Emerging Technologies
for Biosolids Management
 EPA 832-R-06-005  SEPTEMBER 2006

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Emerging Technologies

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Biosolids Management
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Emerging Technologies for Biosolids Management

EPA 832-R-06-005
September 2006

Produced under U.S. EPA Contract No. 68-C-02-111

Prepared by the Parsons Corporation
Fairfax, Virginia

Technical review was provided by professionals with experience in biosolids management.
Technical reviewers of this document were:

Michelle Hetherington and Michael Moore, Orange County Sanitation District, Fountain Valley,
California
Robert Pepperman, Environmental Group Services, White Marsh, Maryland
Timothy G. Shea, CH2M Hill, Herndon, Virginia
Lori Stone, National Biosolids Partnership, Alexandria, Virginia
Robert Reimers, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
Paul Rom, Black & Veatch,  Chicago, Illinois

Recycled/Recyclable

Printed with vegetable-based ink on paper that contains a minimum of 50 percent post-
consumer fiber content chlorine free.

Electronic copies of this handbook can be downloaded from the
U.S. EPA Office of Wastewater Management web site at:
www.epa.gov/owm
                                                                  Biosolids Management

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                                                                     Emerging Technologies
Preface
      The  U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.  EPA) is charged  by Congress with
      protecting the nation's land, air, and water resources. Under a mandate of environmental
      laws, the Agency strives to formulate and implement actions leading to a balance between
      human activities and the ability of natural systems to support and  sustain life. To meet
      this mandate, the Office of Wastewater Management (OWM) provides information and
      technical support to solve environmental problems today and  to build  a knowledge base
      necessary to protect public health and the environment well into the future.

      This publication has been produced under contract to the U.S. EPA by Parsons Corporation
      and provides information on the current state of development as of the publication date.
      It is expected that  this document will be revised periodically  to reflect advances in this
      rapidly evolving area. Except as noted, information, interviews and  data development
      were conducted by the contractor. It should be noted that neither Parsons nor U.S. EPA
      has conducted engineering or operations evaluations of the technologies included. Some
      of the information, especially related to embryonic technologies, was provided by the
      manufacturer or vendor of the equipment  or technology and could  not be  verified or
      supported by full-scale case  study. In some cases, cost data were based on estimated
      savings without actual field data. When evaluating technologies, estimated  costs, and
      stated performance, efforts should be made to obtain current information.

      The mention of trade names, specific vendors,  or products does not represent an actual
      or presumed endorsement, preference, or acceptance by the U.S. EPA or the Federal
      government. Stated results, conclusions, usage, or practices do not necessarily represent
      the views or policies of the U.S. EPA.
Biosolids Management                                                                 iii

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Emerging Technologies	September 2006
iv                                                                             Biosolids Management

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                                                                    Emerging Tedmolenies

Contents
                                                                             Page
Executive Summary	ES-1
1.   Introduction and Approach	1-1
     1.1  Introduction	1-1
     1.2  Approach	1-2
          1.2.1  Information Collection and New Process Identification	1-3
          1.2.2  Initial Screening Technologies	1-4
          1.2.3  Development of Technology Summary Sheets	1-11
          1.2.4  Evaluation of Technologies	1-11
1.3 Guidance Document Format and Use	1-13
1.4 Chapter References	1-14
2.   Conditioning	2-1
     2.1  Introduction	2-1
     2.2  Technology Assessment	2-1
3.   Thickening	3-1
     3.1  Introduction	3-1
     3.2  Technology Assessment	3-1
4.   Stabilization	4-1
     4.1  Introduction	4-1
     4.2  Technology Assessment	4-1
5.   Dewatering	5-1
     5.1  Introduction	5-1
     5.2  Technology Assessment	5-1
6.   Thermal Conversion	6-1
     6.1  Introduction	6-1
     6.2  Technology Assessment	6-1


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!E£!^^
Contents
                                                                                 Page
7.  Drying	7-1
     7.1   Introduction	7-1
     7.2   Technology Assessment	7-1
8.  Other Processes	8-1
     8.1   Introduction	8-1
     8.2   Technology Assessment	8-1
9.  Research Needs	9-1
     9.1   Introduction	9-1
     9.2   Research Needs	9-1
          9.2.1   Analysis and Reduction of Risk Associated with Certain Beneficial Use
                 Practices	9-2
          9.2.2   Utilization of the Potential of Biosolids to Yield Energy	9-2
          9.2.3   Improved Operation, Performance and Efficiency of Biosolids Treatment
                 Processes 	9-3
          9.2.4   Research Needs	9-3
          9.2.5   Chapter References	9-3
Appendix A	A-1
     A.1   Introduction	A-1
     A.2  Trade Associations	A-1
vi                                                                      Biosolids Management

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                                                                      Emerging Technologies
List of Tables
                                                                              Page
Table 1.1    Summary of Biosolids Technologies	1-6
Table 1.2    Descriptive Evaluation Criteria	1-12
Table 2.1    Conditioning Technologies - State of Development	2-1
Table 3.1    Thickening Technologies - State of Development	3-1
Table 4.1    Stabilization Technologies - State of Development	4-1
Table 5.1    Dewatering Technologies - State of Development	5-2
Table 6.1    Thermal Conversion Technologies -State of Development	6-2
Table 7.1    Drying Technologies - State of Development	7-1
Table 8.1    Other Processes - State of Development	8-1
Table 9.1    Research Needs Technologies: State of Development	9-2


List of Figures
                                                                              Page
Figure 1.1   Summary of Wastewater Solids Management in the U.S	1-2
Figure 1.2   Flow Schematic for Guide Development	1-3
Figure 2.1   Evaluation of Innovative Conditioning Technologies	2-2
Figure 3.1   Evaluation of Innovative Thickening Technologies	3-2
Figure 4.1   Evaluation of Innovative Stabilization Technologies	4-2
Figure 5.1   Evaluation of Innovative Dewatering Technologies	5-2
Figure 6.1   Evaluation of Innovative Thermal Conversion Technologies	6-2
Figure 7.1   Evaluation of Innovative Drying Technologies	7-2
Figure 8.1   Evaluation of Other Innovative Processes	8-2
Biosolids Management
VII

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Emerging Technologies

List of Abbreviations

ABR        anaerobic baffled reactor
AGF        anoxic gas flotation
ATAD       autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion
ASCE       American Society of Civil Engineers
AWWA      American Water Works Association
BOD        biochemical oxygen demand
BTU        British thermal unit
CBFT3      Columbia biosolids flow-through thermophilic treatment
CFR        Code of Federal Regulations
CIP         capital improvement program
COD        chemical oxygen demand
cP          centipoise
CWMP      comprehensive wastewater management plan
DAFT       dissolved air flotation thickening
DC         direct current
DCWASA    District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority
EPRI        Electric Power Research Institute
ERS        energy recovery system
FELL       Focused Electrode Leak Locator
g/ac/day     gallon per acre per day
gpcd        gallon per capita per day
gpd         gallon per day
GTI         Gas Technology Institute
HAPs       hazardous air pollutants
HIMET      high methane process
IEUA       Inland Empire Utilities Agency
JWPCP     Joint Water Pollution Control Plant
kg          kilogram
kWh        kilowatt-hour
MFP        master facilities plan
VIM
Biosolids Management

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                                                                  Emerging Technologies
List of Abbreviations
MGD       million gallons per day
MLSS       mixed liquor suspended solids
MSO       molten salt oxidation
NOAA       National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NPDES     National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
OCS        oxygen combustion system
O&M       operation and maintenance
OWM       Office of Wastewater Management
POTW      publicly owned treatment works
PSI         pound per square inch
RHOX       reheat and oxidize process
RP         recycling plant
SRF        State Revolving Fund
SRT        solids retention time
SSDML     sewage sludge digestion and metal leaching
SW         southwest
SWSSD     Southwest Suburban Sewer District
TPAnD      temperature-phased anaerobic digestion
tpd         ton per day
U.S.        United States
U.S. EPA    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
USDA       U.S. Department of Agriculture
VAR        vector attraction reduction
VS         volatile solids
VSR        volatile solids reduction
WEF       Water Environment Federation
WERF       Water Environment Research Foundation
WWTF      wastewater treatment facility
WWTP      wastewater treatment plant
Biosolids Management
IX

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Emerging Technologies	September 2005
                                                                              Biosolids Management

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        2006                                                         Emerging Technologies

Executive Summary
      Biosolids (sewage sludge) are the nutrient-rich organic materials resulting from treatment
      and processing of wastewater residuals.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.
      EPA) estimates that the publicly owned wastewater treatment works (POTW) generate
      over 8 million tons (dry weight) of sewage sludge annually. Figure 1.1 summarizes how
      this material is managed. The technologies in this document help reduce the volume of
      residuals, and produce biosolids that can be used, help improve soil fertility and tilth, while
      decreasing the use of inorganic fertilizers, and promote the conservation of energy.

      This document  provides  information regarding  emerging  biosolids  management
      technologies organized into three categories based on their stage of development:

      Embryonic - Technologies in the development stage and/or tested at laboratory or
      bench scale. New technologies that have reached the demonstration stage overseas, but
      cannot yet be considered to be established there, are also considered to be embryonic
      with respect to North American applications.

      Innovative - Technologies meeting one of the following qualifications: (1) have been
      tested at a full-scale  demonstration site in this  country; (2) have been available and
      implemented  in the United  States (U.S.) for less than 5 years; (3) have some degree
      of initial  use (i.e. implemented in less than twenty-five utilities in the U.S;. and (4) are
      established technologies overseas with some degree of initial use in the U.S.

      Established - Technologies widely used (i.e. generally more than 25 facilities throughout
      the U.S.) are considered well established.

      The document also provides information on each technology—its objective, its description,
      its state  of development, available cost information, associated contact  names, and
      related data sources. For each innovative technology, this document further evaluates with
      respect to various criteria, although it does not rank or recommend any one technology
      over another. Research needs are also identified to help guide development of innovative
      and embryonic technologies and improve established ones.
      References

      U.S. EPA. Office of Solid Waste. Biosolids Generation, Use, and Disposal in the United
      States. EPA 530-R-99-009 (1999).


Biosolids Management                                                               ES-1

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Emerging Technologies	September 2005
ES-2                                                                         Biosolids Management

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Introduction and Approach
      Wastewater treatment processes produce residuals, also called sewage sludge, as a
      by-product of the treatment processes. Biosolids are the nutrient-rich organic materials
      resulting from the treatment and  processing of these residuals. U.S. EPA estimates that
      the publicly-owned wastewater treatment works generate over 8 million tons (dry weight)
      of sewage sludge annually. Figure 1.1 summarizes how this material is managed. The
      technologies in this document help reduce the volume of residuals,  produce biosolids
      that can be used, help improve soil fertility and tilth, while decreasing the use of inorganic
      fertilizers, and promote the recovery of energy.

      To  meet the challenge  of keeping progress in wastewater pollution  abatement ahead
      of population growth, changes in industrial processes, and technological developments,
      U.S. EPA is providing this document to make information available on recent advances
      and emerging  techniques. The goal of this document is straightforward—to provide a
      guide for persons seeking information on  innovative and embryonic biosolids treatment
      technologies. The guide lists processing technologies, where available assesses their
      merits and costs, and provides sources forfurthertechnological information. This document
      is intended  to  serve as a tool for wastewater facility owners  and operators. It should
      be  noted that neither Parsons nor U.S. EPA has conducted engineering or operations
      evaluations of the technologies included. The information provided is from the vendors
      and/or practitioners; no detailed verification of vendors' claims has  been undertaken.
Biosolids Management
1-1

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Emerging Technologies
                             September 2006
                                     Other Disposal
                                         1%
                     Landfilled
                       17%
                                                                 Land
                                                               Application
         Incinerated
            22%
                       Other Beneficial
                            Use
                            7%
Advanced
Treatment
  12%
     Figure 1.1 - Summary of Wastewater Solids Management in the U.S.
                             (Source: U.S. EPA 1999)

      Emerging technologies typically follow a development process that leads from laboratory
      and bench-scale investigations to pilot studies and, subsequently, to initial use or "full-scale
      demonstrations" before the technology is considered established. Not all technologies
      survive the entire development process. Some fail in the laboratory or at pilot stages; others
      see limited application in the field, but poor performance, complications, or unexpected
      costs may cause them  to lose favor.  Even technologies that become established may
      lose favor in time, as technological advances lead to obsolescence. In short, technologies
      are subject to the same evolutionary forces present in  nature; those that cannot  meet
      the demands of their environment fail, while those that adapt to changing technological,
      economic, and regulatory climates can achieve long-standing success and survival in the
      market.
  1.2 Approach
      To develop this guide, the investigators sought information from a variety of sources,
      identified new technologies, prepared  cost  summaries, and  evaluated  technologies
      deemed to be innovative.
1-2
                       Biosolids Management

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          '-.
Emerging Technologies
      This method is described below and in Figure 1.2.
                        Collect Information
                         Identify Process
                                                  No Further Action
                               Embryonic or Innovative
                         Prepare Process
                         Summary Sheets
                                                  No Further Action
                                Innovative
                         Prepare Process
                         Evaluation Matrix
              Figure 1.2   Flow Schematic for Guide Development

1.2.1 Information Collection and New Process Identification

      Information collection on new technologies provided the foundation for subsequent work.
      To identify new biosolids processing technologies, investigators  gathered  information
      from a variety of sources, including the following:

      Published Literature -An extensive literature review was performed to identify new
      technologies, and to evaluate their performance and applications. Specifically, the review
      focused on relevant Water Environment Federation (WEF) and American  Society of Civil
      Engineers (ASCE) conference proceedings, as well as other publications from these and
      other organizations.

      "Gray" Literature - Vendor-supplied information, Internet research, and consultants'
      technical reports were the primary sources of gray literature.

                                                                                   1-3

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Emerging Technologies                                                                 2006


      Technical  Associations - Investigators contacted a variety of professional  and
      technical associations in  the  United  States,  including members of WEF, to  identify
      emerging wastewater treatment technologies.

      Interviews and Correspondence - Individuals known to the project investigation
      team, including consultants, academics, and municipal wastewater treatment plant owners
      and operators,  were consulted.

      Technologies identified through searches of the above sources were screened to determine
      their classification as described  below.

1.2.2 Initial Screening Technologies

      This project focuses on emerging technologies that appear to be viable, but have not yet
      been accepted as established processes in the United States. Specific screening criteria
      used to define the state of development for processes are  described in the following
      paragraphs. This screening resulted in:

            25    Embryonic Technologies

            31    Innovative Technologies

      Embryonic - These technologies are in the development stage and/or have been tested
      at laboratory or bench  scale. New technologies that have reached the demonstration stage
      overseas, but cannot yet be considered to be established there, are also considered to be
      embryonic with respect to North American applications.

      Innovative - Technologies that meet one of the following criteria were classified as
      innovative:

         •  They have been tested as a full-scale demonstration;

         •  They have been available and  implemented in the United States for less than five
            years;

         •  They have some degree of initial use (i.e. implemented in less than 25 municipalities
            throughout the  United States); or,

         •  They are established technologies from overseas.

      Established-In most cases, these processes are used at more than 25full-scalefacilities
      in North America; but there are some exceptions based upon specific considerations. The
      established category may include technologies that are widely used although introduced
      more recently  in North America.  In some cases, an established technology such as
      Anaerobic Digestion may have  been  modified or adapted resulting in a new, innovative
      technology such as Thermally Phased Anaerobic Digestion. Due to the extensive number
      of established technologies and variations in each technology, established technologies
      are only listed.  None are described in depth in this document and Technology Summary
      sheets  are not  provided for established technologies.


1 -4                                                                Biosolids Management

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                                                                      Emerging Technologies
      The focus of this document is on Innovative Technologies along with some coverage of
      Embryonic Technologies as well. Early in the development process  (laboratory stage),
      data are usually insufficient to prove or disprove technology viability at full scale; available
      information on these embryonic technologies is presented in this document. Technologies
      on  the  other end of the developmental scale, those defined as established  in North
      America, are excluded from the detailed assessments on the assumption that they are
      proven, although still relatively new.

      The differentiation  between technologies established in Europe or Asia and those that
      have reached  similar status in the United States can be critical since technologies have
      been applied successfully in other countries have not always flourished here. Because the
      viability of imported technologies is not guaranteed, established processes from overseas
      are classified as innovative technologies for this project unless they have been proven in
      North American applications.

      Some technologies fall into a "gray area" between the embryonic and innovative categories.
      Technologies that fall into this category are incorporated into the innovative category. The
      screening assessment is summarized in Table 1.1.
Biosolids Management                                                                  1 -5

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Emerging Technologies
      September 2006
                Table 1.1 - Summary of Biosolids Technologies
Chapter 2 Conditioning
Established
Chemical Conditioning
Heat Conditioning
Innovative
Cell Destruction
Chemical (Microsludge™)
Ultrasonic
Embryonic
Cell Destruction Biological (BIODIET®)
Electrocoagulation
Enzyme Conditioning










•
•

•




•
•

•
•
•
























Chapter 3 Thickening
Established
Centrifuge
Flotation Thickening
Gravity Belt Thickening
Gravity Thickening
Rotary Drum Thickening
Innovative
Flotation Thickening -Anoxic Gas
Membrane Thickening
Recuperative Thickening
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•



•





Embryonic
Metal Screen Thickening
•

•



1-6
Biosolids Management

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                                                                                          Emerging Technologies
                Table 1.1 - Summary of  Biosolids Technologies (Contd)
 Chapter 4 Stabilization
 Established
     Aerobic Digestion
         Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion (ATAD)
     Alkaline Stabilization
     Advanced Alkaline Stabilization
     Anaerobic Digestion
         Dual Digestion
         Two-Stage Mesophilic
     Composting
     Pasteurization
     Solidification
     Synox
 Innovative
     Aerobic Digestion
         Aerobic/Anoxic
     Anaerobic Digestion
         Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)
         Columbia Biosolids Flow-Through - Thermophilic Treatment
         (CBFT3)
         High Rate Plug Flow (Bio Terminator 24/85)
         Temperature Phased Anaerobic Digestion (TPAND)
         Thermal Hydrolysis (CAMBI Process)
         Thermophilic Fermentation (ThermoTech11
         Three-Phase Anaerobic Digestion
         Two-Phase-Acid/Gas Anaerobic Digestion
     Vermicomposting
 Embryonic
     Aerobic Digestion
         Simultaneous Digestion and Metal Leaching
Biosolids Management
1-7

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Emerging Technologies
        September 2008
               Table 1.1 - Summary of Biosolids Technologies (Contd)
    Anaerobic Digestion
        Ozone Treatment
        Ferrate Addition
        Disinfection
        Irradiation
        Neutralizer®
 Chapter 5 Dewatering
 Established
     Belt Filter Press
     Centrifuge
     Chamber Press
     Drying Beds
        Auger-Assisted
        Natural Freeze-Thaw
        Vacuum-Assisted
    Vacuum Filters
 Innovative
     Drying Beds
        Quick Dry Filter Beds
     Electrodewatering
     Metal Screen Filtration
        Inclined Screw Press
    Textile Media Filtration
        Bucher Hydraulic Press
        DAB™ System
        Geotube® Container
 Embryonic
     Electro Dewatering
        Electroacoustic
        Electroosmotic
1-8
Biosolids Management

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          	Enigg
           Table 1.1 - Summary of Biosolids Technologies (Contd)
Membrane Filtration
Membrane Filter Press
Textile Media Filtration
Simon Moos
Tubular Filter Press
Thermal Conditioning and Dewatering
Mechanical Freeze-Thaw
•


•
•


•


•
•


•


•
•

•





















Chapter 6 Thermal Conversion
Established
Combustion
Fluidized-Bed Furnace
Multiple-Hearth Furnace
Oxidation
Wet Air Oxidation
Innovative
Combustion
Reheat and Oxidize (RHOX)
Oxidation
Supercritical Water Oxidation
Vitrification
Minergy







•





•

•

•



•



•









•
Embryonic
Combustion
Molten Salt Incineration
Oxygen Enhanced Incineration
Fuel Production
Gasification
Sludge-to-Oil
SlurryCarb™






•






•

•
•



•








•
•








•
•
•
Biosolids Management
1-9

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Emerging Technologies
                2006
              Table 1.1 - Summary of Biosolids Technologies (Contd)
Oxidation
Deep-Shaft Wet Air Oxidation (VERTAD™)
Plasma Assisted Sludge Oxidation
Vitrification
Melting Furnace


•



•




•
•

•

•












•
Chapter 7 Drying
Established
Direct Drying
Flash Drying
Indirect Drying
Innovative
Belt Drying
Direct Microwave Drying
Flash Drying
Fluidized Bed Drying
•
•
•
•




•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•




•
•
•
•
Embryonic
Chemical Drying
Multiple Effect Drying
Carver-Greenfield (Not a viable technology)
•





•


•


•


•


Chapter 8 Other Processes
Innovative
Cannibal Process
Lystek
Injection into Cement Kiln
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

•

•



•


•
* Potential Benefits require confirmation on a case-by-case basis. May enhance existing facilities, replace existing
 facilities, or offer an alternative choice for new facilities. For existing facilities, analysis of invested costs to date
 must be considered.
1-10
Biosolids Management

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                                                                  Emerging Technologies
1.2.3 Development of Technology Summary Sheets

      Technologies defined as embryonic or innovative  are  summarized on  an  individual
      Technology Summary sheet. Each process includes the following information:

         Objective - Description of the goal of the technology.

         State  of Development - Where and how the technology has been applied (i.e.
         laboratory study, demonstration scale, full scale, etc.).

         Description -A brief overview of the technology.

         Comparison to Established Technologies-A brief comparison to established
         technologies that serve the same function in biosolids management.

         Available Cost Information -An approximate range of capital and operation and
         maintenance (O&M) (on an annual basis) costs, and assumptions made in developing
         them. Annual O&M costs typically include labor, equipment replacement and/or parts,
         energy, and chemicals. For many of the technologies, sufficient information was not
         available for detail annual costs so general values are presented.

         Contact Names- Names, addresses, and telephone numbers of contacts (vendors
         and practitioners) with additional information on the technology.

         Key Words for Internet Search - Words used to enhance Internet searches for
         more information.

         Data Sources - References used to compile the technology summary.

1.2.4 Evaluation of Innovative Technologies

      Technologies defined as innovative in the initial screening were subjected to a detailed
      evaluation  presented in tabular format. Each technology was evaluated with respect to
      the descriptive and comparative criteria described below. Descriptive criteria include:

         State of Development - Describes the stage of development for each technology,
         ranging from demonstration stage to full-scale operations.

         Applicability - Qualitatively assesses where the technology is designed to be
         used.

         Beneficial  Use - Describes the  potential for the technology to produce  a
         biosolids product suitable for beneficial use (e.g. agriculture, construction, or power
         generation).
Biosolids Management                                                              1-11

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Emerging Technologies

         Potential Benefits - Considers the benefits gained (e.g., capital or operational
         savings, reduces odor, produces Class A biosolids, etc.) from implementation of the
         technology.

         Designations for each descriptive criterion are presented in Table 1.2.
                   Table 1.2  Descriptive Evaluation Criteria
State of Development





Applicability



Beneficial Use


Potential Benefits






B
P
I
0
D
N
I
F
S
L
A
C
P
C
0
V
A
M
F
R
Bench scale
Pilot scale
Full-scale industrial applications, with demonstration or pilots for
municipal sewage sludge
Full-scale operations overseas
Full-scale demonstration in North America
Full-scale operations in North America
Industrywide
Few plants
Primarily small plants
Primarily large plants
Agriculture
Construction
Power
Low or lower capital costs
Low or lower annual costs
Reduces solids or produces thicker product Concentrations
Produces Class A biosolids
Reduces odors
Produces high nutrient fertilizer
Beneficial use (nonagricultural)
      Comparative criteria are general attributes that the technology may possess relative to
      attributes of established technologies in the same category (e.g., conditioning etc.), for
      the same criteria. The innovative technologies may be rated positive, neutral or negative
      compared to expectations for established technologies. These criteria include:

         Impact on Other Processes - Describes the degree to which the existing facilities
         will be disturbed.

         Complexity- Considers the construction method and operation of the technology.

         Air Emission - Considers the potential for air emissions including odor.

         Beneficial Use - Considers the potential to produce a product that allows for more
         beneficial use options.

1-12                                                                Biosolids Management

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September 2006	Emerging Technologies


         Energy - Considers the potential to directly produce power or to produce a product
         that has characteristics that make it suitable for energy generation.

