeHUfl
Tpy6onpoBOflOB, ycianoBKH HOBBIX MJIM OTpeMOHTMposaHHbix
noflcoeflMHeHMfl flononHmenbHbix oisoflOB, nposefleHna o6cny>KMBaHMfl
MJIM ycipaHeHMfl asapm/iHbix cmyaum/i. PaHbiue o6bNHOi/i npaKTMKOi/i 6bino
nepeKpbiine ynaciKa cucieivibi npn MOHiaxe oisofla, Bbi6poc rasa us
nepeKpbiioro ynacTKa, npoflysKa Tpy6onposofla MHepiHbiM rasoM
6esonacHoc™ pa6oi.
BbinormeHMfl spesKM c nepeKpbiTneivi npaKTunecKM
pasnuHHbix flasneHMi/i B cucieivie. B rasonposoflax c BbicoKMM
na nsonflunn ynaciKa Tpy6onposofla
6nn>Kai/iiiJMe saflsuxKM, pafloivi c HMMM sa6nBaK)TCfl
npo6KM flnfl npefloiBpameHMfl yieneK rasa n o6ecneHeHMfl 6esonacHoc™ B
soHe nepeKpbiTMfl. B cucieiviax c HMSKMM flasneHneivi nepeKpbisaeivibii/i
ynacTOK, K3K npasuno, ropasflo Kopone. Bwiecio saKpbiinfl coceflHux
saflBuxeK ncnonbsyioTCfl npo6KM HenocpeflCTseHHO no ivieciy spesKM. B
o6onx cnynaax ras us nepeKpbuoro ynaciKa BbinycKaeica, n
npoflysaeicfl.
spesKM c nepeKpbiTneivi HaHocm K3K aKOHOMnnecKm/i, iaK n
ymep6. fas, BbinymeHHbii/i us nepeKpbuoro ynacTKa,
osHanaei noiepflHHbii/i TosapHbii/i ras n ysennHeHne aMnccnn wieiaHa.
Kpowie Toro, Bbisofl us cipoa ynaciKa Tpy6onposofla ivioxei npepsaib
nociynneHne rasa K noTpe6meriK). Hanpniviep, spesKa c nepeKpbiTneivi Ha
cianbHoi/i JIMHMM Tpe6yei OT oflHoro flo ipex n 6onee flHei/i npocioa
rasonposofla n BOSMOXHOTO npeKpameHna flociasKM rasa noTpe6meriK) B
K Bbi6pocaM Meiana B aiMoccpepy.
spesKa - 310 anbiepHaTMBHafl TexHonorna, nossonaiomafl cipomb
Ha rasonposofle nofl flasneHneivi 6es Bbi6poca rasa B aiMoccpepy.
spesKy TaioKe HasbisaioT nnHei/iHoi/i spesKoi/i nnn spesKoi/i nofl
MTO BKruonaeT yciaHOBKy oisoflOB, csepneHne oiBepcim/i B
Tpy6onposofle 6es ociaHOBKM ipaHcnopinpoBKH rasa n era
noiepb. FopflHaa spesKa nosBonaei MOHTHposaib oisoflbi, BHyTpmpy6Hbie
ycipoi/icTBa, nocioflHHbie n speivieHHbie 6ai/inacbi, a TaioKe noflroTasnuBaTb
ipy6onpoBOfl K pewioHiy.
CymecTsyei o6opyqoBaHne flna ropanei/i spesKM flna scex pasiviepos ipy6,
MaiepnanoB, yposHei/i flasneHMi/i, npmvieHfleMbix B TpaHcnopiHbix n
pacnpeflenmenbHbix cucieiviax. OcHOBHoe o6opyflosaHMe flna
ropflnei/i spesKM BKruonaeT csepnunbHyK) (seHKepHyio)
ipoi/iHMK n saflBM>KKy. OnucaHne o6opyflosaHMfl
n noKasano Ha puc. 1.
-------
SeHKepinasq MaiuMHa. SeHKepnaa wiaujMHa COCTOMT us MexaHnnecKoro
TenecKonnHecKoro WTOKa, necymero pexymm/i MHCipyivieHT. Pexymm/i
MHCipyivieHT c ueHTpuposaHMbiM csepnoM flenaei KOHiponbHoe
OTsepcTue B ipy6e flna ueHiposKM seHKepa, Koiopbii/i Bbipesaei
cpparwieHT CTSHKH ipy6bi.
OMTMHT. floflcoeflMHeHne K ipy6e nponcxoflm B npeflenax cpmnHra,
KOTOpbIM MOK6T CJiy>KMTb npOCTO npMBapeHHbM naipy6OK flJIfl
He6onbiijoro, Hanpmviep, B 1 flioi/iM (2,54 CM), oiBeiBneHMfl Ha ipy6e
6onbiijoro fluawieipa, nnn pastewiHaa Mycpia-Tpoi/iHMK, Korfla
OTBeiBneHne mvieei TOT xe pasiviep, HTO n ocHOBHaa Tpy6a. TPOMHMK
normocTbK) OKpyxaeT Tpy6y n, 6yflyHM npusapeH, o6ecneHMBaeT
Me>Kfly OTBeTsneHneivi n Hecymei/i Tpy6oi/i.
3aflBM>KKa. 3aflBM>KKa npn ropflnei/i spesKe MOKST 6biTb K3K
6noKnpyK)mei/i, T3K n ynpasrmiomei/i flJia Hosoro coeflMHeHna. Ona
flon>KHa nosBonflTb ustflTue cpparwieHTa CTSHKH Tpy6bi, nocne Toro K3K
OH 6yqeT BbipesaH seHKepoM. BOSMOXHO npmvieHeHne saflsuxeK c
luapoBbiM KnanaHOM nnn ujn6epHbiM seHTuneivi, HO ne c npo6KOBbiivi
KpanoM n He c nosopoTHOi/i sacnoHKOi/i.
