for Conveyance Systems New Installations and Rehabilitation Methods EPA 832-R-06-004 JULY 2006 ------- Emerging Technologies FOR Conveyance Systems New Installations and Rehabilitation Methods Office of Wastewater Management U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C. ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies for Conveyance Systems: New Installations and Rehabilitation Methods EPA832-R-06-004 July 2006 Produced under U.S. EPA Contract No. 68-C-00-174 Prepared by the Parsons Corporation Fairfax, Virginia Technical review was provided by professionals with extensive experience in conveyance systems. Technical reviewers of this document were: Ifty Kahn, Wastewater Collection Division, DPWES, Fairfax County, Virginia Lynn Osborne, Insituform, Chesterfield, Missouri Recyled/Recyclable Printed with vegetable-based ink on paper that contains a minimum of 50 percent post-consumer fiber content processed chlorine free. Electronic copies of this handbook can be downloaded from the U.S. EPA Office of Wastewater Management web site at: www.eoa.aov/owm Conveyance Systems ------- j u LY 2006 Emerging Technologies Preface The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) is charged by Congress with protecting the nation's land, air, and water resources. Under a mandate of environmental laws, the Agency strives to formulate and implement actions leading to a balance between human activities and the ability of natural systems to support and sustain life. To meet this mandate, the Office of Wastewater Management (OWM) provides information and technical support to solve environmental problems today and to build a knowledge base necessary to protect public health and the environment well into the future. This publication has been produced under contract to the U.S. EPA by Parsons Corporation and provides current state of development as of the publication date. It is expected that this document will be revised periodically to reflect advances in this rapidly evolving area. Except as noted, information, interviews and data development were conducted by the contractor. Some of the information, especially related to embryonic technologies, was provided by the manufacturer or vendor of the equipment or technology and could not be verified or supported by full-scale case study. In some cases, cost data was based on estimated savings without actual field data. When evaluating technologies, estimated costs, and stated performance, the user should collect current and more up-to-date information. The mention of trade names or specific vendors or products does not represent an actual or presumed endorsement, preference, or acceptance by the U.S. EPA or the Federal government. Stated results, conclusions, usage, or practices do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the U.S. EPA. Conveyance Systems iii ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 iv Conveyance Systems ------- Emerging Technologies Contents Page Executive Summary ES-1 1. Introduction and Approach 1-1 1.1 Introduction 1-1 1.2 Approach 1-3 1.2.1 Information Collection and New Process Identification 1-3 1.2.2 Initial Screening Technologies 1-3 1.2.3 Development of Technology Summary Sheets 1-5 1.2.4 Evaluation of Technologies 1-5 1.3 Guidance Document Format and Use 1-11 1.4 Chapter References 1-12 2. Large-Diameter Sewers and Deep Tunnels 2-1 2.1 Introduction 2-1 2.2 Technology Assessment 2-1 3. Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals 3-1 3.1 Introduction 3-1 3.2 Technology Assessment 3-1 4. Manholes 4-1 4.1 Introduction 4-1 4.2 Technology Assessment 4-1 5. Conveyance System Management 5-1 5.1 Introduction 5-1 5.2 Technology Assessment 5-1 6. Capacity Restoration 6-1 6.1 Introduction 6-1 6.2 Technology Assessment 6-1 7. Conveyance System Assessment 7-1 7.1 Introduction 7-1 7.2 Technology Assessment 7-1 Conveyance Systems ------- Emerging Technologies Contents Page 8. Research Needs 8-1 8.1 Introduction 8-1 8.2 Research Needs 8-1 8.3 Chapter References 8-4 Appendix A Trade Associations A-1 A.1 Introduction A-1 A.2 Trade Associations... ..A-1 vi Conveyance Systems ------- JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies List of Tables Page Table 1.1 Summary of Conveyance System Technologies 1-6 Table 1.2 Descriptive Evaluation Criteria 1-10 Table 2.1 Large-Diameter Sewers and Deep Tunnels Technologies - State of Development .2-3 Table 3.1 Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals Technologies - State of Development 3-2 Table 4.1 Manhole Technologies - State of Development 4-2 Table 5.1 Conveyance System Management Technologies - State of Development 5-2 Table 6.1 Capacity Restoration Technologies - State of Development 6-2 Table 7.1 Conveyance System Assessment Technologies - State of Development 7-2 Table 8.1 Conveyance System Research Needs 8-3 List of Figures Page Figure 1.1 Flow Schematic for Guide Development 1-2 Figure 2.1 Evaluation of Large-Diameter Sewers and Deep Tunnels Innovative Technologies ...2-4 Figure 3.1 Evaluation of Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals InnovativeTechnologies 3-3 Figure 4.1 Evaluation of Manhole Innovative Technologies 4-3 Figure 5.1 Evaluation of Conveyance System Management Innovative Technologies 5-3 Figure 6.1 Evaluation of Capacity Restoration Innovative Technologies 6-3 Figure 7.1 Evaluation of Conveyance System Assessment InnovativeTechnologies 7-3 Conveyance Systems VII ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 List of Abbreviations 3D three dimensional ADFc critical average daily flow ADF average dry-weather flow AMC antecedent moisture conditions ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASTM American Society of Testing and Materials BES Bureau of Environmental Services CCTV closed-circuit television CIP capital improvement program CIPP cured-in-place pipe CSO combined sewer overflow CWMP Comprehensive Wastewater Management Plan DEP Department of Environmental Protection DEQ Department of Environmental Quality DNR Department of Natural Resources DO dissolved oxygen EMC Environmental Management Commission EPA Environmental Protection Agency ERDC Engineer Research and Development Center ESRI Environmental Systems Research Institute FAC Florida Administrative Code FELL Focused Electrode Leak Locator g/ac/day gallons per acre per day GASB Government Accounting Standards Board GIS geographic information system gpcd gallons per capita per day gpd gallons per day gpdidm gallons per day per inch-diameter mile GRP glass-reinforced plastic GWI groundwater infiltration HDD horizontal directional drilling HOPE high-density polyethylene HRT hydraulic residence time I/I infiltration and inflow ISS inline storage system VIII Conveyance Systems ------- JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies List of Abbreviations LF linear foot MFP Master Facilities Plan MGD million gallons per day NASTT North American Society for Trenchless Technology NDPU Non-Discharge Permitting Unit NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NPDES National Pollution Discharge Elimination System O&M operation and maintenance OAP Overflow Abatement Program PF peak flow POTW publicly owned treatment works PVC polyvinyl chloride PWWF peak wet weather flow RDM rainfall-derived infiltration and inflow RWQCB Regional Water Quality Control Board SRF State Revolving Fund SSES Sewer System Evaluation Survey SSET Sewer Scanner and Evaluation Technology SSO sanitary sewer overflow SSOEP Sanitary Sewer Overflow Elimination Program SWMM Storm Water Management Model TISCIT Totally Integrated Sonar & CCTV Integrated Technique WEF Water Environment Federation WERF Water Environment Research Foundation WPAP Water Pollution Abatement Program WPCF water pollution control facility WWTF wastewater treatment facility WWTP wastewater treatment plant Conveyance Systems ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 Conveyance Systems ------- j u LY 2006 Emerging Technologies Executive Summary In the year 2000, the United States operated 21,264 collection and conveyance systems that included both sanitary and combined sewer systems (EPA's Clean Watersheds Needs Survey 2000 Report to Congress). Publicly owned sewer systems in the country account for 724,000 miles of sewer pipe and privately owned sewer pipe comprises an additional 500,000 miles (EPA's Report to Congress: Impacts and Control of CSOs and SSOs, August 2004). Most of our nation's conveyance systems are beginning to show signs of aging, with some systems dating back more than 100 years (American Society of Civil Engineers, 1999). Over time, a wide variety of materials and practices have been used for maintenance and repair. Sanitary and combined sewer overflows may be the result of improper operation and maintenance of sanitary, combined, and/or storm sewer systems, which can include structural, mechanical or electrical failures, collapsed or broken pipes, and insufficient capacity. The outcome of programs for overflow control and infrastructure asset management has resulted in a search for reliable, cost-effective conveyance system technologies. The purpose of this document is to provide a source of information on the newer technologies available. This document: • Identifies nearly 100 conveyance system rehabilitation, replacement, and evaluation technologies, including technologies that may extend the life of a conveyance system. • Classifies their development as established, innovative, or embryonic. • Provides a Technology Summary Sheet for each innovative or embryonic process with information about the description, state of development, associated contract names, and data sources. • Compares innovative processes/methods with respect to various criteria. • Identifies research needs to guide the development of innovative conveyance system management. This document organizes the information regarding emerging conveyance technologies into three categories of development. Embryonic -They are in the development stage and/or have been tested at laboratory, bench, or pilot-scale only. Innovative - They have been tested at a demonstration scale, are available and implemented in at least some locations in the United States, or have some degree of initial use (i.e., implemented in less than 1 percent of rehabilitation/replacement projects throughout the United States). Established -They have been utilized in many locations (i.e., more than 1 percent of the rehabilitation/replacement projects), or have been available and implemented in the United States for more than 5 years. Conveyance Systems ES-1 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2005 The document also provides information on each technology—its objective, its description, its state of development, available cost information, associated contact names, and related data sources. For each innovative technology, this document further evaluates the technology with respect to various criteria, although it does not rank or recommend any one technology over another. Research needs also are identified to guide development of innovative and embryonic technologies and improve established ones. ES-2 Conveyance Systems ------- Chapt- Introduction and Approach 1.1 Introduction In the year 2000, the United States operated 21,264 collection and conveyance systems that included both sanitary and combined sewer systems (EPA's Clean Watersheds Needs Survey 2000 Report to Congress). Publicly-owned sewer systems in the country account for 724,000 miles of sewer pipe and privately-owned sewer pipe comprises an additional 500,000 miles (EPA's Report to Congress: Impacts and Control of CSOs and SSOs, August 2004). Most of our nation's conveyance systems are beginning to show signs of aging, with some systems dating back more than 100 years (American Society of Civil Engineers, 1999). Over time, a wide variety of materials and practices have been used for maintenance and repair. One cause of sanitary and combined sewer overflows may be improper operation and maintenance. Improper maintenance can include sanitary, combined, and/or storm sewer systems, which can include structural, mechanical or electrical failures, collapsed or broken pipes, and insufficient capacity. To meet the challenge of ongoing and even increasing needs for maintenance and repair, many utilities are seeking innovative technologies to replace, renew, or extend the life of their conveyance systems. Unfortunately, information on new and emerging technologies is not always readily available or easy to find. In light of this, and with the desire to make such information available, the EPA has authorized the development of this document. The goal of this document is straightforward—to provide a guide for people seeking information on innovative and emerging conveyance system technologies. The guide lists new technologies, assesses their merits and costs, and provides sources for further technological investigation. This document is intended to serve as a tool for conveyance system owners and operators. To develop this guide, the investigators sought information from a variety of sources, identified new technologies, prepared planning-level cost summaries for innovative and embryonic technologies. This method is described below and in Figure 1.1. Conveyance Systems ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 Figure 1.1 Flow Schematic for Guide Development Collect Information I Identify Process Established No Further Action Embryonic or Innovative Prepare Process Summary Sheets Established No Further Action Innovative Prepare Process Evaluation Matrix 1-2 Conveyance Systems ------- j u LY 2006 Emerging Technologies 1.2 Approach 1.2.1 Information Collection and New Process Identification The information collection and new technology identification provided the foundation for subsequent work. To identify new conveyance system technologies, investigators gathered information from a variety of sources, including the following: Published Literature -A comprehensive literature review was performed to identify new technologies, and to evaluate their performance and applications. Specifically, the review focused on relevant Water Environment Federation (WEF), Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF), American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and North American Society for Trenchless Technology (NASTT) reports and conference proceedings, as well as monthly publications from these and other organizations. "Gray" Literature - Vendor-supplied information, Internet research, and consultants' technical reports comprise the information collected in this category. Patent Search - The U.S. Patent Office website has a very good search engine and patent application information is available online. Technical and Trade Associations-Investigators contacted a variety of professional and technical associations in the United States to identify emerging conveyance systems technologies. A peer review was conducted by experienced municipal engineers, and consultants who provided input into the list of technologies included in this report and information on the application and demonstration of these emerging technologies. Trade Associations, such as North American Society for Trenchless Technologies (NASTT), were also contacted for information and are listed in Chapter 9. Interviews and Correspondence - Individuals known to the project investigation team, including consultants, academia, and municipal conveyance system owners and operators, were consulted. Technologies identified through a search of the above sources were screened to determine their classification as described below. 