         Footprint - Considers the requirement for land to support the construction of the
         technology at full-scale.

         Environmental - Considers other factors associated with the technology that may
         produce environmental impacts or enhance environmental conditions.

      The criteria and ratings were applied to each innovative technology and the results are
      presented in matrixformat. Where available information was insufficient to rate a technology
      fora criterion, no rating is given. The project team and reviewers assessed each technology
      based on the limited information gathered and their collective judgment, experience, and
      opinions. Results of the evaluation are presented in subsequent chapters.
  1.3                                     Use
      The majority of the document is divided into chapters based upon general technologies.
      One chapter is dedicated to each of the following categories:

         Conditioning (Chapter 2)

         Thickening (Chapter 3)

         Stabilization (Chapter 4)

         Dewatering (Chapter 5)

         Thermal Conversion (Chapter 6)

         Drying (Chapter 7)

         Other Processes (Chapter 8)

      Each  chapter overviews the technology included, discusses the state of development
      for each,  presents an  evaluation  matrix for innovative and  embryonic technologies,
      and concludes with a Technology  Summary sheet for each innovative and  embryonic
      technology.

      The technology summaries and evaluation matrices are the cornerstones of each chapter,
      giving a broad overview of the innovative technologies. Neither the summaries nor the
      matrices should be considered definitive technology assessments. Rather, they should
      be considered stepping  stones to more detailed investigations.

      The  final  chapter,  Chapter  9,  discusses  research   needs   related  to  biosolids
      management.

      This document should be updated from time to time. Technologies were reviewed in mid-
      2006.

Biosolids Management                                                               1-13

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Emerging Technologies
      September 2006
  1.4 Chapter References
      U.S. EPA. Office of Solid Waste. Biosolids Generation, Use, and Disposal in the United
      States. EPA 530-R-99-009 (1999).

      U.S. EPA. Office of Water. Clean Watersheds Needs Survey 2000 Report to Congress.
      EPA832-R-03-001 (2003)
1-14
Biosolids Management

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H  :,.;:<  ^^Re-
         Conditioning  processes enhance biosolids characteristics for subsequent processing.
         This chapter focuses on the latest developments in conditioning technologies.
         Table 2.1 summarizes the state of development of conditioning technologies.

         Recent technology innovations in the area of conditioning now include electro-coagulation,
         ultrasonic disintegration,  and enzyme addition as well as a combination of conditioning
         processes. These processes aim  at modifying the organic and inorganic characteristics
         of biosolids critical to other following processes.  Conditioning is typically linked to other
         processes  and the purpose of conditioning  is based upon the goals  of these other
         subsequent processes. Often the  results achieved by  conditioning  are  seen in the
         subsequent processes rather than the conditioning process itself.

         Figure 2.1  includes an evaluation of the emerging technologies identified in this report.
         Summary sheets for each innovative and embryonic technology are provided at the end
         of this chapter.
            Table 2.1 - Conditioning Technologies—State of Development
    Chemical Conditioning
    Heat Conditioning
Cell Destruction
 «  Chemical (MicroSludge™)
 «  Ultrasonic
Cell Destruction
 «  Biological (BIODIET®)
Electrocoagulation
Enzyme Conditioning
   Biosolids Management
                                                                 2-1

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Emerging Technologies

           Figure 2.1 - Evaluation of Innovative Conditioning  Technologies
 Chemical Cell Destruction
 (MicroSludge™
 Ultrasonic Cell Destruction
  B = Bench scale
  D = Full-scale demonstrations in North
      America
  I  = Full-scale industrial applications, with
      demonstrations or pilots for municipal
      sewage sludge
  0 = Full-scale operations overseas
  N = Full-scale operations in North America
  P = Pilot
F =  Few plants
I  =  Industrywide
L =  Primarily large plants
S =  Primarily small plants
A = Produces Class A biosolids
C = Capital savings
0 = Operational/maintenance savings
F = Produces high-nutrient fertilizer
M = Minimizes odors
R = Provides beneficial use (nonagricultural)
V = Sludge volume reduction
A   = Agriculture
C   = Construction
N/A = Not Applicable
P   = Power
                                                                                                        A Positive feature
                                                                                                        0 Neutral or mixed
                                                                                                        T Negative feature
2-2


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September 2006
                                     Emerging Technologies
                                                                              Technology Summary
 Chemical Cell Destruction (MicroSludge™)
 Objective:
 Destroy the cell membranes of microbes in waste
 activated sludge to increase the performance of
 anaerobic digestion. Increase the amount of biogas
 generated from anaerobic digestion of biosolids.
State of Development: Innovative
The first full-scale MicroSludge™ chemical biocell destruction
demonstration was conducted at the Chilliwack Wastewater
Treatment Plant (WWTP) near Vancouver, Canada in 2004. A
second full-scale demonstration started at the Los Angeles County
Sanitation Districts Joint Water Pollution Control Plant in October
2005. Neither is currently operating.
 Description:
 TWaste-activated sludge from the secondary clarifier enters a central unit where caustic chemicals (NaOH) are added. The mixture
 is held for one hour to weaken cell membranes and significantly lower viscosity. As described by the developer of MicroSludge™,
 the technology employs an industrial-scale high-pressure homogenizer or "cell disrupter" to provide an enormous and sudden
 pressure drop to lyse the bacterial cells in the sludge. The processed sludge is liquefied, mixed with primary sludge, and
 anaerobically digested to produce stabilized biosolids and biogas.
 The central unit of the process is a high-pressure cell disrupter that subjects waste-activated sludge to a large abrupt pressure
 drop. The sludge in the cell disruption valve is accelerated up to 300 meters per second (1,000 feet per second) in approximately
 2 microseconds. The sludge then impinges on an impact ring, disrupting the cell membranes, and liquefying the waste-activated
 sludge.
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Similar to conventional chemical conditioning only in that chemicals are added to the solids with the goal of breaking
 cellular bonds. The caustic additive is not similar to chemicals traditionally used such as ferrous or aluminum salts.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:  $1.7 million to $2 million
 Approximate O&M Costs:   $68 to $119 per dry ton of activated sludge
 The above range, provided by the vendor, is for a MicroSludg™ System 50 capable of processing approximately
 50,000 U.S. gallons of thickened waste-activated sludge per day. According to the vendor, larger systems would cost
 proportionately less per dry ton to operate. These costs do not include installation costs.
 The operating cost estimate, again provided by the MicroSludge™ vendor, includes electricity, chemicals, and maintenance.
 The above O&M cost estimate is for processing activated sludge to a range of 4 - 7% total solids. The estimate assumes
 electricity is purchased at $0.07/kilowatt-hour and chemicals costs are $0.21/pound. Electricity is the largest single
 operating cost contributor. Power consumption between
 500 - 1,000 kWh/ton dry solids is required for this process.
 Vendor Name(s):
 Paradigm Environmental Technologies, Inc.
 200,1600 West 6th Avenue
 Vancouver, BC
 Canada V6J1R3
 Phone: 604-742-0360
 Website: www.paradiamenvironmental.com
Practitioner(s):
The following were sites of technology demonstration but are not
current practitioners:
Chilliwack Wastewater Treatment Plant
8550 Young Road
Chilliwack, British Columbia V2P 8A4
Joint Water Pollution Control Plant, Los Angeles County
Sanitation Districts
Carson, CA
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Emerging Technologies
       September 2006
Technology Summary
 Chemical Cell Destruction (MicroSludge™) (Contd)
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 MicroSludge™, anaerobic digestion, cell lysis, chemical pretreatment, volatile solids reduction, sludge, biosolids

 Data Sources:
 Rabinowitz, B. and R. Stephenson "Full-Scale Demonstration of Waste-Activated Sludge Homogenization at the Los
 Angeles County Joint Water Pollution Control Plant." Proceedings of the WEF/AWWA Joint Residuals and Biosolids
 Management Conference, Cincinnati, Ohio, (12-15 March 2006).
 Paradigm Environmental Technologies, Inc. (2006). Personal e-mail communication with Director of Marketing, Filipe
 Figueira, on 12 May 2006.
2-4
Biosolids Management

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September 2006
                                    Emerging Technologies
 Ultrasonic Cell Destruction
 Objective:
 Increase the rate at which anaerobic digestion of solids
 occurs; improve sludge settling; facilitate denitrification,
 promote recovery of biogas for energy production.
                                                                             Technology Summary
State of Development: Innovative
The full-scale technology has been used at the Bad Bramstedt
Sewage Works, Germany, in Kavlinge, Sweden (2002) and at
Mangere Wastewater Treatment Plant, New Zealand (2005).
 Description:
 Acoustic waves are applied to solids prior to digestion to attain extremely high pressures and temperatures within the biosolids.
 This results in the implosion of gas bubbles, which produces shear stresses that break up surfaces of bacteria, fungi, and other
 cellular matter. Different disintegration objectives can be achieved using either high- or low-frequency waves. The vendor claims
 that the process has been shown to increase cell disruption, reduce anaerobic digestion time, reduce sludge quantity and raise
 biogas production. Typically, this process is applied to waste activated solids, not primary solids.
 Comparison  to  Established Technologies:
 Ultrasonic disintegration  is meant to enhance traditional anaerobic digestion by increasing the rate office and cell
 disintegration. Since hydrolysis can be a rate-limiting factor in anaerobic digestion, the claim is that ultrasonic disintegration
 increases the digestion rate, volatile suspended solids concentration, and gas production.
 Available Cost  Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   $265,000
 Approximate O&M Costs:   $10,000 - $20,000 per year
 Capital cost is based on  a 5 - 8 million gallon per day facility treating 30% of the sludge produced per day. Operation
 and maintenance costs derived from a test plant in Riverside, southern California. Operation and maintenance cost
 assumptions include supervision, parts, and power. Current energy prices will significantly impact power-related expenses.
 Vendor Name(s):
 EIMCO® Water Technologies
 2850 S. Decker Lake Drive
 Salt Lake City, UT 84119
 Phone: 801-526-2342
 Fax:801-526-2910
 E-mail: info@eimcowater.com

 Sonico LLC (North America)
 3020 Old Ranch Parkway, Suite 180
 Seal Beach, CA 90740
 Phone: 562-314-4231
Practitioner(s):
The following was the site of a demonstration system but is not a
current practitioner:
Orange County Sanitation District
P.O. Box 8127
Fountain Valley, CA 92728-8127
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Emerging Technologies
       September 2006
Technology Summary
 Ultrasonic Cell Destruction (Contd)
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Ultrasonic cavitation, ultrasonic disintegration, Sonolyzer, biosolids, sludge

 Data Sources:
 Vendor-supplied information
2-6
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September 2006
                                  Emerging Technologies
                                                                         Technology Summary
 Biological Cell Destruction (BIODIET®)
 Objective:
 Promote biological disintegration of organic matter in
 organic sludges to water and carbon dioxide, thereby
 reducing sludge volume.
State of  Development: Embryonic
This technology is primarily marketed in Japan for highly organic
industrial (i.e. food processing) sludges. Currently marketed as
BIODIET®.
 Description:
 Activated sludge is diverted from the settling tank to a vessel where a chemical agent is added. The agent has strong oxidizing
 power, causing the cell walls of the bacteria to become weak and breakdown. The processed bacteria are then returned to the
 activated sludge unit where they decompose into carbon dioxide and water. The BIODIET® process is intended for organic sludges
 only; volume reduction will be impacted by the amount of inorganic material in the sludge.
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Not similar to any established technologies.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   Not available
 Approximate O&M Costs:    Detailed information is not available but the vendor's website presents anecdotal information
                         showing a cost savings of over 50% using BIODIET® compared to conventional methods of
                         managing industrial waste.
 Vendor Name(s):
 Plant Engineering Division
 Kankyo Engineering Company, Ltd.
 1-9-8 Higashikanda, Chiyoda-ku
 Tokyo 101-0031 Japan
 Phone: 81-3-3862-1611
 Fax:81-3-3862-1617
 E-mail: aeneral(5)k-ena.co.ip
Practitioner(s):
No practitioner at this time.
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 BIODIET®, Japanese wastewater treatment, sludge
 Data Sources:
 Japanese Advanced Environment Equipment. BIODIET®. Global Environment Centre Environmental Technology Database
 NETT21.(2002).
 T. Hagino, S. Gohda, H. Yoshida. "A Sludge-Thickening-Dehydrating System Featuring Single Polymer Conditioning" The
 Abstract of Ebara Engineering Review. (1999).
 Vendor-supplied information.
Biosolids Management
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Emerging Technologies
                                          September 2006
Technology Summary
 Electrocoagulation
 Objective:
 Increase the rate at which anaerobic digestion of solids
 occurs; improve sludge settling; facilitate denitrification,
 promote recovery of biogas for energy production.
State of Development: Embryonic
Electrocoagulation has been used for mining and metals industry
applications since the 1900s. The wastewater treatment plant
at the Vancouver Shipyards (British Columbia) has been using
electrocoagulation for 4 years to successfully remove heavy
metals and emulsified oils. The system does not, however, remove
antifreeze or solvents, nor can it treat soluble biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD) and other organic constituents of sewage.
Powell Water Systems, Inc. markets electrocoagulation technology
for domestic wastewater treatment and claims anywhere from
85 to 99.99% removal of several wastewater constituents, including
heavy metals, phosphates, fats and oils, insoluble BOD, and Total
Coliforms.
 Description:
 Electrocoagulation uses an electrical current to dissolve a sacrificial anode and thereby introduce chemically reactive aluminum
 into the wastewater stream. These positively charged aluminum ions are attracted to the very fine negatively charged ions and
 particles in suspension. The resulting agglomerations of particulates increase in size until they no longer remain in suspension.
 Simultaneously, gases formed by hydrolysis form very fine bubbles that associate with the particulates and buoy them up to the
 surface of the treated wastewater for removal by flotation.
 Comparison to  Established  Technologies:
 Not similar to any established technologies
 Available Cost  Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   $451,000 (500 gpd system) $1,520,000 (3,000,000 gpd system)
 Approximate O&M Costs:   $678 per day (500 gpd system) $2,791 per day (3,000,000 gpd system)
 Capital cost estimates are for the Powell electrocoagulation unit only, and they do not take into account additional
 construction costs that may be necessary to install the unit. Operation and maintenance costs include electricity, labor,
 replacement blades, and maintenance.
 Vendor Name(s):
 Powell Water Systems, Inc.
 19331 Tufts Circle
 Centennial, CO 80015-5820
 Phone: 303-627-0320
 Fax:303-627-0116
 E-mail: scottpowelKgjpowellwater.com
 Website: www.powellwater.com
Practitioner(s):
Vancouver Shipyards Co. Ltd.
North Vancouver, B.C.
Canada V7P 2R2
Phone: 602-988-6361
Fax: 604-990-3290
Email: info(S).vanship.com
2-8
                                  Biosolids Management

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September 2006
Emerging Technologies
                                                                     Technology Summary
 Electrocoagulation (Contd)
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Electrocoagulation, conditioning, dewatering, biosolids, sludge.
 Data Sources:
 Stephenson, R., B. Tennant, D. Hartle, G. Geatros. "Vancouver shipyards treat emulsified oily wastewater using
 electrocoagulation." Watermark Newsletter of the British Columbia Water & Waste Association. (2003).
 Vendor-supplied information.
Biosolids Management
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Emerging Technologies
                                         September 2006
Technology Summary
 Enzyme Conditioning
 Objective:
 Degrade organic material to increase the dewaterability
 of biosolids and, in some cases, to reduce odors and
 aid in digestion processes.
State of Development: Embryonic
Enzymes have shown promising results in breaking down fats and
oils in meat industry pretreatment facilities, as well as in reducing
odors, solvents, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in aeration
tanks, lagoons, and biosolids digesters. There has also been
research with promising results showing significant increase in
percent solids from conventional dewatering of enzyme-treated
solids.
 Description:
 Mixtures of enzymes, specialized nutrients (i.e. humic acids, amino acids) and often aerobic and anaerobic bacteria cultures are
 added to thickening and digestion systems that produce enzymes specially engineered to degrade organic materials converting
 them into carbon dioxide and water. Reported advantages include limited damage to biological treatment systems and cost savings
 as the enzymatic reaction will continue to occur over several days.
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Enzyme destruction of cells is not similar to any established processes.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:  $31 per pound of enzyme solution
 Approximate O&M Costs:   Not available
 The manufacturer of Enviro-Zyme® recommends various amounts of solution depending on the amount of sludge to be
 treated. For example, 1 pound is needed to treat 1 to 5 tons of sludge, 2 pounds are required for 6 to 25 tons of sludge, and
 soon.
 Vendor Name(s):
 Eco-Cure, Inc.
 1525 Casa Buena Drive Suite D
 Corte Madera, CA 94925
 Phone:415-924-8450
 Email: jimkritchevertgjvahoo.com
 Website: www.eco-cure.com
 Envoguard
 298 Kings Mill Rd York, PA 17403
 Phone: (800) 297-8266
 Email: infotgjenvoauard.com
 Website: www.envoquard.com
 Enviro-Zyme® International, Inc.
 P.O. Box 169
 Stormville, NY 12582
 Phone: 800-882-9904
 E-mail: info@envirozvme.com
Practitioner(s):
See websites for practitioners:
www.eco-cure.com/enzymeinfodert.htm
2-10
                                 Biosolids Management

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September 2006
Emerging Technologies
                                                                         Technology Summary
 Enzyme Conditioning (Contd)
 Vendor Name(s) (Contd):
 Vendor Name(s):
 The Moorhead Group, Inc
 108 Don Lorenzo Court
 Aptos, CA 95003
 Phone 831-685-1148
 Fax 831-685-1259
 info(S)moorheadgroup.com
 www.moorheadgroup.com

 NRP, Inc.
 2948 N. W. 60th Street
 Fort Lauderdale, FL 33309
 Phone: 954-970-7773
 Fax: 954-970-7778
 hschure(5)nrp-inc.com
 www.nrp-inc.com

 Suez
 www.suez.com

 Western Bio-Tec Services
 1265 W. 16th Street
 Long Beach, CA 90813-1381
 Phone: 949-456-0058
 Email: westernbiotec(5)aol.com
 Website: www.westernbiotec.com
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Enviro-Zyme, enzyme conditioning, odorants, ACE, Agricycle Catalyst Enzyme, WESBAC, Biolysis-e.

 Data Sources:
 Vendor-supplied information.
 Dursun, D., AAyol, S.K. Dentel. "Pretreatment of Biosolids by Multi-Enzyme Mixtures Leads to Dramatic Improvements in
 Dewaterability." Proceedings of the WEF Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference 2006: Bridging to the Future,
 Cincinnati, OH (12-14 March 2006).
 Toffey, William E., Matthew Higgins. "Results of Trials and Chemicals, Enzymes and Biological Agents for Reducing
 Odorant Intensity of Biosolids." Proceedings of the WEF Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference 2006: Bridging
 to the Future, Cincinnati, OH (12-14 March 2006).
Biosolids Management
               2-11

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Thickening
      The goal of thickening is to increase the concentration of solids. Thickening enhances
      treatment processes that follow such as stabilization, dewatering, and drying. This chapter
      focuses on the latest developments in thickening technologies.
      Table 3.1 summarizes the state of development of thickening technologies.

      Recent technology developments in this area focus on various methods to increase solids
      concentrations such  as anoxic gas flotation, membrane thickeners  and recuperative
      thickeners. These technologies can help reduce chemicals and increase the efficiency
      of subsequent processes such as digestion. Some odor reduction during thickening also
      has been recognized.

      Figure 3.1 includes an evaluation of the innovative technologies identified in this report.
      Summary sheets for each innovative and embryonic technology are provided at the end
      of this chapter.
         Table 3.1 - Thickening Technologies—State of Development
 Centrifuge
 Flotation Thickening
 Gravity-Belt Thickening
 Gravity Thickening
 Rotary Drum Thickening
Flotation Thickening
 « Anoxic Gas
Membrane Thickening
Recuperative Thickening
Metal Screen Thickening
Biosolids Management
                                                        3-1

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Emerging Technologies

            Figure  3.1 - Evaluation of Innovative Thickening Technologies
 Flotation Thickening - Anoxic Gas
                                         e
                       e
                                   e
 Membrane Thickening
              C,0,V
N/A
                   e
     e
           e
 Recuperative Thickening
              C,0,V
N/A
              e
e
e
e
  B = Bench scale
  D = Full-scale demonstrations in North
      America
  I  = Full-scale industrial applications, with
      demonstrations or pilots for municipal
      sewage sludge
  0 = Full-scale operations overseas
  N = Full-scale operations in North America
  P = Pilot
F = Few plants
I  = Industrywide
L = Primarily large plants
S = Primarily small plants
A = Produces Class A biosolids
C = Capital savings
0 = Operational/maintenance savings
F = Produces high-nutrient fertilizer
M = Minimizes odors
R = Provides beneficial use (nonagricultural)
V = Sludge volume reduction
                                           A  = Agriculture
                                           C  = Construction
                                           N/A = Not Applicable
                                           P  = Power
                                                                                                         Positive feature
                                                                                                       0 Neutral or mixed
                                                                                                       T Negative feature
3-2


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September 2006
                                    Emerging Technologies
 Flotation Thickening - Anoxic Gas
 Objective:
 Thicken contents of an anaerobic digester to reduce
 volume of solids to dewater and transport. Increase
 digester capacity.
                                                                            Technology Summary
State of Development: Innovative
The technology was used for over a year at the Salmon Creek Plant
in Burien, King County, Washington. Volatile solids were increased
from approximately 50% to 71%; resulting in a 34% reduction in
volume of solids to be hauled off site. In addition, odors from the belt
presses and the amount of polymer required for dewatering were
both reduced. Plant operations, which used to experience frequent
foaming incidents, improved; there were no foaming incidents while
the technology was employed. The process is also used to treat dairy
and potato processing wastes in the U.S.
 Description:
 This totally-enclosed process involves separating and thickening solids removed from anaerobic digestion using digester gas to
 float solids which are removed and returned to the digester. The technology is typically employed as an enhancement to existing
 conventional digesters. Solids are concentrated to 6 -10%. All gases are discharged back to the anaerobic digester or to a biofilter.