PMC. 1: Cxeivia o6opyflOBaHnn Rna ropaneii
IBbipeaaHHbiPi
cfDparwieHT
CT6HKM Tpy6bl
CfDMTMHT
: IPSCO
-------
PMC. 2 unrnocipupyeT o6mm/i cnynai/i npouecca rc-panei/i spesKM. Era
ocHOBHbie aianbi:
1. YciaHOBKa cpmnHra Ha Tpy6onposofl c ncnonbsoBaHneivi csapKM (cianb),
6omaMM (nyryn), CKnei/iKM (nnaciMK) n ycianoBKa
2. YciaHOBKa seHKepHoi/i MaiunHbi Ha nocToaHHyio sacnoHKy.
3. HenocpeflCTseHHO spesKa, nyieivi Bbipesanna cppanvieHia CTSHKH ipy6bi
nepes OTKpbiiyK) sacnoHKy. CneunanbHoe ycipoi/icTBO yflepxusaei
BbipesaHHbii/i cpparwieHT. Mstaine cppanvieHia nepes sacnoHKy, Koiopaa
nocne aioro
4. CHfline seHKepHoi/i MaiiJMHbi n npucoeflMHeHne oisofla K Tpy6onposofly.
flocne npoflysKM sacnoHKa OTKpbisaeTCfl, n oisofl sanycKaeica B
PMC. 2: Cxeivia npoLjecca ro pane Pi
SaeepojeHne
nonepeHHoii
MarncTpanbHbiM
rpySonpoBOA
: T.D. Williamson Inc.
LleHTpupyioLiiee ceepno
YAep>KMBaeT BbipeaaHHbiii
CfcparMGHT CT6HKM Tpy6bl
spesKa MOKST 6biib ocymecisneHa sepiMKanbHO, ropusoHianbHO
nofl nK)6biM yrnoM, ecnn flociaioHHO wiecia flna yciaHOBKM saflsuxKM,
cpMTMHra n seHKepHoi/i MaiiJMHbi. CoBpeivieHHbie TexHonornn nossoriflioT
flenaib spesKM Ha scex innax Tpy6onposoflOB c pasnuHHbiMM
npn nio6bix flasneHMflx, B pa3Hoo6pasHbix KOM6nHaunflx,
npn coeflnneHMM ciapbix n nosbix ipy6. CospeivieHHoe o6nerKHO
-------
SKOHOMMHeCKMe
n 3Kono
Bbiroflbi
npeflycMoipeib npn csapKe: npe,qynpe>KfleHMe npoxura, sennHMHy noioKa
B ipy6e, TonmnHy Meianna, Hannnne cpmnHroB, oxna>KfleHMe nocne
csapKM, Tewinepaiypbi Meianna, ycipoi/icTBO oisoflOB, cxewiy csapHbix
ipy6 n
OT nponsBOflmenei/i n Kaia.no™ o6opyqoBaHMfl TaioKe
MCTOHHMKaMM MHCpopiviauMM o Tunax n pasiviepax npniviei-meMoro
o6opyflosaHMfl. HeKoiopbie nponsBOflmenn BbinycTunn no,qpo6Hbie
pyKOBOflcisa no nposefleHMK) pa6oi npn ropanei/i spesKe,
no spesKe Ha pasnuHHbix Maiepnanax,
n npuroTosneHMflivi, Bbi6opy, yciaHOBKe cpmnHroB n
flpyroro o6opyflosaHMfl, a TaioKe no 6e3onacHociM. TaK K3K ropanafl spesKa
Tpe6yei co6nK)fleHMfl TSXHUKM 6e3onacHociM, oneHb sa>KHO, HTo6bi
Ka>Kflbii/i OTflenbHbii/i ee npoeKT 6bin npeflsapmenbHO oueneH n
fleiannsupoBaH. flepefl HananoM pa6oi flon>KHO 6biib noflroTosneHO
nucbivieHHoe onucaHne Ka>Kfloi/i npoueflypbi K3K rapaHinn, HTO see pa6oibi
BbinonHeHbi Haflnexamnivi o6pasoM.
OcHOBHbie aKOHOMnnecKne n 3KonorMHecKne Bbiroflbi npnivieHeHMfl
spesKM BMecTO spesKM c nepeKpbiTneivi
* HenpepbiBHaa pa6oia cucieivibi: nepeKpbiine n ociaHOBKa
MCKTHOHaiOTCfl.
* OicyicTBue Bbi6pocos rasa B aiMoccpepy.
* McKTHOHaeTCfl pesKa, flecpopwiaunfl n Hosaa csapKa ynaciKOB
ipy6onpoBOfla.
* CoKpaujeHne pacxoflos no nnaHMposaHHK) n KoopflMHaunn -
pacnucaHMfl, flOKyivieHTOo6opoT, TpyqosaipaTbi.
6e3onacHociM.
* OicyicTBue o6fl3aTenbciB no npeflynpe>KfleHMK) noTpe6menei/i o
speivieHHOM npeKpameHMM noflann rasa.
Co6nK)fleHne MHCipyKum/i npn BbinormeHnn ropanux spesoK nowioxei
COKpaTMTb K3K BpeM6HHbie 33Tp3Tbl, T3K M BepOflTHOCTb 3B3pm/JHblX
KoMnaHMM-onepaiopbi wioryi oueHMib aKOHOMMHecKyio uenecoo6pa3HOCTb
nepexofla OT wieiofla spesoK c nepeKpbiTneivi Ha ropanyK) spesKy
aianaivi:
3ran 1 : OnpeAeneHne cJjuanHecKoro cocrofiHMfi Tpy6onpoeoAa. B
npouecce noflroiosKH npoeKia ropanei/i spesKM onepaiop flonxeH flna
co6nK)fleHMfl TexHMKM 6e3onacHociM npuHflib BO BHmviaHne MaKcmvianbHoe
pa6oKHO nponssoflmb TonbKO Ha
ipy6onpoBOfle c xopowmvi cocioflHueivi ipy6bi. Kpowie Toro, nyxno
ouennTb yflaneHHOdb 6nn>Kai/iiiJMX saflsuxeK, Koiopbie MO>KHO 6yflei
nepeKpbiib B asapm/inci/i cmyaunn, xenaewibii/i fluawieip spesKM,
cso6oflHoe pa6o
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3TanOB 3KOHOMMH6CKOM
OLjeHKM
1 .
ipySonpoeofla.
