for Conveyance Systems
New Installations and Rehabilitation Methods
                            EPA 832-R-06-004  JULY 2006

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Emerging Technologies
FOR Conveyance Systems
New Installations and Rehabilitation Methods
Office of Wastewater Management

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C.

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Emerging Technologies                                                                  JULY 2006
            Emerging Technologies for Conveyance Systems:
            New Installations and Rehabilitation Methods

            EPA832-R-06-004
            July 2006
            Produced under U.S. EPA Contract No. 68-C-00-174

            Prepared by the Parsons  Corporation
            Fairfax, Virginia
            Technical review was provided by professionals with extensive experience in
            conveyance systems. Technical reviewers of this document were:

            Ifty Kahn, Wastewater Collection Division, DPWES, Fairfax County, Virginia

            Lynn Osborne, Insituform, Chesterfield, Missouri



            Recyled/Recyclable

            Printed with vegetable-based ink on paper that contains a minimum of
            50 percent post-consumer fiber content processed chlorine free.

            Electronic copies of this handbook can be downloaded from
            the U.S. EPA Office of Wastewater Management web site at:
            www.eoa.aov/owm
                                                                          Conveyance Systems

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j u LY 2006                                                                    Emerging Technologies
            Preface
            The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.  EPA) is charged by Congress
            with protecting the nation's land, air, and water resources. Under a  mandate of
            environmental laws, the Agency strives to formulate and implement actions leading
            to a balance between human activities and the ability of natural systems to support
            and sustain life.  To meet this mandate, the Office of Wastewater Management
            (OWM) provides information and technical support to solve environmental problems
            today and to  build  a knowledge base necessary to protect public health and the
            environment well into the future.

            This publication has been  produced under contract to the U.S. EPA by  Parsons
            Corporation and provides current state of development as of the publication date.
            It is expected that  this document will be revised periodically to reflect advances
            in this rapidly evolving area. Except as noted,  information, interviews and data
            development were conducted by the contractor. Some of the information, especially
            related to embryonic technologies, was provided by the manufacturer or vendor of
            the equipment or technology and could not be verified or supported by full-scale
            case study. In some cases, cost data was based on estimated savings without
            actual field data. When evaluating technologies,  estimated costs,  and  stated
            performance,  the user should collect current and more up-to-date information.

            The mention  of trade names or specific vendors or products does not represent
            an actual or presumed endorsement, preference, or acceptance by the U.S. EPA
            or the Federal government. Stated results, conclusions, usage, or practices  do not
            necessarily represent the views or policies of the U.S. EPA.
Conveyance Systems                                                                         iii

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Emerging Technologies                                                                              JULY 2006
iv                                                                                     Conveyance Systems

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                                                                              Emerging Technologies

      Contents
                                                                                        Page
      Executive Summary	ES-1

      1.   Introduction and Approach	1-1
           1.1  Introduction	1-1
           1.2  Approach	1-3
                1.2.1 Information Collection and New Process Identification	1-3
                1.2.2 Initial Screening Technologies	1-3
                1.2.3 Development of Technology Summary Sheets	1-5
                1.2.4 Evaluation of Technologies	1-5
           1.3  Guidance Document Format and Use	1-11
           1.4  Chapter References	1-12
      2.   Large-Diameter Sewers and Deep Tunnels	2-1
           2.1  Introduction	2-1
           2.2  Technology Assessment	2-1
      3.   Small-Diameter Sewers and  Laterals	3-1
           3.1  Introduction	3-1
           3.2  Technology Assessment	3-1
      4.   Manholes	4-1
           4.1  Introduction	4-1
           4.2  Technology Assessment	4-1
      5.   Conveyance System Management	5-1
           5.1  Introduction	5-1
           5.2  Technology Assessment	5-1
      6.   Capacity Restoration	6-1
           6.1  Introduction	6-1
           6.2  Technology Assessment	6-1
      7.   Conveyance System Assessment	7-1
           7.1  Introduction	7-1
           7.2  Technology Assessment	7-1
Conveyance Systems

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Emerging Technologies

       Contents
                                                                                          Page
       8.   Research Needs	8-1
            8.1  Introduction	8-1
            8.2  Research Needs	8-1
            8.3  Chapter References	8-4
       Appendix A
            Trade Associations	A-1
            A.1  Introduction	A-1
            A.2  Trade Associations...                                                        ..A-1
vi                                                                                Conveyance Systems

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Emerging Technologies
         List of Tables
                                                                                            Page
         Table 1.1      Summary of Conveyance System Technologies	1-6
         Table 1.2      Descriptive Evaluation Criteria	1-10
         Table 2.1      Large-Diameter Sewers and Deep Tunnels Technologies - State of Development .2-3
         Table 3.1      Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals Technologies - State of Development	3-2
         Table 4.1      Manhole Technologies - State of Development	4-2
         Table 5.1      Conveyance System Management Technologies - State of Development	5-2
         Table 6.1      Capacity Restoration Technologies - State of Development	6-2
         Table 7.1      Conveyance System Assessment Technologies - State of Development	7-2
         Table 8.1      Conveyance System Research Needs	8-3



         List of Figures
                                                                                            Page
         Figure 1.1     Flow Schematic for Guide Development	1-2
         Figure 2.1     Evaluation of Large-Diameter Sewers and Deep Tunnels Innovative Technologies ...2-4
         Figure 3.1     Evaluation of Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals InnovativeTechnologies	3-3
         Figure 4.1     Evaluation of Manhole Innovative Technologies	4-3
         Figure 5.1     Evaluation of Conveyance System Management Innovative Technologies	5-3
         Figure 6.1     Evaluation of Capacity Restoration Innovative Technologies	6-3
         Figure 7.1     Evaluation of Conveyance System Assessment InnovativeTechnologies	7-3
Conveyance Systems
               VII

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Emerging Technologies
         JULY 2006
List of Abbreviations

       3D           three dimensional
       ADFc        critical average daily flow
       ADF         average dry-weather flow
       AMC         antecedent moisture conditions
       ASCE        American Society of Civil Engineers
       ASTM        American Society of Testing and Materials
       BES         Bureau of Environmental Services
       CCTV        closed-circuit television
       CIP          capital improvement program
       CIPP         cured-in-place pipe
       CSO         combined sewer overflow
       CWMP       Comprehensive Wastewater Management Plan
       DEP         Department of Environmental Protection
       DEQ         Department of Environmental Quality
       DNR         Department of Natural Resources
       DO          dissolved oxygen
       EMC         Environmental Management Commission
       EPA         Environmental Protection Agency
       ERDC        Engineer Research and Development Center
       ESRI         Environmental Systems Research Institute
       FAC         Florida Administrative Code
       FELL         Focused Electrode Leak Locator
       g/ac/day      gallons per acre per day
       GASB        Government Accounting Standards Board
       GIS          geographic information system
       gpcd         gallons per capita per day
       gpd          gallons per day
       gpdidm       gallons per day per inch-diameter mile
       GRP         glass-reinforced plastic
       GWI         groundwater infiltration
       HDD         horizontal directional drilling
       HOPE        high-density polyethylene
       HRT         hydraulic residence time
       I/I            infiltration and inflow
       ISS          inline storage system
VIII
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Emerging Technologies
List of Abbreviations

     LF           linear foot
     MFP         Master Facilities Plan
     MGD         million gallons per day
     NASTT       North American Society for Trenchless Technology
     NDPU        Non-Discharge Permitting Unit
     NOAA        National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
     NPDES       National Pollution Discharge Elimination System
     O&M         operation and maintenance
     OAP         Overflow Abatement Program
     PF           peak flow
     POTW       publicly owned treatment works
     PVC         polyvinyl chloride
     PWWF       peak wet weather flow
     RDM         rainfall-derived infiltration and inflow
     RWQCB      Regional Water Quality Control Board
     SRF         State Revolving Fund
     SSES        Sewer System Evaluation Survey
     SSET        Sewer Scanner and Evaluation Technology
     SSO         sanitary sewer overflow
     SSOEP       Sanitary Sewer Overflow Elimination Program
     SWMM       Storm Water Management Model
     TISCIT       Totally Integrated Sonar & CCTV Integrated Technique
     WEF         Water Environment Federation
     WERF        Water Environment Research Foundation
     WPAP        Water Pollution Abatement Program
     WPCF        water pollution control facility
     WWTF       wastewater treatment facility
     WWTP       wastewater treatment plant
Conveyance Systems


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                                                                                       Conveyance Systems

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j u LY 2006                                                                  Emerging Technologies
            Executive  Summary
            In the year 2000, the United States operated 21,264 collection and conveyance systems
            that included both sanitary and combined sewer systems (EPA's Clean Watersheds Needs
            Survey 2000 Report to Congress). Publicly owned sewer systems in the country account
            for 724,000 miles of sewer pipe and privately owned sewer pipe comprises an additional
            500,000 miles (EPA's Report to Congress: Impacts and Control of  CSOs  and  SSOs,
            August 2004). Most of our nation's conveyance systems are beginning to show signs of
            aging, with some systems dating back more than 100 years (American Society of Civil
            Engineers, 1999). Over time, a wide variety of materials and practices have been used
            for maintenance and repair. Sanitary and combined sewer overflows may be  the result of
            improper operation and maintenance of sanitary, combined, and/or storm sewer systems,
            which can include structural, mechanical or electrical failures, collapsed or broken pipes,
            and insufficient capacity. The outcome of programs for overflow control and infrastructure
            asset management has resulted in a search for reliable, cost-effective conveyance system
            technologies. The purpose of this document is to provide a source of information on the
            newer technologies available. This document:

               •  Identifies nearly 100 conveyance system rehabilitation, replacement, and evaluation
                  technologies, including technologies that may extend the life of a conveyance
                  system.

               •  Classifies their development as established, innovative, or embryonic.

               •  Provides a Technology Summary Sheet for each innovative or embryonic process
                  with information about the description, state of development, associated contract
                  names, and data sources.

               •  Compares innovative processes/methods with respect to various criteria.

               •  Identifies  research needs to guide the development of innovative conveyance
                  system management.

            This document organizes the information regarding emerging conveyance technologies
            into three categories of development.

            Embryonic -They are in the development stage and/or have been tested at laboratory,
            bench, or pilot-scale only.

            Innovative - They have been tested at a  demonstration scale,  are  available and
            implemented in at  least some locations in the  United States, or have some degree of
            initial use (i.e., implemented in less than 1 percent of rehabilitation/replacement projects
            throughout the United States).

            Established -They have been utilized in many locations (i.e., more than 1 percent of
            the rehabilitation/replacement projects), or have been available and implemented in the
            United States for more than 5 years.


Conveyance Systems                                                                     ES-1

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Emerging Technologies                                                                    JULY 2005


            The document also provides information on each technology—its objective, its description,
            its state of development,  available cost  information, associated contact  names, and
            related data sources. For each innovative technology, this document further evaluates the
            technology with respect to various criteria, although it does  not rank or recommend any
            one technology over another. Research needs also are identified to guide development of
            innovative and embryonic technologies and improve established ones.
ES-2                                                                        Conveyance Systems

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   Chapt-
Introduction  and Approach
 1.1   Introduction
           In the year 2000, the United States operated 21,264 collection and conveyance systems
           that included both sanitary and combined sewer systems (EPA's Clean Watersheds Needs
           Survey 2000 Report to Congress). Publicly-owned sewer systems in the country account
           for 724,000 miles of sewer pipe and privately-owned sewer pipe comprises an additional
           500,000 miles (EPA's Report to Congress: Impacts and  Control  of CSOs and SSOs,
           August 2004). Most of our nation's conveyance  systems are beginning to show signs of
           aging, with  some systems dating back more than 100 years (American  Society of Civil
           Engineers,  1999). Over time, a wide variety of materials and practices have been used
           for maintenance and repair. One cause of sanitary and combined  sewer overflows may
           be improper operation and maintenance. Improper maintenance  can include sanitary,
           combined, and/or storm sewer systems, which can  include structural, mechanical or
           electrical failures, collapsed or broken pipes, and insufficient capacity.

           To meet the challenge of ongoing and even increasing needs for maintenance and repair,
           many utilities are seeking innovative technologies to replace, renew, or extend the life of
           their conveyance systems. Unfortunately, information on new and emerging technologies
           is not always readily available or easy to find. In light of this, and with the desire to make
           such information available, the EPA has authorized the development  of this document.
           The  goal of this document is straightforward—to  provide a guide for  people seeking
           information  on innovative and  emerging conveyance  system  technologies. The  guide
           lists new technologies, assesses their merits and costs, and provides sources for further
           technological investigation. This document is intended to serve as a tool  for conveyance
           system owners and operators.

           To develop  this guide, the investigators sought information from  a variety of sources,
           identified new technologies, prepared planning-level cost summaries for innovative and
           embryonic technologies. This method is described below and in Figure 1.1.
                                                            Conveyance Systems


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         JULY 2006
                      Figure 1.1   Flow Schematic for Guide  Development
                                Collect Information
                                       I
                                  Identify Process
                                                   Established
                                                                    No Further Action
                                          Embryonic or Innovative
                          Prepare Process Summary Sheets
                                                   Established
                                                                    No Further Action
                                            Innovative
                          Prepare Process Evaluation Matrix
1-2
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j u LY 2006                                                                   Emerging Technologies
  1.2  Approach
    1.2.1   Information Collection and New Process Identification

            The information collection and new technology identification provided the foundation
            for subsequent work. To identify new conveyance system technologies,  investigators
            gathered information from a variety of sources, including the following:

            Published Literature -A comprehensive literature review was performed to identify new
            technologies, and to evaluate their performance and applications. Specifically, the review
            focused on relevant Water Environment Federation (WEF), Water Environment Research
            Foundation  (WERF), American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and North American
            Society for Trenchless Technology (NASTT) reports and conference proceedings, as well
            as monthly publications from these and other organizations.

            "Gray" Literature - Vendor-supplied information, Internet research,  and consultants'
            technical reports comprise the  information collected in this category.

            Patent Search - The U.S. Patent Office website has a very good search engine and
            patent application information is available online.

            Technical and Trade Associations-Investigators contacted a variety of professional
            and technical associations in the United States to identify emerging conveyance systems
            technologies. A peer review was conducted by experienced municipal engineers, and
            consultants who provided input into the list  of technologies included in this report and
            information on the application and demonstration of these emerging technologies. Trade
            Associations, such  as  North American Society for Trenchless Technologies (NASTT),
            were also contacted for information and are listed in Chapter 9.

            Interviews and Correspondence - Individuals known to the project investigation
            team,  including consultants,  academia, and  municipal conveyance system owners and
            operators, were consulted.

            Technologies identified through a search of the above sources were screened to determine
            their classification as described below.

    1.2.2   Initial Screening Technologies

            Emerging technologies typically follow a development process that leads from laboratory
            investigations to pilot testing and, subsequently, to initial use or "full-scale demonstrations"
            and new applications before the technology is considered established. Not all technologies
            survive the entire development process. Some fail in the laboratory or at the pilot stage;
            while others see limited application in the field, due to poor performance or unexpected
            costs that cause them to lose favor with practitioners in the field. Even  technologies
            that become established may  also become dated,  as technological advances  lead to
Conveyance Systems                                                                        1 -3

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Emerging Technologies                                                                    JULY 2005


            obsolescence. In short, technologies are subject to the same evolutionary forces present
            in nature; those that cannot meet the demands of their environment fail, while those that
            adapt to changing technological, economic and regulatory climates can achieve long-
            standing success and survival in the market.

            This project focuses on  emerging technologies that are viable, but have  not yet been
            accepted as established processes in the United States. Neither embryonic nor established
            technologies  are  considered  in depth.  Early  in the  development process (laboratory
            stage), data is usually insufficient to prove or disprove technology viability at full scale.
            Technologies on the other end of the developmental scale, those defined as established
            in North America, are also excluded from detailed assessments on the assumption that
            they are proven and widely used.

            There may be differences between technologies established in Europe or Asia and those
            that have reached similar status in the United States. Technologies that have been applied
            successfully in  other countries have not always flourished here. Because the viability
            of imported technologies is not guaranteed, established  processes from  overseas are
            classified as  innovative  technologies for this project  unless  they have been proven  in
            North American applications.

            Specific screening criteria used to define the state of development for processes are as
            follows:

            Embryonic -These technologies are in the development stage and/or have been tested
            at laboratory or bench scale. New technologies that have reached the demonstration stage
            overseas, but cannot yet be considered to be established there, are also considered to be
            embryonic with respect to North American applications. Seven embryonic technologies
            have been identified for use in conveyance systems.

            Innovative  -  Technologies that meet one of the following  criteria were classified as
            innovative:

                •  They have been tested at a demonstration scale;

                •  They have been  available and implemented in the United States  for less than
                  5 years;

                •  They have some degree of initial use (i.e. implemented in less than one percent of
                  rehabilitation/replacement projects throughout the United States); or,

                •  They are established technologies from overseas but not established in the United
                  States.

