GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABLE
A PROJECT OF THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SMART GROWTH IMPLEMENTATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM &
THE CONNECTICUT CAPITOL REGION COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS
NOVEMBER 2009
JONATHAN ROSE COMPANIES LLC
WALLACE ROBERTS AND TODD
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SMAR' A/TH
GUIDELINES SUSTAINABLE
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many organizations and individuals contributed to the preparation of these Guidelines and the companion report, Together We Can
Grow Better: Smart Growth fora Sustainable Connecticut Capitol Region.The staff from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's
Smart Growth Program and the Connecticut Capitol Region Council of Governments were instrumental to shaping the project and
provided key insight on issues at the local, regional, state and federal levels. Other contributors during the planning process include local
municipalities in the Connecticut capital region, Connecticut state agencies, and not-for-profit entities focused on smart growth, quality
affordable housing, and green building.The multiple entities from the public, private and not-for-profit sectors are provided below.
SPONSORS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Capitol Region Council of Governments
PARTNERS
1,000 Friends of Connecticut
American Farmland Trust
Center for Integrated Design
Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development
Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection
Connecticut Housing Finance Authority
Connecticut Main Street Center
Homebuilders Association of Connecticut
HOMEConnecticut
Partnership for Strong Communities
Regional Plan Association
Town of Bloomfield, Connecticut
Town of Manchester; Connecticut
Town of South Windsor; Connecticut
Town ofTolland, Connecticut
Connecticut Office of Policy and Management
OTHERS
Lyceum Resource and Conference Center in Hartford Connecticut
Clough Harbour & Associates
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ABOUT THE SPONSORS
Smart Growth Guidelines for Sustainable Design and Development is sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the
Capitol Region Council of Governments.
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Policy, Economics, and Innovation's Smart Growth Program
Founded in 1970, EPA leads the nation's environmental science, research, education and assessment efforts.The mission of the
Environmental Protection Agency is to protect human health and the environment. EPA's Smart Growth Program helps communities
improve their development practices by working with local, state, and national experts to discover and encourage successful,
environmentally-sensitive development strategies.
For more information: http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth
CAPITOL REGION COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS
The Capitol Region Council of Governments (CRCOG) is the largest of Connecticut's 15 regional planning organizations. CRCOG
was established under the Connecticut General Statutes in 1978 as a voluntary association of municipal governments serving the City
of Hartford and 28 surrounding suburban and rural communities. CRCOG is governed by the chief elected officials of the 29 metro
Hartford municipalities. The region is 760 square miles in size and houses approximately 741,303 residents. CRCOG is dedicated to
expanding the concept of voluntary cooperation among its member municipalities as the means to successfully respond to many of the
region's pressing governmental and public challenges. CRCOG members recognize that the future of individual municipalities is tied to
the future of the region as a whole and have collaborated for more than 30 years on a wide range of projects.
For more information: http://www.crcog.org/index.html
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Jonathan Rose Companies is a green real estate policy planning development, owner's representative, and investment firm whose
mission is to repair the fabric of communities while preserving the land around them.The firm works with cities, not-for-profit
organizations and private clients to develop creative solutions to real estate challenges. A leading green urban solutions provider; we
understand buildings, neighborhoods, cities, regions, and the nation as complex, adaptive, and interdependent systems. Our goal is to
help metropolitan regions become more resilient, competitive, and equitable. We believe that our integrated, multi-disciplinary approach
to policy and practice is the key to achieving transformative change. Founded in 1989 by Jonathan FR Rose as a mission-based practice,
the firm is recognized for its ability to achieve visionary goals through practical strategies and affordable green urban solutions. Jonathan
Rose Companies has offices in the East Coast, Southwest, and Rocky Mountain regions.
For more information: http://www.rosecompanies.com
Wallace Roberts andTodd is a collaborative practice of city and regional planners, urban designers, landscape architects, and
architects who create vibrant, imaginative, and sustainable places at many scales. Our work reinforces the integrity of cities and
regions and seeks to enhance their quality of life—whether retaining a community's identity and sense of place, promoting more
sustainable suburban patterns, protecting urban communities from sprawl, integrating nature into urban patterns, or revitalizing city
centers. Successful plans give tangible expression to the aspirations and values of citizens, and we employ a range of techniques to
engage community members so that the planning process reflects their priorities and builds consensus. Urban design is the crucial
middle scale between large-scale planning and the design of individual sites. Urban design frameworks organize and guide the efforts
of designers and developers of public space and individual private parcels so that these works contribute to the larger collective
task of community building. We believe that development patterns are most successful when they acknowledge the vital function of
public space networks, environmental systems, building typologies, and the many economic factors that affect them.
For more information: http://www.wrtdesign.com
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CONTENTS
Introduction l&
Overview 4&
Development &
& Design Guidelines
Prosperous, Smart Growth Locations 7
Placemaking, Neighborhood Design | |
Green Building & Infrastructure I 6
Resources
22&
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NTRODUCTION&
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, population
in the United States is projected to grow from
305 million in 2009 to 439 million people in
2050, and an estimated 89 million homes and
190 billion square feet of new offices, institutions,
stores, and other non-residential buildings will be
built. That means that approximately two-thirds
of total development on the ground in 2050 will
have been built between now and then, which
creates great opportunities and responsibilities to
develop in a manner that addresses the resiliency
of our communities to respond to the impacts
of a changing climate and resource demand and
production equitably and sustainably1 This major
increase in population and development presents
I "Leadership in a New Era, Nelson, A. C., Journal of the American
Planning Association, Vol. 72, no. 4, 2006, pp. 393-409
several critical opportunities for communities,
regions, and states to grow smarten invest in
existing communities and infrastructure, and
green their existing and future building stock
However, without a coordinated local, regional,
and national commitmentto green and sustainable
development and infrastructure practices
to support transit-oriented development in
smart locations, costs associated with energy
consumption and demand, natural resource and
open space depletion, as well as greenhouse
gas emissions will continue to escalate at
unprecedented rates.
Many communities and regions around the
country are looking for ways to grow smarter
that use less land and energy; provide safe,
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affordable housing options for people of all
incomes and ages, and support transportation
options such as walking, biking, and public transit.
