United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
EPA-454/B-98-002
November 1998
www.epa.gov/ttn/chief
CDA Handbook for Air Toxics Emission
Inventory Development
Volume I: Stationary Sources
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Disclaimer
This document was furnished to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) by Eastern
Research Group, Inc. This document is final and has been reviewed and approved for
publication. The opinions, findings and conclusions expressed represent those of the authors and
not necessarily the EPA. Any mention of company or product names does not constitute an
endorsement by the EPA.
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CONTENTS
Section Page
Table of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Terms vi
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1 How Will This Document Help Me? 1-1
1.2 How Is This Document Organized? 1-1
1.3 What Assumptions Were Made In Preparing This Document? 1-2
1.4 Who Do I Contact for Help? 1-3
2.0 PRELIMINARY PLANNING ACTIVITIES 2-1
2.1 How Do I Define the Purpose of an Air Toxics Emissions Inventory? 2-1
2.2 What Resource Issues Must I Consider? 2-2
2.2.1 Internal Resources 2-2
2.2.2 External Resources 2-3
2.3 Why Should I Assess Existing State Inventories For Air Toxics Data? 2-3
2.4 Why Should I Conduct a Preliminary Screening Study? 2-3
3.0 INVENTORY WORK PLAN 3-1
3.1 How Do I Determine Which Pollutants To Inventory? 3-1
3.2 How Do I Identify Sources of Concern? 3-6
3.2.1 How Do I Categorize Major Sources? 3-7
3.2.2 How Do I Categorize Area Sources? 3-8
3.3 What Data Do I Report? 3-8
3.3.1 Reporting Frequency 3-8
3.3.2 Data Reporting Procedures 3-9
3.3.3 Data Elements To Be Reported 3-9
3.4 How Do I Assess the Completeness of the Inventory? 3-9
3.5 What QA/QC Procedures Should I Follow? 3-9
3.6 How Do I Avoid Double Counting? 3-10
4.0 INVENTORY DEVELOPMENT 4-1
4.1 What Are the Main Approaches to Inventory Development? 4-1
4.2 What Are the Methods for Estimating Emissions? 4-1
4.2.1 Emission Factors 4-3
4.2.2 Material Balance 4-4
4.2.3 Source Testing 4-5
in
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CONTENTS (Continued)
Section Page
4.2.4 Emission Estimation Models 4-6
4.2.5 Surveys and Questionnaires 4-6
4.2.6 Engineering Judgment/Best Approximation 4-7
4.3 How Do I Select Which Method To Use for Estimating Emissions? 4-7
4.4 What Emission Databases Are Available? 4-8
4.5 Where Do I Find Emission Factor Information? 4-8
4.5.1 Emission Factor Documents 4-9
4.5.2 Emission Factor Databases 4-10
4.5.3 Existing Source Testing Data 4-10
4.5.4 MSDSs and CPDSs 4-10
4.6 Where Do I Find Applicable Activity Parameters? 4-11
4.7 What Special Issues Should I Consider When Estimating Stationary
Source Toxic Emissions? 4-13
5.0 EMISSIONS INVENTORY MAINTENANCE AND UPDATE 5-1
6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY 6-1
7.0 DEFINITIONS OF COMMONLY USED TERMS 7-1
APPENDICES
A List of Hazardous Air Pollutants By CAS Number
B Alphabetical Listing of Hazardous Air Pollutants
C Hazardous Air Pollutants Synonym List
D List of Available EIIP Documents
E Contacts
El List of EPA Regional Office Air Toxic Contacts
E2 List of EIIP Contacts
F Overview of Reference Materials
G Lists of FY99 105 Grant, Section 112(c)(6), Section 112(k), and
Great Waters HAPs
IV
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CONTENTS (Continued)
Section Page
H HAP List and Individual Constituents
I List of Hazardous Air Pollutants and Associated MACT Source Categories
J List of MACT Source Categories and Associated Hazardous Air Pollutants
K EPA List of Priority HAPs and Data Reporting Elements
L Example Calculations
M Source Test Methods For Air Toxics
N List of Emission Factor Resources
O Air Toxics Emission Inventory Questionnaire Elements, Considerations,
and Follow-up Procedures
P List of Published L&E Documents
Q List of Relevant Web Sites
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TABLE OF ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND TERMS
AFS
AIRS
AMTIC
AP-42
ACT
BID
CAA
CAAA
CARS
CAS No.
CATC
CBI
CFR
CHIEF
CPDS
CTG
EDI
EFIG
El
EIIP
EMTIC
EPA
EPCRA
ESD
FIRE
Airs Facility Subsystem
Aerometric Information Retrieval System
Ambient Monitoring Technology Information Center
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors
available control technique
background information document
Clean Air Act
1990 Clean Air Act Amendments
California Air Resources Board
Chemical Abstract Services Registry Number
Clean Air Technology Center
confidential business information
Code of Federal Regulations
Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emission Factors
Certified Product Data Sheet
control techniques guideline
electronic data interchange
Emission Factor and Inventory Group
emission inventory
Emission Inventory Improvement Program
Emission Measurement Technical Information Center
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
Emission Standards Division
Factor Information Retrieval System
VI
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TABLE OF ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND TERMS (CONTINUED)
FTP
FY
GLC
GPO
GPRA
HAP
HAP-PRO
IRIS
L&E
LAEEM
MACT
MSDS
NAAQS
NAICS
NESHAP
NET
NSPS
NTI
NTIS
OAQPS
PAH
POM
PM
QA/QC
QAP
file transfer protocol
fiscal year
Great Lakes Commission
Government Printing Office
Government Performance and Results Act
hazardous air pollutant
Hazardous Air Pollutant Program
Integrated Risk Information System
locating and estimating
Landfill Air Emissions Estimation Model
Maximum Achievable Control Technology
Material Safety Data Sheet
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
North American Industry Classification System
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
National Emissions Trend
New Source Performance Standards
National Toxics Inventory
National Technical Information Service
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
polycyclic organic matter
particulate matter
quality assurance/quality control
quality assurance plan
Vll
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TABLE OF ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND TERMS (CONTINUED)
RAPIDS
RMP
SAEWG
SARA
sec
SIC
SOCMI
STAPPA/ALAPCO
2,3,7,8-TCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDF TEQ
TRI
TRIS
TSDF
TTN
UATW
VOC
Regional Air Pollutant Inventory Development System
Risk Management Plan
Standing Air Emissions Work Group
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
Source Classification Code
Standard Industrial Classification
synthetic organic chemical manufacturing industry
State and Territorial Air Pollution Program Administrators/Association
of Local Air Pollution Control Officials
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran toxic equivalent
Toxic Release Inventory
Toxic Release Inventory System
Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facility
Technology Transfer Network
Unified Air Toxics Web site
volatile organic compound
Vlll
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 How Will This Document Help Me?
This document will assist state and local air pollution control agency personnel in compiling an
inventory of air toxics emissions from stationary (major and area) sources. In this document,
major and area sources are discussed together. Under ideal circumstances, all stationary sources
would be considered major sources for purposes of developing emission inventories. In reality,
however, only sources emitting more than a specified cutoff level of a hazardous air pollutant
(HAP) or combination of HAPs are considered major sources. Major sources are typically
inventoried individually on a facility-by-facility basis and area sources are usually inventoried
collectively.
This document describes "top-down" as well as "bottom-up" inventory preparation procedures
and contains valuable information on obtaining reference materials. A top-down approach
means emission estimates are developed using national- or regional-level activity data and
some measure of emissions that can be applied to these data. A bottom-up approach means
estimates are developed specifically for individual sources and summed to obtain state or
county level emission estimates.
This document does not include an exhaustive list of references, but rather provides a list of the
most commonly used and readily available materials. This document does not mandate specific
emission estimation methods, but rather presents those methods that can be used taking into
consideration an agency's resources and goals.
1.2 How Is This Document Organized?
The document is divided into two major parts. The main body consists of Sections 1 through 7
and presents various tools and techniques for:
Identifying sources and pollutants of concern;
Locating activity data;
Locating emission factors; and
Estimating emissions.
For toxics, a major source is defined as any source (i.e., a contiguous area under common
control) of toxic air pollution that emits or has the potential to emit 10 tons per year of any one
hazardous air pollutant, or 25 tons per year or more of a combination of hazardous air
pollutants.
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Issues that should be considered when planning and compiling an air toxics inventory are also
discussed.
The second part of this document provides a series of appendices that complement the main
body. Each of these appendices serves as a useful source of information for some aspect of air
toxics inventory preparation and compilation. The emphasis in the appendices is on providing
greater detail for estimating emissions and preparing inventories than appears in the main body.
1.3 What Assumptions Were Made In Preparing This Document?
This document was prepared based on the following premises:
That most state and local agencies focus their air toxic inventory efforts on the
188 HAPs or a subset of these HAPs. Appendices A and B list HAPs by
Chemical Abstract Services (CAS) number and in alphabetical order, respectively.
Appendix C includes a listing of the most commonly used HAP synonyms.
That most state and local agencies focus their air toxic inventory efforts primarily
on the source categories regulated by Maximum Achievable Control Technology
(MACT) standards;
That state and local agency personnel have access to the World Wide Web and
personnel are computer literate;
That agency personnel are responsible for determining how the inventory will be
used within the state's air quality program;
That agency personnel are responsible for establishing the priority or hierarchy of
source categories and HAPs that will be inventoried; and
That agency personnel are familiar with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) published procedures for compiling emissions inventories.
NOTE: If you are not familiar with basic emission inventory preparation procedures,
you should consult the Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP) reference
materials described in Appendix D or review some of the available materials on the
Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emission Factors (CHIEF) World Wide Web site at
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/chief/.
NOTE: All Web sites referenced in this document were valid at the time this document
was prepared. If you check a Web page address and find that it has expired, check the
primary Web address, or call the Info CHIEF help desk at (919) 541-5285.
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1.4 Who Do I Contact for Help?
Many different people and agencies in the United States focus their efforts on air toxics issues.
Various EPA offices and programs and other federal agencies as well as state agencies may also
be able to provide information on characterizing and estimating emissions.
Potential sources of information among federal agencies include:
EPA's Regional Air Toxic Coordinators (see Appendix El for list and contact
information);
EPA's Emission Factor and Inventory Group (EFIG) within the Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS);
EPA's Emission Standards Division (ESD) within OAQPS;
EPA research laboratories;
The U.S. Department of Energy; and
The U.S. Department of Agriculture.
These federal agencies conduct projects to characterize and assess toxic air pollutants and may
have valuable information pertaining to pollutants and source categories of interest to you. For
example, during MACT standard development projects, the ESD conducts detailed studies on
specific industries and typically characterizes and estimates pollutants being emitted from each
piece of equipment and/or release point. During these standard development projects, source
tests are typically performed and emission factors are usually developed from the data.
Potential sources of information among regional, state, and local air pollution agencies
include:
The Great Lakes Commission (GLC);
The State and Territorial Air Pollution Program Administrators
(STAPPA)/Association of Local Air Pollution Control Officials (ALAPCO)
membership directory on the Web at http: www.4cleanair.org; and
The California Air Resources Board (CARS).
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Great Lakes Commission
The Great Lakes Commission (GLC), an eight-state compact agency that focuses on regional
environmental quality, resources management, and economic development, is experienced in the
development of a regional air toxics inventory comprising statewide inventories from eight states
and one Canadian province. The multiphased "Great Lakes Regional Air Toxics Inventory" has
produced two pilot inventories, and is currently developing its base year inventory. The annual
inventory effort now targets 79 air toxic pollutants from point, area, and mobile sources. A
protocol has been developed to guide inventory development in the states, assure consistency,
and assist in identifying sources. A state-of-the-art flexible relational database system, the
Regional Air Pollutant Inventory Development System (RAPIDS) has been developed and is
equipped with an emission estimation module that follows the protocol. RAPIDS also contains
the U.S. EPA's Factor Information Retrieval System (FIRE) emission factors and is able to
incorporate state and source-specific emission factors. In the process of developing the
inventory, the GLC and its member states have developed quality assurance/quality control
(QA/QC) procedures. The Great Lakes states and Ontario continue to assist one another in
addressing inventory development issues as the project moves forward into new territory. The
protocol and the RAPIDS software are free and available on-line at
http://www.glc.org/projects/air/rapids/rapids.html. Additional information on GLC's activities
and resources can be obtained through the GLC Web site at http://www.glc.orgl.
STAPPA/ALAPCO
STAPPA and ALAPCO are the two national associations representing air pollution control
agencies in the 50 states, in 4 U.S. territories, and in over 150 major metropolitan areas across
the United States. STAPPA/ALAPCO has participated in several ventures with EPA aimed at
improving the understanding of air pollution issues. For example, the EIIP is a jointly sponsored
effort of STAPPA/ALAPCO and EPA, and is an outgrowth of the Standing Air Emissions Work
Group (SAEWG). EIIP is an excellent source of information on estimating emissions from a
wide range of major, area, and mobile sources. Detailed discussions on how EIIP can help are
provided throughout this document, and a complete list of EIIP documents is provided in
Appendix D.
California Air Resources Board
One of CARS's stated goals is to continuously improve the understanding of the nature and
causes of California's air quality problems. To achieve this goal, CARB conducts ongoing
research to develop and improve on new emissions estimation methodologies and emission
factors. For example, CARB developed toxics emission factors from source data collected under
the Air Toxics Hot Spots Program (Assembly Bill 2588). Under this program, source test reports
were validated and analyzed to produce hundreds of HAP emission factors. Additional
information on the Air Toxics Hot Spots Program and other CARB activities and resources can
be obtained through CARB's Web site at http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/toxics.htm.
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Other Contacts
Appendices El and E2 contain a compilation of names and addresses that you may contact for
help. In addition, several agencies provide public forums for information exchange such as a
question and answer board or "chat room" on their Web site. For example, the Unified Air
Toxics Web site (UATW) Forum encourages informal dialogue about air toxics information from
federal, state, and local agency personnel. Anyone may submit questions, comments, and
responses to the UATW Forum. However, because this is a public discussion, statements made
on the UATW Forum do not necessarily represent EPA policy. Resources available through the
UATW are discussed in more detail in Appendix N of this handbook. The UATW Forum can be
accessed on the World Wide Web at http://www.epa.gOV/cgi-bin/netforum/uatw/a/l.
The OAQPS Emission Inventory (El) Public Forum is a Web-based discussion site specific to the
preparation of emission inventories. Anyone may submit questions, comments, and responses.
The objective is to provide an easy and effective venue for seeking and providing information
about air pollution. Because this is a public discussion, statements made on the El Forum do not
necessarily represent EPA policy. You may initiate discussion by submitting a message or
responding to a previous message. A submission will normally appear on the El Forum within
one working day. The El Forum can be accessed on the World Wide Web at
http://www. epa.gov/cgi-bin/netforum/nei/a/l.
The Technology Transfer Network (TTN) operated by OAQPS includes the CHIEF bulletin
board, through which you can access the latest information on emission inventories and emission
factors. The CHIEF Forum is another Web-based discussion site about air emission inventories,
emission factors, and closely related subjects. You may initiate discussion by submitting a
message or responding to a previous message. A submission will normally appear on the CHIEF
Forum within one working day. However, because this is a public discussion, statements made
on the CHIEF Forum do not necessarily represent EPA policy.
The topics discussed on the CHIEF Forum are:
Methodologies for assembling emission inventories;
Methodologies for arriving at activity levels for area sources; and
Methodologies for developing emission factors for major and area sources.
The CHIEF Forum can be accessed on the World Wide Web at
http://www. epa.gov/cgi-bin/netforum/chief/a/l.
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2.0 PRELIMINARY PLANNING ACTIVITIES
Many aspects of preparing an air toxics inventory are similar to those of preparing criteria
pollutant inventories. Hence, basic procedures for compiling criteria pollutant inventories are not
repeated here. You should refer to the EIIP reference materials listed in Appendix D or review
some of the materials available on the CHIEF World Wide Web site that pertain to emission
inventory development. The major difference between air toxics and criteria pollutant
inventories is the pollutants covered. Because there are literally thousands of potentially toxic
substances as compared to only a handful of criteria pollutants, the compilation effort can
become formidable since data collection and data handling resource needs increase quickly as
more and more substances are inventoried. In this regard, limiting the number of pollutants
included in a detailed inventory to those of most concern may be valuable to your efforts.
The National Toxics Inventory (NTI) is a valuable source of information. The NTI can serve as a
starting point in compiling a list of the source categories and the associated HAP emissions, and
can provide an idea of what source categories contribute significantly to air pollution in your
state. A brief overview of the NTI appears in Appendix F. NTI data can be downloaded off the
World Wide Web through EPA's Web site at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/.
2.1 How Do I Define the Purpose of an Air Toxics Emissions Inventory?
An important consideration in planning is to determine how the inventory will fit into your
agency's overall air quality program. Some of the main benefits to compiling an air toxics
emissions inventory include:
Having summary information on sources and their emissions (to allow an
evaluation of public health risk, or an assessment for residual risk standards
development, for example);
Satisfying federal and state regulatory standards;
Filling in gaps and missing information not covered by other toxics programs
(e.g., Form R reporting under Section 313 of the Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 [EPCRA]); and
Addressing environmental justice issues.
The anticipated purpose of the inventory will dictate the level of complexity and accuracy
required. Major uses for air toxics inventories include but are not limited to:
Satisfying a legislative or other mandate;
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Identifying sources and general emission strengths, patterns, and trends;
Storing data from related programs (e.g., permit registration compilation data,
emergency preparedness data, community right-to-know data);
Siting ambient air monitors;
Developing input files for dispersion models used in predicting ambient air
quality;
Focusing subsequent inventory work or other program development efforts;
Identifying multiple source and multiple pollutant problem areas characterized by
high additive risk; and
Developing control strategies and new regulations.
2.2 What Resource Issues Must I Consider?
Different levels of detail are needed depending on the anticipated uses of the air toxics inventory.
As discussed above, it is important that your agency be aware of resource issues and of the
potential uses of the proposed inventory before embarking on any data collection effort.
2.2.1 Internal Resources
Internal resources and issues that your agency must consider during the inventory planning phase
include:
Availability of staff and staff expertise;
Budget allocations;
Schedule and milestone completion dates;
Computer/data management capabilities;
Data handling systems;
Availability of emissions inventory-related data; and
Coordination of efforts within the agency (i.e., coordinating with emission
standards implementation efforts, permitting programs, etc.).
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2.2.2 External Resources
External resources are made available to state and local agencies through the Section 105 Grant
process. It is your responsibility to ensure that sufficient funds are allocated to developing a
toxics inventory.
In addition to the major uses of air toxics inventories listed in Section 2.1, air toxic emission
inventories are used by EPA to measure air toxic reductions under the Government Performance
and Results Act (GPRA). To ensure that air toxic emission inventories are compiled, EPA
makes Section 105 Grant funds available.
2.3 Why Should I Assess Existing State Inventories for Air Toxics Data?
An existing criteria pollutant inventory is a valuable starting point for compiling an inventory of
HAP emissions. The first step in this process is to determine if HAPs are potentially emitted
from a source emitting criteria pollutants. If, for example, a facility is a source of volatile
organic compound (VOC) emissions, site-specific speciation profiles may be applied to the VOC
emissions reported in the criteria pollutant inventory in order to estimate HAP emissions from
that facility. Facilities contained in a criteria pollutant inventory provide an excellent base from
which to build a HAP inventory. Other sources of emissions within your state must be examined
to identify other HAP emission points. As a result, relying solely on the criteria pollutant
inventory to identify sources of HAP emissions may result in an undercount of sources and
consequently an underestimate of HAP emissions. On the other hand, every source in the criteria
pollutant inventory will not necessarily emit HAP emissions. Sections 3.1 and 3.2 of this
handbook discuss how to identify pollutants and sources of interest, respectively, and should be
consulted.
2.4 Why Should I Conduct a Preliminary Screening Study?
It may prove helpful during the planning process to conduct a screening study before
commencing with a detailed air toxics inventory. The general idea behind a screening study is to
develop preliminary estimates of emissions in order for the agency to focus its program and
resources on the most important sources and pollutants. A screening study should provide the
agency with enough information to determine the following:
What pollutants should be addressed in more detail?
What source categories should be emphasized?
What geographic areas should be included ?
What is the relative importance of major sources and area sources?
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To what extent can the existing inventories and permit files be used as a
foundation for the air toxics inventory?
Can upset or equipment malfunction reports provide useful emissions data?
Can Risk Management Plans (RMPs) submitted under Section 112(r) of the Clean
Air Act provide useful emissions data?
Can the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) provide useful emission data?
Ideally, a screening study should be performed quickly and inexpensively and yet yield results
that allow the agency to make confident decisions concerning program directions. More detailed
discussions about conducting screening inventories can be found in the EPA report Compiling
Air Toxics Emission Inventories (EPA, February 1990).
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3.0 INVENTORY WORK PLAN
Currently, 188 HAPs are regulated under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act, and thousands of
other potentially toxic substances are being emitted into the environment. Your agency may not
have the resources to pursue each of these pollutants and might choose to prioritize the pollutants
it needs to inventory. Moreover, some source categories may be of greater importance in your
state and of more concern to your agency; therefore, the pollutants emitted from these sources
would be of greater concern. As a result, identifying the pollutants and the source categories to
include in your inventory is necessary early in the inventory process. Such decisions are best
documented in the inventory work plan. The inventory work plan is a concise, prescriptive
document that describes how you intend to develop and present the inventory. This section
describes the minimum elements that you should address in an inventory work plan. Volume I of
the EIIP series provides an extensive list of issues that will generally be included in a work plan.
3.1 How Do I Determine Which Pollutants To Inventory?
EPA identified a list of priority HAPs for inclusion in an air toxics inventory. The proposed EPA
list is shown in Table 3.1.
There are many other resources and criteria that can be consulted to determine whether a group
of HAPs should be included in your inventory to meet your individual agency/state needs and the
purpose of your inventory:
Lists developed through various CAA-prescribed regulatory programs and
included in Appendix G of this document. Examples include:
- Section 112(c)(6) list (EPA, April 1998),
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/uatw/112c6/112c6fac. html
Section 112(k) Integrated Urban Air Toxics Strategy list (EPA, September
1997), http://www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/112k/riurban.html
- Section 112(m) Great Waters Program list (EPA, June 1997),
http://www. epa.gov/oar/gr8water/report9 7. html
MACT Crosswalk, a database that matches Source Classification Codes (SCCs) to
MACT source categories, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/
Pollutants of interest from special studies such as the Mercury Study Report to
Congress (EPA, December 1997) and the Study of Hazardous Air Pollutant
Emissions from Electric Utility Steam Generating Units (EPA, February 1998);
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Table 3-1. List of HAPs Identified by EPA as Priority HAPs
HAP
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
Acryl amide
Acrylonitrile
Arsenic & compounds
Benzene
Benzyl chloride
Beryllium & compounds
bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
1,3 -Butadiene
Cadmium & compounds
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorine
Chloroform
Chromium & compounds
Coke oven emissions
1 ,2-Dibromoethane
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene(P)
1 ,2-Dichloropropane
1,3-Dichloropropene
1,4-Dioxane
Ethyl aery late
Ethylene dichloride
Ethyl ene oxide
Ethylidene dichloride
Formaldehyde
Glycol ethers
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hydrazine
Hydrochloric acid
Lead & compounds
Maleic anhydride
Manganese & compounds
Mercury & compounds
Methyl bromide
CAS#
75070
107028
79061
107131
71432
100447
117817
106990
56235
7782505
67663
106934
106467
78875
542756
123911
140885
107062
75218
75343
50000
118741
77474
302012
7647010
108316
74839
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Table 3-1. List of HAPs Identified by EPA as Priority HAPs (Continued)
HAP
Methyl chloride
Methyl ene chloride
MDI (methylene diphenyl diisocyanate)
Nickel & compounds
2-Nitropropane
Phosgene
POM(PAHs)**
Quinoline
2,3,7,8-TCDF/2,3,7,8-TCDD*
Tetrachl oroethyl ene
Toluene
Tri chl oroethyl ene
Vinyl chloride
CAS#
74873
75092
101688
79469
75445
91225
127184
108883
79016
75014
Polycyclic organic matter; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Inventory POM as the sum of the 16 PAH
compounds and speciate. The 16 PAH compounds include:
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Benz(a)anthracene*
Benzo(a)pyrene*
Benzo(b)fluoranthene*
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene*
Chrysene* Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene*
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene* Naphthalene
Fluoranthene Phenanthrene
Fluorene Pyrene
*these 7 PAHs are carcinogenic and are usually reported as the sum of 7 PAH
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran/2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Inventory these HAPs as toxic equivalents
(TEQs).
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Substance toxicity;
Emissions potential;
Potentially exposed populations;
Lists published by EPA such as the Initial List of Categories of Sources Under
Section 112(c)(l) of the Clean Air Act Amendments (Federal Register, July 16,
1992) and the Chemical Emergency Preparedness Program Interim Guidance list;
Lists published by states with more established air toxics programs;
Lists of substances included in the state's right-to-know program;
Lists mandated to an agency by a legislature;
Published studies of the noncancer health risks for air toxics;
EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), an electronic database
containing information on human health effects that may result from exposure to
536 different chemicals, http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris/subst-fl.htm;
Pollutants reported to the Toxic Release Inventory System (TRIS) under Section
313 ofEPCRA;and
Any combination of the above.
Although some air toxics are widespread, such as emissions from area sources (e.g., benzene
from gasoline distribution), many compounds are industry- or source category-specific and might
be emitted only by a few large producers geographically concentrated in only a few states. Your
agency might choose to exclude those pollutants for which no emission factors or emission
information exists until these data become available. The remaining pollutants can then be
evaluated for their toxicity and substances with a fairly low toxicity could be eliminated from the
final set of air toxics to be inventoried.
You are also encouraged to contact your EPA Regional Office to agree on which compounds to
include in the inventory.
Pollutant Definitions
Inconsistencies in reporting can occur when:
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A single HAP has several commonly used names (synonyms). For example,
perchloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene are synonyms for the same chemical;
A HAP may have several isomers (e.g., o-, m-, and p-xylenes) and sometimes are
reported individually and other times are reported as a mixed group;
Metal compounds may be quantified and reported individually or as a group (e.g.,
chromium trioxide versus chromium and compounds); and
Compounds may be mistakenly reported individually and in a group (e.g.,
naphthalene may be quantified and reported individually from solvent use and as
part of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs]).
To avoid these types of inconsistencies, during inventory work plan development, you should
identify not only what pollutants will be included in the inventory, but how each compound will
be reported. Compounds and/or groups of compounds to decide upon before data collection
begins include:
Metals and other elements - Metal compounds may be inventoried and reported
as individual compounds or as combined compounds (e.g., beryllium or beryllium
and compounds);
Glycol ethers - The CAAA HAP list includes only the glycol ethers group, but
individual compounds may be inventoried and reported. Some individual
compounds in the glycol ethers group are listed in Appendix H;
Dioxins and furans - Dioxins and furans can be listed in an inventory as
individual congeners and/or as toxic equivalents (TEQs) of
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD). The toxicity equivalency
factor method is used as a reference in relating the toxicity of 209 chlorinated
dioxin and furan congeners in terms of equivalent amounts of 2,3,7,8-TCDD.
EPA's Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of Dioxins and
Furans (Dioxin L&E) describes this reference method in detail. A list of dioxins
and furans can be found in the Dioxin L&E, which can be downloaded off the
World Wide Web through EPA's Web site at
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42etc. html#LE; and
POM/PAHs - Polycyclic organic matter (POM) and PAHs are groups of
chemicals typically emitted from combustion processes. EPA has recently
published the POM L&E, which lists the different pollutants associated with this
group of compounds. The complex mixture of POM consists of thousands of
organic compounds. Because inventorying POM compounds individually is
impossible, surrogate approaches should be used. Appendix H lists individual
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constituents usually included in these groups of compounds. The POM L&E can
be downloaded off the World Wide Web through EPA's Web site at
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/chief/pom. html.
3.2 How Do I Identify Sources of Concern?
As a starting point, you should review the information in Appendices I and J. These include
information relating HAPs to source categories regulated under the MACT standards program
and vice versa. Reviewing these tables will provide a general understanding of which pollutants
are likely to be emitted from which source categories. Other sources of information follow.
MACT Crosswalk
Another valuable resource for identifying sources of concern is the MACT Crosswalk, a database
that matches SCCs to MACT source categories. MACT Crosswalk can be downloaded from the
CHIEF'S Web site at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/.
NTI Databases
Other sources of information include state-specific NTI databases. These databases can be used
to rank source categories included in the NTI by individual HAP emission levels and will provide
an idea of what source categories contribute significantly to air pollution in your state.
Alternatively, the state NTI databases can be used to rank HAP emissions and provide an idea of
what HAPs are emitted in the largest quantities in your state. NTI data can be downloaded off
the World Wide Web through EPA's Web site at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/.
Other Information Sources
You should also consult the following information to identify specific facilities that may emit
HAPs of concern:
Existing state inventories of HAPs and criteria pollutants;
TRI data for your state, http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/tri/access.htm;
Existing registration program of major sources (through annual inventory
submittal programs, permit renewal programs, RMP submittals, and/or upset and
malfunction reports), though such programs usually do not include smaller
significant point (nonmajor) sources or fugitive emissions;
Source categories identified as part of EPA studies to execute various
CAA-prescribed regulatory programs including Section 112(c)(6),
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http://www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/112c6/n2c6fac.html, and Section 112(k),
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/uatw/112k/riuban. html;
State and local industrial directories;
The Dun andBradstreet Million Dollar Directory listing companies with sales
over $1,000,000 per year by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code and
county, http://www.dnb.com/; and
Industries that are prevalent in the state (the agency may establish cutoff levels for
toxics to exclude smaller sources from the inventory).
You should be cautious when using criteria pollutant inventories or existing registration
programs as sources of information on facilities emitting HAPs. In general, you will be dealing
with the same type of sources in both criteria and HAP inventories because most HAPs are a
subset of either PM or VOC. However, not every source of HAP emissions will be included in
the criteria pollutant inventory. Moreover, every source in the criteria pollutant inventory will
not necessarily emit HAP emissions.
3.2.1 How Do I Categorize Major Sources ?
Major sources are typically categorized into the following broad groups that account for a large
proportion of HAP emissions:
Stationary fuel combustion (boilers, internal combustion engines);
Petroleum-related industries (oil and gas production, petroleum refineries, basic
petrochemicals);
Synthetic organic chemical manufacturing industry (SOCMI);
Mineral products industry (processing and production of various nonmetallic
minerals);
Metal processing (mining, refining, production of metals);
Inorganic chemical manufacturing industry (basic inorganic chemicals before they
are used in the manufacture of other chemical products);
Solvent use (surface coating, degreasing, fabric finishing, paint removal,
polishing);
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Chemical products industry (carbon black, synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, and
plastics that may be used in further processing); and
Wood products industry (conversion of logs to pulp, pulpboard, plywood,
particleboard, or related wood products and wood preserving).
3.2.2 How Do I Categorize Area Sources?
Area sources are typically categorized into the following broad groups:
Commercial and consumer organic solvent usage (surface coating, dry cleaning,
degreasing, graphic arts, rubber, and plastics;
Stationary fuel combustion (heating including waste oil combustion);
Material storage and distribution;
Waste treatment and disposal;
Miscellaneous industrial manufacturing operations;
Comfort and industrial cooling towers;
Miscellaneous sources (forest fires and agricultural burning);
Gasoline service stations; and
Hospital and laboratory sterilizers.
3.3 What Data Do I Report?
Table 3-1 identified the list of HAPs identified as a priority list to be inventoried. Agencies
having inventory data for any additional HAPs are encouraged to submit this information along
with the data for the identified pollutants. Information in Appendix K may be modified by future
guidance from EPA.
3.3.1 Reporting Frequency
Air pollution control agencies have the option of reporting emissions from one-third of their
sources each year or reporting on all sources once every three years. Agencies and their
respective EPA Regional Offices may tailor the reporting by selecting sources that most affect
each agency. The list of facilities should be reexamined each year of the cycle. State agencies
and their respective EPA Regional Offices should periodically examine the list of compounds
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being reported to insure relevancy. States having legislatively mandated toxic data reporting
schedules should contact their EPA Regional Office to reconcile any conflicting state and federal
reporting requirements.
3.3.2 Data Reporting Procedures
Several options are available for reporting emissions data. Because electronic reporting
technology is constantly changing, state and local agencies should contact their EPA Regional
Office to obtain the acceptable reporting formats. Currently, you may choose to continue
reporting to the EPA Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) using the AIRS Facility
Subsystem (AFS) format for point sources. A second option is for the agency to use the NET
database input format. The NET input format creates relational, normalized data sets which
conform to the relational standards and structure of EPA's NET Oracle database. Information on
the NET input format may be found at www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/efig/ei/. For the latest
information on data reporting procedures, call the Info CHIEF help desk at (919)541-5285.
3.3.3 Data Elements To Be Reported
Current lists of data elements to be reported for major and area sources of HAP emissions appear
in Appendix K. Any data elements from these lists not reported will be generated by EPA using
techniques at its disposal. The data elements to be reported may be modified over time and your
agency should contact the EPA Regional Office for the most recent list of required data elements.
3.4 How Do I Assess the Completeness of the Inventory?
You can check for completeness by manually comparing your existing inventory with the MACT
source categories and lists of HAPs shown in Appendices I and J. You can also check existing
permit files for facilities by source category to ensure that all types of sources were included.
The EIIP series of documents addresses completeness checks and should be consulted for more
information.
3.5 What QA/QC Procedures Should I Follow?
You should include as part of the inventory work plan, a quality assurance plan (QAP). Issues to
consider are:
Quality control (QC) of calculations;
Data verification procedures;
Completeness checks;
Consistency checks;
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Double counting;
Reasonableness; and
Data entry errors.
Inventory documentation ensures that the final written report or compilation of data accurately
reflects the inventory effort. Accurate and complete documentation is necessary to determine
quality of emissions estimates, identify the data references, and allow reproducibility of
emissions estimates. Volume I of the EIIP series discusses typical documentation requirements
for preparing an inventory report. Chapter 2 of Volume VI of the EIIP series discusses the need
for comprehensive documentation and reporting from a QA program standpoint and provides
example documentation.
3.6 How Do I Avoid Double Counting?
When an inventory contains major and area source contributions from the same process, it is
possible that emissions could be double counted. The opportunity for this situation most
frequently occurs when a top-down estimation method is used for the area source category. For
example, emissions from large dry cleaning establishments (major sources) are included in an
inventory. Emissions from small dry cleaners (below some specified cutoff) have been treated as
an area source using a top-down approach. The area source inventory must be adjusted
downward by subtracting the major source contributions to avoid double counting. Volume HI of
the EIIP series describes in detail how such adjustments can be made and provides a list of
example sources that may share processes with point or major sources.
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4.0 INVENTORY DEVELOPMENT
4.1 What Are the Main Approaches to Inventory Development?
There are two main approaches that your agency can follow in estimating HAP emissions: the
top-down approach and the bottom-up approach.
Characteristics of a top-down approach are:
National- or regional-level data are allocated to a state or county based on a
surrogate parameter such as population or employment in a specific sector;
May be used when (1) local data are not available (2) the cost to gather local
information is prohibitive or (3) the end use of the data does not justify the cost
of collecting detailed site-specific data;
Typically used to inventory area sources; and
Requires minimum resources by making use of readily available and often
published activity and emission data.
Characteristics of a bottom-up approach are:
Requires more resources to collect site-specific information on emission sources,
activity levels, and emission factors;
Typically used to inventory major sources; and
Results in more accurate estimates than a top-down approach.
4.2 What Are the Methods for Estimating Emissions?
As discussed in Section 2.1 of this document, an important consideration in planning the
inventory is to determine how it will fit into your agency's overall air quality program. This
anticipated use of the inventory will then dictate the level of complexity and accuracy required.
The main methods (both bottom-up and top-down approaches) currently used in estimating
emissions of criteria pollutants can also be used to estimate emissions of air toxics. These
methods include:
Emission factors;
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Material balance (including fuel analysis);
Source testing;
Emission estimation models (usually software);
Surveys and questionnaires; and
Engineering judgment/best approximation.