            Thirty-four innovative technologies were identified for conveyance systems.

            Established - These processes have been used in many locations in North America.
            The category includes technologies that are widely used (e.g., pipe  replacement) and
            technologies that have been available and are used in United States for more than five years
            (e.g., cured-in-place pipe). Fifty-one established technologies have been identified.


1.4                                                                          Convey an ce Systems

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                                                                         Emerging Technologies


            Some technologies fall into a "gray area" between the embryonic and innovative categories.
            Technologies that fall into this category are incorporated into the innovative category. The
            screening assessment summarized in Table 1.1 organizes the technologies in categories
            that are discussed in greater detail in the individual chapters. One organizational category
            represented in Table 1.1  is based on size. The large-diameter sewers or deep tunnels
            category represented in Table 1.1 is  defined as any pipe or structure greater than 12
            inches in diameter. The small diameter sewers or laterals category applies to any pipe 12
            inches or less in diameter.

    1.2.3   Development of Technology Summary Sheets

            Technologies defined as embryonic or innovative are each summarized on an individual
            Technology Summary sheet. Each process includes the following information:

            Objective - description of the goal of the technology.

            Description - a brief overview of the technology.

            State  of Development - where and how the technology has been applied (i.e.
            laboratory study, demonstration scale, full scale, etc.)

            Available Cost Information - an approximate range of capital and operations and
            maintenance costs, and assumptions made in developing them

            Key Words for Internet Search - this document is not  intended to provide a
            comprehensive list of vendors for the included technologies; therefore, key words have
            been added to aid the reader in finding additional vendors and current product information
            on the Internet.

            Contact  Names - names, addresses, and telephone  numbers of contacts  with
            additional information on the technology.

            Data Sources - references used to compile the technology summary.

    1.2.4   Evaluation of Technologies

            Technologies defined  as innovative in the initial screening were subjected to a detailed
            evaluation.

            Each technology was evaluated with respect to the descriptive and comparative criteria
            described below. Descriptive criteria include:

            State of  Development - describes the stage  of development for each technology,
            ranging from  development to full-scale operations.
Conveyance Systems                                                                        1 -5

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        JULY 2006
             Table 1.1   Summary of Conveyance System Technologies
                                                        Classification
                                                                           Application
             Technology and Advancement(s)
 Large-Diameter Sewers and Deep Tunnels (Chapter 2)
 Coatings and Linings
   Thermo-Plastic Liners (anchored or glued)
   Glass-Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Panels
   Modified Cross-Section Lining (fold and form
   Sliplining Noncircular w/New Noncircular Pipe
   Sliplining (segmental and spiral wound)
   Polymer/Epoxy Concrete Lining
   Spray-Applied Cementitious Lining
   Non-Portland Polymer Concrete
   Spray-Applied Epoxy Coating
 Cured-in-Place Pipe (CIPP)
   Composite/Fiberglass CIPP for Gravity Pipe
   Spot (Point) Repair CIPP
 Other Technologies
   Grout Injection
   Horizontal Directional Drilling (HD
   Gasketed PVC Pressure Pipe
   In-Line Pipe Expansion (i.e. pipe bursting)
   Internal Pipe Joint Seals
   Mechanical Spot Repair Sleeves
   Microtunneling
   Pipe Jacking
   Pipe Ramming
   Replacement (via excavation)
   Sewer Odor and Corrosion Control Inserts (Vortex Flow)
   Tunneling
1-6
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Emerging Technologies
             Table 1.1   Summary of Conveyance System Technologies
 Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals (Chapter 3)
 Cured-in-Place Pipe (CIPP)
   Composite/Fiberglass CIPP for Gravity Pipe
   CIPP for Vertical Applications
   Lateral CIPP Liner (main to house)
   Lateral CIPP Liner (house to main)
   Lateral-Main Fiberglass CIPP Connection Inserts
   Spot (Point) Repair CIPP Liners
 Grout Injection
   Lateral Grout Injection        |
   Lateral Grout Injection from Mainline (up to 30 ft length)
 Other Technologies
   Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD)
   Gasketed PVC Pressure Pipe
   Impact Moling - Steerable Moles
   In-Line Pipe Expansion  (i.e. pipe bursting)
   Lateral Pipe Bursting
   Lateral Cleanout Connection
   Mechanical Spot Repair Sleeves
   Microtunneling
   Modified Cross-Section Lining (i.e. fold and form)
   Modified Cross-Section Lateral Lining
   Pipe Jacking
   Pipe Ramming|
   Replacement (via excavation)
   Sanipor Technology (flood grouting)
   Sliplining (segmental and spiral wound)
   Lateral Sliplining
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             Table 1.1   Summary of Conveyance System Technologies
                                                       Classification
                                                                          Application
             Technology and Advancement(s)
 Manholes (Chapter 4)
 Bench/Invert Rehabilitation
   Plastic Composite Invert System
 Chimney Rehabilitation
   Flexible Sealan
   Mechanical Chi
   Polyethylene Chimney Form
 Coatings and Linings
   Cured-in-Place (CIP) Liners
   Poured-in-Place Concrete Liners
   Spray or Trowel-Applied Cementitious Lining
   Spray or Trowel-Applied Polymer Coating
 Joint Sealing
    Cementitious Grout/Patching
    Epoxy Grout/Patching
    Mechanical Joint Seals
 Other Technologies
    Fiberglass Rehabilitation Manholes
    Frame Adjustments (raise/reset)
    HOPE Frame Adjustment Rings
    Glass-Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Insert
    Lid (Cover) Inserts
    Replacement
    Sanipor® Technology (fill and drain)
    Sewer Odor and Corrosion Control Insert
 Conveyance System Management (Chapter 5)
   ESRI-Based One-Call Ticket Management
   Mobile CIS
1-8
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Emerging Technologies
             Table 1.1   Summary of Conveyance System Technologies
    Public Outreach on Fats, Oils, and Grease (FOG)
    Regional I/I Control Program
    Sewer Maintenance Prograr
  Capacity Restoration (Chapter 6)
  Sewer Cleaning
    Pigging (force main cleaning)
    Culvert Cleaning System
    HDD Attachments for Culvert Cleaning
  Other Technologies
    Above-Grade Grit Removal System (bridge applications)
    Basement Sump Pump Redirection
    Foundation/Footer Drain Redirection
    Interconnection Elimination
    Roof Drain Redirection
    Root Removal and Control
    Storm  Water  Infiltration Pumps
  Conveyance System Assessment (Chapter 7)
    Closed-Circuit Television Inspection
    Digital Camera Inspection (mobile)
    Digital Camera Inspection (mounted)
    FELL (Focused Electrode Leak Locator) Electro-Scanning
    Ground-Penetrating Radar
    Laser Profiling/30 Scan/Sonar
    Pipe Mechanical/Strucural Reliability
    Sewer Scanner and Evaluation Technology (SSET)
    Smart Sewer Assessment Systems
    TISCIT (Totally Integrated Sonar & CCTV Integrated Technique)
    Wireless Monitoring Systems
Conveyance Systems
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                                                    JULY 2006
             Applicability - qualitatively assesses in which market the technology is designed to
             be utilized.
             Benefits - considers the benefits gained  (e.g.,  capital or operational savings)  from
             implementation of the technology.
             Designations for each descriptive criterion are presented in Table 1.2.
             Comparative criteria include:
             Impact  on Homeowners - describes whether or not the technology requires the
             involvement of the  homeowner,  and the degree  to which  the homeowner's property
             will be disturbed. Excavation and replacement of a line is the baseline for comparison;
             technologies with less disturbance are rated as favorable.
                         Table 1.2  Descriptive Evaluation Criteria
                 Criterion
Designation
Description
         State of Development
               Demonstration projec
               Limited municipal installations
               Full-scale industrial applications, with potential for
               application in municipal conveyance systems
               Full-scale operations overseas
               Full-scale operations in North America
               Industrial
               Municipal sanitary
               Municipal storm
               Municipal combined
               Municipal sanitary and storm
               Capital savings
               Operational/maintenance savings
               Inflow/infiltration  reductio
               SSO/CSO reduction
               Restored structural integrity
               Improved maintenance trackinq/manaqement
                                                                                           '
1-10
                                           Conveyance Systems

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                                                                          Emerging Technologies


            Maintenance Requirements - considers the amount of labor required to adequately
            maintain the technology. The baseline technology for a collection system is concrete
            gravity sewers;  technologies with maintenance requirements comparable to concrete
            gravity sewers are considered neutral.

            The above criteria compared individual technologies with other technologies in the same
            category (e.g., liners etc.), and were scored favorable,  neutral/mixed, or unfavorable.

            The criteria and ratings were applied to each innovative technology and the results are
            presented in matrixformat. Where available information was insufficient to rate a technology
            for a criterion, no rating is given. The project team and reviewers assessed each technology
            based on the limited information gathered and their collective judgment, experience, and
            opinions. Results of the evaluation are  presented in subsequent chapters.
  1.3  Guidance Document Format and Use
            The remainder of the document is divided into chapters based upon general technologies.
            One chapter is dedicated to each of the following categories:

               •  Large-Diameter Sewers and Tunnels (Chapter 2)

               •  Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals (Chapter 3)

               •  Manholes (Chapter 4)

               •  Conveyance System Management (Chapter 5)

               •  Capacity  Restoration (Chapter 6)

               •  Conveyance System Evaluation (Chapter 7)

            Each chapter overviews the technologies included,  classifies the state of development
            for each, presents an evaluation matrix for innovative technologies, and concludes with a
            Technology Summary sheet for each embryonic and innovative technology.

            The technology summaries  and evaluation matrices  are the cornerstones  of each
            chapter, broadly overviewing the innovative technologies. Neither the summaries nor the
            matrices should be considered definitive technology assessments.  Rather,  they should
            be considered stepping stones to more detailed investigations.

            The research needs discussed in Chapter 8 display the specific technologies that may
            have a significant impact on conveyance system construction and management, and their
            relevant research needs.  The new and  improved technology solutions for wastewater
            collection systems  are key  components in the preservation  of the  collection  system
            infrastructure. Research  on  the  assessment of the system  integrity, the operation,
            maintenance, and rehabilitation, and new construction must be considered.
Conveyance Systems                                                                        1-11

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Emerging Technologies
        JULY 2006
            For the reader's convenience, numerous trade associations, who are also  excellent
            sources of information on emerging technologies in their respectful areas of expertise,
            are summarized in Appendix A.

            This document should be  updated from time to time.  Technologies were reviewed in
            2004-2005.
  1.4  Chapter References
            American Society of Civil  Engineers. Optimization of Collection System Maintenance
            Frequencies and System Performance (1999)

            U.S. EPA. Report to Congress: Impacts and Control of CSO and SSOs. EPA 833-R-04-
            001. Office of Water (2004)

            U.S. EPA Clean Watersheds Needs  Survey 2000 Report to Congress. EPA 832-R-03-
            001. Office of Water (2000)
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Large-Diameter Sewers and Deep  Tunnels
 2.1  Introduction
           For the purpose of this report, a large-diameter sewer or deep tunnel is defined as any
           pipe or structure greater than 12 inches in diameter. This chapter focuses on both new
           construction and rehabilitation technologies that can be utilized to restore and maintain
           these critical conveyance system components.
 2.2   Technology Assessment
           A summary of emerging and established technologies for large-diameter sewers and deep
           tunnels is provided in Table 2.1. The installation and maintenance techniques for pipes
           and structures of this size are well-documented and understood, as they serve the basis
           for conveyance  systems that date back to over 100 years ago. The list of established
           technologies in Table 2.1 reflects this knowledge base.

           The large-diameter pipes and structures referred to in this report are greaterthan 12 inches
           in diameter. It is important to note that technologies mentioned in this chapter may be
           more common or practical when applied to a more specific size pipe. For example, the
           cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) technologies discussed in the chapter are more common for
           a medium-size pipe ranging from 15 to 36 inches in diameter. On the other hand, the
           glass-reinforced panels (GRP) mentioned are more common amongst the larger diameter
           pipes or tunnels with diameters greater than 36  inches.  Polyvinyl chloride/high-density
           polyethylene (PVC/HDPE) thermoplastic liners using a variety of anchoring and gluing
           material, such as Ameron T-loc™,Linabond™, Amaerplate™, and Steuler P&S 400™,
           have been extensively used for lining water pipe for many years. Therefore, the application
           of these two-pass systems for lining tunnels and large sewer pipe, even though relatively
           new to the industry, are not considered innovative.

           Technology development in this area is now focusing on products for rehabilitation  of
           existing facilities. Properly maintaining large-diameter sewers and tunnels can be very
           expensive as compared with smaller diameter sewers and in many cases municipalities
           and  organizations have delayed maintenance activities of their large sewer systems to
           the point of structural deterioration and failure. GRP panels have been identified as an
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Emerging Technologies                                                                     JULY 2005


            innovative technology aimed at restoring the structural integrity of large-diameter sewers
            and tunnels in a cost-efficient manner. Another innovative approach is the use of sewer
            pipes made with polymer or epoxy resins, such as Polycrete™ and Polymer Concrete
            FX-826™. These materials are extremely strong and corrosion resistant. Epoxy concrete
            can be applied in a one-step approach to provide a new interior surface as well as repair
            damaged pipe and restore structural integrity.

            In addition to rehabilitation advances, progress has also been made to improve existing
            techniques so they are more suitable for non-traditional applications. A gasketed PVC joint
            has been developed that allows PVC to be used as practical alternative to HOPE pipe in
            horizontal directional drilling. Sliplining of a noncircular host pipe with a new, noncircular
            pipe has also come into the marketplace recently.  In addition, the use of non-Portland
            cement based polymer concrete, such as Biocrete™, for rehabilitating has demonstrated
            significant cost savings in the foreign market.

            An evaluation of the  innovative technologies identified for large-diameter sewers and
            tunnels is presented in Figure 2.1. Summary sheets for each innovative and embryonic
            technology are provided at the end of this chapter.
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    Table 2.1   Large-Diameter Sewers and Deep Tunnels Technologies - State of Development
                                                                                                                                     c_
                                                                                                                                     C
                                                                                                                                     ( '!
                                                                                                                                     a
                                                                                                                                      '
                Established
Composite/Fiberglass CIPP for Gravity Pipe
Grout Injection
Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD)
In-Line Pipe Expansion (i.e., pipe bursting)
Internal Pipe Joint Seals
Mechanical Spot Repair Sleeves
Microtunneling
Modified Cross-Section Lining (i.e., fold and
  form)
Pipe Jacking
Pipe Ramming
Replacement (via excavation)
Sliplining (segmental and spiral wound)
Spot (point) Repair CIPP
Spray-Applied Cementitious Lining
Spray-Applied Epoxy Coating
Thermoplastic Liners (anchored or glued)
Tunneling
                 Innovative
Gasketed PVC Pressure Pipe
Glass-Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Panels
Polymer/Epoxy Concrete Lining
Sewer Odor and Corrosion Control Inserts
  (Vortex Flow)
                Embryonic
Sliplining of Noncircular Pipe with New
  Noncircular Pipe
Non-Portland Polymer Concrete
                                                                                                                                     CD
                                                                                                                                     s-
                                                                                                                                     CD
                                                                                                                                     tn

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     Figure 2.1   Evaluation of Large-Diameter Sewers and Deep Tunnels Innovative Technologies
  Sasketed PVC Pressure Pipe

 Glass-Reinforced (GRP) Panels

 Polymer/Epoxy Concrete Lining

 *
ewer Odor and Corrosion Control Inse
I
                                                          LISCAAAAAs compared with replacement

                                                          LBCCRA    A    A   A   As compared with replacement

                                                          L   Bl         A    A    A   A   As compared with current practice
                      AS
compared with current practic
             State of Development
    KEY
    D = Demonstration project
    L = Limited municipal installations
    I = Full-scale industrial applications, with potential
    0= Full-scale operations overseas
    N= Full-scale operations in North America
                                                       Applicability
                                            I  = Industrial
                                            S = Municipal sanitary
                                            T = Municipal storm
                                            C= Municipal combined
       for application in municipal conveyance systems    B = Municipal sanitary and storm    R= Restored structural integrity
         Potential Benefits
C= Capital savings
0= Operational/maintenance savings
I = Inflow/infiltration reduction
S = SSO/CSO reduction
                                                                        M= Improved maintenance tracking/manage-
                                                                           ment
                Comparative Criteria
              A    Positive feature