A recent study suggests that increasing numbers
of Americans are seeking to live in locations that
offer walkability, more transportation choices, and
a mix of housing, retail, jobs, and neighborhood
services.2
Investing in existing buildings, neighborhoods,
and infrastructure that supports walkable
communities connected to transit, can increase
economic competitiveness for communities and
regions. As we plan for the future of communities,
the economics of development will need to
consider the fact that many Americans currently
cannot afford to live near where they work and
are spending excessive amounts of time and
their limited incomes on transportation, primarily
owning and driving cars. In addition, homes that
are not energy or water efficient also translate
to more money spent on high energy and water
bills. A comprehensive planning approach that
integrates the location of development with
neighborhood and building design to create
walkable, transit-served neighborhoods will mean
that households with varying income levels will
have access to more jobs in the region because
they do not need a can and businesses will have
access to more workers.
Smart growth and green building are also critical
if this country is committed to reducing its impact
on global climate change. Combined, buildings
and transportation currently make up about
71 percent of the country's greenhouse gas
emissions.3 By investing in our communities and
regions with homes that are closer to jobs, retail,
civic centers, and neighborhood services, and by
creating walkable neighborhoods, we will help to
reduce the amount of driving and the greenhouse
gas emissions that result. Making our buildings
and infrastructure more energy efficient further
2 "2007 Growth and Transportation Survey" National Association
of Realtors and Smart Growth America, 2007.
3 2009 EPA Greenhouse Gas Inventory, http://www.epa.gov/
climatechange/emissions/usinvento ryreport.html
contributes to these reductions. Several strategies
to achieve energy savings and greenhouse
gas emissions reductions are proposed in this
publication.
A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH TO
HOUSING AND DEVELOPMENT
Green building strategies create more energy
efficient homes, which directly translates into
significant savings in housing costs. However, a
comprehensive planning and policy approach
that identifies smart locations for development,
design of mixed-use, walkable neighborhoods,
and green building strategies will have the
broadest impact on creating economically viable
and sustainable development patterns in our
country. According to the U.S. Department of
Housing and Urban Development (HUD), "the
average American household now spends 34
percent of their annual income on housing and
I 8 percent on transportation - the combined
total of 52 percent of their budgets is wrapped
up in these two largest expenses". While this
country has experienced lower housing costs in
suburban and rural locations, transportation costs
are higher, "and the combination of housing and
transportation averages 57 percent for working
families in the metropolitan area". The study cited
by HUD, also found that "households in a centrally
located neighborhood, with access to mass transit,
only spent 34 percent of their income on the same
costs"4 With nearly 50 percent of people living in
rural places within the bounds of metropolitan
statistical areas, an integrated planning approach
that spaces jurisdictional boundaries is needed.5
Successfully addressing the challenges and
opportunities of growing smarter and building
greener will require that communities collaborate
with each other, as well as with regional, state,
and federal agencies and organizations. The
4 The Affordability Index: A New Tool for Measuring theTrue
Affordability of a Housing Choice,
http://www.brookings.edu/reports/.. JO I _affordability_index.aspx
5 American Housing Survey forthe United States:2007,
http://www.census.gOV/prod/2008pubs/h 150-07.pdf
INTRODUCTION
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infrastructure and economic stability of our
communities are tied to what happens at the
regional and state levels, and vice versa. For
example, providing a regional public transit
system is a critical element of the regional
infrastructure system that requires coordination
between local municipalities, regional authorities,
and state and federal agencies. Making sure that
these decisions yield benefits for households—
in the form of greater choice, lower combined
housing and transportation costs, and healthier
communities—also strengthens local economies.
To accomplish these multiple outcomes, agencies
must collaborate to efficiently share information
and resources and to appropriately target
programs, policies, and resources.
In Connecticut, the Capitol Region Council of
Governments (CRCOG) partnered with the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to
address these challenges—many of which are
shared by communities and regions around the
country. CRCOG collaborated with EPA's Smart
Growth Program to identify tools and strategies
for implementing a state affordable housing
program, HOMEConnecticut,6 to grow smarten
ensure healthy and affordable housing, and
support long-term economic competitiveness at
the local and regional levels. The EPA and CRCOG
hired a team of experts, which included urban
designers from Wallace Roberts &Todd and real
estate planning and development advisors from
Jonathan Rose Companies.The guidelines in this
document are a result of that collaboration and
will help guide development in the 29 urban,
suburban, and rural municipalities that make up
the Connecticut Capitol Region.
These guidelines were developed for communities
in Connecticut and around the country striving to
get development and future growth that result
in stronger neighborhoods, protected open
space and watersheds, and healthier and more
affordable homes.The guidelines are also applied
to site-level conceptual plans for development
that are featured in a companion report,
Together We Can Grow Better: Smart Growth
for a Sustainable Region. That report analyzes
four types of development that represent many
of the challenges and opportunities faced by
communities:
• Infill redevelopment in an existing residential
neighborhood;
• Greyfield redevelopment of a dead shopping
center in a retail corridor;
• Infill development in afunctioning but underused
shopping center; and
• Development in a rural context adjacent to a
village center
6 Authorized in 2007,the HOMEConnecticut program (Public
Act 07-4) creates incentives for municipalities to establish land
use regulations that allow higher density residential development
with affordable housing requirements.The legislation authorized
$4 million for technical assistance and planning grants to
towns, non-profit developers, housing assistance organizations,
and regional planning agencies and for zoning and building
permit incentive payments.
INTRODUCTION 3
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Highlands' Garden Village Mixed-Use and Mixed-Income Community - Denver, Colorado
Jonathan Rose Companies
OVERVIEW&
PURPOSE OFTHE GUIDELINES FOR
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT
These guidelines can helpindividuals.organizations,
and agencies involved in the planning, design,
and development of homes, neighborhoods,
and communities. They are intended mainly
for local government officials who are at the
forefront of making decisions on land use, site
and neighborhood design, housing, green building,
development agreements, and public-private
partnerships. Municipal planners, engineers,
commissioners, council members, and others
must grapple with making the right decisions on
projects of all sizes as they strive to make their
communities more livable and sustainable.These
guidelines can provide a framework to help
these local decision-makers guide development,
preserve open space, provide housing that
is affordable and energy efficient, and create
neighborhoods that are enjoyable and walkable.