 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Similar to Dissolved Air Flotation Thickening (DAFT), however, uses digester gas instead of air.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   $7.50 per dry Ib (at 6-8% solids, or $1.90 per gallon) processed per day
 Approximate O&M Costs:    $8.00 per dry ton of biosolids processed for polymer
 Capital costs include associated equipment (saturator, controls, polymer feed, inlet/outlet pumps) and will vary with the
 surface loading rate to the separators. The quoted costs are based on processing 200 pounds of dry solids per square foot
 per day. According to the vendor, each gallon  processed per day through an AGF will reduce feed through digester by 1.5 to
 2.0 gallons per day.
 Operational costs include a polymer requirement of 4 pounds per dry ton of biosolids processed at $2.00 per pound.
 However, total polymer use may decrease.
 Cost information supplied by vendor.
 Vendor Name(s):
 Environmental Energy Engineering Company
 6007 Hill Road NE
 Olympia,WA98516
 Phone: 360-923-2000
 E-mail: dennis@makingenergy.com
 www.makinqenerqy.com
Practitioner(s):
The following hosted a demonstration project but is not a current
practitioner:
Southwest Suburban Sewer District (SWSSD)
Salmon Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant
431 Ambaum Blvd. SW
Burien, WA 98166
Phone: 206-244-2202
Fax: 206-433-8546
E-mail: millercreekWWTPtajaol.com
Biosolids Management
                                                    3-3

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Emerging Technologies
       September 2006
Technology Summary
 Flotation Thickening - Anoxic Gas (Contd)
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Anoxic gas flotation, AGF, biosolids, Salmon Creek WWTP, King County Washington
 Data Sources:
 King County Applied Wastewater Program. "AGF -Anoxic Gas Flotation." Demonstration project evaluation. (2000).
 Burke, D.A. "Application of AGF (Anoxic Gas Flotation) Process." Environmental Energy Company. (2000) Vendor-supplied
 information
 Burke, D.A "Producing Exceptional Quality Biosolids through Digestion, Pasteurization, and Redigestion". Biosolids 2001:
 Building Public Support Conference Proceedings Water Environment Federation/AWWA/CWEA Joint Residuals and
 Biosolids Management Conference. (2001).
3-4
Biosolids Management

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September 2006
                                   Emerging Technologies
 Membrane Thickening
 Objective:
 Thickening of waste-activated sludge.
                                                                           Technology Summary
State of Development: Innovative
Membrane thickeners are operating in several locations throughout
the U.S. Full-scale facilities are in use in Dundee, Michigan and
Fulton County, Georgia among other locations.
 Description:
 A basin with suspended biomass and a membrane system that provides a barrier for the solid-liquid separation. These membranes
 can be used in an aerobic environment to achieve separation of liquid from biomass. Anaerobic environments have plugged
 membranes too quickly in tests. Therefore, aerobic environments are needed for oxygen mixing. Thickening to over 4% solids has
 been reported. Flux through the membrane is reduced to half the value for membranes used in activated sludge basins.
 The different types of membranes are described as modular and they are of the following types: tubular, hollow-fiber, spiral wound,
 plate and frame, and pleated cartridge filters.
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Similar to MBRs for wastewater treatment. Membranes for thickening require a smaller footprint than many established
 thickening technologies.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate  Capital Cost:  $125,000 for a one-train system with two cassettes.
 Approximate  O&M  Costs:   Not provided by vendor.
 Vendor Name(s):
 Enviroquip, Inc.
 2404 Rutland Drive, Suite 200
 Austin, TX
 Phone:512-834-6019
 Website: www.enviroquip.com

 Infilco Degremont - U.S. Headquarters
 P.O. Box 71390
 Richmond, VA 23255-1390
 8007 Discovery Drive
 Richmond, VA 23229-8605 USA
 Phone: (804) 756-7600
 Website: www.infilcodegremont.com/membrane
 filtration.html

 Mitsubishi International Corporation
 333 South Hope Street West, Suite 2500
 Los Angeles, CA 90071
 Phone:213-687-2853
 Website: www.micusa.com
Practitioner(s):
Village of Dundee Wastewater Treatment Plant
596 E Main St
Dundee, Ml48131-1208
Phone: 734-529-3001

Fulton County Public Works Department
Cauley Creek Water Reclamation Facility
141 Pryor Street, Suite 6001
Atlanta, GA 30303
Phone: 404-730-7442
www.co.fulton.ga.us/public works projects/index new pubwksl.
html
See www.zenon.com/resources/case studies/wastewater/ for
additional practitioners.
Biosolids Management
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Emerging Technologies
                              September 2006
Technology Summary
 Membrane Thickening (Contd)
 US Filter/MEMCOR
 4116 Sorrento Valley Blvd.
 San Diego, CA 92121
 Contacts for regional offices that provide information on MEMCOR are
 available at
 www.usfilter.com/en/Product+Lines/Memcor Products/Contacts/memcor us
 contacts.htm

 Veolia Water Solutions & Technologies
 L'Aquarene
 1 place Montgolfier
 94417, Saint Maurice
 France
 Phone:+33 (0)1 45 11 5555
 Website: www.veoliawater.com

 Zenon Environmental Services,  Inc.
 3239 Dundas Street West
 Oakville, Ontario
 Phone: 905-465-3030
 Fax: 905-465-3050
 Website: www.zenon.com

 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Membrane thickening, biosolids membrane treatment, sludge separation
         Typical membrane unit
 Data Sources:
 Metcalf and Eddy. Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse. 4th Edition. (2003).
 Vendor-supplied information.
        Overview of the Cauley Creek WRF
        Fulton County, GA
MBR Technology at Cauley Creek WRF
Fulton County, GA
3-6
                      Biosolids Management

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September 2006
                                    Emerging Technologies
 Recuperative Thickening
 Objective:
 Reduce biosolids volume, enhance biosolids
 destruction and gas production; reduce dewatering and
 beneficial use/disposal costs.
                                                                             Technology Summary
State of Development: Innovative
Recuperative thickening was the subject of a full-scale test at the
Spokane, Washington, Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant from
September 2000 to May 2001. Two benefits were reported in the
study: (1) Use of existing dissolved air flotation capacity allowed
implementation with essentially no capital cost; (2) Co-thickening with
waste-activated sludge showed no increase in thickening labor or
power costs. Polymer use increased for thickening and decreased
for dewatering. Recuperative thickening of 25% of the digesting
solids increased solids retention time in the anaerobic digesters from
15.7 days to 24.0 days. Anaerobic digestion volatile solids reduction
increased from 50% to 64%. Recuperative thickening did not affect
effluent quality.
 Description:
 Digested biosolids are removed from the anaerobic digestion process, thickened, and returned to the anaerobic digestion process.
 Anoxic gas flotation is one type of recuperative thickening process, and it is described earlier in this chapter.

 Comparison  to  Established  Technologies:
 Technology allows for the use of existing biosolids process equipment and does not have the additional capital costs
 associated with other'.innovative technologies that [equire greater capital investments.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   Not provided by vendor.
 Approximate O&M Costs:    Not provided by vendor.
 Capital and operations and maintenance cost estimates will vary depending on what thickening equipment currently exists
 at a treatment facility. According to the Spokane study, the net result was a net reduction of polymer requirements by 15%
 with an annual savings of $28,000. Biosolids production (wet weight) was reduced 22% with a resultant annual savings of
 $85,000. There is no specific equipment to be purchased.
 Vendor Name(s):
 Not applicable (procedural variation not requiring
 specific equipment)
Practitioner(s):
The following hosted a demonstration project but is not a current
practitioner:
Spokane Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant
4401 North A.L. White Parkway
Spokane, WA 99205
Phone: 509-625-4600
Biosolids Management
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Emerging Technologies
       September 2006
Technology Summary
 Recuperative Thickening (Contd)
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Recuperative thickening/thickener, anaerobic digestion
 Data Sources:
 Reynolds, D.T., M. Cannon, T. Pelton. "Preliminary Investigation of Recuperative Thickening for Anaerobic Digestion.1
 WEFTEC Paper. (October 2001).
3-8
Biosolids Management

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September 2006
                                  Emerging Technologies
 Metal Screen Thickening
 Objective:
 This equipment performs conditioning and thickening in
 one basin
                                                                         Technology Summary
State of Development: Embryonic
According to Ebara Corporation, a pilot test was conducted in a
24-hour operation biosolids treatment facility for a period of about 1
year. Test results indicated a sludge treatment rate of about 200 kg
dissolved solids per hour.
 Description:
 This system employs a set of slit screens with 1-millimeter openings. The screens are installed in a mixing tank. Sludge is thickened
 by cross-flow filtration through the screens. According to the vendor, this system is designed to prevent clogging (which often
 occurs with simple screening under atmospheric pressure) with low differential pressure through the submerged screens.
 Comparison to Established  Technologies:
 Not similar to any established technologies.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   Not provided by vendor.
 Approximate O&M Costs:    Not provided by vendor.
 Vendor Name(s):
 Not applicable (procedural variation not requiring
 specific equipment)
Practitioner(s):
The following hosted a demonstration project but is not a current
practitioner:
Spokane Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant
4401 North A.L. White Parkway
Spokane, WA 99205
Phone: 509-625-4600
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Recuperative thickening/thickener, anaerobic digestion
 Data Sources:
 Reynolds, D.T., M. Cannon, T. Pelton. "Preliminary Investigation of Recuperative Thickening for Anaerobic Digestion."
 WEFTEC Paper. (October 2001).
Biosolids Management
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Stabilization
       Biosolids are stabilized to reduce pathogens, eliminate offensive odors and inhibit, reduce
       or eliminate the potential for putrefaction that leads to odor production. Stabilization also
       reduces attraction to vectors. Stabilization processes may produce Class A or Class B
       biosolids, depending on the level and type of stabilization provided. This chapter focuses
       on the latest developments in stabilization technologies.
       Table 4.1 summarizes the state of development of stabilization technologies.

       Recent technology developments in this area include several adaptations to the anaerobic
       digestion process. Temperature-Phase Anaerobic Digestion (TPAnD), Two-Phase Acid/
       Gas, and Three-Phase Anaerobic Digestion are  included  as innovative technologies.
       Figure  4.1  includes an evaluation of the innovative technologies identified. Summary
       sheets  for each innovative and embryonic technology are provided at the end  of this
       chapter.

          Table 4.1 - Thickening Technologies—State of Development
 Aerobic Digestion
  •  Autothermal Thermophilic
     (ATAD)
 Alkaline Stabilization
 Advanced Alkaline Stabilization
 Anaerobic Digestion
  »  Dual Digestion
  «  Two-Stage Mesophilic
 Composting
 Pasteurization
 Solidification
 Synox
Aerobic Digestion
  »  Aerobic/Anoxic Digestion
Anaerobic Digestion
  *  Anaerobic Baffled Reactor
  «  Columbus Biosolids Flow-Through
  «  Thermophilic Treatment
  «  High-Rate Plug Flow (BioTerminator 24/85)
  *  Temperature Phased Anaerobic Digestion
  «  Thermal Hydrolysis (CAMBI Process)
  «  Thermophilic Fermentation (ThermoTech™)
  «  Three-Phase Anaerobic Digestion
  »  Two-Phase Acid Gas Anaerobic Digestion
Vermicomposting
Aerobic Digestion
  «  Simultaneous Digestion and
    Metal Leaching
Anaerobic Digestion
  »  Ozone Treatment
Disinfection
  »  Ferrate Addition
  «  Irradiation
  •  Neutralized
Biosolids Management
                                                                4-1

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Emerging Technologies

            Figure 4.1  - Evaluation of Innovative Thickening Technologies
 Aerobic/Anoxic Digestion
   D
C,0,V
N/A
                              Enhances aerobic
                              digestion
 Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)
   D
C,0,V
N/A
e
e
e
e
e
e
 Columbus Thermophilic Treatment
 (CBFT3)	
             C,0,V
                         e
                          e
                              Retrofits to produce
                              Class A
 High-Rate Plug Flow BioTerminator
 24/85
             C,0,V
         N/A
                                    Requires screening and
                                    degritting
 Temperature-Phased Anaerobic
 Digestion
             C,0,V
 Thermal Hydrolysis
 (CAMBI Process)
   D
C,0,V
N/A
                    e
                    e
                   Odor issues
 Thermophilic Fermentation
 (ThermoTech™)	
             C,0,V
         N/A
                e
                         e
 Three-Phase Anaerobic Digestion
             C,0,V
                    e
                e
 Two-Phase Acid/Gas Anaerobic
 Digestion
             C,0,V
                                             Low capital cost
 Vermicomposting
             C,0,V
  B = Bench scale
  D = Full-scale demonstrations in North
      America
  I  = Full-scale industrial applications, with
      demonstrations or pilots for municipal
      sewage sludge
  0 = Full-scale operations overseas
  N = Full-scale operations in North America
  P = Pilot
F = Few plants
I  = Industrywide
L = Primarily large plants
S = Primarily small plants
       A = Produces Class A biosolids
       C = Capital savings
       0 = Operational/maintenance savings
       F = Produces high-nutrient fertilizer
       M = Minimizes odors
       R = Provides beneficial use (nonagricultural)
       V = Sludge volume reduction
                                        A   = Agriculture
                                        C   = Construction
                                        N/A = Not Applicable
                                        P   = Power
                                                                                                 A Positive feature
                                                                                                 0 Neutral or mixed
                                                                                                 T Negative feature
4-2


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September 2006
                                   Emerging Technologies
 Aerobic/Anoxic Digestion
 Objective:
 Improve denitrification and enhance aerobic digestion.
                                                                           Technology Summary
State of Development: Innovative
Full-scale aerobic/anoxic operation has been evaluated at treatment
plants in Castle Rock, Colorado; Paris, Illinois; and Clyde, Ohio. In
each case, the result was nearly complete nitrification and the ability
to maintain approximately neutral pH values, enhanced digestion,
near-complete nitrification, and nitrogen removal.
 Description:
 Aerators in an aerobic digester cycle on and off so that denitrification occurs under the anoxic conditions produced when the
 aerators are turned off. Aerobic/anoxic digestion results in denitrification, which can provide approximately neutral pH that enhances
 nitrification, aerobic digestion, and nitrogen removal. Effective pathogen destruction is also observed. Aerobic/anoxic operation
 at several facilities has allowed the facilities to maintain approximately neutral pH values, enhanced digestion, near-complete
 .n|trifira|pn^andnjfrqgenrempya!.
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Similar to aerobic/anoxic wastewater treatment nutrient removal technologies. Aerobic/anoxic sludge digestion  has been
 shown to improve sludge dewaterability, filtrate quality, and pH control compared to aerobic digestion alone.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:  Process involved conversion of existing facilities. Vendor does not have unit capital costs.
 Approximate O&M Costs:   Not provided by the vendor.
 Vendor Name(s):
 Enviroquip, Inc.
 2404 Rutland Drive, Suite 200
 Austin, TX 78758
 Phone: 512-834-6000
 Fax:512-834-6039
Practitioner(s):
Plum Creek Wastewater Authority
4255 N US Highway 85
Castle Rock, CO 80108
Phone:303-688-1991
Fax:303-688-1992
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Aerobic-anoxic, biosolids, sludge
 Data Sources:
 Daigger, G.T. and E. Bailey. "Improving Digestion by Prethickening, Staged Operation, and Aerobic-Anoxic Operation: Four
 Full-Scale Demonstrations." Water Environment Research. (May/June 2000).
Biosolids Management
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Emerging Technologies
                                         September 2006
Technology Summary
 Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)
 Objective:
 Reduce sludge production by encouraging anaerobic
 biological degradation of the primary sludge in the
 primary treatment tank.
State of Development: Innovative
A full-scale pilot plant at Orange County Sanitation District was used
to evaluate the performance of an ABR in Southern California. Full-
scale prototypes have been constructed in the United Kingdom.
The appropriateness of the ABR for on-site primary sanitation in low-
income communities in South Africa also has been evaluated.
 Description:
 An anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) consists of alternating hanging and standing baffles that compartmentalize the reactor and
 force liquid flow up and down from one compartment to the next. The compartmentalized design separates the solids retention time
 from the hydraulic retention time, making it possible to anaerobically treat wastewaters at short retention times (4-10 hours).
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Similar to baffled wastewater treatment basins used as a sequence of complete mix reactors. ABR systems have been
 shown to provide higher resilience to hydraulic and organic shock loads, longer biomass retention times, and lower sludge
 yields than other high rate anaerobic treatment systems. According to Orange County Sanitation District, volatile solids
 reduction was not clear from the test data. High BOD in effluent was observed.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   $400,000 to retrofit a 4-MGD rectangular primary clarifier with ABR
 Approximate O&M Costs:   $10,000 per year
 Costs are expected to vary based on rectangular versus circular retrofit.
 Vendor Name(s):
 Atkins Water
 3020 Old Ranch Parkway
 Suite 180
 Seal Beach, CA 90740
 Phone: (562) 314-4231
 Email: rupert.kruqertajatkinsqlobal.com
Practitioner(s):
The following hosted a pilot project but is not a current
practitioner:
Orange County Sanitation District
10844 Ellis Avenue
Fountain Valley, CA 92708-7018
Phone:(714)962-2411
Email: forinformation(5)ocsd.com
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Anaerobic Baffled Reactor, ABR, volatile solids reduction, biosolids
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                                 Biosolids Management

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September 2006
Emerging Technologies
                                                                          Technology Summary
 Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) (Contd)
 Data Sources:
 Foxon, K.M., S. Pillay, T. Lalbahdur, N. Rodda, F. Holder and C.A. Buckley. "The anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR): An
 appropriate technology for on-site sanitation." Water SA 30:5 (2004)
 44-50.
 Kruger, R. and J. Brown. "Large-scale pilot trial of anaerobic baffled reactor: Assessment of key performance parameters
 and cost-benefit analysis of full-scale retrofit." Proceedings of the WEF/AWWA Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management
 Conference, Nashville, Tennessee. (17-20 April 2005)
                    Gas Outlets
                                 Sample Ports
 Inlet
                                                  ABR installation. Photo courtesy
                                                  of Atkins Water, 2006.
                                                Outlet
                                                       Schematic of ABR unit (Foxon, et al., 2004)
       Tank 1
                     Tank 2
                                   Tank 3
            rr
         flow
       baffles
            /
                           XV
                                               Tank 4
                                                           Cross-section of ABR (Kruger and Brown, 2005)
                                        Sludge blanket
Biosolids Management
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Emerging Technologies
                                        September 2006
Technology Summary
 Columbus Biosolids Flow-Through Thermophilic Treatment (CBFT3)
 Objective:
 Low-cost way for converting from Class B to Class A
 biosolids production.
State of  Development: Innovative
Columbus Water Works (CWW), Georgia, completed a pilot-scale
study of CBFT3 in June 2003 which showed successful production
of Class A biosolids at digestion temperatures of 53°C > 6 days and
60°C for 30 minutes with a very specific treatment train. This has
received site-specific approval for Class A biosolids production. In
addition, testing for Helminth and viruses continue.
 Description:
 The CBFT3 design consists of a conventional, complete-mix, continuous-feed thermophilic anaerobic digester followed by a long,
 narrow plug-flow reactor. Mesophilic digestion is then used to minimize odors in the final product. The construction of a plug-flow
 reactor prototype was completed in February 2004, and ongoing studies are testing its effectiveness. Estimates indicate that the
 CBFT3 conversion process could save from $0.6 million for a 5 MGD plant up to $19 million for a 200 MGD plant. Patent rights of
 this process were given to the Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) in 2005.
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 An improved process from conventional anaerobic digesters potentially capable of yielding Class A biosolids.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   $12,000,000 (for a 90 MGD facility)
 Approximate O&M Costs:   Not available.
 Capital cost estimate is based on construction loan for the South Columbus Water Resource Facility, Georgia. Maintenance
 activities are completed on an "as-needed" basis, a minimum of once  annually.
 Vendor Name(s):
 Developed by the Columbus Water Works with:
 Brown and Caldwell
 4700 Lakehurst Court, Suite 100
 Columbus, OH 43016
 Phone:(614)410-6144
 Fax:(614)410-3088
Practitioner(s):
Columbus Water Works
1421 Veterans Parkway, P.O. Box 1600
Columbus, GA 31901
Phone: 706-649-3400
Fax: 706-327-3845
Email: mailbox(g)cwwqa.orq
Website: www.cwwqa.org
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Columbus Biosolids Flow-Through Thermophilic Treatment, CBFT3, Columbus Water Works
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                                 Biosolids Management

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September 2006
Emerging Technologies
                                                                      Technology Summary
 Columbus Biosolids Flow-Through Thermophilic Treatment (CBFT3) (Contd)
 Data Sources:
 Esters, K. "Columbus Water Works honored for technique that turns human waste into safe fertilizer." Water Industry News.
 (22 February 2005).
 Water Environment Research Federation (WERF). "Columbus Retrofits Plants to Achieve Low-Cost Class A Biosolids."
 Compiled by Roy Ramani in WERF Progress Newsletter-Vol 15: Issue 3. (Summer 2004)
 Willis, J. and P. Schafer. "Upgrading to Class A Anaerobic Digestion: Is Your Biosolids Program Ready to Make the Move?"
 Public Works Magazine. (1  January 2006).
Biosolids Management
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Emerging Technologies
                                          September 2006
Technology Summary
 High-Rate Plug Flow BioTerminator 24/85
 Objective:
 Reduce total suspended solids of feed sludge by 85%
 in 24 hours. Generate methane that can be recovered
 and used for energy
State of Development: Innovative
Pilot studies of the BioTerminator system have been conducted at
wastewater treatment plants in Daphne, Alabama; Galveston, Texas;
Baton Rouge, Louisiana; and Fort Smith and Little Rock, Arkansas.
Based on pilot study results, the BioTerminator appears to achieve
exceptional total and volatile solids destruction. The first full-scale
application of the BioTerminator technology is scheduled to be
installed at the Daphne, Alabama WWTP in 2007.
 Description:
 The BioTerminator 24/85 anaerobic digester consists of a plug flow insulated tank with a patented arrangement of baffles. The
 tanks are rectangular in shape with a maximum capacity of 10,000 gallons.
 A plant requiring more than the 10,000 gallon feed capacity would need to employ multiple reactors.  Prior to entering the tank,
 the sludge may need to be screened and/or degritted, and will have to be heated to 35°C (95°F). For some sludges, a minimal
 amount of carbon supplement, typically sugar, is added as a microbial stimulant. For mixed primary and secondary sludges,
 sodium bicarbonate is fed if necessary to maintain proper pH.
 A portion of the methane generated by the process is used to preheat the sludge (<25%, depending on climate) and the rest may
 be flared or used to recover energy value. Additional descriptions of the various system components are provided in Burnett
 (2005).
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 According to the vendor, the BioTerminator requires much shorter retention time and achieves a greater reduction in total
 solids in comparison to a well-operated conventional anaerobic digester. Studies are underway to support these claims.

 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   $1.2 million for first 10,000 gpd reactor and equipment skid
                          $400,000 for subsequent two reactors, if added

 Approximate O&M Costs:    $15,000/year for chemicals and $4,000/year electricity
 Recoverable energy value of methane, if used, would offset O&M costs
 Vendor Name(s):
 Shaw Environmental & Infrastructure, Inc.
 17 Princess Road
 Lawrenceville, NJ 08648
 Phone: 609-895-5340
Practitioner(s):
Information on practitioners is available at
www.bioterminator.com/casestudies.phtml.
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Anaerobic digester, volatile solids, mesophilic, plug flow, solids reduction, BioTerminator
4-8
                                  Biosolids Management

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September 2006
Emerging Technologies
                                                                    Technology Summary
 High-Rate Plug Flow BioTerminator 24/85 (Contd)
 Data Sources:
 Burnett, C. "Pilot test results of the BioTerminator high-rate plug flow anaerobic digester." Proceedings of the WEF/AWWA
 Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference, Nashville, Tennessee. (17-20 April 2005).
 The website www.totalsolidsolution.com provides information on this technology although this company is no longer a
 vendor for the BioTerminator system.
 Also visit www.shawwatersolutions.com.
                                                     lOTerminator
Biosolids Management
               4-9

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Emerging Technologies
                                         September 2006
Technology Summary
 Temperature-Phased Anaerobic Digestion (TPAnD)
 Objective:
 Improve the quality of biosolids by combining
 thermophilic and mesophilic anaerobic digestion.
State of Development: Innovative
The Western Lake Superior Sanitary District in Duluth, Minnesota
uses the TPAnD system to process solids resulting from the
treatment of 40 mgd of wastewater. The technology is also used at
Madison, Wl and in Orange County and Los Angeles in CA.
Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant is planning to
construct an egg-shaped TPAnD digester facility. The results of
studies performed by Virginia Tech comparing a TPAnD system, a
two-stage thermophilic system, and two mesophilic conventional
digesters recommended that DC WASAcontinue to pursue TPAnD
as a process option for their new anaerobic digestion facility.
 Description:
 Temperature-phased anaerobic digestion (TPAnD), also referred to as thermophilic/mesophilic digestion, is a promising process
 option for the wastewater treatment facilities due to its higher performance and ability to control product odor. The process employs
 thermophilic (>55°C) conditions in the first phase of digestion followed by mesophilic (35°C) conditions in the second phase of
 digestion.