              ©   Neutral or mixed

              V   Negative feature

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JULY 2006
                                       Emerging Technologies
                                                                         Technology Summary
                                             Gasketed PVC Pressure Pipe
           Objective:
           Increase strength and integrity of polyvinyl
           chloride in systems.
State of Development: Innovative
This technology has been around since 2004 and is
widely used in Canada (20-30 municipalities to date)
as well as parts of the United States.
           Description:
           The gasketed PVC pressure pipe is assembled in way that is similar to the assembly of the standard PVC
           pipe, only the gasketed pipe is locked in place with a ring and pin system. The pipe is locked once the
           system is hammered in to place. The wide groove on the spigot end of the pipes allow joint bending in the
           pipe. The joint bending then allows the PVC pipe to be pulled into boreholes with the ability to withstand the
           forces involved.
           Available Cost Information:
           Approximate Capital Cost:  40% higher than regular PVC
           Approximate O&M Costs:   Low
           O&M Costs are similar to any regular PVC systems around. In general, they are very low maintenance.
           Vendor Name(s):
           IPEXInc.
           2441 Royal Windsor Drive
           Mississauga, Ontario J5J 4C7 Canada
           Phone: 800-463-9572
           FaxL 905-403-9195
           E-mail: ricsta@ipexinc.com
Practitioner(s):
City of Springfield, Missouri
Public Works
P.O. Box 8368
Springfield, MO 65801

R. Stuart Royer & Associates, Inc.
1100 Welborne Drive, Suite 300
Richmond, VA 23229
           Key Words for Internet Search:
           Pressure, pipe, gasket, PVC, water, sewer
           Data Sources:
           "New Research Yields and Innovative Design for PVC Pipe." Trenchless Technology (7-8 August 2004)
Conveyance Systems
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Emerging Technologies
                                                   JULY 2006
            Technology Summary
                                             Glass-Reinforced Plastic (GRP'
            Objective:
            Structural rehabilitation of large-diameter gravity
            sewers and tunnels.
State of Development: Innovative
This technology has been installed in two municipalities
nationwide. In 2003, GRP panel lining was used to
rehabilitate 72-inch-diameter pipe in Fort Wayne,
Indiana, and pipe ranging from  108-126 inches in
diameter in Chicago, Illinois
            Description:
            Fiber reinforced, filled, thermo-set resin panels are custom designed to fit a variety of sewer and tunnel
            shapes, including oval, round, rectangular, square, horseshoe. The panels can be installed utilizing a man-
            entry procedure in conveyance facilities ranging from 54 to 144 inches and higher in diameter. Half-pipe
            panels are fitted together in place to form a full diameter segment. The annular space between the panels
            and the host pipe is filled with grout to complete the installation.
            Available Cost Information:
            Approximate Capital Cost:   $10-$13/diameter-inch/LF
            Approximate O&M Costs:   Periodic maintenance and visual inspection
            Capital cost information is provided for a line segment that is several hundred feet long (over 200 LF), and
            includes both material and installation costs. Using the lower end of the cost range as an example, the unit
            price for a 96-inch diameter pipe would be $960/LF.
            Vendor Name(s):
            Insituform Technologies, Inc.
            17999 Edison Avenue
            Chesterfield, MO  63005
            Phone: 636-530-8000
            Fax: 636-530-8744
            E-mail: losborne@insituform.com
Practitioner(s):
City of Fort Wayne
Division of Water Utilities, Water Resources
Sewer Repair and Replacement
One Main Street, Room 480
Fort Wayne, IN 46802
            Key Words for Internet Search:
            Glass-reinforced plastics, GRP, panel, pipe fiber, water
            Data Sources:
            Hicks, M., T.J. Short, P.E., J. Teusch, P.E., I.E. Osborn, PE. "Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP): A New
            Rehabilitation Technique for Sewers in Indiana," Proceedings of ASCE Specialty Conference Pipelines,
            ASCE Specialty Conference, San Diego, CA (1-4 August 2004)
            Osborn, L, "Rehabilitation of Large Chicago Sewers with Glass Reinforced Panels," Proceedings of North
            American Society for Trenchless Technology (NASTT) NO-DIG Conference, New Orleans, LA (22-24
            March 2004)
            Jason Consultants International, Inc. "New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer Pipe
            Materials and Technology." Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF)  (2000)
            Vendor-supplied information
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JULY 2006
                                         Emerging Technologies
                                                                           Technology Summary
                                            Polymer/Epo;
           Objective:
           Sewer pipes lined with concrete made with
           polymer or epoxy materials are extremely
           corrosion resistant.
State of Development: Innovative
The basic technology of spray-applying concrete
linings to repair of existing pipe has been available in
the United States for many years. However, using a
polymer or epoxy mixture is relatively new.
           Description:
           Polymer concrete is made using conventional Portland cement with the addition of 7-15% resin by weight.
           The resin is an orthopthalic, isopthalic, vinyl ester resin, or epoxy resins. The resin bonds the different
           materials together, giving the polymer concrete greater elasticity and safety against fracture as well as
           improved corrosion resistance. Polymer concrete can be used to line new pipe or to repair old pipe and can
           be applied at the factory or in the field. The polymer concrete can be applied either  in a "dry gun - Gunite"
           or "wet gun - Shotcrete" approach. Epoxy concrete can be applied in a one step approach to provide a new
           interior surface, as well as, repair damaged pipe  and to restore structural integrity.
           Available Cost Information:
           Approximate Capital Cost:   Cost ranges from 10%-20% more than conventional field-applied concrete
                                     lining such as Gunite or Shotcrete using Portland cement.
           Approximate O&M Costs:    $0 - unit is self-cleaning. Improved corrosion protection and longer service
                                     life.
           Vendor Name(s):
           Fox Industries
           3100 Falls Cliff Road
           Baltimore, MD 21211
Practitioner(s):
See websites for practitioners: http://www.thomasnet.
com/products/sealants-cement-concrete-96117932-
Lhtml. orwww.foxind.com
           Key Words for Internet Search:
           Polymer concrete, epoxy concrete, corrosion-resistant pipe lining
           Data Sources:
           Vendor-supplied information (www.mever-polvcrete.coml
           Vendor-supplied information (www.foxind.com)
           Association-supplied information (www.nastt.oral
           Vendor-supplied information (www.rohmhaas.coml
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Emerging Technologies
                                           JULY 2006
                    Technology Summary
                                           Sewer Odor and Corrosion Control Inserts (Vortex Flow)
                    Objective:
                    To prevent the release of odorous gases in drop
                    structures and force main discharges to sewer
                    manholes.
State of Development: Innovative
This technology has been available since 1998. It has
been used in approximately 30 locations worldwide
(ten to fifteen units in the United States, two units in
Canada, and two units in Australia).
                    Description:
                    A sewer odor and corrosion control insert can be installed in a new or existing precast manhole, and each
                    insert is custom designed and built for the specific application. Atypical insert consists of a channel that is
                    connected to the manhole influent line, a drop shaft, and a shaft base that allows wastewater to spill over
                    to the manhole effluent pipe. Patented by IPEX Inc., the spiral flow design of the Vortex Flow pulls odorous
                    gases downward toward the bottom of the cylindrical structure and promotes oxidation of these gases,
                    which naturally reduces odor. Odorous gases are partially oxidized on the way down by the energy of
                    falling flow, and are then entrained back into the wastewater. An elevation drop of 6 feet or more is required
                    for proper operation of the insert. Thus, this technology is applicable for incorporation in drop manholes,
                    chambers, and pumping stations.
                    Available Cost Information:
                    Approximate Capital Cost:   Base price $5,000 plus $2,000 for each million gallons per day capacity
                    Approximate O&M Costs:    $0 - unit is self-cleaning
                    Vendor Name(s):
                    IPEX, Inc.
                    2441 Royal Windsor Drive
                    Missassauga, Onatrio J5J 4C7 Canada
Practitioner(s):
Parsons Water & Infrastructure
10521 Rosehaven Street
Fairfax, VA 22030
                    KeyWords for Internet Search:
                    Odor, corrosion, control, manholes, sewer, inserts, vortex, flow
                    Data Sources:
                    Vendor-supplied information
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JULY 2006
                                         Emerging Technologies
                                                                          Technology Summary
                                Sliplining of a Noncircular Pipe with a New Noncircular Pipe
           Objective:
           Reconstruct sewer line and laterals without
           excavation using formed-in-place liner for
           sewers that are not circular.
State of Development: Embryonic
This technology has been used in Europe.
Developmental work currently is taking place in the
United States.
           Description:
           Sliplining is a rehabilitation process in which a slipliner pipe is placed inside the existing old lateral pipe.
           The non-circular method uses a liner pipe profile that is designed so that it will slip through the section
           of the sewer that is narrowest. Once the new pipe is in place the pipe is filled with water to discourage
           deformation and the space between the new and old pipe is filled with low density foam grout.
          Available Cost Information:
          Approximate Capital Cost:   U nknown
          Approximate O&M Costs:   U nknown
           Vendor Name(s):

           Sekisui SPRAmerices, LLC
           7 Sunbelt Business Park Drive, Suite 2
           Greer, SC 29650
           Phone: 864-662-1329
           Fax:    864-662-1350 (fax)
           Email:  info@sekisui-spr.com
Practitioner(s):

See website for practitioners:
http://www.sekisui-spr.com/
           Key Words for Internet Search:
           Sliplining, noncircular pipe, Romo-Line
           Data Sources:
           North American Society for Trenchless Technology site: www.trenchless-technoloav.org
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Emerging Technologies
                                                 JULY 2006
                   Technology Summary
                    Objective:
                    Sewer pipes made with polymer or
                    epoxy materials are extremely corrosion
                    resistant.
State of Development: Embryonic
This technology has been available in Germany since 1960. It
has been used in many locations worldwide, including numerous
cities in the United States, Canada, and Australia. Most
applications to date have been for industrial sewers.
                    Description:
                    Polymer concrete is made using conventional Portland cement with the addition of 7-15% resin by weight.
                    The resin is an orthopthalic, isopthalic, or vinyl ester resin. The resin bonds the different materials together,
                    giving the polymer concrete greater elasticity and safety against fracture as well as improved corrosion
                    resistance. Polymer concrete pipes have been manufactured by various processes including centrifugal and
                    vibrating processes in both reinforced and non-reinforced sections. Circular and oval pipe as well as special
                    cross-sections and manhole sections can be manufactured in the same way. Epoxy resins can also be used
                    as an additive to the concrete mixture for pH ranges of 0.5 to 13. Pipes are joined using flexible elastomeric
                    seals (ASTM D4 161), while widely used for new construction, the use of non-Portland or epoxy concrete for
                    rehabilitation is a new application.

                    Available Cost Information:
                    Approximate Capital Cost:   Cost ranges from 10% to 20% more than conventional concrete pipe of the  same
                                              size and strength.
                    Approximate O&M Costs:   $0 - unit is self-cleaning. Provides increased corrosion protection and extends
                                              service life.
                    Vendor Name(s):
                    Meyer Rohr
                    Otto-Brenner-Str. 5
                    D-21337 Lueneburg, Germany
Practitioner(s):
See website for practitioners:
http://www.meyer-polycrete.com/en
                    KeyWords for Internet Search:
                    Polymer concrete, epoxy concrete, corrosion-resistant pipe
                    Data Sources:
                    Vendor-supplied information (www.meyer-polycrete.com)
                    Vendor-supplied information (www.foxind.com)
                    Vendor-supplied information (www.nastt.org)
                    Rohm and Haas Company (www.rohmhaas.com)
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   Chapter
Small-Diameter  Sewers  and  Laterals
 3.1   Introduction
            A small-diameter sewer or lateral, as defined in this document, is a pipe 12 inches or
            less in diameter. This chapter focuses on both new construction and rehabilitation
            technologies that can be utilized to restore and maintain these critical conveyance
            system components.
 3.2   Technology Assessment
            Table 3.1 includes a categorized list of emerging and established technologies for
            small-diameter sewers and laterals. These pipes, especially laterals, have become
            the target of many municipal rehabilitation programs because they are the main
            sources of inflow and infiltration to conveyance systems. As a result, technological
            development in this area has focused mainly on rehabilitation of existing facilities.

            Many  innovative technologies and  approaches  for the rehabilitation of  small-
            diameter sewers and laterals have been identified. These include technologies such
            as CIPP liners for vertical rehabilitation applications and fill and drain (Sanipor®)
            technology. Although several technologies for lateral rehabilitation are starting to
            emerge as forerunners in the marketplace, such as CIPP liners, the technologies
            themselves are not new and have  been used sparingly throughout the United
            States for up to  10 years. As such,  these technologies have been classified as
            "established" for the purposes of this report.

            An evaluation of the innovative technologies identified for small-diameter sewers
            and  laterals is presented in Figure 3.1. Summary sheets for each innovative and
            embryonic technology are provided at the end of this chapter.
                                                             Conveyance Systems
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        Table 3.1   Small-Diameter Sewers and  Laterals Technologies - State of Development
                                                                                                                                         CD
                                                                                                                                         £
                                                                                                                                         CD
                                                                                                                                         n
                                                                                                                                         CD
                                                                                                                                         en
                Established
                 Innovative
                 Embryonic
Composite/Fiberglass CIPP for Gravity Pipe
Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD)
In-Line Pipe Expansion (i.e. pipe bursting)
Mechanical Spot Repair Sleeves
Microtunneling
Modified Cross-Section Lining (i.e. fold & form)
Pipe Jacking
Pipe Ramming
Replacement (via excavation)
Sliplining (segmental and spiral wound)
Spot (point) Repair
CIPP for Vertical Applications
Gasketed PVC Pressure Pipe
Impact Moling-Steerable Moles
Lateral Cleanout Connection
Lateral Grout Injection
Lateral Grout Injection from Mainline
  (up to 30 ft in length)
Lateral CIPP Liner (house to main)
Lateral CIPP Liner (main to house)
Lateral-Main Fiberglass CIPP Connection Inserts
Lateral Pipe Bursting
Lateral Sliplining
Sanipor® Technology (flood grout)
Modified Cross-Section Lateral Lining
                                                                                                                                         c_
                                                                                                                                         c

                                                                                                                                         fO
                                                                                                                                         o
                                                                                                                                         o
                                                                                                                                         O5

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        Figure 3.1   Evaluation of Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals Innovative Technologies
                                                                                                                                           c_
                                                                                                                                           C
                                                                                             ( '!
                                                                                             o
                                                                                             O5
 CIPP for Vertical Application

 Gasketed PVC Pressure Pipe
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^•^^
 Impact Moling - Steerable Moles

 Lateral Cleanout Connection
 Lateral Grout Injection    |
 Lateral CIPP Liner (house to main

 Lateral CIPP Liner (main to hous

                                       s compared with replacme

                                      As compared with replacement
                                   ^m^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^m
                             ©  ©   As compared with replacement
                        A    ©  ©   As compared with new installation using T-section
                        A    V  ©   As compared with replacement
                                      As compared with replacement
                                      As compared with replaceme
             State of Development
    KEY
    D = Demonstration project
    L = Limited municipal installations
    I = Full-scale industrial applications, with potential
    0= Full-scale operations overseas
    N= Full-scale operations in North America
          Applicability
I = Industrial
S = Municipal sanitary
T = Municipal storm
C= Municipal combined
       for application in municipal conveyance systems   B = Municipal sanitary and storm   R= Restored structural integrity
         Potential Benefits
C= Capital savings
0= Operational/maintenance savings
I = Inflow/infiltration reduction
S = SSO/CSO reduction
                           M= Improved maintenance tracking/manage-
                              ment
  Comparative Criteria
A    Positive feature

©   Neutral or mixed

V   Negative feature
                                                                                                                                           CD
                                                                                                                                           tn

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Figure 3.1   Evaluation of Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals Innovative Technologies (continued)
 Lateral Grout Injection from Mainline

 Lateral-Main Fiberglass CIPP Connection Inserts

 Lateral Pipe Bursting

 Lateral Sliplining

 Sanipor® Technology (flood grouting)
                       '
                      V
                0   As compared with replacement

           A    A   As compared with replacement

           0   A   As compared with replacement

                A   As compared with replacement

           A    A   As compared with replacement
             State of Development
   KEY
   D= Demonstration project
   L = Limited municipal installations
   I  = Full-scale industrial applications, with potential
   0= Full-scale operations overseas
   N= Full-scale operations in North America
          Applicability
I = Industrial
S = Municipal sanitary
T = Municipal storm
C= Municipal combined
      for application in municipal conveyance systems   B = Municipal sanitary and storm   R= Restored structural integrity
         Potential Benefits
C= Capital savings
0= Operational/maintenance savings
I = Inflow/infiltration reduction
S = SSO/CSO reduction
                           M= Improved maintenance tracking/manage-
                              ment
  Comparative Criteria
A    Positive feature

©   Neutral or mixed

V   Negative feature

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JULY 2006
                                        Emerging Technologies
                                                                            Technology Summary
                                               CIPP for Vertical Applicati
            Objective:
            Provide a smooth interior surface to a damaged
            vertical pipe.
State of Development: Innovative
Am-Drain has been on the market in the United States
since 2003 and available for the rehabilitation of down
spouts in Europe for 15 years prior to the United States'
use.
            Description:
            CIPP Applications for vertical pipes differ from the lateral lining because of the difficulties accompanied
            with the resin application to a vertical pipe. Typically resin would run down from the upper to lower portions
            of the inverted liner. Am-Drain is a needle-punched, nonwoven polyester felt tube with a PVC coating.
            Am-Drain is cured to the vertical pipe when the liner harders. An inversion drum, with the help of an air
            compressor inserts the liner tube into the damaged pipe while inverting the liner throughout the process.
            One CIPP vertical method uses a woven liner rather than a normal CIPP liner. This woven liner holds the
            resin more and prevents it from slipping  due to gravity.
            Available Cost Information:
            Approximate Capital Cost:   $14-$24/LF dry materials and resin
            Approximate O&MCosts:   Periodic inspection and cleaning
            Costs will vary depending on the degree of bends in the pipe, lining material, and resin mat.
            Vendor Name(s):
            MaxLiner, LLC
            450 College Drive
            Martinsville, VA 24112
Practitioner(s):
Ace Pipe Cleaning
Carylon Corporation
1509 Sylvania Court
Fort Worth, TX76111
            Key Words for Internet Search:
            Vertical pipe lining, Am-Drain, vertical CIPP
            Data Sources:
            Griffen, Jeff. "Vertical Lining: Historic Forth Worth Church Has Downspout Repaired Without Destruction of
            Wall." Rehabilitation Technology: Underground Construction (July 2004)
            Vendor-supplied information
Conveyance Systems
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Emerging Technologies
                                                 JULY 2006
             Technology Summary
                                               Gasketed PVC Pressure Pioe
             Objective:
             Increase strength and integrity of polyvinyl
             chloride in systems.
State of Development: Innovative
Technology has been around since 2004 and is widely
used in Canada (20-30 municipalities to date) as well
as parts of the United States.
             Description:
             The gasketed PVC pressure pipe is assembled similar to how a standard PVC pipe is assembled, only the
             gasketed pipe is locked with a ring and pin system. The inner and outer rings of the pipe are hammered into
             place locking the joints in the system. Due to the wide groove on the spigot end of the pipe bending at the
             pipe's joints is possible. This joint bending allows the PVC to be pulled into boreholes and to withstand the
             forces involved.