It is important for you to select the estimation methods and approaches based on the best
available data. This selection should be done for each source category and pollutant being
inventoried. A bottom-up approach to emissions inventories is more accurate, yet more resource
intensive than a top-down approach. However, in some situations, especially with area sources, a
top-down approach may be the only option available to the inventory preparer. A top-down
approach is particularly useful when national or regional estimates or emission factors are the
only sources of information available on emissions from a specific source category. These
estimates may be the result of large studies conducted by a consortium of states or by the
U.S. EPA to fulfill a regulatory requirement or a CAA mandate. The state agency may choose to
use the results of such studies in a top-down approach and allocate emissions to a smaller
geographic area such as the state or a county. Three top-down methods can be used:
Spatially allocating national- (or regional-) level emissions data to the state or
county level using actual source activity data for the state or county being
inventoried such as fuel usage;
Apportioning national- (or regional-) level emissions to the state or county level
using representative apportioning factors such as population or employment. In
this case, the surrogate apportioning factor, a reasonable indicator of activity, takes
the place of the actual activity level; or
Applying a nationally (or regionally) derived emission factor to state- or county-
level source activity data (or a representative surrogate, where applicable).
The use of these methods is best illustrated in the EIIP document series. EIIP promotes the
development and use of standard procedures for collecting, calculating, storing, reporting, and
sharing air emissions data. The EIIP manuals are a primary source of inventory guidance as it
represents EPA's recognized standard for the development of reliable, quality rated inventories.
The EIIP documents present preferred and alternative methods for estimating emissions from
major (point), area, mobile, and biogenic source categories. EIIP also provides guidance on how
to choose between preferred and alternative emission estimation methods based on accuracy.
Appendix D of this handbook provides a listing of all of the published EIIP documents. Hard
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copies of these manuals are available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS).
Electronic copies of the EIIP documents can be downloaded off the World Wide Web through
the EIIP Web site at http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/eiip/'.
4.2.1 Emission Factors
Emission factors allow the development of generalized estimates of typical emissions from
source categories or individual sources within a category. The calculation of area source
emissions relies to a great extent on the use of emission factors because it is usually the most
efficient approach to estimating emissions from these sources. Emission factors are also used
extensively to estimate emissions from major and minor point sources.
Emission factors estimate the rate at which a pollutant is released to the atmosphere as a result of
some process activity. While the emissions calculated using these values may differ from actual
emissions for a specific facility, emission factors nevertheless provide a reasonable estimate of
pollutant emissions across an entire source category.
EPA's Factor and Information Retrieval (FIRE) system, locating and estimating (L&E) document
series, and AP-42 are the primary resources for emission factors. In addition to presenting
emission factors, each information source gives a quality indicator for each factor. The lower
the quality indicator, the more likely that a given emission factor may not be representative of air
pollutants emissions from the source type. The EPA continues to update these sources of
information, where data are available. For a more detailed discussion on the limitations and/or
uncertainties of using emission factors, please refer to the EIIP series, Volumes I, II, and HI.
Refer to Appendix D for a complete list of available EIIP documents.
To calculate emissions using emission factors, three basic inputs to the estimation algorithm are
required:
Activity information;
An emission factor; and
When applicable, information on capture and control efficiencies of any control
device when using an "uncontrolled" emission factor.
The basic emission estimation equation when using an "uncontrolled" emission factor is:
Quality ratings (A through E and U) are assigned to emission factors based on the criteria for
assigning data quality ratings and emission factor ratings as required in the document,
Technical Procedures for Preparing Emission Factor Documents, EPA-454/R-95-015,
revised 11/97.
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E = RxEFx(l -C/100)
where:
E = emission estimate for the process
R = activity level such as throughput
EF = emission factor assuming no control
C = capture efficiency x control efficiency (expressed in percent); C = O if no
control device is in place
The basic emission estimation equation when using a "controlled" emission factor is:
E = R x EF
where:
E = emission estimate for the process
R = activity level such as throughput
EF = "controlled" emission factor
Area sources sometimes are not easily estimated by a direct measure of activity. In such a case,
an emission factor that is based on a surrogate measure for activity level such as population or
employment in an industry will need to be devised. Appendix L includes numerical examples
illustrating the use of emission factors for estimating HAP emissions from stationary sources.
4.2.2 Material Balance
When using a material balance method, emissions are determined by knowing the amount of a
certain material that enters a process, the amount that leaves the process by all routes, and the
amount shipped as part of the product itself. This technique is equally applicable to both major
and area sources. Material balance is particularly useful for sources resulting in evaporative
losses. Typical processes for which a material balance is particularly useful are solvent
degreasing operations and surface coating operations. Material balance should not be used for
processes where material reacts to form secondary products or where the material otherwise
undergoes significant chemical changes.
The basic emission estimation equation for mass balance is:
Ex = (Qin - Qout) * Cx
where:
Ex = total emissions for pollutant x
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Qin = quantity of material entering the process
Qout = quantity of material leaving the process as waste, recovered, or in product
C = concentration of pollutant x in the material.
The term Qout could involve several different "fates" for an individual pollutant. This could
include the amount recovered (or recycled) or the amount leaving the process in the product or
waste stream.
Appendix L includes numerical examples illustrating the use of material balance for estimating
HAP emissions from stationary sources.
4.2.3 Source Testing
Results of source testing conducted by either a state or local agency or by the source itself can be
used for estimating air toxic emissions. Although source testing generally yields more accurate
emission estimates than emission factors or material balance, its use in air toxics emissions
inventories may be limited for several reasons. First, source testing can be expensive, especially
if the cost is compounded by a large number of toxic pollutants to be tested. Second, source
testing provides a "snapshot" of emissions from a process. As a result, uncertainties in source
testing emission estimates arise because the process conditions may change over time while the
test results can only reflect the emission rate and conditions during the test runs. Finally,
standardized source testing reference methods have not been developed for all air toxics.
Appendix L includes numerical examples illustrating the use of source testing data for estimating
HAP emissions from stationary sources.
EPA has developed reference methods for measuring HAP emissions. Available resources on
methods for measuring HAP emissions include:
Appendix B of the Code of Federal Regulations Title 40 Part 6; and
EPA's publication Screening Methods for the Development of Air Toxics Emission
Factors which presents an overview of the use of these reference methods for
specific HAPs (EPA, September 1991). The purpose of this document is to
identify methods with the broadest possible applicability to the 188 HAPs listed in
the CAA. Methods developed for the sampling and analysis of ambient air samples
may also be applicable to source testing with some modification. If ambient
methodology is applied, care must be taken to ensure that the capacity of the
method is not exceeded so that results will be quantitative (e.g., avoid saturation;
typical ambient air concentration levels are much lower than stationary source
concentration levels). Appendix M includes a list of applicable sampling methods
from that document.
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Source test data are of great value for obtaining general information on the characteristics of a
particular industry and for obtaining specific information on pollutants being emitted and control
device operational parameters. The raw data contained in source test reports can be used to
develop emission factors for each pollutant and emission source of interest. Although sources
are site-specific, these data can be extrapolated to apply to other representative emission sources
for purposes of calculating emissions. The Emission Measurement Technical Information Center
(EMTIC) provides technical guidance on stationary source emission testing. EMTIC can be
accessed on the World Wide Web at http://ttnwww.rtpnc.epa.gov/html/emtic/emtic.htmltEM02.
4.2.4 Emission Estimation Models
Some emission estimation models currently available are based on measured or empirical values.
Emission estimation software is used when a large number of equations and interactions must be
manipulated and the effect of many different parameters must be accounted for in order to
estimate emissions. The most widely used emission estimation models are listed below and
described in detail in Appendix N:
The Landfill Air Emissions Estimation Model (LAEEM)
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/catc/products. html#software
TANKS to estimate emissions from fixed- and floating-roof storage tanks
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/chief/tanks. html
WATERS and CHEMDAT8 to estimate air emissions from wastewater collection
and treatment systems http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/software.htmMwater8
CINCI (EPA-Cincinnati) for predicting the fate of organics in wastewater treatment
plants.
Additional emission estimation models are described in the various chapters of the EIIP series.
Specifically, Chapter 5 of Volume II of the EIIP series describes additional models for estimating
air emissions from wastewater collection and treatment systems. Chapter 10 of Volume n
describes programs available for estimating emissions from oil and gas field processing
operations.
NOTE: If you choose to use a non-EPA model to estimate emissions, you should do a
thorough evaluation of that model/software and you should get prior approval from your EPA
Regional Office.
4.2.5 Surveys and Questionnaires
Some state agencies use surveys for locating air toxics sources and estimating emissions. The
scope of the survey must be determined during the planning phase of the inventory. For
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example, a detailed survey may target all facilities within a specific source category or may list
specific toxic pollutants. This approach would reduce the number of sources contacted and
improve the quality of the data collected because the survey questionnaire is tailored to specific
types of sources with similar processes. Alternatively, the survey may not target specific sources
nor limit the pollutants inventoried. This approach will require a more generic design of the
survey questionnaire and consequently may result in less detailed and possibly less accurate data.
In either case, you should determine early on whether your agency has the staff and resources to
design, mail, process, administer, and analyze the results of a survey.
Appendix O provides guidance for state and local air pollution agencies that wish to develop or
expand their air toxics emission inventories using surveys. Volume in of the EIIP document
series details the circumstances under which a survey or questionnaire is most appropriate as an
emission estimation tool.
4.2.6 Engineering Judgment/Best Approximation
"Engineering judgment" or "best approximation" must be considered as a last resort if none of
the methods described above can be used to generate accurate emission estimates. Engineering
judgment may involve the application of speculative or innovative ideas, a poorly documented
emission factor, or a crude material balance. In cases where no emission factors are available but
adverse risk is low, it may be acceptable to apply factors from a similar source category using
engineering judgment.
4.3 How Do I Select Which Method To Use for Estimating Emissions?
Selecting a method to estimate source specific emissions warrants a case-by-case analysis
considering the cost and risk in the specific situation. Selection of a method is a function of
several issues that one should consider when analyzing the tradeoffs between cost and accuracy
of the resulting estimates. These issues include:
Availability of quality data needed for developing emissions estimates;
Practicality of the method for the specific source category;
Intended end use of the inventory (e.g., an inventory of significant regulatory
implications such as residual risk or environmental justice inventories may require
more accurate and costly emission estimation methods than an inventory intended
to provide a general source characterization);
Source category priority (e.g., if a source category is of relatively high priority, it
may require a more accurate emission estimation method; however, the resources
available to the agency to perform the inventory may dictate a less accurate and less
costly methodology);
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Time available to prepare the inventory; and
Resources available in terms of staff and funding.
To help you decide which estimation methods to use, you should refer to the EEP series of
documents. The EHP consists of several committees whose mandate is to develop concise,
accurate, and innovative emission inventory development guidance. An important aspect of the
EIIP's selection of methods was the identification of "preferred" and "alternative" methods.
Refer to Volume I, Introduction to the Emission Inventory Improvement Program, for a complete
discussion on how to select emission estimation methods. Appendix D provides a complete list
of available EIIP documents and Appendix L presents example calculations based on EIIP
preferred method recommendations.
4.4 What Emission Databases Are Available?
The most current and accessible emission databases available for review and assessment in
developing an air toxics inventory include:
Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) [1 (800) 334-2405 or
(919) 541-7862];
AIRSWeb, http://www.epa.gov/airsweb/sources.htm;
The National Toxics Inventory, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief,
The Toxic Release Inventory, http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/tri/access.htm; and
The National Emissions Trend (NET) Database,
FTP:V/www. epa.gov/pub/EmisInventory.
Detailed descriptions of these databases are provided in Appendix F.
4.5 Where Do I Find Emission Factor Information?
There are four main types of resources that can be used to locate emission factors, each of which
is described in the following section:
Emission factor documents;
Emission factor databases;
Existing source testing data; and
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Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) or Certified Product Data Sheets (CPDSs).
4.5.1 Emission Factor Documents
Emission factors have long been used as a cost-effective means to develop emission inventories.
Air toxic emission factors can be applied to activity levels to estimate emissions. The primary
references for air toxic emission factor data are:
Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of (Source Category) or
(Substance) Documentsa complete list of L&E documents is included in
Appendix P, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42etc.htmffiLE; and
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (AP-42) (EPA, 1996)
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42etc. html.
These resources are discussed in detail in Appendix N. Some sources of information on
emission factors give quality ratings for the reported factors. As an emissions inventory
preparer, you should take into consideration the accuracy, derivation, and appropriateness of the
emission factors being employed so that gross errors in emission estimates can be avoided.
A search of technical papers for source test and background information should also be
conducted for the emission source category or pollutants in question. This search can be
conducted by EPA library services or through government document depositories at local
universities. Examples of references and documents that should be reviewed include:
EPA reports presenting the results of engineering investigations of air emissions
from various industrial processes such as Control Techniques Guidelines (CTGs)
and Available Control Techniques (ACT) documents, and Background Information
Documents (BIDs) for New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) and National
Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) or Maximum
Achievable Control Technology (MACT) standards. These reports are available
through the Government Printing Office (GPO), the National Technical
Information Service (NTIS), and on the World Wide Web at
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/;
Reports prepared for the compilation of air toxics emission inventories in support
of CAA-mandated studies under Section 112(c)(6) or Section 112(k). These
reports provide information on approaches to estimating certain air toxics
Quality ratings (A through E and U) are assigned to emission factors based on the criteria for
assigning data quality ratings and emission factor ratings as required in the document,
Technical Procedures for Preparing Emission Factor Documents, EPA-454/R-95-015,
revised 11/97.
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emissions. The Section 112(c)(6) report can be downloaded from the UATW at
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/112c6/112c6fac.html. The Section 112(k) report, in
external draft form, is also available on the UATW at
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/uatw/112k/riurban. html;
Miscellaneous private sector resources. For example, the National Council of the
Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvements compiles, through a highly
focused research program, reliable environmental data and information on the
forest products industry.
Emission factor reports published by other state and local agencies, and other
states' databases and source tests. This information can be identified and acquired
through direct communication with the agencies. It is vitally important that you
maintain communications with other state agencies (i.e, CARB, GLC) in order to
share useful information and insight to air toxics issues.
4.5.2 Emission Factor Databases
Several emission factor databases are currently available in easy-to-access formats to state and
local agencies. Some of these tools include:
Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System (EPA, May 1998),
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/fire.html or (919) 541-5285; May 1998
Air Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emission Factors (Air CHIEF) CD-ROM,
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/airchief.htmMorder or (202) 512-1800; and
Unified Air Toxics Web site (UATW), http://www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/.
Each of these resources is described in detail in Appendix N.
4.5.3 Existing Source Testing Data
Source testing data used for compliance purposes and in developing operating permits for
stationary sources may be readily available through state and local air permitting agencies. The
use of source test data reduces the number of assumptions regarding the applicability of emission
factors to a source, since emission factors are often developed based on source testing that may
not exactly represent the operational scenarios at all facilities.
4.5.4 MSDSs and CPDSs
Speciation factors or speciation profiles that are specific to a certain facility or source category
can be directly applied to emissions of VOCs and particulate matter (PM). When applied to
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VOC emissions, speciation factors yield estimates of low molecular weight organic compounds.
When applied to PM emissions, speciation factors yield estimates of high molecular weight
organic and toxic metal compounds.
The MSDS and CPDS are sources of speciation profiles. Each MSDS and CPDS lists specific
compounds and weight percentages of hazardous ingredients present in a certain material. The
MSDS and CPDS are especially important when using material balances as an air toxic
emissions estimation tool. The MSDS and CPDS are easy to obtain as a result of state and
federal right-to-know laws that require that information be made available on the composition of
products being used in the work place. However, an MSDS may be of limited accuracy in
estimating HAP emissions because MSDS documentation is required primarily to provide
information on occupational safety. In addition, only components in excess of certain established
concentrations are subject to MSDS reporting. Moreover, an MSDS often reports a range for
pollutant concentrations and sometimes the concentration may not be reported at all in order to
protect trade secrets.
4.6 Where Do I Find Applicable Activity Parameters?
Activities used to calculate major and area source emissions for the same category are not
necessarily the same. Major sources may require direct measurement or direct activity (i.e.,
throughput) applied to an emission factor, while emissions from area sources are often estimated
using surrogate activity factors, such as population.
For major sources, activity parameters are generally reported as fuel consumption rates or process
weight rates for fuel-burning equipment and industrial processes, respectively. Detailed data on
process equipment, throughput, capacity, and other parameters are needed to estimate emissions
from major sources.
Traditional sources of activity data for major sources include:
Agency permitting and source registration programs;
Agency-sponsored surveys and questionnaires sent to industrial sources;
State and local industrial directories;
State Departments of Commerce and Labor statistics
National and state directories of manufacturers;
Data compiled by private research and development companies such as the
Directory of Chemical Procedures compiled by SRI International; and
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Traditional sources of activity data for major sources include (Continued):
Trade and professional associations.
Area source emission estimates are generally based on a surrogate activity parameter and an
emission factor developed specifically for that activity parameter. Activity parameters typically
include population, employment, production, land use, and other parameters that can be
correlated with air emissions. Traditionally, area source activity factors have been developed in a
top-down manner by extrapolating national data down to the state or county level.
Traditional sources of activity data for area sources include:
U.S. Department of Commerce publications including County Business Patterns,
Census of Population, Census of Manufacturers, Census of Agriculture, County
and City Data Book, Current Industrial Reports, Annual Housing Survey, and
Census of Retail Trade;
Regional planning commissions;
Agency-sponsored surveys;
U.S. Department of Energy publications such as State Energy Data Reports,
Natural Gas Annual, and Petroleum Marketing Annual;
State Departments of Transportation and State Energy Offices (for information
on gasoline consumption and paving activities);
State Departments of Labor (for employment data by SIC code)
State Agricultural Offices and U.S. Department of Agricultural (for pesticide
application data);
State Solid Waste Management Agencies;
Fire marshals (for information on structural fires);
Port authorities and waterborne commerce (for information on petroleum vessels
loading and unloading activities); and
State Health Departments (for information on hospital sterilizers); and
Miscellaneous statistical government and trade group publications.
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Collectively, these references will provide much of the basic activity data necessary for
compiling the emissions inventory.
4.7 What Special Issues Should I Consider When Estimating Stationary Source Toxic
Emissions?
Consider what source categories to include in the inventory: Attempting to
inventory all toxic pollutants may overburden an agency's resources, especially if a
majority of the compounds are not emitted at levels deemed significant by the state.
A screening study will help your agency focus its inventory effort. Guidance on
how to conduct screening studies for the purpose of air toxics inventories is
available in the EPA document Compiling Air Toxics Emission Inventories and in
Appendix O.
Consider what levels of HAP emissions to include in the inventory: If the agency
does not preclude reporting of emissions below specific exemption or de minimis
levels, the effect on agency resources may be similar to that of inventorying all
source categories of toxic pollutants.
Consider HAP synonyms: Sources may report trade names or chemical synonyms
that the agency may have difficulty in interpreting. This can be avoided to a great
extent if the agency uses Chemical Abstract Services (CAS) Registry numbers in
requesting air toxics-related data from the sources.
Consider the differences in the major and area source defmition(s) for the purposes
of criteria and HAP inventories: When using the criteria pollutant inventory as a
starting point for the air toxics inventory, the agency must evaluate the major and
area source distinctions very carefully. Some industrial sources with PM or VOC
emissions below typical cutoff levels may be categorized as area sources for the
purpose of a criteria pollutant's inventory, but may qualify as major sources for the
purpose of a HAP inventory.
Check the results of any survey for completeness: When surveying sources
directly, there may be a need to follow-up with a facility, particularly if the agency
believes it is emitting a certain pollutant it does not report.
Stay informed of air toxics rules and rule development activities and
implementation information: Comprehensive MACT rule-specific information
including Federal Register publications and citations, compliance dates, and
MACT rule contact names and phone numbers can be accessed through the UATW
site at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/eparules.html.
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Consider HAP emissions control devices when such devices are in place: The
Hazardous Air Pollutant Program (HAP-PRO) is a computer software program
used to assist permit engineers in reviewing applications for control of air toxics.
A secondary purpose of HAP-PRO is to generate reports that list all facilities
containing (1) a specified pollutant in their emission stream(s), or (2) a specified
type of emission stream (e.g., organic vapors). HAP-PRO is available on the
World Wide Web at http://www.epa.gov/ttncatcl/products.html.
Nationally-derived emission factors may not apply directly to your area and may
need to be adjusted: When the information used to develop an emission factor is
based on national data, such as a wide range of source tests or national
consumption estimates, you should be particularly careful with potential local
variations. Emissions calculated using national emission factors may vary
considerably from actual values at a specific source or within a specific geographic
area.
Avoid double counting of sources and emissions: while some sources of emissions
are strictly categorized as area sources such as structural fires, cutback asphalt, and
traffic marking, many major source categories have area source components such
as solvent usage and graphic arts. Where area source emissions for a category with
a major source component are calculated using a surrogate activity factor such as
employment, the employment at the major sources should be subtracted from the
inventory region employment to yield the area source employment. However, this
approach may not always be a straight forward calculation and would require that
emission estimates be adjusted in cases where employment figures for the major
sources are higher than those for the inventory region.
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5.0 EMISSIONS INVENTORY MAINTENANCE AND UPDATE
Compiling an air toxics emissions inventory is a continuous process. Maintaining and updating
the inventory will ensure its usefulness beyond the year it was first developed. Updating the
inventory is necessary because over time some facilities retire process equipment or shut down,
and new plants or new processes at existing plants will come online. In addition, facilities may
change their production schedules or modify their product lines. Demographics and land use
changes may also affect air toxics emissions from area sources. Other factors that may have an
impact on air toxic emissions include new regulations, new emission factors and new scientific
discoveries.
To maintain accurate emission inventories, complete and concise documentation and QA
procedures must be implemented as well as good data management practices. Volume VI of the
EIIP document series addresses all of these topics in detail.
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6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. EPA. February 1998. Study of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emmissiom from Electric Utility
Steam Generating Unit - Final Report to Congress. Volumes 1-3. EPA-453/R-98-004.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
2 EPA. April 1998. 1990 Emissions Inventory of Section 112(c)(6) Pollutants: Polycyclic
Organic Matter (POM), 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
(TCDD)/2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF), Poly chlorinated Biphenyl Compounds
(PCBs), Hexachlorobenzene, Mercury, andAlkylatedLead. Final Report. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Emission
Factor and Inventory Group and Emissions Monitoring and Analysis Division, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina.
3. EPA. May 1998. Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System, Version 6.01.
Updated annually. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
4. EPA. June 1997. Deposition of Air Pollutants to the Great Waters - 2nd Report to
Congress. EPA-453/R-97-011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
5. EPA. December 1997. Mercury Study Report to Congress, Volumes I - VIII.
EPA-452/R-97-003. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina.
6. EPA. September 1997. 1990 Emissions Inventory oj"Forty Section 112(k)
Pollutants - Supporting Data for EPA 's Proposed Section 112(k) Regulatory Strategy.
Draft External Report. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Emission Factor and
Inventory Group, Emissions, Monitoring and Analysis Division, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina.
7. EPA. 1996. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. Fifth Edition and
Supplements, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
8. EPA. September 1991. Screening Methods for the Development of'Air Toxics Emission
Factors. EPA-450/4-91-021. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
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9. EPA. February 1990. Compiling Air Toxics Emission Inventories. EPA-450/4-86-010.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
10. Federal Register. July 1992. Initial List of Categories of Sources Under Section 112(c)(l)
of the Clean Air Act Amendments. Volume 57, No. 137. Pp. 31576-31592.
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7.0 DEFINITIONS OF COMMONLY USED TERMS
Accuracy is (1) the closeness of a measurement to its true value, or (2) the degree of agreement
between an observed value and an accepted reference value. Accuracy includes a combination of
error (precision) and systematic error (bias) components that are due to sampling and analytical
operations; a data quality indicator.
Activity Level/Factor is a measurable factor that is directly or indirectly related to the emissions
of a process. An emission estimate is calculated by multiplying an activity level by an emission
factor. The activity level is either directly related to the amount of emissions (as in the case of
the amount of fuel used in a combustion process), or is a more easily measured surrogate, such as
population for consumer product usage.
Actual Emissions are the actual rate of emissions of a pollutant from an emissions unit
calculated using the unit's actual operating hours, production rates, and types of materials
processed, stored, or combusted during the selected time period.
Allowable Emissions are the emissions rate that represents a limit on the emissions that can
occur from an emissions unit. This limit may be based on a federal, state, or local regulatory
emission limit determined from state or local regulations and/or 40 Code of Federal Regulations
(CFR) Parts 60, 61, and 63.
Ambient Standards limit the concentration of a given pollutant in the ambient air. Ambient
standards are not emissions limitations on sources, but usually result in such limits being placed
on source operation as part of a control strategy to achieve or maintain an ambient standard.
Area Sources are smaller sources that do not qualify as major sources under the relevant
emissions cutoffs. Area sources encompass more widespread sources that may be numerous, but
that, individually, release small amounts of a given pollutant. These are sources for which
emissions are estimated as a group rather than individually. Examples typically include dry
cleaners, residential wood heating, auto body painting, and consumer solvent use. Area sources
generally are not required to submit individual emissions estimates. Section 112(a) of the CAA
defines "area source" as any stationary source of HAPs that does not qualify as a major source.
Attainment Area is an area considered to have air quality as good as or better than the National
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) as defined in the CAA. Note that an area may be in
attainment for one or more pollutants but be a nonattainment area for one or more other
pollutants.
Audit of Data Quality means a qualitative and quantitative audit in which data and data handling
are reviewed and data quality is assessed.
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Audits are systematic evaluations to determine the quality of a function or activity.
Average means the sum of all the items or observations in a sample divided by the number of
items in the sample. Synonymous with "sample mean."
Continuous Emissions Monitoring is any monitoring effort that "continuously" measures
(i.e., measures with very short averaging times) and records emissions. In addition to measuring
and recording actual emissions during the time of monitor operation, continuous emissions
monitoring data can be used to estimate emissions for different operating periods and longer
averaging times.
Control Efficiency is the emission reduction efficiency, and is a percentage value representing
the amount of a source category's emissions that are controlled by a control device, process
change, or reformulation.
Criteria Pollutant refers to a pollutant for which a NAAQS has been set. Criteria pollutants are
carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, ozone, particulate matter within aerodynamic diameter
less than or equal to 10 micrometers, and sulfur oxides.
Data Attribute Rating System is a semiquantitative system developed by the U.S. EPA to
evaluate emissions uncertainty by assigning numerical values to the perceived quality of the
emission factors and activity data.
Data Management Plan is a written document prepared prior to inventory development that may
be a part of the QA plan. It describes the required inventory development records, the steps
required to produce them, how the records are to be stored, the retention period, the procedures
for retrieving them, and the circumstances for their destruction.
Data Quality Indicators are qualitative and quantitative descriptors used to interpret the degree
of acceptability or utility of data to the user. The principal data quality indicators are accuracy,
comparability, completeness, and representativeness.
Double Counting means estimation and counting of estimated emissions twice in an inventory
for the same source category. Area source inventories are at risk of double counting emissions
from two sources because of major and area source overlap and overlap between two area
sources.
Emission means pollution discharged into the atmosphere from smokestacks, other vents, and
surface areas of commercial or industrial facilities; from residential chimneys; and from motor
vehicle, locomotive, aircraft, or other nonroad engines.
Emission Factors are ratios that relate emissions of a pollutant to an activity level that can be
easily measured, such as an amount of material processed or an amount of fuel used. Given an
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emission factor and a known activity level, a simple multiplication yields an estimate of the
emissions. Emission factors are developed from separate facilities within an industry category,
so they represent typical values for an industry, but do not necessarily represent a specific source.
Emission Inventory is a listing, by source, of the amount of air pollutants discharged into the
atmosphere of a community.
Emission Standards are a general type of standard that limit the mass of a pollutant that may be
emitted by a source. The most straightforward emissions standard is a simple limitation on mass
of pollutant per unit time (e.g., pounds of pollutant per hour).
Engineering Estimate is a term commonly applied to the best approximation that can be made
when the specific emission estimation techniques such as stack testing, material balance, or
emission factor are not possible. This estimation is usually made by engineers familiar with the
specific process, and is based on whatever knowledge they have.
Equivalent Method means any method of sampling and analyzing for air pollution that has been
demonstrated to the U.S. EPA Administrator's satisfaction to be, under specific conditions, an
acceptable alternative to normally used reference methods.
Fugitive Emissions are emissions from sources that are technically infeasible to collect and
control (storage piles, wastewater retention ponds, etc.).
Growth Factors are surrogate indicators based on economic or demographic parameters that
predict the proportional change in the activity level or emissions for a particular emissions
source.
Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) are listed in Section 112(b) of the 1990 Clean Air Act
Amendments (CAAA). The CAAA specifies a list of 189 HAPs to be subject to regulation. The
list of HAPs includes relatively common pollutants such as formaldehyde, chlorine, methanol,
and asbestos, as well as numerous less common substances. Pollutants may, under certain
circumstances, be added to or deleted from the list. To date, one pollutant has been deleted from
the list, resulting in 188 HAPs.
Inventory Area is generally defined by political boundaries such as county or state boundaries,
where the jurisdictions that are included in an inventory area make up an air basin or experience
common air problems. The pollutant or the type of air pollution inventory will determine the
exact geographic area that will be covered.
Inventory Work Plan is a document that discusses staff assignments and responsibilities,
establishes a commitment to the inventory development and QA/QC processes, and establishes a
commitment to personnel training and project documentation requirements. It may either be
integrated with the quality assurance plan or a separate document.
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Major Source is a term that is defined in the CAA and used in HAP inventories. Section 112(a)
of the CAA defines "major source" as any stationary source (including all emission points and
units located within a contiguous area and under common control) of air pollution that has the
potential to emit, considering controls, 10 tons or more per year of any one HAP or 25 tons or
more per year of any combination of HAPs.
Material Balance or Mass Balance is a method for estimating emissions that attempts to
account for all the inputs and outputs of a given pollutant. If inputs of a material to a given
process are known and all outputs except for air emissions can be reasonably well quantified,
then the remainder can be assumed to be an estimate of the amount lost to the atmosphere for the
process.
Mathematical Emission Model is an emission estimation technique that uses a mathematical
model to estimate emissions. A very simple mathematical model multiplies an emission factor
and an activity level to produce an emission estimate. A more complex model may involve
multiple parameters and iterations in the calculation process. A mathematical model may be
used by inventory preparers as an equation or as a computer program.
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Standards are emissions limitations
developed under Section 112(d) of the CAAA National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants (NESHAP). The limitations are based on the best demonstrated control technology or
practices in similar sources to be applied to major sources emitting one or more of the listed
HAPs.
Mean is synonymous with "average." Also called "arithmetic mean."
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are the main ambient standards for the
following six criteria pollutants: carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, ozone, particulate
matter within aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 micrometers, and sulfur oxides.
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) are a class of
standards limiting emissions of HAPs. The NESHAPs are published in 40 CFR Parts 61 and 63.
New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) are promulgated for criteria, hazardous, and other
pollutant emissions from new, modified, or reconstructed sources that the U.S. EPA determines
contribute significantly to air pollution. These are typically emission standards, but may be
expressed in other forms such as concentration and opacity. The NSPS are published in 40 CFR
Part 60.
Particulate Matter within aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 micrometers is a
measure of small solid matter suspended in the atmosphere. Small particles can penetrate deeply
into the lung where they can cause respiratory problems. Emissions of PM10 are significant from
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fugitive dust, power plants, commercial boilers, metallurgical industries, mineral industries,
forest and residential fires, and motor vehicles.
Plant-level Reporting is generally required if total emissions from a plant (which may be
composed of numerous individual emission points) meet the point source cutoff. These data can
be used by a state to conduct a detailed estimate of emissions from that plant. The plant-level
reporting used by most air pollution control agencies generally requires that the facility provide
data that apply to the facility as a whole. Such data include the number of employees and the
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code designation for the plant. A plant usually has only
one SIC code denoting the principal economic activity of the facility. For the purpose of clearly
identifying and tracking emissions data, each plant is generally assigned a plant (alternatively,
"facility") name and number. The plant is also identified by geographic or jurisdictional
descriptors such as air quality control region, county, address, and Universal Transverse Mercator
(UTM) grid coordinates (or latitude/longitude) that identify a coterminous location. An owner or
operator engaged in one or more related activities is also identified. In some cases, plantwide
emissions may be reported at the plant level.
Plant-level Emissions are consolidated for an entire plant or facility. A plant may contain one or
many pollutant-emitting sources.
Point-level Emissions typically represent single stacks or vents individually large enough to be
considered point sources.
Point-level Reporting includes specific data for individual emission points (typically stacks).
These data are more detailed than that submitted in plant-level reporting and may include
emission-related and modeling information such as stack height of the release point, diameter of
the stack, emission rate, method of determination, fugitive emissions, gas exit velocity from a
stack, gas temperature, and operating schedule. Source identification information, as described
under plant-level reporting, is usually also required at the point level to ensure that emission data
for a single plant remain clearly identified. Regulatory agencies generally maintain individual
emission-related records at the point level.
Point Sources is a term often used in a criteria pollutant inventory. Point sources are large,
stationary, identifiable sources of emissions that release pollutants into the atmosphere. Sources
are often defined by state or local air regulatory agencies as point sources when they annually
emit more than a specified amount of a given pollutant, and how state and local agencies define
point sources can vary. Point sources are typically large manufacturing or production plants.
They typically include both confined "stack" emission points as well as individual unconfined
"fugitive" emission sources.
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Potential Emissions are the potential rate of emissions of a pollutant from an emissions unit
calculated using the unit's maximum design capacity. Potential emissions are a function of the
unit's physical size and operational capabilities.
Quality is the sum of features and properties/characteristics of a product or service that bear on
its ability to satisfy stated needs.
Quality Assurance (QA) is a planned system of activities designed to provide assurance that the
quality control program is actually effective. QA is a process that involves both the inventory
team and external reviewers to insure the overall quality of the inventory.
Quality Assurance Plan (QAP) is a formal document describing the management policies,
objectives, principles, organizational authority, responsibilities, accountability, and
implementation plan of an agency or company for ensuring quality in its products and usefulness
to its users.
Quality Control (QC) comprises the activities undertaken by all members of the inventory team
during the inventory preparation that will result in the correction of specific problems such as
mistaken assumptions, lost or uncollected data, and calculation and data entry errors.
Reported Emissions are those emission estimates that are submitted to a regulatory agency.
Emissions inventories can be used for a variety of purposes such as State Implementation Plan
(SIP) base year inventories, environmental compliance audits, air quality rule applicability, and
reporting information in an air quality permit application. Emissions can be reported on an
actual, potential, or maximum basis. Many state and local air pollution control agencies have
rules and regulations that define an allowable emission value for a particular piece of equipment.
Because of this, a facility should first define the purpose of the inventory and then choose the
appropriate means of reporting emissions to the regulatory agency. For example, SIP base year
inventories for point sources would contain actual emissions. However, regulatory applicability
and air quality permit applications can require that actual, allowable, and potential emissions be
reported.
Source Classification Codes (SCCs) are codes defined by EPA that classify air emission sources
by individual processes and/or operations. SCCs vary in the amount of detail. For some sources,
there are SCCs for individual release points within the process. In other cases, an entire process
may be represented by a single SCC.
Source Tests are short-term tests used to collect emissions data that can then be extrapolated to
estimate long-term emissions from the same or similar sources. Uncertainties arise when source
test results are used to estimate emissions under process conditions that differ from those under
which the test was performed.
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Spatial Allocation entails assignment of activity levels or emission estimates to a smaller or
larger geographic area than the area for which the activity level or emission estimate was
prepared. Allocation usually requires the identification of a surrogate indicator that can be used
for scaling.
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Codes are codes defined by the U.S. Department of
Commerce that classify businesses by products or services. SICs are the federal standard for
classifying establishment-based statistics. SIC codes are being replaced by the North American
Industry Classification System (NAICS), a system developed jointly by the U.S., Canada, and
Mexico to provide new comparability in statistics about business activity across North America.
The U.S. NAICS Manual is available on the World Wide Web at
www.census.gov/epcd/www.naic.html.
State Implementation Plan (SIP) is a state plan approved by EPA for the establishment,
regulation, and enforcement of air pollution standards.
Stationary Source is a fixed-site producer of pollution, including power plants and other major
sources such as industrial manufacturing facilities as well as area sources.