 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 A combination of thermophilic digestion and mesophilic digestion processes. By their combined use, the performance is
 enhanced over either individual process.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   $4,700,000
 Approximate O&M Costs:   Not available.
 Capital cost is based on the 2004 estimated cost to install a new 2,465 m3 temperature-phased anaerobic digester,
 associated piping upgrades, and upgrades to a secondary digester at the Ravensview Water Pollution Control Plant in
 Kingston, Ontario.
 Vendor Name(s):
 Not applicable
Practitioner(s):
Western Lake Superior Sanitary District
2626 Courtland St.
Duluth, MN 55806
218-722-3336
Website: www.wlssd.com
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Anaerobic digestion, temperature phased, Blue Plains wastewater
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                                 Biosolids Management

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September 2006
Emerging Technologies
                                                                         Technology Summary
 Temperature-Phased Anaerobic Digestion (TPAnD) (Contd)
 Data Sources:
 J.L. Richards & Associates, Ltd. Ravensview WPCP Secondary Treatment and Capacity Upgrades Class EA Update.
 Technical Memo No. 5 - Biosolids Management Upgrades. Prepared for Utilities Kingston. (May 2004).
 Inman D.C., S. Murthy, P. Schafer, P. Schlegel, J. Webb, J.T. Novak. "A comparative study of two-stage thermophilic, single-
 stage mesophilic, and  temperature-phased anaerobic digestion." Proceedings of the WEF 2005 Residuals & Biosolids
 Specialty Conference,  Nashville, Tennessee. (17-20 April 2005).
 Water Environment Federation Residuals and Biosolids Committee. "High-Performance Anaerobic Digestion (White
 Paper)". Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, Virginia. (January 2004)
Biosolids Management
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Emerging Technologies
                                         September 2006
Technology Summary
 Thermal Hydrolysis (CAMBI Process)
 Objective:
 Biosolids mass reduction; increased production of
 biogas.
State of Development: Innovative
This process was used full scale in 2002 at the Nigg Bay Wastewater
Treatment Plant in Aberdeen, Scotland, and is installed at additional
wastewater treatment facilities across Europe, Australia and Japan.
In Europe, it is also used by pulp manufacturers.
 Description:
 Prior to digestion, sludge is dewatered to 15%-20% solids and fed through a hydrolysis vessel. The process involves the oxidation
 of sludge under elevated temperature (approximately 320°F) and pressure (approximately 100 psi). Under these conditions,
 pathogens are destroyed and cell structures in the sludge breakdown, releasing energy-rich compounds.
 Following hydrolysis, sludge is fed to an anaerobic digester where it readily breaks down, resulting in high volatile solids destruction
 (approximately 65%) and increased biogas production compared to conventional anaerobic digestion.
 Odor issues need to be addressed for this process
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Similar to established technology by Zimpro Wet Air Oxidation process. Increased biogas production from hydrolyzed
 sludge.
 Available Cost  Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:  $6,000,000
 Approximate O&M Costs:   $360 per dry ton treated
 Capital and O&M costs are for the installation and 2000-2001 estimated operational costs of the CAMBI process at the
 5 MGD Hamar Wastewater Treatment Plant, Norway. Operational costs include operating the treatment plant, disposal of
 waste biosolids, personnel costs, overhead costs, depreciation, and interest. The Hamar plant accepts biosolids from other
 treatment plants.
 Vendor Name(s):
 RDP Technologies, Inc.
 2495 Boulevard of the Generals
 Norristown, PA 19403
 Phone:610-650-9900
 E-mail: pchristv(S)rpdtech.com
Practitioner(s):
North of Scotland Water Authority
Denburn House
25 Union Terrace
Aberdeen, Scotland AB10 1NN
Phone: 845-743-7437
For additional practitioners see
www.cambi.com/sludae frame.asp
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Thermal hydrolysis, CAMBI Process, biosolids, sludge
 Data Sources:
 Stevens, D., Kelly, J., Listen, C., Oemeke, D. Biosolids Management in England and France. Water, 29(1):56-61. The
 Journal of the Australian Water Association. (2002).
 Wilson, S. Panter, K. (2002). Operating Experience of Aberdeen CAMBI Thermal Hydrolysis Plant Proceeding of CIWEM/
 AQUA Enviro 7th European Biosolids and Organic Residuals Conference. (November 2002).
 Vendor-supplied information
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                                 Biosolids Management

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September 2006
                                   Emerging Technologies
                                                                          Technology Summary
 Thermophilic Fermentation (ThermoTech™)
 Objective:
 Converts sewage sludge and residuals into fertilizer-
 grade product by thermophilic fermentation process.
State of Development: Innovative
ThermoMaster™ plants in Canada convert food wastes into a high-
protein animal feed supplement and wastewater treatment sludges
into fertilizer material. This technology is not being actively marketed
by the vendor at this time.
 Description:
 ThermoTech™ is a microbial organic waste digestion technology originally developed to create animal feed supplement from
 relatively high-solids-content food wastes. The process has been modified for wastewater sludge and materials with a lower solids
 content. In the ThermoMaster™ process, autoheated aerobic digestion is operated at a relatively short residence time of 30 hours
 to maximize single-cell protein production using the influent waste material as a substrate. The solids from the digestion process
 are then dried and pelletized.
 Limited information was available on this technology as the vendor is no longer focusing its efforts on marketing this technology.
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Fermenting provides a number of benefits over established technologies, including a 20% increase in protein content and
 minimal energy requirements (as the process creates its own heat). Residuals are transformed into salable products in less
 time and with smaller space requirements.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   $15,000,000 - $50,000,000 for a 400-tpd facility
 Approximate O&M Costs:   Not available.
 Vendor Name(s):
 ThermoTech™ Technologies
 204-195 County Court Boulevard
 Brampton, Ontario L8E 5V9 Canada
 Phone: 905-451-5522 or 561-2662
 Fax:905-451-5833
Practitioner(s):
No practitioner at this time.
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 ThermoTech™, ThermoMaster™, waste digestion, autoheated aerobic digestion
 Data Sources:
 Glenn, Jim. "Nutrient Niches: Marketing Food Residuals As Animal Feed." Biocycle. (April 1997) 43-50.
 PR Newswire. "ThermoTech™ Ventures, Inc. Signs US Dollars 200 Million Commitment to Secure Long-Term Debt
 Financing to Build and Operate ThermoMaster Mark II Plants." (2 March 1999).
Biosolids Management
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Emerging Technologies
                                         September 2006
Technology Summary
 Three-Phase Anaerobic Digestion
 Objective:
 Increase dewaterability, produce Class A biosolids for
 direct land application, increase biogas production, and
 reduce odors.
State of Development: Innovative
Three-phase anaerobic digestion was implemented full scale at the
Inland Empire Utilities Agency (IEUA) Regional Water Recycling
Plant No. 1 (RP-1) in San Bernardino County, California, in
November 2000.
 Description:
 This anaerobic digestion system operates using three phases. The first phase is a volatile fatty acid digester operating at a
 temperature of 35°C. The second is an anaerobic thermophilic gas digester operating in the range of 50°C to 56°C. The third
 phase is not heated but remains above 35°C. IEUA received U.S. EPA's approval for Class A Biosolids per Alternative 4 of CFR
 503. The following operating parameters apply:
   •  Phase 1-Minimum HRTof 2 days (monthly average) at temperatures greater than  35°C;
   •  Phase 2-Minimum HRT of 14 days (monthly average) at temperatures greater than 50°C;
   •  Phase 2-Minimum HRT of 10 days (daily minimum) at temperatures greater than 55°C;
   •  Phase 3-Minimum HRT of 4 days (monthly average) at temperatures greater than 35°C.
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Three-phase anaerobic digestion reportedly results in improved pathogen destruction and very high volatile solids reduction
 and gas production as compared to single stage anaerobic digestion.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:  Not available.
 Approximate O&M Costs:    $60 per wet ton treated
 Operational and maintenance costs for IEUA include chemicals, labor, miscellaneous materials, power used, natural gas
 consumed, and power that was  generate in its RP-1 facility (a credit). O&M costs do not include laboratory or monitoring
 costs, collection system or pretreatment costs, any administrative costs, contract labor or professional fees and services.
 JBJAestjmatedJt.sayec| $270,000 in energy costs dunn^
 Vendor Name(s):
 None identified.
Practitioner(s):
Inland Empire Utilities Agency
Recycling Plant 1 (RP-1)
2450 E. Philadelphia Avenue
Ontario, California 91761
Phone:909-993-1800
Fax: 909-947-2598
City of Tacoma Wastewater Management
2101  Portland Avenue
Tacoma, WA 98421
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Three-phase anaerobic digestion, thermophilic digestion, Inland Empire Utilities Agency, IEUA, biosolids
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September 2006
Emerging Technologies
                                                                         Technology Summary
 Three-Phase Anaerobic Digestion (Contd)
 Data Sources:
 Lee, S.A., D.D. Drury, C.A. Baker, J.S. Bowers, R.H. Nienhuis. "Three-Phase Thermophilic Digestion Disinfects Biosolids."
 Biosolids Technical Bulletin. Water Environment Research Federation. Vol. 8: No. 6. (2003).
 Salsali H.R., and W.J. Parker. "An Evaluation of 3 Stage Anaerobic Digestion of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant
 Sludges." Proceedings of the WEF Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference 2006: Bridging to the Future,
 Cincinnati, OH (12-14 March 2006).
Biosolids Management
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Emerging Technologies
                                          September 2006
Technology Summary
 Two-Phase Acid/Gas Anaerobic Digestion
 Objective:
 Increase methane production and shorten biosolids
 digestion time.
State of Development: Innovative
Patented process developed by Dr. Samnabuth Ghosh during his
tenure at Gas Technology Institute (GTI, also known as Institute of
Gas Technology). It has been in operation for more than 10 years
at a 12 MGD wastewater treatment plant in DuPage County, Illinois.
The treatment generates  sufficient methane to power a 1.5 mega
watt generator.
Full-scale projects are either installed or underway in Denver, Dallas,
Hampton Roads and Baltimore.
 Description:
 Two-phase anaerobic digestion utilizes an acid stage and a gas stage to break down biosolids. Hydrolysis reactions along with
 acidification and acetification occur in the acid phase digester where the pH is in the range of 5.5 to 6.0 because of the volatile fatty
 acid fermentation. The second (gas) stage is where high quality (>650 BTU per cubic foot) methane gas production occurs.
 The two-phase anaerobic digestion process (called the HIMET or high-methane process) is based on physically separating two
 different groups of bacteria into two separate tanks and maximizing their growth by maintaining optimum conditions in each tank
 for that particular group of bacteria. The first group, the acidogenic bacteria, is grown in the acid phase digester where the pH is in
 the range of 5.5 to 6.0 because of the volatile fatty acid fermentation. The second group, the methanogenic bacteria, is grown in the
 methane digester where the pH is naturally much higher and where residence time can be between 7-10 days, depending upon
 the waste characteristics. The acidogenic bacteria will not thrive in the methane reactor as most of its feed material is used in the
 acid digester; the methanogenic bacteria cannot thrive in the acid digester as the retention time is top short and the pH is top low
 Comparison to Established  Technologies:
 This process is similar to fermentation processes. According to one vendor, upsets in conventional anaerobic digesters
 are often attributable to the methanogenic bacteria, which are difficult to grow and are sensitive to overloads. Two-phase
 digestion is resilient to changes in feed volume and composition because the acidogenic bacteria are hardy and do well
 under extreme loading conditions. It is also; claimed that the technologyminimizes or eliminates; foaming problems.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   Not available.
 Approximate O&M Costs:    Not available.
 Vendor Name(s):
 Vendor Name(s):
 GTI
 1700 S. Mount Prospect Road
 DesPlaines, IL60018
 Phone: 847-768-0500
 Fax: 847-768-0501
 E-mail: environscienceandtech@aastechnoloav.orci
Practitioner(s):
Woodridge - Greene Valley Wastewater Facility
7900 South Route 53
Woodridge, IL 60517
Email: Kbuoy@dupageco.org
Phone: 630-985-7400
Website: www.dupaaeco.ora/publicworks/
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Two-phase anaerobic digestion, two-stage anaerobic digestion, biosolids, sludge
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                                  Biosolids Management

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September 2006
Emerging Technologies
                                                                       Technology Summary
 Two-Phase Acid/Gas Anaerobic Digestion (Contd)
 Data Sources:
 Kelly, H.G. Emerging Technologies in Biosolids Treatment. Dayton & Knight Ltd., West Vancouver, Canada. (2003).
 GTI. "HI MET-A Two-Stage Anaerobic Digestion Process for Converting Waste to Energy." Company website:
 www.qastechnoloqv.org. (September 2004).
 DuPage County, Illinois, Department of Public Works website. (2005). Woodridge-Greene Valley Wastewater Facility.
 Available online at www.dupaqeco.org/publicworks/qeneric.cfm7doc id=880.
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Emerging Technologies
                                                                                           September 2006
Technology Summary
 Vermicomposting
 Objective:
 Achieve pathogen reduction, produce a land
 application-quality compost from biosolids.
                                                 State of Development: Innovative
                                                 In July 2004, the first full-scale vermicomposting facility in the
                                                 United States was commissioned for the township of Granville,
                                                 Pennsylvania. This facility, which treats approximately 70 dry tons
                                                 annually, processes aerobic digested biosolids.
Description:
Earthworms, added to biosolids, break down organic material and produce a fine-grained castings, considered by some to have
greater value as a soil amendment than traditional composts. Generally operated in a semi-continuous flow. The earthworms stay
in the bed with no need to restock regularly; generally, the worm population is self regulating and will increase to the point where
available food and space constrain further expansion. The process must be monitored for such parameters as moisture content
and temperature but is not labor-intensive. Flow of solids into the system is then adjusted to optimize living conditions for the
worms. The castings are known to contain plant growth regulators and other substances that make them an effective form of bio-
fertilizer and  bio-pest control agent.
A full-scale demonstration in Orange County, Florida, showed greater reduction of indicator pathogens in biosolids composted
with, versus without, the addition of worms. The Manure Management Program, Cornell University, is currently researching
vermicomposting of animal manure.
 Comparison  to Established Technologies:
 Vermicomposting involves earthworms and microorganisms working together. In contrast to conventional aerobic
 composting, it does not involve a thermophilic stage to achieve stabilization. As with other non-enclosed composting
 technologies, vermicomposting does have a fairly large footprint similar to aerated static pile composting.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   $1,600,000
 Approximate O&M Costs:    $495,000
 Vendor Name(s):
 Vermitech USA Inc.
 100 Helen Street
 Lewistown, PA 17044
 Phone: 717-994-4885
 Website: www.vermitech.com
 Email: shaun.ankers(5).vermitech.com
                                                 Practitioner(s):
                                                 Township of Granville
                                                 Junction Wastewater Treatment Facility
                                                 100 Helen St.
                                                 Lewistown, PA 17044
                                                 Email: lcraig(5).granville-twp.orq
                                                 Phone:717-242-1838
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Vermicomposting, vermiculture, municipal waste, biosolids, sludge
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September 2006
Emerging Technologies
                                                                       Technology Summary
 Vermicomposting (Contd)
 Data Sources:
 Eastman, Bruce R. "Achieving Pathogen Stabilization Using Vermicomposting". Biocycle Journal of Composting.
 (November 1999). 62-64.
 Slocum, Kelly. "Pathogen Reduction in Vermicomposting." Worm Digest. Issue 23. (1999).
 Vendor-supplied information
  Granville Township, PA Vermicomposting facility
  (Photo courtesy of Granville Township)
Biosolids Management
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Emerging Technologies
                                        September 2006
Technology Summary
 Simultaneous Digestion and Metal Leaching (SSDML)
 Objective:
 Increase the pathogen reduction and metals solubility
 during the digestion process.
State of Development: Embryonic
A 2003 pilot-scale study found that the SSDML process was
successful in obtaining acidity and oxidation-reduction potential
levels within a sludge bioreactor that were greater than necessary
for solubilization of toxic metals. Nutrient levels (N, P, K) in the
decontaminated sludge were preserved throughout the process. The
study also found the process to be effective in reducing odors and
indicator bacteria in the sludge.
 Description:
 The simultaneous sewage sludge digestion and metal leaching (SSDML) process involves the addition of elemental sulfur to
 biosolids during aerobic digestion. After several days, the pH of the mixture is very low (about 2), which is conducive to increasing
 the solubility of toxic metals within the biosolids.
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Not similar to other established technologies.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   Not available.
 Approximate O&M Costs:    Not available.
 Vendor Name(s):
 Institut National de Recherche Scientifique
 Universite du Quebec
 2700 rue Einstein
 C.P. 7500
 Sainte-Foy, Quebec G1V 4C7
 Phone:418-654-2617
 E-mail: tvaai(5)inrs-ete.uauebec.ca
Practitioner(s):
No practitioner at this time
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Metals leaching, SSDML, aerobic digestion, biosolids, sludge
 Data Sources:
 Blais, J., N. Meunier, G. Mercier, P. Drogui, and R.D. Tyagi. "Pilot Plant Study of Simultaneous Sewage Sludge Digestion
 and Metal Leaching." Journal of Environmental Engineering. 130:5 (2004) 516-525.
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September 2006
                                   Emerging Technologies
                                                                            Technology Summary
 Anaerobic Digestion with Ozone Treatment
 Objective:
 Break down organic matter in biosolids to increase the
 effectiveness of anaerobic digestion.
State of Development: Embryonic
The Vranitsky and Lahnsteiner (2002) laboratory-scale study found
that the average degradation rate of organic matter increase to 65%,
as compared to 45% in a conventional (non-ozonated) system. The
study also showed an increase in biogas production of 30%^40%
due to the added biological disintegration from the ozone addition.
The achieved removal rate of carbon and nutrients decreased, but
remained within regulatory requirements.
 Description:
 Anaerobically digested biosolids are diverted from the digester to a reaction tank where they are exposed to low levels of ozone.
 One experiment by Vranitsky and Lahnsteiner (2002) showed that only 0.06 g of ozone per gram of dissolved solids was necessary
 to destroy the biological activity of the digested biosolids. The ozonated biosolids are then sent to the thickening tank and then
 back to the digester where they are mixed with both ozonated and non-ozonated biosolids. The biosolids either exit the digester to
 be dewatered, or they are again diverted back to the ozone reactor. The ozone generation is based on corona discharges that are
 capable of transforming molecular oxygen into ozone.
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Not similar to other established technologies.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   Not available.
 Approximate O&M Costs:    $1700 per million gallons treated
 Operational cost estimate is based on a model wastewater treatment plant treating approximately 5 million gallons per day
 using an ozonation plant unit capable of producing 42.3 pounds of ozone per hour.
 Vendor Name(s):
 American Air Liquide
 2700 Post Oak Blvd., Suite 1800
 Houston, TX 27056
 Phone: 800-820-2522
 Website: www.us.airliauide.com
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Ozone treatment, ozonation, biosolids, sludge
Practitioner(s):
No practitioner at this time
 Data Sources:
 Vranitsky, R., J. Lahnsteiner. "Sewage sludge disintegration using ozone -a method of enhancing the anaerobic
 stabilization of sewage sludge." Proceedings of the European Biosolids and Organic Residuals Workshop, Conference and
 Exhibition. (2002).
 European Environmental Press. "Europe: Using Ozone to Reduce Sludge." (2005)
 Water and Wastewater.com. Available online at
 www.waterandwastewater.com/www services/news center/publish/article O0540.shtml. March 31.
 Vendor-supplied information
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Emerging Technologies	September 2005


Technology Summary
 Ferrate Addition
 Objective:                                  State of Development: Embryonic
 Stabilization and disinfection of wastewater solids as     Pilot-scale investigation was conducted using solids from a
 well as enhancement of biosolids products increasing    Washington DC area wastewater treatment plant.
 beneficial use potential.
 Description:
 Ferrate is a powerful oxidizing chemical with a higher reactivity than traditional oxidants. As a liquid, ferrate can be injected into
 the process stream without the addition of special mixing equipment. One study by the USDA showed dosing dewatered solids
 with ferrate inactivated 99.9% of E. coli. The resulting pH of the disinfected solids is generally between 12 and 13 depending on
 dose. Ferrates also have been shown to have an affinity to react with sulfides, mercapitans and alkyl amines, all odor-producing
 compounds common in wastewater solids.
 Comparison to Established  Technologies:
 Depending on use of the ferrate, the process can be compared to various processes where a chemical is added to
 wastewater solids to increase the potential for beneficial use.
 Available  Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:  Not provided by the vendor.
 Approximate O&M Costs: Ferrate liqujd is available for approximately $2 per pound
 Vendor Name(s):                         Practitioner(s):
 Ferrate Treatment Technologies, LLC                 No practitioner at this time.
 6432 Pine Castle Blvd, Unit #2C
 Orlando, FL 32809
 Phone: 407-857-5721
 Fax:407-826-0166
 E-mail: calig(5).ferrate.biz
 Website: www.ferratetreatment.com
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Ferrate, biosolids, sludge
 Data Sources:
 Chao, A. Quality Improvement of Biosolids by Ferrate (VI) Oxidation of Offensive Odour Compounds." IWA Publishing
 Journal Online at www.iwaponline.com/wst/03303/wst033030119.htm. 8 August 2006.
 Kim, H. P. Millner, V. Sharma, L. McConnell, A. Torrents, M. Ramirez, C. Peot. "Ferrate: Nature's Most Powerful Oxidizer:
 It's Potential As a Disinfection Treatment for Thickened Sludge." Research Notes published at
 www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm7SEQ  NO  115=190364. 8 August 2006.
 Reimers, R.S., V.K. Sharma, S.D. Pillai, and D.R. Reinhard. "Application of Ferrates in Biosolids and Manure Management
 with Respect to Disinfection and Stabilization." WEF/AWWA Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference 2005,
 Nashville, Tennessee (17-20 April 2005).
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September 2006                                                                         Emerging Technologies


                                                                             Technology Summary
 Objective:                                    State of Development: Embryonic
 Biosolids disinfection                                Beta and gamma irradiation have been tested for at least 20 years
                                                   based on the promise of their low space requirement; however,
                                                   to date irradiation methods have not been implemented on a
                                                   continuous full-scale basis at any wastewater treatment plants in the
                                                   United  States.
 Description:
 Irradiation destroys organisms by altering the colloidal nature of cell protoplasm. Gamma rays are high-energy photons produced
 by certain radioactive elements; beta rays are electrons accelerated in velocity by electrical potentials in the vicinity of 1 million
 volts. Both types of radiation destroy pathogens; however, the effectiveness of beta radiation is dependent on the dose. A dose of
 1 megarad or more at 2°C will reduce pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and helminthes to below detectable levels. Lower doses may
 successfully reduce bacteria and helminth ova but not viruses. Gamma rays from isotopes such as 60Cobalt and 137Cesium (at
 1 megarad at 20°C) can penetrate substantial thicknesses and are easier to expose to sludge. Beta rays have limited penetration
 ability and therefore are introduced by passing a thin layer of sewage sludge under the radiation source. Because these processes,
 when used alone, do not reduce nuisance odors and the attraction of vectors, they are considered supplementary to typical
 stabilization and pathogen treatment processes.
 Comparison  to  Established Technologies:
 Low space requirement is an advantage irradiation offers. However, irradiation does not "stabilize" sludge to satisfy vector
 attraction reduction (VAR) requirements of U.S. EPA. An  alternate approach is to incorporate the biosolids material into the
 soil within 8 hours, or lime can be added, an established  method of vector attraction management.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   Not available.
 Approximate O&M Costs:   Not available.
 Vendor Name(s):                           Practitioner(s):
 No vendors at this time                              No practitioner at this time.
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Ferrate, biosolids, sludge
 Data Sources:
 Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. Training Course. "Biosolids - Characteristics and Treatment."
 (1998). Available online at www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/biosolids/traininq/index.htm
Biosolids Management                                                                                4-23

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Emerging Technologies
                                          September 2006
Technology Summary
 Objective:
 Disinfection of wastewater solids.
State of Development: Embryonic
The process has been tested in the laboratory on aerobically
digested, anaerobically digested and raw solids. It has also been pilot
tested at the Lagoon Wastewater and Sludge Facility, St. Thomas,
U.S. Virgin Islands. Research has demonstrated the reduction of
fecal coliforms and viral densities to below detectable limits and the
viability of helminth eggs to 0%. The process has been tested on
both raw and digested solids.
 Description:
 Neutralizer® is a sequenced batch process. First, chlorine dioxide is added to solids as they are fed into a mixing tank. Continuous
 mixing is provided during this initial two-hour contact time. Next, sulfuric acid is added to acidify the solids to a pH of between 2.3
 to 3.0. Then sodium nitrite (which converts to nitrous acid at this pH) is added to the tank. The tank is completely filled to eliminate
 head space. The pressure in the tank builds to between 15 and 25 psig due to the acidification of the solids and generation of
 nitrous acid gas. The material is held for another two hour period with continuous mixing. After the two hour period, the pH of the
 material can be adjusted to create a biosolids favorable for beneficial use.
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Similar to Synox process but uses chlorine dioxide and nitrous acid instead of ozone. Chlorine dioxide is less expensive
 and more reliable than ozone.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost: varies with application; contract vendor for specific cost information
 Approximate O&M Costs:  varies wjth application; contract vendor for specific cost information
 Vendor Name(s):
 BioChem Resources
 3540 Agricultural Center Drive
 St. Augustine, FL 32092
 Phone: 904-607-2223
 Fax: 904-607-9224
 E-mail: ws@biochemresources.com
Practitioner(s):
No practitioner at this time.
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Neutralizer®, biosolids, sludge
 Data Sources:
 Reimers, R.S., L.S. Pratt-Ward, H.B. Bradford, F.P. Jussari and W. Schmitz. "Development of the Neutralizer® Process for
 Disinfection and Stabilization of Municipal Wastewater Residuals." WEF/AWWA Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management
 Conference 2006, Cincinnati, Ohio (12-14 March 2006).
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                                  Biosolids Management

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Dewatering
      Dewatering removes water from biosolids making them easier and less expensive to
      transport, dry, compost, or incinerate. Dewatering is most often accomplished by drying
      beds or a physical process that separates water from the solids via presses or centrifuges.
      Often chemicals are used to enhance the processes. This chapter focuses on the emerging
      dewatering technologies.
      Table 5.1 summarizes the state of development of dewatering technologies.