             Available Cost Information:
             Approximate Capital Cost:   40% higher than regular PVC.
             Approximate O&M Costs:   Low
             Vendor Name(s):
             IPEX, Inc.
             2441 Royal Windsor Drive
             Mississauga, Ontario J5J 4C7
             Phone: 800-463-9572
             Fax: 905-403-9195
             Email: ricsta@ipexinc.com
Practitioner(s):
See website for practitioners:
http://www.ipexinc.com/Content/Common/2_0_
Products/2_0_1_Case_Studies/case_study_list.asp
             Key Words for Internet Search:
             Pressure, pipe, gasket, PVC, water, sewer
             Data Sources:
             "New Research Yields an Innovative Design for PVC Pipe." Trench/ess Technology (7-8 August 2004)
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JULY 2006
                                        Emerging Technologies
                                                                           Technology Summary
                                             Impact Moling - Steerabl
            Objective:
            Uses a compaction principle to create a bore in
            compressible soils in which pipe is then installed.
State of Development: Innovative
Innovative applications such as steerable moles
allowing curves and direction changes.
            Description:
            Moling is based on a percussion or hammering action with a pneumatic piercing tool to create a bore by
            compacting and displacing soil rather than removing it. The impact mole consists of an enclosed steel tube
            containing an air powered piston that strikes the nose of the tool driving it forward. It has low operational
            costs, simplicity in operations with minimal excavation. Moling is limited by ground conditions. One
            steerable mole is offered in the market place. It uses walkover tracking and remote steering similar to that
            in the horizontal drilling industry. A sonde integrated within the forward end of the tool body is made rugged
            to withstand the impact of the mole. The current generation of steerable moles have a dual position steering
            head with two operating modes, one for straight and an asymetrical one for steering.
            Available Cost Information:
            Approximate Capital Cost:  $35,000 per machine; price includes all parts and everything needed for
                                     impact moling.
            Approximate O&M Costs:   Included in capital cost.
            Vendor Name(s):
            TT Technologies of Illinois
            2020 E. New York St.
            Aurora, IL 60504
            Phone: 800-533-2078
            info@ttechnologies.com
Practitioner(s):
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Vicksburg, MS
            Key Words for Internet Search:
            Impact moling, pipe ramming, trenchless technology, bore, steerable mole
            Data Sources:
            "Guidelines for Impact Moling." TTC Technical Report #2001.03. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, ERDC,
            Vicksburg, MS
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Emerging Technologies
                                                 JULY 2006
             Technology Summary
                                               Lateral Cleanout Connection
             Objective:
             Install cleanout on existing lateral where one
             does not exist.
State of Development: Innovative
Process has been commercially available for three
years with the installation of several thousand feet of
line.
             Description:
             The lateral is located by TV camera that finds a location for the cleanout that will not require bends or
             fittings. A vacuum excavating unit is then used to dig an 18-inch hole that will expose the lateral, the
             vacuum will be used to remove all soil. A two-part epoxy mix is used to glue the bottom of the saddle to the
             lateral when it is dropped and snapped over the lateral pipe. After the 15 minutes the epoxy takes to set, a
             water hydrostatic test is performed, followed by the use of a coring tool to core out the lateral. The coupon
             is removed and a clean out cap is added. A new riser or clean out can be attached.

             Available Cost Information:
             Approximate Capital Cost:  $750 to $1,500 each
             Approximate O&M Costs:   Same as standard cleanout.
             Costs vary based on location, depth, and soil conditions.
             Vendor Name(s):
             LMK Enterprises, Inc.
Practitioner(s):
Rock River Water Reclamation District
3333 Kishwaukee St.
Rockford, IL61109
             Key Words for Internet Search:
             Vacatee, lateral liner system, CIPP, cleanout
             Data Sources:
             Vendor-supplied information
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JULY 2006
                                       Emerging Technologies
                                                                            Technology Summary
                                                  Lateral Grout Injectio
             Objective:
             Seal the lateral-main connection and cracks and
             joints in laterals to prevent inflow and infiltration
             into the sanitary sewer system.
State of Development: Innovative
             Description:
             Seals lateral by creating a impermeable gel ring outside the pipe joint. Lateral grout injection is
             accomplished using a packer, which is inserted through a manhole and positioned in the line using
             a camera. The packer is rotated and a grouting plug is inflated up the lateral. Grout is injected, to fill
             the annular area, into the surrounding soil, creating a sand and gel ring outside the pipe and service
             connection. The packer elements are deflated and pulled back into packer, scraping excess gel from the
             service line.
             Available Cost Information:
             Approximate Capital Cost:   $300-$500 per lateral
             Approximate O&M Costs:    Periodic visual inspections and cleaning recommended
             Capital cost estimate is based on grouting each joint in the first 8 ft-10 ft of the lateral from the sewer main.
             Vendor Name(s):
             Avanti International
             822 Bay Star Blvd.
             Webster, TX 77598
Practitioner(s):
See website for practitioners: http://avantigrout.com
             Key Words for Internet Search:
             Grout rehabilitation, injection, lateral pipe, joint sealing
             Data Sources:
             "Methods to Control Leaks in Sewer Collection Systems, "An informative White Paper written by C. Vipu,
             Ph.D., P.E., Director of CIGMAT, and Chairman of Civil Engineering Department, University of Houston,
             Houston, TX
             Jason Consultants International, Inc." New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer Pipe
             Materials and Technology." Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000)
             Simicevic,  Jadranka, Raymond L. Sterling, Ahmad Habibian, Rick Nelson, Roger L. Tarbutto, and Alan
             Johnson. "Methods for Cost-Effective Rehabilitation of Private  Lateral Sewers." WERF (2006)
             Vendor-supplied information
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Emerging Technologies
                                                 JULY 2006
              Technology Summary
                                   Lateral Grout Injection from Mainline (Up to 30-ft in Length)
              Objective:
              Seal the lateral-main connection and cracks
              and joints in laterals up to 30 feet from the main
              sewer line to prevent inflow and infiltration into
              the sanitary sewer system.
State of Development: Innovative
A Packer and 30-foot grouting plug have been
developed and tested in a laboratory setting. As of May
2005, 24 units have been installed.
              Description:
              Lateral grout injection is accomplished using a packer, which is inserted into a sewer main through a
              manhole. The packer is remotely positioned in the mainline at the lateral connection, and a grouting plug
              is inflated up the lateral. Grout is injected, or pumped, into the lateral up to the location of the group plug.
              Grout is forced through cracks and joints into the surrounding soil, where it solidifies to form a watertight
              seal outside the pipeline. This grouting can be applied to laterals up to 30 feet from the main sewer line.
              Available Cost Information:
              Approximate Capital Cost:  Varies
              Approximate O&MCosts:   Varies
              Vendor Name(s):
              Logiball, Inc.
              HC 76 P.O. Box 625
              Jackman, ME 04945
              Phone: 800-246-5988
              Fax: 418-653-5746
              E-mail: marc@logiball.com
Practitioner(s):
Heitkamp, Inc.
New England Pipe Cleaning Co.
99 Callender Road
P.O.  Box 730
Watertown, CT 06795
              Key Words for Internet Search:
              Grout rehabilitation, injection, lateral pipe, joint sealing, mainline
              Data Sources:
              Jason Consultants International, Inc. "New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer Pipe
              Materials and Technology." Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000)
              Simicevic, Jadranka, Raymond L. Sterling, Ahmad Habibian, Rick Nelson, Roger L. Tarbutton, and Alan
              Johnson. "Methods for Cost-Effective Rehabilitation of Private Lateral Sewers." WERF (2006)
              Vendor-supplied information
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JULY 2006
                                        Emerging Technologies
                                                                            Technology Summary
                                            Lateral CIPP Liner (House to Mail
            Objective:
            Provide reconstruction of service lateral pipe
            without excavation by the installation of a resin
            conduit liner.
State of Development: Innovative
            Description:
            Woven or nonwoven material is impregnated with thermosetting resin and installed in an existing pipeline or
            conduit using an air inversion and curing process. Product designed to  rehabilitate pipelines with diameters
            from 2 to 8 inches and negotiates curves (up to 90°) and lines through 4-6 inch transitions without changing
            structural  properties of the liner. Installation through existing building sewer lines permit connection without
            stretching into sewer main.

            Available Cost Information:
            Approximate Capital Cost:   Ranges from $2500 - $4500
            Approximate O&M Costs:   Periodic visual inspections recommended.
            Costs are highly variable and will fluctuate based on pipe size, material, condition, depth, and accessibility
            (i.e. cleanout available).
            Vendor Name(s):
            Perma-liner Industries
            6196 126th Avenue North
            Largo, FL 33773
            Phone: 727-507-9749
            Email: dough@perma-liner.com
Practitioner(s):
Southwest Pipeline
539 West 140th Street
Gardena, CA 90248
            Key Words for Internet Search:
            CIPP lateral lining, sewer rehabilitation, resin, house cleanout, DrainLiner™, Formadrain®, INFlex Liner™,
            Inserv™, MaxLiner™, PermaLateral™, Primeliner™, and Verline Lateral, Saertex® Liner, PrimeLiner LC™,
            Insituform® Lateral,  LMK T-Liner®

            Data Sources:
            Jason Consultants International, Inc. New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer Pipe
            Materials and Technology. Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation  (WERF) (2000)
            Black and Veatch Corporation. Effective Practices for Sanitary Sewer and Collection  System Operations
            and Maintenance. Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2003)
            Bergstrom, E., P.E.,  B. Swarner, P.E., M. Lopez, P.E., "Infiltration and Inflow (I/I) Reduction in 10 Pilot
            Projects, King County, Washington," Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation Collection Systems
            2005 Conference, Sustaining Aging Infrastructure: System, Workforce and Funding (CD-ROM), Boston, MA
            (17-20  July 2005)
            Simicevic, Jadranka, Raymond  L. Sterling, Ahmad Habibian, Rick Nelson, Roger L. Tarbutton and Alan
            Johnson. "Methods for Cost-Effective Rehabilitation of Private Lateral Sewers." WERF (2006)
            Vendor-supplied information
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Emerging Technologies
                                                                      JULY 2006
             Technology Summary
                                             Lateral CIPP Liner (Main
             Objective:
             Provide reconstruction of service lateral pipe
             without excavation by the installation of a resin
             conduit liner.
                   State of Development: Innovative
             Description:
             The polyester resin-impregnated tube is installed into an existing service lateral through the mainline pipe.
             The resin and tube are inverted into place so that when installed the cured-in-place pipe will fit the internal
             circumference of the existing pipe. The resin and tube are held in place by internal pressure until cured into
             a impermeable continuous pipe within a pipe.

             Available Cost Information:
             Approximate Capital Cost:
             Approximate O&M Costs:
$3,500 for installation in lateral up to 20 ft from main; $45 per ft beyond 20 ft
Costs will vary depending on quantity of materials, quality of installations,
location, and other installation needs
             Vendor Name(s):
             Insituform Technologies, Inc.
             702 Spirit 40 Park Drive
             Chesterfield, MO 63005
             Phone: 636-530-8000
             Fax: 636-519-8010
             Email: spearson@insituform.com
                   Practitioner(s):
                   Boston Water and Sewer Company
                   Boston, MA
             Key Words for Internet Search:
             CIPP lateral lining, sewer rehabilitation, resin, mainline
             Data Sources:
             Jason Consultants International, Inc. New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer Pipe
             Materials and Technology. Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000)
             Black and Veatch Corporation. Effective Practices for Sanitary Sewer and Collection System Operations
             and Maintenance. Alexandria, VA. WERF (2003)
             Bergstrom, E., P.E., B. Swarner, P.E., M. Lopez,  P.E., "Infiltration and Inflow (I/I) Reduction in 10 Pilot
             Projects,  King County, Washington," Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation Collection Systems
             2005 Conference, Sustaining Aging Infrastructure: System, Workforce and Funding (CD-ROM), Boston, MA
             (17-20 July 2005)
             King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Wastewater Treatment Division. Pilot Project
             Report, Regional Infiltration and Inflow Control Program, King County, WA. (October 2004)
             Simicevic, Jadranka, Raymond L. Sterling, Ahmad Habibian, Rick Nelson, Roger L. Tarbutton, and Alan
             Johnson. "Methods for Cost-Effective Rehabilitation of Private Lateral Sewers." WERF (2006)
             Vendor-supplied information
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JULY 2006
                                                           Emerging Technologies
                                                                        Technology Summary
                                     Lateral-Main Fiberglass CIPP Connection Inserts
            Objective:
            Provide reconstruction of service lateral pipe
            without excavation by the installation of a resin
           .impregnated,, flexible, felt. tube.	
                   State of Development: Innovative
            Description:
            Installation of a polyester or vinyl impregnated corrosion resistant fiberglass insert into a lateral opening
            to fit T and Y connections. Insert is factory-impregnated with an epoxy bonding component. The laminate
            is placed on an applicator, driven into the lateral opening and inserted by air inversion approximately 6
            inches into the lateral and 3 inches in the mainline on either side of the lateral opening. The product is
            available for lines between 6 and 36 inches in diameter.
            Available Cost Information:
            Approximate Capital Cost:
            Approximate O&M Costs:
$1,300 to $1,700 per insert
Capital and O&M costs will vary depending on quantity of materials, quality
of installations, location, and other installation needs.
            Vendor Name(s):
            Top Hat Systems™
            Cosmic Sondermaschinenbau GmbH
            Steinabruck 35
            3072 Kasten, Austria

            U.S. Distributor-Amerik Supplies, Inc.
            260 Ainsley Court
            Marietta, GA 30066
            Phone: 770-924-2899
                   Practitioner(s):
                   Town of Pinetops
                   Pinetops, NC