2. rioflCHei CTOMMOCTM
epesKM c
3. nOflCHST CTOMMOCTM BbinOJlHSHMa
ropaneM epesKM.
4. Oi48HKa npMSbiriM OT SKOHOMMM
rasa npM ropaneM epesKe.
5. CpaBHSHMe eapMaHToe M 01481-110
3KOHOMMH8CKOM L(ejieCOO6pa3HOCTM
ropaneM epesKM.
K Towiy >Ke cneflyei nposepmb Hannnne o6soflOB, T.K. MHorne
TpaHcnopiHbie KowinaHnn BO Ms6e>KaHMe nepe6oes B pa6oie civiemaioT
Hacib HarpysKM Ha napanneribHbie JIMHUM. OneHb nonesHO cocTasneHMe
nucbivieHHoro nnaHa n cneflosaHne ewiy flna HaKonneHna MHCpopiviauMM o
nposefleHHbix pa6oiax Ha Tpy6onposofle.
3ran 2: FloAcneT CTOMMOCTM BbinonHeHnsq epesKM c nepeKpbuneM.
CiomviocTb peanbHoro npoeKia BKntoHaei npaivibie saipaibi, TaKMe K3K
Maiepnaribi, o6opyqoBaHne, csapKa, KOHiponb KanecTsa, cioniviocTb
npoflysKM, OHMCTKM, Tpyflosaipaibi n nnaHnposaHMe. flononHmeribHbie
nenpflMbie, nnn "cKpbiibie" nsflepxKM wioryi BKntoHaib B ce6a cioniviocTb
aflsuxeK, npeflynpe>KfleHMe noTpe6meriei/i o npnociaHOBKe
BO3o6HOBneHnn noflaHM rasa, yciaHOBKy npo6oK n onuciKy
/i. Onepaiopbi wioryi McnoribsosaTb flaHHbie npoujefliunx
nepnoflos flnfl onpefleneHMfl ainx
Mio6bi ynpociMTb aHanns, npeflnono>Kmvi, HTO ciomviocTb MaiepnanoB n
Tpyflosaipai Ha yqaneHne Hacin ipy6bi n Moniax ipoi/iHMKa npn spesKe c
nepeKpbiTneivi cpasHMivia co ciomviocTbK) Moniaxa cpmnnra n
ocymecTsneHMfl ropanei/i spesKM npn ycnosnn, HTO OTBeiBneHne mvieei
T3KOI/i >K6 paSMep, HTO M OCHOBH3fl JIMHUfl. M3fl6p>KKM, CBfl33HHbie C
Bbl6pOCaMM T333, npOflyBKOM MHepTHbIM T33OM X3p3KT6pHbl TOJIbKO
spesKM c nepeKpbiTneivi.
opMyribi, Mcnonbsyeivibie flna noflcneis CTOMMOCTM spesKM c
nepeKpbiTMewi, npMseflenbi Ha PMC. 3. flofl HMSKMM flasneHMeivi B
noHMMaeTCfl flasneHMe HMXS 2 cpyHTOB Ha flK)MM2 (13,8 Kfla).
OU6HOK H606xOflMM nOflCHST CTOMMOCTM BpeSKM C nepeKpblTMSM
HecKonbKMX npoeKTOB B 6yflymeM. flonrocpoHHaa nepcneKTMsa nossoriMT
nposecTM 6onee nonnbiM cpaBHMTenbHbiM anariMS c yneraM KanMTanbHbix
saTpaT Ha o6opyflosaHMe flna ropflHei/i spesKM npM neo6xoflMMOCTM
HecKonbKMX spesoK B TeneHMe rofla. PMC. 4 MJinfocTpMpyeT, K3K
BbNMcneHMfl, npMsefleHHbie na PMC. 3, MO>KHO McnonbsoBSTb B
flonrocpoHHOM nepcneKTMse. npeflCTasneHHafl CMTyauMfl BKruonaeT
HecKonbKO npoeKTOB Ha Tpy6onposoflax c pasnbiMM pasMepaMM M
. OflnaKO, KanbKyriflLiMfl saTpaT flana TonbKO flna cuenapMa c
Tpy6oi/i M yHMTbisaeT TonbKO npflMbie M3flep>KKM.
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PMC. 3: PacneT CTOMMOCTM epesKM c nepeKpbiTMGM
flaHo:
D = fluaMeip TpySonpoeqqa, fliOMMbi
T = flM3M6Tp OTBepCTMa spesKM (flioi/iMOB) Ana nepeKpbiTMa nofl
flM3M6Tp OTBepCTMa Ana npoSoK, fliOMMbi
L = paccToaHMe Me>Kfly OTsepCTMaMM - Ana nepeKpbiTMa nofl BNCOKMM flaaneHneM,
cjjyrbi
P = flaanenMe B JIMHMM, psia Ana HMSKOro flaaneHna, psig - Ana BbicoKoro flaaneHna
Ppgas = 148H3 npOflyBOHHOro rasa, $/TNC. c}3yT.3 - ncxofla us $4/Tbic. c}3yT.3
Pg = 148H3 npupOflHoro rasa, $/Tbic. dpyj.3 - ncxofla us $3/Tbic. dpyj.3
CB = CTOMMOCTb flonojiHmenbHbix seivuiaHbix paSoi (ncnojibsOBaib flaHHbie
Cp = CTOMMOCTb noflKnK>Hem/ia n paSoT no npOflyBKe, $
Cs = CKpbiTaa CTOMMOCTb nepeKpbiTwa, CM. npMno>KeHMe, $
Cf = CTOMMOCTb cfiMTMHroB, CM. npMnoweHMe, $
BpeMa, B TSHSHMe KOTOporo OTKpbiTbi OTBepCTMa = MS npoiujioro onbiTa (MMH.)
BbiHMCJieHne npnMbix aaypay:
3,14*D2 ( cfiyT.2 ") D2
1. A= nnomaflb TPy6onPOBOfla 2 =~ =
A*L ( Tb|C.