1.2.2 Initial Screening Technologies Emerging technologies typically follow a development process that leads from laboratory investigations to pilot testing and, subsequently, to initial use or "full-scale demonstrations" and new applications before the technology is considered established. Not all technologies survive the entire development process. Some fail in the laboratory or at the pilot stage; while others see limited application in the field, due to poor performance or unexpected costs that cause them to lose favor with practitioners in the field. Even technologies that become established may also become dated, as technological advances lead to Conveyance Systems 1 -3 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2005 obsolescence. In short, technologies are subject to the same evolutionary forces present in nature; those that cannot meet the demands of their environment fail, while those that adapt to changing technological, economic and regulatory climates can achieve long- standing success and survival in the market. This project focuses on emerging technologies that are viable, but have not yet been accepted as established processes in the United States. Neither embryonic nor established technologies are considered in depth. Early in the development process (laboratory stage), data is usually insufficient to prove or disprove technology viability at full scale. Technologies on the other end of the developmental scale, those defined as established in North America, are also excluded from detailed assessments on the assumption that they are proven and widely used. There may be differences between technologies established in Europe or Asia and those that have reached similar status in the United States. Technologies that have been applied successfully in other countries have not always flourished here. Because the viability of imported technologies is not guaranteed, established processes from overseas are classified as innovative technologies for this project unless they have been proven in North American applications. Specific screening criteria used to define the state of development for processes are as follows: Embryonic -These technologies are in the development stage and/or have been tested at laboratory or bench scale. New technologies that have reached the demonstration stage overseas, but cannot yet be considered to be established there, are also considered to be embryonic with respect to North American applications. Seven embryonic technologies have been identified for use in conveyance systems. Innovative - Technologies that meet one of the following criteria were classified as innovative: • They have been tested at a demonstration scale; • They have been available and implemented in the United States for less than 5 years; • They have some degree of initial use (i.e. implemented in less than one percent of rehabilitation/replacement projects throughout the United States); or, • They are established technologies from overseas but not established in the United States. Thirty-four innovative technologies were identified for conveyance systems. Established - These processes have been used in many locations in North America. The category includes technologies that are widely used (e.g., pipe replacement) and technologies that have been available and are used in United States for more than five years (e.g., cured-in-place pipe). Fifty-one established technologies have been identified. 1.4 Convey an ce Systems ------- Emerging Technologies Some technologies fall into a "gray area" between the embryonic and innovative categories. Technologies that fall into this category are incorporated into the innovative category. The screening assessment summarized in Table 1.1 organizes the technologies in categories that are discussed in greater detail in the individual chapters. One organizational category represented in Table 1.1 is based on size. The large-diameter sewers or deep tunnels category represented in Table 1.1 is defined as any pipe or structure greater than 12 inches in diameter. The small diameter sewers or laterals category applies to any pipe 12 inches or less in diameter. 1.2.3 Development of Technology Summary Sheets Technologies defined as embryonic or innovative are each summarized on an individual Technology Summary sheet. Each process includes the following information: Objective - description of the goal of the technology. Description - a brief overview of the technology. State of Development - where and how the technology has been applied (i.e. laboratory study, demonstration scale, full scale, etc.) Available Cost Information - an approximate range of capital and operations and maintenance costs, and assumptions made in developing them Key Words for Internet Search - this document is not intended to provide a comprehensive list of vendors for the included technologies; therefore, key words have been added to aid the reader in finding additional vendors and current product information on the Internet. Contact Names - names, addresses, and telephone numbers of contacts with additional information on the technology. Data Sources - references used to compile the technology summary. 1.2.4 Evaluation of Technologies Technologies defined as innovative in the initial screening were subjected to a detailed evaluation. Each technology was evaluated with respect to the descriptive and comparative criteria described below. Descriptive criteria include: State of Development - describes the stage of development for each technology, ranging from development to full-scale operations. Conveyance Systems 1 -5 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 Table 1.1 Summary of Conveyance System Technologies Classification Application Technology and Advancement(s) Large-Diameter Sewers and Deep Tunnels (Chapter 2) Coatings and Linings Thermo-Plastic Liners (anchored or glued) Glass-Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Panels Modified Cross-Section Lining (fold and form Sliplining Noncircular w/New Noncircular Pipe Sliplining (segmental and spiral wound) Polymer/Epoxy Concrete Lining Spray-Applied Cementitious Lining Non-Portland Polymer Concrete Spray-Applied Epoxy Coating Cured-in-Place Pipe (CIPP) Composite/Fiberglass CIPP for Gravity Pipe Spot (Point) Repair CIPP Other Technologies Grout Injection Horizontal Directional Drilling (HD Gasketed PVC Pressure Pipe In-Line Pipe Expansion (i.e. pipe bursting) Internal Pipe Joint Seals Mechanical Spot Repair Sleeves Microtunneling Pipe Jacking Pipe Ramming Replacement (via excavation) Sewer Odor and Corrosion Control Inserts (Vortex Flow) Tunneling 1-6 Conveyance Systems ------- JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies Table 1.1 Summary of Conveyance System Technologies Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals (Chapter 3) Cured-in-Place Pipe (CIPP) Composite/Fiberglass CIPP for Gravity Pipe CIPP for Vertical Applications Lateral CIPP Liner (main to house) Lateral CIPP Liner (house to main) Lateral-Main Fiberglass CIPP Connection Inserts Spot (Point) Repair CIPP Liners Grout Injection Lateral Grout Injection | Lateral Grout Injection from Mainline (up to 30 ft length) Other Technologies Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) Gasketed PVC Pressure Pipe Impact Moling - Steerable Moles In-Line Pipe Expansion (i.e. pipe bursting) Lateral Pipe Bursting Lateral Cleanout Connection Mechanical Spot Repair Sleeves Microtunneling Modified Cross-Section Lining (i.e. fold and form) Modified Cross-Section Lateral Lining Pipe Jacking Pipe Ramming| Replacement (via excavation) Sanipor Technology (flood grouting) Sliplining (segmental and spiral wound) Lateral Sliplining Conveyance Systems 1-7 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 Table 1.1 Summary of Conveyance System Technologies Classification Application Technology and Advancement(s) Manholes (Chapter 4) Bench/Invert Rehabilitation Plastic Composite Invert System Chimney Rehabilitation Flexible Sealan Mechanical Chi Polyethylene Chimney Form Coatings and Linings Cured-in-Place (CIP) Liners Poured-in-Place Concrete Liners Spray or Trowel-Applied Cementitious Lining Spray or Trowel-Applied Polymer Coating Joint Sealing Cementitious Grout/Patching Epoxy Grout/Patching Mechanical Joint Seals Other Technologies Fiberglass Rehabilitation Manholes Frame Adjustments (raise/reset) HOPE Frame Adjustment Rings Glass-Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Insert Lid (Cover) Inserts Replacement Sanipor® Technology (fill and drain) Sewer Odor and Corrosion Control Insert Conveyance System Management (Chapter 5) ESRI-Based One-Call Ticket Management Mobile CIS 1-8 Conveyance Systems ------- JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies Table 1.1 Summary of Conveyance System Technologies Public Outreach on Fats, Oils, and Grease (FOG) Regional I/I Control Program Sewer Maintenance Prograr Capacity Restoration (Chapter 6) Sewer Cleaning Pigging (force main cleaning) Culvert Cleaning System HDD Attachments for Culvert Cleaning Other Technologies Above-Grade Grit Removal System (bridge applications) Basement Sump Pump Redirection Foundation/Footer Drain Redirection Interconnection Elimination Roof Drain Redirection Root Removal and Control Storm Water Infiltration Pumps Conveyance System Assessment (Chapter 7) Closed-Circuit Television Inspection Digital Camera Inspection (mobile) Digital Camera Inspection (mounted) FELL (Focused Electrode Leak Locator) Electro-Scanning Ground-Penetrating Radar Laser Profiling/30 Scan/Sonar Pipe Mechanical/Strucural Reliability Sewer Scanner and Evaluation Technology (SSET) Smart Sewer Assessment Systems TISCIT (Totally Integrated Sonar & CCTV Integrated Technique) Wireless Monitoring Systems Conveyance Systems 1-9 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 Applicability - qualitatively assesses in which market the technology is designed to be utilized. Benefits - considers the benefits gained (e.g., capital or operational savings) from implementation of the technology. Designations for each descriptive criterion are presented in Table 1.2. Comparative criteria include: Impact on Homeowners - describes whether or not the technology requires the involvement of the homeowner, and the degree to which the homeowner's property will be disturbed. Excavation and replacement of a line is the baseline for comparison; technologies with less disturbance are rated as favorable. Table 1.2 Descriptive Evaluation Criteria Criterion Designation Description State of Development Demonstration projec Limited municipal installations Full-scale industrial applications, with potential for application in municipal conveyance systems Full-scale operations overseas Full-scale operations in North America Industrial Municipal sanitary Municipal storm Municipal combined Municipal sanitary and storm Capital savings Operational/maintenance savings Inflow/infiltration reductio SSO/CSO reduction Restored structural integrity Improved maintenance trackinq/manaqement ' 1-10 Conveyance Systems ------- Emerging Technologies Maintenance Requirements - considers the amount of labor required to adequately maintain the technology. The baseline technology for a collection system is concrete gravity sewers; technologies with maintenance requirements comparable to concrete gravity sewers are considered neutral. The above criteria compared individual technologies with other technologies in the same category (e.g., liners etc.), and were scored favorable, neutral/mixed, or unfavorable. The criteria and ratings were applied to each innovative technology and the results are presented in matrixformat. Where available information was insufficient to rate a technology for a criterion, no rating is given. The project team and reviewers assessed each technology based on the limited information gathered and their collective judgment, experience, and opinions. Results of the evaluation are presented in subsequent chapters. 1.3 Guidance Document Format and Use The remainder of the document is divided into chapters based upon general technologies. One chapter is dedicated to each of the following categories: • Large-Diameter Sewers and Tunnels (Chapter 2) • Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals (Chapter 3) • Manholes (Chapter 4) • Conveyance System Management (Chapter 5) • Capacity Restoration (Chapter 6) • Conveyance System Evaluation (Chapter 7) Each chapter overviews the technologies included, classifies the state of development for each, presents an evaluation matrix for innovative technologies, and concludes with a Technology Summary sheet for each embryonic and innovative technology. The technology summaries and evaluation matrices are the cornerstones of each chapter, broadly overviewing the innovative technologies. Neither the summaries nor the matrices should be considered definitive technology assessments. Rather, they should be considered stepping stones to more detailed investigations. The research needs discussed in Chapter 8 display the specific technologies that may have a significant impact on conveyance system construction and management, and their relevant research needs. The new and improved technology solutions for wastewater collection systems are key components in the preservation of the collection system infrastructure. Research on the assessment of the system integrity, the operation, maintenance, and rehabilitation, and new construction must be considered. Conveyance Systems 1-11 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 For the reader's convenience, numerous trade associations, who are also excellent sources of information on emerging technologies in their respectful areas of expertise, are summarized in Appendix A. This document should be updated from time to time. Technologies were reviewed in 2004-2005. 1.4 Chapter References American Society of Civil Engineers. Optimization of Collection System Maintenance Frequencies and System Performance (1999) U.S. EPA. Report to Congress: Impacts and Control of CSO and SSOs. EPA 833-R-04- 001. Office of Water (2004) U.S. EPA Clean Watersheds Needs Survey 2000 Report to Congress. EPA 832-R-03- 001. Office of Water (2000) 1-12 Conveyance Systems ------- Large-Diameter Sewers and Deep Tunnels 2.1 Introduction For the purpose of this report, a large-diameter sewer or deep tunnel is defined as any pipe or structure greater than 12 inches in diameter. This chapter focuses on both new construction and rehabilitation technologies that can be utilized to restore and maintain these critical conveyance system components. 2.2 Technology Assessment A summary of emerging and established technologies for large-diameter sewers and deep tunnels is provided in Table 2.1. The installation and maintenance techniques for pipes and structures of this size are well-documented and understood, as they serve the basis for conveyance systems that date back to over 100 years ago. The list of established technologies in Table 2.1 reflects this knowledge base. The large-diameter pipes and structures referred to in this report are greaterthan 12 inches in diameter. It is important to note that technologies mentioned in this chapter may be more common or practical when applied to a more specific size pipe. For example, the cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) technologies discussed in the chapter are more common for a medium-size pipe ranging from 15 to 36 inches in diameter. On the other hand, the glass-reinforced panels (GRP) mentioned are more common amongst the larger diameter pipes or tunnels with diameters greater than 36 inches. Polyvinyl chloride/high-density polyethylene (PVC/HDPE) thermoplastic liners using a variety of anchoring and gluing material, such as Ameron T-loc™,Linabond™, Amaerplate™, and Steuler P&S 400™, have been extensively used for lining water pipe for many years. Therefore, the application of these two-pass systems for lining tunnels and large sewer pipe, even though relatively new to the industry, are not considered innovative. Technology development in this area is now focusing on products for rehabilitation of existing facilities. Properly maintaining large-diameter sewers and tunnels can be very expensive as compared with smaller diameter sewers and in many cases municipalities and organizations have delayed maintenance activities of their large sewer systems to the point of structural deterioration and failure. GRP panels have been identified as an Conveyance Systems 2-1 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2005 innovative technology aimed at restoring the structural integrity of large-diameter sewers and tunnels in a cost-efficient manner. Another innovative approach is the use of sewer pipes made with polymer or epoxy resins, such as Polycrete™ and Polymer Concrete FX-826™. These materials are extremely strong and corrosion resistant. Epoxy concrete can be applied in a one-step approach to provide a new interior surface as well as repair damaged pipe and restore structural integrity. In addition to rehabilitation advances, progress has also been made to improve existing techniques so they are more suitable for non-traditional applications. A gasketed PVC joint has been developed that allows PVC to be used as practical alternative to HOPE pipe in horizontal directional drilling. Sliplining of a noncircular host pipe with a new, noncircular pipe has also come into the marketplace recently. In addition, the use of non-Portland cement based polymer concrete, such as Biocrete™, for rehabilitating has demonstrated significant cost savings in the foreign market. An evaluation of the innovative technologies identified for large-diameter sewers and tunnels is presented in Figure 2.1. Summary sheets for each innovative and embryonic technology are provided at the end of this chapter. 