These guidelines are also a resource for regional
and state officials responsible for the allocation of
state and federal resources. Funding for regional
infrastructure—roads, transit, sewers, water,
etc.—is usually allocated at the state level but
has a significant impact on the way regions and
communities grow.These guidelines demonstrate
the connections between infrastructure
investments and land use and development
decisions and can help identify projects, features
of projects, or broader areas that warrant more
targeted state investment.
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The guidelines are also for designers, developers,
advocates, and builders of attractive buildings and
neighborhoods, as well as those who are interested
in developing homes and neighborhoods that
respond to changing demographics and market
demands. They offer important considerations
on how to generate long-lasting value from land
use and development decisions, including location,
orientation and layout, composition and character
and green building materials and design.
Finally, these guidelines are intended to help
residents who wantto more effectively participate
in the development of their neighborhoods and
towns. This document provides a framework
for them to engage with the local government
and developers in siting, planning, designing, and
developing high-quality projects that create great
places.
GUIDELINES VERSUS CRITERIA
The guidelines were developed with the specific
intent of providing strategies for decision-makers
and practitioners involved in policy-making,
planning, and development of our buildings,
neighborhoods, and communities. They are not
intended to be prescriptive or to offer uniform,
rigid metrics or benchmarks, but rather to provide
a comprehensive overview of how to approach
equitable, sustainable neighborhood building.
These guidelines differ from, but complement,
other certification programs that contain
comprehensive criteria to achieve a certain
standard of sustainability Certification programs
such as the Enterprise Green Communities, the
U.S. Department of Energy and EPA's ENERGY
STAR, and the U.S. Green Building Council's LEED
certification systems (USGBC LEED) include
specific requirements that the developer or
homebuilder must meet in order to qualify for
certification. These programs provide standards
that agencies, individuals, and organizations
can use to establish benchmarks and measure
outcomes. They have also helped to popularize
green building and design not only in the real
estate and development industries, but also with
residents, property owners and business tenants.
While some programs focus on green homes or
developments (such as ENERGY STAR, USGBC
LEED-Homes, and the National Association of
Home Builders Green Building Program), other
programs (such as Green Communities and
USGBC LEED-Neighborhood Development)
emphasize the creation of green neighborhoods.
(See Resources - Certification Programs for
access to further information).
The ways in which communities use these
programs vary widely. Some local and state
governments have begun to require that projects
meet green certification thresholds as part
of a policy strategy to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions. Other jurisdictions have incorporated
elements of these green programs into their land
use ordinances and building codes.The guidelines
in this document provide a framework for the
basic considerations for mixed-income, mixed-
use, sustainable development. This publication
also includes a list of resources that illustrate how
the design guidelines could be incorporated into
municipal land use regulations.
HOWTO USETHE GUIDELINES
The guidelines offer strategies that are
appropriate for each scale of development—
region, neighborhood, and building. Regional
strategies establish the foundation for determining
highest and best land use patterns that achieve
better environmental and economic benefits.
Neighborhood strategies lay the groundwork
for livability, equity, good design, and marketability.
Building strategies ensure that structures include
green, energy-efficient design that reduces costs
and improves the quality and durability of the
built environment.
OVERVIEW
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Site Location: The site location criteria can be
used as a checklist for prospective development
sites. They provide focused guidance for the
most critical decisions that planners and policy-
makers can make to help reduce the impacts
of development patterns on climate change,
natural resources and ecological systems, reduce
household costs and living expenses, and more
efficiently use limited public resources to build
regional infrastructure.
Neighborhood Plan: The neighborhood planning
guidelines are more detailed, matching the scale
of decisions that can be made at the block and
neighborhood scale to create livable, equitable,
and diverse communities. The guidelines include
a list of strategies that could be considered for
each project.They may not all apply, but they will
add beauty and market value to projects, as well
as enhance and preserve environmental features
that create a sense of place.
Design and Construction: The design and
construction guidelines are the most detailed.
They focus on the building and site infrastructure-
scale design decisions and strategies that can help
reduce energy and water consumption, improve
air quality, and create green infrastructure
systems. Implementation of the strategies will
vary depending on site conditions, availability of
materials, capacity of local designers and builders,
and other reasons. However, all the strategies
should be considered as a menu of opportunities
to create high-performance buildings in well-
designed neighborhoods in smart locations.
Community participation in these issues is critical
and should be integrated from the start into all
development and land use planning and policy
activities at the regional and local levels. These
guidelines will provide residents with tools to
identify and advocate for smart growth projects
in their region, town, or city so they can more
effectively participate in the planning process.
The economic and quality of life advantages
communities gain from using smart growth and
green building strategies are increasingly evident.
As the market demand for energy-efficient homes
and more affordable, sustainable neighborhoods
increases, the capacity of local builders, designers,
and suppliers will grow to meet that demand.
The result will be well-designed communities that
contribute to a stronger local economy, healthier
residents, and a more environmentally sound
approach to growth.
OVERVIEW
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Opportunties By:
Access
^•A
Transit (proposed)
(?.• Transit (existing)
Natural Edge
Center (existing)
:er (proposed)
Example Regional Transit Planning Analysis
Wallace Roberts & Todd, LLC
PROSPEROUS,
SMART GROWTH LOCATIONS
Planning at the regional scale is the first critical
step in creating livable communities. Locating
development on underused, vacant, abandoned,
or contaminated land in existing towns and cities
reduces development pressure on rural or prime
agricultural lands. These sites, typically infill sites
or parcels adjacent to existing development, are
often the cornerstones catalyzing further private
investment in other underused properties nearby.
The benefits of this approach are many For example,
revitalizing neighborhoods and downtown districts
strengthens the municipal tax base and prods
communities to improve existing infrastructure.
A regional analysis of development opportunities
highlights new ways to increase accessibility to
employment centers, reduce the time and energy
residents spend commuting, and improve air and
water quality. Complementary land preservation
and conservation strategies at the regional scale
identify vulnerable lands and help protect them
from development, which focuses local and
regional market forces on existing neighborhoods.