                   Southwest Pipeline
                   539 West 140th St.
                   Gardena, CA 90248
            Key Words for Internet Search:
            Top hats, connection inserts, CIPP lateral
            Data Sources:
            Materials and Technology." Alexandria, Virginia: Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF)
            (2000)
            Larsen, P., P.E., G. Keibler, and E. Heijn. "Awakening From the Nightmare on 10th Street - Trenchless
            Repair to Prevent Deep Excavations in Closed Rear-Yard Easements," Proceedings of the 77th Annual
            Water Environment Federation Technical Exposition and Conference [CD-ROM], New Orleans, LA (2-6
            Oct. 2004)
            Bergstrom, E., P.E., B. Swarner, P.E., and M. Lopez, P.E. "Infiltration and Inflow (I/I) Reduction in 10
            Pilot Projects, King County, Washington," Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation Collection
            Systems 2005 Conference, Sustaining Aging Infrastructure: System, Workforce and Funding [CD-ROM],
            Boston, MA. (17-20 July 2005)
            King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Wastewater Treatment Division. Pilot Project
            Report, Regional Infiltration and Inflow Control Program, King County, WA (October 2004)
            Vendor-supplied information
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Emerging Technologies
                                                  JULY 2006
             Technology Summary
                                                   Lateral Pipe Bursting
             Objective:
             Replace an existing lateral without excavation,
             with the same or larger diameter pipe (applicable
             for 4-8 inch diameter pipe).
State of Development: Innovative
             Description:
             A portable static bursting system (Grundotugger) with a direct bolt expander and optional pneumatic
             piercing tool is used to hydraulically pull a winch cable and the expander tool and new pipe through an
             existing line. The expander fractures the existing pipe and displaces the fragments into the surrounding
             soil while the new pipe is pulled in behind. Lateral bursting allows for a increase in the diameter from the
             original host size.
             Available Cost Information:
             Approximate Capital Cost:  $25,000 for Grudotugger, estimated $40LF.
             Approximate O&M Costs:
             Vendor Name(s):
             TT Technologies
             2020 E. New York St.
             Aurora, IL 60504
             Phone: 800-533-2078
             Fax: 630-851-8299
             www.tttechnologies.com
Practitioner(s):
King County
Department of Natural Resources and Parks
Wastewater Treatment Division
201 S. Jackson St., Suite 505
Seattle, WA 98104-3855
             Key Words for Internet Search:
             Static pull, pipe bursting, lateral rehabilitation, Grundotugger
             Data Sources:
             Jason Consultants International, Inc. "New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer Pipe
             Materials and Technology. Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000)
             Black and Veatch Corporation. Effective Practices for Sanitary Sewer and Collection System Operations
             and Maintenance. Alexandria, VA. WERF (2003)
             Bergstrom, E., P.E., B. Swarner, P.E., and M. Lopez, PE. "Infiltration and Inflow (I/I) Reduction in 10 Pilot
             Projects, King County, Washington," Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation Collection Systems
             2005 Conference, Sustaining Aging Infrastructure: System, Workforce and Funding (CD-ROM), Boston, MA
             (17-20 July 2005)
             King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Wastewater Treatment Division. Pilot Project
             Report, Regional Infiltration and Inflow Control Program, King County, WA (October 2004)
             District of West Vancouver and  Dayton & Knight Ltf.  (D&K). West Vancouver (Pipe Bursting) Case Study
             (Oct6-Dec18, 2003)
              Vendor-supplied information
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JULY 2006
                                         Emerging Technologies
                                                                            Technology Summary
                                                    Lateral Sliplining
            Objective:
            Reconstruct sewer line and laterals without
            excavation using formed-in-place liner.
State of Development: Innovative
Innovative application for house laterals. Essentially no
longer used for small-diameter lateral repair.
            Description:
            Lateral sliplining is a rehabilitation process in which a slipliner pipe is placed inside the existing old lateral
            pipe. This method does not include any folding or heating of the slipliner, and will decrease the inner
            diameter of the existing pipe by the size of the new pipe. Sliplining is a more practical process for larger
            diameter laterals because of the possibility of pipe blockage in pipes smaller than six inches in diameter.
            Available Cost Information:
            Approximate Capital Cost:  Estimated at $110-$120/LF
            Approximate O&M Costs:   Costs vary depending on the number of laterals being lined.
            Vendor Name(s):
            Miller Pipeline Corporation
            P.O. Box 34141
            8850 Crawfordsville Rd.
            Indianapolis, IN 46234
            Phone: 800-428-3742
            Fax: 317-293-8502
Practitioner(s):
See website for practitioners/case studies:
http://nastt.net/NoDig/index.htmlor
http://www.millerpipeline.com
            Key Words for Internet Search:
            Sliplining, lateral pipe, rehabilitation, resin, liner, insertion renewal
            Data Sources:
            "Pipe Within a Pipe is a Winning Solution". Australasian Society Trenchless for Technologies Newsletter.
            (October 2004)
            Telephone conversation with Simicevic, Jadranka, Raymond L. Sterling, Ahmad Habibian, Rick Nelson,
            Roger L. Tarbutton, and Alan Johnson. "Methods for Cost-Effective Rehabilitation of Private Lateral
            Sewers." Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) Draft (2005)
            Vendor-supplied information
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Emerging Technologies
                                                  JULY 2006
             Technology Summary
                                            Sanipor® Technology (F1
             Objective:
             Non-structural rehabilitation of laterals,
             manholes, and mainlines by sealing to prevent
             leaking and/or infiltration.
State of Development: Innovative
Although it has only been used in the USA over the last
year, Sanipor® Technology has been used in Europe for
over 10 years. In Germany, Sanipor® technology has
been used and has had positive results.
             Description:
             Repairs systems using two liquids (S-1 and S-2). After cleaning and closing off the main pipe, S-1 solution
             is pumped into the system. S-1 solution is able to get into the surrounding soil through leaking points. S-1
             is pumped out after approximately an hour and S-2 solution is pumped in. S-2 will also get through the leak
             points and into the surrounding soil, where it mixes with S-1 and forms a conglomerate-like solution that
             seals the leak points. S-2 is pumped out after an hour and the line is then flushed clean and reconnected to
             the system.
             Available Cost Information:
             Approximate Capital Cost:  $8,000/day (equipment)
             Approximate O&M Costs:   Unknown
             Capital costs do not include items prior to Sanipor installation (i.e. mainline and lateral CCTV, clean outs,
             purchase of plugs
             Vendor Name(s):
             AKZO Nobel EKA Chemicals
             Marietta, GA

             Sanipor®
             Feldkirchen, Germany
             www.sanipor.de/sanipor.htm
Practitioner(s):
City of Lafayette
Lafayette Utilities System
705 W. University Avenue
Lafayette, LA 70506
             Key Words for Internet Search:
             Sanipor, No Dig, sewer renovation, trenchless, flood grouting
             Data Sources:
             Case study - Sanipor Pilot 2003 in Lafayette, LA (https://www.latech.edu/tech/engr/ttc/werf)
             Jadranka Simicevic, Trenchless Technology Center (jandranka@coes.latech.edu)
             Pipe Materials and Technology. Alexandria, Virginia. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF)
             (2000)
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JULY 2006
                                           Emerging Technologies
                                                                          Technology Summary
                                        Modified Cross-Section Lateral Lining
         Objective:
         Line existing pipe without the need for
         excavation or time for cure-in-place, field-cured
         systems.
State of Development: Embryonic
         Description:
         A high-strength unplasticized PVC resin liner that is continuously inserted through existing manholes and
         into existing lines while being heated and softened. Once in place along the pipeline, it is expanded to fit
         tightly within the host pipe by applying both steam and pressure. The PVC pipe is then cooled by replacing
         the steam with air. This method differs from the CIPP by expanding the liner in place rather than curing it in
         place. This process is often referred to as pipe-within-a-pipe, though the diameter of the pipe is only slightly
         decreased.
         Available Cost Information:
         Approximate Capital Cost:   Unknown
         Approximate O&M Costs:   U nknown
         As of publication date, capital cost data was not available for this embryonic technology. It is anticipated
         that modified cross-section lateral lining will be comparable in price to Lateral CIPP Lining House to Main.
         Vendor Name(s):
         Miller Pipeline Corporation
         P.O. Box 34141
         8850 Crawfordsville Road
         Indianapolis, IN  46234
         Phone: 800-428-3742
         Fax: 317-293-8502
Practitioners):
See website for practitioners/case studies:
http://www.millerpipeline, com/ex.html
         Key Words for Internet Search:
         Modified cross-sections, cured-in-place lateral lining, seals, sewer
         Data Sources:
         Vendor-supplied information
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Emerging Technologies                                                                              JULY 2006
3-18                                                                                   Conveyance Systems

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   Chapt-
Manholes
 4.1   Introduction
            Manholes serve as aboveground access points to the underground conveyance
            system. This chapter focuses on both new construction  and rehabilitation
            technologies that can be utilized to restore and maintain manholes.
  4.2   Technology Assessment
            The state of development of technologies identified for manholes is summarized
            in Table 4.1.  Similarly to large-diameter sewers and deep tunnels, much  of
            the technology available for manholes is established,  having been available
            and utilized in the United States for numerous years. However, six innovative
            technologies, as well as one embryonic technology, have been identified. Glass-
            reinforced plastic inserts  made of the same material used to rehabilitate large-
            diameter sewers and tunnels, were in the development stage in 2004.

            The Sanipor® (flood grouting) technology is considered  to be an  innovative
            method aimed at complete rehabilitation of an entire conveyance system section,
            including manholes. This technology is also described in Chapter 3 as it applies
            to small-diameter sewers and laterals.

            An evaluation of the innovative technologies identified for manholes is presented
            in Figure 4.1. Summary sheets for each innovative and embryonic technology
            are provided at the end of this chapter.
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                          Table 4.1   Manhole Technologies - State of Development
                                                                                                                                       CD
                                                                                                                                       £
                                                                                                                                       CD
                                                                                                                                       n
                                                                                                                                       CD
                                                                                                                                       en
                Established
Cured-in-Place I
Flexible Sealant
Frame Adjustments (raise/reset)
Joint Sealing - Cementitious Grout
Joint Sealing - Epoxy Grout/Patching
Lid (cover) Inserts
Mechanical Chimney Seals (interior & exterior)
Plastic Composite Invert System
Poured-in-Place Concrete Liners
Replacement (via excavation)
Spray or Trowel-Applied Cementitious Lining
Spray or Trowel-Applied Polymer Coating
                 Innovative
Fiberglass Rehabilitation Manholes
HOPE Frame Adjustment Rings
Mechanical Joint Seals
Polyethylene Chimney Form
Sanipor® Technology (fill and drain)
Sewer Odor and Corrsion Control Insert
                 Embryonic
Glass-Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Insert
                                                                                                                                       c_
                                                                                                                                       c

                                                                                                                                       fO
                                                                                                                                       o
                                                                                                                                       o
                                                                                                                                       O5

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                        Figure 4.1   Evaluation of Mahole Innovative Technologies
                                                                                                                        c_
                                                                                                                        C
                                                                                                                        ( '!
                                                                                                                        o
                                                                                                                        O5
 Fiberglass Rehabilitation Manholes


 HOPE Frame Adjustment Rings


 Mechanical Joint Seals
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H

 Polyethylene Chimney Form
L   BCI  OIR   ©   V
 Sanipor® Technology

 Sewer Odor and Corrosion Control Insert
                        A   A   As compared with manhole reolacer


                                 ,s compared with concrete adjustment rings
                                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H

L   BC    I     ©   V  A   ©  As compared to cementitious patching


                                  compared with concrete adjustment rings


LBCI    I     AAAAAs compared with manhole replacement


LSBC    0    A   ©©A
                                                                                                                        CD
                                                                                                                        tn

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Emerging Technologies
                                                   JULY 2006
             Technology Summary
                                             Fiberglass Rehabilitation Manholes
             Objective:
             To provide a structural barrier within existing
             manholes.
State of Development: Innovative
             Description:
             Fiberglass Rehabilitation Manholes are made to be installed within existing concrete, brick, or precast
             manholes to provide a non-corrosive structural barrier to prevent infiltration and exfiltration. A unit is
             constructed of glass-fiber reinforcements, supplier-certified unsaturated isophthalic polyester resin, and
             chemically enhanced silica. Flowtite® is able to withstand 16,000 pound vertical load. Manufactured as one
             integral piece up to 25 feet deep.

             Available Cost Information:
             Approximate Capital Cost:   $400 per vertical foot installed cost for a 4-foot-diameter, 10-foot-deep man-
                                       hole
             Approximate O&MCosts:    Periodic visual inspections recommended
             Vendor Name(s):
             Containment Solutions, Inc.
             Conroe, TX
             www.containmentsolutions.com
Practitioner(s):
King County, Washington
Wastewater Treatment Division
201 S. Jackson St., Suite 505
Seattle, WA 98104
             Key Words for Internet Search:
             Fiberglass manholes, rehabilitation, Flowtite, glass-fiber reinforced
             Data Sources:
             www.containmentsolutions.com
             Simicevic, J. "Currently Available Products and Techniques for Manhole Rehabilitation." Trenchless
             Technology Center, Ruston, LA (www.I atech. ed u/tech/coes)
             King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Wastewater Treatment Division. Pilot Project
             Report, Regional Infiltration and Inflow Control Program, King County, WA (October 2004)
             Jason Consultants International,  Inc. New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer Pipe
             Materials and Technology. Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000)
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JULY 2006
                                       Emerging Technologies
                                                                         Technology Summary
                                            HOPE Frame Adjustment Rings
           Objective:
           Eliminate manhole chimney degradation
           by replacing cracked concrete rings with
           high-density polyethylene rings.
State of Development: Innovative
           Description:
           HOPE lightweight-grade rings provide structure and maintain material quality to eliminate degradation in
           manhole chimneys. They are designed to be an alternative to replacing concrete rings that are damaged.
           They are a mortarless system allowing fast assembly. HOPE rings are lighter, safer to handle and eliminate
           the need for heavy equipment to install. Properly installed rings provide a watertight seal to control I/I.
           HOPE rings are made of 100% recycled plastic.
           Available Cost Information:
           Approximate Capital Cost:  $18-$25 each for standard 1.25- to 2-inch deep, round adjustment rings;
                                    $35-$42 each for 4-inch deep, round, adjustment rings;
                                    $23-$24 each for standard catch basin adjustment rings.
           Approximate O&MCosts:   Periodic visual inspections recommended.
                                    Round manhole adjustment rings are available in the following inside diam-
                                    eter sizes: 24-, 27-, 30-, 32-, and 34-inch.
                                    Catch basin adjustment rings are either 24- by 36-inch or 24- by 24-inch
                                    Grade adjustment rings are available with either a flat or sloped design and
                                    are manufactured to ASTM D4976.
           Vendor Name(s):
           Ladtech, Inc.
           6704 Meadowlark Court
           Lino Lakes, MN  55038
           Phone: 651-415-1252
           Fax: 651-415-1090
           www.ladtech.com
Practitioner(s):
South Tahoe Public Utility District
Lake Tahoe, CA

City of Houston
Houston, TX
           Key Words for Internet Search:
           HOPE adjustment, rings, manhole, seals, sewer, frame
           Data Sources:
           "Plastic Manhole Adjustment Rings Improve the Quality of Sanitary and Storm Sewers" Water Engineering
           & Management (www.waterem.com)
           Vendor-supplied information
Conveyance Systems
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Emerging Technologies
                                                 JULY 2006
             Technology Summary
                                                 Mechanical Joint Seals
             Objective:
             A watertight rubber seal compressed against
             the inside of the frame and cone by expansion
             bands.
State of Development: Innovative
             Description:
             Several rubber seal products are available as internal sealing systems for stopping leakage in precast
             manhole joints. CretexWrap involves a flexible rubber sleeve that has multiple pleats that can be expanded
             into place. The top and bottom section of the sleeve compresses against the manhole producing a water
             tight seal. FlexRib seal is made from a rubber compound that seals the manhole when stainless steel
             expansion bands compress the rubber against the inside of the frame and cones.

             Available Cost Information:
             Approximate Capital Cost:  $400 per one 48-inch-diameter seal
             Approximate O&M Costs:  Periodic visual  inspections recommended
             Vendor Name(s):
             NPC, Inc.
             Milford, NH
             www.npc.com
Practitioner(s):
City of New Berlin
Utiities Division
3805 S. Casper Drive
New Berlin, Wl  53151
             Key Words for Internet Search:
             Mechanical joint connections, joint seals, manholes, sewer, barrel
             Data Sources:
             Simicevic, J. "Currently Available Products and Techniques for Manhole Rehabilitation." Trenchless
             Technology Center, Ruston, LA (www.Iatech.edu/tech/coes)
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                                      Conveyance Systems

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JULY 2006
                                          Emerging Technologies
                                                                        Technology Summary
                                           Polyethylene Chimney For
         Objective:
         Eliminate water entering the manhole through
         the grade rings.
State of Development: Innovative
Patent by manufacturer still pending. Currently in use
by 40 municipalities across the United States.
         Description:
         The Polyethylene Chimney Form is a molded polymer shield that is incorporated into the chimney section of
         a manhole assembly. The Polyethylene Chimney Form protects the manhole against inflow and infiltration
         of groundwater, storm water, and eroded soil, effectively preventing clean material from entering the
         collection system.
         Available Cost Information:
         Approximate Capital Cost:   Retails for $110 - $120 depending on size
         Approximate O&M Costs:   None
         Vendor Name(s):
         Strike Products
         31785 64th Ave.
         Cannon Falls, MN  55009
         Phone: 800-262-4129
         Fax: 507-263-4891
         Email: tool@striketool.com
         www.striketool.com
Practitioners):
National Water Works
200 West Highway 6, Suite 620
Waco, TX 76712
         Key Words for Internet Search:
         Chimney seals, polyethylene, manholes
         Data Sources:
         www.striketool.com
         King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Wastewater Treatment Division. Pilot Project
         Report, Regional Infiltration and Inflow Control Program, King County, WA (October 2004)
         Vendor-supplied information
Conveyance Systems
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Emerging Technologies
                                                     JULY 2006
          Technology Summary
                                          Sanipor® Technology (fill and drain)
          Objective:
          Nonstructural rehabilitation of laterals, manholes
          and mainlines by sealing to prevent leaking
          and/or infiltration.
State of Development: Innovative
Although it has only been used in the United States
over the past year, Sanipor® Technology has been used
in Europe for over 10 years. In Germany, Sanipor®
Technology has been used and has had positive
results.
          Description:
          Repairs systems using two liquids (S-1 and S-2). After cleaning and closing off the main pipe, S-1 solution
          is pumped into the system. S-1 solution is able to get into the surrounding soil through leaking points. S-1
          is pumped out after approximately an hour and S-2 solution is pumped in. S-2 will also get through the leak
          points and into the surrounding soil, where it mixes with S-1 and forms a conglomerate-like solution that
          seals the leak points. S-2 is pumped out after an hour and the line is then flushed clean and reconnected to
          the system.