2-2 Conveyance Systems ------- Table 2.1 Large-Diameter Sewers and Deep Tunnels Technologies - State of Development c_ C ( '! a ' Established Composite/Fiberglass CIPP for Gravity Pipe Grout Injection Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) In-Line Pipe Expansion (i.e., pipe bursting) Internal Pipe Joint Seals Mechanical Spot Repair Sleeves Microtunneling Modified Cross-Section Lining (i.e., fold and form) Pipe Jacking Pipe Ramming Replacement (via excavation) Sliplining (segmental and spiral wound) Spot (point) Repair CIPP Spray-Applied Cementitious Lining Spray-Applied Epoxy Coating Thermoplastic Liners (anchored or glued) Tunneling Innovative Gasketed PVC Pressure Pipe Glass-Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Panels Polymer/Epoxy Concrete Lining Sewer Odor and Corrosion Control Inserts (Vortex Flow) Embryonic Sliplining of Noncircular Pipe with New Noncircular Pipe Non-Portland Polymer Concrete CD s- CD tn ------- Figure 2.1 Evaluation of Large-Diameter Sewers and Deep Tunnels Innovative Technologies Sasketed PVC Pressure Pipe Glass-Reinforced (GRP) Panels Polymer/Epoxy Concrete Lining * ewer Odor and Corrosion Control Inse I LISCAAAAAs compared with replacement LBCCRA A A A As compared with replacement L Bl A A A A As compared with current practice AS compared with current practic State of Development KEY D = Demonstration project L = Limited municipal installations I = Full-scale industrial applications, with potential 0= Full-scale operations overseas N= Full-scale operations in North America Applicability I = Industrial S = Municipal sanitary T = Municipal storm C= Municipal combined for application in municipal conveyance systems B = Municipal sanitary and storm R= Restored structural integrity Potential Benefits C= Capital savings 0= Operational/maintenance savings I = Inflow/infiltration reduction S = SSO/CSO reduction M= Improved maintenance tracking/manage- ment Comparative Criteria A Positive feature © Neutral or mixed V Negative feature ------- JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies Technology Summary Gasketed PVC Pressure Pipe Objective: Increase strength and integrity of polyvinyl chloride in systems. State of Development: Innovative This technology has been around since 2004 and is widely used in Canada (20-30 municipalities to date) as well as parts of the United States. Description: The gasketed PVC pressure pipe is assembled in way that is similar to the assembly of the standard PVC pipe, only the gasketed pipe is locked in place with a ring and pin system. The pipe is locked once the system is hammered in to place. The wide groove on the spigot end of the pipes allow joint bending in the pipe. The joint bending then allows the PVC pipe to be pulled into boreholes with the ability to withstand the forces involved. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: 40% higher than regular PVC Approximate O&M Costs: Low O&M Costs are similar to any regular PVC systems around. In general, they are very low maintenance. Vendor Name(s): IPEXInc. 2441 Royal Windsor Drive Mississauga, Ontario J5J 4C7 Canada Phone: 800-463-9572 FaxL 905-403-9195 E-mail: ricsta@ipexinc.com Practitioner(s): City of Springfield, Missouri Public Works P.O. Box 8368 Springfield, MO 65801 R. Stuart Royer & Associates, Inc. 1100 Welborne Drive, Suite 300 Richmond, VA 23229 Key Words for Internet Search: Pressure, pipe, gasket, PVC, water, sewer Data Sources: "New Research Yields and Innovative Design for PVC Pipe." Trenchless Technology (7-8 August 2004) Conveyance Systems 2-5 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 Technology Summary Glass-Reinforced Plastic (GRP' Objective: Structural rehabilitation of large-diameter gravity sewers and tunnels. State of Development: Innovative This technology has been installed in two municipalities nationwide. In 2003, GRP panel lining was used to rehabilitate 72-inch-diameter pipe in Fort Wayne, Indiana, and pipe ranging from 108-126 inches in diameter in Chicago, Illinois Description: Fiber reinforced, filled, thermo-set resin panels are custom designed to fit a variety of sewer and tunnel shapes, including oval, round, rectangular, square, horseshoe. The panels can be installed utilizing a man- entry procedure in conveyance facilities ranging from 54 to 144 inches and higher in diameter. Half-pipe panels are fitted together in place to form a full diameter segment. The annular space between the panels and the host pipe is filled with grout to complete the installation. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: $10-$13/diameter-inch/LF Approximate O&M Costs: Periodic maintenance and visual inspection Capital cost information is provided for a line segment that is several hundred feet long (over 200 LF), and includes both material and installation costs. Using the lower end of the cost range as an example, the unit price for a 96-inch diameter pipe would be $960/LF. Vendor Name(s): Insituform Technologies, Inc. 17999 Edison Avenue Chesterfield, MO 63005 Phone: 636-530-8000 Fax: 636-530-8744 E-mail: losborne@insituform.com Practitioner(s): City of Fort Wayne Division of Water Utilities, Water Resources Sewer Repair and Replacement One Main Street, Room 480 Fort Wayne, IN 46802 Key Words for Internet Search: Glass-reinforced plastics, GRP, panel, pipe fiber, water Data Sources: Hicks, M., T.J. Short, P.E., J. Teusch, P.E., I.E. Osborn, PE. "Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP): A New Rehabilitation Technique for Sewers in Indiana," Proceedings of ASCE Specialty Conference Pipelines, ASCE Specialty Conference, San Diego, CA (1-4 August 2004) Osborn, L, "Rehabilitation of Large Chicago Sewers with Glass Reinforced Panels," Proceedings of North American Society for Trenchless Technology (NASTT) NO-DIG Conference, New Orleans, LA (22-24 March 2004) Jason Consultants International, Inc. "New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer Pipe Materials and Technology." Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000) Vendor-supplied information 2-6 Conveyance Systems ------- JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies Technology Summary Polymer/Epo; Objective: Sewer pipes lined with concrete made with polymer or epoxy materials are extremely corrosion resistant. State of Development: Innovative The basic technology of spray-applying concrete linings to repair of existing pipe has been available in the United States for many years. However, using a polymer or epoxy mixture is relatively new. Description: Polymer concrete is made using conventional Portland cement with the addition of 7-15% resin by weight. The resin is an orthopthalic, isopthalic, vinyl ester resin, or epoxy resins. The resin bonds the different materials together, giving the polymer concrete greater elasticity and safety against fracture as well as improved corrosion resistance. Polymer concrete can be used to line new pipe or to repair old pipe and can be applied at the factory or in the field. The polymer concrete can be applied either in a "dry gun - Gunite" or "wet gun - Shotcrete" approach. Epoxy concrete can be applied in a one step approach to provide a new interior surface, as well as, repair damaged pipe and to restore structural integrity. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: Cost ranges from 10%-20% more than conventional field-applied concrete lining such as Gunite or Shotcrete using Portland cement. Approximate O&M Costs: $0 - unit is self-cleaning. Improved corrosion protection and longer service life. Vendor Name(s): Fox Industries 3100 Falls Cliff Road Baltimore, MD 21211 Practitioner(s): See websites for practitioners: http://www.thomasnet. com/products/sealants-cement-concrete-96117932- Lhtml. orwww.foxind.com Key Words for Internet Search: Polymer concrete, epoxy concrete, corrosion-resistant pipe lining Data Sources: Vendor-supplied information (www.mever-polvcrete.coml Vendor-supplied information (www.foxind.com) Association-supplied information (www.nastt.oral Vendor-supplied information (www.rohmhaas.coml Conveyance Systems 2-7 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 Technology Summary Sewer Odor and Corrosion Control Inserts (Vortex Flow) Objective: To prevent the release of odorous gases in drop structures and force main discharges to sewer manholes. State of Development: Innovative This technology has been available since 1998. It has been used in approximately 30 locations worldwide (ten to fifteen units in the United States, two units in Canada, and two units in Australia). Description: A sewer odor and corrosion control insert can be installed in a new or existing precast manhole, and each insert is custom designed and built for the specific application. Atypical insert consists of a channel that is connected to the manhole influent line, a drop shaft, and a shaft base that allows wastewater to spill over to the manhole effluent pipe. Patented by IPEX Inc., the spiral flow design of the Vortex Flow pulls odorous gases downward toward the bottom of the cylindrical structure and promotes oxidation of these gases, which naturally reduces odor. Odorous gases are partially oxidized on the way down by the energy of falling flow, and are then entrained back into the wastewater. An elevation drop of 6 feet or more is required for proper operation of the insert. Thus, this technology is applicable for incorporation in drop manholes, chambers, and pumping stations. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: Base price $5,000 plus $2,000 for each million gallons per day capacity Approximate O&M Costs: $0 - unit is self-cleaning Vendor Name(s): IPEX, Inc. 2441 Royal Windsor Drive Missassauga, Onatrio J5J 4C7 Canada Practitioner(s): Parsons Water & Infrastructure 10521 Rosehaven Street Fairfax, VA 22030 KeyWords for Internet Search: Odor, corrosion, control, manholes, sewer, inserts, vortex, flow Data Sources: Vendor-supplied information 2-8 Conveyance Systems ------- JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies Technology Summary Sliplining of a Noncircular Pipe with a New Noncircular Pipe Objective: Reconstruct sewer line and laterals without excavation using formed-in-place liner for sewers that are not circular. State of Development: Embryonic This technology has been used in Europe. Developmental work currently is taking place in the United States. Description: Sliplining is a rehabilitation process in which a slipliner pipe is placed inside the existing old lateral pipe. The non-circular method uses a liner pipe profile that is designed so that it will slip through the section of the sewer that is narrowest. Once the new pipe is in place the pipe is filled with water to discourage deformation and the space between the new and old pipe is filled with low density foam grout. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: U nknown Approximate O&M Costs: U nknown Vendor Name(s): Sekisui SPRAmerices, LLC 7 Sunbelt Business Park Drive, Suite 2 Greer, SC 29650 Phone: 864-662-1329 Fax: 864-662-1350 (fax) Email: info@sekisui-spr.com Practitioner(s): See website for practitioners: http://www.sekisui-spr.com/ Key Words for Internet Search: Sliplining, noncircular pipe, Romo-Line Data Sources: North American Society for Trenchless Technology site: www.trenchless-technoloav.org Conveyance Systems 2-9 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 Technology Summary Objective: Sewer pipes made with polymer or epoxy materials are extremely corrosion resistant. State of Development: Embryonic This technology has been available in Germany since 1960. It has been used in many locations worldwide, including numerous cities in the United States, Canada, and Australia. Most applications to date have been for industrial sewers. Description: Polymer concrete is made using conventional Portland cement with the addition of 7-15% resin by weight. The resin is an orthopthalic, isopthalic, or vinyl ester resin. The resin bonds the different materials together, giving the polymer concrete greater elasticity and safety against fracture as well as improved corrosion resistance. Polymer concrete pipes have been manufactured by various processes including centrifugal and vibrating processes in both reinforced and non-reinforced sections. Circular and oval pipe as well as special cross-sections and manhole sections can be manufactured in the same way. Epoxy resins can also be used as an additive to the concrete mixture for pH ranges of 0.5 to 13. Pipes are joined using flexible elastomeric seals (ASTM D4 161), while widely used for new construction, the use of non-Portland or epoxy concrete for rehabilitation is a new application. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: Cost ranges from 10% to 20% more than conventional concrete pipe of the same size and strength. Approximate O&M Costs: $0 - unit is self-cleaning. Provides increased corrosion protection and extends service life. Vendor Name(s): Meyer Rohr Otto-Brenner-Str. 5 D-21337 Lueneburg, Germany Practitioner(s): See website for practitioners: http://www.meyer-polycrete.com/en KeyWords for Internet Search: Polymer concrete, epoxy concrete, corrosion-resistant pipe Data Sources: Vendor-supplied information (www.meyer-polycrete.com) Vendor-supplied information (www.foxind.com) Vendor-supplied information (www.nastt.org) Rohm and Haas Company (www.rohmhaas.com) 2-10 Conveyance Systems ------- Chapter Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals 3.1 Introduction A small-diameter sewer or lateral, as defined in this document, is a pipe 12 inches or less in diameter. This chapter focuses on both new construction and rehabilitation technologies that can be utilized to restore and maintain these critical conveyance system components. 3.2 Technology Assessment Table 3.1 includes a categorized list of emerging and established technologies for small-diameter sewers and laterals. These pipes, especially laterals, have become the target of many municipal rehabilitation programs because they are the main sources of inflow and infiltration to conveyance systems. As a result, technological development in this area has focused mainly on rehabilitation of existing facilities. Many innovative technologies and approaches for the rehabilitation of small- diameter sewers and laterals have been identified. These include technologies such as CIPP liners for vertical rehabilitation applications and fill and drain (Sanipor®) technology. Although several technologies for lateral rehabilitation are starting to emerge as forerunners in the marketplace, such as CIPP liners, the technologies themselves are not new and have been used sparingly throughout the United States for up to 10 years. As such, these technologies have been classified as "established" for the purposes of this report. An evaluation of the innovative technologies identified for small-diameter sewers and laterals is presented in Figure 3.1. Summary sheets for each innovative and embryonic technology are provided at the end of this chapter. Conveyance Systems 3-1 ------- Table 3.1 Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals Technologies - State of Development CD £ CD n CD en Established Innovative Embryonic Composite/Fiberglass CIPP for Gravity Pipe Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) In-Line Pipe Expansion (i.e. pipe bursting) Mechanical Spot Repair Sleeves Microtunneling Modified Cross-Section Lining (i.e. fold & form) Pipe Jacking Pipe Ramming Replacement (via excavation) Sliplining (segmental and spiral wound) Spot (point) Repair CIPP for Vertical Applications Gasketed PVC Pressure Pipe Impact Moling-Steerable Moles Lateral Cleanout Connection Lateral Grout Injection Lateral Grout Injection from Mainline (up to 30 ft in length) Lateral CIPP Liner (house to main) Lateral CIPP Liner (main to house) Lateral-Main Fiberglass CIPP Connection Inserts Lateral Pipe Bursting Lateral Sliplining Sanipor® Technology (flood grout) Modified Cross-Section Lateral Lining c_ c fO o o O5 ------- Figure 3.1 Evaluation of Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals Innovative Technologies c_ C ( '! o O5 CIPP for Vertical Application Gasketed PVC Pressure Pipe ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^•^^ Impact Moling - Steerable Moles Lateral Cleanout Connection Lateral Grout Injection | Lateral CIPP Liner (house to main Lateral CIPP Liner (main to hous s compared with replacme As compared with replacement ^m^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^m © © As compared with replacement A © © As compared with new installation using T-section A V © As compared with replacement As compared with replacement As compared with replaceme State of Development KEY D = Demonstration project L = Limited municipal installations I = Full-scale industrial applications, with potential 0= Full-scale operations overseas N= Full-scale operations in North America Applicability I = Industrial S = Municipal sanitary T = Municipal storm C= Municipal combined for application in municipal conveyance systems B = Municipal sanitary and storm R= Restored structural integrity Potential Benefits C= Capital savings 0= Operational/maintenance savings I = Inflow/infiltration reduction S = SSO/CSO reduction M= Improved maintenance tracking/manage- ment Comparative Criteria A Positive feature © Neutral or mixed V Negative feature CD tn ------- Figure 3.1 Evaluation of Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals Innovative Technologies (continued) Lateral Grout Injection from Mainline Lateral-Main Fiberglass CIPP Connection Inserts Lateral Pipe Bursting Lateral Sliplining Sanipor® Technology (flood grouting) ' V 0 As compared with replacement A A As compared with replacement 0 A As compared with replacement A As compared with replacement A A As compared with replacement State of Development KEY D= Demonstration project L = Limited municipal installations I = Full-scale industrial applications, with potential 0= Full-scale operations overseas N= Full-scale operations in North America Applicability I = Industrial S = Municipal sanitary T = Municipal storm C= Municipal combined for application in municipal conveyance systems B = Municipal sanitary and storm R= Restored structural integrity Potential Benefits C= Capital savings 0= Operational/maintenance savings I = Inflow/infiltration reduction S = SSO/CSO reduction M= Improved maintenance tracking/manage- ment Comparative Criteria A Positive feature © Neutral or mixed V Negative feature ------- JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies Technology Summary CIPP for Vertical Applicati Objective: Provide a smooth interior surface to a damaged vertical pipe. State of Development: Innovative Am-Drain has been on the market in the United States since 2003 and available for the rehabilitation of down spouts in Europe for 15 years prior to the United States' use. Description: CIPP Applications for vertical pipes differ from the lateral lining because of the difficulties accompanied with the resin application to a vertical pipe. Typically resin would run down from the upper to lower portions of the inverted liner. Am-Drain is a needle-punched, nonwoven polyester felt tube with a PVC coating. Am-Drain is cured to the vertical pipe when the liner harders. An inversion drum, with the help of an air compressor inserts the liner tube into the damaged pipe while inverting the liner throughout the process. One CIPP vertical method uses a woven liner rather than a normal CIPP liner. This woven liner holds the resin more and prevents it from slipping due to gravity. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: $14-$24/LF dry materials and resin Approximate O&MCosts: Periodic inspection and cleaning Costs will vary depending on the degree of bends in the pipe, lining material, and resin mat. Vendor Name(s): MaxLiner, LLC 450 College Drive Martinsville, VA 24112 Practitioner(s): Ace Pipe Cleaning Carylon Corporation 1509 Sylvania Court Fort Worth, TX76111 Key Words for Internet Search: Vertical pipe lining, Am-Drain, vertical CIPP Data Sources: Griffen, Jeff. "Vertical Lining: Historic Forth Worth Church Has Downspout Repaired Without Destruction of Wall." Rehabilitation Technology: Underground Construction (July 2004) Vendor-supplied information Conveyance Systems 3-5 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 Technology Summary Gasketed PVC Pressure Pioe Objective: Increase strength and integrity of polyvinyl chloride in systems. State of Development: Innovative Technology has been around since 2004 and is widely used in Canada (20-30 municipalities to date) as well as parts of the United States. Description: The gasketed PVC pressure pipe is assembled similar to how a standard PVC pipe is assembled, only the gasketed pipe is locked with a ring and pin system. The inner and outer rings of the pipe are hammered into place locking the joints in the system. Due to the wide groove on the spigot end of the pipe bending at the pipe's joints is possible. This joint bending allows the PVC to be pulled into boreholes and to withstand the forces involved. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: 40% higher than regular PVC. Approximate O&M Costs: Low Vendor Name(s): IPEX, Inc. 2441 Royal Windsor Drive Mississauga, Ontario J5J 4C7 Phone: 800-463-9572 Fax: 905-403-9195 Email: ricsta@ipexinc.com Practitioner(s): See website for practitioners: http://www.ipexinc.com/Content/Common/2_0_ Products/2_0_1_Case_Studies/case_study_list.asp Key Words for Internet Search: Pressure, pipe, gasket, PVC, water, sewer Data Sources: "New Research Yields an Innovative Design for PVC Pipe." Trench/ess Technology (7-8 August 2004) 3-6 Conveyance Systems ------- JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies Technology Summary Impact Moling - Steerabl Objective: Uses a compaction principle to create a bore in compressible soils in which pipe is then installed. State of Development: Innovative Innovative applications such as steerable moles allowing curves and direction changes. Description: Moling is based on a percussion or hammering action with a pneumatic piercing tool to create a bore by compacting and displacing soil rather than removing it. The impact mole consists of an enclosed steel tube containing an air powered piston that strikes the nose of the tool driving it forward. It has low operational costs, simplicity in operations with minimal excavation. Moling is limited by ground conditions. One steerable mole is offered in the market place. It uses walkover tracking and remote steering similar to that in the horizontal drilling industry. A sonde integrated within the forward end of the tool body is made rugged to withstand the impact of the mole. The current generation of steerable moles have a dual position steering head with two operating modes, one for straight and an asymetrical one for steering. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: $35,000 per machine; price includes all parts and everything needed for impact moling. Approximate O&M Costs: Included in capital cost. Vendor Name(s): TT Technologies of Illinois 2020 E. New York St. Aurora, IL 60504 Phone: 800-533-2078 info@ttechnologies.com Practitioner(s): U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Vicksburg, MS Key Words for Internet Search: Impact moling, pipe ramming, trenchless technology, bore, steerable mole Data Sources: "Guidelines for Impact Moling." TTC Technical Report #2001.03. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, ERDC, Vicksburg, MS Conveyance Systems 3-7 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 Technology Summary Lateral Cleanout Connection Objective: Install cleanout on existing lateral where one does not exist. State of Development: Innovative Process has been commercially available for three years with the installation of several thousand feet of line. Description: The lateral is located by TV camera that finds a location for the cleanout that will not require bends or fittings. A vacuum excavating unit is then used to dig an 18-inch hole that will expose the lateral, the vacuum will be used to remove all soil. A two-part epoxy mix is used to glue the bottom of the saddle to the lateral when it is dropped and snapped over the lateral pipe. After the 15 minutes the epoxy takes to set, a water hydrostatic test is performed, followed by the use of a coring tool to core out the lateral. The coupon is removed and a clean out cap is added. A new riser or clean out can be attached. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: $750 to $1,500 each Approximate O&M Costs: Same as standard cleanout. Costs vary based on location, depth, and soil conditions. Vendor Name(s): LMK Enterprises, Inc. Practitioner(s): Rock River Water Reclamation District 3333 Kishwaukee St. Rockford, IL61109 Key Words for Internet Search: Vacatee, lateral liner system, CIPP, cleanout Data Sources: Vendor-supplied information 3-8 Conveyance Systems ------- JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies Technology Summary Lateral Grout Injectio Objective: Seal the lateral-main connection and cracks and joints in laterals to prevent inflow and infiltration into the sanitary sewer system. State of Development: Innovative Description: Seals lateral by creating a impermeable gel ring outside the pipe joint. Lateral grout injection is accomplished using a packer, which is inserted through a manhole and positioned in the line using a camera. The packer is rotated and a grouting plug is inflated up the lateral. Grout is injected, to fill the annular area, into the surrounding soil, creating a sand and gel ring outside the pipe and service connection. The packer elements are deflated and pulled back into packer, scraping excess gel from the service line. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: $300-$500 per lateral Approximate O&M Costs: Periodic visual inspections and cleaning recommended Capital cost estimate is based on grouting each joint in the first 8 ft-10 ft of the lateral from the sewer main. Vendor Name(s): Avanti International 822 Bay Star Blvd. Webster, TX 77598 Practitioner(s): See website for practitioners: http://avantigrout.com Key Words for Internet Search: Grout rehabilitation, injection, lateral pipe, joint sealing Data Sources: "Methods to Control Leaks in Sewer Collection Systems, "An informative White Paper written by C. Vipu, Ph.D., P.E., Director of CIGMAT, and Chairman of Civil Engineering Department, University of Houston, Houston, TX Jason Consultants International, Inc." New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer Pipe Materials and Technology." Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000) Simicevic, Jadranka, Raymond L. Sterling, Ahmad Habibian, Rick Nelson, Roger L. Tarbutto, and Alan Johnson. "Methods for Cost-Effective Rehabilitation of Private Lateral Sewers." WERF (2006) Vendor-supplied information Conveyance Systems 3-9 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 Technology Summary Lateral Grout Injection from Mainline (Up to 30-ft in Length) Objective: Seal the lateral-main connection and cracks and joints in laterals up to 30 feet from the main sewer line to prevent inflow and infiltration into the sanitary sewer system. State of Development: Innovative A Packer and 30-foot grouting plug have been developed and tested in a laboratory setting. As of May 2005, 24 units have been installed. Description: Lateral grout injection is accomplished using a packer, which is inserted into a sewer main through a manhole. The packer is remotely positioned in the mainline at the lateral connection, and a grouting plug is inflated up the lateral. Grout is injected, or pumped, into the lateral up to the location of the group plug. Grout is forced through cracks and joints into the surrounding soil, where it solidifies to form a watertight seal outside the pipeline. This grouting can be applied to laterals up to 30 feet from the main sewer line. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: Varies Approximate O&MCosts: Varies Vendor Name(s): Logiball, Inc. HC 76 P.O. Box 625 Jackman, ME 04945 Phone: 800-246-5988 Fax: 418-653-5746 E-mail: marc@logiball.com Practitioner(s): Heitkamp, Inc. New England Pipe Cleaning Co. 99 Callender Road P.O. Box 730 Watertown, CT 06795 Key Words for Internet Search: Grout rehabilitation, injection, lateral pipe, joint sealing, mainline Data Sources: Jason Consultants International, Inc. "New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer Pipe Materials and Technology." Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000) Simicevic, Jadranka, Raymond L. Sterling, Ahmad Habibian, Rick Nelson, Roger L. Tarbutton, and Alan Johnson. "Methods for Cost-Effective Rehabilitation of Private Lateral Sewers." WERF (2006) Vendor-supplied information 3-10 Conveyance Systems ------- JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies Technology Summary Lateral CIPP Liner (House to Mail Objective: Provide reconstruction of service lateral pipe without excavation by the installation of a resin conduit liner. State of Development: Innovative Description: Woven or nonwoven material is impregnated with thermosetting resin and installed in an existing pipeline or conduit using an air inversion and curing process. Product designed to rehabilitate pipelines with diameters from 2 to 8 inches and negotiates curves (up to 90°) and lines through 4-6 inch transitions without changing structural properties of the liner. Installation through existing building sewer lines permit connection without stretching into sewer main. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: Ranges from $2500 - $4500 Approximate O&M Costs: Periodic visual inspections recommended. Costs are highly variable and will fluctuate based on pipe size, material, condition, depth, and accessibility (i.e. cleanout available). Vendor Name(s): Perma-liner Industries 6196 126th Avenue North Largo, FL 33773 Phone: 727-507-9749 Email: dough@perma-liner.com Practitioner(s): Southwest Pipeline 539 West 140th Street Gardena, CA 90248 Key Words for Internet Search: CIPP lateral lining, sewer rehabilitation, resin, house cleanout, DrainLiner™, Formadrain®, INFlex Liner™, Inserv™, MaxLiner™, PermaLateral™, Primeliner™, and Verline Lateral, Saertex® Liner, PrimeLiner LC™, Insituform® Lateral, LMK T-Liner® Data Sources: Jason Consultants International, Inc. New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer Pipe Materials and Technology. Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000) Black and Veatch Corporation. Effective Practices for Sanitary Sewer and Collection System Operations and Maintenance. Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2003) Bergstrom, E., P.E., B. Swarner, P.E., M. Lopez, P.E., "Infiltration and Inflow (I/I) Reduction in 10 Pilot Projects, King County, Washington," Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation Collection Systems 2005 Conference, Sustaining Aging Infrastructure: System, Workforce and Funding (CD-ROM), Boston, MA (17-20 July 2005) Simicevic, Jadranka, Raymond L. Sterling, Ahmad Habibian, Rick Nelson, Roger L. Tarbutton and Alan Johnson. "Methods for Cost-Effective Rehabilitation of Private Lateral Sewers." WERF (2006) Vendor-supplied information Conveyance Systems 3-11 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 Technology Summary Lateral CIPP Liner (Main Objective: Provide reconstruction of service lateral pipe without excavation by the installation of a resin conduit liner. State of Development: Innovative Description: The polyester resin-impregnated tube is installed into an existing service lateral through the mainline pipe. The resin and tube are inverted into place so that when installed the cured-in-place pipe will fit the internal circumference of the existing pipe. The resin and tube are held in place by internal pressure until cured into a impermeable continuous pipe within a pipe. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: Approximate O&M Costs: $3,500 for installation in lateral up to 20 ft from main; $45 per ft beyond 20 ft Costs will vary depending on quantity of materials, quality of installations, location, and other installation needs Vendor Name(s): Insituform Technologies, Inc. 702 Spirit 40 Park Drive Chesterfield, MO 63005 Phone: 636-530-8000 Fax: 636-519-8010 Email: spearson@insituform.com Practitioner(s): Boston Water and Sewer Company Boston, MA Key Words for Internet Search: CIPP lateral lining, sewer rehabilitation, resin, mainline Data Sources: Jason Consultants International, Inc. New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer Pipe Materials and Technology. Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000) Black and Veatch Corporation. Effective Practices for Sanitary Sewer and Collection System Operations and Maintenance. Alexandria, VA. WERF (2003) Bergstrom, E., P.E., B. Swarner, P.E., M. Lopez, P.E., "Infiltration and Inflow (I/I) Reduction in 10 Pilot Projects, King County, Washington," Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation Collection Systems 2005 Conference, Sustaining Aging Infrastructure: System, Workforce and Funding (CD-ROM), Boston, MA (17-20 July 2005) King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Wastewater Treatment Division. Pilot Project Report, Regional Infiltration and Inflow Control Program, King County, WA. (October 2004) Simicevic, Jadranka, Raymond L. Sterling, Ahmad Habibian, Rick Nelson, Roger L. Tarbutton, and Alan Johnson. "Methods for Cost-Effective Rehabilitation of Private Lateral Sewers." WERF (2006) Vendor-supplied information 3-12 Conveyance Systems ------- JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies Technology Summary Lateral-Main Fiberglass CIPP Connection Inserts Objective: Provide reconstruction of service lateral pipe without excavation by the installation of a resin .impregnated,, flexible, felt. tube. State of Development: Innovative Description: Installation of a polyester or vinyl impregnated corrosion resistant fiberglass insert into a lateral opening to fit T and Y connections. Insert is factory-impregnated with an epoxy bonding component. The laminate is placed on an applicator, driven into the lateral opening and inserted by air inversion approximately 6 inches into the lateral and 3 inches in the mainline on either side of the lateral opening. The product is available for lines between 6 and 36 inches in diameter. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: Approximate O&M Costs: $1,300 to $1,700 per insert Capital and O&M costs will vary depending on quantity of materials, quality of installations, location, and other installation needs. Vendor Name(s): Top Hat Systems™ Cosmic Sondermaschinenbau GmbH Steinabruck 35 3072 Kasten, Austria U.S. Distributor-Amerik Supplies, Inc. 260 Ainsley Court Marietta, GA 30066 Phone: 770-924-2899 Practitioner(s): Town of Pinetops Pinetops, NC Southwest Pipeline 539 West 140th St. Gardena, CA 90248 Key Words for Internet Search: Top hats, connection inserts, CIPP lateral Data Sources: Materials and Technology." Alexandria, Virginia: Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000) Larsen, P., P.E., G. Keibler, and E. Heijn. "Awakening From the Nightmare on 10th Street - Trenchless Repair to Prevent Deep Excavations in Closed Rear-Yard Easements," Proceedings of the 77th Annual Water Environment Federation Technical Exposition and Conference [CD-ROM], New Orleans, LA (2-6 Oct. 2004) Bergstrom, E., P.E., B. Swarner, P.E., and M. Lopez, P.E. "Infiltration and Inflow (I/I) Reduction in 10 Pilot Projects, King County, Washington," Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation Collection Systems 2005 Conference, Sustaining Aging Infrastructure: System, Workforce and Funding [CD-ROM], Boston, MA. (17-20 July 2005) King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Wastewater Treatment Division. Pilot Project Report, Regional Infiltration and Inflow Control Program, King County, WA (October 2004) Vendor-supplied information Conveyance Systems 3-13 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 Technology Summary Lateral Pipe Bursting Objective: Replace an existing lateral without excavation, with the same or larger diameter pipe (applicable for 4-8 inch diameter pipe). State of Development: Innovative Description: A portable static bursting system (Grundotugger) with a direct bolt expander and optional pneumatic piercing tool is used to hydraulically pull a winch cable and the expander tool and new pipe through an existing line. The expander fractures the existing pipe and displaces the fragments into the surrounding soil while the new pipe is pulled in behind. Lateral bursting allows for a increase in the diameter from the original host size. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: $25,000 for Grudotugger, estimated $40LF. Approximate O&M Costs: Vendor Name(s): TT Technologies 2020 E. New York St. Aurora, IL 60504 Phone: 800-533-2078 Fax: 630-851-8299 www.tttechnologies.com Practitioner(s): King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks Wastewater Treatment Division 201 S. Jackson St., Suite 505 Seattle, WA 98104-3855 Key Words for Internet Search: Static pull, pipe bursting, lateral rehabilitation, Grundotugger Data Sources: Jason Consultants International, Inc. "New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer Pipe Materials and Technology. Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000) Black and Veatch Corporation. Effective Practices for Sanitary Sewer and Collection System Operations and Maintenance. Alexandria, VA. WERF (2003) Bergstrom, E., P.E., B. Swarner, P.E., and M. Lopez, PE. "Infiltration and Inflow (I/I) Reduction in 10 Pilot Projects, King County, Washington," Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation Collection Systems 2005 Conference, Sustaining Aging Infrastructure: System, Workforce and Funding (CD-ROM), Boston, MA (17-20 July 2005) King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Wastewater Treatment Division. Pilot Project Report, Regional Infiltration and Inflow Control Program, King County, WA (October 2004) District of West Vancouver and Dayton & Knight Ltf. (D&K). West Vancouver (Pipe Bursting) Case Study (Oct6-Dec18, 2003) Vendor-supplied information 3-14 Conveyance Systems ------- JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies Technology Summary Lateral Sliplining Objective: Reconstruct sewer line and laterals without excavation using formed-in-place liner. State of Development: Innovative Innovative application for house laterals. Essentially no longer used for small-diameter lateral repair. Description: Lateral sliplining is a rehabilitation process in which a slipliner pipe is placed inside the existing old lateral pipe. This method does not include any folding or heating of the slipliner, and will decrease the inner diameter of the existing pipe by the size of the new pipe. Sliplining is a more practical process for larger diameter laterals because of the possibility of pipe blockage in pipes smaller than six inches in diameter. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: Estimated at $110-$120/LF Approximate O&M Costs: Costs vary depending on the number of laterals being lined. Vendor Name(s): Miller Pipeline Corporation P.O. Box 34141 8850 Crawfordsville Rd. Indianapolis, IN 46234 Phone: 800-428-3742 Fax: 317-293-8502 Practitioner(s): See website for practitioners/case studies: http://nastt.net/NoDig/index.htmlor http://www.millerpipeline.com Key Words for Internet Search: Sliplining, lateral pipe, rehabilitation, resin, liner, insertion renewal Data Sources: "Pipe Within a Pipe is a Winning Solution". Australasian Society Trenchless for Technologies Newsletter. (October 2004) Telephone conversation with Simicevic, Jadranka, Raymond L. Sterling, Ahmad Habibian, Rick Nelson, Roger L. Tarbutton, and Alan Johnson. "Methods for Cost-Effective Rehabilitation of Private Lateral Sewers." Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) Draft (2005) Vendor-supplied information Conveyance Systems 3-15 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 Technology Summary Sanipor® Technology (F1 Objective: Non-structural rehabilitation of laterals, manholes, and mainlines by sealing to prevent leaking and/or infiltration. State of Development: Innovative Although it has only been used in the USA over the last year, Sanipor® Technology has been used in Europe for over 10 years. In Germany, Sanipor® technology has been used and has had positive results. Description: Repairs systems using two liquids (S-1 and S-2). After cleaning and closing off the main pipe, S-1 solution is pumped into the system. S-1 solution is able to get into the surrounding soil through leaking points. S-1 is pumped out after approximately an hour and S-2 solution is pumped in. S-2 will also get through the leak points and into the surrounding soil, where it mixes with S-1 and forms a conglomerate-like solution that seals the leak points. S-2 is pumped out after an hour and the line is then flushed clean and reconnected to the system. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: $8,000/day (equipment) Approximate O&M Costs: Unknown Capital costs do not include items prior to Sanipor installation (i.e. mainline and lateral CCTV, clean outs, purchase of plugs Vendor Name(s): AKZO Nobel EKA Chemicals Marietta, GA Sanipor® Feldkirchen, Germany www.sanipor.de/sanipor.htm Practitioner(s): City of Lafayette Lafayette Utilities System 705 W. University Avenue Lafayette, LA 70506 Key Words for Internet Search: Sanipor, No Dig, sewer renovation, trenchless, flood grouting Data Sources: Case study - Sanipor Pilot 2003 in Lafayette, LA (https://www.latech.edu/tech/engr/ttc/werf) Jadranka Simicevic, Trenchless Technology Center (jandranka@coes.latech.edu) Pipe Materials and Technology. Alexandria, Virginia. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000) 3-16 Conveyance Systems ------- JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies Technology Summary Modified Cross-Section Lateral Lining Objective: Line existing pipe without the need for excavation or time for cure-in-place, field-cured systems. State of Development: Embryonic Description: A high-strength unplasticized PVC resin liner that is continuously inserted through existing manholes and into existing lines while being heated and softened. Once in place along the pipeline, it is expanded to fit tightly within the host pipe by applying both steam and pressure. The PVC pipe is then cooled by replacing the steam with air. This method differs from the CIPP by expanding the liner in place rather than curing it in place. This process is often referred to as pipe-within-a-pipe, though the diameter of the pipe is only slightly decreased. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: Unknown Approximate O&M Costs: U nknown As of publication date, capital cost data was not available for this embryonic technology. It is anticipated that modified cross-section lateral lining will be comparable in price to Lateral CIPP Lining House to Main. Vendor Name(s): Miller Pipeline Corporation P.O. Box 34141 8850 Crawfordsville Road Indianapolis, IN 46234 Phone: 800-428-3742 Fax: 317-293-8502 Practitioners): See website for practitioners/case studies: http://www.millerpipeline, com/ex.html Key Words for Internet Search: Modified cross-sections, cured-in-place lateral lining, seals, sewer Data Sources: Vendor-supplied information Conveyance Systems 3-17 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 3-18 Conveyance Systems ------- Chapt- Manholes 4.1 Introduction Manholes serve as aboveground access points to the underground conveyance system. This chapter focuses on both new construction and rehabilitation technologies that can be utilized to restore and maintain manholes. 4.2 Technology Assessment The state of development of technologies identified for manholes is summarized in Table 4.1. Similarly to large-diameter sewers and deep tunnels, much of the technology available for manholes is established, having been available and utilized in the United States for numerous years. However, six innovative technologies, as well as one embryonic technology, have been identified. Glass- reinforced plastic inserts made of the same material used to rehabilitate large- diameter sewers and tunnels, were in the development stage in 2004. The Sanipor® (flood grouting) technology is considered to be an innovative method aimed at complete rehabilitation of an entire conveyance system section, including manholes. This technology is also described in Chapter 3 as it applies to small-diameter sewers and laterals. An evaluation of the innovative technologies identified for manholes is presented in Figure 4.1. Summary sheets for each innovative and embryonic technology are provided at the end of this chapter. Conveyance Systems 4-1 ------- Table 4.1 Manhole Technologies - State of Development CD £ CD n CD en Established Cured-in-Place I Flexible Sealant Frame Adjustments (raise/reset) Joint Sealing - Cementitious Grout Joint Sealing - Epoxy Grout/Patching Lid (cover) Inserts Mechanical Chimney Seals (interior & exterior) Plastic Composite Invert System Poured-in-Place Concrete Liners Replacement (via excavation) Spray or Trowel-Applied Cementitious Lining Spray or Trowel-Applied Polymer Coating Innovative Fiberglass Rehabilitation Manholes HOPE Frame Adjustment Rings Mechanical Joint Seals Polyethylene Chimney Form Sanipor® Technology (fill and drain) Sewer Odor and Corrsion Control Insert Embryonic Glass-Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Insert c_ c fO o o O5 ------- Figure 4.1 Evaluation of Mahole Innovative Technologies c_ C ( '! o O5 Fiberglass Rehabilitation Manholes HOPE Frame Adjustment Rings Mechanical Joint Seals ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H Polyethylene Chimney Form L BCI OIR © V Sanipor® Technology Sewer Odor and Corrosion Control Insert A A As compared with manhole reolacer ,s compared with concrete adjustment rings ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H L BC I © V A © As compared to cementitious patching compared with concrete adjustment rings LBCI I AAAAAs compared with manhole replacement LSBC 0 A ©©A CD tn ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 Technology Summary Fiberglass Rehabilitation Manholes Objective: To provide a structural barrier within existing manholes. State of Development: Innovative Description: Fiberglass Rehabilitation Manholes are made to be installed within existing concrete, brick, or precast manholes to provide a non-corrosive structural barrier to prevent infiltration and exfiltration. A unit is constructed of glass-fiber reinforcements, supplier-certified unsaturated isophthalic polyester resin, and chemically enhanced silica. Flowtite® is able to withstand 16,000 pound vertical load. Manufactured as one integral piece up to 25 feet deep. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: $400 per vertical foot installed cost for a 4-foot-diameter, 10-foot-deep man- hole Approximate O&MCosts: Periodic visual inspections recommended Vendor Name(s): Containment Solutions, Inc. Conroe, TX www.containmentsolutions.com Practitioner(s): King County, Washington Wastewater Treatment Division 201 S. Jackson St., Suite 505 Seattle, WA 98104 Key Words for Internet Search: Fiberglass manholes, rehabilitation, Flowtite, glass-fiber reinforced Data Sources: www.containmentsolutions.com Simicevic, J. "Currently Available Products and Techniques for Manhole Rehabilitation." Trenchless Technology Center, Ruston, LA (www.I atech. ed u/tech/coes) King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Wastewater Treatment Division. Pilot Project Report, Regional Infiltration and Inflow Control Program, King County, WA (October 2004) Jason Consultants International, Inc. New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer Pipe Materials and Technology. Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000) 4-4 Conveyance Systems ------- JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies Technology Summary HOPE Frame Adjustment Rings Objective: Eliminate manhole chimney degradation by replacing cracked concrete rings with high-density polyethylene rings. State of Development: Innovative Description: HOPE lightweight-grade rings provide structure and maintain material quality to eliminate degradation in manhole chimneys. They are designed to be an alternative to replacing concrete rings that are damaged. They are a mortarless system allowing fast assembly. HOPE rings are lighter, safer to handle and eliminate the need for heavy equipment to install. Properly installed rings provide a watertight seal to control I/I. HOPE rings are made of 100% recycled plastic. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: $18-$25 each for standard 1.25- to 2-inch deep, round adjustment rings; $35-$42 each for 4-inch deep, round, adjustment rings; $23-$24 each for standard catch basin adjustment rings. Approximate O&MCosts: Periodic visual inspections recommended. Round manhole adjustment rings are available in the following inside diam- eter sizes: 24-, 27-, 30-, 32-, and 34-inch. Catch basin adjustment rings are either 24- by 36-inch or 24- by 24-inch Grade adjustment rings are available with either a flat or sloped design and are manufactured to ASTM D4976. Vendor Name(s): Ladtech, Inc. 6704 Meadowlark Court Lino Lakes, MN 55038 Phone: 651-415-1252 Fax: 651-415-1090 www.ladtech.com Practitioner(s): South Tahoe Public Utility District Lake Tahoe, CA City of Houston Houston, TX Key Words for Internet Search: HOPE adjustment, rings, manhole, seals, sewer, frame Data Sources: "Plastic Manhole Adjustment Rings Improve the Quality of Sanitary and Storm Sewers" Water Engineering & Management (www.waterem.com) Vendor-supplied information Conveyance Systems 4-5 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 Technology Summary Mechanical Joint Seals Objective: A watertight rubber seal compressed against the inside of the frame and cone by expansion bands. State of Development: Innovative Description: Several rubber seal products are available as internal sealing systems for stopping leakage in precast manhole joints. CretexWrap involves a flexible rubber sleeve that has multiple pleats that can be expanded into place. The top and bottom section of the sleeve compresses against the manhole producing a water tight seal. FlexRib seal is made from a rubber compound that seals the manhole when stainless steel expansion bands compress the rubber against the inside of the frame and cones. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: $400 per one 48-inch-diameter seal Approximate O&M Costs: Periodic visual inspections recommended Vendor Name(s): NPC, Inc. Milford, NH www.npc.com Practitioner(s): City of New Berlin Utiities Division 3805 S. Casper Drive New Berlin, Wl 53151 Key Words for Internet Search: Mechanical joint connections, joint seals, manholes, sewer, barrel Data Sources: Simicevic, J. "Currently Available Products and Techniques for Manhole Rehabilitation." Trenchless Technology Center, Ruston, LA (www.Iatech.edu/tech/coes) 4-6 Conveyance Systems ------- JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies Technology Summary Polyethylene Chimney For Objective: Eliminate water entering the manhole through the grade rings. State of Development: Innovative Patent by manufacturer still pending. Currently in use by 40 municipalities across the United States. Description: The Polyethylene Chimney Form is a molded polymer shield that is incorporated into the chimney section of a manhole assembly. The Polyethylene Chimney Form protects the manhole against inflow and infiltration of groundwater, storm water, and eroded soil, effectively preventing clean material from entering the collection system. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: Retails for $110 - $120 depending on size Approximate O&M Costs: None Vendor Name(s): Strike Products 31785 64th Ave. Cannon Falls, MN 55009 Phone: 800-262-4129 Fax: 507-263-4891 Email: tool@striketool.com www.striketool.com Practitioners): National Water Works 200 West Highway 6, Suite 620 Waco, TX 76712 Key Words for Internet Search: Chimney seals, polyethylene, manholes Data Sources: www.striketool.com King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Wastewater Treatment Division. Pilot Project Report, Regional Infiltration and Inflow Control Program, King County, WA (October 2004) Vendor-supplied information Conveyance Systems 4-7 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 Technology Summary Sanipor® Technology (fill and drain) Objective: Nonstructural rehabilitation of laterals, manholes and mainlines by sealing to prevent leaking and/or infiltration. State of Development: Innovative Although it has only been used in the United States over the past year, Sanipor® Technology has been used in Europe for over 10 years. In Germany, Sanipor® Technology has been used and has had positive results. Description: Repairs systems using two liquids (S-1 and S-2). After cleaning and closing off the main pipe, S-1 solution is pumped into the system. S-1 solution is able to get into the surrounding soil through leaking points. S-1 is pumped out after approximately an hour and S-2 solution is pumped in. S-2 will also get through the leak points and into the surrounding soil, where it mixes with S-1 and forms a conglomerate-like solution that seals the leak points. S-2 is pumped out after an hour and the line is then flushed clean and reconnected to the system. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: $3,600/day (equipment and crew); $17.99/gallon (S-2 solution) Approximate O&M Costs: Unknown Vendor Name(s): AKZO Nobel EKA Chemicals Marietta, GA Sanipor® Feldkirchen, Germany www.sanipor.de/sanipor.htm Practitioner(s): Lafayette Utilities Systems 1314 Walker Road Lafayette, LA 70501 Key Words for Internet Search: Sanipor®, no dig, manhole renovation, coatings, flood grouting Data Sources: Case Study-Sanipor Pilot 2003 in Lafayette, LA (https://www.latech.edu/tech/engr/ttc/werf/) Telephone conversation with Jadranka Simicevic (Trenchless Technology Center) jandranka@coes.latech.edu Jason Consultants International, Inc. New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer Pipe Materials and Technology. Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000) 4-8 Conveyance Systems ------- JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies Technology Summary Sewer Odor and Corrosion Control Inserts Objective: Prevent the release of odorous gases in drop manholes and force main discharges to sewer manholes. State of Development: Innovative This technology has been available since 1998 but only recently has been used in approximately 30 locations. Description: Patented by IPEX Inc., the spiral flow design of the vortex flow pulls odorous air downward towards the bottom of the structure. The entrained air raises the dissolved oxygen (DO) in the sewage and is able to partially oxidize the reduced gases in solution in the sewage. Because the process operates at a slight vacuum, odorous gases are not released from the liquid. The system requires a drop in elevation of at least 6 feet for the process to work correctly. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: $5,000 plus $2,000 for each million gallons per day capacity Approximate O&MCosts: $0 - unit is self-cleaning The approximate capital cost of the unit is based on its size as each unit is custom fabricated for a given flow and drop height. Vendor Name(s): IPEX, Inc. 2441 Royal Windsor Drive Mississauga, Ontario J5J 407 Canada Phone: 800-463-9572 Fax: 905-403-9195 E-mail: ricsta@ipexinc.com Practitioner(s): Rummel, Klepper & Kahl, LLP 81 Mosher Street Baltimore, MD 21217 Key Words for Internet Search: Odor, corrosion, control, manholes, sewer, inserts, vortex, flow Data Sources: Vendor-supplied information Conveyance Systems 4-9 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 Technology Summary Glass-Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Inserts Objective: Structural rehabilitation of brick and precast manholes. State of Development: Embryonic This technology is in the laboratory development stage. Description: Fiber reinforced, filled, thermoset resin manhole inserts are custom designed to be installed in manholes of various diameters and depths. The installation procedure includes excavating the existing manhole to a depth that facilitates removal of the frame and cone (or corbel). The new glass-reinforced plastic manhole insert is placed within the existing manhole barrel and the annular space between the two is filled with grout. The invert and bench are reformed and the rehabilitated manhole is backfilled to complete the installation. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: Unknown Approximate O&M Costs: Periodic visual inspections recommended. As of publication date, capital cost data was not available for this embryonic technology. It is anticipated that GRP manhole inserts will be comparable in price to fiberglass manhole inserts. Vendor Name(s): Insituform Technologies, Inc. 17999 Edison Avenue Chesterfield, MO 63005 Phone: 636-530-8000 Fax: 636-530-8744 E-mail: losborne@insituform.com Practitioner(s): See website for practitioners/case studies: http://www.amitechuse.com/studies.htm Key Words for Internet Search: Glass-reinforced plastics, panel, pipe, manholes Data Sources: Vendor-supplied information 4-10 Conveyance Systems ------- Conveyance Systems Management 5.1 Introduction Conveyance systems management includes two distinct types of management tools. Any technological tool that can be used for asset management purposes to track maintenance and inspection records, complaint and emergency response efforts, and utility information can be considered a conveyance system management tool. On the other end of the spectrum, a program, public outreach effort, or regional collaboration that has been established to assist in the decision-making process and planning for a given conveyance system has also been classified as a conveyance system management tool. Both of these identified conveyance systems management tools have the same goal, which is to reduce operation and maintenance efforts, and in turn costs, through effective planning. 5.2 Technology Assessment With the release of the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) Statement No. 34 in June 1999, many municipalities have begun to focus on the importance of proper asset management, including utilities such as conveyance systems. Many of the technologies associated with conveyance systems management have been newly developed and can be considered innovative, including programs that broaden the use of geographic information system (CIS) for municipal applications. Others, such as proactive sewer maintenance program and public outreach on the impact of fats, oils, and grease (FOG), are well established, but may be underutilized on a national scale. The state of development of conveyance system management technologies is summarized in Table 5.1. An evaluation of the innovative technologies identified is presented in Figure 5.1. Summary sheets for each innovative technology are provided at the end of this chapter. Conveyance Systems 5-1 ------- V hi CD £ Table 5.1 Conveyance System Management Technologies - State of Development CD n CD en Established Innovative Embryonic r I Public Outreach on Fats, Oils, and Grease (FOG) Sewer Maintenance Program ESRI-Based One-Call Ticket Management Mobile GIS Regional I/I Control Program c_ c fO o o O5 ------- Figure 5.1 Evaluation of Conveyance System Management Innovative Technologies c_ C ( '! o O5 ESRI-Based One-Call Ticket Management Mobile GIS Regional I/I Control Prog ICB M 0 L ICB M 0 A A V State of Development KEY D = Demonstration project L = Limited municipal installations I = Full-scale industrial applications, with potential 0= Full-scale operations overseas N= Full-scale operations in North America Applicability I = Industrial S = Municipal sanitary T = Municipal storm C= Municipal combined for application in municipal conveyance systems B = Municipal sanitary and storm R= Restored structural integrity Potential Benefits C= Capital savings 0= Operational/maintenance savings I = Inflow/infiltration reduction S = SSO/CSO reduction M= Improved maintenance tracking/manage- ment Comparative Criteria A Positive feature © Neutral or mixed V Negative feature CD tfi ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 Technology Summary ESRI-Based One-Call Ticket Objective: Managing the process of determining and validating the One-Call sites for buried or underground infrastructure State of Development: Innovative One-call ticket management is an established technology; however, one new product is compatible with Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), a leading GIS software developer. The Dig-Smart Program has been available for approximately one year. There are six municipalities in New York State currently utilizing the technology, and the program has also been used in CA. Description: Dig-Smart works in conjunction with Arc View GIS program. It provides an automated process to locate areas on incoming One-Call ticket numbers. It determines if the area is near buried underground utilities based on GIS date. Dig-Smart will automatically use this data to determine if a stake-out is required. Using GIS, this program will create a map with the geographic location of the ticket number and route the ticket number(s) to the proper utility companies where physical stake-outs are needed and automatically generate work orders. ESRI-based one-call ticket management software is compatible with programs currently mandated in all 50 states. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Costs: Approximate O&M Costs: Dig Smart (professional) = $3,000 per license Dig-Smart (Enterprise) = $9,000 primary license with $3,000 for each second- ary license $500-$1,200 per year, based upon the type of license purchased (this in- cludes technical support as well as upgrade services). Vendor Name(s): Bergmann Associates P.O. 40 La Riviere Drive Waterfront Village Center Buffalo, NY 14202 Phone:71-852-3211 www.dig-smart.com Practitioner(s): Monroe County Environmental Services 50 West Main Street, Suite 7100 Rochester, NY 14614 Key Words for Internet Search: Automated mapping, utilities GIS, Dig-Smart Data Sources: Schenkel, P., and J. Schoenberg. "Monroe County, New York, Maximizes Dig-Smart and the Enterprise GIS for Complete Ticket Management." ESRI Water Writes (Winter 2004) Vendor-supplied information 5-4 Conveyance Systems ------- JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies Technology Summary Objective: Maintains up-to-date records of systems integrity in a system that is installed on the palm pilot and allows the user(s) to create database applications (i.e. routine sewer inspection checklist). State of Development: Innovative The program itself has been around for approximately 5 years but only recently been used in the industry. Description: The program tool installed on a mobile device, such as a palm pilot, allows personnel to link data collected in the field to authorities using GIS programs. At the end of each day, the information collected is downloaded to a central computer. From there, the information is shared with all department authorities as well as persons involved in work on the system itself. The mobile device can be very cost effective and is primarily used for simple tasks, such as routine maintenance inspections. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: -$12,000 for palm pilots, applications, and Pen Dragon Program Approximate O&M Costs: Capital costs include O&M costs Note: Palm pilots cost approximately $50 to $60 each, which allows for variability of capital costs due to the number of palm pilots needed for a project. Pen Dragon costs approximately $2,000 and the application to run Pen Dragon is about $7,000. Vendor Name(s): Pendragon Software Corporation 1580 S. Milwaukee Ave., Suite 515 Libertyville, IL 60048 Practitioner(s): Clayton County Water Authority 1600 Battle Creek Road Morrow, GA 30260 Email: BTaylor@ccwal.com Key Words for Internet Search: Palm pilot software, GIS, handheld devices Data Sources: "CCWA Using New Technology to Inspect System Pipes." Water & Wastes Digest. 44 (August 2004) Bey, G., G Ramon, C. Stern. "Empowering Utility Field Crews With a Mobile GIS and Field Service Management System." ESRI Vendor-supplied information Conveyance Systems 5-5 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 Technology Summary Regional I/I Program Objective: Quantify, locate and assess the most cost effective measures and infiltration and inflow goals that should be pursued by a given region. State of Development: Innovative King County, WA, is taking a unique regional approach to I/I control. A report summarizing the results of the 10 pilot I/I control projects was made available to the public in October 2004. Description: Regional Infiltration/Inflow (I/I) Control Program is based on a cooperative partnership between King County and 32 local component agencies. The six-year program included flow monitoring at over 800 locations to identify I/I in the overall system, ten pilot I/I control projects utilizing different rehabilitation techniques, evaluating financial options and solutions, and design of a long-term control program for the local agencies and the County. The program is aimed at reducing I/I in the County's wastewater conveyance interceptors and treatment facilities as well as local agency collection systems. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: Pilot project construction cost: $7.8 million Approximate O&M Costs: Pilot project total cost: $12 million The pilot project total cost includes costs for construction, sewer system-evaluation study (SSES), design, pre- and post-rehabilitation flow monitoring, construction management, modeling and analysis. A reduction in I/I was observed as a result of eight of the ten pilot sanitary sewer rehabilitation construction projects undertaken. Through the program, the County successfully demonstrated that I/I cana be identified,located, and reduced through collection system monitoring and rehabilitation, as well as strong communication between public and private stakeholders. Vendor Name(s): Not applicable Practitioner(s): King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks Wastewater Treatment Division 201 S. Jackson St., Suite 505 Seattle, WA 98104-3184 Phone: 206-263-3184 Fax: 206-684-1741 E-mail: mary.lundt@metrokc.gov Key Words for Internet Search: Infiltration/inflow, I/I control program, sewer program Data Sources: Telephone communication with Mary Lundt, King County (15 September 2004) http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wtd/i-i Bergstrom, E., P.E., B. Swarner, P.E., and M. Lopez, PE. "Infiltration and Inflow (I/I) Reduction in 10 Pilot Projects, King County, WA," Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation Collection Systems 2005 Conference, Sustaining Aging Infrastructure: System, Workforce and Funding (CD-ROM), Boston, MA (17-20 July 2005) King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Wastewater Treatment Division. Pilot Project Report, Regional Infiltration and Inflow Control Program, King County, WA (October 2004) 5-6 Conveyance Systems ------- Capacity Restoration 6.1 Introduction Capacity restoration refers to removing blockages, excess flow, or any hindrances that restrict flow through a conveyance system. Flow restrictions often are the cause of sanitary and combined sewer overflows. 6.2 Technology Assessment A summary of innovative, emerging, and established technologies for capacity restoration is provided in Table 6.1. Capacity restoration can be achieved by implementing structural best management practices to prevent debris grit and excess flow from entering a conveyance system; conducting regular cleaning of the sewer system; and identifying and removing any illicit connections to a conveyance system that would contribute excess flow, such as roof drains, footer drains, basement sump pumps, and storm/sanitary sewer interconnections. Many of the capacity restoration techniques listed in Table 6.1 are well established for municipal and industrial use. However, four technologies considered to be innovative or embryonic, were identified. These include an in-line grit removal system for use with bridge stormwater collection systems, and two new cleaning techniques for conveyance systems. An evaluation of the one innovative technology identified is also provided in Figure 6.1. Summary sheets for each innovative and embryonic technology are provided at the end of this chapter. Conveyance Systems 6-1 ------- C9 hi Table 6.1 Capacity Restoration Technologies—State of Development CD £ CD n r I Established Basement Sump Pump Redirection Foundation/Footer Drain Redirection Interconnection Elimination Roof Drain Redirection Root Removal and Control Storm Water Infiltration Pumps Innovative Above-Grade Grit Removal System (Bridge applications) HDD Attachments for Culvert Cleaning Pigging (force main cleaning) Embryonic Culvert Cleaning System CD en c_ c fO o o O5 ------- Figure 6.1 Evaluation of Capacity Restoration Innovative Technologies c_ C ( '! a ' Above-Grade Grit Removal System HDD Attachments for Culvert Cleaning Pigging (force main cleaning) JOS 0 A A A S 0 A N/A N/A s e State of Development KEY D= Demonstration project L = Limited municipal installations I = Full-scale industrial applications, with potential 0= Full-scale operations overseas N= Full-scale operations in North America Applicability I = Industrial S = Municipal sanitary T = Municipal storm C= Municipal combined for application in municipal conveyance systems B = Municipal sanitary and storm R= Restored structural integrity Potential Benefits C= Capital savings 0= Operational/maintenance savings I = Inflow/infiltration reduction S = SSO/CSO reduction /!