Combining revitalization strategies with land
preservation policies work together to strengthen
the vitality and economic viability of mixed-use
town centers and neighborhoods.
Local governments, planners, developers, and
others who are involved in selecting and approving
SMART GROWTH GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABLE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT
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sites for future development make their decisions
based on many considerations.The guidelines on
the following pages can be the foundation upon
which to base location decisions for residential,
commercial, mixed-use, or other development
to achieve long-term economic and sustainable
development objectives. Key regional strategies
for locating development and making land-use
policy are:
• Natural Resources Preservation
• Environmentally Sensitive Areas Protection
• Existing Development and Infrastructure
Connections
• Transportation and Transit Systems Access
• Community-Oriented Services Proximity
THE LINK BETWEEN VEHICLE MILES
TRAVELED (VMT) AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Transportation accounts for 1/3 of CO2 emissions in the
United States.' Transportation related CO2 reduction
efforts can be understood as a three-legged stool.The
first leg is fuel efficiency, the second leg is developing
cleaner, lower carbon fuels, and the third leg is the
reduction of vehicle miles traveled (VMT).
To date, most policy attention has been paid to the
first two legs of the stool, the gains of which have been
canceled out by the additional VMT growth attributed to
ongoing conventional development patterns. If current
development patterns do not change,VMT in the United
States will experience a rise of 48% by 2030 and 102%
by 2050.2 By creating walkable compact communities
connected to local and regional transit, Smart Growth
development can effectively slow the growth in VMT by
significantly reducing the need to drive.
I "Growing Cooler;The Evidence on Urban Development and Climate
Change" ULI, Washington DC, 2008
2 Ibid
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OBJECTIVES
PROSPEROUS SMART GROWTH LOCATIONS
GUIDELINES
NATURAL RESOURCES PRESERVATION
Preserve and protect farmland,
natural resources and habitat
Locate the development on a site that does not have:
- Wetlands, water bodies or land within 100 feet of these areas
- Prime agricultural soils
- Unique or prime forest soils
- Threatened or endangered species habitat
- Aquifer recharge areas
ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS PROTECTION
Protect environmentally
sensitive areas
Enhance and protect the
ecology of natural systems
Locate the development on land that does not have:
- Steep slopes greater than 15%
- 100-year floodplains
- Highly credible soils
Establish a mandatory no-development buffer at wetlands,
floodplains, lakes, rivers, and estuaries
EXISTING DEVELOPMENT & INFRASTRUCTURE CONNECTIONS
Capitalize on
existing infrastructure
Redevelop and restore value of
contaminated or under-utilized
land
Minimize reliance on private
septic systems
Locate the development on a site that has access to existing
roads, water, sewers and other infrastructure and is within or
contiguous to existing development
To the greatest extent possible, locate the project on a greyfield
(underused or abandoned site), brownfield (underused
or abandoned site with real or perceived environmental
contamination), or other adaptive reuse/infill site
Discourage development on sites where private septic
systems will be required, both because of the cots of
maintenance and typical system failures, and because of the
large lot size required to service the systems
TRANSPORTATION AND TRANSIT SYSTEMS ACCESS
Encourage transit and other
alternatives to single
occupancy cars, reduce
total congestion, vehicle
miles traveled, household
transportation costs, and
greenhouse gas emissions
Locate the development on a site that is served by or
within walking distance of public transit or other alternative
transportation, such as:
- Bus
- Train (light rail, heavy rail, tram)
- Ferry
- Bike lanes and designated bike routes
- Car share
SMART GROWTH GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABLE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT 9
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OBJECTIVES
PROSPEROUS SMART GROWTH LOCATIONS
GUIDELINES
COMMUNITY-ORIENTED SERVICES PROXIMITY
Support community health by
encouraging walking and biking
and reducing driving
Locate the development on a site that is served by or is
within 15 minutes walking distance of community-oriented
services, such as:
- Grocery store
- Convenience store
- Civic, community and educational facilities
- Cultural and entertainment facilities
- Child care
- Job centers
- Health clinic (medical or dental)
- Post office
- Pharmacy
- Laundry/ dry cleaner
- Police or fire station
- Place of worship
- Public park and recreational facility
10 SMART GROWTH GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABLE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT
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Highlands' Garden Village, Co-housing - Denver, Colorado
Jonathan Rose Companies
NEGHBORHOOD PLAN -
PLACEMAKING&
Desirable neighborhoods that offer a good quality
of life and maintain lasting value for residents are
not only located in convenient areas (see previous
section) but also include well-designed buildings,
streets, and infrastructure. Good neighborhoods
are sustainable and maintain enduring value for
their inhabitants.They provide good quality housing
opportunities for people at all stages of life, from
young to old, and with different income levels. Good
neighborhoods are memorable and have clear,
identifiable boundaries, connections to surrounding
places, parks and civic spaces, a diversity of uses and
housing types, and create a cohesive sense of place.
These neighborhood-scale guidelines contribute
to creating walkable neighborhoods, pedestrian
friendly streets, and thriving, diverse, healthy
communities. There are exciting opportunities
within these guidelines to be creative. Green
design and development strategies, such as those
listed in this document, can be used to create
neighborhoods that are environmentally sensitive
and vibrant, attractive places. For example, trees
along streets are aesthetically pleasing, protect
and shade pedestrians, cool the ambient air
temperature, and slow and retain water as part of
a stormwater management system.
SMART GROWTH GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABLE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT
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The guidelines work together to achieve high-
quality neighborhood design in these areas:
• Neighborhood Fabric and Composition
• Community Streets
• Nature and Open Space
• Equity Diversity and Affordability
Gateway Crossing - Hagerstown, MD
Placemaking in Practice
A former neighborhood of industrial lands and public
housing sites in Western Maryland, this neighborhood
revitalization effort created place by reinterpreting
historic workforce housing that supported the railroad
industry at the turn of the 20th century. A series of
neighborhood parks and community centers were all
placed within 1/4-mile walking radius.