          Available Cost Information:
          Approximate Capital Cost:  $3,600/day (equipment and crew); $17.99/gallon (S-2 solution)
          Approximate O&M Costs:   Unknown
          Vendor Name(s):
          AKZO Nobel EKA Chemicals
          Marietta, GA

          Sanipor®
          Feldkirchen, Germany
          www.sanipor.de/sanipor.htm
Practitioner(s):
Lafayette Utilities Systems
1314 Walker Road
Lafayette, LA 70501
          Key Words for Internet Search:
          Sanipor®, no dig, manhole renovation, coatings, flood grouting
          Data Sources:
          Case Study-Sanipor Pilot 2003 in Lafayette, LA (https://www.latech.edu/tech/engr/ttc/werf/)
          Telephone conversation with Jadranka Simicevic (Trenchless Technology Center)
          jandranka@coes.latech.edu
          Jason Consultants International, Inc. New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer Pipe
          Materials and Technology. Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000)
4-8
                                          Conveyance Systems

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JULY 2006
                                       Emerging Technologies
                                                                          Technology Summary
                                        Sewer Odor and Corrosion Control Inserts
            Objective:
            Prevent the release of odorous gases in drop
            manholes and force main discharges to sewer
            manholes.
State of Development: Innovative
This technology has been available since 1998 but only
recently has been used in approximately 30 locations.
            Description:
            Patented by IPEX Inc., the spiral flow design of the vortex flow pulls odorous air downward towards the
            bottom of the structure. The entrained air raises the dissolved oxygen (DO) in the sewage and is able to
            partially oxidize the reduced gases in solution in the sewage. Because the process operates at a slight
            vacuum, odorous gases are not released from the liquid. The system requires a drop in elevation of at least
            6 feet for the process to work correctly.

            Available Cost Information:
            Approximate Capital Cost:  $5,000  plus $2,000 for each million gallons per day capacity
            Approximate O&MCosts:  $0 - unit is self-cleaning
            The approximate capital cost of the unit is based on its size as each unit is custom fabricated for a given
                                     flow and drop height.
            Vendor Name(s):
            IPEX, Inc.
            2441 Royal Windsor Drive
            Mississauga, Ontario J5J 407
            Canada
            Phone: 800-463-9572
            Fax: 905-403-9195
            E-mail: ricsta@ipexinc.com
Practitioner(s):
Rummel, Klepper & Kahl, LLP
81 Mosher Street
Baltimore, MD 21217
            Key Words for Internet Search:
            Odor, corrosion, control, manholes, sewer, inserts, vortex, flow
            Data Sources:
            Vendor-supplied information
Conveyance Systems
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Emerging Technologies
                                                  JULY 2006
                                                                             Technology Summary
                                           Glass-Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Inserts
             Objective:
             Structural rehabilitation of brick and precast
             manholes.
State of Development: Embryonic
This technology is in the laboratory development stage.
             Description:
             Fiber reinforced, filled, thermoset resin manhole inserts are custom designed to be installed in manholes
             of various diameters and depths. The installation procedure includes excavating the existing manhole to a
             depth that facilitates removal of the frame and cone (or corbel). The new glass-reinforced plastic manhole
             insert is placed within the existing manhole barrel and the annular space between the two is filled with
             grout. The invert and bench are reformed and the rehabilitated manhole is backfilled to complete the
             installation.

             Available Cost Information:
             Approximate Capital Cost:  Unknown
             Approximate O&M Costs:   Periodic visual inspections recommended.
             As of publication date, capital cost data was not available for this embryonic technology.  It is anticipated
             that GRP manhole inserts will be comparable in price to fiberglass manhole inserts.
             Vendor Name(s):
             Insituform Technologies, Inc.
             17999 Edison Avenue
             Chesterfield, MO 63005
             Phone: 636-530-8000
             Fax: 636-530-8744
             E-mail: losborne@insituform.com
Practitioner(s):
See website for practitioners/case studies:
http://www.amitechuse.com/studies.htm
             Key Words for Internet Search:
             Glass-reinforced plastics, panel, pipe, manholes
             Data Sources:
             Vendor-supplied information
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Conveyance  Systems  Management
 5.1  Introduction
           Conveyance systems management includes two distinct types of management tools. Any
           technological tool that can be used for asset management purposes to track maintenance
           and inspection records, complaint and emergency response efforts, and utility information
           can be considered a conveyance  system management tool. On the other end of the
           spectrum, a program,  public outreach  effort, or regional collaboration that has been
           established to assist in the decision-making process and planning for a given conveyance
           system has also been classified as a conveyance system management tool. Both of these
           identified conveyance systems management tools have the same goal, which is to reduce
           operation and maintenance efforts, and in turn costs, through effective planning.
 5.2   Technology Assessment
           With the release of the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) Statement
           No. 34 in June 1999, many municipalities have begun to focus on the importance of
           proper asset management, including utilities such as conveyance systems. Many of
           the technologies associated with conveyance systems management  have  been newly
           developed and can be considered innovative, including programs that broaden the use of
           geographic information system (CIS) for municipal applications. Others, such as proactive
           sewer maintenance program and public outreach on the impact of fats, oils, and grease
           (FOG), are well established, but may be underutilized on a national scale.

           The state of development of conveyance system management technologies is summarized
           in Table 5.1. An evaluation of the  innovative technologies identified is presented in Figure
           5.1. Summary sheets for each  innovative technology are provided at the end of this
           chapter.
                                                          Conveyance Systems
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V
hi
                                                                                                                            CD
                                                                                                                            £
                Table 5.1   Conveyance System Management Technologies - State of Development
                                                                                                                            CD
                                                                                                                            n
                                                                                                                            CD
                                                                                                                            en
                     Established
               Innovative
Embryonic
r
I
       Public Outreach on Fats, Oils, and Grease (FOG)
       Sewer Maintenance Program
ESRI-Based One-Call Ticket Management
Mobile GIS
Regional I/I Control Program
                                                                               c_
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                                                                               o
                                                                               o
                                                                               O5

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          Figure 5.1    Evaluation of Conveyance System Management Innovative Technologies
                                                                                                                                             c_
                                                                                                                                             C
                                                                                                                                             ( '!
                                                                                                                                             o
                                                                                                                                             O5
ESRI-Based One-Call Ticket Management

Mobile GIS
Regional I/I Control Prog
                     ICB    M     0

                 L   ICB    M     0   A    A    V
           State of Development
 KEY
 D = Demonstration project
 L = Limited municipal installations
 I  = Full-scale industrial applications, with potential
 0= Full-scale operations overseas
 N= Full-scale operations in North America
           Applicability
I = Industrial
S = Municipal sanitary
T = Municipal storm
C= Municipal combined
    for application in municipal conveyance systems   B = Municipal sanitary and storm   R= Restored structural integrity
         Potential Benefits
C= Capital savings
0= Operational/maintenance savings
I = Inflow/infiltration reduction
S = SSO/CSO reduction
                            M= Improved maintenance tracking/manage-
                               ment
  Comparative Criteria
A    Positive feature

©   Neutral or mixed

V   Negative feature
                                                                                                                                             CD
                                                                                                                                             tfi

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Emerging Technologies
                                                                    JULY 2006
             Technology Summary
                                                ESRI-Based One-Call Ticket
             Objective:
             Managing the process of determining and
             validating the One-Call sites for buried or
             underground infrastructure
                   State of Development: Innovative
                   One-call ticket management is an established
                   technology; however, one new product is compatible
                   with Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI),
                   a leading GIS software developer. The Dig-Smart
                   Program has been available for approximately one
                   year. There are six municipalities in New York State
                   currently utilizing the technology, and the program has
                   also been used in CA.
             Description:
             Dig-Smart works in conjunction with Arc View GIS program. It provides an automated process to locate
             areas on incoming One-Call ticket numbers. It determines if the area is near buried underground utilities
             based on GIS date. Dig-Smart will automatically use this data to determine if a stake-out is required. Using
             GIS, this program will create a map with the geographic location of the ticket number and route the ticket
             number(s) to the proper utility companies where physical stake-outs are needed and automatically generate
             work orders. ESRI-based one-call ticket management software is compatible with programs currently
             mandated in all 50 states.
             Available Cost Information:
             Approximate Capital Costs:
             Approximate O&M Costs:
Dig Smart (professional) = $3,000 per license
Dig-Smart (Enterprise) = $9,000 primary license with $3,000 for each second-
ary license
$500-$1,200 per year, based upon the type of license purchased (this in-
cludes technical support as well as upgrade services).
             Vendor Name(s):
             Bergmann Associates P.O.
             40 La Riviere Drive
             Waterfront Village Center
             Buffalo, NY  14202
             Phone:71-852-3211
             www.dig-smart.com
                   Practitioner(s):
                   Monroe County Environmental Services
                   50 West Main Street, Suite 7100
                   Rochester, NY 14614
             Key Words for Internet Search:
             Automated mapping, utilities GIS, Dig-Smart
             Data Sources:
             Schenkel, P., and J. Schoenberg. "Monroe County, New York, Maximizes Dig-Smart and the Enterprise GIS
             for Complete Ticket Management." ESRI Water Writes (Winter 2004)
             Vendor-supplied information
5-4
                                                          Conveyance Systems

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JULY 2006
                                       Emerging Technologies
                                                                           Technology Summary
            Objective:
            Maintains up-to-date records of systems integrity
            in a system that is installed on the palm pilot
            and allows the user(s) to create database
            applications (i.e. routine sewer inspection
            checklist).
State of Development: Innovative
The program itself has been around for approximately 5
years but only recently been used in the industry.
            Description:
            The program tool installed on a mobile device, such as a palm pilot, allows personnel to link data
            collected in the field to authorities using GIS programs. At the end of each day, the information collected is
            downloaded to a central computer. From there, the information is shared with all department authorities as
            well as persons involved in work on the system itself. The mobile device can be very cost effective and is
            primarily used for simple tasks, such as routine maintenance inspections.

            Available Cost Information:
            Approximate Capital Cost:   -$12,000 for palm pilots, applications, and Pen Dragon Program
            Approximate O&M Costs:  Capital costs include O&M costs
            Note: Palm pilots cost approximately $50 to $60 each, which allows for variability of capital costs due to the
            number of palm pilots needed for a project. Pen Dragon costs approximately $2,000 and the application to
            run Pen Dragon is about $7,000.
            Vendor Name(s):
            Pendragon Software Corporation
            1580 S. Milwaukee Ave., Suite 515
            Libertyville, IL 60048
Practitioner(s):
Clayton County Water Authority
1600 Battle Creek Road
Morrow, GA 30260
Email: BTaylor@ccwal.com
            Key Words for Internet Search:
            Palm pilot software, GIS, handheld devices
            Data Sources:
            "CCWA Using New Technology to Inspect System Pipes." Water & Wastes Digest. 44 (August 2004)
            Bey, G., G Ramon, C. Stern. "Empowering Utility Field Crews With a Mobile GIS and Field Service
            Management System." ESRI
            Vendor-supplied information
Conveyance Systems
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Emerging Technologies
                                                                         JULY 2006
            Technology Summary
                                                    Regional I/I Program
             Objective:
             Quantify, locate and assess the most cost effective
             measures and infiltration and inflow goals that
             should be pursued by a given region.
                        State of Development: Innovative
                        King County, WA, is taking a unique regional
                        approach to I/I control. A report summarizing the
                        results of the 10 pilot I/I control projects was made
                        available to the public in October 2004.
             Description:
             Regional Infiltration/Inflow (I/I) Control Program is based on a cooperative partnership between King County
             and 32 local component agencies. The six-year program included flow monitoring at over 800 locations
             to identify I/I in the overall system, ten pilot I/I control projects utilizing different rehabilitation techniques,
             evaluating financial options and solutions, and design of a long-term control program for the local agencies
             and the County.  The program is aimed at reducing I/I in the County's wastewater conveyance interceptors
             and treatment facilities as well as local agency collection systems.
             Available Cost Information:
             Approximate Capital Cost:   Pilot project construction cost: $7.8 million
             Approximate O&M Costs:    Pilot project total cost: $12 million
             The pilot project total cost includes costs for construction, sewer system-evaluation study (SSES), design,
             pre- and post-rehabilitation flow monitoring, construction management, modeling and analysis. A reduction
             in I/I was observed as a result of eight of the ten pilot sanitary sewer rehabilitation construction projects
             undertaken. Through the program, the County successfully demonstrated that I/I cana be identified,located,
             and reduced through collection system monitoring and rehabilitation, as well as strong communication
             between public and private stakeholders.
             Vendor Name(s):
             Not applicable
Practitioner(s):
King County
Department of Natural Resources and
Parks
Wastewater Treatment Division
201 S. Jackson St., Suite 505
Seattle, WA 98104-3184
Phone: 206-263-3184
Fax: 206-684-1741
E-mail: mary.lundt@metrokc.gov
             Key Words for Internet Search:
             Infiltration/inflow, I/I control program, sewer program

             Data Sources:
             Telephone communication with Mary Lundt, King County (15 September 2004)
             http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wtd/i-i
             Bergstrom, E., P.E., B. Swarner, P.E., and M. Lopez, PE. "Infiltration and  Inflow (I/I) Reduction in 10 Pilot
             Projects, King County, WA," Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation Collection Systems 2005
             Conference,  Sustaining Aging Infrastructure: System, Workforce and Funding (CD-ROM), Boston, MA
             (17-20 July 2005)
             King County  Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Wastewater Treatment Division. Pilot Project
             Report, Regional Infiltration and Inflow Control Program, King County, WA (October 2004)
5-6
                                                              Conveyance Systems

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Capacity  Restoration
 6.1   Introduction
            Capacity restoration refers to removing blockages, excess flow, or any hindrances that
            restrict flow through a conveyance system. Flow restrictions often are the cause of sanitary
            and combined sewer overflows.
 6.2   Technology Assessment
           A summary of innovative, emerging, and established technologies for capacity restoration
           is provided in Table 6.1. Capacity restoration can be achieved by implementing structural
           best management practices to prevent debris  grit and  excess flow from entering a
           conveyance  system; conducting regular cleaning of the sewer system; and identifying
           and removing any illicit connections to a conveyance system that would contribute excess
           flow, such as roof drains, footer drains, basement sump pumps,  and storm/sanitary sewer
           interconnections.

           Many of the  capacity restoration techniques listed in Table 6.1 are well established for
           municipal  and industrial use.  However, four technologies considered to be innovative
           or embryonic, were identified. These include an  in-line grit removal system for use with
           bridge stormwater collection systems,  and two new cleaning techniques for conveyance
           systems. An evaluation  of the one innovative technology identified is also provided in
           Figure 6.1.