Surveys are a method to collect inventory data using telephone or written questionnaires that are
answered by manufacturers or suppliers of products, or by representatives at the facilities or sites
where the emitting processes take place. An area source survey may also include review and data
collection from existing air pollution permits within an agency. Surveys for area source
inventories usually survey a subset of the population of sources.
Total Quality Management is a system of activities designed to provide continuous
improvement at every level and in all areas of responsibility.
Variable is an entity subject to variation or change.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) means any compound of carbon, excluding carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides or carbonates, and ammonium
carbonate, which participates in atmospheric photochemical reactions. This includes any such
organic compound other than the following, which have been determined to have negligible
photochemical reactivity:
Methane
Ethane
Methylene chloride (dichloromethane)
1,1,1 -tri chl oroethane (methyl chl oroform)
1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (CFC-113)
Tri chl orofluorom ethane (CFC-11)
Dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12)
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Chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22)
Trifluoromethane (HFC-23)
l,2-dichloro-l,l,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (CFC-114)
Chloropentafluoroethane (CFC-115)
1,1,1 -trifluoro-2,2-dichloroethane (HCFC-123)
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a)
l,l-dichloro-l-fluoroethane(HCFC-141b)
1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b)
2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124)
Pentafluoroethane (HFC-125)
1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134)
1,1,1 -trifluoroethane (HFC-143a)
1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a)
Parachlorobenzotrifluoride (PCBTF)
Cyclic, branched, or linear completely methylated siloxanes
Acetone
Perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene)
3,3-dichloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane (HCFC-225ca)
1,3-dichloro-1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane (HCFC-225cb)
1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoropentane (HFC 43-10mee)
Difluoromethane (HFC-32)
Ethylfluoride (HFC-161)
l,l,l,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane(HFC-236fa)
1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245ca)
1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245ea)
l,l,l,2,3-pentafluoropropane(HFC-245eb)
1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245fa)
1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236ea)
l,l,l,3,3-pentafluorobutane(HFC-365mfc)
Chlorofluoromethane (HCF-31)
1 -chloro-1 -fluoroethane (HCFC-151 a)
1,2-dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123a)
1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-nonafluoro-4-methoxy-butane(C4F9OCH3)
2-(difluoromethoxymethyl)-l,l,l,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane((CF3)2CFCF2OCH3)
1-ethoxy-l, 1,2,2,3,3,4,4, 4-nonafluorobutane (C4F9OC2H5)
2-(ethoxydifluoromethyl)-l,l,l,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane((CF3)2CFCF2OC2H5)
Methyl acetate and perfluorocarbon compounds which fall into these classes:
(i) Cylic, branched, or linear, completely fluorinated alkanes
(ii) Cylic, branched, or linear, completely fluorinated ethers with no unsaturations
(iii) Cylic, branched, or linear, completely fluorinated tertiary amines with no
unsaturations and
(iv) Sulfur containing perfluorocarbons with no unsaturations and with sulfur bonds
only to carbon and fluorine.
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APPENDIX A
LIST OF HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS
BY CAS NUMBER
A-l
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List of Hazardous Air Pollutants By CAS Number
CAS Number*
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
50000
51285
51796
53963
56235
56382
57147
57578
57749
58899
59892
60117
60344
60355
62533
62737
62759
63252
64675
67561
67663
67721
68122
71432
71556
72435
72559
74839
74873
74884
HAP Name
Antimony Compounds
Arsenic Compounds(inorganic including arsine)
Beryllium Compounds
Cadmium Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Coke Oven Emissions
Cyanide Compounds
Fine Mineral Fibers
Glycol ethers
Lead Compounds
Manganese Compounds
Mercury Compounds
Nickel Compounds
Phosphorous Compounds
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Radionuclides (including radon)
Selenium Compounds
Formaldehyde
2,4-Dinitrophenol
Ethyl carbamate (Urethane)
2-Acetylaminofluorene
Carbon tetrachloride
Parathion
1,1 -Dimethyl hydrazine
Beta-propiolactone
Chlordane
Lindane (all isomers)
N-Nitrosomorpholine
Dimethyl aminoazobenzene
Methylhydrazine
Acetamide
Aniline
Dichlorvos
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
Carbaryl
Diethyl sulfate
Methanol
Chloroform
Hexachloroethane
Dimethyl formamide
Benzene (including benzene from gasoline)
Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Methoxychlor
DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p- chlorophenyl)
ethylene)
Methyl bromide (Bromomethane)
Methyl chloride (Chloromethane)
Methyl iodide (lodomethane)
A-2
-------
List of Hazardous Air Pollutants By CAS Number (Continued)
CAS Number*
75003
75014
75058
75070
75092
75150
75218
75252
75343
75354
75445
75558
75569
76448
77474
77781
78591
78875
78933
79005
79016
79061
79107
79118
79345
79447
79469
80626
82688
84742
85449
87683
87865
88062
90040
91203
91225
91941
92524
92671
92875
92933
94757
95476
95487
95534
95807
95954
96093
HAP Name
Ethyl Chloride (Chloroethane)
Vinyl chloride
Acetonitrile
Acetaldehyde
Methylene chloride (Dichloromethane)
Carbon disulfide
Ethylene oxide
Bromoform
Ethylidene dichloride (1,1-Dichloroethane)
Vinylidene chloride (1,1-Dichloroethylene)
Phosgene
1 ,2-Propylenimine (2-Methylaziridine)
Propylene oxide
Heptachlor
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Dimethyl sulfate
Isophorone
Propylene dichloride (1 ,2-Dichloropropane)
Methyl ethyl ketone (2-Butanone)
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Acrylamide
Acrylic acid
Chloroacetic acid
1 ,1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Dimethyl carbamoyl chloride
2-Nitropropane
Methyl methacrylate
Pentachloronitrobenzene (Quintobenzene)
Dibutyl phthalate
Phthalic anhydride
Hexachlorobutadiene
Pentachlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
o-Anisidine
Naphthalene
Quinoline
3,3-Dichlorobenzidene
Biphenyl
4-Aminobiphenyl
Benzidine
4-Nitrobiphenyl
2,4-D, (salts and esters)
o-Xylenes
o-Cresol
o-Toluidine
2,4-Toluene diamine
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
Styrene oxide
A-3
-------
List of Hazardous Air Pollutants By CAS Number (Continued)
CAS Number*
96128
96457
98077
98828
98862
98953
100027
100414
100425
100447
101144
101688
101779
106423
106445
106467
106503
106514
106887
106898
106934
106990
107028
107051
107062
107131
107211
107302
108054
108101
108316
108383
108394
108883
108907
108952
110543
111422
111444
114261
117817
118741
119904
119937
120809
120821
121142
121448
121697
HAP Name
1 ,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
Ethylene thiourea
Benzotrichloride
Cumene
Acetophenone
Nitrobenzene
4-Nitrophenol
Ethyl benzene
Styrene
Benzyl chloride
4,4-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline)
Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI)
4,4'-Methylenedianiline
p-Xylenes
p-Cresol
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene (p)
p-Phenylenediamine
Quinone
1 ,2-Epoxybutane
Epichlorohydrin (l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane)
Ethylene dibromide (Dibromoethane)
1,3-Butadiene
Acrolein
Allyl chloride
Ethylene dichloride (1 ,2-Dichloroethane)
Acrylonitrile
Ethylene glycol
Chloromethyl methyl ether
Vinyl acetate
Methyl isobutyl ketone (Hexone)
Maleic anhydride
m-Xylenes
m-Cresol
Toluene
Chlorobenzene
Phenol
Hexane
Diethanolamine
Dichloroethyl ether (Bis[2-chloroethyl]ether)
Propoxur (Baygon)
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP)
Hexachlorobenzene
3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine
3,3'-Dimethyl benzidine
Catechol
1 ,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Triethylamine
N,N-diethyl aniline (N.N-Dimethylaniline')
A-4
-------
List of Hazardous Air Pollutants By CAS Number (Continued)
CAS Number*
122667
123319
123386
123911
126998
127184
131113
132649
133062
133904
140885
151564
156627
302012
334883
463581
510156
532274
534521
540841
542756
542881
584849
593602
624839
680319
684935
822060
1120714
1319773
1330207
1332214
1336363
1582098
1634044
1746016
7550450
7647010
7664393
7782505
7803512
8001352
HAP
Name
1 ,2-Diphenylhydrazine
Hydroquinone
Propionaldehyde
1 ,4-Dioxane (1 ,4-Diethyleneoxide)
Chloroprene
Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene)
Dimethyl phthalate
Dibenzofurans
Captan
Chloramben
Ethyl acrylate
Ethylene imine (Aziridine)
Calcium cyanamide
Hydrazine
Diazomethane
Carbonyl sulfide
Chlorobenzilate
2-Chloroacetophenone
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol and salts
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
1,3-Dichloropropene
Bis(chloromethyl) ether
2,4-Toluene diisocyanate
Vinyl bromide
Methyl isocyanate
Hexamethylphosphoramide
N-Nitroso-N-methylurea
Hexamethylene-1 ,6-diisocyanate
1,3-Propane sultone
Cresols/Cresylic acid (isomers and mixture)
Xylenes (isomers and mixture)
Asbestos
Polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclors)
Trifluralin
Methyl tert-butyl ether
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
Titanium tetrachloride
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen fluoride (Hydrofluoric acid)
Chlorine
Phosphine
Toxaphene (chlorinated camphene)
*N/A: No CAS number for metals, metal compounds, and mixtures.
A-5
-------
APPENDIX B
ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF
HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS
B-l
-------
Alphabetical Listing of Hazardous Air Pollutants
HAP Name
1 ,1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1,1 -Dimethyl hydrazine
1 ,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1 ,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
1 ,2-Diphenylhydrazine
1 ,2-Epoxybutane
1 ,2-Propylenimine (2-Methylaziridine)
1,3-Butadiene
1,3-Dichloropropene
1,3-Propane sultone
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene (p)
1 ,4-Dioxane (1 ,4-Diethyleneoxide)
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
2,4-D, (salts and esters)
2,4-Dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2,4-Toluene diamine
2,4-Toluene diisocyanate
2-Acetylaminofluorene
2-Chloroacetophenone
2-Nitropropane
3,3-Dichlorobenzidene
3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine
3,3'-Dimethyl benzidine
4,4-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline)
4,4'-Methylenedianiline
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol and salts
4-Aminobiphenyl
4-Nitrobiphenyl
4-Nitrophenol
Acetaldehyde
Acetamide
Acetonitrile
Acetophenone
Acrolein
Acrylamide
Acrylic acid
Acrylonitrile
Allyl chloride
Aniline
Antimony Compounds
Arsenic Compounds(inorganic including arsine)
Asbestos
Benzene (including benzene from gasoline)
Benzidine
CAS Number
79345
79005
57147
120821
96128
122667
106887
75558
106990
542756
1120714
106467
123911
540841
1746016
95954
88062
94757
51285
121142
95807
584849
53963
532274
79469
91941
119904
119937
101144
101779
534521
92671
92933
100027
75070
60355
75058
98862
107028
79061
79107
107131
107051
62533
N/A
N/A
1332214
71432
92875
B-2
-------
Alphabetical Listing of Hazardous Air Pollutants (Continued)
HAP Name
Benz otrichloride
Benzyl chloride
Beryllium Compounds
Beta-propiolactone
Biphenyl
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP)
Bis(chloromethyl) ether
Bromoform
Cadmium Compounds
Calcium cyanamide
Captan
Carbaryl
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Carbonyl sulfide
Catechol
Chloramben
Chlordane
Chlorine
Chloroacetic acid
Chlorobenzene
Chlorobenzilate
Chloroform
Chloromethyl methyl ether
Chloroprene
Chromium Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Coke Oven Emissions
Cresols/Cresylic acid (isomers and mixture)
Cumene
Cyanide Compounds
DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p- chlorophenyl) ethylene)
Diazomethane
Dibenzofurans
Dibutyl phthalate
Dichloroethyl ether (Bis[2-chloroethyl]ether)
Dichlorvos
Diethanolamine
Diethyl sulfate
Dimethyl formamide
Dimethyl phthalate
Dimethyl sulfate
Dimethyl aminoazobenzene
Dimethyl carbamoyl chloride
Epichlorohydrin (l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane)
Ethyl acrylate
Ethyl carbamate (Urethane)
Ethyl Chloride (Chloroethane)
Ethyl benzene
CAS Number
98077
100447
N/A
57578
92524
117817
542881
75252
N/A
156627
133062
63252
75150
56235
463581
120809
133904
57749
7782505
79118
108907
510156
67663
107302
126998
N/A
N/A
N/A
1319773
98828
N/A
72559
334883
132649
84742
111444
62737
111422
64675
68122
131113
77781
60117
79447
106898
140885
51796
75003
100414
B-3
-------
Alphabetical Listing of Hazardous Air Pollutants (Continued)
HAP Name
Ethylene dibromide (Dibromoethane)
Ethylene dichloride (1 ,2-Dichloroethane)
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene oxide
Ethylene thiourea
Ethylene imine (Aziridine)
Ethylidene dichloride (1,1-Dichloroethane)
Fine Mineral Fibers
Formaldehyde
Glycol ethers
Heptachlor
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexachloroethane
Hexamethylene-1 ,6-diisocyanate
Hexamethylphosphoramide
Hexane
Hydrazine
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen fluoride (Hydrofluoric acid)
Hydroquinone
Isophorone
Lead Compounds
Lindane (all isomers)
Maleic anhydride
Manganese Compounds
m-Cresol
Mercury Compounds
Methanol
Methoxychlor
Methyl bromide (Bromomethane)
Methyl chloride (Chloromethane)
Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Methyl ethyl ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl iodide (lodomethane)
Methyl isobutyl ketone (Hexone)
Methyl isocyanate
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Methylene chloride (Dichloromethane)
Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI)
Methylhydrazine
m-Xylenes
N,N-diethyl aniline (N,N-Dimethylaniline)
Naphthalene
Nickel Compounds
Nitrobenzene
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
CAS Number
106934
107062
107211
75218
96457
151564
75343
N/A
50000
N/A
76448
118741
87683
77474
67721
822060
680319
110543
302012
7647010
7664393
123319
78591
N/A
58899
108316
N/A
108394
N/A
67561
72435
74839
74873
71556
78933
74884
108101
624839
80626
1634044
75092
101688
60344
108383
121697
91203
N/A
98953
62759
B-4
-------
Alphabetical Listing of Hazardous Air Pollutants (Continued)
HAP Name
N-Nitrosomorpholine
N-Nitroso-N-methylurea
o-Anisidine
o-Cresol
o-Toluidine
o-Xylenes
Parathion
p-Cresol
Pentachloronitrobenzene (Quintobenzene)
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Phosgene
Phosphine
Phosphorous Compounds
Phthalic anhydride
Polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclors)
Polycyclic Organic Matter
p-Phenylenediamine
Propionaldehyde
Propoxur (Baygon)
Propylene dichloride (1 ,2-Dichloropropane)
Propylene oxide
p-Xylenes
Quinoline
Quinone
Radionuclides (including radon)
Selenium Compounds
Styrene
Styrene oxide
Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene)
Titanium tetrachloride
Toluene
Toxaphene (chlorinated camphene)
Trichloroethylene
Triethylamine
Trifluralin
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl bromide
Vinyl chloride
Vinylidene chloride (1,1-Dichloroethylene)
Xylenes (isomers and mixture)
CAS Number
59892
684935
90040
95487
95534
95476
56382
106445
82688
87865
108952
75445
7803512
N/A
85449
1336363
N/A
106503
123386
114261
78875
75569
106423
91225
106514
N/A
N/A
100425
96093
127184
7550450
108883
8001352
79016
121448
1582098
108054
593602
75014
75354
1330207
*N/A: No CAS number for metals, metal compounds, and mixtures.
B-5
-------
APPENDIX C
HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS
SYNONYM LIST
C-l
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants Synonym List
CAS Num
79345
79005
57147
120821
96128
122667
106887
75558
106990
542756
1120714
106467
123911
540841
1746016
95954
88062
94757
51285
121142
95807
584849
53963
532274
79469
91941
1 1 9904
1 1 9937
101144
101779
534521
92671
92933
100027
75070
60355
75058
98862
107028
79061
79107
107131
107051
62533
N/A
N/A
1332214
HAP Name
1 ,1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1 ,1 ,2-Trichloroethane
1 ,1 -Dimethylhydrazine
1 ,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1 ,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
1 ,2-Diphenylhydrazine
1 ,2-Epoxybutane
1,2-Propylenimine
1,3-Butadiene
1 ,3-Dichloropropene
1,3-Propane sultone
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene(p)
1 ,4-Dioxane
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
2,4-D, (salts and esters)
2,4-Dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2,4-Toluene diamine
2,4-Toluene diisocyanate
2-Acetylaminofluorene
2-Chloroacetophenone
2-Nitropropane
3,3-Dichlorobenzidene
3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine
3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine
4,4-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline)
4,4'-Methylenedianiline
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol (and salts)
4-Aminobiphenyl
4-Nitrobiphenyl
4-Nitrophenol
Acetaldehyde
Acetamide
Acetonitrile
Acetophenone
Acrolein
Acrylamide
Acrylic acid
Acrylonitrile
Allyl chloride
Aniline
Antimony Compounds
Arsenic Compounds(inorganic including arsine)
Asbestos
Synonyms
Tetrachloroethane
Vinyl Trichloride; 1 ,2,2-Trichloroethane
N,N-Dimethylhydrazine
1 ,2,4-Trichlorobenzol
3-Chloro-1 ,2-dibromopropane
Hydrazobenzene
1 ,2-Butylene Oxide; 1 ,2-Butene oxide
2-Methylaziridine; Methylethylenimine
Butadiene
Isomer Mixture includes: Cis-1 ,3-Dichloropropene; Trans-1 ,3-Dichloropropene
1 ,2-Oxathiolane 2,2-dioxide
p-Dichlorobenzene; para-Dichlorobenzene
1 ,4-Diethyleneoxide
Isooctane
TCDD; 2,3,7,8-TCDD
Dowicide 2; Dowicide B
Dowicide 2S; Phenachlor
2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid)(including salts and esters)
Aldifen; 2,4-DNP
DNT; 1-Methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene
Toluene-2,4-diamine; IDA; 2,4-Diaminotoluene
2,4-Diisocyanatotoluene; Toluene 2,4-Diisocynate; TDI
2-Acetamidofluorene
2-Chloro-1 -phenylethanone
2-NP; Dimethylnitromethane
4,4-Diamino-3,3-dichlorobiphenyl
o,o-Diansidine
o-Tolidine
4,4'-Methylenebisf2-chlorobenzenaminel
4-(4-Aminobenzyl)aniline; MDA
p-Aminodiphenyl; p-Phenylaniline
p-Nitrobiphenyl
p-Nitrophenol, 4-Hydroxynitrobenzene,
Ethanal; Acetic Aldehyde
Acetic acid amide
Methyl cyanide; Cyanomethane
1 -Phenylethanone
2-Propenal; Acrylic aldehyde; Acrylaldehyde
Propenamide; Vinyl amide
2-Propenoic acid; Propene acid
2-Propenenitrile; Vinyl cyanide
3-Chloro-1 -propene
Benzenamine
C-2
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants Synonym List (Continued)
CAS Num
71432
92875
98077
100447
N/A
57578
92524
117817
542881
75252
N/A
156627
133062
63252
75150
56235
463581
120809
133904
57749
7782505
79118
108907
510156
67663
107302
126998
N/A
N/A
N/A
1 31 9773
98828
N/A
3547044
334883
132649
84742
111444
62737
111422
64675
60117
79447
68122
131113
77781
106898
HAP Name
Benzene (including benzene from gasoline)
Benzidine
Benzotri chloride
Benzyl chloride
Beryllium Compounds
beta-Propiolactone
Biphenyl
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)
Bis(chloromethyl) ether
Bromoform
Cadmium Compounds
Calcium cyanamide
Captan
Carbaryl
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Carbonyl sulfide
Catechol
Chloramben
Chlordane
Chlorine
Chloroacetic acid
Chlorobenzene
Chlorobenzilate
Chloroform
Chloromethyl methyl ether
Chloroprene
Chromium Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Coke Oven Emissions
Cresol/Cresylic acid (mixed isomers)
Cumene
Cyanide Compounds
DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene)
Diazomethane
Dibenzofurans
Dibutyl phthalate
Dichloroethyl ether (Bis[2-chloroethyllether)
Dichlorvos
Diethanolamine
Diethyl sulfate
Dimethyl aminoazobenzene
Dimethyl carbamoyl chloride
Dimethyl formamide
Dimethyl phthalate
Dimethyl sulfate
Epichlorohydrin
Synonyms
Benzol; including benzene from gasoline
[1 ,1 '-Biphenyll-4,4'-diamine
Trichloromethylbenzene; Trichlorotoluene
Chloromethylbenzene; Chlorotoluene
2-Oxetanone
Phenyl benzene
DEHP; Di(2-EthylHexyl) Phthalate
Oxybis(chloromethane); Bis-CME
Tribromomethane
Cyanogas
N-(trichloromethylthio)-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide; Orthocide
1-Naphthalenol methylcarbamate
Carbon bisulfide
Tetrachloromethane
Carbon oxysulfide
1,2-Benzenediol
3-Amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid
Dichlorodene; Dowchlor; Octachlor
Chloroethanoicacid
Monochlorobenzene; Benzene chloride
4-Chloro-a-(4-chlorophenyl)-a-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid
Trichloromethane
Chloromethoxymethane
2-Chloro-1 ,3-butadiene
Cresols; Cresylol; Toluenol
Isopropyl Benzene
Isopropyl Cyanide; Isobutyronitrile; Isopropylnitrile
DDE
Azimethylene
Furans
Di-n-butylphthalate
Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
Phosphoric acid 2,2-dichloroethenyl dimethyl ester
2,2'-lminobisethanol
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
Dimethyl carbamic acid
N,N-Dimethyl formamide
1 ,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid dimethy ester
Sulfuric acid dimethyl ester
l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane
C-3
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants Synonym List (Continued)
CAS Num
140885
100414
51796
75003
106934
107062
107211
151564
75218
96457
75343
N/A
50000
N/A
76448
1 1 8741
87683
77474
67721
822060
680319
1 1 0543
302012
7647010
7664393
123319
78591
N/A
58899
108316
N/A
108394
N/A
67561
72435
74839
74873
71556
78933
74884
108101
624839
80626
1 634044
75092
101688
60344
HAP Name
Ethyl acrylate
Ethylbenzene
Ethyl carbamate (Urethane)
Ethyl Chloride (Chloroethane)
Ethylene dibromide (Dibromoethane)
Ethylene dichloride (1 ,2-Dichloroethane)
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene imine (Aziridine)
Ethylene oxide
Ethylene thiourea
Ethylidene dichloride (1 ,1-Dichloroethane)
Fine mineral fibers
Formaldehyde
Glycol ethers
Heptachlor
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexachloroethane
Hexamethylene-1 ,6-diisocyanate
Hexamethylphosphoramide
Hexane
Hydrazine
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen fluoride (Hydrofluoric acid)
Hydroquinone
Isophorone
Lead Compounds
Lindane (all isomers)
Maleic anhydride
Manganese Compounds
m-cresol
Mercury Compounds
Methanol
Methoxychlor
Methyl bromide (Bromomethane)
Methyl chloride (Chloromethane)
Methyl chloroform (1,1 ,1-Trichloroethane)
Methyl ethyl ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl iodide (lodomethane)
Methyl isobutyl ketone (Hexone)
Methyl isocyanate
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Methylene chloride (Dichloromethane)
Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI)
Methylhydrazine
Synonyms
2-Propenoic acid ethyl ester
Ethylbenzol; Phenylethane
Urethane; Chloroethane
Chloroethane
Dibromoethane; 1,2-Dibromoethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
1 ,2-Ethanediol
Aziridine
Oxirane
2-Mercaptoimidazoline
1,1-Dichloroethane
Methanal
Glycol ethers (and their acetates)
3-Chlorochlordene; Heptachlorane
Perchlorobenzene; HCB
Hexachloro-1 ,3-Butadiene
Hexachloro-1 ,3-Cyclopentadiene
Carbon hexachloride; Ethane hexachloride
Hexamethylene diisocyanate
Hexamethylphosphoric acid triamide
n-Hexane
Hydrazine anhydrous
Hydrogen Chloride; gas only
Hydrofluoric Acid
Dihydroguinone
Isoacetophorone
Hexachlorocyclohexane
2,5-Furandione
Cresol/Cresylic acid (mixed isomers)
Methyl alcohol
1 ,1 '-(2,2,2-Trichloroethylidene)-bis[4-methoxybenzenel
Bromomethane
Chloromethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
MEK; 2-Butanone
lodomethane
MIK; Hexone
Isocyanic acid, methyl ester
Methyl ester methacrylic acid
MTBE
Dichloromethane
MDI; MethyleneBis (Phenylisosyanate); Methylene Biphenyl Isocyanate
Monomethylhydrazine
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Hazardous Air Pollutants Synonym List (Continued)
CAS Num
108383
121697
91203
N/A
98953
62759
59892
684935
90040
95487
95534
95476
56382
106445
82688
87865
108952
75445
7803512
N/A
85449
1 336363
N/A
106503
123386
1 1 4261
78875
75569
106423
91225
106514
N/A
N/A
100425
96093
127184
7550450
108883
8001352
79016
121448
1 582098
108054
593602
75014
75354
1 330207
HAP Name
m-Xylenes
N,N-Dimethyl aniline
Naphthalene
Nickel Compounds
Nitrobenzene
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
N-Nitrosomorpholine
N-Nitroso-N-methylurea
o-Anisidine
o-cresol
o-Toluidine
o-Xylenes
Parathion
p-cresol
Pentachloronitrobenzene (Quintobenzene)
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Phosgene
Phosphine
Phosphorous Compounds
Phthalic anhydride
Polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclors)
Polycyclic Organic Matter
p-Phenylenediamine
Propionaldehyde
Propoxur (Baygon)
Propylene dichloride (1,2-Dichloropropane)
Propylene oxide
p-Xylenes
Quinoline
Quinone
Radionuclides (including radon)
Selenium Compounds
Styrene
Styrene oxide
Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene)
Titanium tetrachloride
Toluene
Toxaphene (chlorinated camphene)
Trichloroethylene
Triethylamine
Trifluralin
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl bromide
Vinyl chloride
Vinylidene chloride (1,1-Dichloroethylene)
Xylenes (mixed isomers)
Synonyms
1 ,3-Dimethyl benzene
N,N-Dimethylbenzenamine
White tar; Camphor tar
Nitrobenzol
N-Methyl-N-nitroso-methanamine
4-Nitrosomorpholine
NHU; N-nitroso-n-methylcarbamide
2-Anisidine; 2-Methoxy-1 -Aminobenzene
Cresol/Cresylic acid (mixed isomers)
2-Aminotoluene
1 ,2-Dimethyl benzene
Phosphorothioic acid O,O-diethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) ester
Cresol/Cresylic acid (mixed isomers)
Quintobenzene; Quintozene
Penta; PCP
Carbolic acid
Carbonic dichloride
Hydrogen phosphide
1 ,3-lsobenzenofurandione
Arochlors
POM
1 ,4-Benzenediamine
Propanal
2-(1-Methylethoxy)phenol methyl carbamate; Baygon
1 ,2-Dichloropropane
Methyloxirane
1 ,4-Dimethyl benzene
Leucoline; chinoleine
p-Benzoguinone; 2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1 ,4-dione
Ethenylbenzene, Cinnamene, Phenylethylene, Vinyl benzene, Vinylbenzol
Epoxystyrene
Perchloroethylene; Perc
Titanium chloride
Methylbenzene
Chlorinated camphene; camphechlor
Trichloroethene; TCE
N,N-Diethylethanamine
2,6-Dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine
Acetic acid ethenyl ester; acetic acid vinyl ester
Bromoethene; Bromoethylene
Chloroethylene
1,1-Dichloroethylene; 1 ,1-Dichloroethene
Dimethyl benzenes
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APPENDIX D
LIST OF AVAILABLE EIIP DOCUMENTS
http:/www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/eiip/
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List of Available EIIP Documents
Volume I: Introduction
Introduction and Use of EIIP Guidance for Emissions Inventory Development
Volume II: Point Sources
Chapter 1: Introduction to Stationary Point Source Emission Inventory Development
Chapter 2: Preferred and Alternative Methods for Estimating Air Emissions from Boilers
Chapter 3: Preferred and Alternative Methods for Estimating Air Emissions from Hot-Mix
Asphalt Plants
Chapter 4: Preferred and Alternative Methods for Estimating Air Emissions from Equipment
Leaks
Chapter 5: Preferred and Alternative Methods for Estimating Air Emissions from Wastewater
Collection and Treatment Facilities
Chapter 6: Preferred and Alternative Methods for Estimating Air Emissions from
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Chapter 7: Preferred and Alternative Methods for Estimating Air Emissions from Surface
Coating Operations
Chapter 8: Preferred and Alternative Methods for Estimating Air Emissions from Paint and Ink
Manufacturing
Chapter 9: Preferred and Alternative Methods for Estimating Air Emissions from Secondary
Metal Processing
Chapter 10: Preferred and Alternative Methods for Estimating Air Emissions from Oil and Gas
Field Production and Processing Operations
Chapter 11: Preferred and Alternative Methods for Estimating Air Emissions from Plastic
Products Manufacturing
Chapter 13: Technical Assessment Paper: Available Information for Estimating Air Emissions
from Stone Mining and Quarrying Operations
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Volume III: Area Sources
Chapter 1: Introduction to Area Source Emission Inventory Development
Chapter 2: Residential Wood Combustion
Chapter 3: Architectural Surface Coating
Chapter 4: Dry Cleaning
Chapter 5: Consumer and Commercial Solvent
Chapter 6: Solvent Cleaning
Chapter 7: Graphic Arts
Chapter 8: Industrial Surface Coating
Chapter 9: Pesticides - Agricultural and Nonagricultural
Chapter 10: Agricultural Operations
Chapter 11: Gasoline Marketing
Chapter 12: Marine Vessel Loading, Ballasting and Transit
Chapter 13: Autobody Refmishing
Chapter 14: Traffic Paints
Chapter 15: Municipal Landfills
Chapter 17: Asphalt Paving
Volume IV: Mobile Sources
Chapter 1: Preferred and Alternative Methods for Gathering and Locating Specific Emission
Inventory Data
Chapter 2: Use of Locality-Specific Transportation Data for the Development of Mobile Source
Emission Inventories
Chapter 3: Guidance for Estimating Lawn and Garden Equipment Activity Levels
Volume V: Biogenic Sources
Biogenic Sources Preferred Methods
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Volume VI: Quality Assurance Procedures
Chapter 1: Introduction: The Value of QA/QC
Chapter 2: Planning and Documentation
Chapter 3: General QA/QC Methods
Chapter 4: Evaluating the Uncertainty of Emission Estimates
Chapter 5: Model QA Plan
Appendix A: Example Audit Report
Appendix B: Technical Systems Audit Checklist Example
Appendix C: Example 1 of Data Quality Audit Checklist
Appendix D: Example 2 of Data Quality Audit Checklist
Appendix E: Performance Evaluation Checklist Example
Appendix F: EIIP Recommended Approach to Using the Data Attribute System (DARS)
DARS User Manual, Beta Version 1.1
DARS Software Beta Version 1.1
Volume VII: Data Management Procedures
EIIP Phase I Data Model
Prototype Version EIIP EDI Implementation Guidelines (for air emission modeling data),
Prototype Version
Prototype Demonstration for Data Transfer Method with Approach Study: Final Action Plan
Volume VII: Data Management Procedures (Continued)
Report Assessing the Procurement and Management of EDI Translators
Report on Maintenance Issues Associated with the EDI X12 Convention Document
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APPENDIX E
CONTACTS
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APPENDIX El
LIST OF EPA REGIONAL OFFICE
AIR TOXIC CONTACTS
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Susan Lancey
EPA Region I (CAP)
J.F.K. Federal Building
Boston, MA 02203-2211
PH: (617)565-3587
FAX: (617)565-4940
Umesh Dholakia
EPA Region II
290 Broadway
New York, NY 10007-1866
PH: (212)637-4023
FAX: (212)637-3901
Diane Walker
EPA Region III (3AP11)
1650 Arch St.
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2029
PH: (215)814-3297
FAX: (215)814-2124
Lee Page
EPA Region IV (AR-4)
61 Forsyth St.
Atlanta, GA 30303-3415
PH: (404)562-9131
FAX: (404)562-9095
Bruce Varner
EPA Region V(AE-17J)
77 W. Jackson Blvd.
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
PH: (312)886-6793
FAX: (312)353-8289
Robert Todd
Herb Sherrow
EPA Region VI (6PD-AP)
1445 Ross Avenue, Suite 700
Dallas, TX 75202-2733
PH: (214)665-2156
FAX: (214)665-7263
EPA REGIONAL AIR TOXICS CONTACTS
Richard Tripp
EPA Region VII
MC ARTD/APC
726 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, KS 66101
PH: (913)551-7566
FAX: (913)551-7065
Victoria Parker-Christensen (8P-AR)
Ann-Marie Patrie
Heather Rooney (8ENF-T)
EPA Region VIII
999 18th Street, Suite 5 00
Denver, CO 80202-2466
Victoria: (303)312-6064
Ann Marie: (303)312-6524
FAX: (303)312-6064
Heather: (303)312-6971
FAX: (303)312-6409
Mae Wang
AIR-4
EPA Region IX
75 Hawthorne Street
San Francisco, CA 94105
PH: (415)744-1200
FAX: (415)744-1076
Andrea Wullenweber
EPA Region X (OAQ-107)
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101
PH: (206)553-8760
FAX: (206)553-0404
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APPENDIX E2
LIST OF EIIP CONTACTS
http:/www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/eiip/
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STEERING COMMITTEE
Steve Bromberg
Emission Factor and Inventory Group (MD-14)
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
E-Mail: bromberg.steve@epamail.epa.gov
Phone: (919)541-1000
Fax: (919)541-0684
Roger Westman
Allegheny County Health Department
301 3 9th Street
Pittsburgh, PA 15201
Phone: (412)578-8103
Fax: (412)578-8144
POINT SOURCES COMMITTEE
Roy Huntley
Emission Factor and Inventory Group (MD-14)
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
E-Mail: huntley.roy@epamail.epa.gov
Phone: (919)541-1060
Fax: (919)541-0684
Bob Betterton
South Carolina Department of Health and
Environmental Control
Bureau of Air Quality
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
E-Mail: betterrj@columb3l.dhec.sate.sc.us
Phone: (803)734-4549
Fax: (803)734-4556
AREA SOURCES COMMITTEE
Carolyn Lozo
California Air Resources Board
Technical Support
Post Office box 2815
2020 L Street
Sacramento, CA 95814-4219
E-Mail: clozo@cleanair.arb.ca.gov
Phone: (916)323-8372
Fax: (916) 323-1075 or (916) 327-8524
Charles Mann
Office of Research and Development
Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division
(MD-61)
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
E-Mail: mann.chuck@epamail.epa.gov or
cmann@engineer.aeerl.epa.gov
Phone: (919)541-4593
Fax: (919)541-7891
MOBILE SOURCES COMMITTEE
Rob Altenburg
Department of Environmental Protection
Bureau of Air Quality
Post Office Box 8468
Market Street State Office Building, 12th Floor
400 Market Street
Harrisburg, PA 17105-8468
E-mail: altenburg.robert@al.dep.state.pa.us
Phone: (717)787-4310
Fax: (717)772-2303
Greg Janssen
Office of Mobile Sources
Environmental Protection Agency
2565 Plymouth Road/AATSB
Ann Arbor, MI 48105
E-Mail: janssen.greg@epamail.epa.gov
Phone: (313)668-4285
Fax: (313)668-4368
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BIOGENIC SOURCES COMMITTEE
Tom Pierce
Modeling Systems Analysis Branch (MSAB)
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
E-mail: pierce.tom@epamail.epa.gov
Phone: (919)541-1375
Fax: (919)541-1379
QUALITY ASSURANCE COMMITTEE
Tom Ballou
Virginia Department of Environmental Quality
629 East Main Street
Eighth Floor
Richmond, VA 23219
E-mail: trballou@deq.state.va.us
Phone: (804)698-4406
Fax: (804)698-4510
William B. Kuykendal
Emission Factor and Inventory Group
(MD-14)
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
E-mail: kuykendal.bill@epamail.epa.gov
Phone: (919)541-5372
Fax: (919)541-0684
DATA MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE
John Slade
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental
Resources
Bureau of Air Quality
Post Office Box 8468
400 Market Street, 12th Floor
Harrisburg, PA 17105-8468
E-Mail: slade.john@al.dep.state.pa.us
Phone: (717)783-9476
Fax: (717)772-2303
Lee Tooly
Emission Factor and Inventory Group (MD-14)
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
E-Mail: tooly.lee@epamail.epa.gov
Phone: (919)541-5292
Fax: (919)541-0684
GOVERNMENT INTERACTIONS COMMITTEE
Dave Mobley
Emissions, Monitoring and Analysis Division
(MD-14)
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
E-mail: mobley.david@epamail.epa.gov
Phone: (919)541-4676
Fax: (919)541-0684
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PROJECTIONS COMMITTEE
Mohammed A. Mazeed, Ph.D., PE
Air Quality Management Section (AQMS)
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental
Control (DNREC)
State of Delaware
156 South State Street
Dover, DE 19901
E-Mail: mmazeed@state.de.us
Phone: (302)739-4791
Fax: (302)739-3106
Greg Stella
Emission Factor and Inventory Group (MD-14)
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
E-Mail: stella.greg@epamail.epa.gov
Phone: (919)541-3649
Fax: (919)541-0684
PM2 5 COMMITTEE
Tom Pace
Emission Factor and Inventory Group (MD-14)
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
E-Mail: pace.tom@epamail.epa.gov
Phone: (919)541-5634
Fax: (919)541-0684
Sheila Holman
North Carolina Department of Environment and
Natural Resources
Air Quality Section
2728 Capital Boulevard
Parker Lincoln Building
Raleigh, NC 27604
E-Mail: sheila_holman@aq.enr.state.nc.us
Phone: (919)715-0971
Fax: (919)733-1812
GREENHOUSE GAS COMMITTEE
Ethan McMahon
Office of Policy, Office of Economy and
Environment
Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, SW (2171)
Washington, DC 20460
E-Mail: mcmahon.ethan@epamail.epa.gov
Phone: (202)260-8549
Fax: (202)260-0290
Sam Sadler
Oregon Department of Energy
625 Merion Street
Salem, OR 97310
E-Mail: samuel.r.sadler@state.or.us
Phone: (503)373-1034
Fax: (503)373-7806
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APPENDIX F
OVERVIEW OF REFERENCE MATERIALS
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) F-4
AIRSWeb F-5
National Toxics Inventory F-6
The NET Database F-7
Dun and Bradstreet Million Dollar Database F-7
Toxic Release Inventory F-7
Toxic Release Inventory Reporting Form R Guidance F-9
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OVERVIEW OF REFERENCE MATERIALS
Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS)
The Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) is a computer-based repository of
information about airborne pollution. The Airs Facility Subsystem (AFS) contains emissions,
compliance data, and permit data for stationary sources. AFS data is used primarily by states in
preparation of State Implementation Plans (SIPs) and SIP inventories. Types of data stored in
AFS include:
Facility name, location, and SIC code;
Stack parameters;
Process-specific operating schedule;
SCC codes;
Annual process rate, and fuel parameters; and
Annual emissions estimates for criteria pollutants.