The mixed-income redevelopment is designed to
integrate well into an existing historic neighborhood,
while providing energy efficient homes that are LEED
for Home qualified. Due to the rocky soil conditions in
this community along the foothills of the Appalachian
Mountains, the site development balanced density with
large areas reserved for stormwater infiltration in front
yards and in the parks.
12
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OBJECTIVES
NEIGHBORHOOD PLAN - PLACEMAKING
GUIDELINES
NEIGHBORHOOD FABRICAND COMPOSITION
Encourage walking and reduce
vehicle miles traveled by mixing
uses and densities
Maximize density levels to
create optimal nodes of activity
Minimize the negative impact
of car parking and encourage
healthy modes of transportation
Maximize opportunities for
passive solar heating and cooling
COMMUNITY STREETS
Calm traffic and create desirable,
pedestrian friendly, safe streets
Incorporate a diverse mix of uses within the development, or
locate housing within a 15-minute walk of commercial and
retail districts within diverse, community-oriented services
Exceed existing density patterns or requirements for a
residential and mixed-use development. Suggested minimum
densities for new residential construction:
- Six (6) units per acre for detached/semi-detached houses
- Ten (10) units per acre for townhomes
- Twenty (20) units per acre for apartments
Design car parking areas so that they are not the primary
visual components of the neighborhood character by:
- Providing opportunities for shared parking between
structures
- Reducing parking ratio requirements in areas served by
public transit
- Providing preferred or discounted parking for carpools,
vanpools and low-emitting, fuel-efficient vehicles
- Providing designated street parking for car-sharing service
- Limiting and screening parking and loading areas to the side
and/or rear of buildings
- Providing bike racks and walking amenities (water fountains,
benches, etc) near entrances at points of destination
For new street blocks or buildings, take advantage of natural
solar heating and cooling by orienting the longer side of the
street grid and/or buildings along the east-west axis
Design safe, pedestrian-friendly streets by including elements,
such as:
- Wide sidewalks on both sides of the street (4 feet
minimum width on residential blocks, 8 feet minimum width
on non-residential or mixed-use blocks)
- Street furniture (e.g., benches, street lamps)
- Trees and other landscaping
- Street curb bulb-outs
- Adequate space for transit stops/shelters
- Wbonerfs (streets that give legal priority to pedestrians
and cyclists)
- Narrower streets to reduce speeds and impervious surfaces
SMART GROWTH GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABLE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT
13
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NEIGHBORHOOD PLAN - PLACEMAKING
OBJECTIVES
COMMUNITY STREETS
Create bike-friendly streets
Maximize neighborhood
connectivity
Enliven street frontages
Beautify streets with trees and
green infrastructure practices
NATURE AND OPEN SPACE
Create or enhance green open
space networks
GUIDELINES
Create a bike-friendly environment with continuous, and if
possible, separated bike lanes that connect to a larger bike
network, bike parking, and easily accessible bike racks
Connect new streets, sidewalks and bike lanes to the existing
street grid and surrounding neighborhoods, districts, and
transportation network
Support a pedestrian-friendly street pattern by:
- Orienting buildings toward the street and sidewalk with
front facades and entrances facing a public space but not a
parking area
- Locating front building facades near the front property line
- Zoning for pedestrian-oriented uses at the ground level
(e.g., retail, community services such as libraries and
community centers, etc.,)
Encourage the use of green infrastructure practices as
standard practice for roads and public rights-of-way. For
example, provide street trees on both sides of streets
between the street and sidewalk. Use appropriate (drought
tolerant) tree species and ensure the trees have the correct
soils and root and growth space to thrive
Design green open space so that it is connected to existing
green open space networks within or adjacent to site
boundaries
Conserve natural resources
Maximize access to parks and
recreational areas
Preserve and restore natural resources through compact
conservation design
Include and/or provide direct access to parks and
recreational areas
Maximize access to local food
Provide access to local food and opportunities for food
production, by:
- Zoning or CC&Rs (covenants, conditions and restrictions)
that allow for growing produce on residential property
- Dedicating open space for a community garden in the
development
- Locating the project near a farmers' market.
- Planting edible landscapes as part of landscaping plans
14
SMART GROWTH GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABLE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT
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OBJECTIVES
NEIGHBORHOOD PLAN - PLACEMAKING
GUIDELINES
EQUITY, DIVERSITY AND AFFORDABILITY
Encourage housing type,
tenure, and income diversity
Create environments usable by
all people, to the greatest extent
possible, without the need for
adaptation or specialization
Exceed the affordability requirements of applicable local and/
or state programs, and:
- Include a mix of housing types, tenures, income targeting
and density patterns
- Establish zoning regulations that allow accessory units
To the greatest extent possible, incorporate the following
universal design strategies:
- One zero-step entrance, at the front, back or side of the
house
- At least 32 inches of clear passage space for all main floor
doors, including bathrooms
- At least a half bath, preferably a full bath, on the main floor
- Incorporate universal design strategies in the design of the
residential units (Universal Design Resources1,2)
I Center for Inclusive Design and Environmental Access, http://www.ap.buffalo.edu/
idea/Home/index.asp
2 Center for Neighborhood Technology Housing and Transportation Affordability
Index, http://www.cnt.org/tcd/ht
SMART GROWTH GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABLE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT
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Othello Station at New Holly - Seattle, WA
Wallace Roberts &Todd, LLCw'ithWRTISolomon ETC
GREEN BULDNG &
& NFRASTRUCTURE&
Green building techniques make new and
existing buildings healthier more durable, and
more energy and water efficient. Buildings are
healthier when they are designed to improve
the indoor air quality, thereby reducing incidence
of asthma and other respiratory diseases. Also,
more durable buildings consider the lifecycle
of materials, selecting efficient, recycled, or
recyclable construction and finish materials and
using construction methods that extend their
functional life, reduce cost, and reduce waste.
These materials, appliances, and techniques
not only conserve resources, they also reduce
household energy and water costs.