2. VP = oSteM Tpy6onpOBOfla (ibic. *yT.3) =
3. Vpgas = oSteM npOflyBOHHOro rasa = VP*2,2 (nepeKpbiTMe+BOCCTaHoaneHMe+20%
noTepb)
4. Cpgas = CTOMMOCTb BSOTB Ana OHMCTKM = Vpgas*Ppgas
5. Vg = oSteM noTepM rasa B CMCTSMBX c BNCOKMM flaaneHMeM:
'372
Vg = oSteM noTepM rasa B CMCreMax c HMSKMM
T2*P*Hncno
Vg
60
6. BbHMCnaeM Cg = CTOMMOCTb BbiSpouieHHOro rasa ($) = Vg*Fg
BbiHMCJieHne HenpnMbix
1. Ce = CTOMMOCTb flonojiHMTejibHbix paSoT Ana spesKM,
2. Cp = CTOMMOCTb noflKJiKweHMa npOflyBKM, $
3. Cs = CKpbiTbie saTpaTbi Ha nepeKpbiTMe, $
4. Cf = CTOMMOCTb CfjMTMHfOB, $
5. G = nenpaMbie saTpaTbi, $ = Ce+CP+Cs+Cf
BbiHMCJieHne o6mnx aaypay:
Ctotal = O6li(Me SaTpaTbi, $ = Cg+Cpgas+G
MCTOHHMK: Pipeline Rules of Thumb, p.270 and p.278
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PMC. 4: FlpeflnonaraeMbiM cLjeHapiiM n npmviep pacneja
CTOMMOCTM Bbi6poujeHHoro rasa M OHMCTKM rasoM npn B pea KG c
nepeKpbiTMGM
flaHo:
TpancnopTHOi/i rasoeoi/i KOMnam/iM ipeSyeica ocymecTBMTb MHOroHncneHHbie epesKM Ana
ipySonpoeofla, fliOMMOB (M) 4(0,1) 8(0,2) 10(0,25) 18(0,45)
flaaneHne Ha ipySonpoeofle, psig (MHa) 350 (2,4) 100 (0,7) 1 000 (7) 200 (1,4)
Annna TpySonpoeqqa1, MMJib (KM)2 2(3,2) 1(1,6) 3(4,8) 2(3,2)
BpesoK B rorf, UJT. 250 30 25 15
(1) BbiHMCJieHMH: Vg = O6i>eM Bbi6pomeHHOro rasa
1 000
Vg = 22 (0,6) Tbic. cJjyT.3 (INC. M
(2) BbiHMCJieHnn: Vpgas = O6i>eM rasa Ann
s (TbIC.
1000
Vpgas = 2 (0,06) TbIC. $yT.3 (TbIC. M3)
(3) BbiHMCJieHMH: CronMOCTb rasa, Bbi6ponieHHOro M McrpaneHHOro Ha
npn epesKe c nepeKpbirneM
CTOMMOCTb = Cg + Cpgas = Vg*Pg + Vpgas*Ppgas
CTOMMOCTb = (22 TbIC. C}3yT.3*$3/TblC. $yT.3) + (2 TbIC. C}3yT.3*$4/TblC. $yT.3)
= $74 Ha Ka>Kfloe coeflMHenne Ha 4-fliOMOBOM TpySonposofle
1 flnnna ynacTKa TpySonposofla Me>Kfly saKpuTbiMM 3aflBM>KKaMM MJIM
2 B cfcopMyne flon>KHa SbiTb Annna B cJjyTax. 1 Muna = 5 280 cfiyTOB
3 flpeflnonoKeHna ocHOBaHbi Ha onbiTe nponsBOflHTenei/i w nap-mepOB nporpaMMbi
4 B KanecTse unepTHoro rasa BSST asoT
-------
KaK M B flpyrux cnynaflx, Heo6xoflMMO ynmbiBaTb onbii pasnuHHbix
KOMnaHMM, KflOM
KOMnaHMM, BKnKMaioT B ce6a yieHKy rasa nepes saflBMWKM Ha o6oMX
KOHuax nepeKpbiTMfl, KonnnecTBO npo6oK, OTBepcim/i arm BbinycKa rasa n
OHMCTKM, inn MHepiHoro rasa. B HaciHOCTM, sa>KHO SHaib o6teM yieHKM,
T.K. saflBMXKM Ha Tpy6onposoflax 6onbiuoro fluawieipa wioryi npoieKaib
flociaioHHO cunbHO BCJieflciBue Toro, HTO ns-sa peflKoro McnojibsosaHMfl
OHM sarpasHflioTCfl n nponcxoflMT yxyfliuenne MsormuMM. YposeHb yieHKM
MOK6T CMJIbHO BapbUpOBaib M SaBMCMT OT TMHa SaflBMXKM, CpOK3
aKcnnyaiaunn, flasneHMfl B Tpy6onposofle n inna npoflyKia (cyxoi/i ras
Bbisbisaei MeHbiune Kopposmo n sarpasneHMfl, neivi sna>KHbii/i). Ecnn
MHflMBMflyanbHafl ouenio napinepa, ocHosaHHaa Ha pesynbiaiax flannoro
onbiia npmvieHeHMfl, CBUfleienbCTByeT 06 aKOHOMnnecKoi/i
uenecoo6pasHOCTM, TO onbii KowinaHMM no ycipaHeHMK) yieneK nepes
flonxeH ynmbiBaTbCfl flna nonyneHMfl 6onee BHCOKHX
noKasaienei/i.