AFS is used by some states as a repository of HAP emissions and facility specific data. Some
states update HAP information in AFS regularly on an annual basis or whenever changes occur
to a facility or its operation. Currently there is NO mandatory requirement by EPA for states to
report HAP emissions in AFS.
If data in AFS are going to be used for HAP inventory preparation purposes, it is important to
understand the appropriate applications and limitations of the data. The completeness of the data
in AIRS for a given state can be evaluated by determining the extent of HAP and source category
coverage. For example, states may elect to report HAP emissions in AFS only for certain regions
or nonattainment areas in the state; thus, not reporting a complete inventory of HAP emissions
for the entire state.
In regard to HAP coverage, it is important to consider the reporting thresholds that states have for
HAP emissions. Some states require facilities to quantify and report speciated HAP emissions
for any HAP emitted beyond a certain threshold. However, some states only require facilities to
simply identify, but not quantify, those HAPs that are emitted beyond the requirement threshold.
It is important to know the basis of the HAP emissions in AFSwhether they are reported as
actual, potential (controlled or uncontrolled), permitted, or measured emissions. Depending on
the emission type, emissions may be entered in AFS on a plant or segment level. Knowing the
emission type and level that a state uses for reporting data will assist in downloading data from
F-4
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AFS. Manuals may be downloaded from the Internet at
http://ttnwww.rtpnc. epa.gov/html/airs/airs. htm#ASIR.
AFS can also be used to identify facilities that are subject to a MACT standard; however, this can
only be done for states that designate facilities that are subject to a MACT standard. AFS allows
states to report information pertaining to MACT standards, such as indicating the MACT
category that applies to a facility and the MACT compliance status (whether the facility is in
compliance with the MACT standard). Although reporting MACT standard information in AFS
is voluntary, this information may be used to assist in MACT floor determination. If MACT
information is not available in AFS, SCC codes can be used to determine the MACT that may
apply to a facility.
The AIRS database resides on EPA's mainframe computer system and is not a publicly available
database that can be accessed from the web. In order to retrieve information directly from AIRS,
you need to obtain an account on the EPA mainframe computer system and pay the applicable
computer usage charges. Information about obtaining a computer account is available by calling
1-800-334-2405 (toll free) or 919-541-7862.
AIRSWeb
The AIRSWeb gives access to air pollution data for the entire United States. AIRSWeb is a
collection of the most significant AIRS data elements. AIRSWeb "Source Reports" display
estimates of annual emissions of criteria pollutants from individual point sources, and number of
sources and total pollutant emissions by industry. Specifically, there are six Source Reports that
can be generated from AIRSWeb:
Ranking: Lists each source in order of its pollutant emissions, ranking them from
largest to smallest;
Compliance: Indicates whether each source is complying with regulations
governing air pollutant emissions;
Address: The name and address of each source plus additional descriptive
information;
Count: The number of sources and total air pollutant emissions for each
geographic area (county, state, or EPA region);
SIC: The number of sources and total air pollutant emissions for each SIC; and
Year: The number of sources that submitted emissions estimates for each
calendar year (indicates how recent are the data).
AIRSWeb data collection is refreshed monthly, usually on the first Tuesday. AIRSWeb reports
can be accessed on the World Wide Web at http://www.epa.gov/airsweb/sources.htm.
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National Toxics Inventory
The 1993 National Toxics Inventory (NTI) database contains county-level air toxics data for the
188 HAPs for hundreds of major, area, and mobile source categories. Source categories included
in the NTI are classified by SIC codes, SCC codes, AMS codes, or hybrid NTI category codes.
Specifically, the data contained in the NTI includes annual emissions at the state and county
levels. The NTI air toxics data are compiled from a variety of sources including:
CAA-mandated studies including Section 112(c)(6) and Section 112(k);
State air toxics programs;
TRI data;
Data generated in support of the MACT standards program; and
Industry and trade group data.
Data elements included in the NTI database are:
FIPS state code;
FIPS county code;
Source category code and description;
Pollutant code and description; and
Total state and county-level emissions.
Some of the limitations of the 1993 NTI are that the inventory does not directly contain
facility-specific data. Most of the emissions estimates were developed using a top-down
approach. However, some of the raw data used to compile the inventory such as TRI and MACT
data, and some state and local inventory data were facility-specific.
While the NTI does not provide direct procedural guidance, the emissions data and background
documentation for emission calculations used in preparing it can be helpful to you in preparing
your own air toxics inventory. The 1996 Periodic Inventory Guidance document includes this
information and can be downloaded from OAQPS' web page at
http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/efig/ei/.
NTI is a work-in-progress and is currently being updated to a 1996 base year, and efforts are
underway to incorporate facility-specific, major source inventory data for the 1996 base year.
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NTI data can be downloaded off the World Wide Web through EPA's Web site at
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/chief/.
The NET Database
The National Emissions Trends (NET) system is a national repository database compiled by EPA
and includes EPA's latest estimates of national emissions for criteria pollutants. Non-criteria
pollutants included in the inventory are HAPs, PM2.5, and ammonia. Estimates are contained in
the inventory for the years 1900 to 1996, with increasing levels of detail in the more recent years.
The 1996 NET inventory includes state-submitted inventory data generated for the Ozone
Transport Assessment Group (OTAG) and Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commissions
(GCVTC) and other inventory services. The NET inventory, does not necessarily include state
data for any particular source or pollutant. However, EPA intends to provide statewide 1996
emissions inventory data on a county level basis to every state in the country.
The NET inventory can be used as a starting point in compiling a statewide air toxics inventory
because the inventory includes some HAP emissions. Moreover, the NET inventory can be used
to compile an initial list of emission sources in the state. Additional information on the NET
inventory can be obtained through the EFIG's Emissions Inventory Web site at
http/Avww.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/efig/ei/or from the Info CHIEF Help Desk at: (919) 541-5285.
Dun and Bradstreet Million Dollar Database
D&B Million Dollar Database provides information on over 1,000,000 U.S. leading public and
private businesses. Company information includes name, address (including county), and
industry information with up to 24 individual 8-digit SICs. The database also allows you to
search for specific companies, or find companies within a specific industry group. Access to
these databases is available on a subscription basis. Company data is updated every 60 days.
The database can be accessed on the World Wide Web at http://www.dnb.com/.
Toxic Release Inventory
The EPA's Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) is a compilation of information about toxic chemicals
used, manufactured, stored, treated, transported, or released into the environment. EPA stores
TRI data in the Toxics Release Inventory System (TRIS). The TRI chemical list currently
includes 579 individually-listed chemicals and 28 chemical categories. Some of the information
included in the TRI database includes:
Type of chemicals released into the local environment during the preceding year;
and
Quantity of each chemical that went into the air, water, and land in a particular
year.
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TRI data are best used when combined with information from other sources because of the
following limitations associated with the TRI data:
TRI covers only a subset of industrial sources. Non-industrial sources such as dry
cleaners or automobile service stations are not covered in TRI;
Only provides facility estimates reported as either stack or fugitive emissions; no
breakout at the process level;
Many point sources may not be required to report data to TRIS. Facilities must
meet all of the following criteria in order to report data to TRIS;
Facilities that conduct manufacturing operations with SIC codes 20
through 39;
Facilities that have 10 or more full-time employees or their equivalent;
Facilities that manufacture, process, or otherwise use EPCRA Section 313
chemicals at the following thresholds: 25,000 Ib/yr for manufacturing and
processing, or 100,000 Ib/yr otherwise used.
TRI data are self-reported by the emitting facilities and reported releases may have
been based upon estimation techniques rather than direct monitoring or testing,
and therefore may not represent an accurate amount of release;
TRI does not require a listing of all chemicals released, and thus, many releases go
unreported. Moreover, chemicals may be added or deleted from the list. The
EPCRA Information Hotline at (800) 535-0202 will provide up-to-date
information on the status of the changes; and
Five of the 188 HAPs are currently not required to be reported in TRI. These
HAPs are: 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (540-84-1); 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-
dioxin (1746-01-6); DDE (3547-04-4); coke oven emissions; and radionuclides.
TRI can be searched by pollutant, SIC, facility name, or location. Updated TRI lists of chemicals
can be downloaded off the World Wide Web through EPA's Office of Pollution Prevention and
Toxics Web site at http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/tri/chemical.htm. TRI reports are available in
public libraries or can be downloaded off the World Wide Web at
http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/tri/access.htm. The TRI database can also be searched online
through the Right-To-Know Network (RTK NET) at
http://www.rtk.net/www/data/data gen.html.
Toxic Release Inventory Reporting Form R Guidance
Title IE, Section 313 Release Reporting Guidance documents contain information to help
industries comply with the reporting requirements of Section 313 of the Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 and Section 6607 of the Pollution Prevention Act of
F-8
-------
1990. These manuals are intended to supplement the Toxic Chemical Release Inventory
Reporting Form R and Instruction.
EPCRA Section 313 reporting requirements are discussed and the information needed to
determine if an EPCRA 313 report must be prepared for a specific facility is presented. This
discussion includes the definitions and lists required to make this decision. Threshold
determination is explained in detail, including the step-by-step procedure with examples to
clarify the process.
Detailed instructions for estimating releases are presented in each document. Again, a
step-by-step approach is presented and illustrated with examples of the concepts presented and
the calculations required. Industry-specific information includes a list of the commonly used
EPCRA Section 313 chemicals; an overview of the industry processes; identification of
appropriate chemical activities and reporting thresholds; methods for estimating quantities of
chemicals released or otherwise managed; and discussion of common reporting errors.
The list of current TRI documents can be found in the reporting instructions that are sent to the
facilities every year. Or, they can be obtained by calling EPA's Toxic Release Inventory Branch
at (202) 260-3 943.
The guidance documents that have been produced include:
Monofilament fiber manufacture;
Printing operations;
Electrodeposition of organic coatings;
Spray application of organic coatings;
Semiconductor manufacture;
Formulation of aqueous solutions;
Electroplating operations;
Textile dyeing;
Presswood and laminated wood products manufacturing;
Roller, knife, and gravure coating operations;
Paper and paperboard production;
Leather tanning and finishing processes;
F-9
-------
Wood preserving;
Rubber production and compounding;
Estimating releases and waste treatment efficiencies;
Metal fabrication industry; and
Food processors.
The following documents were updated in 1997 and can be obtained from the TRI Web site at
www.epa.gov/opptmtr/tri/industry.html:
Metal mining;
Coal mining;
RCRA Subtitle CTSD facilities and solvent recovery;
Petroleum distribution;
Electric generation; and
Chemical distribution.
The following documents are being updated:
Food processing;
Metal fabrication;
Electroplating;
Semiconductors;
Paper and paperboard;
Printing operations;
Spray application of organic coatings;
Textiles;
Rubber production;
F-10
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Electrodeposition;
Presswood;
Monofilament mfg;
Roller, knife and gravure;
Leather; and
Wood preservation.
In addition, the following documents are being written:
Smelting operations;
Welding operations; and
Incidental manufacture/byproducts.
F-ll
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APPENDIX G
LISTS OF FY99 105 GRANT, SECTION 112(c)(6), SECTION 112(k),
AND GREAT WATERS HAPs
G-l
-------
LISTS OF FY99 105 GRANT, SECTION 112(c)(6), SECTION 112(k),
AND GREAT WATERS HAPs
HAP
, 1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
, 1 ,2-Trichloroethane
,2-Dichloropropane (Propylene Bichloride)
,3 -Butadiene
,3 -Dichloropropene
,4-Dichlorobenzene
2,3,7,8-TCDF/2,3,7,8-TCDD
2,4-Toluene diisocyanate
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
Acrylamide
Acrylonitrile
Alkylated Lead Compounds
Antimony & compounds
Arsenic Compounds
Benzene
Beryllium Compounds
bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Cadmium Compounds
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlordane
Chloroform
Chromium Compounds
Coke Oven Emissions
DDE
Ethyl Acrylate
Ethylene Dibromide (1,2-Dibromoethane)
Ethylene Dichloride (1,2-Dichloroethane)
Ethylene Oxide
Formaldehyde
Glycol ethers
Hexachlorobenzene
Hydrazine
Lead Compounds
Lindane
Manganese Compounds
Mercury Compounds
Methyl Chloride (Chloromethane)
Methylene Chloride (Dichloromethane)
Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI)
Nickel Compounds
Phosgene
CAS Number
79345
79005
78875
106990
542756
106467
n/a
584849
75070
107028
79061
107131
n/a
n/a
n/a
71432
n/a
111444
117817
n/a
56235
57749
67663
n/a
n/a
72559
140885
106934
107062
75218
50000
n/a
118741
302012
n/a
58899
n/a
n/a
74873
75902
101688
n/a
75445
FY99
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
112(c)(6)
X
X
X
X
112(k)*
X
X
x+
x+
x+
x+
x+
x+
x+
X
x+
x+
x+
X
x+
x+
x+
x+
x+
X
X
x+
x+
x+
x+
x+
x+
x+
x+
X
x+
x+
x+
Great
Waters**
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
G-2
-------
LISTS OF FY99 105 GRANT, SECTION 112(c)(6), SECTION 112(k),
AND GREAT WATERS HAPs (CONTINUED)
HAP
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
POM***
Quinoline
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene)
Toluene
Toxaphene
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl Chloride
Vinylidene Chloride
Xylenes
CAS Number
1336363
n/a
91225
100425
127184
108883
8001352
79016
75014
75354
133027, 95476,
108383, 106423
FY99
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
112(c)(6)
X
X
112(k)*
x+
X
X
x+
x+
x+
X
Great
Waters**
X
X
X
* The 112(k) Inventory included 40 potential urban area HAPs. The inventory played a role in identifying a list of
30 proposed urban area HAPs that were included in the regulatory analysis. The prepared urban area HAPs
have been identified by a (+).
** Great Waters pollutants list also includes DDT, a-Hexachlorocyclohexane, Dieldrin, and Nitrogen compounds.
*** Inventory as sum of 16 PAH and speciate. 16 PAH compounds include:
Acenaphthene
Acenaphfhylene
Anthracene Benz(a)anthracene
Benz(a)pyerene^
Benzo(b)fluoranthene^
Benzo(ghi)perylene^
Benzo(k)fluoranthene^
Chrysene^
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene^
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Indeno( 1,2,3 -cd)pyrene^
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
t These 7 PAHs are carcinogenic and are usually reported as the sum of 7 PAH
Note: The 41 HAPs identified for inventory under the FY99 105 Grant funds may change in
future years.
G-3
-------
APPENDIX H
HAP LIST
AND INDIVIDUAL CONSTITUENTS
[Note: This table includes individual HAPs currently in EPA's National Toxic Inventory. They
do not include all HAPs that are listed in the Clean Air Act as components of HAP groups or
mixtures.]
H-l
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HAP List And Individual Constituents
Metals
188 HAP Name Constituent
Antimony Compounds
Antimony Compounds
Antimony Compounds
Antimony Compounds
Antimony Compounds
Antimony Compounds
Arsenic Compounds
Arsenic Compounds
Arsenic Compounds
Arsenic Compounds
Arsenic Compounds
Arsenic Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Lead Compound
Lead Compound
Lead Compound
Lead Compound
Lead Compound
Lead Compound
Antimony
Antimony oxide
Antimony pentafluoride
Antimony trichloride
Antimony trioxide
Antimony trisulfide
Arsine
Arsenic
Arsenic acid
Arsenic compounds (inorganic)
Arsenic pentoxide
Arsenic trioxide
Ammonium dichromate
Calcium chromate
Chromic acid
Chromic oxide
Chromic sulfate
Chromium
Chromium III
Chromium +6
Chromium chloride
Chromium dioxide
Chromium hydroxide
Chromium trioxide
Chromium zinc oxide
Chromyl chloride
Chromyl fluoride
Lithium chromate
Potassium chromate
Sodium chromate
Sodium dichromate
Strontium chromate
Zinc chromate
Zinc chromates
Zinc chromite Potassium dichromate
Alkylated lead
Lead
Lead acetate
Lead arsenate
Lead arsenite
Lead carbonate
H-2
-------
HAP List And Individual Constituents (Continued)
Metals (Continued)
188 HAP Name Constituent
Lead Compound Glycol ethers
Lead Compound
Lead Compound
Lead Compound
Lead Compound
Lead Compound
Lead Compound
Lead Compound
Lead Compound
Lead Compound
Lead Compound
Lead Compound
Lead Compound
Lead Compound
Lead Compound
Lead Compound
Lead Compound
Manganese Compounds
Manganese Compounds
Manganese Compounds
Manganese Compounds
Manganese Compounds
Manganese Compounds
Manganese Compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Nickel compounds
Nickel compounds
Nickel compounds
Nickel compounds
Nickel compounds
Nickel compounds
Nickel compounds
Nickel compounds
Nickel compounds
Nickel compounds
Nickel compounds
Nickel compounds
Nickel compounds
Nickel compounds
Nickel compounds
Lead chromate
Lead chromate oxide
Lead compounds (inorganic)
Lead compounds (other than inorganic)
Lead fluoroborate
Lead mono oxide
Lead naphthalene
Lead neodecanoate
Lead nitrate
Lead oxide
Lead phosphate
Lead stearate
Lead subacetate
Lead sulfate
Lead titanate
Lead titanate zircon
Tetraethyl lead
Manganese
Manganese dioxide
Manganese naphthalene
Manganese nitrate
Manganese sulfate
Manganese tallate
Manganese tetroxide
Mercuric chloride
Mercury (organic)
Methyl mercury
Nickel
Nickel acetate
Nickel bromide
Nickel carbide
Nickel carbonate
Nickel carbonyl
Nicklel chloride
Nickel hydroxide
Nickel nitrate
Nickelocene
Nickel oxide
Nickel refinery dust from the pyrometallurgical
Nickel subsulfide
Nickel sulfamate
Nickel sulfate
H-3
-------
HAP List And Individual Constituents (Continued)
Metals (Continued)
188 HAP Name Constituent
Phosphorous Compounds
Phosphorous Compounds
Phosphorous Compounds
Phosphorous Compounds
Phosphorous Compounds
Phosphorous Compounds
Phosphorous Compounds
Phosphorous Compounds
Phosphorous Compounds
Phosphorous Compounds
Phosphorous Compounds
Phosphorous Compounds
Phosphorous Compounds
Phosphorous Compounds
Phosphorous Compounds
Selenium Compounds
Selenium Compounds
Selenium Compounds
Selenium Compounds
Phosphoric acid
Phosphorothioic acid
Phosphorous acid
Phosphorous nitride
Phosphorous salt
Phosphorus
Phosphorus oxychloride
Phosphorus pentasulfide
Phosphorus pentoxide
Phosphorus trichloride
Phosphorus trioxide
Triorthocresyl phosphate
Triphenyl phosphate
Triphenyl phosphite
Zinc phosphate
Selenium
Selenium disulfide
Selenium oxide
Selenium sulfide
H-4
-------
HAP List And Individual Constituents (Continued)
Glycol Ethers
188 HAP Name Constituent
Glycol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glycol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glycol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glycol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glycol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glycol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glycol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glycol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glycol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glycol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glycol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glycol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glycol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glycol ethers
Glycol ethers
Glycol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glycol ethers
Glvcol ethers
1 ,1-Dimethoxyethane
1 ,2-Dimethoxvethane
1 -Ethoxv-2-Propanol
1 -lsobutoxv-2-Propanol
2-(2,4-Hexadienvloxv)Ethanol
2-(Hexvloxy)Ethanol
2-Butoxvethvl Acetate
2-Propoxvethvl Acetate
3-Butoxv-1 -Propanol
3-Ethoxv-1 -Propanol
3-Methoxv-1 -Propanol
Butyl Carbitol Acetate
Butvl Cellosolve
Carbitol Acetate
Cellosolve Acetate
Cellosolve Solvent
DKEthvlene Glvcol Monobutvl Ether) Phthalate
Diethylene Glvcol
Diethvlene Glvcol Di(3-AminopropvD Ether
Diethylene Glvcol Dibenzoate
Diethvlene Glvcol Dialvcidvl Ether
Diethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether
Diethvlene Glvcol Dinitrate
Diethvlene Glvcol Divinyl Ether
Diethvlene Glvcol Ethvl Methvl Ether
Diethvlene Glvcol Ethylvinyl Ether
Diethvlene Glvcol Mono-2-Cvanoethvl Ether
Diethvlene Glvcol Monobutvl Ether
Diethvlene Glvcol Monoisobutvl Ether
Diethvlene Glvcol Monomethyl Ether
Diethvlene Glvcol Monovinvl Ether
Diethvlenealvcol-Mono-2-Methyl-Pentyl Ether
(Ethvlenebis(Oxvethvlenenitrilo)') Tetraacetic Acid
Ethylene Glvcol Bis(2,3-Epoxv-2-Methvlpropyl) Ether
Ethvlene Glvcol Diallvl Ether
Ethylene Glvcol Diethyl Ether
Ethylene Glycol dimethyl ether
Ethvlene Glvcol Methyl Ether
Ethvlene Glvcol Monobenzvl Ether
Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether
Ethvlene Glvcol Monomethvl Ether Acetate
H-5
-------
HAP List And Individual Constituents (Continued)
Glycol Ethers (Continued)
188 Name Constituent
Glvcol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glycol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glycol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glycol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glycol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glycol ethers
Glvcol ethers
Glycol ethers
Ethvlene Glvcol Mono-sec-Butvl Ether
Ethvlene Glvcol Monovinvl Ether
Ethvleneqlvcol Mono-2-Methvlpentvl Ether
Ethvleneqlvcol Monophenvl Ether Propionate
Ethvleneqlvcolmono-2,6,8-Trimethvl-4-Nonvl Ether
Glycols, Polyethylene, Mono(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutylphenyl)
Ether
Glvcols, Polyethylene, Polypropylene Monobutvl Ether (nonionic)
Isobutvl Cellosolve
Isopropvl Glvcol
Methoxyethyl Oleate
Methvl Cellosolve Acetvlricinoleate
Methyl Cellosolve Acrylate
Nonyl Phenvl Polyethylene Glvcol Ether
p-Dioxane
Propvl Cellosolve
Propylene Glvcol Monomethyl Ether
Triethvlene Glvcol
Glycol Ethers
H-6
-------
HAP List And Individual Constituents (Continued)
Dioxins and Furans*
188 HAP Name Constituent
Dioxins and Furans
Dioxins and Furans
Dioxins and Furans
Dioxins and Furans
Dioxins and Furans
Dioxins and Furans
Dioxins and Furans
Dioxins and Furans
Dioxins and Furans
Dioxins and Furans
Dioxins and Furans
Dioxins and Furans
Dioxins and Furans
Dioxins and Furans
Dioxins and Furans
Dioxins and Furans
Dioxins and Furans
Dioxins and Furans
Dioxins and Furans
Dioxins and Furans
Dioxins and Furans
Dioxins and Furans
Dioxins and Furans
Dioxins and Furans
Dioxins and Furans
Dioxins and Furans
Dioxins and Furans
Dibenzofuran
Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
1,2,3,7,8,9-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
Octachlorodibenzofuran
1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-heptachlorodibenzofuran
2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran
1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran
1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzofuran
1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
2,3,4,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzofuran
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzofuran
1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzofuran
1,2,3,7,8,9-hexachlorodibenzofuran
Dibenzofurans(CI)
Dioxins
Heptachlorodibenzofuran
Heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
Hexachlorodibenzofuran
Pentachlorodibenzofuran
Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
Tetrachlorodibenzofuran
Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
*Dioxins and Furans (total tetra - through octa - chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans)
are federally designated pollutants under the New Source Performance Standard (NSPS) program.
H-7
-------
HAP List And Individual Constituents (Continued)
PAH/POM
188 HAP Name Constituent
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Benzo[a]pyrene
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene
Benz[a]anthracene
Acenaphthene
Phenanthrene
Fluorene
1 -methylnaphthalene
2-Methylnaphthalene
2-chloronaphthalene
Anthracene
Crotonaldehyde
Pyrene
D[a,h]pyrene
Benzo[g,h,i,]perylene
D[a,e]pyrene
Benzo[e]pyrene
lndeno[1 ,2,3-c,d]pyrene
B[j]fluoranthen
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
Fluoranthene
Benzo[k]fluoranthene
Acenaphthylene
Chrysene
D[a,j]acridine
16-PAH*
1 -Phenanthrene
Acenaphthalene
Benzo[b+k]fluoranthene
PAH, total
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Extractable Organic Matter (EOM)
7-PAH**
16 PAH compounds include:
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Benz(a)anthracene*
Benzo(a)pyrene**
Benzo(b)fluoranthene*
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene*
Chrysene**
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene*
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
lndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene*
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
These 7 PAHs are carcinogenic and are usually reported as the sum of 7 PAH.
H-8
-------
This page is intentionally left blank.
H-9
-------
APPENDIX I
LIST OF HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS AND
ASSOCIATED MACT SOURCE CATEGORIES
[NOTE: These tables include only MACT source categories for which national-level HAP
emission estimates have been developed under EPA's National Toxic Inventory
Development Program; they do not include all HAP emissions from all MACT sources.
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1998. Baseline Emissions Inventory of
HAP Emissions from MACT Sources. Prepared by the Emission Factor and Inventory
Group, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.]