These techniques are within the reach of both
experienced green builders and those that are just
beginning to incorporate sustainability, energy
efficiency and compact design into their
construction practice and business model. In the
guidelines below, experienced builders may
recognize similarities with other green building
certification programs, such as the Enterprise Green
Communities Program, the U.S. Green Building
Council LEED programs, and EPA's ENERGY STAR
ratings for homes, appliances, and fixtures.
In some municipalities, developers and builders
may have varying levels of capacity or knowledge
in green construction and design, or may be
16
SMART GROWTH GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABLE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT
-------
located in areas with limited access to green
materials. In these cases, these Green Building
and Infrastructure Guidelines can serve as a list of
sustainable construction methods and materials
to consider Policy makers might use this list
as a good starting point in working with local
builders who may have little to no experience
in green building to both build capacity and
establish low cost, high impact, accessible green
building methods. In areas where builders have
experience and capacity to design and construct
green buildings, policy makers might set minimum
standards or program certifications and offer
incentives to project developers that exceed them.
Using cost-effective methods to create high-
performance building envelopes advance local
green building capacity and help households
to save money on energy costs. The following
strategies may serve as a menu of options that
can be incorporated in various combinations
into the design and construction strategy for
building green to independently and cumulatively
increase building and neighborhood efficiency
and sustainability
The Guidelines focus on energy and water
efficiencies, but also include simple green building
methods.The list is not a detailed specification, nor
does it reflect EPA national green building guidance
that is under development. EPA's ENERGY
STAR Qualified Homes Program contains more
complete information, checklists, best practices and
technical resources for the design and construction
of energy-efficient homes. Please refer to the
Resources-Certification Program section of
this document to access these resources. The
Green Building and Infrastructure Guidelines are
organized as follows:
• High-Performance Buildings
• Green Building Materials
• Sustainable and Indigenous Landscaping
• Green Infrastructure
• Green Construction Best Practices
• Green Operations and Maintenance
Highlands' Garden Village - Denver, CO
Green Building in Practice
Highlands' Garden Village, developed by Jonathan Rose
Companies, is a mixed-use transit oriented development
on the site of a former amusement parkThe community's
range of housing types and price points demonstrate
that smaller, infill sites can accommodate diversity, and
also enhance economic and social viability. By combining
residential with office and neighborhood serving retail
uses, residents have the opportunity to live, work and
shop within a few minutes walk of each other.
The village is an early example of the extensive use of green
building and planning techniques at the neighborhood and
building scale.The single-family homes exceed ENERGY
STAR program requirements. All of the buildings
incorporate recycled materials, LOW-VOC products,
and energy efficient windows.The neighborhood's road
beds are constructed from concrete recycled directly
on site from the demolition of the amusement parkThe
landscaping consists of water-conserving native plants
and special efforts were made to keep many of the
site's existing trees. All of the community buildings are
powered with alternative energy sources.
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GREEN BUILDING & INFRASTRUCTURE
OBJECTIVES
GUIDELINES
HIGH-PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS
Create high-performance
residential projects to reduce
household water consumption,
water utility costs, and protect
natural water supply
Create high-performance
residential projects to
reduce household energy
consumption, energy utility
costs, and greenhouse gas
emissions
Use durable, water-efficient fixtures, such as EPAWaterSense
labeled products'
- Showerheads with a flow of less than 2 gallons per minute
(gPm)
- Sink faucets with a flow of less than 2 gpm
- Toilets that use less than 1.6 gallons per flush (gpf)
- Urinals that are waterless or use less than I gpf
- Use Technical Resources: Guidelines for ENERGY STAR
Qualified New Homes'
- Identify ENERGY STAR partners to design and build the
homes'
- Identify Home Energy Rater to verify ENERGY STAR
checklists'
Design and construct sound
building envelope
Design and install high-
performance heating/
ventilation/air conditioning
system
Design water efficient
plumbing system
Specify and install energy
efficient appliances and lighting
Complete Thermal Bypass Inspection Checklist
Complete Quality Framing Checklist
Install ENERGY STAR qualified or better windows and doors
Complete HVAC Quality Installation Contractor Checklist
Complete HVAC Quality Installation Rater Checklist
Specify and install ENERGY STAR HVAC equipment
Install ENERGY STAR qualified thermostat (except for
zones with radiant heat)
Install ENERGY STAR ceiling fans
Use demand pumping, manifold, or core layout hot water
distribution system
Install ENERGY STAR refrigerators, dishwashers, and
clothes washers/dryers
Use ENERGY STAR Advanced Lighting Package, and/or
install ENERGY STAR bulbs in 80% of sockets'
Specify construction methods
that ensure healthy indoor air
quality
Create high-performance
commercial/ mixed-use
projects to reduce household
water consumption, water
utility costs, and protect
natural water supply
- Use EPA's Indoor airPLUS'
- Complete Indoor Air Quality Checklist
- Complete Water-Managed Construction Checklist
Design buildings using the ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design
Guides'
See Resources sec
18
SMART GROWTH GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABLE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT
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GREEN BUILDING & INFRASTRUCTURE
OBJECTIVES
GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS
Use materials and products
that are environmentally
preferable and safer for
occupant health
GUIDELINES
To the greatest extent possible, use materials that have
minimized environmental and health impacts over their
lifecycle:
- Use recycled or recyclable building and finish materials
- Use locally available, indigenous materials and/or products
that have been certified under a trusted green program
- Use healthier and durable materials. Some flooring options
include:
- Living Areas and Bedrooms: Suggested materials
include wood harvested from a certified sustainably
managed forest, salvaged or reclaimed woods, cork (a
fast growing, renewable material), and carpets certified
to the NSF-140 standard.1
- Entryway Kitchen, Laundry Room, and other Wet
Areas: avoid moisture absorbing flooring. Suggested
materials include ceramic tile, linoleum, rubber, sealed
concrete
- Basement: avoid moisture absorbing
flooring. Suggested material includes exposed slab with
low-VOC stain
- Bedrooms: Suggested materials include those suggested for
Living Areas, natural fiber area rugs or Green Label carpet
- To facilitate reuse at the end of a product or building's
life, consider using nails and screws instead of adhesives
when practicable.