      Physical separation techniques have dominated the practice of dewatering for decades.
      Recent advancements in dewatering use electricity rather than, or in combination with,
      mechanical devices. Electroacoustical, electroosmotic, and electrodewatering are three
      such processes. Membrane and tubular filter presses have had some reported success in
      overseas dewatering applications; however, these technologies have yet to gain popularity
      in the United States.  Two more dewatering systems,  DAB and Simon Moos, may be
      promising technologies for small wastewater treatment plants and septage dewatering
      applications.

      Figure 5.1  includes an evaluation of the innovative technologies identified. Summary
      sheets for  each innovative and embryonic technology are provided at the end of this
      chapter.
Biosolids Management
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Emerging Technologies
            Table 5.1  - Dewatering Technologies—State of Development

 Belt Filter Press
 Centrifuge
 Chamber Press
 Drying Beds
   «  Auger-Assisted
   s  Natural Freeze-Thaw
   «  Vacuum-Assisted
 Vacuum Filters
Drying Beds
  s  Quick Dry Filter Beds
Electrodewatering
Metal Screen Filtration
  «  Inclined Screw Press
Textile Media Filtration
  «  Bucher Hydraulic Press
  «  DAB™ System
  s  Geotube® Container
                              Electrodewatering
                                s  Electroacoustic
                                «  Electroosmotic
                              Membrane Filtration
                                «  Membrane Filter Press
                              Textile Media Filtration
                              Simon Moos
                                «  Tubular Filter Press
                              Thermal Conditioning and Dewatering
                                «  Mechanical Freeze-Thaw
           Figure 5.1 - Evaluation of Innovative Dewatering Technologies
 Quick Dry Filter Beds
               C,0,V
       N/A
 Electrodewatering
    B,P
V
N/A
e
e
e
e
 Inclined Screw Press
                V,R
       N/A
 Bucher Hydraulic Press
    0
       N/A
 DAB™ System
                C,0
       N/A
      e
     e
               e
         Similar to thickening
 Geotube® Container
               C,0,V
       N/A
  B = Bench scale
  D = Full-scale demonstrations in North
     America
  I  = Full-scale industrial applications, with
     demonstrations or pilots for municipal
     sewage sludge
  0 = Full-scale operations overseas
  N = Full-scale operations in North America
  P = Pilot
  F = Few plants
  I  = Industrywide
  L = Primarily large plants
  S = Primarily small plants
     A = Produces Class A biosolids
     C = Capital savings
     0 = Operational/maintenance savings
     F = Produces high-nutrient fertilizer
     M = Minimizes odors
     R = Provides beneficial use (nonagricultural)
     V = Sludge volume reduction
                                       A  = Agriculture
                                       C  = Construction
                                       N/A = Not Applicable
                                       P  = Power
                                                                                                Positive feature
                                                                                              0 Neutral or mixed
                                                                                              T Negative feature
5-2


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September 2006
                                    Emerging Technologies
 Quick Dry™ Filter Beds
 Objective:
 Drying biosolids to a higher solids percentage -
 30%-60% dry cake
                                                                             Technology Summary
State of Development: Innovative
Drying beds with a difference in the drainage system and under bed
construction.
 Description:
 The Quick Dry filter bed process consists of a series of pipes laid on the base of a bed to provide drainage and to presaturate water
 to enter the bed before the sludge is applied. These pipes are then covered with 20-25 mm rock. A honeycomb grid is placed on
 the base rock, filled with 10-15 mm rock and covered with a final layer of sand to complete the bed. The Quick Dry process also
 includes a flocculation system (RapidFloc Mixer), an in-line polymer preparation system that injects polymer into the flocculation
 device, and a self-contained harvesting unit.
 Deskins Quick Dry filter bed is based on rapid gravity drainage with further water removal by natural solar evaporative processes.
 The Quick Dry media prevents compaction of the filtering media in conventional sand drying beds. Saturation of the bed forces
 out any air that has been trapped in the filter media and allows the sludge to flow evenly across the bed surface to achieve
 maximum distribution. When the underdrain is opened, a vacuum or siphoning effect is created and causes the rapid dewatering
 of the sludge. Along with this cracking or "opening up" of the sludge occurs and allows air to circulate around the cake and further
 increase drying. Around 90% of the water will exit in 12 hours and the sludge will continue to drain while it is on the bed. Results of
 several trials produced a cake of 45%-60% dry.
 Comparison  to  Established  Technologies:
 Compares favorably with mechanical dewatering systems such as a belt filter press or centrifuge. Performs better than
 existing drying  beds. Dewaters solids to greater than  50% within 5-7 days on a footprint about 30% of the size of standard
 drying beds.

 Available Cost  Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   Not provided by vendor.
 Approximate O&M Costs:    Not provided by vendor.
 Vendor Name(s):
 F D Deskins Company, Inc.
 23 Fairway Drive
 Alexandria, Indiana 46001
 Phone: 765-724-7878
 Fax: 765-724-7267
 E-mail: deskins(5).netdirect.net
Practitioner(s):
McAllen Public Utilities
4001 N Bentsen Road
McAllen, TX 78504-9790

City of Casey
108 Main Street
Casey, IL 62420
Biosolids Management
                                                     5-3

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Emerging Technologies
                             September 2006
Technology Summary
 Quick Dry™ Filter Beds (Contd)
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Deskins, Quick Dry filter bed, polymer mixing, floe
 Data Sources:
 Evans, Anthony. Biosolid Reduction and the Deskin Quick Dry Filter Bed. Australia Water Industry Operators Association
 Annual Conference Proceedings (220) www.wioa.orq.au/conf papers/02/paper10.htm
 Fraser, Ross. Latest Advance in Solids  Dewatering.
Deskins Quick Dry Filter Bed
Polymer Preparation Unit
Rapid Flocculation Mixer
Dried Solids Harvesting Unit
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                     Biosolids Management

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September 2006
                                    Emerging Technologies
 Electrodewatering
 Objective:
 Enhance conventional dewatering using electric
 current.
                                                                              Technology Summary
State of Development: Innovative
Electrodewatering has been attempted by a variety of groups
since the 1920s. A bench-scale demonstration was conducted by
the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). An electroacoustic
dewatering process using electric and ultrasonic fields that improved
water removal over a conventional belt filter press by approximately
8% was demonstrated. Until recently, very little work has been
done to develop a suitable system capable of meeting full-scale
requirements, or to optimize such a system.
 Description:
 A direct current (DC) voltage is applied to the biosolids mixture. The application of the current in the initial stages of dewatering
 causes particles to migrate to the electrode of opposite charge (i.e., electrophoresis). Once a cake is formed, electroosmosis
 occurs as ions migrate to the appropriate electrode to compensate for particle charges. Electrodewatering can be combined
 with conventional filter presses. According to a recent study by the Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF), the cost
 benefit of electrodewatering is likely to be greatest for sludge that does not respond well to traditional pressure filtration. The study
 demonstrated that the novel electrodewatering technique is applicable to a wide range of sludges and indicated that performance
 might be limited for sludges with high conductivities.
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Not similar to any established technologies. May be combined with filter presses to enhance the thickening of highly
 conductive sludges.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:  Approximately $5.25 million to retrofit 30 belt filter presses.
 Approximate O&M Costs:   $5,100 -$24,200 per dry ton
 Operation and maintenance costs include electricity ($70-$140 per dry ton), labor ($9-$29 per dry ton), and maintenance
 ($5,000-$24,000 per dry ton). Cost savings anticipated over conventional dewatering costs.
 Vendor Name(s):
 Waste Technologies of Australia
 Environmental Biotechnology CRC Pty Ltd
 Suite G01  Bay 3 Locomotive Workshop
 Australian  Technology Park
 Everleigh NSW 1430
 Phone: +61 (0) 2 9209 4963
 Website: www.wastetechnoloqies.com
Practitioner(s):
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
3412 Hillview Avenue
Palo Alto, CA 94304
Phone:800-313-3774
E-mail: askeprKgjepri.com
Website: www.epri.com
Biosolids Management
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Emerging Technologies
        September 2006
Technology Summary
 Electrodewatering (Contd)
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Electrodewatering, EPRI, biosolids, sludge
 Data Sources:
 Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). "Emerging Environmental Technologies: An Analysis of New Treatment
 Technologies for the California Energy Commission." Palo Alto, California, California Energy Commission, Sacramento,
 California. 1007411. (2003).
 Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF). "Demystifying the Dewatering Process: New Techniques and
 Technologies Shed Light on a Complex Process." WERF Progress  Newsletter. WERF, Alexandria, Virginia. (April 2006).
 Available online at: www.werf.us/press/sprinqQ6/dewaterinq.cfm.
 Vendor-supplied information.
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September 2006
                                     Emerging Technologies
  Inclined Screw Press
 Objective:
 Provide cost-effective dewatering with simplified
 operations and lower polymer usage.
                                                                                Technology Summary
State of  Development: Innovative
The City of Old Town, Maine installed the first permanent inclined
screw press in the United States in 2003 as part of a major plant
upgrade. In the first year of operation, the inclined screw press
successfully met its design criteria and demonstrated that it is a
viable and cost-effective dewatering option. Inclined screw presses
have since been installed in Utah and other installation projects are
underway.
  Description:
  Liquid sludge (mixture of primary and secondary solids at 114 to 2%) is pumped to a flocculation reactor. A polymer is introduced
  through a dosing ring in the feed sludge line and is mixed with the sludge in a static inline mixer.
  Flocculated sludge overflows into an inclined screw (-20°) rotating inside a stainless steel, wedge wire screen (200 micron). As the
  sludge is advanced up the rotating screw, filtrate flows out through the screen. The frictional force at the sludge/screen interface
  coupled with increased pressure caused by the outlet restriction produces the dewatered sludge cake. The screw flights are
  provided with a brush for continuous internal cleaning of the screen. The screen basket is also cleaned periodically with spray water
  from the outside. Spray bars rotate around the basket, but within the enclosure of the press.
  A lower and wider section of the basket serves as predewatering zone where free water drains by gravity. A second section of the
  basket with a reduced diameter serves as a pressure zone. Here the sludge is compressed between narrowing flights of the screw.
  The pressure in the pressure zone is controlled by the position of a cone at the discharge end of the basket. The dewatered sludge
  is driven through a gap between the cone and the basket. The dewatered sludge cake (at about 20% to 25% solids) drops on a
  conveyor or directly into a dumpster.
  Two or three screw presses can be installed in parallel, with a  single feed pump, polymer station, and flocculation reactor.

  Comparison to  Established  Technologies:
  The slow rotational speed results in less noise, vibration and overall wear, reducing anticipated long-term maintenance
  costs. The unit is constructed of stainless steel and is fully enclosed, reducing the corrosion potential and assisting with
  containing odors and  improving working conditions. In addition, the  operation of the unit is fully automated, reducing
  operational costs as compared to more traditional technologies.
  Available  Cost Information:
  Approximate Capital Cost:   Not Available
  Approximate O&M Costs:   Not available
 Vendor Name(s):
 Huber Technology, Inc.
 9805 North Cross Center Court, Suite H
 Huntersville, NC 28078
 Phone:704-949-1010
 Fax:704-949-1020
 www.huber-technoloqy.com
Practitioner(s):
City of Old Town
Pollution Control Facility
150 Brunswick Street
Old Town,  Maine 04468
Phone: 207-827-3970
Fax: 207-827-3964
Biosolids Management
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Emerging Technologies
                                       September 2006
Technology Summary
 Inclined Screw Press (Contd)
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Inclined screw press, dewatering, biosolids, sludge, City of Old Town Maine
 Data Sources:
 Atherton, P.C., R. Steen, G. Stetson, T. McGovern, and D. Smith. "Innovative biosolids dewatering system proved a
 successful part of the upgrade to the Old Town, Maine water pollution control facility." Proceedings of the 2005 WEFTEC:
 The Water Quality Event, Washington, DC. (30 October - 2 November 2005) 6650-6665.
Schematic of Incline Screw Press.
Image courtesy ofHuber Technology, Inc., 2006
Installed incline screw press at Old Town Water Pollution
Control Facility. (Atherton et al, 2005)
5-8
                               Biosolids Management

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September 2006
                                    Emerging Technologies
 Bucher Hydraulic Press
 Objective:
 Increase cake solids content in biosolids with
 lower energy requirements than typical dewatering
 processes.
                                                                             Technology Summary
State of Development: Innovative
The Bucher hydraulic de-juicing press was tested side-by-side
with the existing belt filer presses on digested biosolids as well
as digested manure at the Inland Empire Utilities Agency (IEUA)
Regional Plant Number 1 (RP-1). The press was also tested at
the Big Bear Area Regional Wastewater Authority for dewatering
undigested oxidation ditch sludge.
The Bucher press is widely used in Europe and North America in
food and beverage processing applications. Industrial-scale trials
of hydraulic press sludge dewatering also have been conducted at
solids treatment plants in Switzerland and Germany.
 Description:
 The Bucher press is a hydraulic dejuicing press consisting of a cylinder and a moving piston that squeezes the sludge allowing
 the water to pass through several filter elements made of porous cloth material. The sludge cake is retained inside the cylindrical
 shell. After the sludge enters the cylinder, it is continuously squeezed by the piston, thereby achieving a high degree of mechanical
 dewatering. Filtrate can be collected and discharged to the wastewater system.
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Side-by-side testing results with a belt filter press indicated that a hydraulic press can improve the biosolids and manure
 cake solids content by more than 25% compared to the belt filter press. The chemical conditioning requirements for the
 hydraulic press were similar to the belt filter press.

 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   Not provided by vendor.
 Approximate O&M Costs:    Not provided by vendor.
 Vendor Name(s):
 Atkins Water
 3020 Old Ranch Parkway, Suite 180
 Seal Beach, CA 90740
 Phone: 562-314-4231
 Email: rupert.kruqer@atkinsalobal.com
Practitioner(s):
The following tested the technology but is not a current
practitioner.
Inland Empire Utilities Agency
Recycling Plant 1
2450 E. Philadelphia Avenue
Ontario, California 91761
Phone:909-993-1800
Fax: 909-947-2598
Biosolids Management
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Emerging Technologies
       September 2006
Technology Summary
 Bucher Hydraulic Press (Contd)
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Hydraulic press, dewatering, sludge
 Data Sources:
 Kolisch G., M. Boehler, F.C. Arancibia, D. Pinnow, W. Krauss. "A new approach to improve sludge dewatering using a semi-
 continuous hydraulic press system." Water Science Technology, 52:10-11(2005) 211-8.
 Soroushian, R, Y. Shang, E.J. Whitman, and R. Roxburgh. "Biosolids and manure dewatering with a hydraulic de-juicing
 press." Proceedings of the WEF/AWWA Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference, Cincinnati, Ohio
 (12-15 March 2006).
  Hopper / fr-ish
  sludge purnp
Bucher Hydraulic Press. (Soroushian et. al, 2006)
5-10
Biosolids Management

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September 2006
                                   Emerging Technologies
 DAB™ System
 Objective:
 Provide low-cost, low-maintenance dewatering.
                                                                           Technology Summary
State of Development: Embryonic
More than 20 DAB™ systems are operating around the world; seven
are located in Quebec. Several are operating in Sweden, where
the technology originated. DAB™ system installed at the Bowhouse
Wastewater Treatment Works in Scotland has been operating
successfully for 7 years.
 Description:
 The DAB™ dehydration unit consists of a conical gravity flow filtration-drainer mechanism that separates sludge liquids and solids,
 removing most of the free water from the sludge and producing a 90% solids product. The drainer consists of a double-walled
 cylinder of fine mesh filter medium on a stainless steel frame.
 The mechanism is immersed in flocculated sludge. The filtrate flows by gravity in the space between the medium. Additional
 batches of flocculated sludge are added to the cone. The extra weight compresses the sludge at the base of the silo, increasing
 solids concentration. The filter medium is kept clean by an internal high-pressure jet system. Batches can be added several times a
 day, and thickened sludge withdrawn from the base of the tank. Depending on climate, it is not necessary to install the DAB™ unit
 in a I
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Similar to an Imhoff tank with a vacuum filtration step to further reduce the water content of the solids.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   $150,000 for a 10-m3 unit to $175,000 for a 25-m3 unit.
 Approximate O&M Costs:    $8-$12 per m3 of sludge treated.
 A 10-m3 unit can dehydrate up to 130 m3/day (34,000 gal/day) of septic tank sludge, a 25 m3 unit can treat up to
 240 m3/day (63,000 gal/day). Note: costs vary with currency conversion rate; consult with vendor for current cost
 information. Construction and installation requires 2 to 3 months.
 Vendor Name(s):
 GSI Environment
 855 Pepin
 Sherbrooke, Quebec J1L 2P3
 Phone:819-829-2717
 Fax:819-829-2717
 E-mail: sherbriiie@qsienv.ca
Practitioner(s):
No practitioner at this time.
Scottish Water
P.O. Box 8855
Edinburgh, Scotland EH106YQ
www.scottishwater.co.uk
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 DAB™ dewatering, GSI Environmental Quebec, biosolids, sludge.
 Data Sources:
 Vendor-supplied information
 Rand, Chris (Editor). "East of Scotland Water cuts treatment costs." Published online in Engineeringtalk by Simon-Hartley
 at www.enqineerinqtalk.com/news/sim/sim102.html. (21 August 2000).
Biosolids Management
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Emerging Technologies
                                            September 2006
Technology Summary
 Geotube® Container
 Objective:
 Provide on-site, low-maintenance, cost-effective
 dewatering.
State of  Development: Innovative
Geotextile tubes have been used in the past to contain and dewater
dredge materials from shipping harbors. Studies in California,
Georgia, Ohio, and New Hampshire have shown improved
dewatering of fine grained sewage sludge, successful containment of
odors during dewatering, reduction in effluent suspended solids, and
cost savings resulting from the use of Geotube® containers.
 Description:
 Geotube® brand geotextile tubes are comprised of high-strength polypropylene fabric and are fabricated to the project's
 requirements. The tube is filled by a pumping system conveying sludge material. The geosynthetic tube retains fine-grain fill
 material while allowing effluent water to permeate through the tube wall. With the addition of a chemical conditioning agent (i.e.,
 a polymer), excess water drains from the Geotube® container through the geotextile resulting in effluent that is, according to the
 manufacturer, clear and safe enough to be returned to the plant. Volume  reduction within the container allows for repeated filling.
 After the final cycle of filling and dewatering, retained fine grain materials continue to consolidate by desiccation  because residual
 water vapor escapes through the geotextile. The dried biosolids are removed from the tube when retained solids meet dryness
 goals.
 Comparison  to Established Technologies:
 A recent study of a Geotube® installation at a Midwestern WWTP stated that, compared to the previous year's belt press
 operations, the Geotube® dewatering system required little to no operation and maintenance time. A belt press or centrifuge
 requires full-time monitoring  and constant adjusting with fluctuating influent conditions. However, if sufficient time is not
 available for a Geotube® system to dewater stored biosolids, a mechanical dewatering technique may be  required. With a
 belt filter press, biosolids are open to the air where they can release  odors or spill off the belt,  and belt presses are often
 noisy. The closed-loop Geotube system reduces odors, the potential  for spills, and general biosolids handling. Geotube®
 systems can be run through  all seasons as long as the polymer delivery lines do not freeze. Mechanical dewatering
 systems are often in climate-controlled buildings and freezing is not an issue.
 Available  Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   Approximately $0.03/gallon of biosolids for the first 150,000 gallons. Includes one 60-ft-cir-
                           cumference by 100-ft-long Geotube® container, a polymer make-down system, 1,350 pounds
                           of polymer, bench testing, and technical assistance during start-up.
                           Approximately $0.02/gallon of biosolids for 250,000 gallons more. A more shear-resistant
                           polymer and an additional 60-ft by 100-ft Geotube® container were added to the system
                           described above for the subsequent 250,000 gallons of biosolids.
 Approximate O&M Costs:    Not Available.
 Excavation, transportation, and disposal of dried solids were not included in calculation of project costs, as these costs
 would fluctuate depending on the percent solids in the containers and final mass disposed of at the landfill.
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                                   Biosolids Management

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September 2006
                                  Emerging Technologies
                                                                        Technology Summary
 Geotube® Container (Contd)
 Vendor Name(s):
 Miratech
 A Division of Ten Gate Nicolon
 3680 Mount Olive Road
 Commerce, Georgia 30529
 Phone:706-693-1897
 Fax:706-693-1896
 Website: www.qeotubes.com
Practitioner(s):
Saticoy Sanitary District
1001 Partridge Drive, Suite 150
Ventura, CA 93003-0704
Phone: 805-658-4605

City of Cambridge WWTP
Cambridge, OH
Phone: 740-432-3891

The vendor's website includes case studies for several
practitioners.
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Geotube containers, geotextiles, thickening and dewatering, polymers, biosolids, sludge
 Data Sources:
 Mastin, B.J. and G.E. Lebster. "Dewatering with Geotube® Containers: A Good Fit For A Midwest Wastewater Facility?"
 Proceedings of the WEF/AWWA Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference, Cincinnati, Ohio.
 (12-15 March 2006).
 Miratech™ Division, Ten Gate Nicolon. 2006. Company website, www.qeotubes.com.
 WaterSolve,  LLC. 2006. Company website, www.qowatersolve.com/qeotube.htm.
                                                 Geotube* Container at Cambridge WWTP after
                                                 being filled with 250,000 gallons of biosolids.
                                                 (Mastin and Lebster, 2006).
The phases of Geotube9 Container operation. Image from Watersolve, LLC, 2006.