1-1
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane (79345)
Chlorine Production
Hazardous Waste Incineration
Medical Waste Incinerators
MON
Municipal Landfills
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous
Waste-fired
Secondary Lead Smelting
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Tire Production
1,1,2-Trichloroethane (79005)
Chlorine Production
Hazardous Waste Incineration
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous
Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous
Waste-fired
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Steel Foundries
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine (57147)
Chlorine Production
MON
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (120821)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlorine Production
MON
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous
Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous
Waste-fired
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Tire Production
l,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (96128)
Tire Production
1,2-Epoxybutane (106887)
Chlorine Production
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
1,2-Propylenimine (2-Methylaziridine) (75558)
MON
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
1,3-Butadiene (106990)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlorine Production
Coke By-Product Plants
MON
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Secondary Lead Smelting
Stationary Internal Combustion Engines
Tire Production
1,3-Dichloropropene (542756)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlorine Production
MON
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Secondary Lead Smelting
Utilities - Coal
1,4-Dichlorobenzene (p) (106467)
Agricultural Chemicals Production |MON
1-2
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
(Continued)
Chlorine Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Friction Products Manufacturing
Industrial Boilers
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous
Waste-fired
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Tire Production
1,4-Dioxane (1,4-Diethyleneoxide) (123911)
Aerospace Industries
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlorine Production
Iron Foundries
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Tire Production
2,2,4-trimethylpentane (540841)
Gasoline Distribution (Stage 1)
Oil and Natural Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries: Other Sources Not Distinctly Listed
Tire Production
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
Tire Production
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (95954)
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Tire Production
2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid) (94757)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
MON
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
2,4-Dinitrophenol (51285)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Coke By-Product Plants
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
MON
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Steel Foundries
Tire Production
2,4-Dinitrotoluene (121142)
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
MON
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
2,4-Toluene Diisocyanate (584849)
Clay Products Manufacturing
Flexible Polyurethane Foam Production
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Spandex Production
Vegetable Oil Production
2-Chloroacetophenone (532274)
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
2-Nitropropane
MON
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous
Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous
Waste-fired
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
1-3
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
(Continued)
3,3-Dichlorobenzidene (91941)
MON
Tire Production
3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine (119904)
Tire Production
3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine (119934)
Tire Production
4,4-Methylenebis(2-chloro aniline) (101144)
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Tire Production
4,4'-Methylenedianiline (101779)
Chlorine Production
MON
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Tire Production
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol (including salts) (534521)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
MON
Tire Production
4,4'-Methylenedianiline (101779)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Boat Manufacturing
Chlorine Production
Flexible Polyurethane Foam Production
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing
Iron Foundries
Mineral Wool Production
MON
Plywood/Particle Board Manufacturing
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Steel Foundries
Vegetable Oil Production
4-Aminobiphenyl (92671)
Tire Production
Dimethylaminoazobenzene (60117)
Tire Production
4-Nitrobiphenyl (92933)
Tire Production
4-Nitrophenol (100027)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
MON
Tire Production
Acetaldehyde (75070)
Baker's Yeast Manufacturing
Chlorine Production
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
MON
Municipal Waste Combustors
Other Biological Incineration
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pulp and Paper Production (combustion) MACT II
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Secondary Lead Smelting
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Stationary Internal Combustion Engines
Stationary Turbines
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
1-4
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
(Continued)
Plywood/Particle Board Manufacturing
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Utilities - Oil
Acetamide (60355)
MON
Acetonitrile (75058)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous
Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Tire Production
Acetophenone (98862)
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Pharmaceuticals Production
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion)
MACT I
Secondary Lead Smelting
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Acrolein (107028)
Chlorine Production
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
MON
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Secondary Lead Smelting
Stationary Internal Combustion Engines
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Acrylamide (79061)
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Acrylic Acid (79107)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlorine Production
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Acrylonitrile (107131)
Acrylic Fibers/Modacrylic Fibers Production
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlorine Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
MON
Municipal Landfills
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous
Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) Emissions
Secondary Lead Smelting
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Tire Production
Allyl Chloride (107051)
Chlorine Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
1-5
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
(Continued)
MON
Pharmaceuticals Production
Tire Production
Aniline (62533)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlorine Production
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Tire Production
Antimony & Compounds
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing
Clay Products Manufacturing
Coke By-Product Plants
Ferroalloys Production
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Iron Foundries
Medical Waste Incinerators
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Primary Copper Smelting
Primary Lead Smelting
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Pulp and Paper Production (combustion) MACT II
Secondary Aluminum Production
Secondary Lead Smelting
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Steel Foundries
Utilities - Coal
Utility Turbines
Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic including Arsine)
Aerospace Industries
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Crematories
Hazardous Waste Incineration
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Iron Foundries
Medical Waste Incinerators
MON
Municipal Waste Combustors
Pharmaceuticals Production
Plywood/Particle Board Manufacturing
Primary Copper Smelting
Primary Lead Smelting
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Pulp and Paper Production (combustion) MACT II
Secondary Aluminum Production
Secondary Lead Smelting
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Steel Foundries
Utilities - Coal
Utilities - Natural Gas
Utilities - Oil
Utility Turbines
Wool Fiberglass Manufacturing
Asbestos (1332214)
Asphalt Concrete Manufacturing
Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing
Chlorine Production
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Benzene (71432)
Aerospace Industries
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Asphalt Concrete Manufacturing
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Petroleum Refineries: Other Sources Not Distinctly Listed
Pharmaceuticals Production
1-6
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
(Continued)
Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing
Carbon Black Production
Chlorine Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Coke By-Product Plants
Coke Ovens: Charging, Top Side, and Door
Leaks
Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery
Stacks
Gasoline Distribution (Stage 1)
Hazardous Waste Incineration
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing
Iron Foundries
Marine Vessel Loading Operations
Medical Waste Incinerators
MON
Municipal Landfills
Oil and Natural Gas Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) Emissions
Pulp and Paper Production (combustion) MACT II
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT
I
Secondary Lead Smelting
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Stationary Internal Combustion Engines
Stationary Turbines
Steel Foundries
Taconite Iron Ore Processing
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Utilities - Natural Gas
Utilities - Oil
Utility Turbines
Benzidine (92875)
Tire Production
Benzotrichloride (98077)
Chlorine Production
MON
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT
I
Tire Production
Benzyl Chloride (100447)
Chlorine Production
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
MON
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Beryllium & Compounds
Clay Products Manufacturing
Crematories
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Medical Waste Incinerators
MON
Municipal Waste Combustors
Primary Copper Smelting
Pulp and Paper Production (combustion) MACT II
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Steel Foundries
Utilities - Coal
Utilities - Oil
Utility Boilers - Coke
Utility Turbines
Biphenyl (92524)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Carbon Black Production
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
1-7
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
(Continued)
Chlorine Production
Coke By-Product Plants
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Petroleum Refineries: Other Sources Not
Distinctly Listed
Rayon Production
Secondary Lead Smelting
Steel Foundries
Tire Production
Vegetable Oil Production
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (117817)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Asphalt Concrete Manufacturing
Clay Products Manufacturing
Friction Products Manufacturing
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Plywood/Particle Board Manufacturing
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Secondary Lead Smelting
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Bis(chloromethyl) Ether (542881)
MON
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Bromoform (75252)
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Cadmium & Compounds
Aerospace Industries
Carbon Black Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Crematories
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Iron Foundries
Medical Waste Incinerators
MON
Municipal Waste Combustors
Other Biological Incineration
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Primary Copper Smelting
Primary Lead Smelting
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Pulp and Paper Production (combustion) MACT II
Secondary Aluminum Production
Secondary Lead Smelting
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Stationary Turbines
Steel Foundries
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Utilities - Natural Gas
Utilities - Oil
Utility Boilers - Coke
Utility Turbines
Calcium Cyanamide (156627)
MON
Captan (133062)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
MON
Carbaryl (63252)
Agricultural Chemicals Production |MON
1-8
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
(Continued)
Carbon Bisulfide (75150)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Carbon Black Production
Cellophane Production
Cellulose Food Casing Manufacturing
Chlorine Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Coke By-Product Plants
Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery
Stacks
Friction Products Manufacturing
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
MON
Municipal Landfills
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) Emissions
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Rayon Production
Secondary Lead Smelting
Steel Foundries
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Carbon Tetrachloride (56235)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlorine Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Hazardous Waste Incineration
Medical Waste Incinerators
MON
Municipal Landfills
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Carbonyl Sulfide (463581)
Carbon Black Production
Chlorine Production
Coke By-Product Plants
Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery
Stacks
MON
Municipal Landfills
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Primary Aluminum Production
Steel Foundries
Tire Production
Catechol (120809)
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Chloramben (133904)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlordane (57749)
MON
Chlorine (7782505)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlorine Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Coke By-Product Plants
Ferroalloys Production
Plywood/Particle Board Manufacturing
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Primary Aluminum Production
1-9
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
(Continued)
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Iron Foundries
Leather Tanning and Finishing Operations
Medical Waste Incinerators
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Phosphate Fertilizers Production
Primary Copper Smelting
Primary Magnesium Refining
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Rayon Production
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Steel Foundries
Steel Pickling HC1 Process
Chloroacetic Acid (79118)
MON
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Chlorobenzene (108907)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlorine Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
MON
Municipal Landfills
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Secondary Lead Smelting
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Steel Foundries
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Chloroform (67663)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlorine Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Hazardous Waste Incineration
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Medical Waste Incinerators
MON
Municipal Landfills
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) Emissions
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Secondary Lead Smelting
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Chloromethyl Methyl Ether (107302)
MON
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Chloroprene
Chlorine Production
MON
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Tire Production
Chromium & Compounds
Aerospace Industries
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Municipal Waste Combustors
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
1-10
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
(Continued)
Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing
Chlorine Production
Chromic Acid Anodizing
Chromium Refractories Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Coke By-Product Plants
Crematories
Decorative Chromium Electroplating
Ferroalloys Production
Friction Products Manufacturing
Hard Chromium Electroplating
Industrial Boilers
Industrial Process Cooling Towers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing
Iron Foundries
Leather Tanning and Finishing Operations
Lime Manufacturing
Medical Waste Incinerators
Mineral Wool Production
MON
Plywood/Particle Board Manufacturing
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Primary Aluminum Production
Primary Copper Smelting
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Pulp and Paper Production (combustion) MACT II
Secondary Aluminum Production
Secondary Lead Smelting
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Stationary Turbines
Steel Foundries
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Utilities - Natural Gas
Utilities - Oil
Utility Boilers - Coke
Utility Turbines
Wool Fiberglass Manufacturing
Cobalt Compounds
Aerospace Industries
Clay Products Manufacturing
Ferroalloys Production
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing
Iron Foundries
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Primary Copper Smelting
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Pulp and Paper Production (combustion) MACT II
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Steel Foundries
Utilities - Coal
Utilities - Natural Gas
Utilities - Oil
Utility Turbines
Coke Oven Emissions
Coke Ovens: Charging, Top Side, and Door
Leaks
Cresols (1319773 ) (includes o [95487], m [108394], and p [106445])
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlorine Production
Coke By-Product Plants
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Primary Copper Smelting
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Steel Foundries
1-11
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
(Continued)
Petroleum Refineries: Other Sources Not
Distinctly Listed
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Cumene (98828)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Asphalt Concrete Manufacturing
Chlorine Production
Gasoline Distribution (Stage 1)
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Iron Foundries
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Petroleum Refineries: Other Sources Not
Distinctly Listed
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Primary Aluminum Production
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Secondary Lead Smelting
Steel Foundries
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Cyanide Compounds
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Carbon Black Production
Coke By-Product Plants
Ferroalloys Production
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Primary Aluminum Production
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Steel Foundries
Dibutyl Phthalate (84742)
Asphalt Concrete Manufacturing
Clay Products Manufacturing
Friction Products Manufacturing
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Plywood/Particle Board Manufacturing
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Secondary Lead Smelting
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Dichlorethyl Ether (111444)
Chlorine Production
MON
Tire Production
Dichlorvos (62737)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
MON
Pharmaceuticals Production
Diethanolamine (111422)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlorine Production
Iron Foundries
MON
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
1-12
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
(Continued)
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Steel Foundries
Diethyl Sulfate (64675)
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Dimethyl Phthalate (131113)
Boat Manufacturing
Clay Products Manufacturing
MON
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Tire Production
Dimethyl Sulfate (77781)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Dimethylformamide (68122)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Dioxin/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ (1746016)
Crematories
Hazardous Waste Incineration
Industrial Boilers
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing
Medical Waste Incinerators
Municipal Waste Combustors
Other Biological Incineration
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous
Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Pulp and Paper Production (combustion) MACT II
Scrap or Waste Tire Incineration
Secondary Aluminum Production
Secondary Lead Smelting
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Utilities - Coal
Utilities - Oil
Epichlorohydrin (l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane) (106898)
Asphalt Concrete Manufacturing
Chlorine Production
MON
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Tire Production
Ethyl Acrylate (140885)
Chlorine Production
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Ethyl Carbamate (51796)
Secondary Lead Smelting
Ethyl Chloride (75003)
Chlorine Production
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
MON
Municipal Landfills
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polycarbonates Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
1-13
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
(Continued)
Ethylbenzene (100414)
Aerospace Industries
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Asphalt Concrete Manufacturing
Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing
Chlorine Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Coke By-Product Plants
Friction Products Manufacturing
Gasoline Distribution (Stage 1)
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Conimercial Boilers
Iron Foundries
Mineral Wool Production
MON
Municipal Landfills
Oil and Natural Gas Production
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Petroleum Refineries: Other Sources Not Distinctly Listed
Pharmaceuticals Production
Plywood/Particle Board Manufacturing
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) Emissions
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Secondary Lead Smelting
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Steel Foundries
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Utilities - Oil
Ethylene Dibromide (106934)
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
MON
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Tire Production
Ethylene Bichloride (75343)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlorine Production
Gasoline Distribution (Stage 1)
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Medical Waste Incinerators
MON
Municipal Landfills
Other Biological Incineration
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Ethylene Glycol (107211)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Asphalt Concrete Manufacturing
Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing
Auto and Light Duty Truck (Surface Coating)
Carbon Black Production
Chlorine Production
Chromium Refractories Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Coke By-Product Plants
Metal Coil (Surface Coating)
Metal Furniture (Surface Coating)
Mineral Wool Production
Miscellaneous Metal Parts and Products (Surface Coating)
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Plywood/Particle Board Manufacturing
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
1-14
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
(Continued)
Ferroalloys Production
Flat Wood Paneling (Surface Coating)
Friction Products Manufacturing
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing
Iron Foundries
Large Appliance (Surface Coating)
Metal Can (Surface Coating)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Primary Aluminum Production
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Rayon Production
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Steel Foundries
Ethylene Oxide (75218)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlorine Production
Commercial Sterilization Facilities
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polyether Polyols Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Ethylidene Bichloride (75343)
Municipal Landfills
Tire Production
Formaldehyde (50000)
Aerospace Industries
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing
Chlorine Production
Chromium Refractories Production
Crematories
Friction Products Manufacturing
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Iron Foundries
Leather Tanning and Finishing Operations
Medical Waste Incinerators
Mineral Wool Production
MON
Municipal Waste Combustors
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Plywood/Particle Board Manufacturing
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Polymers and Resins III
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Pulp and Paper Production (combustion) MACT II
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Secondary Aluminum Production
Secondary Lead Smelting
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Stationary Internal Combustion Engines
Stationary Turbines
Steel Foundries
Taconite Iron Ore Processing
Utilities - Coal
Utilities - Natural Gas
Utilities - Oil
Utility Turbines
Wool Fiberglass Manufacturing
Glycol Ethers
Aerospace Industries
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing
Auto and Light Duty Truck (Surface Coating)
Chlorine Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Coke By-Product Plants
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Plywood/Particle Board Manufacturing
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
1-15
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
(Continued)
Flat Wood Paneling (Surface Coating)
Friction Products Manufacturing
Iron Foundries
Large Appliance (Surface Coating)
Leather Tanning and Finishing Operations
Metal Can (Surface Coating)
Metal Coil (Surface Coating)
Metal Furniture (Surface Coating)
Miscellaneous Metal Parts and Products
(Surface Coating)
Primary Aluminum Production
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) Emissions
Rayon Production
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Shipbuilding and Ship Repair (Surface Coating)
Steel Foundries
Wood Furniture (Surface Coating)
Heptachlor (76448)
MON
Hexachlorobenzene (118741)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
MON
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Hexachlorobutadiene (87683)
Chlorine Production
MON
Tire Production
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (77474)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlorine Production
MON
Tire Production
Hexachloroethane (67721)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlorine Production
MON
Tire Production
Hexane (110543)
Aerospace Industries
Gasoline Distribution (Stage 1)
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Marine Vessel Loading Operations
Municipal Landfills
Oil and Natural Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries: Other Sources Not Distinctly Listed
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polyether Polyols Production
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Secondary Lead Smelting
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Hydrazine (302012)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlorine Production
MON
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only]) (7647010)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Asphalt Concrete Manufacturing
Chlorine Production
Chromium Refractories Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Phosphate Fertilizers Production
Plywood/Particle Board Manufacturing
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
1-16
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
(Continued)
Coke By-Product Plants
Ferroalloys Production
Friction Products Manufacturing
Hazardous Waste Incineration
Industrial Boilers
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing
Iron Foundries
Leather Tanning and Finishing Operations
Lime Manufacturing
Medical Waste Incinerators
MON
Municipal Waste Combustors
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Primary Aluminum Production
Primary Copper Smelting
Primary Magnesium Refining
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Pulp and Paper Production (combustion) MACT II
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Secondary Aluminum Production
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Steel Foundries
Steel Pickling HC1 Process
Utilities - Coal
Utilities - Oil
Vegetable Oil Production
Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid) (7664393)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlorine Production
Chromium Refractories Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Ferroalloys Production
Friction Products Manufacturing
Hydrogen Fluoride Production
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing
Iron Foundries
Medical Waste Incinerators
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Phosphate Fertilizers Production
Phosphoric Acid Manufacturing
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Primary Aluminum Production
Secondary Aluminum Production
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Steel Foundries
Utilities - Coal
Utilities - Oil
Hydroquinone (123319)
Chlorine Production
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Tire Production
Isophorone (78591)
Clay Products Manufacturing
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Lead & Compounds
Aerospace Industries
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Asphalt Concrete Manufacturing
Auto and Light Duty Truck (Surface Coating)
Boat Manufacturing
Clay Products Manufacturing
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Primary Aluminum Production
Primary Copper Smelting
Primary Lead Smelting
1-17
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
(Continued)
Coke By-Product Plants
Ferroalloys Production
Friction Products Manufacturing
Gasoline Distribution (Stage 1)
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing
Iron Foundries
Lime Manufacturing
Medical Waste Incinerators
MON
Municipal Waste Combustors
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Phosphate Fertilizers Production
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Pulp and Paper Production (combustion) MACT II
Secondary Aluminum Production
Secondary Lead Smelting
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Steel Foundries
Taconite Iron Ore Processing
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Utilities - Natural Gas
Utilities - Oil
Utility Turbines
Wool Fiberglass Manufacturing
Lindane (58899)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Maleic Anhydride (108316)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Vegetable Oil Production
Manganese & Compounds
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Boat Manufacturing
Chlorine Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Coke By-Product Plants
Ferroalloys Production
Friction Products Manufacturing
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing
Iron Foundries
Medical Waste Incinerators
MON
Municipal Waste Combustors
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Phosphate Fertilizers Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Primary Aluminum Production
Primary Copper Smelting
Primary Lead Smelting
Pulp and Paper Production (combustion) MACT II
Secondary Aluminum Production
Secondary Lead Smelting
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Stationary Turbines
Steel Foundries
Utilities - Coal
Utilities - Natural Gas
Utilities - Oil
Utility Turbines
Mercury & Compounds
Aerospace Industries
Carbon Black Production
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
1-18
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
(Continued)
Chlorine Production
Chromic Acid Anodizing
Clay Products Manufacturing
Crematories
Hazardous Waste Incineration
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Lime Manufacturing
Medical Waste Incinerators
MON
Municipal Waste Combustors
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Primary Copper Smelting
Primary Lead Smelting
Pulp and Paper Production (combustion) MACT II
Secondary Aluminum Production
Secondary Lead Smelting
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Stationary Internal Combustion Engines
Stationary Turbines
Steel Foundries
Utilities - Coal
Utilities - Natural Gas
Utilities - Oil
Utility Turbines
Methanol (67561)
Aerospace Industries
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlorine Production
Chromium Refractories Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Coke By-Product Plants
Friction Products Manufacturing
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing
Iron Foundries
Leather Tanning and Finishing Operations
Mineral Wool Production
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Phosphate Fertilizers Production
Plywood/Particle Board Manufacturing
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Polymers and Resins III
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) Emissions
Pulp and Paper Production (combustion) MACT II
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Rayon Production
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Steel Foundries
Vegetable Oil Production
Wool Fiberglass Manufacturing
Methoxychlor (72435)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Methyl Bromide (Bromomethane) (74839)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Secondary Lead Smelting
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Methyl Chloride (74873)
Aerospace Industries
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlorine Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Secondary Lead Smelting
1-19
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
(Continued)
Industrial Boilers
MON
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane) (71556)
Aerospace Industries
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Asphalt Concrete Manufacturing
Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing
Boat Manufacturing
Chlorine Production
Chromium Refractories Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Ferroalloys Production
Friction Products Manufacturing
Halogenated Solvent Cleaners
Hazardous Waste Incineration
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing
Iron Foundries
Medical Waste Incinerators
Mineral Wool Production
MON
Municipal Landfills
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Phosphate Fertilizers Production
Plywood/Particle Board Manufacturing
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Primary Aluminum Production
Primary Copper Smelting
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) Emissions
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Steel Foundries
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Utilities - Oil
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone) (78933)
Aerospace Industries
Auto and Light Duty Truck (Surface Coating)
Boat Manufacturing
Chlorine Production
Chromium Refractories Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Flat Wood Paneling (Surface Coating)
Friction Products Manufacturing
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing
Iron Foundries
Large Appliance (Surface Coating)
Leather Tanning and Finishing Operations
Magnetic Tape (Surface Coating)
Metal Can (Surface Coating)
Metal Coil (Surface Coating)
Metal Furniture (Surface Coating)
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Plywood/Particle Board Manufacturing
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Primary Aluminum Production
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) Emissions
Pulp and Paper Production (combustion) MACT II
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Secondary Lead Smelting
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Shipbuilding and Ship Repair (Surface Coating)
Steel Foundries
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
1-20
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
(Continued)
Miscellaneous Metal Parts and Products
(Surface Coating)
MON
Municipal Landfills
Vegetable Oil Production
Wood Furniture (Surface Coating)
Methyl Iodide (lodomethane) (74884)
Clay Products Manufacturing
MON
Pharmaceuticals Production
Secondary Lead Smelting
Utilities - Coal
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone) (108101)
Aerospace Industries
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing
Auto and Light Duty Truck (Surface Coating)
Chlorine Production
Coke By-Product Plants
Flat Wood Paneling (Surface Coating)
Friction Products Manufacturing
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing
Iron Foundries
Leather Tanning and Finishing Operations
Magnetic Tape (Surface Coating)
Metal Can (Surface Coating)
Metal Coil (Surface Coating)
Metal Furniture (Surface Coating)
Miscellaneous Metal Parts and Products
(Surface Coating)
MON
Municipal Landfills
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Phosphate Fertilizers Production
Plywood/Particle Board Manufacturing
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Primary Aluminum Production
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) Emissions
Pulp and Paper Production (combustion) MACT II
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Shipbuilding and Ship Repair (Surface Coating)
Steel Foundries
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Wood Furniture (Surface Coating)
Methyl Isocyanate (624839)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Iron Foundries
MON
Plywood/Particle Board Manufacturing
Methyl Methacrylate (80626)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Boat Manufacturing
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Plywood/Particle Board Manufacturing
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Utilities - Coal
Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (1634044)
Gasoline Distribution (Stage 1)
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Tire Production
1-21
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
(Continued)
MON
Petroleum Refineries: Other Sources Not
Distinctly Listed
Utilities - Coal
Methylene Chloride (75092)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Boat Manufacturing
Chlorine Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Flexible Polyurethane Foam Fabrication
Operations
Flexible Polyurethane Foam Production
Friction Products Manufacturing
Halogenated Solvent Cleaners
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Iron Foundries
Medical Waste Incinerators
MON
Municipal Landfills
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Plywood/Particle Board Manufacturing
Polycarbonates Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) Emissions
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Secondary Lead Smelting
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Spandex Production
Steel Foundries
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Utilities - Oil
Methylhydrazine (60344)
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
MON
N,N-Dimethylaniline (121697)
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Tire Production
N-Nitrosodimethylamine (62759)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
N-Nitrosomorpholine (59892)
Tire Production
Nickel & Compounds
Aerospace Industries
Chromium Refractories Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Coke By-Product Plants
Crematories
Ferroalloys Production
Friction Products Manufacturing
Industrial Boilers
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Primary Aluminum Production
Primary Copper Smelting
Primary Lead Smelting
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Pulp and Paper Production (combustion) MACT II
Secondary Aluminum Production
Secondary Lead Smelting
1-22
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
(Continued)
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing
Iron Foundries
Medical Waste Incinerators
MON
Municipal Waste Combustors
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous
Waste-fired
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Stationary Turbines
Steel Foundries
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Utilities - Natural Gas
Utilities - Oil
Utility Boilers - Coke
Utility Turbines
Vegetable Oil Production
Nitrobenzene (98953)
MON
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous
Waste-fired
Tire Production
o-Anisidine (90040)
MON
Tire Production
o-Toluidine (95534)
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Tire Production
p-Phenylenediamine (106503)
MON
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Tire Production
Parathion (56382)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Pentachloronitrobenzene (Quintobenzene) (82688)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
MON
Tire Production
Pentachlorophenol (87865)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Plywood/Particle Board Manufacturing
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous
Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous
Waste-fired
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Phenol (108952)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlorine Production
Chromium Refractories Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Coke By-Product Plants
Friction Products Manufacturing
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Polymers and Resins III
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous
Waste-fired
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Pulp and Paper Production (combustion) MACT II
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Secondary Lead Smelting
Semiconductor Manufacturing
1-23
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
(Continued)
Iron Foundries
Lime Manufacturing
Mineral Wool Production
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Petroleum Refineries: Other Sources Not
Distinctly Listed
Pharmaceuticals Production
Plywood/Particle Board Manufacturing
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Stationary Turbines
Steel Foundries
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Utilities - Oil
Wool Fiberglass Manufacturing
Phosgene (75445)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlorine Production
MON
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Phosphorus (7723140)
Clay Products Manufacturing
Industrial Boilers
MON
Phosphate Fertilizers Production
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Steel Foundries
Utilities - Coal
Utilities - Natural Gas
Utilities - Oil
Utility Turbines
Phthalic Anhydride (85449)
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Utilities - Coal
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Aroclors) (1336363)
Hazardous Waste Incineration
Industrial Boilers
Medical Waste Incinerators
Municipal Landfills
Municipal Waste Combustors
Other Biological Incineration
Scrap or Waste Tire Incineration
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Utilities - Oil
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Aerospace Industries
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Asphalt Concrete Manufacturing
Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing
Carbon Black Production
Chlorine Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Coke By-Product Plants
Coke Ovens: Charging, Top Side, and Door
Leaks
Municipal Waste Combustors
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Petroleum Refineries Catalytic Cracking (Fluid and other) Units,
Catalytic Reforming Units, and Sulfur Plant Units
Petroleum Refineries: Other Sources Not Distinctly Listed
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Primary Aluminum Production
1-24
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
(Continued)
Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery
Stacks
Crematories
Ferroalloys Production
Friction Products Manufacturing
Gasoline Distribution (Stage 1)
Hazardous Waste Incineration
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Cornmercial Boilers
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing
Iron Foundries
Medical Waste Incinerators
MON
Municipal Landfills
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Pulp and Paper Production (combustion) MACT II
Scrap or Waste Tire Incineration
Secondary Lead Smelting
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Stationary Internal Combustion Engines
Stationary Turbines
Steel Foundries
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Utilities - Natural Gas
Utilities - Oil
Propionaldehyde (123386)
Chlorine Production
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
MON
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Secondary Lead Smelting
Utilities - Coal
Propoxur (Baygon) (114261)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Propylene Bichloride (78875)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlorine Production
MON
Municipal Landfills
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Tire Production
Propylene Oxide (75569)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlorine Production
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polyether Polyols Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Tire Production
Quinoline (91225)
Coke By-Product Plants
MON
Pharmaceuticals Production
Steel Foundries
Utilities - Coal
Quinone (p-Benzoquinone) (106514)
MON
Selenium Compounds
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
MON
Pulp and Paper Production (combustion) MACT II
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Steel Foundries
1-25
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
(Continued)
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Primary Copper Smelting
Utilities - Coal
Utilities - Oil
Utility Turbines
Styrene (100425)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Asphalt Concrete Manufacturing
Boat Manufacturing
Chlorine Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Coke By-Product Plants
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Iron Foundries
Mineral Wool Production
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Petroleum Refineries: Other Sources Not
Distinctly Listed
Plywood/Particle Board Manufacturing
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Primary Copper Smelting
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) Emissions
Pulp and Paper Production (combustion) MACT II
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Secondary Lead Smelting
Steel Foundries
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Styrene Oxide (96093)
MON
Tetrachloroethylene (127184)
Aerospace Industries
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlorine Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Coke By-Product Plants
Dry Cleaning Facilities
Friction Products Manufacturing
Halogenated Solvent Cleaners
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Leather Tanning and Finishing Operations
Medical Waste Incinerators
MON
Municipal Landfills
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Plywood/Particle Board Manufacturing
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) Emissions
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Steel Foundries
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Utilities - Oil
Titanium Tetrachloride (7550450)
MON [Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Toluene (108883)
Aerospace Industries
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Asphalt Concrete Manufacturing
Oil and Natural Gas Production
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Petroleum Refineries: Other Sources Not Distinctly Listed
1-26
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
(Continued)
Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing
Auto and Light Duty Truck (Surface Coating)
Boat Manufacturing
Cellophane Production
Chlorine Production
Chromium Refractories Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Coke By-Product Plants
Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery
Stacks
Flat Wood Paneling (Surface Coating)
Friction Products Manufacturing
Gasoline Distribution (Stage 1)
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing
Iron Foundries
Large Appliance (Surface Coating)
Leather Tanning and Finishing Operations
Magnetic Tape (Surface Coating)
Marine Vessel Loading Operations
Medical Waste Incinerators
Metal Can (Surface Coating)
Metal Coil (Surface Coating)
Metal Furniture (Surface Coating)
Mineral Wool Production
Miscellaneous Metal Parts and Products
(Surface Coating)
MON
Municipal Landfills
Pharmaceuticals Production
Phosphate Fertilizers Production
Plywood/Particle Board Manufacturing
Polyether Polyols Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Primary Aluminum Production
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) Emissions
Pulp and Paper Production (combustion) MACT II
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Secondary Lead Smelting
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Shipbuilding and Ship Repair (Surface Coating)
Spandex Production
Stationary Internal Combustion Engines
Stationary Turbines
Steel Foundries
Taconite Iron Ore Processing
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Utilities - Natural Gas
Utilities - Oil
Vegetable Oil Production
Wood Furniture (Surface Coating)
Trichloroethylene (79016)
Aerospace Industries
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing
Chlorine Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Coke By-Product Plants
Halogenated Solvent Cleaners
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing
Iron Foundries
Medical Waste Incinerators
MON
Plywood/Particle Board Manufacturing
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) Emissions
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Secondary Lead Smelting
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Steel Foundries
1-27
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
(Continued)
Municipal Landfills
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Triethylamine (121448)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Trifluralin (1582098)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
MON
Pharmaceuticals Production
Tire Production
Vinyl Acetate (108054)
Chlorine Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Mineral Wool Production
MON
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Utilities - Oil
Vinyl Bromide (593602)
MON [Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Vinyl Chloride (75014)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Chlorine Production
Hazardous Waste Incineration
MON
Municipal Landfills
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Tire Production
Vinylidene Chloride (75354)
Chlorine Production
MON
Municipal Landfills
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Pharmaceuticals Production
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Tire Production
Utilities - Coal
Xylenes (1330207) (includes o [95476), m [108383], and p [106423])
Aerospace Industries
Agricultural Chemicals Production
Asphalt Concrete Manufacturing
Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing
Auto and Light Duty Truck (Surface Coating)
Boat Manufacturing
Chlorine Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Coke By-Product Plants
Flat Wood Paneling (Surface Coating)
Municipal Landfills
Oil and Natural Gas Production
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Petroleum Refineries: Other Sources Not Distinctly Listed
Pharmaceuticals Production
Plywood/Particle Board Manufacturing
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
Polymers and Resins III
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
1-28
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Their Associated MACT Source Categories
(Continued)
Friction Products Manufacturing
Gasoline Distribution (Stage 1)
Industrial Boilers
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing
Iron Foundries
Large Appliance (Surface Coating)
Leather Tanning and Finishing Operations
Marine Vessel Loading Operations
Medical Waste Incinerators
Metal Can (Surface Coating)
Metal Coil (Surface Coating)
Metal Furniture (Surface Coating)
Mineral Wool Production
Miscellaneous Metal Parts and Products
(Surface Coating)
MON
Primary Aluminum Production
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) Emissions
Pulp and Paper Production (combustion) MACT II
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
Secondary Lead Smelting
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Shipbuilding and Ship Repair (Surface Coating)
Stationary Internal Combustion Engines
Stationary Turbines
Steel Foundries
Tire Production
Utilities - Oil
Vegetable Oil Production
Wood Furniture (Surface Coating)
1-29
-------
APPENDIX J
LIST OF MACT SOURCE CATEGORIES AND ASSOCIATED
HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS
[NOTE: These tables include only MACT source categories for which National-level HAP
emission estimates have been developed under EPA's National Toxic Inventory Development
Program; these do not include all HAP emissions from all MACT sources. Source: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1998. Baseline Emissions Inventory of HAP Emissions from
MACT Sources. Prepared by the Emission Factor and Inventory Group, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina.]