- More environmentally preferable materials and methods
can be found in the model green construction
specifications at: www.wbdg.org/design/greenspec.php
SUSTAINABLE & INDIGENOUS LANDSCAPING
Reduce maintenance
requirements and costs, water
consumption, and negative
environmental impacts
- Limit the use of turf grass and install native, drought-
tolerant ground cover or other landscaping to replace
lawns. Reduce areas maintained by greenhouse gas-
emitting maintenance equipment
- Design landscapes to be low maintenance and require little
or no fertilizers, pesticides, or watering except for when
they are first established
- Select and install plants that are appropriate to the site's soils
and micro-climate and require little or minimal irrigation,
fertilization, and chemical management (pesticides), f irrigation
is required, design system to EPAWaterSense standards.1
SMART GROWTH GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABLE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT
19
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GREEN BUILDING & INFRASTRUCTURE
OBJECTIVES
GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE
Incorporate stormwater
management practices as
part of neighborhood design
features and amenities
Mitigate heat island impacts
GUIDELINES
Use green infrastructure and low-impact development
techniques to manage runoff on-site, such as bioswales,
pervious pavement, green roofs, tree plantings, bio-filtration,
cisterns, and stream da/lighting
To the extent practicable, minimize impervious surfaces by
using gravel, permeable pavers, open grid pavers, and similar
pervious surfaces for driveways, parking lots, and other
areas that would usually be paved
Encourage green infrastructure practices in landscaping
features, such as community gardens, rain gardens and large
canopy trees
Locate deciduous trees and other plant materials to
provide shading in summer and solar access in winter,
as well as to provide stormwater management for any
impervious areas on site
Use ENERGY STAR qualified or other highly reflective roof
products
Use paving materials with high solar reflectance
Select and install street trees, and/or preserve existing
trees, to shade sidewalks and hard surface areas
GREEN CONSTRUCTION BEST PRACTICES
Control soil erosion and
sedimentation
Redevelop brownfield sites
using ecologically innovative
and responsible environmental
remediation and abatement
practices
Reduce excess construction
waste and make recycling easy
Implement local or state erosion and sedimentation
controls during construction using EPA's Stormwater Best
Management Practices'
Conduct an environmental assessment that meets the
requirements of the local or state environmental
protection agency. If applicable, employ EPA's Green
Remediation Best Management Practices'
Use EPA Steps to Lead-Safe Renovation, Repair and
Painting'
Whenever possible, use building technologies, materials and
finishes that minimize finishing on-site
Place recycling bins on construction site for recyclable/
reusable waste materials that can be diverted from landfills
See Resources section under "Certification Programs"
20
SMART GROWTH GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABLE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT
-------
OBJECTIVES
GREEN BUILDING & INFRASTRUCTURE
GUIDELINES
GREEN ENERGY PRODUCTION & SUPPLY
Encourage on-site production
and use of renewable energy
Enhance on-site energy
production with off-site
renewable energy sources
Install non-polluting, renewable energy generation
technologies such as solar, wind, or geothermal
Alternatively, consider designing and wiring the
development to accommodate renewable energy sources,
such as photovoltaic cells, in the future
Purchase household energy from renewable resources that
may be available from the local utility/energy provider
GREEN OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE
Ensure that ongoing operations
and maintenance practices
promote green and healthy
living by developing operations
and orientation manuals
- Building maintenance manual1
- Homeowner / Renter green guide1
- Homeowner/ Renter green orientation1
SMART GROWTH GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABLE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT
21
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Site Planning Detail -South Windsor, CT
Wallace Roberts & Todd, LLC
RESOURCES
This section provides a reference list of certification
programs and resources for readers who are
interested in obtaining additional information
on planning or certifying neighborhoods and
buildings that are healthy, walkable, diverse in uses
and incomes, and environmentally responsible. In
addition to certification programs, there is also a
list of leading entities in the fields of smart growth,
neighborhood design, and green building.
SMART GROWTH PLANNING,
DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN RESOURCES
Federal Agencies
Federal agencies provide a wide range of
resources as well as grants, loans, and advisory
services. Establishing long-term relationships with
government agencies is important, particularly
in projects that promote smart growth and
energy-efficient development and design. Regular
research on key websites helps provide access to
new resources, funding notifications, and policy
initiatives at the federal level. For example, as
an extension of its work supporting community
development and affordable housing, HUD
joined with EPA and DOT in the Partnership for
Sustainable Communities to facilitate integrated
planning to help American families gain better
access to affordable housing, more transportation
options, and lower transportation costs.
Some key federal agencies are:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
www.epa.gov
22
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Office of Administrator; Office of Policy Economics
and Innovation, Smart Growth Program
www.epa.gov/smartgrowth
Office of Air and Radiation
www.epa.gov/oar
Office of Environmental Justice
www.epa.gov/compliance/environmentaljustice/
index.html
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
www.e pa.gov/swe rri ms
Office ofWater
www.epa.gov/OW
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
www. e n e rgy.gov
U.S. Department of Energy Center of Excellence
for Sustainable Development
www.smartcommunities.ncat.org
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development (HUD)
www.hud.gov
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development (HUD) - Community Planning
and Development Green Homes and
Communities
www.hud.gov/offices/cpd/about/conplan/
greenhomes.cfm
U.S. Department ofTransportation (DOT)
www.dot.gov
U.S. Department ofTransportation (DOT)
Federal Transit Administration Transit and
Environmental Sustainability
www.fta.dot.gov/planning/planning_
environment 85IO.html
U.S. Department ofTransportation (DOT) -
Federal Transit Administration Transit-Oriented
Development
www.fta.dot.gov/planning/planning_
environment_6932.html
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
www.usda.gov
U.S. Department of Agriculture - Sustainable
Development
http://www.usda.gov/oce/sustainable/funding.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC)
www.cdc.gov
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention(CDC) - Healthy Communities
Program
www.cdc.gov/healthycommunitiesprogram
Regional Organizations
Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPO)
and Regional Council of Governments that plan,
research, and support smart growth and green
development patterns are often sources of
information. Therefore, it is important to learn
about your local regional planning organizations.
They are frequently members of the National
Association of Regional Councils and/or the
American Metropolitan Planning Organizations.