Biosolids Management                                                                          5-13

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Emerging Technologies
                                        September 2006
Technology Summary
 Electroacoustic Dewatering
 Objective:
 Enhance dewatering of biosolids by combining
 electrical fields and ultrasound waves.
State of Development: Embryonic
Batelle Laboratories has conducted bench-scale studies on
electroacoustical dewatering, and as a result have designed a
commercial prototype belt filter press.
 Description:
 The combination of electrical fields and ultrasound waves has been shown to enhance dewatering. The electrical field allows for
 increased electrophoresis and electroosmosis, and the acoustical force of the ultrasound waves help maintain electrical continuity
 throughout the biosolids. It has also been shown in bench-scale studies that the ultrasonic waves decrease specific energy
 consumption, increase the filtration rate, and reportedly help keep the cathode clean.
 Comparison to Established  Technologies:
 Tests of the prototype on four different types of wastewater sludges showed solid contents were increased by 3.4% to
 10.4%loverconventionaldewatering, with fin
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   Not available
 Approximate O&M Costs:   $19 to $27 per ton of dry solids
 Operational cost estimate is  based on the energy costs for a bench-scale study by Batelle Laboratories.
 Vendor Name(s):
 OilTrap Environmental
 (markets Electro-Pulse)
 2775 29th Avenue SW
 Tumwater, WA98512
 Phone: 360-943-6495
 Fax:360-943-7105
 E-mail: support (Sjoiltrap. com
Practitioner(s):
No practitioner at this time.
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Electroacoustic dewatering, Electro-Pulse, electrodewatering, biosolids, sludge
 Data Sources:
 Abu-Orf, M., Muller, C.D., Park, C., and Novak, J.T. "Innovative Technologies to Reduce Water Content of Dewatered
 Municipal Residuals." Journal of Residuals Science & Technology. 1:2 (2001) 83-91.
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September 2006
                                  Emerging Technologies
 Electroosmotic Dewatering
 Objective:
 Enhance conventional dewatering using electric
 current.
                                                                        Technology Summary
State of Development: Embryonic
This phenomenon has been successfully used in the ceramics
industry for product dewatering, as well as in the construction
industry for soil dewatering at building foundations. Researchers
have used this process on a bench scale to dewater a variety
of agricultural products, including animal manure, without the
drawbacks of thermal water removal.
 Description:
 This technology uses an imposed electric field to force ionic particles in a biosolids mixture to migrate to their attractive electrodes.
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Not comparable to established technologies.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   Not available
 Approximate O&M Costs:    Not available
 Vendor Name(s):
 Not available
Practitioner(s):
The following tested this technology but is not a current
practitioner.
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
3412 Hillview Avenue
Palo Alto, CA 94304
Phone:800-313-3774
E-mail: askepri(5)epri.com
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Electroosmotic dewatering, electrodewatering, biosolids, sludge.
 Data Sources:
 Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). "Emerging Environmental Technologies: An Analysis of New Treatment
 Technologies for the California Energy Commission." Palo Alto, California. California Energy Commission, Sacramento,
 California. 1007411. (2003)
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Emerging Technologies
                                        September 2006
Technology Summary
 Membrane Filter Press
 Objective:
 Increases percent of solids in biosolids cake.
State of  Development: Embryonic
According to one vendor of membrane filter press technology, their
press has been used in the following industries: chemical processing,
Pharmaceuticals, food product and ingredient manufacturers, wine
and juice producers, industrial waste dewatering and recycling.
 Description:
 Membrane filter presses operate on what the manufacturer calls the "variable chamber principle." The liquid biosolids are pumped
 into a chamber. The clear filtered liquid passes through the filter cloth against a drainage surface built into the plate, just like on
 a conventional filter press. Once the filtration step has been completed, the flexible membrane, or diaphragm, is inflated with
 pressurized fluid, typically water, thereby compressing the formed filter cake. The final cake discharge volume is reduced in the
 process.
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Not comparable to established technologies.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   Not available
 Approximate O&M Costs:    Not available
 Vendor Name(s):
 Komline-Sanderson Engineering Corp.
 12 Holland Avenue
 Peapack, NJ 07077
 Phone: 800-225-5457
 Fax: 908-234-9487
 E-mail: info(5)komline.com
Practitioner(s):
No practitioner at this time.
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Membrane filter press, biosolids sludge
 Data Sources:
 Vendor-supplied information
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September 2006
                                  Emerging Technologies
                                                                         Technology Summary
 Objective:
 On-site dewatering for septic tanks and small
 wastewater treatment plants.
State of Development: Embryonic
According to the manufacturer, the Simon Moos technology has
been successfully demonstrated to pump and dewater septic tanks,
grease traps, wastewater treatment plants, and various types of
industrial sludge.
 Description:
 The Simon Moos System consists of a dewatering container and a built-in or a separate pump and dosing plant. Dewatering of
 sludge is achieved by the injection of polymer into the sludge as it is being pumped by the sludge pump or pressed through the
 cyclone of the system's pump and dosing plant into the dewatering container. During this operation, polymer amounts are adjusted
 to achieve the best sludge flocculation possible. Once separated, the water flows through a special set of filter nets installed inside
 the container and out drain ports located on each side of the container. Solids remain inside the container until accumulation
 requires dumping and disposal.
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Not comparable to established technologies.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   Not provided by vendor
 Approximate Capital Cost:   Not provided by vendor
 Vendor Name(s):
 Simon Moos MaskinfabrikA/S
 Kallehave 33, Horup
 DK-6400 Sonderborg, Denmark
 Phone: +45 74 41 0 51
 Fax: +45 74 41 52 08
 E-mail: MWtSjsimonmoos.com
Practitioner(s):
Nyk0bing Falster Wastewater Treatment Plant
Denmark
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Simon Moos, mobile dewatering, biosolids, sludge.
 Data Sources:
 Vendor-supplied information
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Emerging Technologies
                                        September 2006
Technology Summary
 Tubular Filter Press
 Objective:
 Dewater and thicken inorganic sludges.
State of Development: Embryonic
The tubular filter press has primarily been used for dewatering
of mining waste waters. One pilot study showed that chromium
discharge to the environment in mine wastewater could be nearly
eliminated by concentrating the pollutants in the dried cake. The
tubular filter press also has been used to treat drinking water in
South Africa.
 Description:
 Sludge is pumped at a high velocity through a series of tube-shaped filter presses constructed of proprietary fabric. Cake from the
 tube walls is then dislodged by a roller cleaning and the cake, in the form of flakes, is simultaneously transported out of the tubes,
 drained, and conveyed to a collection hopper.
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Not comparable to established technologies.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   Not available
 Approximate O&M Costs:    Not available
 Vendor Name(s):
 Explochem
 P.O. Box 400
 Ferndale, 2160, Gauteng, South Africa
 Phone: +27 11  888-3926
 Fax:+27 11 888-3942
 E-mail: micheleb(5)explochem.co.za
Practitioner(s):
No practitioner at this time.
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Tubular filter press, South African wastewater treatment, biosolids, sludge
 Data Sources:
 Coopman's, E.P.A., H.P. Schwarz, M.J. Pryor. "The dewatering of a mining sludge containing hexavalent chromium using a
 tubular filter press - a South African development." Water Supply. 1:5-6 (2001) 371-376.
 Vendor-supplied information.
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September 2006
                                   Emerging Technologies
 Mechanical  Freeze-Thaw
 Objective:
 Increase the dewaterability of sludge without chemical
 additives.
                                                                            Technology Summary
State of Development: Embryonic
Pilot-scale demonstrations of nonmechanical freeze/thaw drying
beds have been successful in New York State. The mechanization of
the process in order to speed up the freeze/thaw cycles is still being
studied.
 Description:
 In freeze-thaw dewatering, the sludge is frozen using commercially available freezer equipment. The frozen sludge is crushed
 and allowed to thaw naturally. Freezing alters the chemical bonds between the solids in the sludge and the water, making the
 sludge more easily dewatered. The conditioned sludge is then processed using conventional sludge dewatering equipment.
 Conditioning the sludge increases the amount of water that can be removed from the sludge. Testing has shown this technology to
 be particularly successful with inorganic (e.g., alum and ferric iron) sludges.
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Similar to drying beds with refinements (addition of freezer equipment) which improves sludge dewatering.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost   $250,000 - $1,500,000
 Approximate O&M Costs:   $26,000 - $960,000
 The total installed cost of a freeze/thaw system is directly related to the amount of ice produced each day for use in
 the freezing process. Fewer freezer plates will reduce the installation cost. Properly maintained residuals freezing and
 refrigeration systems can be expected to provide many more years of service than the typical 10-year period assumed
 for economic evaluation.  Frequently, annual maintenance costs are estimated as a percentage of total plant equipment
 cost, which has generally proven to be realistic and reasonable values. The above ranges of capital and O&M costs were
 estimated for residuals production ranging from 2,500 to 40,000 gallons per day. This process is typically more cost-
 effective in cooler climates where natural freezing may occur.
 Vendor Name(s):
 Not available
Practitioner(s):
The following tested the technology but is not a current
practitioner.
Electric Power Research Institute
3420 Hillview Avenue
Palo Alto, CA 94304
Phone: 650-855-2000
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Freeze-thaw dewatering, mechanical freeze-thaw, biosolids, sludge
 Data Sources:
 Energy Power Research Institute (EPRI). Mechanical Freeze/Thaw and Wastewater Residuals: Status Report. Palo Alto,
 California. TR-112063 (1998)
 EPRI. Mechanical Freeze/Thaw and Freeze Concentration of Water and Wastewater Residuals: Status Report. Palo Alto,
 California. WO-671002. (2001)
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Thermal  Conversion
      Thermal conversion processes are used to significantly reduce volume by oxidizing the
      organic matter in the biosolids. Some treatment plants that use thermal conversion lower
      their energy costs by recovering energy as a part of these processes.
      Table 6.1 summarizes the state of development of thermal conversion technologies.

      In the past, thermal conversion of wastewater residuals  has often  been equated with
      incineration. However in recent years, some industries and municipalities have shown
      interest in creating a usable product, such as fuel from their thermal conversion processes.
      Four emerging thermal conversion technologies featured in this chapter—gasification,
      melting furnace,  sludge-to-oil and  supercritical water  oxidation—aim  to  produce a
      usable end product. Both the reheat and oxidize (RHOX) process and oxygen-enhanced
      incineration have improved conventional  incineration by  making it  more efficient and/
      or reducing air emissions. Molten salt oxidation has been used primarily for industrial
      applications where the wastewater residuals are hazardous, or in areas where biosolids
      must be destroyed.

      Figure 6.1  includes an evaluation of the innovative technologies identified. A summary
      sheet for each innovative and embryonic technology  is provided  at the end of this
      chapter.
Biosolids Management
6-1

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Emerging Technologies

      Table 6.1 - Thermal Conversion Technologies—State of Development
 Combustion
   «  Fluidized-Bed Furnace
   •  Multiple-Hearth Furnace
 Oxidation
   «  Wet Air Oxidation
Combustion
  •  Reheat and Oxidize (RHOX)
Oxidation
  •  Supercritical Water Oxidation
Vitrification
  •  Minergy
               Combustion
                 «   Molten Salt Oxidation
                 •   Oxygen-Enhanced Incineration
               Fuel Production
                 «   Gasification
                 •   Sludge-to-Oil
                 •   SlurryCarb™
               Oxidation
                 •   Deep-Shaft Wet Air Oxidation (VERTAD™)
                 «   Plasma Assisted Sludge Oxidation
               Vitrification
                 «   Melting Furnace
    Figure 6.1  - Evaluation of Innovative Thermal Conversion Technologies
 Reheat and Oxidize (RHOX)
 Supercritical Water Oxidation
     P,0
V,A
 Minergy
                  V,R
             e
                 e
  B = Bench scale
  D = Full-scale demonstrations in North
     America
  I  = Full-scale industrial applications, with
     demonstrations or pilots for municipal
     sewage sludge
  0 = Full-scale operations overseas
  N = Full-scale operations in North America
  P = Pilot
    F = Few plants
    I = Industrywide
    L = Primarily large plants
    S = Primarily small plants
A = Produces Class A biosolids
C = Capital savings
0 = Operational/maintenance savings
F = Produces high-nutrient fertilizer
M = Minimizes odors
R = Provides beneficial use (nonagricultural)
V = Sludge volume reduction
                                             A   = Agriculture
                                             C   = Construction
                                             N/A = Not Applicable
                                             P   = Power
                                                                                            A Positive feature
                                                                                            0 Neutral or mixed
                                                                                            T Negative feature
6-2


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September 2006
                                  Emerging Technologies
 Reheat and Oxidize (RHOX)
 Objective:
 Decrease fuel usage and air emissions from biosolids
 incineration furnaces.
                                                                          Technology Summary
State of Development: Innovative
The first RHOX installation at a wastewater treatment plant used
a shell and tube heat exchanger to preheat the scrubbed gasses
on their way to the afterburner. This unit, located in Willow Grove,
Pennsylvania, has operated for almost 10 years.
 Description:
 Hot (1,500°F) afterbumed gases are passed down through a bed of ceramic forms. In doing so, the heat content of the gas is
 transferred to the ceramic mass and the gas is cooled (to about 250°F) for discharge to the atmosphere. Cold, dust-free gas from
 the afterburner pollution control equipment is passed up through another bed of ceramic forms, which has previously been heated
 with afterburner gas. Here, the cold gas is preheated to a temperature approaching the afterburner requirement by extracting
 the heat previously stored in the mass of ceramic forms. A small quantity of fuel is burned in the afterburner to reach the required
 temperature. The hot and cold gases pass back and forth through two or more beds to achieve preheating and cooling.
 Comparison to Established  Technologies:
 Technology designed to reduce emissions. Not similar to any other established technology.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   Not available
 Approximate O&M Costs:    Not available
 Vendor Name(s):
 Chavond-Barry Engineering Corporation
 400 County Road 518, P.O. Box 205
 Blawenburg, NJ 08504
 Phone: 609-466-4900
 Fax:609-466-1231
Practitioner(s):
Upper Moreland Hatboro Joint Sewer Authority
2875 Terwood Road
Willow Grove, PA

Additional practitioners are available from the vendor.
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 RHOX process, sludge, biosolids, reheat, oxidize
 Data Sources:
 Vendor-supplied information
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Emerging Technologies
                                         September 2006
Technology Summary
 Supercritical Water Oxidation
 Objective:
 Reduce the volume of biosolids using the physical
 properties of water.
State of Development: Innovative
Application of the process in industrial and wastewater treatment
facilities is ongoing. The first two units were installed at the Harlingen,
Texas, wastewater treatment facility in July 2001 for use in a pilot
study.
 Description:
 Water is heated and pressurized above the critical point [374°C and 3,191 pounds per square inch (psi)] and the solubility of
 organic substances and oxygen into water is significantly increased. Supercritical water oxidation technology takes advantage of
 this characteristic to completely decompose organic substances. This technology produces a high-quality effluent and is capable of
 producing Class A biosolids. Supercritical water oxidation also may be referred to as "hydrothermal oxidation."
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Not similar to established technologies.
 Available Cost  Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   $3,500,000
 Approximate O&M Costs:   $160—$295 per dry ton
 Capital and O&M costs are for the system installed at the Harlingen Water Works System wastewater treatment facility in
 July 2001. O&M costs include seven major components: oxygen (55.3%), natural gas (12.5%), labor-operators (12.4%),
 electrical (8%), solids disposal (6%), maintenance (5%), and expendable chemicals (0.5%).
 Vendor Name(s):
 HydroProcessing LLC
 3201 Longhorn Blvd., Suite 101
 Austin, TX 78758
 Phone: 512-339-9981
 E-mail: info(S)hvdroprocessina.com
Practitioner(s):
The following was the site of a demonstration facility but is not
currently a practitioner:
Harlingen Water Works System
134 East Van Buren
Harlingen, TX 78550
Phone:956-430-6100
Fax: 956-430-6111
www.hwws.com
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Supercritical water oxidation, SCWO, biosolids, sludge
 Data Sources:
 Bartholomew, R. Conversion of Biosolids: An Innovative Alternative to Sludge Disposal. Pennsylvania Department of
 Environmental Protection. (October 2002).
 Kelly, H.G. Emerging Technologies in Biosolids Treatment. Dayton & Knight Ltd., West Vancouver, Canada. (2003)
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                                 Biosolids Management

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September 2006
                                     Emerging Technologies
                                                                                Technology Summary
 Objective:
 Convert biosolids into construction material and
 industrial feed stocks that are inert and marketable.
State of  Development: Innovative
Minergy's GlassPack® Demonstration Unit in Winneconne,
Wisconsin, built in 2000, is a 12-dry-tons-per-day commercial-scale
system available to demonstrate Minergy's GlassPack® technology.
Solids from several wastewater treatment plants have been
processed at the facility on trial bases. There are operational systems
using pulp and papermill sludges.
  Description:
  Minergy gives the following description of the three-zone operation of the GlassPack vitrification system:
  Zone 1 Melting and Combustion. Feedstock that has been predried to approximately 90% solids or more is injected along with
  air or synthetic air into the Zone 1 chamber. In this zone, the organic component of the sludge is completely combusted, liberating
  a significant amount of heat energy. In a closed-loop oxygen-enhanced application, this energy release results in temperatures of
  approximately 2,400° to 2,700°F. At these high temperatures, the mineral (ash) component of the feedstock melts to form a pool of
  molten glass at the bottom of the Zone 1 chamber. The high-temperature environment provides very high destruction efficiencies of
  any organic compounds that may be contained in the feedstock.
  Zone 2 Phase Separation. Phase separation of the molten glass and exhaust gas occurs by gravity draining the molten glass from
  Zone 1 through a drain port on the bottom of the Zone 2 chamber. The molten material drops into a quench tank and is cooled into
  the glass aggregate product. The exhaust gas is directed out of Zone 2 through a refractory-lined duct into Zone 3.
  Zone 3 Gas Cooling. The exhaust gas from Zone 2 is 2,400°F to 2,700°F and is cooled through dilution mixing with lower
  temperature gases obtained external to the melter. Reducing the temperature offers two important cost-saving advantages.
  This system can eliminate refractory-lined  ductwork exterior to the melter and can cool carry over particulate below its softening
  point, thus eliminating ductwork fouling. The temperature of the Zone 3 exit gas is dependent on the selection of heat recovery
  technology,  but is typically in the range of 700° to 1,400°F. Higher exit gas temperature can provide for higher efficiencies in heat
  recovery systems.
  Comparison to  Established Technologies:
  Similar to the Melting Furnace, an innovative technology. Minergy claims the GlassPack® process eliminates the need
  to co-fire fuel to achieve vitrification and provides significant environmental air emissions improvement over current
  combustion technologies due to the closed-loop design. In contrast to traditional incineration-type techniques, ash disposal
  is not necessary because the final end product is a glass aggregate that has many uses including  sandblasting grit, roofing
  shingle granules, and asphalt paying.
  Available Cost Information:
  Approximate Capital Cost:   $104,000
  Approximate O&M Costs:   $97,000
  Cost estimates are for 7.5-ton-per-day glassification unit coupled to a thermal dryer with a minimum size of 20 dry tons per
  day. Estimates are from a cost analysis  performed for Eastern Municipal Water District, California, and assume a 20-year
  life cycle and the costs associated with providing adequate facilities for this  time period.
 Vendor Name(s):
 Minergy Corporation
 1512 S. Commercial Street
 Neenah,Wl 54956
 Phone:(920)727-1919
 E-mail: infotgjminerqv.com
 www.minerqy.com
Practitioner(s):
Minergy Corporation Vitrification Technology Center
200 Tower Road
Winneconne, Wl 54986

Minergy Corp. Fox Valley Glass Aggregate Plant
231 Millview Drive
Neenah,Wl 54956	
Biosolids Management
                                                       6-5

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Emerging Technologies
        September 2006
Technology Summary
 Minergy (Contd)
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Vitrification, Minergy, glassification, GlassPack®, biosolids, sludge
 Data Sources:
 Baudhuin, T, T. Carroll, and R. Paulson. 2005. Vitrification: A Sustainable Biosolids Management Alternative. Proceedings of
 the WEFTEC: The Water Quality Event, Washington, D.C.
 (30 October - 2 November 2005) 659-666.
 Kilian, R.E., A.C. Todd, A.K. Wason, M. Luker, J. Jannoni, J.D. Wall. (2003). "How to Put One Egg in Multiple Baskets."
 EMWD's Regional Biosolids Management Approach Makes Sense. Proceedings of the WEF/AWWA/CWEA Joint Residuals
 and Biosolids  Management Conference, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. (19-22 February 2003).
 Vendor website
6-6
Biosolids Management

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September 2006
                                                                                  Emerging Technologies
 Molten Salt Incineration
 Objective:
 Eliminate or reduce biosolids volume.
                                                                          Technology Summary
                                               State of Development: Embryonic
                                               This treatment system is favored for wastes contaminated with both
                                               chlorinated organics and heavy metals such as cadmium, chromium,
                                               zinc, etc. Industrial applications of this technology have been in use
                                               on a small scale since the 1950s.
 Description:
 The Molten Salt Oxidation (MSO) process uses a sparged liquid bed of alkaline salt contained in a reaction vessel. The process
 is based on the catalytic action of alkaline molten salts for the oxidation of organic materials. The molten salt bed acts as a heat
 transfer and reaction media. Sufficient heat is liberated by the oxidation reaction to maintain the molten salt bed at a temperature of
 900°to1,000°C.
 Comparison to  Established Technologies:
 Not similar to established technologies.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   Not available
 Approximate O&M Costs:    $1,1507metric ton treated (Australian dollars)
 Generally, the cost of treatment with this technology is relatively high because of the high capital cost of the equipment, the
 labor requirements, and the high energy cost. The cost per ton depends on the feed rate of the contaminant to the furnace.
 The above O&M cost estimate was provided for hazardous waste sludges at a feed rate of 1,000 kilograms per hour, and
 it does not include effluent treatment costs, residuals and waste shipping costs, handling and transport costs, analytical
 costs, and site restoration costs.
Vendor Name(s):
None identified

Key Words for Internet Search:
Molten salt oxidation, sludge
                                                 Practitioner(s):
                                                 No practitioner at this time.
 Data Sources:
 CMPS&F Environmental. Appropriate Technologies for the Treatment of Scheduled Wastes. Review Report Number 4.
 (November 1997)
Biosolids Management
                                                                                                  6-7

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Emerging Technologies
                                       September 2006
Technology Summary
 Oxygen-Enhanced Incineration
 Objective:
 Improve the performance of biosolids and industrial
 sludge furnaces.
State of Development: Embryonic
Praxair, Inc., claims successful operations in both municipal and
industrial incineration applications with its Oxygen Combustion
System (DCS).
 Description:
 A small amount of oxygen is added through an annulus around the fuel tube of the furnace to promote flame stability and consistent
 destruction efficiency during variations in feed material. Typical temperatures with air combustion are about 3,000°F (1,649°C),
 whereas temperatures with conventional oxygen-enriched systems can rise to 5,000°F (2,760°C), thereby reducing incomplete
 combustion.
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Reaches higher temperatures than conventional oxygen-enriched furnaces.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   Not provided by vendor.
 Approximate O&M Costs:    Not provided by vendor.

 Vendor Name(s):
 Praxair, Inc.
 39 Old Ridgebury Road
 Danbury, CT 06810
 Phone: 716-879-4077
 Fax:716-879-2040
 www.praxair.com
Practitioner(s):
No practitioner at this time.
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Praxair, oxygen-enhanced incineration, oxygen injection, biosolids, sludge.
 Data Sources:
 Vendor-supplied information.
6-8
                               Biosolids Management

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September 2006
                                      Emerging Technologies
                                                                                  Technology Summary
 Objective:
 Reduce the volume of biosolids and produce gas that
 can be used to generate electricity.
State of Development: Embryonic
Recovery of biomass-derived gas for use as a fuel source has
been used for industrial, wood and agricultural wastes in the United
States for more than 50 years. It was used for production of coal
gas for over 200 years. However, gasification of biosolids is a new
application and there are no full-scale facilities operating in the
United States. Industrial sludges have been successfully gasified at
facilities in the United States. In 2002, the Balingen Sewage Works,
Germany, started operation of a sewage sludge gasification plant
as a demonstration study. Since 2004, it has been operating as a
full-scale facility.
Waste to Energy Limited (United Kingdom) has patented a
gasification system for the production of electricity. The company
conducted a demonstration project with Anglian Water in the
United Kingdom, and reports having an agreement with Kwikpower
International to build biosolids gasification plants in Morocco.
  Description:
  The gasification process converts sludge or biosolids into a combustible gas, referred to as synthesis gas, or "syngas," which can
  be recovered. While incineration fully converts the input waste into energy and ash, gasification heats the material under controlled
  conditions, deliberately limiting the conversion so that combustion does not take place directly. Syngas can be used as a fuel to
  generate electricity and heat. The fuel value of Syngas is not typically as high as that of digester gas, perhaps 60% of digester gas
  energy values.
  The gasification process takes place in two steps: pyrolysis and partial combustion. Pyrolysis is the degradation of biosolids in
  the absence of air, into a gas and a black, carbon-rich substance called "char." In the second reaction, the char is gasified by
  partial combustion in the presence of oxygen or air to produce the syngas described above. Due to the concentrating effect of the
  constituents in the original biosolids, the remaining char will require disposal, probably in a landfill.

  Comparison to Established Technologies:
  Similar to pyrolysis of other organic substances such as coal gasification.