3ran 3: FloAcneT CTOMMOCTM BbinonHeHnsq ropanePi epesKM. flpn
cpasHeHMM npeflnonaraewibix saipai ropanei/i spesKM n spesKM c
nepeKpbiTneivi eflMHCTBeHHbiM cymecTseHHbiM oinnHneivi flBnaeicfl
cioMMOCTb o6opyflosaHMfl flnfl ropanei/i spesKM. T-o6pasHbii/i cpmuHr
nonHooxsaTHbii/i TPOMHMK, sacnoHKa CTOHT npn6nn3MTenbHO oflMHaKoso
flnfl Ka>Kfloro us wieioflOB, npn ycnoBnn, HTO OTBeiBneHne mvieei TOT xe
pasiviep, HTO n ocHOBHaa Tpy6a (Tunbi n CTomviocTb CPMTMHTOB npusefleHbi B
npunoxeHnn). CTomviocTb csapKM flna Tpoi/iHMKa n cpnTMHra TaioKe
cpasHMMbi. CTOMMOCTM TpyqosaTpaT Ha o6bNHyK> pesKy Tpy6onposofla M
ropflHyio spesKy flosonbHO 6nM3KM flna TaKoro TMna pa6oT. CTOMMOCTb
o6cny>KMBaHMfl Heo6xoflMMO yHMTbisaTb TonbKO npM ropaneM spesKe,
HanpMMep, STO KacaeTca saTOHKM csepna, pewioHTa M saivienbi flpymx
ysnos.
CymecTsyioT seHKepnbie MaiiJMHbi pasHbix paswiepos, HanpMMep,
spesKM OT 3 flo 12 flioMMOB (OT 7,6 flo 30,5 CM), flrm spesoK Manoro
flMaMeTpa (OT 1 flo 3 flioMMOB (OT 2,5 flo 7,6 CM)) MO>KHO npMo6pecTM
Sonee fleiuesbie MaiiJMHbi. O6bNHO KanMTanbHbie saTpaTbi Ha
npMo6peT6HMe o6opyflosaHMfl Arm ropaneM spesKM, McnonbsyeMoro
SoJIbllJMHCTBOM TpaHCCIOpTHblX TaSOBblX KOMHaHMM flJIfl OTBeTBJieHMM
HaM6onee pacnpocTpanennbix pasMepos, Kone6nK)TCfl OT $13 200 flo
$23 000.
CTOMMOCTb o6opyflOB3HMfl - 3TO eflMHOBpeM6HHbie KanMTSJIbHbie 33TpaTbl,
aMopTMsauMfl no KOTOPHM npoMcxoflMT B TeneHMe cpoKa 3KcnnyaTauMM,
o6bNHO 15-20 J16T. flOJ1>KHO 6blTb yHT6HO, K3K HaCTO o6opyflOB3HM6 6yfl6T
McnoribsoBSHO B 6yflymeM. flnfl araro Heo6xoflMMO nposepMTb no npexHei/i
flOKyM6HT314MM, K3K H3CTO fleJISJIMCb nOflo6Hbl6 OTBOflbl paHbLUe.
BepoflTHee scero, KOMnaHMfl, npoMSBOflamaa HecKonbKO ropaHMX spesoK B
rofl, COHT6T BbiroflHbiM npMo6peT6HMe o6opyflOB3HMfl M o6y
-------
no peMOHiy. Kpowie ioro, 6onbiiJMHCTBO nponsBOflmenei/i wioryi
ocymeciBMTb peflKne suflbi pa6oi nnn cflaib o6opyqoBaHne B apeHfly.
CaMOCTOflienbHO ocymecisriflfl HeKoiopbie suflbi pa6oi, TaKMe K3K
seivinflHbie pa6oibi, csapiKHO CHUsmb saipaibi Ha
npurnaujeHne
flpn paccMoipeHMM anbiepHaTMBbi Haewia noflpaflHUKa noKynKe
o6opyqoBaHMfl flna ropflnei/i spesKM cneflyei yHMTbiBaib TaKMe napawieipbi
Tpy6onposofla, K3K TonmnHa cieHOK, Maiepnan ipy6bi, flasneHne n
Tewinepaiypa B JIMHMM. KowinaHMfl flon>KHa oueHMTb, HacKonbKO Hacio ona
SyqeT McnonbsosaTb o6opyflosaHMe, CMOKST nn ona onpasflaib noKynKy,
o6cny>KMBaHMe o6opyflosaHMfl n o6yHeHne nepcoHana.
B Ta6nni4e puc. 5 npeflciasneH yposeHb CTOMMOCTM ropanei/i spesKM npn
noKynKe o6opyflosaHMfl n npn ncnonbsoBaHnn nociopoHHMX ycnyr.
rioKasaHHaa cioniviocTb BKruonaei see Maiepnanbi, oflHaKO, K3K oiMeneHO
Bbiiue, He ynieHbi flononHmenbHbie saipaibi na pa6oiy n o6cny>KMBaHMe.
yiBep>KflaK)T, HTO saipaibi Ha pa6oiy n o6cny>KMBaHMe
B onenb tunpoKnx npeflenax, B sasucmviocTM OT
nponssefleHHbix spesoK n npocpeccnoHannsivia nepconana.
10
-------
PMC. 5: CTOMMOCTb ropflHeft epesKM
Pasiviep oiBOfla,
fllOMMbl
ManeHbKne
epesKM (<12")
Bojibuine epesKM
(>12")
KanmanbHbie saipaibi, $
oSopyfloeaHne1
13200-23000
100000-
200 OOO2
Maiepnanbi
-
2000-91202
CTOMMOCTb
ciopOHHero
cepenca, $
-
1 000 - 4 000
CTOMMOCTb
3KcnnyaTai4MM n
o6cny>KMBaHMa
oSopyfloeaHna, $
500 - 5 000
-
1 OSopyqoBam/ie Ana ropanei/i epesKM MOKST npopaSoiaib OT 5 flo 40 nei. KoMnam/ia
MOKST BbinojmaTb OKOJio 400 HeSojibiunx epesoK B rofl.
2 Mi-iome KOMnaHMM Hai/iflyr Sonee BbiroflHbiM HanaTb noflpaflHMKa Ana Sojibiunx epesoK, n
T3KMM oSpasoM He noHScyr 3TMX saipai.
npuMenaHne: flaHHbie npeflociaaneHbi nponsBOflmenaMM oSopyfloeaHna n onepaiopaMM
ropanei/i epesKM. VHieHbi TonbKO u,&Hb\ Ha HanSonee SKOHOMnnecKM BbiroflHbie onepaitnn.