For more information on these groups or to find
your regional organization, visit their websites at:
American Metropolitan Planning Organization
www.ampo.org
National Association of Regional Councils
www.narc.org
RESOURCES
23
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Professional Associations
Professional associations are excellent resources
for identifying experienced project teams and
researching best practices in green design, as well
as potential planning and design grant opportunities.
Some key professional associations are:
American Planning Association
www.planning.org
American Institute of Architects
www.aia.org
Building Owners and Managers Association
International
www.boma.org
National Association of Homebuilders
www.nahbgreen.org
Urban Land Institute
www.uli.org
Associations for
Public Agencies and Officials
These associations provide resources for public
officials and staff to help them create more
opportunities for smart growth development,
community revitalization, energy-efficient infrastructure,
transportation options, and community development
to address climate change.
International City/ County Management
Association (ICMA)
www.icma.org
ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability
www.iclei.org
Local Government Commission
www.lgc.org
National Association of Counties (NACo)
www.naco.org
National Governors Association - Environment,
Energy & Natural Resources Best Practices
www.nga.org/portal/site/nga
U.S. Conference of Mayors - Mayors Climate
Protection Center
www.usmayors.org/climateprotection
Certification Programs
Green certification and rating programs provide
standards for measuring and evaluating a type
of building product, such as residential or
commercial buildings, or large-sea e, multi-phased
projects with several buildings. These programs
include certain prerequisites and criteria to be
addressed as part of the project assessment
process. Most programs are based on a point
system that evaluates a project's location, context,
design, construction, and operation to determine
the project's eligibility for certification. Some key
certification programs include:
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating
and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) -
Advanced Energy Design Guides
www.ashrae.org/technology/page/938
ENERGY STAR Program -AJoint Program of
the EPA and DOE
www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=new_homes.
hm_index
ENERGY STAR Qualified Homes (Checklists,
Technical Resources, Specifications, etc)
www. e n e rgysta r.go v/i n d ex. cf m ? c=b I d rs_l e n d e rs_
raters.homes_guidelns
ENERGY STAR Partners (Find or become a
Partner)
www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=partners.pt_index
www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=fixtures.alp_
consumers
24
RESOURCES
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
www.epa.gov
EPA Indoor airPLUS
www.epa.gov/indoorairplus/
EPA National Menu of Best Practices
cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps
EPA Steps to Lead-Safe Renovation, Repair and
Painting
www.epa.gov/lead/pubs/renovation.htm
EPAWaterSense
www.e pa.gov/Wate rSe n se
EPA Smart Growth Code Auditing
www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/scorecards/index.htm
Enterprise Green Communities
www.enterprisegreencommunitiesonline.org
Enterprise Green Communities Templates
www.greencommunitiesonline.org/tools/resources/
index.asp#tl
NSF International - Sustainable Building Product
Standards
http://www.nsf.org/business/sustainability
National Association of Home Builders -
National Green Building Program
www.nahbgreen.org
U.S. Green Building Council - Leadership in
Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
www.usgbc.org
Green Development,
Neighborhood, and Building Resources
These resources provide tools to create
development plans and policies that build well-
designed, green communities. The following
list includes key organizations involved in
smart growth, green building and sustainable
development. Also noted in this list are special
program areas that these organizations have
developed.
Center for Inclusive Design and Environmental
Access
Program Area: Visitability Booklet (pdf)
www.ap.buffalo.edu/idea/Home/index.asp
Center for Neighborhood Technology
www.cnt.org
Program Area: Housing and Transportation
Affordability Index
www.cnt.org/tcd/ht
Center for Universal Design
www.design.ncsu.edu/cud
Program Area: Universal Design in Community
Planning
www.design.ncsu. edu/cud/about_ud/udincommunity.
html
Congress for the New Urbanism
www.cnu.org
Program Area: Achieving Sustainability from Building
to Region
www.cnu.org/lntro_to_new_urbanism
Global Green USA
www.globalgreen.org
Program Area: Green Building Resource
www.globalgreen.org/greenurbanism
Leadership for Healthy Communities
www.leadershipforhealthycommunities.org
Program Area: Active Living
www.leadershipforhealthycommunities.org/
component/option,com_advancedtags/view,tag/id,2/
ltemid,74
Lincoln Land Institute of Land Policy
www.lincolninst.edu
Program Area: Visualizing Density
www.lincolninst.edu/subcenters/visualizing-density/
RESOURCES
25
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National Complete Streets Coalition
www.completestreets.org
Program Area: Complete Street Fundamentals
www.completestreets.org/complete-streets-
fundamentals
Natural Resources Defense Council
www.nrdc.org
Program Area: Smart Growth
www.nrdc.org/smartgrowth/default.asp
Playbookfor Green Buildings and
Neighborhoods - Strategic Local Climate
Solutions
www.greenplaybook.org
Project for Public Spaces
www.pps.org
Reconnecting America - Center forTransit-
Oriented Development
www.reconnectingamerica.org
Sierra Club USA
www.sierraclub.org
Program Area: Cool Cities
www.coolcities.us
Program Area: Clean Energy Solutions
www.sierraclub.org/energy
Smart Growth America
www.smartgrowthamerica.org
Smart Growth Leadership Institute -A Project
of Smart Growth America
www.sgli.org
Smart Growth Network
www.smartgrowth.org/sgn/default.asp
Smart Growth Online -A Service of the Smart
Growth Network
www.smartgrowth.org
Sustainable Communities Network- Linking
Cities to Resources and to One Another
www.sustainable.org
Sustainable Sites Initiative - Sustainable
Landscapes
www.sustainablesites.org
Urban Advantage - Envisioning Urbanism
www.urban-advantage.com
The Urban Land Institute
www.uli.org
Program Area: Smart Growth Alliance Information
Network
www.uli.org/CommunityBuilding/Smart/o20
Growth/620Alliances.aspx
Program Area: Regional Leadership and
Cooperation - Smart Growth
www.uli.org/CommunityBuilding/
RegionalLeadershipandCooperation/Smart/620
Growth.aspx
Walk Score - Find a Walkable Place to Live
www.walkscore.org
26
RESOURCES
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United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
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