           Summary sheets for each innovative and embryonic technology are provided at the end
           of this chapter.
                                                            Conveyance Systems
6-1

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C9
hi
                  Table 6.1   Capacity Restoration Technologies—State of Development
                                                                                                                                       CD
                                                                                                                                       £
                                                                                                                                       CD
                                                                                                                                       n
r
I
                 Established
      Basement Sump Pump Redirection
      Foundation/Footer Drain Redirection
      Interconnection Elimination
      Roof Drain Redirection
      Root Removal and Control
      Storm Water Infiltration  Pumps
                    Innovative
Above-Grade Grit Removal System (Bridge applications)
HDD Attachments for Culvert Cleaning
Pigging (force main cleaning)
                Embryonic
Culvert Cleaning System
                                                                                                                                       CD
                                                                                                                                       en
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                                                                                                 c

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                                                                                                 o
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                   Figure  6.1    Evaluation of Capacity Restoration Innovative  Technologies
                                                                                                                                                  c_
                                                                                                                                                  C
                                                                                                                                                  ( '!
                                                                                                                                                  a
                                                                                                                                                   '
Above-Grade Grit Removal System
HDD Attachments for Culvert Cleaning

Pigging (force main cleaning)
                          JOS   0   A    A   A

                           S    0   A    N/A  N/A
                            s   e
            State of Development
   KEY
   D= Demonstration project
   L = Limited municipal installations
   I = Full-scale industrial applications, with potential
   0= Full-scale operations overseas
   N= Full-scale operations in North America
           Applicability
I  = Industrial
S = Municipal sanitary
T = Municipal storm
C= Municipal combined
     for application in municipal conveyance systems   B = Municipal sanitary and storm    R= Restored structural integrity
         Potential Benefits
C= Capital savings
0= Operational/maintenance savings
I = Inflow/infiltration reduction
S = SSO/CSO reduction
                             /!= Improved maintenance tracking/manage-
                                ment
  Comparative Criteria
A    Positive feature

©   Neutral or mixed

V   Negative feature
                                                                                                                                                  CD
                                                                                                                                                  tn

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Emerging Technologies
                                                  JULY 2006
             Technology Summary
                                            Above-Grade Grit Removal Sys'
             Objective:
             Simplify maintenance activities and minimize
             maintenance costs by preventing excess sand
             and debris from entering and clogging an
             existing storm water system.
State of Development: Innovative
One full-scale above-grade grit removal system has
been installed on the Peace Bridge, the international
border crossing between Buffalo, New York, and Fort
Erie, Ontario.
             Description:
             The above-grade grit removal system consists of an above grade grit trap unit; concrete pad and curbing
             for overflow containment; and a deep catch basin that are designed to receive flows from a bridge scupper
             drain system. The grit trap unit is a standard roll-off container with a removable tarp cover. A square hole in
             the cover allows water to enter the container from the bridge deck above. Storm water flows to the front end
             of the grit trap, where it passes through a filter screen and is discharged to the catch basin through a series
             of outlets, attached to a watertight access door.
             Available Cost Information:
             Approximate Capital Cost:   Under $10,000 for fabricated 20 cubic foot grit trap unit.
             Approximate O&M Costs:   Under $200 annually (assuming one cleaning per year)
             The O&M Costs include labor, hauling costs, and disposal at landfill. Annual costs may vary based on
             classification of sediment material at landfill and municipal labor rates.
             Vendor Name(s):
             Parsons
             180 Lawrence Bell Drive, Suite 104
             Williamsville, NY  14221
             Phone: 716-633-7074
             Fax: 716-633-7195
             E-mail: jaime.davidson@parsons.com
Practitioner(s):
Buffalo and Fort Erie Public Bridge Authority
One Peace Bridge Plaza
Buffalo, NY 14213
             KeyWords for Internet Search:
             Grit removal system, above grade, Peace Bridge
             Data Sources:
             Practitioner-supplied information
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                                       Conveyance Systems

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JULY 2006
                                        Emerging Technologies
                                                                             Technology Summary
                                           HDD Attachments for Culvert Cleaning
            Objective:
            Remove soil and debris from culverts without
            damage to the culvert or need for replacement of
            the structure.
State of Development: Innovative
Now considered recently established, as work has been
done in over 800 municipalities. Recently patented
horizontal directional drilling (HDD) attachment. As of
5/2005,160 units sold to clean nearly 1,800 culverts in
38 states.
            Description:
            The first attachment in the patented process is a barrel reamer, a round tool with fins and water jets. The
            barrel reamer rotates through the pipe, mixing water with the debris. The tool also allows the operator to
            assess the integrity of the pipe and the type of debris. After the barrel  reamer, operators attach either a
            push bucket or pull bucket, to move the material and dispose of it properly. Square box buckets are also
            available. The barrel reamers are strong enough to cut through tree roots and move large rocks. A brush
            attachment is also available to fine clean the culvert. Attachment sizes accommodate between 6 and 110
            inch culverts. The attachments provide the advantage of a controlled environment by allowing the push or
            pull of debris, that may be contaminated, away from sensitive areas such as streams or creeks.
            Available Cost Information:
            Approximate Capital Cost:   Proprietary equipment not for public sale. Cleaning services typically subcon-
                                      tracted.
            Approximate O&MCosts:   $1/diameter-inch/LF for cleaning by a licensed contractor

            Note: For example, a 18-inch-diameter pipe would cost $18/LF to clean. Horizontal direction drilling (HDD)
            machines are also required. As with most costs, this is subject to change based on the type of material
            being removed (i.e. silt, rock, vegetation, broken pipe material, etc.), whether or not contamination is
            present, accessibility issues, etc.
            Vendor Name(s):
            Harr Technologies, LLC
            Mosca, CO
            Phone: 719-523-4090
Practitioner(s):
See website for practitioners/case studies:
http://www.harrtech.com/culvertcleaning.aspx
            Key Words for Internet Search:
            Culvert cleaning, pipe cleaning, horizontal directional drilling, attachments, nozzles
            Data Sources:
            Deering, Tara. "Attachments for HDD Machines" Rocky Mountain Construction
            Vendor-supplied information
Conveyance Systems
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Emerging Technologies
                                                                                                 JULY 2006
             Technology Summary
                                               Pigging (Force Main Cleaning)
             Objective:
             Cleaning, confirmation of pipeline integrity,
             increasing carry capacity, reduce pumping
             pressure required to maintain flow.
                                             State of Development: Innovative
                                             Although pigging has been around over 30 years,
                                             for natural gas and petroleum pipes, pigs have only
                                             recently been used in application for the wastewater
                                             systems industry.
             Description:
             A pipeline pig acts like a free moving piston inside the pipeline by sealing against the inside wall with a
             number of sealing elements. Pigs perform numerous tasks including cleaning debris from the line and
             removing residuals. This method begins by inserting various size, shape, texture, and/or density pigs into
             a launch that is either attached to the existing system or installed new. The diameter, texture, and density
             increase with each pass of the pig (also referred to as "progressive pigging") as several pigs are used.
             When launched, the pig is pushed through the system with a differential  pressure that is greater than the
             pressure in front of the pig. The pig is ejected out the other end of the system leaving a clean pipe behind.

             Available Cost Information:
             Approximate Capital Cost:

             Approximate O&M Costs:
                          Ranges from $2,000 and up for installation of an 8-inch-diameter launcher
                          plus the cost of a Y connection and Y valve.
                          $23 per each 8-inch-diameter B-1/G-1 pig. Subcontractor cleaning cost
                          ranges from $1 - $5 per foot depending on pipe length.
Costs for pigging are extremely variable based on  pipe material, pipe diameter, and the material being
cleaned (i.e. biological scaling, iron scaling).
             Vendor Name(s):
             Pipeline Pigging Products
             P.O. Box 690052
             Houston, TX 77269
                                              Practitioner(s):
                                              Montauk Services, Inc.
                                              84A Johnson Avenue
                                              Hackensack, NJ 07601
             Key Words for Internet Search:
             Pipeline pigging, industrial pipe, pig cleaning services, wastewater
             Data Sources:
             Vendor-supplied information
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                                       Emerging Technologies
                                                                          Technology Summary
                                               Culvert Cleaning Syst
           Objective:
           Cleans culverts and vacuums emulsified material
           simultaneously.
State of Development: Embryonic
This technology has been around for less than one year
and is still in the research and development stages.
           Description:
           A vacuum unit with variable sized cleaning tools with dual rotating nozzles that are constantly moving is
           used. This unit is extended into the culvert pipe. A rubber boot at the bottom assists with pushing debris
           while maintaining contact with the pipe. While this is running the vacuum sucks debris and stores it in a
           tank for later disposal.
           Available Cost Information:
           Approximate Capital Cost:  $14,500 - $17,000
           Approximate O&M Costs:   Unknown
           Costs are dependent upon auger system and accessories.
           Vendor Name(s):
           Ring-0-Matic Manufacturers, Inc.
           P.O. Box 305
           Pella, IA 50219
           Email: infor@ringomatic.com
Practitioner(s):
Oklahoma Department of Transportation
2800 South 32nd Street
Muskogee, OK 74401
           Key Words for Internet Search:
           Culvert cleaning, pipe cleaning, vacuum, culvert maintenance
           Data Sources:
           Vendor-supplied information
Conveyance Systems
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Emerging Technologies                                                                              JULY 2006
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Conveyance System Assessment
     7.1  Introduction
               This chapter focuses on any technique or tool that is used to monitor, assess, and/or
               evaluate the condition of an existing conveyance system.
     7.2  Technology Assessment
               Being able to fully understand and monitor the condition of an existing system is critical
               to developing an appropriate maintenance program and to ensuring the integrity of an
               entire conveyance system. A summary of the state of development of conveyance system
               assessment technologies is provided in Table 7.1.

               Conveyance systems evaluation technologies are continuously emerging as technological
               advancements are made. For example, systems are available for use in the field that can
               provide an accurate picture of the structural integrity and flow characteristics of a given
               pipe. Soon,  this  equipment will  be  permanently embedded into  conveyance  systems
               components, termed "smart infrastructure," and will be capable of alerting a technician at
               a remote location of any critical structural failures or flow hindrances.

               Figure 7.1 includes an evaluation of the innovative technologies identified. Summary
               sheets for each innovative and  embryonic technology are  provided at the end of this
               chapter.
                                                           Conveyance Systems
7-1

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hi
                 Table 7.1 Conveyance System Assessment Technologies - State of Development
                                                                                         CD
                                                                                         £
                                                                                                                                        CD
                                                                                                                                        n
r
I
                     Established
      Closed-Circuit Television Inspection
      Digital Camera Inspection (mobile)
      Ground-Penetrating Radar
                Innovative
Digital Camera Inspection (mounted)
FELL (Focused Electrode Leak Locator)
 Electro-Scanning
Laser Profiling/3D Scanning,/Sonar
Sewer Scanner and Evaluation Technology
  (SSET)
TISCIT (Totally Integrated Sonar & CCTV
  Integrated Technique)
Wireless Monitoring Systems
                Embryonic
Pipe Mechanical/Structural Reliability Analysis
Smart Sewer Assessment Systems
                                                                                                                                        CD
                                                                                                                                        en
                                                                                         c_
                                                                                         c

                                                                                         fO
                                                                                         o
                                                                                         o
                                                                                         O5

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          Figure 7.1    Evaluation of Conveyance System Assessment Innovative Technologies
                                                                                                                                                       c_
                                                                                                                                                       C
                                                                                                                                                       ( '!
                                                                                                                                                       o
                                                                                                                                                       O5
Digital Camera Inspection
FELL (Focused Electrode Leak Locator

Laser Profiling/30 Scanning/Sonar
Sewer Scanner and Evaluation Technolog
  ireiess monitoring system

            State of Development
Demonstration project
Limited municipal installations
Full-scale industrial applications, with potential for
application in municipal conveyance systems
Full-scale operations overseas
 "" ™le operations in North America
                                                Applicability
                                                        :ry and storm
          Potential Benefits
C = Capital savings
0 = Operational/maintenance savings
I  = Inflow/infiltration reduction
S = SSO/CSO reduction
R = Restored structural integrity
M = Improved maintenance tracking/managerr
Comparative Criteria
                                                                                                                         \leutral or mixed
                                                                                                                                                       CD
                                                                                                                                                       tfi

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Emerging Technologies
                                                 JULY 2006
             Technology Summary
                                                Digital Camera Inspe
             Objective:
             Screen and prioritize cleaning, more detailed
             inspection and repairs to manholes, storm
             sewers, and sanitary sewers.
State of Development: Innovative
Service provided for municipalities in six states on the
East Coast and 10 Indian Reservations.
             Description:
             The AquaZoom diagnostic camera is equipped with a tele-objective zoom lens used to gather information
             about the condition of storm water and wastewater collection systems. Manholes and pipes are inspected
             from the surface level, eliminating the risk and cost of confined space entry. The AquaZoom camera will
             pan 360° as it is lowered from street level for manhole inspection and view up to 75 feet in a 6-inch pipe
             segment and up to 700 feet for larger diameter pipelines.

             Available Cost Information:
             Approximate Capital Cost:   I nspection and analysis services typically subcontracted
             Approximate O&MCosts:   Video Inspection: $35/manhole and $115/pipe
                                      Diagnosis: $50/manhole and $125/pipe segment
             Diagnosis includes viewing, rating, and ranking the operational and structural condition of each manhole
             and pipe segment.
             Vendor Name(s):
             InfoMetrix, LLC
             500 Edgwater Drive, Suite 545
             Wakefield, MA 01880
             Phone: 781-245-4255
             Fax: 781-245-5338
             E-mail: info@Jnframetrix.com
             ww.inframetrix.com
Practitioner(s):
Town of Tonawanda
Water Resources Department
Water and Sewer Maintenance Division
525 Belmont Avenue
Buffalo, NY  14223
             Key Words for Internet Search:
             Digital inspection camera, mounted, pipe, water, municipal equipment
             Data Sources:
             http://www.epa.gov/ne/assistance/ceit iti/tech cos/aquazoom.html
             http://www.inframetrix.com/news.htmtfEPA
             Lenz, M., PE. Sanitary Sewer Inspections Meet 21st Century Technology, presented at the New York Water
             Environment Association Spring Technical Conference & Exhibition; Grand Island, NY
             (6-8 June 2005)
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                                       Conveyance Systems

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JULY 2006
                                                                                     Emerging Technologies
                                                                            Technology Summary
                                  FELL (Focused Electrode Leak Locator) Ele
Objective:
Generate maps that identify pipe defects and
can be used to better assess infiltration/inflow
(I/I) sources and amounts.
                                                         State of Development: Innovative
            Description:
            An electric current is used to determine the defects in the pipe that will be used to estimate I/I whether it is
            occurring at the time the inspection takes place or not. The electric current transfers data to an input device
            by measuring an electrical current flow between a probe that travels in the pipe and a surface electrode.
            Defects in the pipe cause a spike in the electrical signal because of the increase in conductivity where
            leaks may occur. Electro-scanning only works on nonconductive pipe and can be used for inspection of
            new sanitary sewer construction or for I/I assessments. Data results will identify size of defect and relative
            flow contribution.
            Available Cost Information:
            Approximate Capital Cost:  Inspection and analysis services typically subcontracted
            Approximate O&M Costs:   $1-$3 per linear foot; $2-$6 per lateral 25-100 feet
            Costs are highly dependent on size of pipe, accessibility to manholes, and other project specifics.
            Vendor Name(s):
            Metrotech
            488 Tasman Drive
            Sunnyvale, CA 94089
                                             Practitioner(s):
                                             See website for case studies
                                             www.fell41.com
            Key Words for Internet Search:
            Electro-Scanning, FELL (Focused Electrode Leak Locator)
            Data Sources:
            Lenz, M., RE. "Sanitary Sewer Inspections Meet 21st Century Technology," presented at the New York
            Water Environment Association Spring Technical Conference & Exhibition; Grand Island, NY (6-8 June
            2005)
            Simicevic, Jadranka, Raymond L. Sterling, Ahmad Habibian, Rick Nelson, Roger L. Tarbutton, and Alan
            Johnson. "Methods for Cost-Effective Rehabilitation of Private Lateral Sewers," Water Environment
            Research Foundation (WERF) (2006)
            Vendor-supplied information
Conveyance Systems
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Emerging Technologies
                                                    JULY 2006
           Technology Summary
                                           Laser Profilin
           Objective:
           Identifies actual pipe conditions, structural
           shape, deformations, deflections,  and debris
           accumulation from internal measurements.
State of Development: Innovative
           Description:
           The actual condition of the pipe is revealed by supplying data relating to the exact shape of the conduit,
           the magnitude, length, and location of deformations, location and position of laterals, and the area and
           perimeter of conduits' cross sectional areas. This data is collected by sending a laser generated source
           to the interior of a pipe and sending and receiving frequent data points. Sonar profiling is possible in wet
           areas and therefore is used in inspections of siphons and submerged/surcharged pipe. Laser profiling is
           performed with a point or line laser and may be enhanced with a technology including a rotating laser. The
           rotating laser collects a 360 degree view of the pipe to build a 3D virtual pipe model.