J-l
-------
List of MACT Source Categories and Associated Hazardous Air Pollutants
MACT SOURCE CATEGORY
Acrylic Fibers/Modacrylic Fibers Production
Acrylonitrile
Aerospace Industries
1,4-Dioxane (1,4-Diethyleneoxide)
Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic including Arsine)
Benzene
Cadmium & Compounds
Chromium & Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Ethylbenzene
Formaldehyde
Glycol Ethers
Hexane
Lead & Compounds
Mercury & Compounds
Methanol
Methyl Chloride
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Nickel & Compounds
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Tetrach lo roethy le ne
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Agricultural Chemicals Production
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,3-Butadiene
1,3-Dichloropropene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
1,4-Dioxane (1,4-Diethyleneoxide)
2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid)
2,4-Dinitrophenol
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol (including salts)
4-4'-Methylenediphenyl Diisocyanate
4-Nitrophenol
Acetonitrile
Acrylic Acid
Acrylonitrile
Aniline
Antimony & Compounds
Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic including Arsine)
Benzene
Biphenyl
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Captan
Carbaryl
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chromium & Compounds
Cresols (includes o,m,p)
Cumene
Cyanide Compounds
Dichlorvos
Diethanolamine
Dimethyl Sulfate
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene Dichloride
Ethylene Glycol
Ethylene Oxide
Formaldehyde
Glycol Ethers
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexachloroethane
Hydrazine
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid)
Methanol
Methoxychlor
Methyl Bromide (Bromomethane)
Methyl Chloride
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Methyl Isocyanate
Methyl Methacrylate
Methylene Chloride
Parathion
Pentachloronitrobenzene (Quintobenzene)
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Phosgene
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Propoxur (Baygon)
Propylene Dichloride
Propylene Oxide
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
-------
List of MACT Source Categories and Associated Hazardous Air Pollutants (Continued)
Carbon Disulfide
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chloramben
Chlorine
Lead & Compounds
Lindane
Maleic Anhydride
Manganese & Compounds
Trichloroethylene
Trifluralin
Vinyl Chloride
Xvlenes (includes o. m. and p)
Asphalt Concrete Manufacturing
Asbestos
Benzene
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Cumene
Dibutvl Phthalate
Epichlorohydrin (l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane)
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene Glycol
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Lead & Compounds
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Styrene
Toluene
Xvlenes (includes o. m. and p)
Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing
Antimony & Compounds
Asbestos
Benzene
Chromium & Compounds
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene Glycol
Formaldehyde
Glycol Ethers
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Auto and Light Duty Truck (Surface Coating)
Ethylene Glycol
Glycol Ethers
Lead & Compounds
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Toluene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Baker's Yeast Manufacturing
Acetaldehyde
Boat Manufacturing
4-4'-Methylenediphenyl Diisocyanate
Dimethyl Phthalate
Lead & Compounds
Manganese & Compounds
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Methacrylate
Methylene Chloride
Styrene
Toluene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
-------
List of MACT Source Categories and Associated Hazardous Air Pollutants (Continued)
Carbon Black Production
Benzene
Biphenyl
Cadmium & Compounds
Carbon Disulfide
Carbonyl Sulfide
Cyanide Compounds
Ethylene Glycol
Mercury & Compounds
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Cellophane Production
Carbon Disulfide
Toluene
Cellulose Food Casing Manufacturing
Carbon Disulfide
Chlorine Production
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,2-Epoxybutane
1,3-Butadiene
1,3-Dichloropropene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
1,4-Dioxane (1,4-Diethyleneoxide)
4,4'-Methylenedianiline
4-4'-Methylenediphenyl Diisocyanate
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
Acrylic Acid
Acrylonitrile
Allyl Chloride
Aniline
Asbestos
Benzene
Benzotrichloride
Benzyl Chloride
Biphenyl
Carbon Disulfide
Carbon Tetrachloride
Carbonyl Sulfide
Chlorine
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloroprene
Chromium & Compounds
Cresols (includes o,m,p)
Cumene
Dichlorethyl Ether
Diethanolamine
Epichlorohydrin (l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane)
Ethyl Acrylate
Ethyl Chloride
Ethyl benzene
Ethylene Dichloride
Ethylene Glycol
Ethylene Oxide
Formaldehyde
Glycol Ethers
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexachloroethane
Hydrazine
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid)
Hydroquinone
Manganese & Compounds
Mercury & Compounds
Methanol
Methyl Chloride
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Methylene Chloride
Phenol
Phosgene
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Propionaldehyde
Propylene Dichloride
Propylene Oxide
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl Acetate
Vinyl Chloride
Vinylidene Chloride
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
-------
List of MACT Source Categories and Associated Hazardous Air Pollutants (Continued)
Chromic Acid Anodizing
Chromium & Compounds
Mercury & Compounds
Chromium Refractories Production
Chromium & Compounds
Ethylene Glycol
Formaldehyde
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid)
Methanol
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1 -Trichloroethane)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Nickel & Compounds
Phenol
Toluene
Clay Products Manufacturing
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
2,4-Toluene Diisocyanate
Acrylonitrile
Antimony & Compounds
Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic including Arsine)
Benzene
Beryllium & Compounds
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Cadmium & Compounds
Carbon Disulfide
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorine
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chromium & Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Dibutyl Phthalate
Dimethyl Phthalate
Ethyl benzene
Ethylene Glycol
Glycol Ethers
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid)
Isophorone
Lead & Compounds
Manganese & Compounds
Mercury & Compounds
Methanol
Methyl Bromide (Bromomethane)
Methyl Chloride
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Iodide (lodomethane)
Methylene Chloride
Nickel & Compounds
Phenol
Phosphorus
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl Acetate
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Coke By-Product Plants
1,3-Butadiene
2,4-Dinitrophenol
Antimony & Compounds
Benzene
Biphenyl
Carbon Disulfide
Carbonyl Sulfide
Chlorine
Cyanide Compounds
Ethyl benzene
Ethylene Glycol
Glycol Ethers
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Lead & Compounds
Manganese & Compounds
Methanol
Phenol
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Quinoline
Styrene
Tetrach lo roethy le ne
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
-------
List of MACT Source Categories and Associated Hazardous Air Pollutants (Continued)
Chromium & Compounds
Cresols (includes o,m,p)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Nickel & Compounds
Coke Ovens: Charging, Top Side, and Door Leaks
Benzene
Coke Oven Emissions
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks
Benzene
Carbon Disulfide
Carbonyl Sulfide
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Toluene
Commercial Sterilization Facilities
Ethylene Oxide
Crematories
Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic including Arsine)
Beryllium & Compounds
Cadmium & Compounds
Chromium & Compounds
Dioxin/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ
Formaldehyde
Mercury & Compounds
Nickel & Compounds
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Decorative Chromium Electroplating
Chromium & Compounds
Dry Cleaning Facilities
Tetrach lo roethy le ne
Ferroalloys Production
Antimony & Compounds
Chlorine
Chromium & Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Cyanide Compounds
Ethylene Glycol
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid)
Lead & Compounds
Manganese & Compounds
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1 -Trichloroethane)
Nickel & Compounds
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Flat Wood Paneling (Surface Coating)
Ethylene Glycol
Glvcol Ethers
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Isobutvl Ketone (Hexone)
Toluene
Xvlenes (includes o. m. and p)
-------
List of MACT Source Categories and Associated Hazardous Air Pollutants (Continued)
Flexible Polyurethane Foam Fabrication Operations
Methylene Chloride
Flexible Polyurethane Foam Production
2,4-Toluene Diisocyanate
4-4'-Methylenediphenyl Diisocyanate
Methylene Chloride
Friction Products Manufacturing
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Carbon Disulfide
Chromium & Compounds
Dibutyl Phthalate
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene Glycol
Formaldehyde
Glycol Ethers
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid)
Lead & Compounds
Manganese & Compounds
Methanol
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1 -Trichloroethane)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Methylene Chloride
Nickel & Compounds
Phenol
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Gasoline Distribution (Stage 1)
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
Benzene
Cumene
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene Dichloride
Hexane
Lead & Compounds
Methyl tert-Butyl Ether
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Toluene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Halogenated Solvent Cleaners
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Methylene Chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Hard Chromium Electroplating
Chromium & Compounds
Hazardous Waste Incineration
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic including Arsine)
Chloroform
Dioxin/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Aroclors)
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Vinyl Chloride
-------
List of MACT Source Categories and Associated Hazardous Air Pollutants (Continued)
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Mercury & Compounds
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1 -Trichloroethane)
Hydrogen Fluoride Production
Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid)
oo
Industrial Boilers
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
2,4-Dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2-Chloroacetophenone
4-Nitrophenol
Acetaldehyde
Acetophenone
Acrolein
Antimony & Compounds
Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic including Arsine)
Benzene
Benzyl Chloride
Beryllium & Compounds
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Bromoform
Cadmium & Compounds
Carbon Disulfide
Chlorine
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chromium & Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Cumene
Cyanide Compounds
Dimethyl Sulfate
Dioxin/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ
Ethyl Chloride
Ethyl benzene
Ethylene Dibromide
Ethylene Dichloride
Formaldehyde
Hexane
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Isophorone
Lead & Compounds
Manganese & Compounds
Mercury & Compounds
Methyl Bromide (Bromomethane)
Methyl Chloride
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1 -Trichloroethane)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Methacrylate
Methyl tert-Butyl Ether
Methylene Chloride
Methylhydrazine
Nickel & Compounds
Phenol
Phosphorus
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Aroclors)
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Propionaldehyde
Selenium Compounds
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Vinyl Acetate
Xvlenes (includes o. m. and p)
Industrial Process Cooling Towers
Chromium & Compounds
Institutional/Commercial Boilers
2,4-Dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2-Chloroacetophenone
4-Nitrophenol
Acetaldehyde
Acetophenone
Acrolein
Chloroform
Chromium & Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Cumene
Cyanide Compounds
Dimethyl Sulfate
Ethyl Chloride
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Methacrylate
Methyl tert-Butyl Ether
Methylene Chloride
Methylhydrazine
Nickel & Compounds
Phenol
-------
List of MACT Source Categories and Associated Hazardous Air Pollutants (Continued)
Antimony & Compounds
Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic including Arsine)
Benzene
Benzyl Chloride
Beryllium & Compounds
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Bromoform
Cadmium & Compounds
Carbon Disulfide
Chlorine
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene Dibromide
Ethylene Dichloride
Formaldehyde
Hexane
Isophorone
Lead & Compounds
Manganese & Compounds
Mercury & Compounds
Methyl Bromide (Bromomethane)
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Propionaldehyde
Selenium Compounds
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Vinyl Acetate
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing
4-4'-Methylenediphenyl Diisocyanate
Benzene
Chromium & Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Dioxin/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ
Ethylene Glycol
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid)
Lead & Compounds
Manganese & Compounds
Methanol
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Nickel & Compounds
Phenol
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Iron Foundries
1,4-Dioxane (1,4-Diethyleneoxide)
4-4'-Methylenediphenyl Diisocyanate
Antimony & Compounds
Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic including Arsine)
Benzene
Cadmium & Compounds
Chlorine
Chromium & Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Cumene
Diethanolamine
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene Glycol
Formaldehyde
Glycol Ethers
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid)
Lead & Compounds
Manganese & Compounds
Methanol
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Methyl Isocyanate
Methylene Chloride
Nickel & Compounds
Phenol
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Styrene
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
-------
List of MACT Source Categories and Associated Hazardous Air Pollutants (Continued)
Large Appliance (Surface Coating)
Ethylene Glycol
Glycol Ethers
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Toluene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Leather Tanning and Finishing Operations
Chlorine
Chromium & Compounds
Formaldehyde
Glycol Ethers
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Methanol
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Lime Manufacturing
Chromium & Compounds
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Lead & Compounds
Mercury & Compounds
Phenol
Magnetic Tape (Surface Coating)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Isobutvl Ketone (Hexone)
Toluene
Marine Vessel Loading Operations
Benzene
Hexane
Toluene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Medical Waste Incinerators
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Antimony & Compounds
Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic including Arsine)
Benzene
Beryllium & Compounds
Cadmium & Compounds
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorine
Chloroform
Chromium & Compounds
Dioxin/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ
Ethylene Dichloride
Formaldehyde
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid)
Lead & Compounds
Manganese & Compounds
Mercury & Compounds
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1 -Trichloroethane)
Methylene Chloride
Nickel & Compounds
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Aroclors)
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Metal Can (Surface Coating)
Ethylene Glycol
Glvcol Ethers
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Isobutvl Ketone (Hexone)
Toluene
Xvlenes (includes o. m. and p)
-------
List of MACT Source Categories and Associated Hazardous Air Pollutants (Continued)
Metal Coil (Surface Coating)
Ethylene Glycol
Glvcol Ethers
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Isobutvl Ketone (Hexone)
Toluene
Xvlenes (includes o. m. and p)
Metal Furniture (Surface Coating)
Ethylene Glycol
Glycol Ethers
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Toluene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Mineral Wool Production
4-4'-Methylenediphenyl Diisocyanate
Chromium & Compounds
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene Glycol
Formaldehyde
Methanol
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Phenol
Styrene
Toluene
Vinyl Acetate
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Miscellaneous Metal Parts and Products (Surface Coating)
Ethylene Glycol
Glycol Ethers
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Toluene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
MON
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,2-Propylenimine (2-Methylaziridine)
1,3-Butadiene
1,3-Dichloropropene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
1,4-Dioxane (1,4-Diethyleneoxide)
2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid)
2,4-Dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2,4-Toluene Diisocyanate
2-Nitropropane
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidene
4,4'-Methylenedianiline
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol (including salts)
4-4'-Methylenediphenyl Diisocyanate
4-Nitrophenol
Catechol
Chlordane
Chlorine
ChloroaceticAcid
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloromethyl Methyl Ether
Chloroprene
Chromium & Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Cresols (includes o,m,p)
Cumene
Cyanide Compounds
Dibutyl Phthalate
Dichlorethyl Ether
Dichlorvos
Diethanolamine
Diethyl Sulfate
Dimethyl Phthalate
Methanol
Methyl Bromide (Bromomethane)
Methyl Chloride
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Iodide (lodomethane)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Methyl Isocyanate
Methyl Methacrylate
Methyl tert-Butyl Ether
Methylene Chloride
Methylhydrazine
N,N-Dimethylaniline
Nickel & Compounds
Nitrobenzene
o-Anisidine
p-Phenylenediamine
Pentachloronitrobenzene (Quintobenzene)
Phenol
-------
List of MACT Source Categories and Associated Hazardous Air Pollutants (Continued)
Acetaldehyde
Acetamide
Acetonitrile
Acrolein
Acrylamide
Acrylic Acid
Acrylonitrile
Allyl Chloride
Aniline
Antimony & Compounds
Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic including Arsine)
Benzene
Benzotrichloride
Benzyl Chloride
Beryllium & Compounds
Biphenyl
Bis(chloromethyl) Ether
Cadmium & Compounds
Calcium Cyanamide
Captan
Carbaryl
Carbon Disulfide
Carbon Tetrachloride
Carbonyl Sulfide
Dimethyl Sulfate
Epichlorohydrin (l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane)
Ethyl Acrylate
Ethyl Chloride
Ethyl benzene
Ethylene Dibromide
Ethylene Dichloride
Ethylene Glycol
Ethylene Oxide
Formaldehyde
Glycol Ethers
Heptachlor
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexachloroethane
Hydrazine
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid)
Hydroquinone
Lead & Compounds
Maleic Anhydride
Manganese & Compounds
Mercury & Compounds
Phosgene
Phosphorus
Phthalic Anhydride
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Propionaldehyde
Propylene Dichloride
Propylene Oxide
Quinoline
Quinone (p-Benzoquinone)
Selenium Compounds
Styrene
Styrene Oxide
Tetrachloroethylene
Titanium Tetrachloride
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Trifluralin
Vinyl Acetate
Vinyl Bromide
Vinyl Chloride
Vinylidene Chloride
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Municipal Landfills
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Acrylonitrile
Benzene
Carbon Disulfide
Carbon Tetrachloride
Carbonyl Sulfide
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Ethyl Chloride
Ethyl benzene
Ethylene Dichloride
Ethylidene Dichloride
Hexane
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1 -Trichloroethane)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Methylene Chloride
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Aroclors)
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Propylene Dichloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl Chloride
Vinylidene Chloride
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
-------
List of MACT Source Categories and Associated Hazardous Air Pollutants (Continued)
Municipal Waste Combustors
Acetaldehyde
Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic including Arsine)
Beryllium & Compounds
Cadmium & Compounds
Chromium & Compounds
Dioxin/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ
Formaldehyde
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Lead & Compounds
Manganese & Compounds
Mercury & Compounds
Nickel & Compounds
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Aroclors)
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Oil and Natural Gas Production
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Hexane
Toluene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Other Biological Incineration
Acetaldehyde
Cadmium & Compounds
Dioxin/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ
Ethylene Dichloride
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Aroclors)
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1,4-Dioxane (1,4-Diethyleneoxide)
2,4-Toluene Diisocyanate
Acetaldehyde
Acetonitrile
Acrylamide
Acrylic Acid
Acrylonitrile
Aniline
Antimony & Compounds
Asbestos
Benzene
Biphenyl
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Cadmium & Compounds
Catechol
Chlorine
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chromium & Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Cresols (includes o,m,p)
Cumene
Cyanide Compounds
Dibutyl Phthalate
Diethanolamine
Diethyl Sulfate
Dimethyl Sulfate
Ethyl Acrylate
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene Dichloride
Ethylene Glycol
Ethylene Oxide
Formaldehyde
Glycol Ethers
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid)
Hydroquinone
Lead & Compounds
Maleic Anhydride
Manganese & Compounds
Methanol
Methyl Bromide (Bromomethane)
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1 -Trichloroethane)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Methyl Methacrylate
Methylene Chloride
N,N-Dimethylaniline
Nickel & Compounds
Phenol
Phthalic Anhydride
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Propylene Dichloride
Propylene Oxide
Selenium Compounds
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl Acetate
Vinyl Chloride
Vinylidene Chloride
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
-------
List of MACT Source Categories and Associated Hazardous Air Pollutants (Continued)
Petroleum Refineries Catalytic Cracking (Fluid and other) Units, Catalytic Reforming Units, and Sulfur Plant Units
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Petroleum Refineries: Other Sources Not Distinctly Listed
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
Benzene
Biphenyl
Cresols (includes o,m,p)
Cumene
Ethylbenzene
Hexane
Methyl tert-Butyl Ether
Phenol
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Styrene
Toluene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Pharmaceuticals Production
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1,2-Epoxybutane
1,2-Propylenimine (2-Methylaziridine)
1,4-Dioxane (1,4-Diethyleneoxide)
Acetonitrile
Acetophenone
Acrylic Acid
Acrylonitrile
Allyl Chloride
Aniline
Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic including Arsine)
Benzene
Benzyl Chloride
Biphenyl
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Carbon Disulfide
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorine
ChloroaceticAcid
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloromethyl Methyl Ether
Cumene
Cyanide Compounds
Dichlorvos
Diethanolamine
Diethyl Sulfate
Dimethyl Phthalate
Dimethyl Sulfate
Dimethylformamide
Epichlorohydrin (l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane)
Ethyl Acrylate
Ethyl Chloride
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene Dibromide
Ethylene Dichloride
Ethylene Glycol
Ethylene Oxide
Formaldehyde
Glycol Ethers
Hexane
Hydrazine
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Maleic Anhydride
Manganese & Compounds
Methanol
Methyl Chloride
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Iodide (lodomethane)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Methyl tert-Butyl Ether
Methylene Chloride
N,N-Dimethylaniline
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
Nickel & Compounds
Nitrobenzene
Phenol
Phosgene
Phthalic Anhydride
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Propylene Oxide
Quinoline
Selenium Compounds
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Triethylamine
Trifluralin
Vinyl Acetate
Vinylidene Chloride
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
-------
List of MACT Source Categories and Associated Hazardous Air Pollutants (Continued)
Phosphate Fertilizers Production
Chlorine
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid)
Lead & Compounds
Manganese & Compounds
Methanol
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1 -Trichloroethane)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Phosphorus
Toluene
Phosphoric Acid Manufacturing
Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid)
Plywood/Particle Board Manufacturing
4-4'-Methylenediphenyl Diisocyanate
Acetaldehyde
Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic including Arsine)
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Chlorine
Chromium & Compounds
Dibutyl Phthalate
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene Glycol
Formaldehyde
Glycol Ethers
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Methanol
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Methyl Isocyanate
Methyl Methacrylate
Methylene Chloride
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Polycarbonates Production
Ethyl Chloride
Methylene Chloride
Polyether Polyols Production
Ethylene Oxide
Hexane
Propylene Oxide
Toluene
Polymers & Resins (Excluding P&R III)
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1 -Dimethylhydrazine
1,2-Epoxybutane
1,2-Propylenimine (2-Methylaziridine)
1,3-Butadiene
1,3-Dichloropropene
1,4-Dioxane (1,4-Diethyleneoxide)
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid)
Chlorine
Chloroacetic Acid
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloromethyl Methyl Ether
Chloroprene
Chromium & Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Cresols (includes o,m,p)
Methanol
Methyl Bromide (Bromomethane)
Methyl Chloride
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Methyl Methacrylate
Methyl tert-Butyl Ether
Methylene Chloride
-------
List of MACT Source Categories and Associated Hazardous Air Pollutants (Continued)
2,4-Dinitrophenol
2,4-Toluene Diisocyanate
4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline)
4,4'-Methylenedianiline
4-4'-Methylenediphenyl Diisocyanate
Acetaldehyde
Acetonitrile
Acrolein
Acrylamide
Acrylic Acid
Acrylonitrile
Allyl Chloride
Aniline
Antimony & Compounds
Benzene
Benzyl Chloride
Biphenyl
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Bis(chloromethyl) Ether
Cadmium & Compounds
Carbon Disulfide
Carbon Tetrachloride
Carbonyl Sulfide
Cumene
Dibutyl Phthalate
Diethanolamine
Diethyl Sulfate
Dimethyl Phthalate
Epichlorohydrin (l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane)
Ethyl Acrylate
Ethyl Chloride
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene Dibromide
Ethylene Dichloride
Ethylene Glycol
Ethylene Oxide
Formaldehyde
Glycol Ethers
Hydrazine
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid)
Hydroquinone
Lead & Compounds
Maleic Anhydride
Manganese & Compounds
Mercury & Compounds
N,N-Dimethylaniline
Nickel & Compounds
Nitrobenzene
o-Toluidine
p-Phenylenediamine
Phenol
Phosgene
Phthalic Anhydride
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Propionaldehyde
Propoxur (Baygon)
Propylene Dichloride
Propylene Oxide
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Titanium Tetrachloride
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl Acetate
Vinyl Bromide
Vinyl Chloride
Vinylidene Chloride
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Polymers and Resins III
Formaldehyde
Methanol
Phenol
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Portland Cement Manufacturing: Hazardous Waste-fired
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
2-Nitropropane
Acetonitrile
Acrylonitrile
Aniline
Benzene
Carbon Disulfide
Chlorine
Dibutyl Phthalate
Diethanolamine
Dioxin/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ
Epichlorohydrin (l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane)
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene Dichloride
Ethylene Glycol
Formaldehyde
Glycol Ethers
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Lead & Compounds
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Methyl Methacrylate
Methylene Chloride
Nickel & Compounds
Nitrobenzene
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Phthalic Anhydride
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Propylene Oxide
Styrene
-------
List of MACT Source Categories and Associated Hazardous Air Pollutants (Continued)
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chromium & Compounds
Cresols (includes o,m,p)
Cumene
Maleic Anhydride
Mercury & Compounds
Methanol
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1 -Trichloroethane)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl Acetate
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Portland Cement Manufacturing:
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
2-Nitropropane
Acetonitrile
Acrylonitrile
Aniline
Benzene
Carbon Disulfide
Chlorine
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chromium & Compounds
Cresols (includes o,m,p)
Cumene
Non-Hazardous Waste-fired
Dibutyl Phthalate
Diethanolamine
Dioxin/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ
Epichlorohydrin (l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane)
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene Dichloride
Ethylene Glycol
Formaldehyde
Glycol Ethers
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Lead & Compounds
Maleic Anhydride
Mercury & Compounds
Methanol
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1 -Trichloroethane)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Methyl Methacrylate
Methylene Chloride
Nickel & Compounds
Nitrobenzene
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Phthalic Anhydride
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Propylene Oxide
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl Acetate
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Primary Aluminum Production
Carbonyl Sulfide
Chlorine
Chromium & Compounds
Cumene
Glycol Ethers
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid)
Lead & Compounds
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Nickel & Compounds
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
-------
List of MACT Source Categories and Associated Hazardous Air Pollutants (Continued)
Cyanide Compounds
Ethylene Glycol
Manganese & Compounds
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1 -Trichloroethane)
Toluene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Primary Copper Smelting
Antimony & Compounds
Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic including Arsine)
Beryllium & Compounds
Cadmium & Compounds
Chlorine
Chromium & Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Cresols (includes o,m,p)
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Lead & Compounds
Manganese & Compounds
Mercury & Compounds
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Nickel & Compounds
Selenium Compounds
Styrene
Primary Lead Smelting
Antimony & Compounds
Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic including Arsine)
Cadmium & Compounds
Lead & Compounds
Manganese & Compounds
Mercury & Compounds
Nickel & Compounds
oo
Primary Magnesium Refining
Chlorine
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
1,4-Dioxane (1,4-Diethyleneoxide)
2-Nitropropane
4-4'-Methylenediphenyl Diisocyanate
Acrylic Acid
Antimony & Compounds
Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic including Arsine)
Benzene
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Cadmium & Compounds
Chlorine
Chromium & Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Cumene
Cyanide Compounds
Dibutyl Phthalate
Ethyl benzene
Ethylene Glycol
Formaldehyde
Glycol Ethers
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Lead & Compounds
Maleic Anhydride
Methanol
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Methylene Chloride
Nickel & Compounds
Phenol
Phthalic Anhydride
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl Acetate
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) Emissions
Acrylonitrile
Benzene
Carbon Disulfide
Methanol
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1 -Trichloroethane)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Trichloroethvlene
-------
Chloroform
Ethylbenzene
Glycol Ethers
List of MACT Source Categories and Associated Hazardous Air Pollutants (Continued)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone) Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Methylene Chloride
Styrene
Pulp and Paper Production (combustion) MACT II
Acetaldehyde
Antimony & Compounds
Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic including Arsine)
Benzene
Beryllium & Compounds
Cadmium & Compounds
Chromium & Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Dioxin/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ
Formaldehyde
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Lead & Compounds
Manganese & Compounds
Mercury & Compounds
Methanol
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Nickel & Compounds
Phenol
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Selenium Compounds
Styrene
Toluene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Pulp and Paper Production (non-combustion) MACT I
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Acetaldehyde
Acetophenone
Acrolein
Benzene
Benzotri chloride
Carbon Disulfide
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorine
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Cresols (includes o,m,p)
Cumene
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene Dichloride
Formaldehyde
Hexane
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Methanol
Methyl Chloride
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Methylene Chloride
Phenol
Propionaldehyde
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Rayon Production
Biphenyl
Carbon Disulfide
Chlorine
Ethylene Glycol
Glycol Ethers
Methanol
Scrap or Waste Tire Incineration
Dioxin/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Aroclors)
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
-------
List of MACT Source Categories and Associated Hazardous Air Pollutants (Continued)
Secondary Aluminum Production
Antimony & Compounds
Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic including Arsine)
Cadmium & Compounds
Chromium & Compounds
Dioxin/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ
Formaldehyde
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid)
Lead & Compounds
Manganese & Compounds
Mercury & Compounds
Nickel & Compounds
to
o
Secondary Lead Smelting
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,3-Butadiene
1,3-Dichloropropene
Acetaldehyde
Acetophenone
Acrolein
Acrylonitrile
Antimony & Compounds
Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic including Arsine)
Benzene
Biphenyl
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Cadmium & Compounds
Carbon Disulfide
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chromium & Compounds
Cumene
Dibutyl Phthalate
Dioxin/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ
Ethyl Carbamate (Urethane)
Ethyl benzene
Formaldehyde
Hexane
Lead & Compounds
Manganese & Compounds
Mercury & Compounds
Methyl Bromide (Bromomethane)
Methyl Chloride
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Iodide (lodomethane)
Methylene Chloride
Nickel & Compounds
Phenol
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Propionaldehyde
Styrene
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Semiconductor Manufacturing
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Antimony & Compounds
Catechol
Chlorine
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene Glycol
Glycol Ethers
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid)
Hydroquinone
Lead & Compounds
Manganese & Compounds
Methanol
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1 -Trichloroethane)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Methylene Chloride
Phenol
Tetrach lo roethy le ne
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Sewage Sludge Incineration
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Acetaldehyde
Acetonitrile
Acrylonitrile
Chloroform
Chromium & Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Dioxin/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ
Ethylbenzene
Methylene Chloride
Nickel & Compounds
Phenol
Phosphorus
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Aroclors)
-------
List of MACT Source Categories and Associated Hazardous Air Pollutants (Continued)
Antimony & Compounds
Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic including Arsine)
Benzene
Beryllium & Compounds
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Cadmium & Compounds
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Ethylene Bichloride
Formaldehyde
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Lead & Compounds
Manganese & Compounds
Mercury & Compounds
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1 -Trichloroethane)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Selenium Compounds
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl Chloride
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Shipbuilding and Ship Repair (Surface Coating)
Glycol Ethers
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Toluene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Spandex Production
2,4-Toluene Diisocyanate
Methylene Chloride
Toluene
Stationary Internal Combustion Engines
l\j 1,3-Butadiene
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
Benzene
Formaldehyde
Mercury & Compounds
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Toluene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Stationary Turbines
Acetaldehyde
Benzene
Cadmium & Compounds
Chromium & Compounds
Formaldehyde
Manganese & Compounds
Mercury & Compounds
Nickel & Compounds
Phenol
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Toluene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Steel Foundries
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
2,4-Dinitrophenol
4-4'-Methylenediphenyl Diisocyanate
Antimony & Compounds
Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic including Arsine)
Benzene
Beryllium & Compounds
Biphenyl
Cadmium & Compounds
Carbon Disulfide
Cresols (includes o,m,p)
Cumene
Cyanide Compounds
Diethanolamine
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene Glycol
Formaldehyde
Glycol Ethers
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Methylene Chloride
Nickel & Compounds
Phenol
Phosphorus
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Quinoline
Selenium Compounds
Stvrene
-------
List of MACT Source Categories and Associated Hazardous Air Pollutants (Continued)
Carbonyl Sulfide
Chlorine
Chlorobenzene
Chromium & Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Lead & Compounds
Manganese & Compounds
Mercury & Compounds
Methanol
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Steel Pickling HCI Process
Chlorine
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Taconite Iron Ore Processing
Benzene
Formaldehyde
Lead & Compounds
Toluene
to
to
Tire Production
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
1,3-Butadiene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
1,4-Dioxane (1,4-Diethyleneoxide)
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2-Chloroacetophenone
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidene
3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine
3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine
4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline)
4,4'-Methylenedianiline
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol (including salts)
4-Aminobiphenyl
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
4-Nitrobiphenyl
4-Nitrophenol
Acetaldehvde
Benzotrichloride
Benzyl Chloride
Biphenyl
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Bromoform
Cadmium & Compounds
Carbon Disulfide
Carbon Tetrachloride
Carbonyl Sulfide
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloroprene
Chromium & Compounds
Cresols (includes o,m,p)
Cumene
Dibutyl Phthalate
Dichlorethyl Ether
Dimethyl Phthalate
Epichlorohydrin (l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane)
Ethyl Chloride
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene Dibromide
Ethylene Dichloride
Ethvlidene Dichloride
Methyl Bromide (Bromomethane)
Methyl Chloride
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Methyl tert-Butyl Ether
Methylene Chloride
N,N-Dimethylaniline
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
N-Nitrosomorpholine
Nickel & Compounds
Nitrobenzene
o-Anisidine
o-Toluidine
p-Phenylenediamine
Pentachloronitrobenzene (Quintobenzene)
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Propylene Dichloride
Propylene Oxide
Styrene
Tetrach lo roethy le ne
Toluene
-------
List of MACT Source Categories and Associated Hazardous Air Pollutants (Continued)
Acetonitrile
Acetophenone
Acrolein
Acrylonitrile
Allyl Chloride
Aniline
Benzene
Benzidine
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexachloroethane
Hexane
Hydroquinone
Isophorone
Lead & Compounds
Trichloroethylene
Trifluralin
Vinyl Acetate
Vinyl Chloride
Vinylidene Chloride
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Utilities - Coal
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1,3-Dichloropropene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Acetaldehyde
Acetophenone
Acrolein
,_! Antimony & Compounds
K) Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic including Arsine)
Benzene
Benzyl Chloride
Beryllium & Compounds
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Bromoform
Cadmium & Compounds
Carbon Disulfide
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chromium & Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Cresols (includes o,m,p)
Cumene
Dibutyl Phthalate
Dioxin/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ
Ethyl Chloride
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene Dichloride
Formaldehyde
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexane
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid)
Isophorone
Lead & Compounds
Manganese & Compounds
Mercury & Compounds
Methyl Bromide (Bromomethane)
Methyl Chloride
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl Iodide (lodomethane)
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)
Methyl Methacrylate
Methyl tert-Butyl Ether
Methylene Chloride
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
Nickel & Compounds
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Phosphorus
Phthalic Anhydride
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Propionaldehyde
Quinoline
Selenium Compounds
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl Acetate
Vinylidene Chloride
-------
List of MACT Source Categories and Associated Hazardous Air Pollutants (Continued)
Utilities - Natural Gas
Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic including Arsine)
Benzene
Cadmium & Compounds
Chromium & Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Formaldehyde
Lead & Compounds
Manganese & Compounds
Mercury & Compounds
Nickel & Compounds
Phosphorus
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Toluene
Utilities - Oil
Acetaldehyde
Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic including Arsine)
Benzene
Beryllium & Compounds
Cadmium & Compounds
Chromium & Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Dioxin/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ
Ethvlbenzene
Formaldehyde
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid)
Lead & Compounds
Manganese & Compounds
Mercury & Compounds
Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Methylene Chloride
Nickel & Compounds
Phenol
Phosphorus
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Aroclors)
Polycyclic Organic Matter as 16-PAH
Selenium Compounds
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Vinyl Acetate
Xvlenes (includes o. m. and p)
to
Utility Boilers - Coke
Beryllium & Compounds
Cadmium & Compounds
Chromium & Compounds
Nickel & Compounds
Utility Turbines
Antimony & Compounds
Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic including Arsine)
Benzene
Beryllium & Compounds
Cadmium & Compounds
Chromium & Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Formaldehyde
Lead & Compounds
Manganese & Compounds
Mercury & Compounds
Nickel & Compounds
Phosphorus
Selenium Compounds
Vegetable Oil Production
2,4-Toluene Diisocyanate
4-4'-Methylenediphenyl Diisocyanate
Biphenyl
Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride [gas only])
Maleic Anhydride
Methanol
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)
Nickel & Compounds
Toluene
Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
-------
List of MACT Source Categories and Associated Hazardous Air Pollutants (Continued)
Wood Furniture (Surface Coating)
Glycol Ethers Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone) Xylenes (includes o, m, and p)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone) Toluene
Wool Fiberglass Manufacturing
Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic including Arsine) Formaldehyde Methanol
Chromium & Compounds Lead & Compounds Phenol
to
-------
APPENDIX K
EPA LIST OF PRIORITY HAPS AND
DATA REPORTING ELEMENTS
K-l
-------
APPENDIX K
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
List of HAPs Identified by EPA as Priority HAPs K-4
HAPs Inventory Data Reporting Elements K-6
Glossary K-8
K-2
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K-3
-------
List of HAPs Identified by EPA as Priority HAPs
HAP
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
Acryl amide
Acrylonitrile
Arsenic & compounds
Benzene
Benzyl chloride
Beryllium & compounds
bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
1,3 -Butadiene
Cadmium & compounds
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorine
Chloroform
Chromium & compounds
Coke oven emissions
1 ,2-Dibromoethane
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene(P)
1 ,2-Dichloropropane
1 , 3 -Di chl oropropene
1,4-Dioxane
Ethyl acrylate
Ethylene dichloride
Ethyl ene oxide
Ethylidene dichloride
Formaldehyde
Glycol ethers
Hexachl orob enzene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hydrazine
Hydrochloric acid
Lead & compounds
Maleic anhydride
Manganese & compounds
Mercury & compounds
Methyl bromide
Methyl chloride
CAS#
75070
107028
79061
107131
71432
100447
117817
106990
56235
7782505
67663
106934
106467
78875
542756
123911
140885
107062
75218
75343
50000
118741
77474
302012
7647010
108316
74839
74873
K-4
-------
List of HAPs Identified by EPA as Priority HAPs (Continued)
HAP
Methyl ene chloride
MDI (methylene diphenyl diisocyanate)
Nickel & compounds
2-Nitropropane
Phosgene
POM(PAHs)**
Quinoline
2,3,7,8-TCDF/2,3,7,8-TCDD*
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Tri chl oroethyl ene
Vinyl chloride
CAS#
75092
101688
79469
75445
91225
127184
108883
79016
75014
* Inventory as TEQ.
** Inventory as sum of 16 PAH and speciate. 16 PAH compounds include:
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Benz(a)anthracene***
Benzo(a)pyrene***
Benzo(b)fluoranthene***
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene***
Chrysene***
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene* * *
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene***
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
*** These 7 PAHs are carcinogenic and are usually reported as the sum of 7 PAH.
K-5
-------
HAP Inventory Data Reporting Elements
Data Element
Start date (Inventory year)
State FIPS code
County FIPS code
Federal ID code (plant)
Federal ID code (point)
Federal ID code (process)
Site name
Physical address
sec
Heat content (fuel)(annual)
Pollutant code
Activity/throughput (annual)
Work weekday emissions
Summer/winter work weekday
emissions
Annual emissions
Emission factor
Winter throughput (%)
Spring throughput (%)
Summer throughput (%)
Fall throughput (%)
Hour per day in operation
Start time (hour)
Day per week in operation
Week per year in operation
Federal ID code (stack number)
Major Sources
Area Sources
K-6
-------
HAP Inventory Data Reporting Elements (Continued)
Data Element
X coordinate (latitude)
Y coordinate (longitude)
Stack height
Stack diameter
Exit gas temperature
Exit gas velocity
Exit gas flow rate
SIC code
Boiler design capacity
Maximum design rate
Maximum nameplate capacity
Primary control efficiency (%)
Secondary control efficiency (%)
Control device type
Control efficiency
Rule effectiveness (%)
Rule penetration (%)
Major Sources
Area Sources
K-7
-------
GLOSSARY
Activity rate/throughput - A measurable factor or parameter that is directly or indirectly related
to the emissions of an air pollution source.
Area sources - Area sources collectively represent individual sources that have not been
inventoried as specific point, mobile, or biogenic sources. These individual sources treated
collectively as area sources are typically too small, numerous, or difficult to inventory using the
methods for the other classes of sources.
Annual emissions - Actual emissions for a plant, point, or process, either measured or
calculated.
Boiler design capacity - A measure of the size of a boiler, based on the reported maximum
continuous steam flow. Capacity is calculated in units of MMBtu/hr.
Control device type - The name of the type of control device (e.g., wet scrubber, flaring, or
process change).
Control efficiency - The emission reduction efficiency of a primary control device, which shows
the amount of reduction of a particular pollutant from a process' emissions due to controls or
material change. Control efficiency is usually expressed as a percentage or in tenths.
County/parish/reservation (FIPS) - Federal Information Placement System (FIPS). FIPS is the
system of unique numeric codes developed by the government to identify states, counties, towns,
and townships for the entire United States, Puerto Rico, and Guam.
Day/wk in operations - Days per week that the emitting process operates.
Emission factor - Ratio relating emissions of a specific pollutant to an activity or material
throughput level.
Exit gas flow rate - Numeric value of stack gas flow rate.
Exit gas temperature - Numeric value of an exit gas stream temperature.
Exit gas velocity - Numeric value of an exit gas stream velocity.
Fall throughput(%) - Portion of throughput for the three Fall months (September, October,
November).
Federal ID code (plant) - Unique codes for a plant or facility, containing one or more
pollutant-emitting sources.
K-8
-------
GLOSSARY (CONTINUED)
Federal ID code (point) - Unique codes for the point of generation of emissions, typically a
physical piece of equipment.
Federal ID code (stack number) - Unique codes for the point where emissions from one or more
processes are released into the atmosphere.
Heat content - The thermal heat energy content of a solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel. Fuel heat
content is typically expressed in units of Btu/lb of fuel, Btu/gal of fuel, joules/kg of fuel, etc.
Hr/day in operations - Hours per day that the emitting process operates.
Maximum design rate - Maximum fuel use rate based on the equipment's or process' physical
size or operational capabilities.
Maximum nameplate capacity - A measure of the size of a generator, and is put on the unit's
nameplate by the manufacturer. The data element is reported in MW or KW.
Physical address - Street address of facility.
Point source - Point sources are large, stationary, identifiable sources of emissions that release
pollutants into the atmosphere. A facility is defined as a point source by state or local air
regulatory agencies when it annually emits more than a specified amount of a given pollutant;
these "cut off" level definitions vary between state and local agencies.
Pollutant code - A unique code for each reported pollutant that has been assigned in the EIIP
Data Model. Character names are used for criteria pollutants, while Chemical Abstracts Service
(CAS) numbers are used for all other pollutants. Some states may be using SARD AD codes for
pollutants, but these should be able to be mapped to the EIIP Data Model pollutant codes.
Rule effectiveness - The measure of a regulatory program to achieve all of the emission
reductions possible, which reflects the assumption that controls are typically not 100 percent
effective, because of equipment downtime, upsets, decreases in control efficiencies, and other
deficiencies in emission estimates. RE is used to adjust the control efficiency.
Rule penetration - The percentage of an area source category that is covered by an applicable
regulation.
SCC - Source category code. A process-level code that describes the equipment or operation
emitting pollutants.
Source of activity rate/throughput data - Source of data from which activity rate/throughput was
obtained.
K-9
-------
GLOSSARY (CONTINUED)
Secondary control eff(%) - The emission reduction efficiency of a secondary control device,
which shows the amount of reduction of a particular pollutant from a process' emissions due to
controls or material change. Control efficiency is usually expressed as a percentage or in tenths.
SIC - Standard Industrial Classification code. U.S. Department of Commerce's categorization of
businesses by their products or services.
Site name - The name of the facility.
Spring throughput(%) - Portion of throughput or activity for the three spring months (March,
April, May). See the definition of Fall Throughput.
Stack diameter - Stack physical diameter.
Stack height - Stack physical height above the surrounding terrain.
Start date (inventory year) - The calendar year that the emissions estimates were calculated for
and are applicable to.
State/providence/territory (FIPS) - Federal Information Placement System (FIPS). FIPS is the
system of unique numeric codes developed by the government to identify states, counties, towns,
and townships for the entire United States, Puerto Rico, and Guam.
Summer throughput(%) - Portion of throughput or activity for the three summer months (June,
July, August). See the definition of Fall Throughput.
Winter throughput (%) - Portion of throughput or activity for the three winter months
(December, January, February). See the definition of Fall Throughput.
Wk/yr in operation - Weeks per year that the emitting process operates.
Work Weekday - Any day of the week except Saturday or Sunday.
X coordinate (latitude) - East-west geographic coordinate of an object.
r coordinate (longitude) - North-south geographic coordinate of an object.
K-10
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K-ll
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APPENDIX L
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
L-l
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APPENDIX L
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
Introduction L-4
Example Calculation: Industrial Surface Coating (Material Balance) L-6
Example Calculation: Boilers (Stack Test Information; Emission Factors;
Material Balance) L-9
Example Calculation: Architectural Surface Coating (Material Balance) L-14
Example Calculation: Wastewater Collection and Treatment (Computer Model) L-19
L-2
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L-3
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INTRODUCTION
This appendix provides example calculations to show how emission estimation methods are used
to develop an inventory. There are four basic approaches or methods that can be used to develop
emissions estimates and inventories. These methods are:
Mass balance;
Emission factor;
Stack test information; and
Computer models.
Each example calculation shows how the method may be used for a specific emissions source
category; it is intended that the reader use the information to apply the methods to other
applicable source categories. The general format for each example calculation is as follows:
Source category description;
Emissions estimation method(s); and,
Example calculation that shows how the method is used to develop an
emissions estimate. For the computer model method, descriptions of several
available models are provided rather than example calculations.
The emissions estimation methods described in this appendix are applicable to area sources and
major (point) sources. The descriptions are summaries of the methods presented in the EIIP
documents, (Volume II: Point Sources and Volume IE: Area Sources). These documents
describe emissions sources and, for each emission source, the available "preferred" and
"alternative" methods for estimating emissions. In general, the preferred method is the most
accurate and precise of the available estimation methodologies. Alternative methods are
identified in the event it is not feasible for the agency performing the inventory to use the
preferred approach. The inventory preparer should decide which method to use based on
staffing, resource availability, and the time allowed for inventory development.
Inventory preparers are urged to review the EIIP documents to get more detailed information
about the methods described here and to become aware of the other available methods. Because
the activity data required for the mass balance, emission factor, and computer model approaches
are sometimes collected by surveys, inventory preparers are urged to review the EIIP documents
for guidance on conducting surveys and on data management procedures.
L-4
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L-5
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EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
INDUSTRIAL SURFACE COATING
(MATERIAL BALANCE)
L-6
-------
EXAMPLE CALCULATION: INDUSTRIAL SURFACE COATING
SOURCE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION
Surface coating operations are an integral part of the manufacturing phase for a variety of
materials and products. Major types of surface coating activities include but are not limited to
aircraft manufacturing, appliances, automobiles and light-duty trucks, flat wood product
manufacturing, construction machinery, magnet wire, metal cans, metal coil, and metal and wood
furniture
There are many different types of coatings that are used in the surface coating industry such as
paints, varnishes, printing inks, polishes, sealers, etc. Typically, coatings provide protection or
decoration to a substrate or surface. In a typical coating sequence, three types of coatings are
used: a primer, an intermediate coat, and a topcoat. The majority of emissions that occur during
surface coating are due to evaporation of the solvents contained in the coatings. The most
common solvents are organic compounds such as ketones, esters, aromatics, and alcohols. To
obtain or maintain certain application characteristics, solvents are also added to coatings
immediately before use. Other ingredients of the coatings, such as metals and particulates, may
also be emitted during coating operations.