B Ta6nm4e puc. 6 noKasaHbi saipaibi Ha o6opyflosaHMe, era o6cny>KMBaHMe
n onnaiy noflpaflHUKOB Ana npeflnonaraeivioro ocymecTsneHMfl 320 spesoK B
rofl no nnai-iy, npusefleHHOiviy Ha puc. 4. FloflpasyivieBaeTCfl, HTO
4-flK)i/iMOBbie, 8-flK)i/iMOBbie n 10-flK)i/iMOBbie spesKM (scero 305 spesoK)
Syqyi nponssefleHbi co6cTBeHHbiMM cunaiviM KOMnaHMM. HecKonbKO pas B
rofl nponsBOflflicfl spesKM fluaMeipoM 18 flioi/iMOB nnn 6onee (scero 15
spesoK). flnfl ocymecTsneHMfl TaKMX spesoK 6yflei HaHfli noflpaflHUK.
CiomviocTb o6opyflosaHMfl BKnionaeT noKynKy flsyx ManeHbKMX (wieHee 12
flioi/iMOB) ycTaHOBOK flnfl spesKM. B pawiKax flaHHoro OTHeTa flna aHannsa
saTpaT no npeflnonaraeivioMy cueHapnio ncnoribsosaHa cpeflHaa CTOMMOCTb
noKynKM, o6cny>KMBaHMfl n KOHTpaKTa c noflpaflHUKOM us puc. 5. Mcxoflfl us
3Tnx npeflnonoxeHMi/i, MTorosafl CTOMMOCTb o6opyqoBaHMfl cocTaBnaeT
$36 200, CTOMMOCTb 3KcnnyaTaunM n o6cny>KMBaHMfl $5 500, CTOMMOCTb
ycnyr noflpaflHMKa $37 500.
11
-------
PMC. 6: OLjeHOHHan roAoean CTOMMOCTb ropanux epesoK
npeflno/iaraeivioro
flaHo:
CionMOCTb o6opyqoBaHi/ia sa efli/ini/my = $18 1001
CionMOCTb 3KcnnyaTai4MM M o6cny>Ki/iBaHi/ia Ha efli/ini/my oSopyqoBaHi/ia = $2 7501
CionMOCTb ycnyr nqqpaflHMKa Ha epesKy = $2 5001
KojinnecTBO yciaHOBOK Ana epesKM = 2
KojinnecTBO spesoK, BbinonHeHHbix ciopOHHei/i opraHi/isaiM/iei/i = 15 (see spesKi/i 12
flioi/iMOB 1/1 Sonee)
BbiHMCJieHne:
l/lTOroeaa CTOi/iMOCTb oSopyqceaHi/ia = $18 100 * 2 = $36 200
l/lTOroeaa CTOi/iMOCTb 3Kcn.nyaTai4i/ii/i n o6cny>KMBaHMa = $5 500
CionMOCTb ycnyr nqqpaflHMKa = $2 500 * 15 = $37 500
CTOMMOCTb M3 pMC. 5
3ran 4: OueHKa npn6bmn OT SKOHOMMM rasa npn ropanePi
PMC. 7 noKasbisaei, KaKosa aKOHOMna OT npefloispameHUfl noiepb
npupoflHoro rasa n MCKruoneHUfl saipai Ha npoflysonHbii/i MHepiHbii/i ras sa
cnei npnivieHeHMfl rc-panei/i spesKM Ha Tpy6onposoflax wianoro n 6onbiuoro
npn 320 spesKax B rofl. BennnnHa aKOHOMUM BbNucneHa c
cpopwiyn puc. 3 c yHeioM KonnnecTBa spesoK B rofl. OcHOBHaa
OT saivieHbi spesoK c nepeKpbiineivi Ha ropflHue spesKM - 310
OT npeflOTSpaujeHMfl Bbi6pocos npupoflHoro rasa.
PMC. 7: OLjeHOHHan roflOBaa 3KOHOMMfl rasa pj\s\ npeflno/iaraeivioro
CMGHapua
Ci4eHapni/i epesKi/i 1
TpySonpoeoflbi
4 fllOMMOBblM
ipySonpoeofl 350
CjjyHTOB H3 fllOMM (2,4
Mfla), ynacTOK Annnoi/i
2 Mi/inn (3,2 KM)
8 fllOMMOBblM
ipySonpOBOfl 100
CjjyHTOB H3 fllOMM (0,7),
ynacTOK AnnHOi/i 1 Mi/ma
(1 ,6 KM)
lOflKMMOBblM
ipySonpOBOfl 1 000
CfiyHTOB H3 fllOMM (7
Mfla), ynacTOK Annnoi/i
3 MMJIM (4,8 KM)
18 flKMMOBblM
ipySonpOBOfl 200
CfiyHTOB H3 fllOMM (1 ,4
Mfla), ynacTOK Annnoi/i
2 Mi/inn (3,2 KM)
Bcero B rofl
KOJIM-
H8CTBO
spesoK
BTOfl
250
30
25
15
320
SKOHOMMH
npupOflHoro rasa
TbIC. CfiyT.3
(TbIC. M3)
na spesKy
22 (0,6)
13(0,4)
589
(16,7)
255 (7,2)
TbIC. CfiyT.3
(TbIC. M3)
BfOfl
5500
(155,7)
390(11)
14725
(417)
3825
(108,3)
24440
(692,1)
SKOHOMMH OHMCTHOro
rasa2
TbIC. CfiyT.3
(TbIC. M3)
na spesKy
2 (0,05)
4(0,1)
19(0,5)
41(1,2)
TbIC. CfiyT.3
(TbIC. M3)
BfOfl
500
(14,1)
120(3,4)
475
(13,4)
615
(17,4)
1 710
(48,4)
OSmaa
3KOHOMMH
rasa 3
$
18500
1 650
46075
13935
80160
1 PasMepbi n KonnnecTBO BpesoK MS CL(eHapMa, npuBeflSHHoro na puc. 4.
2 na npi/iMepe 4 flioi/iMOBOi/i spesKM us puc. 4.
3 flpi/i 148H8 npupOflHoro rasa $3/Tbic. dpyj.3 ($106/Tbic. M3) M uene unepTHOro rasa $4/Tbic. dpyj.3
($143/TblC. M3).