  Available Cost Information:
  Approximate  Capital  Cost:   Not provided by the vendor
  Approximate  O&M Costs:    Not provided by the vendor
  Studies have shown that gasification is technically feasible, but project costs are typically higher than conventional
  alternatives and  not based on any full-scale operations. Data on true capital cost and operating costs for "real-world"
  applications are  unavailable. Vendor-supplied literature suggests one kilogram of waste will typically produce one kilowatt
  of electricity and two kilowatts of heat. At this time, no full scale facilities are operating in the United States to verify these
  claims in actual operations.
Biosolids Management
                                                        6-9

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Emerging Technologies
                                        September 2006
Technology Summary
 Gasification (Contd)
 Vendor Name(s):
 Waste to Energy Limited
 Borley Green
 Sudbury, England C0107AH
 Phone:+44 1787 373007
 Fax:+44 1787 373535
 E-mail: info(5)waste-to-enerqv.co.uk
 www.wastetoenerqy.co.uk

 US Centrifuge
 4011 Championship Drive
 Indianapolis, IN 46268
 Phone: 800-899-2040
 www.uscentrifuqe.com

 KopfAG
 Stutzenstrasse 6
 72172Sulz-Bergfelden
 Germany
 www.kopf-ag.de
 info@kopf-aq.de
Practitioner(s):
Anglian Water
P.O. Box 770
Lincoln, England LN5 7WX
Phone:+44 1522 341922
www.anqlianwater.co.uk
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Sewage sludge, gasification, waste-to-energy, bioenergy.
 Data Sources:
 KMK Consultants Limited. City of Toronto Biosolids and Residuals Master Plan. In association with Black & Veatch Canada.
 (September 2004).
 Gasification Technologies Council website, www.qasification.org
 Water Environment Federation, Bioenergy from Wastewater Treatment - A Clean, Affordable Energy Source. Alexandria, VA
 (2006).
 Vendor-supplied information
6-10
                                Biosolids Management

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September 2006
                                   Emerging Technologies
 Sludge-to-Oil
 Objective:
 Produce a commercially marketable oil product from
 biosolids.
                                                                          Technology Summary
State of Development: Embryonic
ThermoEnergy Corporation, in conjunction with another contractor,
operated a 5-MGD sludge-to-oil demonstration project in Colton,
California, for two years. The project closed in November 2000 and
the vendor is focusing on other technologies.
Enersludge™ process was built at the Subiaco WWTP, Perth,
Australia, in 1999. It operated for 4 months before being shut down
when the oil product was deemed unsuitable for diesel engines.
 Description:
 This technology uses an enhanced pyrolysis process that through specified pressures and catalysts can produce lightweight oils of
 varying viscosities.
 One such process is the ThermoFuel process marketed by ThermoEnergy Corporation in Little Rock, Arkansas. The company
 claims ThermoFuel allows wastewater treatment plant operators to meet all water quality standards, produce a product that meets
 Class A biosolids standards, and improve process efficiency at a lower cost without increasing the size of the plant.
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Not similar to established technologies.
 Available  Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:  $3,000,000
 Approximate O&M Costs:   Not available
 Capital cost estimate is based on the approximate cost of the 5-MGD Colton, California, demonstration project described
 above.
 Vendor Name(s):                          Practitioner(s):
 ThermoEnergy Corporation                          No practitioner at this time.
 323 Center Street, Suite 1300
 Little Rock, AR 72201
 Phone: 501-376-6477
 E-mail: technoloav(5)thermoenerav.com
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Sludge-to-oil, biosolids-to-oil, ThermoEnergy, ThermoFuel
 Data Sources:
 Kelly, H.G. Emerging Technologies in Biosolids Treatment. Dayton & Knight Ltd., West Vancouver, Canada. (2003)
 Vendor-supplied information.
Biosolids Management
                                                  6-11

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Emerging Technologies
                                          September 2006
Technology Summary
 SlurryCarb™ Process
 Objective:
 Convert biosolids into a renewable fuel. For a dried
 product, a drying process must be added.
State of Development: Embryonic
Construction is scheduled to start in 2006 on a 675 wet tons per
day facility in Rialto, California, that will incorporate the SlurryCarb™
process plus biosolids drying. The dried product from the facility,
scheduled to begin full-scale operations in 2008, is intended to be
used as fuel by a cement kiln. It is estimated that the facility will
produce 140 dry tons of product per day.
 Description:
 Cake of between 20 and 30% solids are first macerated to create a feedstock of particles of less than 1/2 inch. The
 macerated solids are pressurized to above the saturated steam pressure, heated to approximately 450°F (232°C) and then
 fed to a reactor where temperature and pressure are maintained. The elevated pressure and temperature cause the cells to
 rupture and release carbon dioxide gas. This "carbonization" step causes the solids to lose their affinity for water. Following
 this carbonization step, the material is put through a centrifuge to separate off the liquid filtrate. Trace contaminants are
 removed from the filtrate and the purified water is recycled to the slurry preparation phase of the process or discharged.
 The carbonized material can then be dewatered to greater than 50% solids. The dewatered product can either be managed
 directly as slurry or further dried. The vendor reports plans to use the final product as a fuel supplement in operations such
 as cement manufacturing and pulverized coal boilers.

 Comparison to  Established Technologies:
 The SlurryCarb™ process operates at a lower temperature and pressure, and for a shorter reaction time, than pyrolysis.
 It produces an energy-rich carbon  product, but no gases or oils like pyrolysis. The SlurryCarb™ process also operates
 at a lower temperature and pressure, and for a shorter reaction time than typical wet air oxidation, and no air is added
 to partially oxidize the organics in the biosolids. SlurryCarb™ also differs from the Carver-Greenfield® process in that the
 SlurryCarb™ process does not add anything to the biosolids and does not evaporate water. However, if a dried product is
 necessary, evaporative drying would have to be added. Drying will probably be required due to very limited use for a
 50% solids slurry.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:    Not provided by the vendor
 Approximate O&M Costs:    Not provided by the vendor
 Vendor Name(s):
 EnerTech Environmental, Inc.
 675 SeminoleAve., Suite 207
 Atlanta, GA 30307
 Phone: 404-355-3390
 Fax: 404-355-3292
 Email: slurrvcarbtgjenertech.com
 Website: www.enertech.com
Practitioner(s):
City of Rialto
Public Works Department
335 W. Rialto Avenue
Rialto, CA 92376
Phone: 909-820-2608
Email: publicworks(5).rialtoca.qov
6-12
                                  Biosolids Management

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September 2006
                                                                                               Emerging Technologies
                                                                                     Technology Summary
 SlurryCarb™ Process (Contd)
  Key Words for Internet Search:
  SlurryCarb™, biosolids, sludge, carbonization, renewable fuel
  Data  Sources:
  EnerTech Environmental, Inc. Company Information Packet: The SlurryCarb™ Process. (2006) Available at
  www.enertech.com.
  EnerTech Environmental, Inc. "Converting Biosolids to a Usable Fuel: The Emerging Technology of Biosolids Carbonization
  -The Rialto Regional Biosolids Facility." Presentation to CIWMB, (12 May 2005).
  Kearney, R.J. and K.M. Bolin. "Using the New SlurryCarb™ Process Prior to Drying: How to Save Money and Achieve
  Permanent Recycling of Biosolids." Proceedings of the WEF/AWWA Joint Residuals and Biosolids Management
  Conference,  Cincinnati, Ohio. (12-15 March 2006).
       Slimy Preparation
       Hre received, and if required.
i3Tv:i:er5d to ::>c: solids Tbis becomeE
me feed sluiry for rite process.
 Biosolidi at 20°r iolids
      Step 5: Detvatering
Excess moisture ii removed from :ae
carbonized produce to form a sinnr fasi
and dewatered uiecianciaLly TO 50° o.
Aiso. carbonized produce may be
     to rejnm'e Trace
                                                                     : Filtrate Recycle
                                                             Trjce CDLKauiLLaiit; Jiie cliLorides.
                                                             Dissolved solids. BOD, COD. are
                                                             removed from SJcra^e utilizmg a
                                                             LiEb-iLear membiane :ecliro!o=y.
                                                             Sludge from :JT precre^bjaeiLt::
                                                             addei :o [be fuel pioduci-
    Step 7: Combustion
The carbonized slurry fuel ss cried.
peLle-.zed or kept in slurry form and
transported and Transported to tie
cu=.ioLLier to re u:;l:zed of:"-=-tte
                          Steo 2: Slurry Pre^m izntion
                          Feed il'.irn' ;i coutLU'.ioMiLy jiEiitrizei v.::b
                          pump TO ia3m;au: li^Tiid conditions \vhei
                          heated.
                                                             . be pteiE-nrized iLr.tr>' i=. trousbt to
                                                             Temperanie :iuou=jlL ieat excnauEe T.v:±
                                                             reaction products 3nl an external iieat source.
                                                                                                      4: Reaction
                                                                  la reacTor cxysen sronp= from
                                                                  the lob'd sl'.Tjry are removed ••'•.
                                                                  carbon dioxjde gas snd cilorin-
                                                                  ated orsanics sre decomposed
                                                                  to ioltible salts.
SlurryCarb™ process flow diagram from EnerTech Environmental, Inc. (2005)
Biosolids Management
                                                                                                                6-13

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Emerging Technologies
                                         September 2006
Technology Summary
 Deep-Shaft Wet Air Oxidation (VERTAD™)
 Objective:
 Increases energy efficiency and produces Class A
 biosolids.
State of Development: Embryonic
The last trial of this technology related to biosolids was at King
County's Renton Wastewater Treatment Plant, Washington.
 Description:
 Deep-Shaft Wet Air Oxidation is an autothermophilic aerobic digestion process that treats sludge in a subsurface
 autothermophilic reactor that is 250-350 feet deep. The VERTADTM vendor's website describes three reactor zones that
 function as follows:
 Oxidation Zone: The top of the shaft where the sludge digestion takes place.
 Mixing Zone: Feed sludge and air are introduced in this zone. Air provides oxygen and mixing. Solids separation is through
 flotation thickening.
 Saturation Zone: Stabilized biosolids removed from the reactor flow through the saturation zone where high temperature
 and long residence time occur."
 High oxygen transfer efficiency promotes rapid digestion of sludge. Pathogen-free Class A biosolids are produced in four
 days. Thickened biosolids can be dewatered to 30%-35% solids and reduced polymer usage. Offgas is separated and
 treated in a fixed-film biofilter.
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Similar to vertical reactors that have been used for wastewater treatment for 25 years. VERTAD™ has a small footprint and
 is largely underground. Therefore they are less visible than surface tankage.
 VERTAD™ achieves 40% volatile solids (VS) reduction in 4 days in comparison to conventional anaerobic digestion
 systems that require up to 30-day retention times for a 55% VS reduction.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:    Capital cost lower than conventional autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD) plant
                          of similar size.
 Approximate O&M Costs:    Not Available
  Low energy requirements:   1.27 kW.hr/kg VS destroyed
  Low polymer requirements:  14lb/ton
 Vendor Name(s):
 NORAM Engineering and Construction, LTD
 Suite 400-200 Granville Street
 Vancouver BCV6C1S4
 Phone:604-681-2030
 Fax:604-683-9164
 www.noram-enq.com
Practitioner(s):
The following was the site of a trial facility but is not currently a
practitioner:
Technology Assessment and Resource Recovery
King County
201 South Jackson Street
Mail Stop: KSC-NR-0512
Seattle, WA 98104
Phone:(206)684-1255
Fax: (206) 684-2057	
6-14
                                 Biosolids Management

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September 2006
                                  Emerging Technologies
                                                                   Technology Summary
 Deep-Shaft Wet Air Oxidation (VERTAD™) (Contd)
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 VERTAD™, deep-shaft, wet air oxidation, biosolids
 Data Sources:
 Vendor-supplied information.
      Thickened \
       Sludge /
                     CompfMiOf
        *r  ^>
                
-------
Emerging Technologies
                                        September 2006
Technology Summary
 Plasma Assisted Sludge Oxidation
 Objective:
 Significant volume reduction through combustion.
State of Development: Embryonic
The process was pilot tested by LTEE, Hydro-Quebec's research
facility, for approximately 2 years using industrial, municipal, and
farming feedstocks.
 Description:
 Plasma assisted sludge oxidation uses a rotary oven operating at between 600° and 700°C at atmospheric pressure. The oven
 is equipped with an air plasma arc torch. The plasma arc generates ultraviolet radiation and ionic radicals to sustain oxidation.
 A plasma plume is used to catalyze oxidation of wet sludges at relatively low temperatures. The vendor claims low operating
 temperatures result in high combustion efficiency. Feed solids can have a solids content as low as 20% but operating efficiencies
 are directly related to the solids content. The process results in an ash to be used or disposed. Combustion can reach autothermal
 operation if feed solids have a high enough energy value [estimated at 20,000 millijoules per dry ton (mJ/dry ton)].


 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Not similar to established technologies.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   Not available
              &M Costs:    Not aailab le
 Vendor Name(s):
 Fabgroups Technologies, Inc.
 1100 St. Amour
 St. Laurent, Quebec, Canada H4S 1J2
 Phone: 514-331-3712
 Fax: 514-331-5656
 Email: tmulhern@fabciroups.com
Practitioner(s):
No practitioner at this time.
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Plasma assisted oxidation, biosolids, sludge
 Data Sources:
 Mulhern, T. and M. Bacon. "Full Scale Demonstration of Plasma Assisted Sludge Oxidation." Proceedings of the 2006 WEF
 Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference, Cincinnati, Ohio. (12-15 March 2006).
6-16
                                 Biosolids Management

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September 2006
                                    Emerging Technologies
 Melting  Furnace
 Objective:
 Reduce the volume of biosolids and industrial wastes
 by heating them to extremely high temperatures while
 producing potentially usable by-products.
                                                                            Technology Summary
State of Development: Embryonic
Full-scale melting furnaces have been in operation in Japan for more
than 20 years. This is primarily due to the lack of available space for
land application or surface disposal of municipal biosolids. Similar
melting furnaces have been used to melt industrial sludges as well.
As of 2003, the Ebara Corporation was operating two small plants
using the Meltox technology that had been in operation for nearly
4 years. In addition, the Ministry of Housing and Local Government
in Malaysia decided in 2003 to construct a large TwinRec thermal
waste treatment plant for municipal waste.
 Description:
 The Ebara Corporation of Japan has developed the Meltox (called TwinRec in Europe) biosolids melting and ash
 incineration technology. This process melts biosolids at temperatures exceeding 1,300°C and produces a marketable
 by-product. The furnace is fluidized bed gasification unit comprising a vertical primary combustion chamber, an inclined
 secondary combustion chamber, and a slag outlet section. Biosolids are blown into the furnace with compressed air, where
 they are incinerated and melted during a spiral descent. A plate at the outlet maintains a steady flow of slag, which is cooled
 by water or air before discharge. Flue gas is separated and treated to reduce odors and sulfur oxide (S0x) emissions. The
 slag can be used in various ways, such as for filling material, tiles for pavement and roads, interlocking blocks, terrazzo
 tiles, and other construction materials.
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Similar to fluidized bed furnace except that it can operate at higher temperatures. Similar to innovative vitrification furnace.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   Not available
 Approximate O&M  Costs:    Not available
 Vendor Name(s):
 Ebara Corporation
 1-6-27, Konan, Minato-ku
 Tokyo, 108-8480 Japan
 Phone: +81-3-5461-5585
 Fax:+81-3-5461-5784
 Website: www.ebara.ch
Practitioner(s):
A list of practitioners using Ebara Corporation melting furnace
technologies in Asia is available online at:
www.ebara.ch/twinrec.php?n=1
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Melting furnace, biosolids, sludge, Meltox
 Data Sources:
 Selinger, A., S. Steiner, K. Shin. "TwinRec Gasification and Ash Melting Technology - Now also established for Municipal
 Waste." 4th Int'l Symposium on Waste Treatment Technologies. Ebara Corporation, Zurich. (2003)
 Japanese Advanced Environment Equipment. Meltox Sludge Melting System. Global Environment Centre Environmental
 Technology Database NETT21. (2002)
 Vendor-supplied information.
Biosolids Management
                                                   6-17

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•,<  I;-" v5vV;t1;."*'•:'"V".~<
   f:'.''i ,'.•.•'.'.  ;;'":'•'
:.;, ^''"'^1'
             "
   Drying
         The objective of the drying process is to remove water from biosolids producing a relatively
         high percent solids, and to reduce weight and volume of the biosolids. This is usually
         accomplished with either a direct or indirect heat source. Drying can produce marketable
         products that meet Class A standards. It also dramatically reduces transportation costs if
         long distance hauling is involved.
         Table 7.1 summarizes the state of development of drying technologies. This table includes
         three innovative heat-drying technologies. Belt, flash, and microwave drying all have been
         successfully operated in Europe and pilot-tested in the United States.

         Figure 7.1 includes an  evaluation of the innovative technologies identified. Summary
         sheets for each technology  categorized  as innovative  or embryonic technology are
         provided at the end of this chapter.
               Table 7.1 - Drying Technologies—State of Development
    Direct Drying
    Flash Drying
    Indirect Drying
Belt Drying
Direct Microwave Drying
Flash Drying
Fluidized Bed Drying
Chemical Drying
Multiple Effect Drying
  «  Carver-Greenfield (case studies have shown technology to
    be not viable in the United States. No technology summary is
    provided.)
   Biosolids Management
                                                                      7-1

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Emerging Technologies

                Figure  7.1 - Evaluation of Innovative Drying Technologies
 Belt Drying
 Direct Microwave Drying
 D
C,0,V,A,R
  A,P
 Flash Drying
B,P
C,0,V,A,R
  A,P
                          Centrifuge and drying
                          process in one.
 Fluidized Bed Drying
 0
C,0,V,A,R
  A,P
e
e
e
e
  B = Bench scale
  D = Full-scale demonstrations in North
      America
  I  = Full-scale industrial applications, with
      demonstrations or pilots for municipal
      sewage sludge
  0 = Full-scale operations overseas
  N = Full-scale operations in North America
  P = Pilot
 F = Few plants
 I  = Industrywide
 L = Primarily large plants
 S = Primarily small plants
A = Produces Class A biosolids
C = Capital savings
0 = Operational/maintenance savings
F = Produces high-nutrient fertilizer
M = Minimizes odors
R = Provides beneficial use (nonagricultural)
V = Sludge volume reduction
                                                        A   = Agriculture
                                                        C   = Construction
                                                        N/A = Not Applicable
                                                        P   = Power
                                                                                                          . Positive feature
                                                                                                         0 Neutral or mixed
                                                                                                          ' Negative feature
7-2


-------
September 2006
                                   Emerging Technologies
 Belt Drying
 Objective:
 Drying of biosolids to 90% or more solids.
                                                                           Technology Summary
State of Development: Innovative
A BioCon® dryer has been in operation at the Bronderslev WWTP
in Denmark since 1995. The first operating US facility will be Mystic
Lake, Minnesota.
A HUBER KULT® dryer for wastewater sludge is under construction
in Germany. There is also a HUBER KULT® dryer in operation in
Germany for drying water treatment plant residuals.
 Description:
 This technology is composed of two or more slow moving belts in series with air supplied through or around the belts. Dewatered
 sludge is spread in a thin layer on the first belt to maximize surface area. Preheated air is either blown through the belts or pumped
 into the area surrounding the belts.
 In the BioCon® dryer, temperatures ranges from 350°F at its hottest down to 175°F as the biosolids complete the drying process.
 The residence time in the dryer is more than 60 minutes, thereby exceeding Class A pathogen reduction requirements. An add-on
 process called the Energy Recover System (ERS), uses the fuel value of the dried product to generate energy used in the drying
 process.
 Comparison to Established  Technologies:
 The BioCon® dryer is operated at a low negative pressure to minimize odor and dust generation often associated with
 biosolids drying technologies.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   Not provided by the vendor.
 Approximate O&M Costs:    Not provided by the vendor.
 Vendor Name(s):
 Kruger, Inc.
 401 Harrison Oaks Blvd., Suite 100
 Gary, NC 27513
 Phone:919-677-8310
 Fax: 919-677-0082

 Huber Technology
 9805 North Cross Center Court
 Suite H
 Huntersville, NC 28078
 Phone:704-949-101
 Website: www.huber-technoloqy.com
Practitioner(s):
Mystic Lake, Minnesota
Biosolids Management
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Emerging Technologies
                               September 2006
Technology Summary
 Belt Drying (Contd)
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 BioCon, ERS, Huber Technology KULT®, biosolids, sludge, drying
 Data Sources:
 Frewerd, B. "Harnessing the Power of Biosolids." Published by Kruger Inc., a division of Paris-based Veolia Water Solutions
 & Technologies. (2006).
 Vendor websites.
   Air/Air Heat
   Exchanger
BioCon9 Process Flow Diagram (Frewerd, 2006).
BioCon9 ERS Unit
(Photo courtesy of Kruger USA).
                                          KULT® dryer schematic
                                          (Huber Technology website 8 August 2006).
7-4
                       Biosolids Management

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September 2006
                                    Emerging Technologies
 Direct Microwave Drying
 Objective:
 Remove excess water from waste activated sludge and
 reduce pathogens.
                                                                            Technology Summary
State of Development: Innovative
Burch BioWave® is in use in Ireland and Fredericktown, Ohio. Anew
installation will be on line in Zanesville, Ohio, in fall 2006.
 Description:
 Burch BioWave® is a patented continuous flow process that uses a duel-fueled microwave system to remove water and pathogens
 from dewatered sludge. The process utilizes a high-efficiency multi-mode microwave system specifically designed to remove
 moisture. Microwaves vibrate water molecules and the resulting friction heats the water. BioWave® uses heated air forced through
 the biosolids to evaporate the moisture released by the microwaves. The air is heated by either natural gas, liquified petroleum gas
 (LPG), or digester gas.
 The equipment comes in various sizes, each with the ability to dry a certain throughput of material. The process is completely
 automated and can dry biosolids with an initial moisture content of 85% to a final product with 10% moisture content. Tests show
 100% pathogen kill without any change in nutrient content.
 Comparison  to Established Technologies:
 Established drying technologies use natural gas as fuel and rely on convection to heat solids from the outside in along
 with a loss of energy to the environment. In microwave drying, all the materials are heated simultaneously and the heat is
                    tne
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   $800,000 for system capable of processing 1 dry ton per day
 Approximate O&M Costs:    Not provided by the vendor.
 Equipment provided in cost includes stainless steel applicator unit, four 100-kilowatt microwave transmitters, control panel,
 250,000-BTU gas burner, standard aluminum wave guides, operator training and 1 -year system warranty.
 Maintenance cost are low because there are no moving parts. Electricity is more than 90% of the energy used. System is
 80% energy efficient.
 Vendor Name(s):
 Burch Hydro, Inc.
 17860 An kneytown Road
 Fredricktown, OH43019
 Phone: 800-548-8694
 Website:
 www.burchbiowave.com/sections/process/index.asp
Practitioner(s):
Fredericktown, Ohio.
Biosolids Management
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Emerging Technologies
       September 2006
Technology Summary
 Direct Microwave Drying (Contd)
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Burch BioWave®, microwave dryer, biosolids
 Data Sources:
 Vendor-supplied information.