           Available Cost Information:
           Approximate Capital Cost:  Inspection and analysis services typically subcontracted
           Approximate O&M Costs:   $2-$3 per linear foot.
           The addition of the technology allowing 360-degree view of the pipe with laser profiling will increase costs
           to an estimated $10-$20 per linear foot.
           Vendor Name(s):
           Hydromax, USALLC
           1766 Brent Drive
           Newburgh, IN 47630
Practitioner(s):
Redzone Robotics
www.redzone.com
           Key Words for Internet Search:
            Laser Profiling, Sewer, Pipe Profiling, 3D Scanning, Sonar
           Data Sources!
           Lenz, M., PE. "Sanitary Sewer Inspections Meet 21st Century Technology," presented at the New York
           Water Environment Association Spring Technical Conference & Exhibition; Grand Island, NY.
           (6-8 June 2005)
           Vendor-supplied information
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JULY 2006
                                         Emerging Technologies
                                                                          Technology Summary
                                    Sewer Scanner and Evaluation Technology (SSET)
          Objective:
          Inspect sewer lines using optical scanners and
          gyroscope technology.
State of Development: Innovative
SSET has been implemented in 20-35 cities throughout
the United States.
          Description:
          This system scans and digitizes in forward direction and the total surface of the sewers that can be used to
          generate color coded computer images. This helps in getting better quality of images that can be magnified
          and viewed to assess the damage on the pipelines.
          Available Cost Information:
          Approximate Capital Cost:   $80,000 system
          Approximate O&M Costs:   $4,000/week for data acquisition plus $200,000 for data analysis
          The SSET system cost does not include the cost of the vehicle that carries the system.
          Vendor Name(s):
          Hydromax USA
          9921 Spring Ridge Drive
          Louisville, KY  40223
Practitioner(s):
See website for case studies
www.hydromaxusa.com
          Key Words for Internet Search:
          Evaluation of SSET (Sewer Scanner and Evaluation Technology), digital diagnosis, sewer pipes

          Data Sources:
          Lenz, M., RE. "Sanitary Sewer Inspections Meet 21st Century Technology," presented at the New York Water
          Environment Association Spring Technical Conference & Exhibition; Grand Island, NY (6-8 June 2005)
          http://www.new-technologies.org/ECT/Civil/sset.htm
          http://www.cerf.ora/ceitec/eval/onaoina/sset.htm
          Vendor-supplied information
Conveyance Systems
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Emerging Technologies
                                                 JULY 2006
            Technology Summary
                                 TISCIT (Totally Integrated Sonar & CCTV Inspection Technique)
            Objective:
            To assess partially submerged pipes when
            by-passing the flow is not possible by assessing
            above and below the waterline.
State of Development: Innovative
             Description:
             A combination of CCTV (closed circuit television) and sonar technologies are used to assess the pipe above
             and below the waterline. Sonar technology is operated with the high frequencies and rotating equipment to
             allow a scan of the full wet perimeter of the sewer. Simultaneously, the CCTV equipment is retrieving images
             producing information for the assessment of the structural and hydraulic conditions of the sewer.
            Available Cost Information:
            Approximate Capital Cost:  Inspection and analysis services typically subcontracted.
            Approximate O&MCosts:   $2.50-$3 per linear foot
            Vendor Name(s):
            Future Amtec
            http:\\fesuk.com
Practitioner(s):
City of August, GA
www.agustaga.gov/departments/utilities/current_projects.
asp
             Key Words for Internet Search:
             TISCIT, CCTV, sonar, trunk sewer, sewer maintenance, surcharged sewers

             Data Sources:
             Lenz, M., RE. "Sanitary Sewer Inspections Meet 21st Century Technology," presented at the New York Water
             Environment Association Spring Technical Conference & Exhibition; Grand Island, NY (6-8 June 2005)
             Andrews, M.E. RE. "Large Diameter Sewer Condition Assessment Using Combined Sonar and CCTV
             Equipment," APWA International Public Works Congress, NRCC/CPWA Seminar Series: "Innovations in Urban
             Infrastructure." Ottawa, Canada
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                                       Conveyance Systems

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JULY 2006
                                        Emerging Technologies
                                                                         Technology Summary
                                            Wireless Monitoring Systems
          Objective:
          Monitor and record data of combined sewer
          overflows (CSOs) and santitary sewer overflows
          (SSOs) in conveyance systems and lift stations.
State of Development: Innovative
This technology is currently in use by 25 municipalities
in the United States.
          Description:
          The SSO-33 is a compact recorder that is enclosed in a water-tight case and will monitor and document
          CSO/SSO events in a conveyance system. Each event is recorded and stamped to show date, time, water
          level and duration. A wireless communication setup relays recorded data for critical point monitoring. The R-
          33 is a compact recorder that monitors the intermittent on/off operation of each pump and the flow through
          a lift station. The total water flow of each recording period is used to document CSOs and SSOs.

          Available Cost Information:
          Approximate Capital Cost:  $2,500 for an individual  recorder
          Approximate O&MCosts:  Minimal
          Capital cost is just for the recorder and does not include installation, which is done by the customer.
          O&M cost is very low and  includes battery replacement or cost of electrical utility.
          Vendor Name(s):
          Telog Industries, Inc.
          830 Canning Parkway
          Victor, NY 14564
          Phone: 585-742-3000
          Fax: 585-742-3006
          http://www.telog.com
Practitioner(s):
Massachusetts Water Resource Authority
Charlestown Navy Yard
100 First Avenue
Boston, MA 02129
          Key Words for Internet Search:
          Monitoring system, sewer pipe, wireless, flow meter system, CSO, SSO

          Data Sources:
          http://www.teloa.com/downloads/Teloaers  brochure ws.pdf
          Vendor-supplied information
Conveyance Systems
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Emerging Technologies
                                                 JULY 2006
             Technology Summary
                                       Pipe Mechanical/Structural Reliability Analysis
             Objective:
             Integrated mechanical-electronic system to
             inspect different kinds of pipes.
State of Development: Embryonic
This technology is currently being used in France.
             Description:
             This technology (MAC system) assesses the reliability of the pipe by pipe-soil interactive structural
             behavior. The mechanical component of the system applies nondestructive loads and measures the
             displacement while the electronic component analyzes results.
             Available Cost Information:
             Approximate Capital Cost:   Unknown
             Approximate O&MCosts:   Unknown
             As of publication date, cost datea was not available for this embryonic technology.
             Vendor Name(s):
             None
Practitioner(s):
None
             KeyWords for Internet Search:
             Pipe structure evaluating system, structural reliability analysis, mechanical technologies
             Data Sources:
             http://www.new-technologies.org/ECT/Civil/pipeeval.htm
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                                      Conveyance Systems

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JULY 2006
                                          Emerging Technologies
                                                                       Technology Summary
                                        Smart Sewer Assessment Systems
         Objective:
         Use an automated system with artificial
         intelligence to assess cracks and leaks on pipes.
State of Development: Embryonic
         Description:
         Three different kinds of the technology are available. The KARO system consists of three parts; a mobile
         control, surveillance station and a mobile robot. The mobile robot has a 3D sensor, and ultra sonic sensor
         and a microwave sensor for the inspection of pipes. The PIRAT system consists of a laser scanner for a
         drained pipe and sonar scanner for flooded pipes. The TriScan system consists of a TV-system equipped
         with a laser distance sensor.
         Available Cost Information:
         Approximate Capital Cost:   Unknown.
         Approximate O&MCosts:   Unknown
         These three systems are still prototypes and are not currently being manufactured. These systems were
         experimental research and development projects that for one reason or another never got off the ground.
         Vendor Name(s):

         CSIRO Project Engineer
         Locked Bag 9
         Preston 3072 Australia
         Phone: +61 3 9662-7756
         Fax: +61 3 9662-7853
         Email: robin.kirkham@csiro.au
Practitioner(s):

None
         Key Words for Internet Search:
         Emerging construction technology, smart sewer assessment, back-up prevention

         Data Sources:
         http://www.new-technologies.org/ECT/Civil/smartsew.htm
         http://vision.cmit.csiro.au
         http://www.optimess.com
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Emerging Technologies                                                                              JULY 2006
7-12                                                                                   Conveyance Systems

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   Chapter
Research  Needs
 8.1   Introduction
            In order to reclassify any technology that is considered to be innovative or embryonic,
            additional research and field demonstration projects are necessary. This chapter focuses
            on specific technologies that may have a significant impact  on conveyance system
            construction rehabilitation and management and the relevant research needs in these
            areas.
 8.2   Research Needs
           Many of the wastewater collection and conveyance systems in the country were built
           more than 100 years ago. Maintenance, replacement, and rehabilitation practices during
           the ensuing period have resulted in a patchwork of technologies in collection systems. In
           order to adequately preserve the collection system infrastructure, protect the environment,
           and accommodate growth, new and improved solutions and technologies for wastewater
           collection systems are necessary.

           Emerging  and innovative technologies can provide more  cost-efficient and effective
           solutions to the problems associated with deteriorating wastewater collection systems.
           Research and technical issues can be grouped into three areas: (1) assessment of system
           integrity; (2) operation, maintenance, and rehabilitation; and (3) new construction.

           Assessment of System Integrity

           A thorough assessment  of system  integrity is  based on flow monitoring and physical
           condition assessment elements.

           Flow Monitoring

           The primary issues  related to flow  monitoring are accuracy and  reliability. Improved
           accuracy, or an indication of  the error of measurement, are areas where  research is
           necessary.
                                                             Conveyance Systems
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Emerging Technologies                                                                    JULY 2005


            Physical Condition Assessment

            A thorough assessment of the physical condition of the collection system is critical to
            maintain the integrity of the system. An assessment identifies structural features that may
            require correction and establishes priorities for rehabilitation or replacement. Predicting
            the likelihood of failure and the associated risk analysis are key elements of the evaluation.
            The primary research issue associated with physical condition assessment is how to
            effectively detect and locate defects and failures in the collection system. There is a need
            to standardize and better define inspection procedures and techniques.  Since nearly, all
            inspection techniques depend on visual observations; interpretation of defect severity is
            the greatest limitation.

            There is a need to further evaluate emerging evaluation technologies  to document
            performance and cost under both controlled-condition testing and field testing for a variety
            of system characteristics and components. There is also a need to investigate the concept
            of "intelligent systems" for remote sensing  and monitoring the structural integrity.

            Current research needs  involve the development  of predictive tools  or performance
            indicators for measuring degradation of conveyance systems. The intent of this research
            is to enable municipalities to identify areas for rehabilitation to strategically focus effort in
            areas most likely to need  attention.

            Additional research may  result in  the development of a remote sensing system based
            on  electrochemical impedance techniques and electrochemical polarization decay for
            monitoring corrosion in underground pipes encased in concrete.

            Operation, Maintenance, and Rehabilitation

            Fundamental research is  needed in these areas:

                •  Address private ownership issues associated with established  rehabilitation
                  and replacement practices  in house and service laterals. Since many utilities do
                  not have access or control of these lines, the private ownership issues must be
                  addressed and trenchless  technologies that can accommodate bends and  line
                  configurations are needed to minimize property disturbance.

                •  Determine the  longevity  and performance of rehabilitation methods under the
                  various conditions to provide comparative data on cost effectiveness.

                •  Evaluate new and improved repair and replacement technologies/methodologies.

                •  Evaluate approaches to optimize and assess O&M programs.

                •  Evaluate the performance of sealers (grouts and liners) under various conditions
                  and wastewater chemistry.

                •  Evaluate alternatives to remove roots and prevent root growth.

                •  Develop a standardized rating system for sewer system evalaution tools.

            Table 8.1 summarizes conveyance system research needs.
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JULY 2006
                                                                            Emerging Technologies
                      Table 8.1   Conveyance System Research Needs
                    Category
           Large-Diameter Sewers
           and Deep Tunnels
                                   Technology
                           All rehabilitation techniques


           Small-Diameter Sewers
           and Laterals
           Conveyance System
            lanagement
Man;
           Conveyance System
           \ssessment
                           All grouts and liners
                           All new and replaceme
                           technologies
                           Impact moling
CIPP, fold and form, replace-
ment
Replacement construction

Sewer maintenance program

Regional I/I control program
           Capacity Restoration        Root removal and control
                           CCTV, digital camera inspec-
                           tion

                           Wireless monitoring systems

                           Smart sewer assessment
                           systems
                                                                                              •
                                  Focus of Investigation
Evaluate longevity and perform-
ance of rehabilitation technologies
under various conditions.
Evaluate performance of sealers.
Identify improved materials and
construction techniques.
Improve trenchless technologies
that can accommodate bends and
line configurations.
Evaluate long-term performance o
plastic pipe in force mains.
Evaluate approaches to optimize
and assess O&M programs.
Evaluate approaches to optimize
and assess O&M programs.
Develop predictive tools or pe
formance indicators to measure
degradation of system.
Evaluate alternatives to remove
roots and prevent root growth.
Standardize and better define
inspection procedures and criteria
to interpret defect severity.
Improve accuracy or reduction of
measurement error in system.
Investigate "intelligent systems" for
remote sensing and monitoring.
                                                                               *
                                                                               jre
                                                                               •
Conveyance Systems
                                                                                            8-3

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Emerging Technologies
        JULY 2006
            New Construction

            Improved materials and  construction techniques can reduce future deterioration and
            rehabilitation needs. The  relationship between the chemistry of sewage to pipe materials
            must be thoroughly understood. The use of new materials (resins) and the control of
            corrosion in metallic and pre-stressed  concrete pipes need to be further developed.
            Improved standards  and materials  of construction  are  required.  Research  needs
            include:

            •  Identify new materials for pipe and pipe coatings that control erosion and increase
               strength.

            •  Develop sensors that are incorporated  into new systems to track deterioration and
               structural performance over time.

            •  Evaluate alternative designs for watertight manholes for cost-effectiveness.

            •  Evaluate long-term performance of plastic  pipe  materials  now  in use for force
               mains.

            •  Review and evaluate  current sewer design and installation practices.

            •  Evaluate new and improved coupling techniques.

            •  Determine whether solvent-welded pipe performs better than rubber-gasketed pipe
               for I/I and root control in house and service laterals.
  8.3  Chapter References
            Optimizing Operations,  Maintenance, and Rehabilitation of sanitary Sewer Collection
            Systems New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission, Lowell, MA
            01852 (December 2003)

            U.S. EPA. National Risk Management Research Laboratory.  Innovation and Research
            for Water Infrastructure  for the 21st Century. Summary Report from the EPA Research
            Planning Workshop, Arlington, VA (20-21 March 2006)

            U.S. EPA. Tafuri, A.N. and A. Selvakumar. Wastewater Collection System Infrastructure
            Research Needs. National Risk Management Research Laboratory. EPA/600/JA-02/226
            (2002)
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Trade Associations
 A.1   Introduction
           This chapter lists professional and trade associations that may have significant information
           and may provide relevant research assistance on conveyance system technologies within
           their respective areas of expertise.
 A.2   Trade Associations
           American Concrete Pipe Association
           222 W. Las Colinas Blvd, Suite 641, Irving, TX
           Phone: 972-506-7216 Web Address: www.concrete-pipe.org

           American Underground Contractors Association
           4301 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 360, Arlington, VA
           Phone: 703-358-9300 Web Address: www.auca.org

           American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
           1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA
           Phone: 800-548-2723 Web Address: www.asce.org

           Center for Underground Infrastructure Research and Education
           Michigan State University, 230 Farrall Hall, East Lansing, Ml 48824
           Phone: 517-432-2096 Web Address: www.cuire.org

           Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association
           245 Riverchase Parkway East,  Suite 0, Birmingham, AL
           Phone: 205-402-8700 Web Address: www.dipra.org

           Fiberglass Tank and Pipe Institute
           11150 S. Wilcrest Drive, Suite 101, Houston, TX
           Phone: 281-568-4100 Web Address: www.fiberglasstankandpipe.com

           National Association of Clean  Water Agencies
           1816 Jefferson Place, NW, Washington, D.C.
           Phone: 202-833-2672 Web Address: www.nacwa.org
                                                          Conveyance Systems
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Emerging Technologies                                                              JULY 2005


              National Association of Sewer Service Companies
              1314 Bedford Ave, Suite 201, Baltimore, MD
              Phone: 410-486-3500 Web Address: www.nassco.org

              National Clay Pipe Institute
              P.O. Box 759, Lake Geneva, Wl
              Phone: 262-248-9094 Web Address: www.ncpi.org

              National Environmental Services Center
              P.O. Box 6064, Morgantown, WV
              Phone: 304-293-4191 Web Address: www.nesc.wvu.edu

              New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission
              100 Foot of John Street, Lowell, MA 01852
              Phone: 978-323-7929 Fax: 978-323-7919
              E-mail: mail@neiwpcc.org Web Address: www.neiwpcc.org

              North American Society for Trenchless Technology
              1655 N. Ft. Meyer Drive, Arlington, VA
              Phone: 703-351-5252 Web Address: www.nastt.org

              Pipe Rehabilitation Council
              423 W King Street, Suite 350, Chambersburg, PA 17201
              Phone: 717-267-1995 Web Address: www.piperehab.org

              Trenchless Technology Center
              600 W. Arizona, Engineering Annex, P.O. Box 10348, Ruston, LA
              Phone: 800-626-8659 Web Address: www.latech.edu/tech/engr/ttc

              Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association
              2655 Villa Creek Drive,  Suite 155, Dallas, TX 75234
              Phone: 450-434-2092 Web Address: www.wwema.org

              Water and Wastewater Equipment Manufacturers Associations
              (WWEMA)
              P.O. Box 17402, Washington, D.C.
              Phone: 703-444-1777 Web Address: www.wwema.org

              Water Environment Federation
              601 Wythe Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-1994
              Phone: 703-684-2452 http://www.wef.org

              Water Environment Research Foundation
              635 Slaters Lane, Suite 300, Alexandria, VA 22314
              Phone: 703-684-2470 http://www.werf.org
A-2                                                                   Conveyance Systems

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&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency

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