12
-------
3ran 5: CpaBHenne eapnaHTOB n oLjeHxa
uenecoo6pa3HOCTM ncnonbaoeaHMsq ropanePi Bpesxu. 3KOHOMMKfly MeTOflaMM rc-panei/i spesKM n spesKM c nepeKpbiTneivi Arm
npeflnonaraewioro cueHapua c 320 spesKawin B rofl. SHaHmenbHbie saipaibi
Ha noKynKy, aKcnnyaiaumo n o6cny>KMBaHMe o6opyflosaHMfl flna
spesKM M/MJIM onnaiy ycnyr noflpaflHUKa. B cueHapnn ynieHbi o6a
saipai: npno6peTeHne flsyx yciaHOBOK flna ropfnei/i spesKM sa
$36 200 flnfl wianbix paswiepos n onnaia pa6oibi noflpaflHUKa sa15 spesoK
SonbiiJMX pasiviepoB ($37 500 B rofl). O6cny>KMBaHMe KynneHHoro
o6opyflosaHMfl Ana ropflnei/i spesKM o6xoflmcfl B $5 500 B rofl. 8101 pacnei
Ha puc. 6. HeKoiopbie ciaibn pacxoflos, TaKMe K3K ciomviocTb
, saflBMweK n Tpyflosaipai, 6binn saflanbi oflMHaKOBbiMM flna o6onx
cnynaes n noaioiviy MCKnioHeHbi us flaHHoro anannsa. Bonee
aHanns MO>KHO nposeciM c yneToivi cneuncpMHHbix flna Ka>Kfloi/i
"cKpbiibix" pacxoflos c ncnonbsoBaHneivi puc. 3.
aKOHOMna saKruonaeTCfl B npefloispameHUM Bbi6pocos
npupoflHoro rasa n saipai Ha npoflysonHbii/i unepTHbii/i ras npn spesKe c
nepeKpbiineivi. KaK noKasano na puc. 7, caKOHOMneHHbie sa rofl
24 440 Tbic. cpyi.3 (684 Tbic. M3) npupoflHoro rasa CTOST $73 320 B rofl npn
u,ene Ha ras $3 sa Tbic. cpyi.3 ($106 sa Tbic. M3). CaKOHOMneHHbie
1 710 Tbic. cpyT.3 (48 Tbic. M3) unepTHoro rasa B rofl CTOHT $6 840 npn u,ene
asoTa $4/Tbic. cpyT.3 ($143/Tbic. M3). l/lTC-rosaa Bbirofla cocTasnfleT $80 160.
Bbirofla OT npeflOTSpamennfl yTeHKM rasa nepes
flsuxKM Tpy6onposofla B npouecce spesKM c nepeKpbiTneivi
euje 6onbiue ycunuT aKOHOMnnecKm/i acpcpeKT OT npuMenennfl
spesKM.
PMC. 8: 3KOHOMMHecKMM aHa/iMs saivieHbi epesKii c nepeKpbiTiieM
Ha ropflHyio epesKy
KanmanbHbie saipaibi, $
Vcnym noflpaflHMKa, $
ClOMMOCTb
3KcnnyaTai4MM M
o6cny>KMBaHMa, $
O6maa CTOMMOCTb, $
SKOHOMMS Ha
npupoflHOM rase, $
3KOHOMM3 H3 MHSpTHOM
rase, $
Muciaa Bbirofla, $
flepnofl OKynaeMOCTM
(Mec.)
IRR
NPV1
ToflO
(36 200)
0
0
(36 200)
(36 200)
rofll
0
(37 500)
(5 500)
(43 000)
73320
6840
37160
Tofl2
0
(37 500)
(5 500)
(43 000)
73320
6840
37160
ToflS
0
(37 500)
(5 500)
(43 000)
73320
6840
37160
R)fl4
0
(37 500)
(5 500)
(43 000)
73320
6840
37160
Tofl5
0
(37 500)
(5 500)
(43 000)
73320
6840
37160
12
113%
$104 665
1 Muciaa npneeflSHHaa CTOMMOCTb (NPV) ncxofla us ciaeKM flMCKOHTHpoeaHna 10% na 5
nei.
13
-------
B saKJiKweHMe oiMeimvi, K6 B
Korfla cucieivia see pasHO flon>KHa 6biib nepeKpbiia, wieiofl
spesKM nosBormeT csKOHOMMTb speivifl n cpeflcisa. OiMeimvi, KeHm/i aKOHOMMM rasa, noaioiviy flosofl, HTO npn aioivi
coKpamaeica awinccufl wieiaHa, MOKST cnoco6cTBOBaib
spesKM B cawibix pa3Hoo6pasHbix o6cTOflTenbCTBax.
OnbiT oflHoro 113
nociaBinMK cooSmaei, HTO flna TpaHcnopiHOi/i rasoeoi/i KOMnaHnn
paSoibi 36-flioi/iMOBOro ipySonpoeofla npn flaeneHMM 1 000 cfiyHTOB Ha
(7 Mna) CTOMT $365 000. BpesKa c nepeKpblTMeM sai/iMei OKOJIO 4 flHei/i n
B 1 ,5 MMJinnoHa flonnapOB 6es yneia CTOMMOCTM BbiSpoiueHHOro rasa.
spesKa noseonuT ns6e>KaTb c}3MHaHCOBbix noiepb sa CHST HenpepbiBHOi/i
rasa.
fasonposoflbi, K3K npasn.no, flononnaioTCfl HecKonbKMMM OTBOflswin B rofl.
ripnivieHeHMe ropanux spesoK wioxeT cnoco6cTBOB3Tb coKpameHMKi
MeTaHa us rasonposoflos n nosbiiueHMK) aKOHOMnnecKoi/i acpcpeKTMBHOCTH
pa6oT. flanee KpaTKO o6o6meH onbiT npmvieHeHMfl napTHepaivin n
i o6opyqoBaHMfl flna ropanei/i spesKM.
spesKa Mcnonbsyeicfl rasonepeKaHnsaiommviM KOMnaHMflMM Ha
flecaiKOB nei. OueHMB aKOHOMMK) rasa, nonynaeiviyK) npn
aioro wieiofla, MO>KHO peKOMeHflosaib ee npmvieHeHne
BO MHorux cnynaflx, B Koiopbix paHbiue ona He ncnonbsoBanacb.