Surface coating may be performed in a spray booth or in an open environment. Some previously
open surface coating operations have been enclosed and the exhaust vented through a stack.
Surface coatings may be applied manually or with automatic devices such as spray guns.
EMISSION ESTIMATION METHOD
Material balance utilizes the raw material usage rate to estimate the amount of pollutant emitted.
Other information relating to material usage, such as fraction of the pollutant in the raw material
and the amount of material recycled, disposed, or converted to another form, is also included in a
material balance calculation. The material balance emission rate is calculated by multiplying the
raw material used times the amount of pollutant in the coating, and subtracting the amount of
pollutant recycled, disposed, or converted to another form.
Emissions are calculated using the following equation:
Ex = (Qm-Qout)*cx
Where:
Ex = Total emissions of pollutant x
Qin = Quantity of material entering the process
Qout= Quantity of material leaving the process as waste, recovered, or in product
Cx = Concentration of pollutant x in the material applied
L-7
-------
Example 1:
The following calculations show how Chromium VI (Cr VI) emissions from an industrial
surface coating process are estimated.
Given: Coating usage = 500 gal/year
Cr(VI) concentration as shown on coating material MSDS = 0.08% by weight
Coating material density from MSDS sheet = 8 Ib/gal
Transfer efficiency of spray gun = 40%
Control efficiency of control device = 80%
Mass of Cr(VI) entering spray booth =
Coating usage * coating density * Cr(VI) concentration
Thus,
Mass of Cr(VI) entering spray booth =
500 gal/yr * 8 Ib/gal * 0.0008 Ib Cr(VI)/lb coating = 3.2 Ib/year of Cr(VI)
Mass of Cr(VI) transferred to final product through spraying =
Mass of Cr(VI) entering spray booth * transfer efficiency of spraying equiment
Thus,
Mass of Cr(VI) transferred to final product through spraying =
3.21b/yr*40%=1.281b/yr
Mass of Cr(VI) emitted = Mass of Cr(VI) entering spray booth - Mass of Cr(VI) transferred
to final product through spraying
Thus,
Mass of Cr(VI) emitted = 3.2 Ib/yr - 1.28 Ib/yr = 1.92 Ib/yr
Mass of Cr(VI) captured by control device = Mass of Cr(VI) emitted * control efficiency
Thus,
Mass of Cr(VI) captured by control device = 1.92 * 0.8 = 1.54 Ib/yr
Mass of Cr(VI) emitted to the atmosphere =
Mass of Cr(VI) entering spray booth - mass of Cr(VI) transferred to final product through
spraying - mass of Cr(VI) captured by control device
Thus,
Mass of Cr(VI) emitted to the atmosphere = 3.2 Ib/yr - 1.28 Ib/yr - 1.54 Ib/yr = 0.38 Ib/yr.
L-8
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EXAMPLE CALCULATION: BOILERS
(STACK TEST INFORMATION; EMISSION FACTORS;
MATERIAL BALANCE)
L-9
-------
EXAMPLE CALCULATION: BOILERS
SOURCE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION
The boiler source category comprises sources that combust fuels to produce hot water and/or
steam. Utility boilers utilize steam to generate electricity. Industrial boilers often generate steam
for electrical power as well as process steam. Space heaters use the hot water for heating
commercial and residential building space. Fuels typically used in boilers include coal, oil, and
natural gas. In addition, liquified petroleum gas (LPG), process and waste gases, and wood
wastes may be used. In general, boilers are categorized as follows:
Types of Boilers
Utility
Industrial
Commercial
Residential
Size
>100MMBtu/hr
10-250MMBtu/hr
<10MMBtu/hr
ซ10MMBtu/hr
Auxiliary sources associated with boilers include fuel storage piles, fuel storage tanks, materials
handling, and other sources of fugitive emissions. These sources are often overlooked and not
reported as a part of the emission inventory. However, it is essential that these sources be
considered in the emission inventory to develop a complete record of the emissions coming from
the facility.
Combustion products from boiler operation can include partially oxidized hydrocarbons, acids
such as hydrochloric acid, and organohalides such as dioxins and furans. The generation of
undesirable combustion products is strongly influenced by fuel type, furnace type, firing
configuration, and boiler operating conditions.
EMISSIONS ESTIMATION METHODS
The preferred methods for estimating emissions of most pollutants emitted from boilers are the
use of site-specific stack test information and the use of emission factors. In addition, a mass
balance approach based on fuel analysis is a preferred method for estimating emissions of metals.
Emissions Calculations Using Stack Sampling Data
Stack sampling test reports often provide emissions in terms of Ib/hr. Annual emissions may be
calculated from these data using Equation 1 and as shown in Example 2. Stack tests performed
under a proposed permit condition or a maximum emissions rate may not accurately reflect the
emissions that would result under normal operating conditions. Therefore, when using stack
sampling test data to estimate emissions, tests should be conducted under "normal" operating
conditions.
L-10
-------
Etnvx = Ex * OpHrs/yr *
ton
"tpy.x
2000 Ib
(Equation 1)
where:
E
EX"'"
OpHrs/yr
Actual annual emissions in ton/yr of pollutant x
Emissions of pollutant x in Ib/hr
Operating hours per year
Example 2
This example shows how annual lead emissions can be calculated using Equation 1.
The results of three stack sampling test runs show that the average concentration of lead in
the stack gas is 0.0005 pounds per dry standard cubic feet (Ib/dscf) and the average stack
gas volumetric flow rate is 51,700 dry standard cubic feet per minute (dscf/m). The lead
emission rate is calculated as follows:
Lead emission rate =
lead concentration * stack gas flow rate
0.0005 Ib/dscf * 51,700 dscf/m * 60 m/hr
l,5511b/hr
Emissions in tpy are based on 5,840 hr/yr operation and a lead emission rate of 1,551 Ib/hr:
Etpy pb = Epb * OpHrs/yr * ton/2000 Ib
1,551 * (5,840/2,000)
4,529 tpy
Emissions Calculations Using Emission Factors
Emission factors are often used to estimate emissions from boilers. Annual emissions may be
calculated from an emission factor and activity data using Equation 2 and as shown in
Example 3.
E =
^
* H.
ton
m'ann 2000 Ib
(Equation 2)
L-ll
-------
where:
Et x = Actual annual emissions of pollutant x in ton/yr
= Emission factor in Ib/MMBtu of pollutant x
ann = Annual heat input rate in MMBtu/yr
Example 3
Lead emissions estimate in tons per year (tpy), based on 4.84 * 10 MMBtu/yr of heat
input and an emission factor of 1.9 Ib/MMBtu:
EtPy,Pb = EFPb*Hmjann ton/2,000 Ib
19 * 484 ' '
4,598 tpy
1.9*4.84* 106/2,000
Emission Calculations Using Mass Balance
A mass balance approach based on fuel analysis can be used to estimate emissions. The presence
of certain elements in fuels may be used to predict their presence in emission streams. This
includes toxic elements such as metals found in coal.
The basic equation used in fuel analysis emission calculations is:
where:
Ex = Qf * Cx
(Equation 3)
Ex = Annual emissions of pollutant x, Ib/yr
Qf = Annual fuel usage, Ib/yr
Cx = Weight percent of pollutant x in the fuel
For example, chromium emissions from oil combustion can be calculated based on the
concentration of chromium in the oil. This approach assumes all of the chromium in the fuel is
emitted as a pollutant. The application of this emission estimation technique is shown in
Example 4.
L-12
-------
Example 4
This example shows how chromium emissions can be calculated from oil combustion
based on fuel analysis results and fuel flow information.
Ecr is calculated using Equation 3.
Qf = 46,000 Ib/yr
Percent chromium in fuel = 0.004
46,000 * 0.004%
1.841b/hr
L-13
-------
EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
ARCHITECTURAL SURFACE COATING
(MATERIAL BALANCE)
L-14
-------
EXAMPLE CALCULATION: ARCHITECTURAL SURFACE COATING
SOURCE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION
Architectural surface coating operations consist of applying a thin layer of coating such as paint,
paint primer, varnish, or lacquer to architectural surfaces, and the use of solvents as thinners and
for cleanup. Architectural surface coatings protect the substrates to which they are applied from
corrosion, abrasion, decay, ultraviolet light damage, and/or the penetration of water. Some
architectural coatings also increase the aesthetic value of a structure by changing the color or
texture of its surface. Architectural coatings are also important in construction of structures.
Examples of the latter are concrete form release compounds, which prevent concrete from
sticking to forms, and concrete curing compounds, which allow concrete to cure properly.
A wide range of coatings are used to cover both the interior and exterior surfaces of architectural
structures. The majority of architectural surface coatings are applied by homeowners and
painting/surface coating contractors to domestic, industrial, institutional, and governmental
structures throughout a geographic area.
Because the coated architectural surface dries or cures in the ambient air, the use of exterior
architectural coatings may be limited to periods when local climatic conditions facilitate
acceptable coating curing. Although interior coating applications are less influenced by outdoor
conditions, complete curing of these coatings also can be hampered by cool, moist weather
(i.e., when evaporation rates are reduced).
VOCs that are used as solvents in the coatings are emitted during application of the coating and
as the coating dries. The amount of coating used and the VOC content of the coating are the
factors that primarily determine emissions from architectural surface coating operations.
Secondary sources of VOC emissions are from the solvents used to clean the architectural
coating application equipment and VOC released as reaction byproducts while the coating drys
and hardens. VOC emitted from this chemical reaction is determined by the resins used in a
particular coating. The VOC emitted from any of these sources could include HAPs.
Structural maintenance practices indirectly influence VOC emissions by controlling the total
coating consumption on a long-term basis. Regular inspection and maintenance programs can be
used to reduce the need for entire surface recoating.
The preferred method for calculating emission estimates from architectural surface coating is a
mass balance approach based on information collected by a survey of coating manufacturers in
the region, or distributors in the area. A specific discussion of surveys for area sources is
provided in Volume in of the EIIP series. A general approach for a survey of suppliers or
There are many solvents that may be used in architectural surface coating
operations. Some compounds may be considered nonreactive and should not be
counted in an ozone (VOC) inventory, but would need to be quantified for air
modeling, or HAP inventory.
L-15
-------
manufacturers of architectural coatings uses five steps: (1) survey planning, (2) survey
preparation, (3) survey distribution, (4) survey compilation and scaling, and (5) emission
estimation.
Emission estimation calculations involve the calculation of emissions of individual pollutants,
and then the application of any necessary spatial or temporal adjustments. Because the
application of architectural surface coating is generally defined as an area source, there should
not be a need to subtract point source emission estimates from the total. However, there may be
cases when emission estimates from this category may be estimated as one of many processes
occurring at a point source for the purposes of permitting and emission tradeoffs. These
emissions must be identified and then subtracted from the area source estimates.
The equation below can be used to estimate the total amount of pollutant (P) emitted in the
inventory area from architectural surface coating operations.
c s
ASF - Vs Vs TAT Sr F
ASฑip - ^ ^ 1AU SU tp
c=l s=l
where:
ASEp = Total emissions of pollutant (P) from architectural surface coating
operations, for all coatings (C) with all solvents (S)
TACSC = Total architectural surface coating consumed in the inventory area for each
coating (c) with each solvent (s) containing pollutant (P)
SCetS = Amount of solvent (s) in each coating (c)
Fps = Fraction of pollutant (P) in each solvent (s)
Spatial allocation to individual counties or other inventory area units can be done using building
square footage in the inventory area, land usage data, or population.
Temporal allocation may be necessary if the inventory requires seasonal or daily emission
estimates.
Example 5 shows how formaldehyde emissions may be calculated for architectural surface
coating.
L-16
-------
Example 5:
This example shows how formaldehyde emissions from architectural surface coating can be calculated.
Formaldehyde is reported in a survey of distributors in various weight percents for some formulations of
primers, varnishes and waterproofing sealers. Reported weight percents for these coating types, and the
amount delivered to the inventory area, in pounds, are presented below.
Coating
Type
Primers
Varnishes
Waterproofing Sealers
Formaldehyde Weight
%
1.60
17.50
0.55
7.50
0.55
0.65
0.55
Amount of Coating Distributed
(Ib)
304.50
47.85
52.20
5.22
845.50
1330.00
8.96
Formaldehyde emissions are calculated for varnishes as follows:
[ 842.5 Ib * 0.55% ] + [ 1330 Ib * 0.65% ]
Emissions from =
Varnishes
4.65 + 8.645
13.295 Ib Formaldehyde
Emissions are calculated for waterproofing and primers in the same manner, and all emission estimates
are summed for the total formaldehyde estimate.
L-17
-------
This page is intentionally left blank.
L-18
-------
EXAMPLE CALCULATION: WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND
TREATMENT
(COMPUTER MODEL)
L-19
-------
EXAMPLE CALCULATION: WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND
TREATMENT
SOURCE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION
Wastewater streams are collected and treated in a variety of ways. Many of these collection and
treatment system units are open to the atmosphere and allow organic-containing wastewaters to
contact ambient air. Whenever this happens, there is a potential for VOC emissions. Many of
the individual VOCs are also HAPs. The organic pollutants volatilize in an attempt to exert their
equilibrium partial pressure above the wastewater. In doing so, the organics are emitted to the
ambient air surrounding the collection and treatment units. The magnitude of VOC emissions
depends greatly on many factors such as the physical properties of the pollutants, pollutant
concentration, flow rate, the temperature of the wastewater, and the design of the individual
collection and treatment units. All of these factors, as well as the general scheme used to collect
and treat facility wastewater, have a major effect on VOC emissions.
Collection and treatment schemes are facility specific. The flow rate and organic composition of
wastewater streams at a particular facility are functions of the processes used. The wastewater
flow rate and composition, in turn, influence the sizes and types of collection and treatment units
that must be employed at a given facility.
EMISSIONS ESTIMATION METHOD
The preferred method for estimating emissions from wastewater collection and treatment
(WWCT) systems is the use of computer-based emissions models. There are numerous
emissions estimation models available to calculate emissions from WWCT. Differences in the
models include applicability to the types of collection and treatment systems, the level of site-
specific data accepted, the level of default data provided, and whether or not the models account
for the full spectrum of pollutant pathways (volatilization, biodegradation, and sorption). Models
may also contain different default data (e.g., Henry's Law constants, biodegradation rate
constants).
Many of these models allow for user input of data. The use of site-specific data is always
preferred over the use of default data. Typically, the types of data needed are the chemical and
physical properties of the wastewater stream, as well as collection and treatment device
parameters. At a minimum, wastewater stream characteristics (HAP constituents) are needed at
the inlet to the treatment plant or collection device. However, if data are available for various
points within the treatment plant, a more accurate emissions estimate may be obtained.
In order to obtain a reliable emissions estimate using a software model, the modeler needs to
understand both the configuration and wastewater stream characteristics of the collection and/or
treatment units, as well as the emissions estimation algorithm used by the model. Not all models
can handle all collection/treatment devices and results are likely to vary between models. A
more accurate emissions estimate will result if the user has confidence in the input data and
understands the emission estimation approach used by the model.
L-20
-------
NOTE: A brief summary of some currently available models is provided below. Work is
ongoing to improve some of the current models and to develop new ones. The reader should
consult with their state regulatory agency for guidance on the selection and use of an appropriate
model.
WATER8/CHEMDAT8 (Treatment and Collection)
WATERS is a publicly available computer program model developed by EPA that models the
fate of organic compounds in various wastewater treatment units, including collection systems,
aerated basins, and other units. WATERS contains useful features such as the ability to link
treatment units to form a treatment system, the ability for recycle among units, and the ability to
generate and save site-specific compound properties. WATERS has a database with
compound-specific data for over 950 chemicals. The WATERS model is publicly available on
the CHIEF bulletin board system. Many of the emissions models contained in WATERS are also
presented in spreadsheet form in CHEMDAT8.
CINCI (EPA - Cincinnati Model) - Integrated Model for Predicting the Fate ofOrganics in
Wastewater Treatment Plants (Treatment Only)
This model was developed with support from the EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory.
The physical properties database of the model includes 196 chemicals and metals, Henry's Law
constants, sorption coefficients, biodegradation rate constants, and diffusivities. Removal
mechanisms included are stripping/volatilization, stripping, surface volatilization, sorption, and
biodegradation. Unit operations included are primary treatment followed by secondary treatment
with sludge recycle, secondary treatment with sludge recycle, and secondary treatment without
sludge recycle. The model is written in FORTRAN and has three built-in default cases. CINCI
is available at no charge through the EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory.
L-21
-------
APPENDIX M
SOURCE TEST METHODS FOR AIR TOXICS
M-l
-------
Source Test Methods For Air Toxics
CAS
Number
75070
60355
75058
98862
53963
107028
79061
79107
107131
107051
92671
62533
90040
1332214
71432
92875
98077
100447
92524
117817
542881
75252
106990
156627
105602
133062
Chemical Name
Acetaldehyde
Acetamide
Acetonitrile
Acetophenone
2-Acetylaminofluorene
Acrolein
Acrylamide
Acrylic acid
Acrylonitrile
Allyl chloride
4-Aminobiphenyl
Aniline
o-Anisidine
Asbestos
Benzene
Benzidine
Benzotrichloride
Benzyl chloride
Biphenyl
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)
Bis(chloromethyl)ether
Bromoform
1,3 -Butadiene
Primary EPA
Methods*
Sampling
Draft 00 11
0010
18
0010
0010
Draft 00 11
0010
0010
0030
0030
0010
0010
0010
CARB427
0030
0010
0010
0010
0010
18
0010
18
Analytical
Methods*
Draft 83 15
8270
18
8270
8270
Draft 83 15
8270
8270
5040, Draft 5041
5040, Draft 5041
8270
8270
8270
CARB427
5040, Draft 5041
8270
8270
8270
8270
18
8270
18
Applicable
Sampling Method*
Stationary Source
Analysis Non-Point
Emissions
TO-5, TO-11
TO-13
TO-14
TO-5, TO-13
TO-13
TO-5, TO-11
TO-13
TO-13
TO-1, TO-14
TO-1, TO-2, TO-14
TO-13
TO-13
TO-13
CARB 427, NIOSH 7400
TO-1, TO-2, TO-14
TO-13
TO-1, TO-13
TO-1, TO-13
TO-13
TO-13
TO-1, TO-14
TO-1, TO-14
TO-1, TO-2, TO-14
Calcium cyanamide
Caprolactam
Captan
0010
0010
8270/632
8270
TO-13
TO-4, TO-10
M-2
-------
Source Test Methods For Air Toxics (Continued)
CAS
Number
63252
75150
56235
463581
120809
133904
57749
7782505
79118
532274
108907
510156
67663
107302
126998
1319773
95487
108394
106445
98828
94757
3547044
334883
132649
96128
84742
Chemical Name
Carbaryl
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Carbonyl sulfide
Catechol
Chloramben
Chlordane
Chlorine
Chloroacetic acid
2-Chloroacetophenone
Chlorobenzene
Chlorobenzilate
Chloroform
Chloromethyl methyl ether
Chloroprene
Cresylic acid
o-Cresol
m-Cresol
p-Cresol
Cumene
2,4-D, salts and esters
DDE
Diazomethane
Dibenzofurans
1 ,2-Dibromo-3 -chloropropane
Dibutylphthalate
Primary EPA
Methods*
Sampling
0010
0030
0030
15
0010
0010
0010
0050,0051
0010
0010
0010, 0030
0010
0030
0030
0030
0010
0010
0010
0010
0010
0010
0010
23
0010
0010
Analytical
Methods*
8318
5040, Draft 5041
5040, Draft 5041
15
8270
515/615
8270
9057
8270
8270
8270, 5040, Draft 5041
8270
5040, Draft 5041
5040, Draft 5041
5040, Draft 5041
8270
8270
8270
8270
8270
515/615
8270
23
8270
8270
Applicable
Sampling Method*
Stationary Source
Analysis Non-Point
Emissions
TO-13
TO-1
TO-1, TO-2, TO-14
TO-1, TO-14
TO-13
TO-13
TO-4, TO-10
OSHAID-101
TO-13
TO-5, TO-11, TO-13
TO-1, TO-14
TO-13
TO-1, TO-2, TO-14
TO-1, TO-14
TO-1, TO-14
TO-8, TO-13
TO-8, TO-13
TO-8, TO-13
TO-8, TO-13
TO-1, TO-13, TO-14
TO-10
TO-4, TO-10
NIOSH2515
TO-9
TO-13
TO-13
M-3
-------
Source Test Methods For Air Toxics (Continued)
CAS
Number
106467
91941
111444
542756
62737
111422
121697
64675
119904
60117
119937
79447
68122
57147
131113
77781
534521
51285
121142
123911
122667
106898
106887
140885
100414
Chemical Name
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene(p)
3 , 3 -Dichlorobenzidene
Dichloroethyl ether
1 , 3 -Dichloropropene
Dichlorvos
Diethanolamine
N,N-Diethyl aniline
(N,N-Dimethylaniline)
Diethyl sulfate
3 , 3 -Dimethoxybenzidine
Dimethyl aminoazobenzene
3, 3 '-Dimethyl benzidine
Dimethyl carbamoyl chloride
Dimethyl formamide
1,1 -Dimethyl hydrazine
Dimethyl phthalate
Dimethyl sulfate
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol, and salts
2,4-Dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
1,4-Dioxane (1,4-Diethyleneoxide)
1 ,2-Diphenylhydrazine
Epichlorohydrin
( 1 ,Chloro-2,3 -epoxypropane)
1,2-Epoxybutane
Ethyl acrylate
Ethyl benzene
Primary EPA
Methods*
Sampling
0010
0010
0010
0030
0010
0010
0010
0010
0010
0010
0010
0010
0010
0030
0010
0010
0010
0010
0010
0010
0010
0010
0030
0030
0010
Analytical
Methods*
8270
8270
8270
5040, Draft 5041
8270
8270
8270
8270
8270
8270
8270
531
8270
5040, Draft 5041
8270
8270
8270,515/615
8270
8270
8270
8270
8270
5040, Draft 5041
5040, Draft 5041
8270
Applicable
Sampling Method*
Stationary Source
Analysis Non-Point
Emissions
TO-1, TO-13, TO-14
TO-13
TO-13
TO-1, TO-14
TO-13
TO-13
TO-13
TO-13
TO-13
TO-13
TO-13
TO-13
TO-13
TO-1, TO-14
TO-13
TO-13
TO-13
TO-13
TO-13
TO-1, TO-14
TO-13
TO-13
TO-1, TO-14
TO-1, TO-14
TO-1, TO-14
M-4
-------
Source Test Methods For Air Toxics (Continued)
CAS
Number
51796
75003
106934
107062
107211
151564
75218
96457
75343
50000
76448
118741
87683
77474
67721
822060
680319
110543
302012
7647010
7664393
123319
78591
58899
108316
67561
Chemical Name
Ethyl carbamate (Urethane)
Ethyl chloride (Chloroethane)
Ethylene dibromide (Dibromoethane)
Ethylene dichloride (1,2-Dichloroethane)
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene imine (Aziridine)
Ethylene oxide
Ethylene thiourea
Ethylidene dichloride
(1,1 -Dichloroethane)
Formaldehyde
Heptachlor
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexachloroethane
Hexamethylene- 1 ,6-diisocyanate
Hexamethylphosphoramide
Hexane
Hydrazine
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen fluoride (Hydrofluoric acid)
Hydroquinone
Isophorone
Lindane (all isomers)
Maleic anhydride
Methanol
Primary EPA
Methods*
Sampling
0010
0030
0010
0030
0010
0030
18, CARB431
0010
0030
Draft 00 11
0010
0010
0010
0010
0010
0010
0010
0030
18
0050,0051
13AorB
0010
0010
0010
0010
18
Analytical
Methods*
8270
5040, Draft 5041
8270
5040, Draft 5041
8270
5040, Draft 5041
18, CARB431
632
5040, Draft 5041
Draft 83 15
8270
8270
8270
8270
8270
8270
632
5040, Draft 5041
18
9057
13AorB
8270
8270
8270
8270
18
Applicable
Sampling Method*
Stationary Source
Analysis Non-Point
Emissions
TO- 13
TO-1, TO-2, TO-14
TO-1, TO-13, TO-14
TO-1, TO-2, TO-14
TO-13
TO-1, TO-14
TO-14
TO-13
TO-1, TO-14
TO-5, TO-11
TO-4, TO-10
TO-13
TO-1, TO-13, TO-14
TO-13
TO-1, TO-13, TO-14
TO-13
TO-13
TO-1, TO-14
18
18,26
14, 18
TO-13
TO-5, TO-11, TO-13
TO-4, TO-10
TO-13
TO-14
M-5
-------
Source Test Methods For Air Toxics (Continued)
CAS
Number
72435
74839
74873
71556
78933
60344
74884
108101
624839
80626
1634044
101144
75092
101688
101779
91203
98953
92933
100027
79469
684935
62759
59892
56382
82688
87865
Chemical Name
Methoxychlor
Methyl bromide (Bromomethane)
Methyl chloride (Chloromethane)
Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Methyl ethyl ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl hydrazine
Methyl iodide (lodomethane)
Methyl isobutyl ketone (Hexone)
Methyl isocyanate
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl tert butyl ether
4,4-Methylene bis (2-chloroaniline)
Methylene chloride (Dichloromethane)
Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI)
4,4'-Methylenedianiline
Naphthalene
Nitrobenzene
4-Nitrobiphenyl
4-Nitrophenol
2-Nitropropane
N-Nitroso-N-methylurea
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
N-Nitrosomorpholine
Parathion
Pentachloronitrobenzene (Quintobenzene)
Pentachlorophenol
Primary EPA
Methods*
Sampling
0010
0030
0030
0030
Draft 00 11
0030
0030
Draft 00 11
0030
0030
0010
0010
0030
0010
0010
0010
0010
0010
0010
0010
0010
0010
0010
0010
0010
0010
Analytical
Methods*
8270
5040, Draft 5041
5040, Draft 5041
5040, Draft 5041
8315
5040, Draft 5041
5040, Draft 5041
Draft 83 15
5040, Draft 5041
5040, Draft 5041
8270
8270
5040,Draft5041
8270
8270
8270
8270
8270
8270
8270
8270
8270
8270
8270
8270
8270
Applicable
Sampling Method*
Stationary Source
Analysis Non-Point
Emissions
TO-4, TO-10, TO-13
TO-1, TO-2, TO-14
TO-1, TO-2, TO-14
TO-1, TO-2, TO-14
TO-1, TO-5, TO-11, TO-14
TO-1, TO-14
TO-1, TO-14
TO-1, TO-5, TO-11, TO-14
TO-1, TO-14
TO-1, TO-14
TO-1, TO-5, TO-11, TO-14
TO-13
TO-1, TO-2, TO-14
TO-13
TO-13
TO-13
TO-1, TO-14
TO-13
TO-13
TO-1, TO-13, TO-14
TO-13
TO-1, TO-7, TO-13
TO-7, TO-13
TO-4, TO-10
TO-13
TO-13
M-6
-------
Source Test Methods For Air Toxics (Continued)
CAS
Number
108952
106503
75445
7803512
7723140
85449
1336363
1120714
57578
123386
114261
78875
75569
75558
91225
106514
100425
96093
1746016
79345
127184
7550450
108883
95807
584849
95534
Chemical Name
Phenol
p-Phenylenediamine
Phosgene
Phosphine
Phosphorus
Phthalic anhydride
Polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclors)
1,3 -Propane sultone
beta-Propiolactone
Propionaldehyde
Propoxur (Baygon)
Propylene dichloride
( 1 ,2-Dichloropropane)
Propylene oxide
1 ,2-Propylenimine(2 -Methyl aziridine)
Quinoline
Quinone
Styrene
Styrene oxide
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
1, 1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene)
Titanium tetrachloride
Toluene
2,4-Toluene diamine
2,4-Toluene diisocyanate
o-Toluidine
Primary EPA
Methods*
Sampling
0010
0010
Draft 00 12
Draft 00 12
0010
0010
0010
0010
Draft 00 11
0010
0030
0030
0030
0010
Draft 00 11
0010
0010
23
0010
0030
Draft 00 12
0030, 0010
0010
0010
0010
Analytical
Methods*
8270
8270
Draft 00 12
Draft 00 12
8270
680
8270
8270
Draft 83 15
8318
5040, Draft 5041
5040, Draft 5041
5040, Draft 5041
8270
Draft 83 15
8270
8270
23
8270
5040, Draft 5041
Draft 00 12
5040, Draft 5041, 8270
8270
8270
8270
Applicable
Sampling Method*
Stationary Source
Analysis Non-Point
Emissions
TO-13
TO- 13
TO-6
Draft 0012, 18
Draft 00 12
TO-13
TO- 13 with 680 or 8080
TO-13
TO-13
TO-5, TO-11
TO-13
TO-1, TO-14
TO-1, TO-14
TO-1, TO-14
TO-13
TO-5, TO-11
TO-1, TO-14
TO-13
TO-9
TO-1, TO-14
TO-1, TO-14
Draft 0012, 13AorB
TO-1, TO-2, TO-14
TO-13
TO-13
TO-13
M-7
-------
Source Test Methods For Air Toxics (Continued)
CAS
Number
8001352
120821
79005
79016
95954
88062
121448
1582098
540841
108054
593602
75014
75354
1330207
95476
108383
106423
Chemical Name
Toxaphene (chlorinated camphene)
1 ,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
Triethylamine
Trifluralin
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl bromide
Vinyl chloride
Vinylidene chloride
(1,1 -Dichloroethylene)
Xylenes (isomers and mixture)
o-Xylenes
m-Xylenes
p-Xylenes
Antimony Compounds
Arsenic Compounds
(inorganic including arsine)
Beryllium Compounds
Cadmium Compounds
Chromium Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Coke Oven Emissions
Cyanide Compounds
Primary EPA
Methods*
Sampling
0010
0010
0030
0030
0010
0010
0030
0010
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0010
0010
0010
0010
Draft 00 12
Draft 00 12
Draft 00 12
Draft 00 12
Draft 00 12
Draft 00 12
0010
(modified) 6
Analytical
Methods*
8270
8270
5040, Draft 5041
5040, Draft 5041
8270
8270
5040, Draft 5041
8270
5040, Draft 5041
5040, Draft 5041
5040, Draft 5041
5040, Draft 5041
5040, Draft 5041
8270
8270
8270
8270
Draft 00 12
Draft 00 12
Draft 00 12
Draft 00 12
Draft 00 12
Draft 00 12
8310
NIOSH 7904
Applicable
Sampling Method*
Stationary Source
Analysis Non-Point
Emissions
TO-4, TO-10
TO-1, TO-13
TO-1, TO-14
TO-1, TO-2, TO-14
TO-13
TO-13
TO-13
TO-4, TO-10
TO-1, TO-14
TO-1, TO-14
TO-1, TO-2, TO-14
TO-1, TO-2, TO-14
TO-1, TO-14
TO-1, TO-14
TO-1, TO-14
TO-1, TO-14
Draft 00 12
Draft 00 12
Draft 0012
Draft 00 12
Draft 00 12
Draft 00 12
109 (Visible Emissions)
NIOSH 7904/90 10,90 12
M-8
-------
Source Test Methods For Air Toxics (Continued)
CAS
Number
Chemical Name
Glycol ethers
Lead Compounds
Manganese Compounds
Mercury Compounds
Fine Mineral Fibers
Nickel Compounds
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Radionuclides (including radon)
Selenium Compounds
Primary EPA
Methods*
Sampling
0010
Draft 00 12
Draft 00 12
Draft 00 12
CARB427
Draft 00 12
CARB429
114
Draft 0012
Analytical
Methods*
8270
Draft 0012
Draft 00 12
Draft 00 12
CARB427
Draft 00 12
CARB429
114
Draft 00 12
Applicable
Sampling Method*
Stationary Source
Analysis Non-Point
Emissions
TO-13
Draft 00 12
Draft 00 12
Draft 00 12
CARB427
Draft 00 12
TO-13
0020/EPA Docket No.A-79-1 1
Draft 00 12
NOTE: For all listings above which contain the word "compounds" and for gylcol ethers, the following applies: Unless
otherwise specified, these listings are defined as including any unique chemical substance that contains the named chemical
(i.e., antimony, arsenic, etc.) as part of that chemical's infrastructure
METHODS REFERENCE:
TO-XX
NIOSH-X
xxxx
XXX
CARB-XXX
OSHA
Reference "Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient
Air," EPA-600/4-89-017 (Supplements: 600/4-87-006, 600/4-87-013)
Reference "NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, Part 1: NIOSH Monitoring Methods,
Volume 1,"U.S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, NIOSH, Cincinnati, Ohio, Revised 1985.
Reference "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste," Third Edition, Report No. SW-846, US EPA,
OSWER, Washington, DC, 1986.
EPA reference methods can be found in various publications including: CFR 40 Part 60 Appendix A;
CFR 40 Part 60 Appendix B; "Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources," US EPA
340/1-77-015; 56 FR 5758, other EPA-EMSL Reports.
"Stationary Source Test Methods, Volume III: Methods for Determining Emissions of Toxic Air
Contaminants from Stationary Sources," State of California Air Resources Board, Monitoring and
Laboratory Div., Sacramento, CA, 1989.
OSHA Method ID-101 used to determine chlorine in workplace atmospheres.
Data extracted from EPA publication EPA-450/4-91-021, "Screening Methods for the Development of
Air Toxics Emission Factors." September, 1991.
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APPENDIX N
LIST OF EMISSION FACTOR RESOURCES
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APPENDIX N
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
Landfill Air Emissions Estimation Model (LAEEM) N-4
TANKS N-4
WATERS N-4
CHEMDAT8 N-5
CINCI N-5
Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of (Source Category) or
(Substance) Documents N-6
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (AP-42) N-6
Factor Information Retrieval System (FIRE) N-6
Air Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emission Factors (Air CHIEF) CD-ROM N-7
Unified Air Toxics Web site (UATW) N-7
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LIST OF EMISSION FACTOR RESOURCES
Landfill Air Emissions Estimation Model (LAEEM)
The Landfill Air Emissions Estimation Model (LAEEM) was developed by the Clean Air
Technology Center (CATC). The model can be used to estimate emission rates for methane,
carbon dioxide, nonmethane organic compounds, and individual toxic air pollutants from
landfills. The system allows the user to enter specific information regarding the characteristics
and capacity of an individual landfill and to project the emissions of methane, CO, nonmethane
organic compounds, and individual HAPs over time using the Scholl Canyon decay model for
landfill gas production estimation. The Scholl Canyon Model is a first-order decay equation that
uses site-specific characteristics for estimating the gas generation rate. In the absence of
site-specific data, the program provides conservative default values. The user also may tailor
decay rate characteristics on an individual basis. An integrated decay rate constant calculator is
provided for landfills that may be operating a gas recovery system to allow more accurate
assessments of decay attributes. Outputs may be reviewed in either tabular or graphical forms.
A help system is also provided with information on the model operation as well as details on
assumptions and defaults used by the system. For additional information contact the EPA's Air
Pollution Prevention and Control Division at (919) 541-2709. The model can be downloaded
from the World Wide Web through EPA's TTN web page at
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/catc/products. html#software.
TANKS
TANKS is a Windows-based computer software program that computes estimates of VOC
emissions from fixed- and floating-roof storage tanks based on the emission estimation
procedures from Chapter 7 ofAP-42, plus recent updates from the American Petroleum Institute.
The TANKS program employs a chemical database of over 100 organic liquids and meteorology
data from over 250 cities in the United States. The user may add new chemicals and cities to
their version of the database. The tank types addressed in the program include vertical and
horizontal fixed roof tanks, and internal and external floating roof tanks. The tank contents can
consist of single-component liquid or a multicomponent mixture. TANKS provides three ways
to "speciate" stored liquid mixtures to estimate the emissions of individual components. TANKS
is available through the EPA's TTN web page at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/tanks.html.