= Improved maintenance tracking/manage- ment Comparative Criteria A Positive feature © Neutral or mixed V Negative feature CD tn ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 Technology Summary Above-Grade Grit Removal Sys' Objective: Simplify maintenance activities and minimize maintenance costs by preventing excess sand and debris from entering and clogging an existing storm water system. State of Development: Innovative One full-scale above-grade grit removal system has been installed on the Peace Bridge, the international border crossing between Buffalo, New York, and Fort Erie, Ontario. Description: The above-grade grit removal system consists of an above grade grit trap unit; concrete pad and curbing for overflow containment; and a deep catch basin that are designed to receive flows from a bridge scupper drain system. The grit trap unit is a standard roll-off container with a removable tarp cover. A square hole in the cover allows water to enter the container from the bridge deck above. Storm water flows to the front end of the grit trap, where it passes through a filter screen and is discharged to the catch basin through a series of outlets, attached to a watertight access door. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: Under $10,000 for fabricated 20 cubic foot grit trap unit. Approximate O&M Costs: Under $200 annually (assuming one cleaning per year) The O&M Costs include labor, hauling costs, and disposal at landfill. Annual costs may vary based on classification of sediment material at landfill and municipal labor rates. Vendor Name(s): Parsons 180 Lawrence Bell Drive, Suite 104 Williamsville, NY 14221 Phone: 716-633-7074 Fax: 716-633-7195 E-mail: jaime.davidson@parsons.com Practitioner(s): Buffalo and Fort Erie Public Bridge Authority One Peace Bridge Plaza Buffalo, NY 14213 KeyWords for Internet Search: Grit removal system, above grade, Peace Bridge Data Sources: Practitioner-supplied information 6-4 Conveyance Systems ------- JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies Technology Summary HDD Attachments for Culvert Cleaning Objective: Remove soil and debris from culverts without damage to the culvert or need for replacement of the structure. State of Development: Innovative Now considered recently established, as work has been done in over 800 municipalities. Recently patented horizontal directional drilling (HDD) attachment. As of 5/2005,160 units sold to clean nearly 1,800 culverts in 38 states. Description: The first attachment in the patented process is a barrel reamer, a round tool with fins and water jets. The barrel reamer rotates through the pipe, mixing water with the debris. The tool also allows the operator to assess the integrity of the pipe and the type of debris. After the barrel reamer, operators attach either a push bucket or pull bucket, to move the material and dispose of it properly. Square box buckets are also available. The barrel reamers are strong enough to cut through tree roots and move large rocks. A brush attachment is also available to fine clean the culvert. Attachment sizes accommodate between 6 and 110 inch culverts. The attachments provide the advantage of a controlled environment by allowing the push or pull of debris, that may be contaminated, away from sensitive areas such as streams or creeks. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: Proprietary equipment not for public sale. Cleaning services typically subcon- tracted. Approximate O&MCosts: $1/diameter-inch/LF for cleaning by a licensed contractor Note: For example, a 18-inch-diameter pipe would cost $18/LF to clean. Horizontal direction drilling (HDD) machines are also required. As with most costs, this is subject to change based on the type of material being removed (i.e. silt, rock, vegetation, broken pipe material, etc.), whether or not contamination is present, accessibility issues, etc. Vendor Name(s): Harr Technologies, LLC Mosca, CO Phone: 719-523-4090 Practitioner(s): See website for practitioners/case studies: http://www.harrtech.com/culvertcleaning.aspx Key Words for Internet Search: Culvert cleaning, pipe cleaning, horizontal directional drilling, attachments, nozzles Data Sources: Deering, Tara. "Attachments for HDD Machines" Rocky Mountain Construction Vendor-supplied information Conveyance Systems 6-5 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 Technology Summary Pigging (Force Main Cleaning) Objective: Cleaning, confirmation of pipeline integrity, increasing carry capacity, reduce pumping pressure required to maintain flow. State of Development: Innovative Although pigging has been around over 30 years, for natural gas and petroleum pipes, pigs have only recently been used in application for the wastewater systems industry. Description: A pipeline pig acts like a free moving piston inside the pipeline by sealing against the inside wall with a number of sealing elements. Pigs perform numerous tasks including cleaning debris from the line and removing residuals. This method begins by inserting various size, shape, texture, and/or density pigs into a launch that is either attached to the existing system or installed new. The diameter, texture, and density increase with each pass of the pig (also referred to as "progressive pigging") as several pigs are used. When launched, the pig is pushed through the system with a differential pressure that is greater than the pressure in front of the pig. The pig is ejected out the other end of the system leaving a clean pipe behind. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: Approximate O&M Costs: Ranges from $2,000 and up for installation of an 8-inch-diameter launcher plus the cost of a Y connection and Y valve. $23 per each 8-inch-diameter B-1/G-1 pig. Subcontractor cleaning cost ranges from $1 - $5 per foot depending on pipe length. Costs for pigging are extremely variable based on pipe material, pipe diameter, and the material being cleaned (i.e. biological scaling, iron scaling). Vendor Name(s): Pipeline Pigging Products P.O. Box 690052 Houston, TX 77269 Practitioner(s): Montauk Services, Inc. 84A Johnson Avenue Hackensack, NJ 07601 Key Words for Internet Search: Pipeline pigging, industrial pipe, pig cleaning services, wastewater Data Sources: Vendor-supplied information 6-6 Conveyance Systems ------- JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies Technology Summary Culvert Cleaning Syst Objective: Cleans culverts and vacuums emulsified material simultaneously. State of Development: Embryonic This technology has been around for less than one year and is still in the research and development stages. Description: A vacuum unit with variable sized cleaning tools with dual rotating nozzles that are constantly moving is used. This unit is extended into the culvert pipe. A rubber boot at the bottom assists with pushing debris while maintaining contact with the pipe. While this is running the vacuum sucks debris and stores it in a tank for later disposal. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: $14,500 - $17,000 Approximate O&M Costs: Unknown Costs are dependent upon auger system and accessories. Vendor Name(s): Ring-0-Matic Manufacturers, Inc. P.O. Box 305 Pella, IA 50219 Email: infor@ringomatic.com Practitioner(s): Oklahoma Department of Transportation 2800 South 32nd Street Muskogee, OK 74401 Key Words for Internet Search: Culvert cleaning, pipe cleaning, vacuum, culvert maintenance Data Sources: Vendor-supplied information Conveyance Systems 6-7 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 6-8 Conveyance Systems ------- Conveyance System Assessment 7.1 Introduction This chapter focuses on any technique or tool that is used to monitor, assess, and/or evaluate the condition of an existing conveyance system. 7.2 Technology Assessment Being able to fully understand and monitor the condition of an existing system is critical to developing an appropriate maintenance program and to ensuring the integrity of an entire conveyance system. A summary of the state of development of conveyance system assessment technologies is provided in Table 7.1. Conveyance systems evaluation technologies are continuously emerging as technological advancements are made. For example, systems are available for use in the field that can provide an accurate picture of the structural integrity and flow characteristics of a given pipe. Soon, this equipment will be permanently embedded into conveyance systems components, termed "smart infrastructure," and will be capable of alerting a technician at a remote location of any critical structural failures or flow hindrances. Figure 7.1 includes an evaluation of the innovative technologies identified. Summary sheets for each innovative and embryonic technology are provided at the end of this chapter. Conveyance Systems 7-1 ------- hi Table 7.1 Conveyance System Assessment Technologies - State of Development CD £ CD n r I Established Closed-Circuit Television Inspection Digital Camera Inspection (mobile) Ground-Penetrating Radar Innovative Digital Camera Inspection (mounted) FELL (Focused Electrode Leak Locator) Electro-Scanning Laser Profiling/3D Scanning,/Sonar Sewer Scanner and Evaluation Technology (SSET) TISCIT (Totally Integrated Sonar & CCTV Integrated Technique) Wireless Monitoring Systems Embryonic Pipe Mechanical/Structural Reliability Analysis Smart Sewer Assessment Systems CD en c_ c fO o o O5 ------- Figure 7.1 Evaluation of Conveyance System Assessment Innovative Technologies c_ C ( '! o O5 Digital Camera Inspection FELL (Focused Electrode Leak Locator Laser Profiling/30 Scanning/Sonar Sewer Scanner and Evaluation Technolog ireiess monitoring system State of Development Demonstration project Limited municipal installations Full-scale industrial applications, with potential for application in municipal conveyance systems Full-scale operations overseas "" ™le operations in North America Applicability :ry and storm Potential Benefits C = Capital savings 0 = Operational/maintenance savings I = Inflow/infiltration reduction S = SSO/CSO reduction R = Restored structural integrity M = Improved maintenance tracking/managerr Comparative Criteria \leutral or mixed CD tfi ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 Technology Summary Digital Camera Inspe Objective: Screen and prioritize cleaning, more detailed inspection and repairs to manholes, storm sewers, and sanitary sewers. State of Development: Innovative Service provided for municipalities in six states on the East Coast and 10 Indian Reservations. Description: The AquaZoom diagnostic camera is equipped with a tele-objective zoom lens used to gather information about the condition of storm water and wastewater collection systems. Manholes and pipes are inspected from the surface level, eliminating the risk and cost of confined space entry. The AquaZoom camera will pan 360° as it is lowered from street level for manhole inspection and view up to 75 feet in a 6-inch pipe segment and up to 700 feet for larger diameter pipelines. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: I nspection and analysis services typically subcontracted Approximate O&MCosts: Video Inspection: $35/manhole and $115/pipe Diagnosis: $50/manhole and $125/pipe segment Diagnosis includes viewing, rating, and ranking the operational and structural condition of each manhole and pipe segment. Vendor Name(s): InfoMetrix, LLC 500 Edgwater Drive, Suite 545 Wakefield, MA 01880 Phone: 781-245-4255 Fax: 781-245-5338 E-mail: info@Jnframetrix.com ww.inframetrix.com Practitioner(s): Town of Tonawanda Water Resources Department Water and Sewer Maintenance Division 525 Belmont Avenue Buffalo, NY 14223 Key Words for Internet Search: Digital inspection camera, mounted, pipe, water, municipal equipment Data Sources: http://www.epa.gov/ne/assistance/ceit iti/tech cos/aquazoom.html http://www.inframetrix.com/news.htmtfEPA Lenz, M., PE. Sanitary Sewer Inspections Meet 21st Century Technology, presented at the New York Water Environment Association Spring Technical Conference & Exhibition; Grand Island, NY (6-8 June 2005) 7-4 Conveyance Systems ------- JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies Technology Summary FELL (Focused Electrode Leak Locator) Ele Objective: Generate maps that identify pipe defects and can be used to better assess infiltration/inflow (I/I) sources and amounts. State of Development: Innovative Description: An electric current is used to determine the defects in the pipe that will be used to estimate I/I whether it is occurring at the time the inspection takes place or not. The electric current transfers data to an input device by measuring an electrical current flow between a probe that travels in the pipe and a surface electrode. Defects in the pipe cause a spike in the electrical signal because of the increase in conductivity where leaks may occur. Electro-scanning only works on nonconductive pipe and can be used for inspection of new sanitary sewer construction or for I/I assessments. Data results will identify size of defect and relative flow contribution. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: Inspection and analysis services typically subcontracted Approximate O&M Costs: $1-$3 per linear foot; $2-$6 per lateral 25-100 feet Costs are highly dependent on size of pipe, accessibility to manholes, and other project specifics. Vendor Name(s): Metrotech 488 Tasman Drive Sunnyvale, CA 94089 Practitioner(s): See website for case studies www.fell41.com Key Words for Internet Search: Electro-Scanning, FELL (Focused Electrode Leak Locator) Data Sources: Lenz, M., RE. "Sanitary Sewer Inspections Meet 21st Century Technology," presented at the New York Water Environment Association Spring Technical Conference & Exhibition; Grand Island, NY (6-8 June 2005) Simicevic, Jadranka, Raymond L. Sterling, Ahmad Habibian, Rick Nelson, Roger L. Tarbutton, and Alan Johnson. "Methods for Cost-Effective Rehabilitation of Private Lateral Sewers," Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2006) Vendor-supplied information Conveyance Systems 7-5 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 Technology Summary Laser Profilin Objective: Identifies actual pipe conditions, structural shape, deformations, deflections, and debris accumulation from internal measurements. State of Development: Innovative Description: The actual condition of the pipe is revealed by supplying data relating to the exact shape of the conduit, the magnitude, length, and location of deformations, location and position of laterals, and the area and perimeter of conduits' cross sectional areas. This data is collected by sending a laser generated source to the interior of a pipe and sending and receiving frequent data points. Sonar profiling is possible in wet areas and therefore is used in inspections of siphons and submerged/surcharged pipe. Laser profiling is performed with a point or line laser and may be enhanced with a technology including a rotating laser. The rotating laser collects a 360 degree view of the pipe to build a 3D virtual pipe model. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: Inspection and analysis services typically subcontracted Approximate O&M Costs: $2-$3 per linear foot. The addition of the technology allowing 360-degree view of the pipe with laser profiling will increase costs to an estimated $10-$20 per linear foot. Vendor Name(s): Hydromax, USALLC 1766 Brent Drive Newburgh, IN 47630 Practitioner(s): Redzone Robotics www.redzone.com Key Words for Internet Search: Laser Profiling, Sewer, Pipe Profiling, 3D Scanning, Sonar Data Sources! Lenz, M., PE. "Sanitary Sewer Inspections Meet 21st Century Technology," presented at the New York Water Environment Association Spring Technical Conference & Exhibition; Grand Island, NY. (6-8 June 2005) Vendor-supplied information 7-6 Conveyance Systems ------- JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies Technology Summary Sewer Scanner and Evaluation Technology (SSET) Objective: Inspect sewer lines using optical scanners and gyroscope technology. State of Development: Innovative SSET has been implemented in 20-35 cities throughout the United States. Description: This system scans and digitizes in forward direction and the total surface of the sewers that can be used to generate color coded computer images. This helps in getting better quality of images that can be magnified and viewed to assess the damage on the pipelines. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: $80,000 system Approximate O&M Costs: $4,000/week for data acquisition plus $200,000 for data analysis The SSET system cost does not include the cost of the vehicle that carries the system. Vendor Name(s): Hydromax USA 9921 Spring Ridge Drive Louisville, KY 40223 Practitioner(s): See website for case studies www.hydromaxusa.com Key Words for Internet Search: Evaluation of SSET (Sewer Scanner and Evaluation Technology), digital diagnosis, sewer pipes Data Sources: Lenz, M., RE. "Sanitary Sewer Inspections Meet 21st Century Technology," presented at the New York Water Environment Association Spring Technical Conference & Exhibition; Grand Island, NY (6-8 June 2005) http://www.new-technologies.org/ECT/Civil/sset.htm http://www.cerf.ora/ceitec/eval/onaoina/sset.htm Vendor-supplied information Conveyance Systems 7-7 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 Technology Summary TISCIT (Totally Integrated Sonar & CCTV Inspection Technique) Objective: To assess partially submerged pipes when by-passing the flow is not possible by assessing above and below the waterline. State of Development: Innovative Description: A combination of CCTV (closed circuit television) and sonar technologies are used to assess the pipe above and below the waterline. Sonar technology is operated with the high frequencies and rotating equipment to allow a scan of the full wet perimeter of the sewer. Simultaneously, the CCTV equipment is retrieving images producing information for the assessment of the structural and hydraulic conditions of the sewer. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: Inspection and analysis services typically subcontracted. Approximate O&MCosts: $2.50-$3 per linear foot Vendor Name(s): Future Amtec http:\\fesuk.com Practitioner(s): City of August, GA www.agustaga.gov/departments/utilities/current_projects. asp Key Words for Internet Search: TISCIT, CCTV, sonar, trunk sewer, sewer maintenance, surcharged sewers Data Sources: Lenz, M., RE. "Sanitary Sewer Inspections Meet 21st Century Technology," presented at the New York Water Environment Association Spring Technical Conference & Exhibition; Grand Island, NY (6-8 June 2005) Andrews, M.E. RE. "Large Diameter Sewer Condition Assessment Using Combined Sonar and CCTV Equipment," APWA International Public Works Congress, NRCC/CPWA Seminar Series: "Innovations in Urban Infrastructure." Ottawa, Canada 7-8 Conveyance Systems ------- JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies Technology Summary Wireless Monitoring Systems Objective: Monitor and record data of combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and santitary sewer overflows (SSOs) in conveyance systems and lift stations. State of Development: Innovative This technology is currently in use by 25 municipalities in the United States. Description: The SSO-33 is a compact recorder that is enclosed in a water-tight case and will monitor and document CSO/SSO events in a conveyance system. Each event is recorded and stamped to show date, time, water level and duration. A wireless communication setup relays recorded data for critical point monitoring. The R- 33 is a compact recorder that monitors the intermittent on/off operation of each pump and the flow through a lift station. The total water flow of each recording period is used to document CSOs and SSOs. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: $2,500 for an individual recorder Approximate O&MCosts: Minimal Capital cost is just for the recorder and does not include installation, which is done by the customer. O&M cost is very low and includes battery replacement or cost of electrical utility. Vendor Name(s): Telog Industries, Inc. 830 Canning Parkway Victor, NY 14564 Phone: 585-742-3000 Fax: 585-742-3006 http://www.telog.com Practitioner(s): Massachusetts Water Resource Authority Charlestown Navy Yard 100 First Avenue Boston, MA 02129 Key Words for Internet Search: Monitoring system, sewer pipe, wireless, flow meter system, CSO, SSO Data Sources: http://www.teloa.com/downloads/Teloaers brochure ws.pdf Vendor-supplied information Conveyance Systems 7-9 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 Technology Summary Pipe Mechanical/Structural Reliability Analysis Objective: Integrated mechanical-electronic system to inspect different kinds of pipes. State of Development: Embryonic This technology is currently being used in France. Description: This technology (MAC system) assesses the reliability of the pipe by pipe-soil interactive structural behavior. The mechanical component of the system applies nondestructive loads and measures the displacement while the electronic component analyzes results. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: Unknown Approximate O&MCosts: Unknown As of publication date, cost datea was not available for this embryonic technology. Vendor Name(s): None Practitioner(s): None KeyWords for Internet Search: Pipe structure evaluating system, structural reliability analysis, mechanical technologies Data Sources: http://www.new-technologies.org/ECT/Civil/pipeeval.htm 7-10 Conveyance Systems ------- JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies Technology Summary Smart Sewer Assessment Systems Objective: Use an automated system with artificial intelligence to assess cracks and leaks on pipes. State of Development: Embryonic Description: Three different kinds of the technology are available. The KARO system consists of three parts; a mobile control, surveillance station and a mobile robot. The mobile robot has a 3D sensor, and ultra sonic sensor and a microwave sensor for the inspection of pipes. The PIRAT system consists of a laser scanner for a drained pipe and sonar scanner for flooded pipes. The TriScan system consists of a TV-system equipped with a laser distance sensor. Available Cost Information: Approximate Capital Cost: Unknown. Approximate O&MCosts: Unknown These three systems are still prototypes and are not currently being manufactured. These systems were experimental research and development projects that for one reason or another never got off the ground. Vendor Name(s): CSIRO Project Engineer Locked Bag 9 Preston 3072 Australia Phone: +61 3 9662-7756 Fax: +61 3 9662-7853 Email: robin.kirkham@csiro.au Practitioner(s): None Key Words for Internet Search: Emerging construction technology, smart sewer assessment, back-up prevention Data Sources: http://www.new-technologies.org/ECT/Civil/smartsew.htm http://vision.cmit.csiro.au http://www.optimess.com Conveyance Systems 7-11 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 7-12 Conveyance Systems ------- Chapter Research Needs 8.1 Introduction In order to reclassify any technology that is considered to be innovative or embryonic, additional research and field demonstration projects are necessary. This chapter focuses on specific technologies that may have a significant impact on conveyance system construction rehabilitation and management and the relevant research needs in these areas. 8.2 Research Needs Many of the wastewater collection and conveyance systems in the country were built more than 100 years ago. Maintenance, replacement, and rehabilitation practices during the ensuing period have resulted in a patchwork of technologies in collection systems. In order to adequately preserve the collection system infrastructure, protect the environment, and accommodate growth, new and improved solutions and technologies for wastewater collection systems are necessary. Emerging and innovative technologies can provide more cost-efficient and effective solutions to the problems associated with deteriorating wastewater collection systems. Research and technical issues can be grouped into three areas: (1) assessment of system integrity; (2) operation, maintenance, and rehabilitation; and (3) new construction. Assessment of System Integrity A thorough assessment of system integrity is based on flow monitoring and physical condition assessment elements. Flow Monitoring The primary issues related to flow monitoring are accuracy and reliability. Improved accuracy, or an indication of the error of measurement, are areas where research is necessary. Conveyance Systems 8-1 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2005 Physical Condition Assessment A thorough assessment of the physical condition of the collection system is critical to maintain the integrity of the system. An assessment identifies structural features that may require correction and establishes priorities for rehabilitation or replacement. Predicting the likelihood of failure and the associated risk analysis are key elements of the evaluation. The primary research issue associated with physical condition assessment is how to effectively detect and locate defects and failures in the collection system. There is a need to standardize and better define inspection procedures and techniques. Since nearly, all inspection techniques depend on visual observations; interpretation of defect severity is the greatest limitation. There is a need to further evaluate emerging evaluation technologies to document performance and cost under both controlled-condition testing and field testing for a variety of system characteristics and components. There is also a need to investigate the concept of "intelligent systems" for remote sensing and monitoring the structural integrity. Current research needs involve the development of predictive tools or performance indicators for measuring degradation of conveyance systems. The intent of this research is to enable municipalities to identify areas for rehabilitation to strategically focus effort in areas most likely to need attention. Additional research may result in the development of a remote sensing system based on electrochemical impedance techniques and electrochemical polarization decay for monitoring corrosion in underground pipes encased in concrete. Operation, Maintenance, and Rehabilitation Fundamental research is needed in these areas: • Address private ownership issues associated with established rehabilitation and replacement practices in house and service laterals. Since many utilities do not have access or control of these lines, the private ownership issues must be addressed and trenchless technologies that can accommodate bends and line configurations are needed to minimize property disturbance. • Determine the longevity and performance of rehabilitation methods under the various conditions to provide comparative data on cost effectiveness. • Evaluate new and improved repair and replacement technologies/methodologies. • Evaluate approaches to optimize and assess O&M programs. • Evaluate the performance of sealers (grouts and liners) under various conditions and wastewater chemistry. • Evaluate alternatives to remove roots and prevent root growth. • Develop a standardized rating system for sewer system evalaution tools. Table 8.1 summarizes conveyance system research needs. 8-2 Conveyance Systems ------- JULY 2006 Emerging Technologies Table 8.1 Conveyance System Research Needs Category Large-Diameter Sewers and Deep Tunnels Technology All rehabilitation techniques Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals Conveyance System lanagement Man; Conveyance System \ssessment All grouts and liners All new and replaceme technologies Impact moling CIPP, fold and form, replace- ment Replacement construction Sewer maintenance program Regional I/I control program Capacity Restoration Root removal and control CCTV, digital camera inspec- tion Wireless monitoring systems Smart sewer assessment systems • Focus of Investigation Evaluate longevity and perform- ance of rehabilitation technologies under various conditions. Evaluate performance of sealers. Identify improved materials and construction techniques. Improve trenchless technologies that can accommodate bends and line configurations. Evaluate long-term performance o plastic pipe in force mains. Evaluate approaches to optimize and assess O&M programs. Evaluate approaches to optimize and assess O&M programs. Develop predictive tools or pe formance indicators to measure degradation of system. Evaluate alternatives to remove roots and prevent root growth. Standardize and better define inspection procedures and criteria to interpret defect severity. Improve accuracy or reduction of measurement error in system. Investigate "intelligent systems" for remote sensing and monitoring. * jre • Conveyance Systems 8-3 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2006 New Construction Improved materials and construction techniques can reduce future deterioration and rehabilitation needs. The relationship between the chemistry of sewage to pipe materials must be thoroughly understood. The use of new materials (resins) and the control of corrosion in metallic and pre-stressed concrete pipes need to be further developed. Improved standards and materials of construction are required. Research needs include: • Identify new materials for pipe and pipe coatings that control erosion and increase strength. • Develop sensors that are incorporated into new systems to track deterioration and structural performance over time. • Evaluate alternative designs for watertight manholes for cost-effectiveness. • Evaluate long-term performance of plastic pipe materials now in use for force mains. • Review and evaluate current sewer design and installation practices. • Evaluate new and improved coupling techniques. • Determine whether solvent-welded pipe performs better than rubber-gasketed pipe for I/I and root control in house and service laterals. 8.3 Chapter References Optimizing Operations, Maintenance, and Rehabilitation of sanitary Sewer Collection Systems New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission, Lowell, MA 01852 (December 2003) U.S. EPA. National Risk Management Research Laboratory. Innovation and Research for Water Infrastructure for the 21st Century. Summary Report from the EPA Research Planning Workshop, Arlington, VA (20-21 March 2006) U.S. EPA. Tafuri, A.N. and A. Selvakumar. Wastewater Collection System Infrastructure Research Needs. National Risk Management Research Laboratory. EPA/600/JA-02/226 (2002) 8-4 Conveyance Systems ------- Trade Associations A.1 Introduction This chapter lists professional and trade associations that may have significant information and may provide relevant research assistance on conveyance system technologies within their respective areas of expertise. A.2 Trade Associations American Concrete Pipe Association 222 W. Las Colinas Blvd, Suite 641, Irving, TX Phone: 972-506-7216 Web Address: www.concrete-pipe.org American Underground Contractors Association 4301 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 360, Arlington, VA Phone: 703-358-9300 Web Address: www.auca.org American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA Phone: 800-548-2723 Web Address: www.asce.org Center for Underground Infrastructure Research and Education Michigan State University, 230 Farrall Hall, East Lansing, Ml 48824 Phone: 517-432-2096 Web Address: www.cuire.org Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association 245 Riverchase Parkway East, Suite 0, Birmingham, AL Phone: 205-402-8700 Web Address: www.dipra.org Fiberglass Tank and Pipe Institute 11150 S. Wilcrest Drive, Suite 101, Houston, TX Phone: 281-568-4100 Web Address: www.fiberglasstankandpipe.com National Association of Clean Water Agencies 1816 Jefferson Place, NW, Washington, D.C. Phone: 202-833-2672 Web Address: www.nacwa.org Conveyance Systems A-1 ------- Emerging Technologies JULY 2005 National Association of Sewer Service Companies 1314 Bedford Ave, Suite 201, Baltimore, MD Phone: 410-486-3500 Web Address: www.nassco.org National Clay Pipe Institute P.O. Box 759, Lake Geneva, Wl Phone: 262-248-9094 Web Address: www.ncpi.org National Environmental Services Center P.O. Box 6064, Morgantown, WV Phone: 304-293-4191 Web Address: www.nesc.wvu.edu New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission 100 Foot of John Street, Lowell, MA 01852 Phone: 978-323-7929 Fax: 978-323-7919 E-mail: mail@neiwpcc.org Web Address: www.neiwpcc.org North American Society for Trenchless Technology 1655 N. Ft. Meyer Drive, Arlington, VA Phone: 703-351-5252 Web Address: www.nastt.org Pipe Rehabilitation Council 423 W King Street, Suite 350, Chambersburg, PA 17201 Phone: 717-267-1995 Web Address: www.piperehab.org Trenchless Technology Center 600 W. Arizona, Engineering Annex, P.O. Box 10348, Ruston, LA Phone: 800-626-8659 Web Address: www.latech.edu/tech/engr/ttc Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association 2655 Villa Creek Drive, Suite 155, Dallas, TX 75234 Phone: 450-434-2092 Web Address: www.wwema.org Water and Wastewater Equipment Manufacturers Associations (WWEMA) P.O. Box 17402, Washington, D.C. Phone: 703-444-1777 Web Address: www.wwema.org Water Environment Federation 601 Wythe Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-1994 Phone: 703-684-2452 http://www.wef.org Water Environment Research Foundation 635 Slaters Lane, Suite 300, Alexandria, VA 22314 Phone: 703-684-2470 http://www.werf.org A-2 Conveyance Systems ------- &EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency ------- |