* Medo oiBOfla flon>KHO 6biib HeKoppoflnposanHbiM, He flon>KHO
coflepxaib Bbi6onHbi nnn
FopflHyK) spesKy ne cneflyei nponssoflmb B HenocpeflciseHHOi/i
SJIMSOCTM OT spaujaiomerocfl o6opyflosaHMfl nnn
KOHiponbHbix saflBMxeK, ecjin 3TO o6opyflOBaHMe He
spesoK na cianbHbix ipy6ax cpmnHru npuBapusaioTCfl K OCHOBHOM
ipy6e. OflnaKO, npn spesKe B nyryn cpmnHru us ac6oueivieHTa nnn
Seiona ne wioryi 6biib npusapenbi K OCHOBHOM ipy6e. B TaKMX cnynaax
cneflyei npmvieHflTb anbTepHaiMBHbie lexHonornn
CpMTMHra, T3KM6 K3K HyryHHbM o6>KmVIHOI/i pyK3B MJ1M XOMyT.
* flpn pa6oie c nnacinKOBbiMn cucieiviaMM nonbsoBaienb
y6eflMTbCfl B TOM, HTO cpMTUHr coBMecTMM c flaHHbiM Tunoivi nnacTMKOBOi/i
Tpy6bl M HTO Bbl6p3H npaSMJIbMbll/i MeTOfl COeflMH6HMfl. ripOMSBOflMTenM
cpnTMHru noHTM flrm scex Tunos nnacTMKOBbix cucTeivi.
* ECJIM KOMnaHMfl flo 3Toro He nposoflnna ropanux spesoK, npoueflypa
flon>KHa 6biTb fleTanbHO npopa6oTana, a nepcoHan o6yKHbi MHCTpyKunn Ha cnynai/i BOSMOXHOTO npoxura
B npouecce csapKM.
14
-------
* Bee o6opyqoBaHne flon>KHO cooTBeTCTBOBaib MMHMivianbHbiM
Tpe6oBaHMflM MHflycTpnanbHbix n rocyqapcTBem-ibix ciaHflapioB no
), Tewinepaiype n ycnosuflivi
* 3a noflpo6HbiMM HHCTpyKunflMH cneflyei o6pamaibcfl K
MHflycTpnanbHbiM n cpeflepanbHbiM KOflawi n ciaHflapiaM (Hanpmviep,
ASMEB31.8,API2201,API 1104, API D12750, 49 CFR 192).
* Heo6xoflmvio npoKOHcynbTuposaTbCfl c nponsBOflmenflMH cpmnHroB
o6opyflosaHMfl, ncnonbsyeivioro flna ropflnei/i spesKM, B cnynae, ecnn
Tewinepaiypa, flasneHne, Maiepnan, us Koioporo nsroioBneHbi ipy6bi
fluawieip spesKM HeinnnHMbi arm cucieivibi onepaiopa.
* flaHHbie o coKpameHnn aMnccnn wieiaHa, csasaHMbie c npmvieHeHneivi
ropflHux spesoK, cneflyei BKnionaTb B roflosoi/i oineT nporpawiMbi Natural
Gas Star.
15
-------
JlMTepaiypa
American Petroleum Institute. Procedures for Welding or Hot Tapping on
Equipment in Service. API Recommended Practice 2201, Third and Fourth
Editions, October 1985 and September 1995.
American Petroleum Institute. Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities,
Publication No. 1104, 19th Edition, September 1999.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). ASME Code for Pres-
sure Piping, B3I, ASME B31.8-1995 Edition.
Bruce, William A. Edison Welding Institute. Personal contact.
Burns, David. TransCanada Hot Taps. Personal contact.
Chaput, James. Michigan Gas. Personal contact.
Chila, Vern. International Piping Services Company. Personal contact.
Davaney, Tom. Con Edison. Personal contact.
Doig, Deanna. TransCanada Alberta System, TransCanada Pipelines. Per-
sonal contact.
Hranicka, Anthony. Con Edison. Personal contact.
Hydra-Stop, Inc. A Pressure Installation Primer: Basic Information and Proce-
dures for Line Tapping and Linestopping.
LaShoto, Paul. Bay State Gas. Personal contact.
McAllister, E.W. Editor. Pipeline Rules of Thumb Handbook. Fourth Edition,
Gulf Publishing Company.
McElligott, John A., John Delanty, and Burke Delanty, "Use of Hot Taps for
Gas Pipelines Can be Expanded," Oil and Gas Journal, 11/30/98.
McMicken, Mike and Brian Boucher. Team Industrial Services, Inc. Personal
contact.
Petolick, Don and Gary Vanderhye. Hydra-Stop, Inc. Personal contact.
Rodgers, Erick. Topaz Inc. Personal contact.
Smith, Sharlye. Mueller Co. Personal contact.
Vandervort, Dal and T.D. Williamson. Inc. Personal contact.
Venugopal, Shrikanth. TransCanada Transmission. Personal contact.
Tingley, Kevin. EPA Natural Gas STAR Program. Personal contact.
U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. Title 49, Part 192 (49 CFR 192), Subpart
D, "Transportation of Natural and Other Gas by Pipeline: Minimum Federal
Safety Standards; Design of Pipeline Components".
16
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16"x16"
18"x18"
20" x 20"
24" x 24"
30" x 30"
40"x16"
60" x 16"
$2000
$3000
$5000
$6000
$9000
$2500
$2500
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12"x12"
20" x 20"
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150#
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$407
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$3645
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$428
$1 484
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$1 251
$1 468
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17
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Topaz - LJetibi Ha no/iHooxeaTHyio CKo6y, $
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2" x 2"
4" x 4"
12"x12"
20" x 20"
12"x4"
20" x 8"
40"x16"
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$227
$227
$645
N/A
$594
$1 303
N/A
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$189
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$1 306
$495
$1 076
$3493
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18
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&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Air and Radiation (6202J)
1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW
Washington, DC 20460
EPA430-B-03-010
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