WATERS
WATERS is an analytical model for estimating compound-specific air emissions from
wastewater collection & treatment systems including aerated basins, and other units. WATERS
contains useful features such as the ability to link treatment units to form a treatment system, the
ability for recycle among units, and the ability to generate and save site-specific compound
properties. WATERS has a database with compound-specific data for over 950 chemicals.
WATERS is available through the EPA's TTN web page at
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/chief/software. html#water8.
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CHEMDAT8
CHEMDAT8 is a Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet that includes analytical models for estimating
emissions from treatment, storage and disposal facility (TSDF) processes. The original models
include disposal impoundments, closed landfills, land treatment facilities, and aeration and
nonaeration impoundment processes.
The models in CHEMDAT8 can be applied to other types of TSDF processes besides those
contained in the original design. The nonaerated impoundment model in CFIEMDAT8 can
estimate emissions from storage surface impoundments and open-top wastewater treatment
tanks. The CFIEMDAT8 aerated impoundment model may be used for predicting emissions
from surface treatment impoundments and aerated wastewater treatment tanks. The land
treatment model in CFIEMDAT8 can estimate emissions from land treatment soil, open landfills,
and wastepiles. Emissions from an oil film surface in a land treatment facility or an oil film on
surface impoundments can be predicted via the oil film model in CFIEMDAT8. When a
CHEMDAT8 model is not available to predict emissions, the equations shown in the reports that
provide the background to the model can be used to perform hand calculations of emissions.
This eighth version of the CFIEMDAT spreadsheet contains several major operational
modifications. In CHEMDAT8, the user can select a subset of target compounds for
investigation. The user can also specify which TSDF processes are to be considered during a
session. These two selections improve the efficiency of CFIEMDAT8 relative to some of the
earlier versions by minimizing storage requirements as well as actual loading and execution time.
Default input parameters in the CHEMDAT8 diskette demonstrate example calculations.
However, the input parameters can be changed to reflect different TSDF characteristics and then
recalculate emissions under these modified conditions. The list of 60 compounds currently in
CHEMDAT8 can be augmented by an additional 700 chemicals. Procedures for introducing data
for additional compounds into CHEMDAT8 are described in the supporting documentation
report. CHEMDAT8 is available through the EPA's TTN web page at
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/chief/software. html#water8.
CINCI
CINCI is an integrated model for predicting the fate of organics in wastewater treatment plants.
CINCI was developed with support from the EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory. The
physical properties database of the model includes 196 chemicals and metals, Henry's Law
constants, sorption coefficients, biodegradation rate constants, and diffusivities. Removal
mechanisms included are stripping/volatilization, stripping, surface volatilization, sorption, and
biodegradation. Unit operations included are primary treatment followed by secondary treatment
with sludge recycle, secondary treatment with sludge recycle, and secondary treatment without
sludge recycle. The model is written in FORTRAN and has three built-in default cases. CINCI
is available at no charge through the EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory.
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Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of (Source Category) or (Substance)
Documents
This report series (known as L&E documents) characterizes the source categories for which
emissions of a toxic substance have been identified. Specifically, each volume includes general
descriptions of the emitting processes, identifying potential release points and emission factors.
L&E documents make use ofAP-42 emission factors where applicable, and they also revise or
supplement those emission factors when necessary to present the most complete assessment of
the sources of the specific toxic air pollutant. Paper copies of any of the L&E series documents
may be ordered free of charge from the Info CHIEF help desk at (919) 541-5285. L&E
documents can be downloaded from the World Wide Web through EPA's TTN web page at
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42etc.htmffiLE. A complete list of all L&E documents is
included in Appendix P.
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (AP-42)
EPA is continuously updating AP-42 to include available HAP emission factors for the most
common emission source categories. Each AP-42 emission factor is given a rating from A
through E, with A being the best. A factor's rating is a general indication of the reliability, or
robustness, of that factor. This rating is assigned based on the estimated reliability of the tests
used to develop the factor and on both the amount and the representative characteristics of those
data. Because ratings are subjective and only indirectly consider the inherent scatter among the
data used to calculate factors, the ratings should be seen only as approximations. A rating should
be considered an indicator of the accuracy and precision of a given factor being used to estimate
emissions from a large number of sources. This indicator is largely a reflection of the
professional judgment of AP-42 authors and reviewers concerning the reliability of any estimates
derived with these factors. Up-to-date sections of AP-42 can be downloaded off the World Wide
Web through OAQPS' TTN Web site at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42etc.html.
Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System
FIRE is a database management system containing:
EPA's recommended emission estimation factors for criteria pollutants and HAPs;
Information about industries, their emitting processes, and chemicals emitted;
All EPA point and area SCCs through April, 1998;
Easy access to criteria and HAP emission factors obtained from AP-42, L&E
series documents, factors derived from state-reported test data, and factors taken
from literature searches;
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Capability for users to browse through records in the database or to select specific
emission factors by source category name or source classification code (SCC), by
pollutant name or CAS number, or by control device type or code.
FIRE Version 6.01 (released May, 1998) is a user-friendly, menu-driven Windows program that
can run under Windows Version 3.1, 95 or Windows NT. FIRE can be downloaded off the
World Wide Web through OAQPS' TIN Web site at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/fire.html.
FIRE is also available on the Air CHIEF, a compact disc read-only memory (CD- ROM) and can
be obtained by calling the Info CHIEF Help Desk at (919) 541-5285.
Air Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emission Factors (Air CHIEF) CD-ROM
Air CHIEF CD-ROM format, gives access to air emission data specific to estimating the types
and quantities of pollutants that may be emitted from a wide variety of sources. Updated
annually, Air CHIEF offers thousands of pages contained in some of EPA's most widely used
documents. This most recent version of Air CHIEF contains many enhancements, such as
linking between related documents, Web links directly to the CHIEF Web site for easy access to
the most recent updates, and enhanced full-CD searching. The Adobe Acrobatฎ software
included on the CD allows for easy browsing of all information or locating specific information
by conducting keyword searches by pollutant, source category, SCC, or SIC code. Some of the
databases included on Air CHIEF version 5.0 are: (1) AP-42; (2) L&E documents; (3) EIIP
documents (current through August 1997); and (5) FIRE.
Air CHIEF version 5.0 is available for distribution by GPO for $15.00 (Stock Number:
055-000-00580-0) and can be ordered by calling GPO at (202) 512-1800, or by ordering online
through OAQPS' TTN Web site at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/airchief.htmMorder.
Version 6.0 will be released in November 1998.
Unified Air Toxics Web site (UATW)
UATW was established jointly by the EPA and STAPPA/ALAPCO as a database of facility
permit and source test information submitted by state and local agencies to EPA. UATW
collects, classifies, and disseminates information submitted by federal, state and local agencies
regarding their air toxics programs. Information contained at this site includes:
Emission factors, emissions test data, and source category identifications;
Background information on air toxics and their effect on health;
Descriptions of the various subsections of Section 112 of the CAA;
The original Section 112 list of HAPs, the list of modifications to the original
Section 112 list, and the most current list of HAP;
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List of original source categories and subcategories defined in Section 112 of the
CAA, and the most current list;
On-line access to miscellaneous information (basic facts, regulatory development,
and educational and training resources) relating to air toxics, including
publications dealing with air toxics from small businesses;
Gateway to the on-line Toxics Release Inventory;
Links to other EPA offices web pages;
Links to air toxics rules, rule development activities, implementation information,
and comprehensive MACT rule specific information including promulgation
dates;
Other air toxics rules, policies, guidance, studies, reports and initiatives; and
Lists of contact names and phone numbers, allowing the user the opportunity to
get more specifics directly from the supplying agencies.
UATW can be accessed on the World Wide Web through OAQPS' TIN Web site at
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/uatw/.
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APPENDIX O
AIR TOXICS EMISSION INVENTORY QUESTIONNAIRE ELEMENTS,
CONSIDERATIONS, AND FOLLOW-UP PROCEDURES
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ELEMENTS
An air toxics emission inventory questionnaire mail-out has three basic elements: the cover
letter, the questionnaire instructions, and the questionnaire itself. The questionnaire format and
content depends on the detail of the inventory and the ultimate use of the data. All of these
components, when considered together, make up the air toxics questionnaire package.
Cover Letter
The cover letter is a key to the air toxics emission inventory, because it introduces the purpose of
the questionnaire and is the initial contact with the recipient. If the cover letter does not
command attention, the attached questionnaire may be discarded or filed away and not
considered a top priority. This could make the number of companies requiring recontact by
agency personnel increase dramatically.
The cover letter should include the following:
Applicable regulations, if any, that require the recipient to respond;
Confidentiality provisions, if applicable;
The purpose of the questionnaire;
A respectful request for cooperation in filling out the questionnaire;
Due date for the return of completed questionnaires;
A state or local agency contact name and telephone number to answer questions;
and
Rationale for asking for what may appear to the source to be redundant
information.
The cover letter should be as short and direct as possible. The most successful return rates for
questionnaires have been the ones having the strongest legal statements. Therefore, states/local
agencies requiring air toxics source registration to obtain construction or operating permits may
obtain better source cooperation.
A strong statement about existing and applicable regulations which require a recipient to respond
to the questionnaire is the agency's most powerful tool for maximizing the return rate. The
statement should be placed prominently in the beginning or at the top of the cover letter. It
should cite any applicable regulations or proposed regulations and specify penalties for
noncompliance.
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Another important item to include in a cover letter to ensure a high return rate is the due date.
The final due date should be included in the cover letter to that it will not be overlooked by those
who do not read instructions. The due date may be specified either as a stated date or as a period
of time after the recipient receives the questionnaire. The first approach is more specific, and
gives the recipient a definite deadline. With the latter approach however, the questionnaire
mailing can be staggered without having to reprint the due dates listed on the cover letter. The
agency should record each due date so it will be clear when follow-up letters or phone calls may
need to begin for tardy respondents.
Questionnaire Instructions
General information that affects the whole questionnaire may be included first on the instruction
page. For example, if the questionnaire is "open-ended" (i.e., asks the recipient to list every toxic
compound from every emission source) , it should be clear that the respondent should use
chemical compound names or preferably CAS numbers and not just industrial trade names.
Also, it may be helpful to point out that not all questions, sections, or pages may apply to every
industry, as in a source category specific directed questionnaire. If the questions are designed for
direct coding to computer input, the general instructions should explain how to enter numbers
properly. In addition to explaining how to complete the questionnaire, the general instructions
should indicate the specific year, or other appropriate period of time, for which all data are
required.
Some agencies have utilized production/use questionnaires which basically just ask sources to
identify whether each substance is purchased, used, or produced, followed by a more detailed
questionnaire targeted to specific industries. Some agencies include minimum usage or
emissions levels specified on an attached list as part of the instructions.
Questionnaire Design
There are several ways to design a questionnaire. Of utmost importance when designing a
questionnaire is that the format suits the needs of the agency and attains correct responses and
maintains a good agency-industry working relationship.
Several approaches can be taken in designing the questionnaire which, in turn, will effect the
format of the questionnaire. The approaches that can be used include: open vs. closed-ended,
emission-based vs. chemical use, permit related, and general vs. industry-specific. In order for an
agency to decide which approach to use, it needs to be familiar with some of the impacts of each
approach.
Each agency should tailor their inventory package according to their agency's individual needs.
Many times, the examples are a combination of approaches. For instance, in one case a general
design questionnaire was sent to various manufacturers and process industries, and later, industry
specific questionnaires were sent to a small subset of the original recipients. In still another case
a screening study was first done to narrow down the number of sources to be inventoried and
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indicated the design needs of the final questionnaire to be sent out. Later, a second questionnaire
was sent.
The following sections explain the advantages and disadvantages of various type questionnaire
designs. These are not necessarily mutually exclusive.
Open-Ended Approach
The open-ended approach does not target specific source types or a limited group of compounds.
The open-ended approach asks the respondent to list any compound that they emit. It does not
provide a checklist of compounds. Therefore, with an open-minded approach a much larger
number of contacts will be necessary. This approach has several similarities to a screening study:
Less time and effort in questionnaire design;
Responses may be less detailed;
More responses may be inaccurate or trade names (not chemical compound
names) may be listed; and
Some sources may report no air toxic emissions.
Closed-Ended Approach
The closed-ended approach is a more direct approach, which usually provides a limited list of
compounds with the questionnaire. Some agencies' list lists of toxic compounds are becoming
rather extensive and use of CAS numbers is widespread. This approach requires more design
time up from (e.g. screening studies, modeling analyses). However, the benefits are that the
resulting number of sources contacted can be greatly reduced and the quality and detail of the
data received are usually better.
Emissions-Based Approach
Emissions-based questionnaires request information often included in annual volatile organic
compound (VOC) or particulate matter emissions inventories.
The agency may request permitted or potential emissions per source and/or actual emissions,
average emissions, or emissions per day. They may also specify emissions per hour (or time
interval) for specific compounds. In many cases some of this information can be collected for
the majority of sources from the established criteria emission inventory records. The agency may
also ask for emergency episode emissions, fugitive emissions, and information from excluded
criteria emission inventory sources.
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Chemical Use Approach
Chemical use questionnaires are directed toward lists of specific compounds and ask for process
input information and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). The Material Safety Data Sheets
include the needed species composition data and should be requested where available, for any
approach used. The agency can require the source to contact the suppliers of chemicals they use,
if MSDS are not available. The agency can use these data to make emissions estimates if
information is also provided on daily use, process operating parameters, and efficiency of the
control equipment.
General Approach
This type of questionnaire may be used as input to simple screening models to determine if a
particular source is a potential problem and if further, more detailed source, emissions, and
modeling data are required. A list of chemicals is provided and the sources must access it if it
emits any of the listed compounds. These questionnaires may list minimum levels for each
compound addressed. Such questionnaires may also be used in conjunction with several source
specific questionnaires. The general questionnaire may also be sent to a variety of manufacturing
or industrial process facilities not covered by the source specific questionnaires.
Industry-Specific Approach
These are very detailed questionnaires that may include emissions information from process
vents, fugitive equipment leaks, equipment openings, raw material/product storage and handling,
secondary waste treatment, and liquid spills. Questionnaires of this type are usually focused on a
handful of very large, singularly important point sources. A great deal of pre-screening effort
would be required for industry-specific questionnaires, and a great deal of effort would also be
required of the recipient in filling out the questionnaire. More effort would be required per
source for the agency to properly interpret the response. However, this level of detail is probably
the next best thing to actual source testing in estimating emissions. This technique may also
prove useful in targeting particular sources the agency determines may or may not need to
conduct source tests.
Tiered Approach
In the tiered or staggered mail-out approach, a cover letter and screening study type questionnaire
are used, followed later by more detailed questionnaires sent to a select number or type of
sources. A phone survey may be conducted by the agency prior to the screening study to narrow
the number of facilities to send the screening study questionnaire or the detailed questionnaire.
Whether the phone survey is conducted before or after the screening study questionnaire is sent
depends on the number and type of facilities in the inventory area.
A good example would be dry cleaning establishments. The state manufacturing guide may list
100 dry cleaners in a certain city. However, after a phone survey the agency found that
75 percent of these locations are only drop-off and pick service centers. By conducting the phone
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screening, it was obvious that no questionnaires were necessary for those service centers. A
more detailed questionnaire was sent to the remaining 25 dry cleaners. This benefitted both the
agency by not having to review unnecessary forms, and the excluded service centers by not
wasting their time completing unnecessary forms. Phone screening may not always be an
efficient use of agency time, depending on the individual agency needs or types of industries
included.
Another approach is to first send an open-ended questionnaire or general questionnaire, followed
by later designed industry specific (by source type) questionnaire, followed-up by phone calls to
clarify data and/or source tests or inspections.
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OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
Other considerations when developing an air toxics questionnaire are more related to strategy for
maximizing accuracy and minimizing cost and time involved to conduct an inventory. These
include discussions of the importance of the following:
Asking the right questions;
Maximizing return rates;
Providing for facility confidentiality of trade secrets;
Outlining what questions are applicable for particular source categories;
Designing question/answer style and format to decrease confusion or
misrepresentation;
Providing written instructions for answers (especially units of measurement) with
computer coding format instructions if necessary; and
Developing a data quality assurance procedure.
Some of these considerations are clearly technical in nature, but they need to be incorporated
with administrative and procedural considerations for the whole effort to be the most efficient.
The Right Questions
A successful air toxics questionnaire obtains the right answers to the right questions for the
particular agency while maintaining a good working relationship with the recipients. Duplication
of information already available through permit files may not be needed if the number of sources
included in the survey is few and the information is easily extracted from other sources.
However, for large survey efforts, it may be too time consuming for agency personnel to extract
needed available information and thus, some duplication of effort on the part of the sources
cannot be avoided. If the sources being sent questionnaires are the same as included in the
criteria pollutant inventory, all information which the agency already has about the recipient's
facility, such as mailing address, SIC number, UTM coordinates, emission point numbers, etc.,
should be preprinted on the questionnaire. The agency could use a window envelope to expose
the facility name and address and avoid making additional mailing labels.
The most profound difference between air toxics and criteria pollutant inventories is in the sheer
numbers of substances included. Since there are literally hundreds of potentially toxic substances
as compared to only a handful of criteria pollutants, asking the right question in all cases can
become formidable. Also, data handling and data collection needs increase as more substances
are inventoried. In addition, if the emission estimates are to be used as inputs to models, then the
data must be collected spatially and resolved to grid cells depending on which models will
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eventually be used, therefore the "right" questions to ask may vary. In general the complexity of
the questions will be determined by the most demanding application to which the inventory will
be applied.
The Return Rate
The return rate of a questionnaire depends on several factors. The first impression of the
recipient, the simplicity of the questionnaire, and conveying the importance of returning the
questionnaire are all important factors affecting the return rate.
Minimize Questionnaire Length
The recipient's first impression will be based on the size of the questionnaire. It should be as
brief as possible. Unfortunately, it may be impossible for the forms and accompanying
instructions for a large listing of toxic compounds or source categories to be brief. So, the next
best approach may be to design the forms in such a way to make the pages as uncluttered and
readable as possible leaving ample room for answers.
Maximizing Return Rates
Staggered mailing is particularly important for very large inventories, because 1000 or more
questionnaires returned simultaneously may be too difficult to process at one time. Staggered
return uses the agency's limited manpower and resources more economically. Questionnaires
can easily become lost or damaged if they are not processed expediently by the agency, and this
may be less likely to occur if the staggered mailing approach is used.
Each respondent should have an equal amount of time to respond to questionnaires when using
the same format and approach especially if there is a penalty for late responses. But this must
depend on equal complexity of the information required by questionnaires. Obviously more time
will be needed for a large source to complete a source specific questionnaire than a simple
screening survey or a general information questionnaire with, for example 20 compounds versus
200 compounds. Therefore, the time period allowed for completion of air toxics emission
inventories require more planning than criteria pollutant inventories. The time period should be
long enough so that the respondent is not overly rushed and short enough that the respondent
does not procrastinate in responding.
Another good approach for a large inventory is to classify the mailings according to priority
chemicals, source type, source size, county locations, or simply a source name (alphabetical)
staggered approach. In this way, all of the questionnaires will not be returned as the same time.
Each questionnaire should be reviewed as soon as possible after it is received. When this
approach is used for a selected small number of sources at the beginning of the update, the
agency can predict the manpower and resources it will take to complete the full-blown inventory
effort. They may find they do not in fact have the manpower to conduct the type of inventory
they want. They can instead rethink and replan their approach or request additional manpower to
complete the inventory.
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Confidentiality
Confidentiality can be established in one of several ways. The simplest is a box to be checked to
request confidentiality for all information other than emissions data given in the questionnaire.
Justification for the request would be given by the recipient on a separate sheet. In this way each
piece of confidential information can be keyed as such.
Another approach would be for the industry to submit one full questionnaire and one "sanitized"
questionnaire that would be available for public review.
The main advantage to this approach is that it clearly indicates the request to the agency. It also
alerts the agency to look for supplementary supporting information. If the questionnaire is
converted to computer input, a check in the confidentiality box can be programmed as a
command to store all information in a limited access data file.
The disadvantages of this approach are that it does not provide confidentiality for only specific
pieces of information and that it may be too easy to use. It should be used only for recipients
who are anticipated to be deeply concerned about confidentiality. This judgment is best handled
by the appropriate agency officials. A better method may be to require the industry to highlight
each and every answer it deems confidential.
A more complex method for establishing confidentiality involves the assignment of a survey
number to each questionnaire; this number would also be printed on the general information
page. The agency director would detach the general information page from the returned
questionnaire and store it in a locked file. Since all identification is presented on the general
information page, no one would be able to associate the information on the question pages with a
specific facility. If necessary, a facility could be identified by locating the survey number in the
locked file of general information pages. This consideration is especially important if the agency
subcontracts to a private consultant for the interpretation and transcription of the information. If
the information is computerized, the identification information could be entered into a separate
limited access file.
Each agency should be versed in their local laws to ascertain that the concealment of
identification is not forbidden (the public access to records varies among states).
A system which allows for partial confidentiality could be established in the cover letter using a
paragraph similar to the following:
Any proprietary information, which you believe is of a confidential nature, should be identified
in a supplementary letter with applicable data in the questionnaire marked with the word
CONFIDENTIAL. A brief explanation in your letter for the desired confidentiality should be
included.
This system indicates clearly to the agency which information is confidential and which is not. It
also alerts the agency to look for supplementary supporting information with each returned
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questionnaire that is marked anywhere with the word "CONFIDENTIAL." However, unless the
marking is very clear, this system can become tedious and inefficient.
Applicability and Clarity of Questions
Several factors in the design of the question section can determine the efficiency of the mailing
and affect the return rate as well. First, there should be a clear statement from which the
respondent can determine whether the questionnaire is applicable to his facility. Second, the
questions should be well-arranged and easy to answer.
A clear statement of applicability serves several purposes. If the questionnaire is applicable, the
statement reinforces the necessity of compliance. If the questionnaire is not applicable and
recipient can easily determine it as such, he may be more cooperative in the future when the
questionnaire does apply to him. A maximum return rate for non-applicable respondents is
important because the agency will not have to waste time and money for follow-up and know up
front which facilities are not being inventoried.
The use of a check box for applicability will help the agency distinguish between questionnaires
that are not applicable and the ones that are returned without any response. Examples of
statements of applicability are provided below.
If this equipment was used at least five (5) days last year, check this box and
complete the questionnaire.
If this equipment was not used at least five (5) days last year, check this box and
return this form.
If this equipment has been removed, check this box and return this form.
If any compound used on the attached table is less than the minimum level listed,
check this box and return this form.
Statements of non-applicability at the beginning of each page or section can be used as an
alternative or supplement to a general statement of applicability. Colored pages may be used to
designate different sections of the questionnaire. By supplying a check box, the agency can
discriminate between pages that were forgotten and pages that were not applicable.
Complexity and Questionnaire Format
As mentioned earlier, the questions must be well-arranged and easy to answer. Brevity enhances
the rate of return. The agency can usually reduce the bulk of the question section by designing
industry-specific questionnaires instead of general questionnaires. Industry-specific
questionnaires are designed specifically for one particular type of industry, as opposed to general
questionnaires applicable to a whole group of industries. For example, it may be better to send
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an industry-specific questionnaire to a dry cleaning establishment and a multipage, general
questionnaire to an organic solvent user.
The consideration of questionnaire format, however, must be balanced against the level of
resources available to the agency conducting the inventory. It takes more money and manpower
to design, mail out, and interpret industry-specific questionnaires than it does general
questionnaires. Processing of industry-specific questionnaires is also more complex because the
format of each questionnaire will vary. Furthermore, it is possible to send an inappropriate
industry-specific questionnaire to a facility. On the other hand, general questions may be
preferable if the agency's resources are limited or if the agency is unfamiliar with many of the
sources. Inventories for specific pollutants may be most advantageously conducted with general
questionnaires. Furthermore, general questionnaires may be more appropriate for large or
complex facilities that are difficult to characterize. Most of these facilities will have engineers
available to translate their process and emission information onto the forms.
If a general questionnaire must be used, it is important to provide a statement of applicability for
each page. In addition, questionnaires that are organized so that all information about each
emission point can be provided on one page are usually easier to fill out than questionnaires that
have separate pages for process, emissions, control equipment, and stack information
(subject-by-subject). For this reason, source-by-source questionnaires are usually considered the
better format. However, if the questions are arranged by subject, industry-specific questionnaires
can be designed by simply selecting the subject pages that apply to each industry. Then only a
few supplementary pages of questions that are unique to an industry must then be formulated.
Another method that can minimize the level of effort required from the recipient, and therefore
enhance the return rate, concerns the format of the questions. Multiple choice questions are the
easiest type for recipients to answer. Many questions can easily be formatted as multiple choice.
For example, a question that asks the recipient to describe or name the type of control device
used can be improved by supplying a list of conceivable control devices and asking the recipient
to put a check next to the appropriate answer. When needed, multiple choice questions can
include the choice "other" with a blank beside it for entering out-of-the-ordinary controls. Other
questions, such as those that require exact numerical answers, can only be answered
appropriately with a written response. If there are repetitive questions, the recipient could be
asked to make a copy of a questionnaire for each point source or substance being inventoried.
Clarity of Instructions
To be considered accurate, questionnaire responses must provide both the descriptive
information desired and the correct numerical data. Every effort must be made not to confuse the
recipient. Therefore, it is important to provide clear, complete instructions to decrease the
chances of error in the responses. Instructions should be as concise as necessary. Units of
measurement, method of calculations and conversions, and code number instructions should be
put on the questionnaire itself and not explained in the instructions. This enables the recipient to
read through instructions expediently without becoming caught up in too much detail.
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In conclusion, general instructions should be as precise as possible. Some of the most effective
air toxics questionnaire instructions are those which explain in detail how to answer each
question. If a particular question requires special clarification, it is best to note special
instructions on the same page as the question rather than print them on a separate instruction
page.
The following types of information should be included when asking detailed questions:
Specific Responsesprinting the type of units wanted for an answer right next to
the answer space. Using the multiple choice format;
Samplesproviding completed samples with the instructions for process flow,
schematic and plant layout diagrams. Sample diagrams help the recipient to
visualize what is expected; they are easiest to interpret if they are adjacent to the
instructions;
Standardized Formsproviding standardized forms when periodic inventory
updates are performed. Regular recipients will eventually learn how to provide
the correct responses. This is one condition under which a single generalized
form for all facilities is efficient;
Emissions Estimatesinstructions for the inclusion of estimation methods used.
Examples of estimation methods include: material balance, emission factors,
source test results, models, and engineering judgments.
Final Considerations
After a questionnaire is designed, it is good quality assurance procedure to check its
effectiveness. This can be accomplished using a limited pilot mailing followed by site visits.
This procedure provides a check on the effectiveness of the particular questionnaire package and
its applicability to different sources. A final possibility that may improve industry-agency
relations would be to include a few questions at the end of the questionnaire or on a separate
page for industry suggestions for future questionnaires or questions such as the following:
Were the questions clear?
Approximately how long did it take to complete the form?
Were the questions applicable to your company?
If you called for help and/or agency clarification, did we adequately respond?
Was the time allowed after receiving the questionnaire adequate? If not, why?
Please provide additional comments, if any.
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This type of addition may indicate to the recipients a true concern to minimize industry
paperwork, or at least the desire to work with industry to improve future questionnaires.
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FOLLOW-UP PROCEDURES
Follow-up can be as important or more important than the planning and effort expended in
questionnaire design. The accuracy and completeness of responses must be checked and
tabulated, and entered into a computer. Depending on how thorough the questionnaire
instructions were explained with the mail-out, and whether deadlines were identified in the cover
letter, a second major effort may be required to contact recipients who are delinquent in
responding or to clarify items such as emissions units or estimates of control efficiencies. Some
second effort can be expected, either for clarification of answers or for non-response. The
following sections discuss the importance of such follow-up procedures such as data quality
checks, the use of on-site inspections, and recontacting sources. Questionnaire revisions are also
discussed.
Quality Control of Data
All the questionnaires should be checked by engineers, chemists, or experienced environmental
scientists to determine if the data provided are reasonable. It is helpful to ask for process flow
and plant layout diagrams to aid in the interpretation of data. In addition, the best quality check
would be performed by engineers or scientists who have worked in or are familiar with the
industry. Finally, for similar processes and chemicals, total emissions can be compared against
each other or checked against appropriate emissions factors to determine reasonableness. The
extent that detailed checks can be done depends on the resources available to the agency, the
number of sources included in the inventory, and the use of the data. It is suggested to recontact
a higher percentage of respondents that considered their usage lower than specified yearly
amount, or as having no toxic emissions when their SIC code would suggest otherwise. Perhaps
they only misunderstood the way the instructions were worded, or know their chemicals by a
trade name instead of chemical composition. In any event, a follow-up call may increase the
accuracy of the inventory.
On-Site Inspections
For certain sources, it may be appropriate to consider plant visits if more specific information
needs to be obtained for a particular program purpose, although this approach can become
resource intensive and time consuming. Another approach is to do a preliminary screening and
visit a very small percentage of facilities as part of a data quality control procedure. Also, it may
be wise to visit a representative sample of respondents that checked the "not applicable" box,
especially if the agency determines from cross referencing SIC codes, that the source has a
potential to emit air toxic compounds.
Another less resource intensive approach may be to inspect the facility to check air toxics
emission responses during the next regularly scheduled air compliance inspection. Most
agencies periodically inspect major facilities within their jurisdiction. The problems that can be
encountered using this approach is that air inspectors may need additional training before such air
toxics inspections, because most regular air inspections involve criteria pollutants, or at the most
select pollutants associated with NESHAPs or NSPS.
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Recontacting Sources
The return rate for the air toxics questionnaires can be increased by recontacting recipients that
are delinquent in responding either by letter or by phone. This recontact reminds them that they
will not be forgotten and may be subject to fine, and that a response is necessary. For other
companies that may be confused by some of the questions, recontact provides them with a less
embarrassing way to ask questions. This interaction is the most effective while the questionnaire
is being initially completed, rather than having to return questionnaires to the industries for
corrections. Using a pilot mailing will help get an idea of the average time recipients take to
respond and how many recipients will need to be recontacted. In addition, a pilot mailing can
provide an overview of the effectiveness of the questionnaire before the final mailing is done.
Unnecessary recontacts should be minimized to avoid the possibility of some firms becoming
uncooperative. Inventory efforts, after all, are not a one-time need. Yearly updates may be
necessary.
Revising the Questionnaire
The process of revising the questionnaire should be an evolving process. With each mail-out or
updating of the inventory, the questionnaire or instructions for completing the questionnaire can
be fine tuned or redirected to meet the developing air toxics program needs. But, as mentioned
before, industry will become familiar with questionnaire format that is not changed drastically
from mailing to mailing. So, a carefully considered initial design is the best approach, and will
reduce time needed for follow-up.
Some changes can be expected, such as:
Promulgation of new air toxics regulations, stricter source registration
requirements, or changes in reporting requirements;
More EPA approved emission factors or more available stack test data;
Increases in the number and types of compounds included;
Changes in format of questions when agency installs or changes its data handling
system; and
Changes in air toxics control technology and/or control equipment efficiency.
Other changes may be made because of the widespread occurrence of wrong responses to a
particular question. Still another kind of revision, but one that has much impact, are changes in
various aspects of the inventory process, such as:
Addition or deletion of the use of screening questionnaires;
Changes in the cover letter, instructions or confidentiality provisions;
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Changes in the type of questionnaire, such as a change from open-ended to
industry-specific questionnaires;
Changes in the ways that the agency intends to use the data; and
Changes in agency budgets and/or resources and manpower available for
inventory efforts.
Perhaps the best way to proceed is not to plan in terms of needed air toxics emission inventory
questionnaire revisions, but to continually focus on needed improvements, whatever the reasons
turn out to be.
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APPENDIX P
LIST OF PUBLISHED L&E DOCUMENTS
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42etc.htmMLE
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Substance
Acrylonitrile
Arsenic
Benzene
Butadiene
Cadmium
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene (update)
Chloroform
Chromium (supplement)
Chromium
Cyanide Compounds
Dioxins and Furans
Epichlorohydrin
Ethylene Bichloride
Ethylene Oxide
Formaldehyde
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Methyl Chloroform
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Methylene Chloride
Nickel
Organic Liquid Storage Tanks
Perchloroethylene and
List Of Published L&E Documents
EPA Publication Number
EPA-450/4-84-007a
EPA-454/R-98-013
EPA-454/R-98-011
EPA-454/R-96-008
EPA-454/R-93-040
EPA-450/4-84-007b
EPA-454/R-93-044
EPA-450/4-84-007c
EPA-450/2-89-002
EPA-450/4-84-007g
EPA-454/R-93-041
EPA-454/R-97-003
EPA-450/4-84-007J
EPA-450/4-84-007d
EPA-450/4-84-0071
EPA-450/4-91-012
EPA-454/R-98-006
EPA-450/4-84-007h
EPA-453/R-97-012
EPA-454/R-93-045
EPA-454/R-93-046
EPA-454/R-93-006
EPA-450/4-84-007f
EPA-450/4-88-004
EPA-450/2-89-013
Trichloroethylene
Phosgene
Fob/chlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Polycyclic Organic Matter (POM)
Styrene
Toluene
Vinylidene Chloride
Xylenes
EPA-450/4-84-007i
EPA-450/4-84-007n
EPA-454/R-98-014
EPA-454/R-93-011
EPA-454/R-93-047
EPA-450/4-84-007k
EPA-454/R-93-048
Available On Line?
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
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APPENDIX Q
LIST OF RELEVANT WEB SITES
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List of Relevant Web Sites
Technology Transfer Network (TTN):
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/
Basic emission inventory preparation procedures:
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/chief/
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (AP-42):
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42etc. html
Locating and Estimating (L&E) documents:
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42etc. html#LE
POM L&E documents:
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/chief/pom. html
Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System:
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/fire.html or (919) 541-5285
TANKS
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/chief/tanks. html
WATERS and CHEMDAT8:
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/chief/software. html#water8
Air ClearingHouse For Inventories And Emission Factors (Air CHIEF) CD-ROM:
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/airchief.htmffiorder
The TTN CHIEF Forum:
http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/netforum/chiefa/!
Unified Air Toxics Web site (UATW):
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/uatw/
Section 112(c)(6) list:
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/uatw/112c6/n2c6fac. html
Section 112(k) Integrated Urban Air Toxics Strategy list:
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/uatw/112k/riurban-html
Unified Air Toxics Web site Forum:
http://www.epa.gOV/cgi-bin/netforum/uatw/a/l
Federal and Regional Agencies Contacts:
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/uatw/epaprogs. html
Air Toxics Rules, Rule Development and Implementation Information:
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/uatw/eparules. html
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Unified Air Toxics Web site Technical Resources:
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/uatw/techres. html
Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) - Main Menu:
http://ttnwww.rtpnc. epa.gov/html/airs/airs. htm#ASIR
Office of Air & Radiation:
http://www. epa.gov/oar/
Section 112(m) Great Waters Program list:
http://www. epa.gov/oar/gr8water/report9 7. html
EIIP documents:
http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/eiip/
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS):
http://www. epa.gov/oar/oaqps/
AIRSWeb:
http://www. epa.gov/airsweb/sources. htm
The Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS):
http://www. epa.gov/airs/
OAQPS Emission Inventory (El) Public Forum:
http://www.epa.gOV/cgi-bin/netforum/nei/a/l
Office of Research and Development (ORD):
http://www. epa.gov/ord/
Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS):
http://www. epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris/subst-JI. htm
Ambient Monitoring Technology Information:
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/amtic/
Clean Air Technology Center (CATC):
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/catc/
The Landfill Air Emissions Estimation Model:
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/catc/products. html#software
Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT):
http://www. epa.gov/opptintr/
Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) data:
http://www. epa.gov/opptintr/tri/access. htm
Emission Measurement Technical Information Center (EMTIC):
http://www. epa.gov/ttn/emtic/
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Emission Measurement Technical Information Center (EMTIC) guidance on emission testing:
http://ttnwww.rtpnc. epa.gov/html/emtic/emtic. htm#EM02
STAPPA/ALAPCO:
http://www. 4cleanair. org/about. html
The Great Lakes Commission:
http://www.glc. org/
California Air Resource Board:
http://www. arb. ca.gov/homepage. htm
California's Hot Spots Air Toxics Program:
http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/toxics.htm
Dun and Bradstreet Million Dollar Directory:
http://www. dnb. com/
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