Burch Bio Wave® dryer installed
7-6
Biosolids Management

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September 2006
                                    Emerging Technologies
 Flash Drying
 Objective:
 Drying of biosolids to 90% or more solids.
                                                                            Technology Summary
State of Development: Innovative
The Centridry® flash drying process was evaluated in King County,
Washington, where it reduced the water content of 20% dewatered
solids to 60%-70% solids. However, product testing indicated that
for best usability, the product should also be composted, which
significantly increases costs. This project was completed in the
summer of 2001 and King County does not anticipate any further
testing on this process. Centridry® units have been in operation in
Europe since 1993.
 Description:
 Liquid biosolids combined with polymer are pumped into a centrifuge where conventional mechanical dewatering takes place. The
 dewatered biosolids reach a minimum of 25% dry solids, and are discharged into the thermal stage as a fine-grained spray.
 The biosolids particles are instantly dried upon entering the thermal cyclone chamber in order to prevent them from sticking to the
 walls of the chamber. The particles are then entrained and conveyed in the sweep gas, and exit the chamber in a matter of seconds
 during which time the sludge granules are dried and the temperature of the conveying gas is dramatically reduced. The pneumatic
 conveying and drying process continues during the relatively short transport time to a cyclone where the product particles are
 separated and discharged via a rotary valve to the stockpile.
 The sweep gas, drawn through the system via the main ventilator fan, is reheated in the hot gas generator before re-entering the
 dryer loop. Excess gas vapors in the system are drawn off by a small blower, treated in a venturi scrubber to remove residual
 quantities of fine dust and volatile components, and discharged for odor treatment.
 Comparison  to Established Technologies:
 Similar to other drying processes; however CentriDry® does not require biosolids to be dewatered prior to entering the unit.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   Not provided by the vendor.
 Approximate O&M Costs:    Not provided by the vendor.
 Vendor Name(s):
 Euroby Limited
 Columbia House, Columbia Drive
 Worthing, West Sussex BN13 3HD
 Phone: +01-903-69-44-00
 E-mail: sales@.eurobv.com
 Website: www.eurobv.com/centridv.htm
Practitioner(s):
Severn Trent Water STW
Worksop, UK
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Centridry®, centrifuge drying, biosolids, sludge
 Data Sources:
 King County Department of Natural Resources. Regional Wastewater Services Plan -Annual Report. Wastewater
 Treatment Division. (December 2001).
 Vendor-supplied information
Biosolids Management
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Emerging Technologies
                                          September 2006
Technology Summary
 Fluidized Bed Drying
 Objective:
 Provide a safer, more reliable, more flexible technology
 for drying digested/undigested municipal biosolids to
 Class A levels.
State of Development: Innovative
Three plants in Europe are currently operating using this technology.
It is used in other industrial applications in the U.S.
 Description:
 Mechanically dewatered wet cake is pumped from storage directly into the fluidized bed dryer, where it comes in contact with
 already-dry granules, building larger granules. The process is done entirely within the fluid bed itself without the need for recycling/
 blending/classifying steps. It is also accomplished within an inert closed loop. Only a minimal amount of gas is exhausted for
 treatment. All heating is done via indirect means with heat exchanger surfaces (tubes) immersed in the fluidized layer of solids in
 the dryer. Heating configuration is extremely flexible and can be accomplished with energy derived from natural gas, digester gas,
 steam, waste heat, and other sources. The end product is >90% dry solids, dust free, mechanically stable, and can be used in land
 application or as a fuel and mineral source in cement kilns.
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Not similar to any established biosolids management technologies. This process is established for drying pellets, powders,
 and granules in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:   Approximately $750,000 per ton of water per day evaporated.
 Approximate O&M Costs:    Approximately 65 to 75 kWh per ton  of water evaporated.
 Maintenance costs approximately 3% per year.
 Figures are approximate and depend largely on equipment arrangement and structure for the equipment to be located, and
 the amount of wet cake and dry granule storage, which is included. The thermal energy requirement is approximately 1,250
 to 1,300 BTU per pound of water evaporated. Technology is best suited for plants in the 5 to 500+ MGD range, but is cost
 competitive at lower capacities as well.
 Vendor Name(s):                           Practitioner(s):
 Andritz-Ruthner, Inc.                                 No practitioners of this technology for wastewater solids in the
 1010 Commercial Boulevard, South                    U.S. were identified. However, vendors can provide information
 Arlington, TX 76001                                 on practitioners in other industries.
 Phone: 817-419-1704 Fax: 817-419-1904
 E-mail: peter.commerford(5)andritz.com
 Website: www.andritz.com

 Schwing America, Inc.
 Material Handling Division
 5900 Centerville Road
 St. Paul, MN 55127
 Phone: 651-429-0999 Fax: 651-653-5481
 E-mail: cwanstrom(5)schwing.com
 Website: www.schwina.com
7-8
                                  Biosolids Management

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September 2006
Emerging Technologies
                                                              Technology Summary
 Fluidized Bed Drying (Contd)
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Fluid bed dryer, biosolids, sludge
 Data Sources:
 Vendor-supplied information and websites
Biosolids Management
              7-9

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Emerging Technologies
                                         September 2006
Technology Summary
 Chemical Drying
 Objective:
 Solids are dried through chemical reaction. The dried
 product is mixed with nutrients to enhance the fertilizer
 value of the final product.
State of Development: Embryonic
There are no installation or pilot facilities of this technology operating
in the U.S.
 Description:
 In the chemical drying process, ammonium salts or anhydrous ammonia and concentrated organic acids are mixed with dewatered
 biosolids. The organic acids (e.g., sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid) react with the ammonia in an extremely exothermic reaction.
 Sulfates and phosphates are produced in the reaction between the acid and the ammonia. The heat and pressure from the reaction
 sterilize the biosolids and complete the drying process. The reaction of the biosolids with the ammonium salts produces a hard
 granular material. As with other drying processes, the granular material can be combined with plant nutrients to further raise the
 nutritive value of the product.
 Comparison to  Established Technologies:
 Vendor claims indicate a final product similar to that produced by other drying technologies that is suitable for beneficial use
 (provided feed solids are of acceptable quality).
 Available Cost  Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:    < $ 4M for a 22 ton (25% solids) per day facility
                          < $10M for a 100 ton (25% solids) per day facility
 Approximate O&M Costs:    Not provided by the vendor.
 Vendor Name(s):
 VitAG, LLC.
 2111 Forest View Road
 Aiken, SC 29803
 Phone: 239-398-6127 Fax: 803-652-2009
 E-mail: Jburnham1(g)aol.com
 Unity Envirotech, LLC
 1119 Burgundy Circle
 Pennsburg, PA 18077
 Phone: 215-262-5233 Fax: 904-819-9224
 E-mail: RTuttleUFC@aol.com
Practitioner(s):
No practitioner at this time.
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 VitAG, Unity, biosolids, sludge, chemical drying
 Data Sources:
 Vendor-supplied information
7-10
                                 Biosolids Management

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Other  Processes
      This chapter focuses on other processes that do not fit clearly into one  of the other
      categories in this report.
      Table 8.1 summarizes the state of development of other processes. Two of the technologies
      presented  in this chapter are  designed  to significantly reduce either the volume or
      pathogen content of biosolids without all of the steps required by conventional methods.
      The Cannibal® process uses bacteria developed specifically to degrade biosolids' organic
      matter. The Lystek process uses heat and chemicals to produce a liquid biosolids product
      that is suitable for land application and meets Class A requirements. Use of biosolids as
      a fuel in cement kilns is also addressed.

      Figure 8.1  includes an evaluation of the innovative technologies  identified. Summary
      sheets for each process are provided in this chapter.
              Table 8.1 - Other Processes—State of Development
                Cannibal® Process
                Lystek Process
                Injection in Cement Kiln
N/A
Biosolids Management
                                           8-1

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Emerging Technologies

                   Figure  8.1  - Evaluation  of Other Innovative Processes
 Cannibal® Biosolids Destruction
 Process
               C,0,V
                       e
                              e
     e
 Lystek Thermal/Chemical Process
               C,0,A
N/A
         e
e
 Injection in Cement Kiln
             C,0,V,R
  B = Bench scale
  D = Full-scale demonstrations in North
      America
  I  = Full-scale industrial applications, with
      demonstrations or pilots for municipal
      sewage sludge
  0 = Full-scale operations overseas
  N = Full-scale operations in North America
  P = Pilot
F = Few plants
I  = Industrywide
L = Primarily large plants
S = Primarily small plants
A = Produces Class A biosolids
C = Capital savings
0 = Operational/maintenance savings
F = Produces high-nutrient fertilizer
M = Minimizes odors
R = Provides beneficial use (nonagricultural)
V = Sludge volume reduction
                                           A   = Agriculture
                                           C   = Construction
                                           N/A = Not Applicable
                                           P   = Power
                                                                                                           Positive feature
                                                                                                         0 Neutral or mixed
                                                                                                         T Negative feature
8-2


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September 2006
                                    Emerging Technologies
                                                                              Technology Summary
 Cannibal® Biosolids Destruction Process
 Objective:
 Biosolids volume reduction without digestion,
 thickening, dewatering or polymer addition
State of Development: Innovative
A1 MGD sequential batch reactor wastewater treatment plant
in Georgia began using the Cannibal solids reduction process in
October 1998. The plant has purged solids once in five years to
relieve the plant of extremely fine inert material buildup. The plant
removed 8,000 pounds of wasted biosolids using the process
between January 2000 and September 2003. Favorable results also
have been realized at other full-scale operations within the United
States. This process also has been successful at the Alpine Cheese
Factory in Holmes County, Ohio, and has been the subject of bench-
scale research at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
 Description:
 A portion of sludge from the main treatment process is pumped to a sidestream bioreactor where the mixed liquor is converted from
 an aerobic-dominant bacterial population to a facultative-dominant bacterial population. Aerobic bacteria are selectively destroyed
 in this sidestream reactor while enabling the facultative bacteria to break down and use the remains of the aerobes and their
 byproducts.
 Mixed liquor from the bioreactor is recycled back to the main treatment process. There, the facultative bacteria, in turn, are out-
 competed by the aerobic bacteria and subsequently broken down in the alternating environments of the aerobic treatment process
 and the sidestream bioreactor.
 Trash, grit and other inorganic materials are removed from the process by a patented solids separation module on the return sludge
 line. All of the return sludge is pumped through this module and recycled back to the main treatment process. Only a portion of this
 flow is diverted to the sidestream bioreactor for the selection and destruction process.
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Not similar to any established technology
 Available Cost  Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost: Not available
 Approximate O&M Costs: Not available
 According to the vendor, a 1.5 MGD WWTP could recognize an approximate net operating cost savings of $245,600 using
 the Cannibal process.
 Vendor Name(s):
 Envirex Products
 1901 S. Prairie Ave.
 Waukesha,WI53189
 Phone:262-521-8570
 Fax: 262-547.4120
 E-mail: RoehlM(5)usfilter.com
 website: www.usfilter.com
Practitioner(s):
Alpine Cheese Factory, Inc.
1504 US 62
Wilmont, OH 44689
Phone: 330-359-5454
Fax: 330-359-5049
Biosolids Management
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Emerging Technologies
       September 2006
Technology Summary
 Cannibal® Biosolids Destruction Process (Contd)
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Cannibal® process, biosolids, sludge
 Data Sources:
 Sheridan, J. and B. Curtis. "Casebook: Revolutionary Technology Cuts Biosolids Production and Costs." Pollution
 Engineering. 36:5 (2004).
 Novak, J.T., D.H. Chon, B-A. Curtis, M. Doyle. "Reduction of Sludge Generation using the Cannibal® Process: Mechanisms
 and Performance." Proceedings of WEF  Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference 2006: Bridging to the Future."
 Cincinnati, OH (12-14 March 2005).
 Vendor-supplied information
8-4
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September 2006
                                   Emerging Technologies
 Lystek Thermal/Chemical Process
 Objective:
 Biosolids treatment and processing technology for
 production of high solids and pathogen-free product for
 beneficial use.
                                                                           Technology Summary
State of Development: Innovative
The process has been successfully demonstrated at a full-scale
pilot facility at the Guelph Wastewater Treatment Plant in Ontario,
Canada. It was able to produce a Class A biosolids of 12 to 15%
solids. The product was stored without any change in product quality.
 Description:
 The Lystek process is a propriety sequenced batch operation where heat is applied and chemicals added to the feed solids in
 controlled conditions. Retention times are relatively short and the system can be fully automated to control the relevant parameters:
 pH, temperature and time. The resultant product is 12%-15% solids with a viscosity of < 1,500 cP (>2,000,000 cP of the feed) and
 is compatible with standard equipment used for land application. The resulting material retains the pump-ability needed to reduce
 the costs of biosolids handling, storage, transport and land application. The process has been shown to achieve the specifications
 required for Ontario NMA Class B biosolids and U.S. EPA Class A biosolids.
 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Similar to digestion processes that use additives and heat to reduce pathogens.
 Available Cost Information:
 Approximate Capital Cost:  $1,000,000 - $1,250,000
 Approximate O&M Costs:   $120 - $145 per dry metric ton
 Capital cost estimates for the Lystek system are for a generic WWTP producing approximately 4,000 dry tons biosolids per
 year, and do not take into account any additional modification costs that may be necessary to integrate the Lystek system
 to the existing wastewater treatment plant. The cost will also depend on the nature of the biosolids produced  by the plant.
 Operation and maintenance costs include material and energy
 Vendor Name(s):
 Lystek International, Inc.
 107-279 Weber Street North
 Waterloo, Ontario N2J 3H8
 Canada
 Phone:519-880-2170
 Fax:519-747-8125
 E-mail: infotgjlvstek.com
 Website: www.lvstek.com
Practitioner(s):
City of Guelph Wastewater Services
530 Wellington Street
Guelph, Ontario N1H3A1
Phone:519-837-5629
E-mail: connie.mcdonald@quelph.ca or wastewater@quelph.ca
 Key Words for Internet Search:
 Lystek, biosolids, sludge
 Data Sources:
 Singh, A, F. Mosher, O.P. Ward, W. Key. "An advanced biosolids treatment and processing technology for beneficial
 applications of high solids and pathogen-free product." 3rd Canadian Organic Residues and Biosolids Management
 Conference, Calgary. (1-4 June 2005).
Biosolids Management
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Emerging Technologies
                                             September 2006
Technology Summary
 Injection in  Cement Kiln
 Objective:
 The objective for the wastewater treatment plant is
 cost effective, environmentally sound management
 of biosolids. The objective from the standpoint of the
 cement kiln is to reduce emission of  nitrogen oxides
 (NOx) and/or fuel usage.
State of Development: Innovative
The technology is currently used for managing dewatered biosolids
from a few wastewater treatment plants in California. It is also used
to manage dried biosolids in a facility in Union Bridge, Maryland.
A pilot study was conducted at the Maryland facility in 2004 and
operation of the full scale facility began in 2006 under the terms of a
six-month test fire permit. Heidelberg Cement (the parent company
of Lehigh Cement, the owner of the Maryland facility) has been using
this technology in Europe for a number of years
 Description:
 Biosolids are injected into cement kilns at different locations depending on the purpose of the biosolids. Biosolids can be used to
 reduce NOx emission and can serve as an alternate fuel source.
 In reducing NOx emissions, the ammonia present in the biosolids reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen and water. In this application,
 dewatered biosolids are injected into the process at a point where temperatures are between 1600 and 1700° F (870 - to 930° C),
 typically, where the exhaust gases leave the kiln. This application is appropriate for preheater/pre-calciner kilns because in these
 plants, the target temperature range occurs at a location where it is feasible to inject the biosolids. In kilns of other designs the ideal
 temperature range occurs within the rotating portion of the kiln, an area where injecting the biosolids is not feasible. In addition
 to providing the means for the chemical reaction, the introduction of the biosolids at the point where exhaust gases leave the kiln
 also creates less favorable conditions for NOx formation by lowering the gas temperature. Through many years of operation,
 Mitsubishi's Lucerne Valley Cushenberry Plant in California has found that with a commercial injection rate of approximately 10
 tons of dewatered biosolids per hour results in a small increase in electric load. That facility has also tested for increase in carbon
 monoxide and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). There was no significant increase in  HAPS. There were some notable increase in
 carbon monoxide emission but emissions remained below acceptable levels of 550 ppm.
 Where biosolids are used to augment fossil fuels, dried  biosolids (greater than 90% solids) are fed into the calciner combustion
 zone of the cement manufacturing process. During the initial pilot testing at the Lehigh Cement facility, the biosolids were mixed
 with the pulverized coal fuel. However, NOx emissions increased slightly with the use of biosolids at the Maryland facility, believed
 to be the  result of increase rate of combustion. Currently, alternate feed locations are being investigated in an effort to reduce
 NOx emission while maximizing the use of biosolids. Testing of other emissions showed slight decrease in carbon monoxide, total
 hydrocarbons and sulfur dioxide.
 In both applications there are no addition residuals to manage; ash  is bound in the cement product and has been found to be
 compatible with the raw materials used in cement manufacture. However, adequate fan capacity must be provided to deal with
 steam vapor resulting from the use of biosolids in both applications. The vapor is more of a concern when the feed biosolids have
 lower percent solids.

 Comparison to Established Technologies:
 Not similar to any established technology.
8-6
                                    Biosolids Management

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                                                                                 Emerging Technologies
                                                                       Technology Summary
Injection in Cement Kiln (Contd)
Available Cost Information:
Approximate Capital Cost:   Not applicable to biosolids generator; capital investment is made by cement kiln operator/
                        owner.
Approximate O&M Costs:    Cost varies regionally; tipping fees of less than $5 per ton (wet) were quoted in the literature
                        but will be influenced by the percent solids of the biosolids
Vendor Name(s):
Operators of cement kilns that have accepted biosolids
include:
Lehigh Cement
7600 Imperial Way
Allentown, PA18195
Phone:610-366-4636
Email: emortontgjhtcnam.com
Mitsubishi Cement Corporation
5808 State Highway 18
Lucerne Valley, CA
Phone: 760-248-737
Practitioner(s):
Joint Water Pollution Control
24501  S Figueroa Street
Carson, CA
Synagro-Baltimore LLC
Key Words for Internet Search:
Cement kiln biosolids injection
Data Sources:
Battye, R., S. Walsh, J. Lee-Greco. NOx Control Technologies for the Cement Industry, Final Report. (2000).
Kahn, Robert. "Biosolids Injection: A New Technology for Effective Biosolids Management," Undated.
Morton, Edward L. "A Sustainable Use for Dried Biosolids." Undated.
Cement Industry Environmental Consortium website, www.cieconline.net.
Vendor-supplied information.
                                          Lehigh Cement plant in Union Bridge, Maryland.
                                          (Photo courtesy of Lehigh Cement. 2006.)
        \lanagetnent
                                                  8-7

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Research
      In order to reclassify any technology which is considered to be innovative or embryonic,
      additional research and field demonstration projects are necessary. This chapter focuses
      on specific technologies  that may have a significant impact on biosolids treatment and
      management, and the relevant research needs in these areas.
      Sound, sustainable biosolids management is based upon controlling and influencing the
      quantity, quality and characteristics of biosolids in such a way that negative impacts to
      the environment are avoided and beneficial uses are optimized. It is  recognized that
      each wastewater treatment facility in the United States faces  unique circumstances
      resulting in a variety of applicable biosolids management strategies. Biosolids treatment
      technologies  are used  to  achieve  beneficial use to the greatest  extent  possible.
      Table 9.1  identifies  research needs for especially  promising technologies in  biosolids
      treatment. Beneficial use can take advantage of  the  soil conditioning and  fertilizing
      properties of  this material or  it  may  include gas and  energy production. Substantial
      scientific  research will enable the beneficial  use  of biosolids to continue to expand  by
      reducing the uncertainties and data gaps on the  potential effects of biosolids exposure
      to human health. Research is used to determine whether current practices need to
      be altered. Emerging and  innovative  technologies can provide  new cost-efficient and
      effective solutions to biosolids management. Some steps towards completing scientific
      research include: "development and standardization of sampling and analytical methods,
      investigation of contaminant fate/transport and  exposure routes, potential human health
      effects, risk assessment determinations; evaluation of improvements that may be needed
      in operational practices, technologies, and management practices for biosolids treatment
      and reuse." (WERF,  2002).
Biosolids Management
9-1

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Emerging Technologies
      September
      Table 9.1 - Research Needs Technologies: State of Development
Conditioning
Thickening
Stabilization



Dewatering
Thermal
Conversion





Drying






None
None
Temperature-Phased
Digestion
Two-Phase
Digestion
Ferrate Addition
Neutralize!-®
None
RHOX Process
Gasification
Sludge-to-Oil
Supercritical Water
Oxidation
SlurryCarb™
Deep-Shaft Wet Air
Oxidation
Belt Drying
Direct Microwave
Drying
Flash Drying
Fluidized Bed Drying
Chemical Drying
Cannibal®
Lystek
None.
None.
Confirm solids reduction and gas production.
Determine SRT needed vs. conventional anaerobic digestion.
Identify operating problems - Thermophile Heating/Heat Recovery.
Confirm solids reduction and gas production.
Determine SRT needed vs. conventional anaerobic digestion.
Identify operating problems.
Confirm performance, costs and viable operating parameters.
Confirm performance, costs and viable operating parameters.
None.
Document improvement in plant capacity and decrease in emissions.
Determine impact on capital and operating costs.
Conduct testing at several locations.
Document improvements in plant capacity and decrease in emissions.
Determine impact on capital and operating costs.
Conduct testing at several locations.
Document improvements in plant capacity and decrease in emissions.
Determine impact on capital and operating costs.
Conduct testing at several locations.
Document improvements in plant capacity and decrease in emissions.
Determine impact on capital and operating costs.
Conduct testing at several locations.
Document improvements in plant capacity and decrease in emissions.
Determine impact on capital and operating costs.
Conduct testing at several locations.
Document improvements in plant capacity and decrease in emissions.
Determine impact on capital and operating costs.
Determine capital and operating costs.
Identify operating problems/confirm performance.
Determine capital and operating costs.
Identify operating problems/confirm performance.
Determine capital and operating costs.
Identify operating problems/confirm performance.
Determine capital and operating costs.
Identify operating problems/confirm performance.
Confirm performance, costs and viable operating parameters.
Document improvements in performance.
Determine impact on capital and operating costs.
Document improvements in performance.
Determine impact on capital and operating costs.
9-2
Biosolids Management

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        2006                                                          Emerging Technologies


      Generally, research and technical issues can be grouped into three areas:

         (1) Analysis and reduction of risk associated with beneficial use practices;

         (2) Utilization of the potential of biosolids to yield energy; and,

         (3) Improved   operation,   performance,   and  efficiency  of  biosolids  treatment
            processes.

9.2.1 Analysis and Reduction of Risk Associated with Certain Beneficial Use
      Practices

      Fundamental research in this area relates to:

         •  Standardization of sampling and analytical methods for contaminants to assure
            the use of the best measurement methods for particular microbial and chemical
            contaminants.  This standardization should also state the best time and place for
            sampling.

         •  Standardization of risk assessment measures and methods  for chemicals and
            pathogens. Risk assessment allows for the evaluation of operational improvement
            practices and technologies. This evaluation would differ from most plant efficiency
            evaluations by focusing on the treatment practices and the protections they offer
            to human and environmental health.

         •  Fate and transport of the contaminants during biosolids management practices.

         •  Emerging chemical  contaminants  and pathogens, as  well as on exposure
            measurements and routes. The potential health  risks and  effects should be
            addressed to determine the adverse effects of the emerging contaminants.

         •  Resolution of issues that affect the acceptability of Class B biosolids to continue
            in the future.

         •  Reactivation of fecal conforms in  centrifuge dewatered solids, anaerobically
            digested biosolids.

9.2.2 Utilization of the Potential of Biosolids to Yield Energy

      Fundamental research in this area relates to:
         •  Research on technologies that can generate or increase the  quantity of energy
            from the production of biosolids by-products and gases.

         •  Utilization of process-generated gas to  provide energy to offset at least some of
            the energy requirements of wastewater and biosolids treatment technologies.
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Emerging Technologies                                                        September 2006


9.2.3 Improved Operation,  Performance and  Efficiency of Biosolids Treatment
      Processes
         •  Optimization of the application of chemicals for dewatering and their impact on the
            quality of the final product.

         •  Assessment of the odor potential from biosolids stabilization and  dewatering
            techniques and advances to mitigate odor emissions.

         •  New technologies for the production of artificial soils and fertilizer components or
            products.

         •  Emergence of high temperature, high-volume solids destruction technologies.

         •  Improvements  in energy efficiency, particularly the use of heat exchangers and
            heat recovery.

9.2.4 Research Needs

      The technologies are arranged by type, noting the recommended focus of the investigations
      for each.

      Selection of the technologies and their research needs is based upon an  assessment of
      the process summaries and evaluations in the previous chapters. Criteria used to select
      the technologies  include  applicability, judgment about critical assessments needed to
      promote the technology to the next level of development, promise for further development
      and current interest in the technology.

9.2.5 Chapter References

      Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2002).
      www.werf.org/funding/researchplan.cfm

      WERF (1999) Biosolids Management Evaluation of Innovative Processes.
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      Great Lakes By-products Management Association
      15743 Hagenderfer Road, Plain City, OH 43064
      Phone: 866-309-7946
      Web: http://glbma.org

      Mid-Atlantic Biosolids Association
      Web: http://www.mabiosolids.org

      National Biosolids Partnership
      601 Wythe Street, Alexandria, VA 22314
      Phone: 703-684-2400
      Web: http://www.biosolids.org

      North East Biosolids & Residuals Association
      P.O. Box422Tamworth, NH  03886-0422
      Phone: 603-323-7654
      Web: http://www.nebiosolids.org

      Northwest Biosolids Management Association
      201 S. Jackson St Seattle, WA  98104-3855
      Phone:206-684-1145
      Web: http://www.nwbiosolids.org

      Water and Wastewater Equipment Manufacturers Association (WWEMA)
      P.O. Box 17402, Washington, D.C. 20041
      Phone:703-444-1777
      Web: http://www.wwema.org

      Water Environment Federation
      601 Wythe Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-1994
      Phone: 703-684-2452
      Web: http://www.wef.org
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Emerging Technologies                                                      September 2006


      Water Environment Research Foundation
      635 Slaters Lane, Suite 300,  Alexandria, VA 22314
      Phone: 703-684-2470
      Web: http://www.werf.org

      Air and Waste Management Association
      One Gateway Center, 3rd Floor, 420 Fort Duquesne Blvd.
      Pittsburgh, PA 15222-1435
      Phone: +1-800-270-3444
      Web: http://www.awma.org/

      National Association of Clean Water Agencies
      1816 Jefferson Place, NW Washington D.C. 20036
      Phone: 202.833.2672
      Web: http://www.nacwa.org/
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