United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Radiation Programs
Eastern Environmental
Radiation Facility
1890 Federal Drive
Montgomery, AL 36109
EPA 520/5-85-029
January 1986
SEPA
Radiation
RADON FLUX MEASUREMENTS
ON GARDINIER AND ROYSTER
PHOSPHOGYPSUM PILES
NEAR TAMPA AND MULBERRY,
FLORIDA
Prepared for
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility
Montgomery, Alabama
under a Related Services Agreement
with the U.S. Department of Energy
Contract DE-AC06-76RLO 1830
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RADON FLUX MEASUREMENTS ON GARDINIER AND
ROYSTER PHOSPHOGYPSUM PILES NEAR TAMPA
AND MULBERRY, FLORIDA
J. N. Hartley
H. D. Freeman
September 1985
Prepared for
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility
Montgomery, Alabama
under a Related Services Agreement
with the U.S. Department of Energy
Contract DE-AC06-76RLO 1830
Pacific Northwest Laboratory
Richland, Washington 99352
-------
ABSTRACT
As part of the planned Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) radon flux
monitoring program for the Florida phosphogypsum piles, Pacific Northwest
Laboratory (PNL), under contract to the EPA, constructed 50 large-area passive
radon collection devices and demonstrated their use at two phosphogypsum piles
near Tampa and Mulberry, Florida. The passive devices were also compared to
the PNL large-area flow-through system.
The main objectives of the field tests were to demonstrate the use of the
large-area passive radon collection devices to EPA and PEI personnel and to
determine the number of radon flux measurement locations needed to estimate the
average radon flux from a phosphogypsum pile.
This report presents the results of the field test, provides recommenda-
tions for long-term monitoring, and includes a procedure for making the radon
flux measurements.
iii
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CONTENTS
ABSTRACT i 1 i
INTRODUCTION 1
METHOD 3
MEASURING RADON FLUX USING LARGE-AREA COLLECTORS 3
DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF LOCATIONS TO SAMPLE ON EACH
PHOSPHOGYPSUM PILE 6
GARDINIER RADON FLUX MEASUREMENTS 9
CONTROL MEASUREMENTS 13
ROYSTER RADON FLUX MEASUREMENTS 19
CONTROL MEASUREMENTS 19
CONCLUSIONS 25
RECOMMENDATIONS 27
REFERENCES 29
APPENDIX A - PROCEDURE FOR MAKING RADON FLUX MEASUREMENTS USING
LARGE-AREA ACTIVATED CHARCOAL CANISTERS A.I
APPENDIX B - RADON FLUX FROM GARDINIER AND ROYSTER PHOSPHOGYPSUM
PILES B.I
APPENDIX C - PHYSICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED
PHOSPHOGYPSUM SAMPLES C.I
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FIGURES
1 Large-Area Radon Collector 4
2 Components of Large-Area Radon Collector 5
3 Error in Estimated Radon Flux Average for Gardinier and
Royster Piles 7
4 Radon Flux Measurement Locations on Gardinier Phosphogypsum
Pile 10
5 Typical Radon Flux Measurement Locations 11
6 Radon Flux Measurement Made on Soil Cover 13
7 PNL Flow-Through System for Radon Flux Control Measurement 16
8 Radon Flux Measurements on Thin Source 17
9 Radon Flux Measurement Locations on Royster Phosphogypsum
Pile 20
10 Grid Locations on Royster Phosphogypsum Pile 22
11 Radon Flux Measurements from the Control Locations
on an Inactive Area of Royster Phosphogypsum Pile 24
A.I Large-Area Radon Collector A.I
A.2 Components of Large-Area Radon Collector A.2
VI
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TABLES
1 Radon Flux from Gardinier Phosphogypsum 12
2 Radon Flux Reduction by Soil Cover 13
3 Radon Flux from Control Locations on Gardinier
Phosphogypsum 14
4 Radon Flux from Thin Source 15
5 Radon Flux from Royster Phosphogypsum Pile 21
6 Radon Flux from Grid Area on Inactive Area of Royster 21
7 Radon Flux from Control Areas on Royster 23
A.I Hewlett Packard 41C Program for Calculating Radon Flux A.7
B.I Radon Flux Measurements on Gardinier Phosphogypsum Pile B.I
B.2 Radon Flux Measurements on Royster Phosphogypsum Pile B.8
B.3 QA Counting for Radon Flux Measurements on Gardinier Pile B.15
B.4 QA Counting for Radon Flux Measurements on Royster Pile B.16
vii
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INTRODUCTION
As part of the planned Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) radon flux
monitoring program for the Florida phosphogypsum piles, Pacific Northwest
Laboratory (PNL),(a' under contract to the EPA, constructed 50 large-area
passive radon collection devices and demonstrated their use at two Florida
phosphogypsum piles. The passive radon collection devices were tested and
evaluated over a two-week period (April 29 to May 10, 1985) at the, Gardinier
and Royster phosphogypsum piles near Tampa and Mulberry, Florida, respect-
ively. The passive devices were also compared to the PNL large-area flow-
through system.
The main objectives of the field tests were to demonstrate the use of the
large-area passive radon collection devices to EPA and PEI personnel and to
determine the number of radon flux measurements locations needed to estimate
the average radon flux from a phosphogypsum pile. Specific objectives were:
• to demonstrate and evaluate the use of the large (10-in.-diameter)
activated charcoal radon collectors and compare them to the PNL flow-
through system
• to obtain sufficient radon flux data to determine the spacial distri-
bution of radon flux from the piles using 50 radon collectors
• to evaluate the large-area passive radon collectors on a thin source
of phosphogypsum by comparing the measured versus calculated radon
flux.
Originally, two inactive phosphogypsum piles were to be selected by EPA
personnel for investigation of the spacial variability of radon flux. However,
due to accessibility constraints, one active pile .(Gardinier) and one inactive
pile (Royster) were selected for field testing. These two field test sites
were selected to represent somewhat typical conditions that exist on all active
and inactive phosphogypsum piles. Arrangements to make measurements on these
piles were made by PEI personnel.
(a) Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy by Battelle Memorial Institute
under Contract DE-AC06-76RLO 1830.
-------
This report presents the results of the field test, provides recommen-
dations for long-term monitoring, and describes a procedure for making the
radon flux measurements.
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METHOD
MEASURING RADON FLUX USING LARGE-AREA COLLECTORS
The method used to make radon flux measurements involves absorption of
radon on activated charcoal in a large-area collector. This method, with many
different geometries of collectors, has been used extensively since the publi-
cation of the paper by Countess (1976). The radon collector is placed on the
surface of the material to be measured and is allowed to collect radon for a
time period of up to 24 hours. The radon collected on the charcoal is then
measured by gamma spectroscopy.
The PNL method differs slightly from other published methods in that a
much larger area collector is used (Figures 1 and 2). The 0.052-nr collector
is fabricated from a lO-in.-dia PVC end cap used for irrigation systems. The
end cap is very rugged, therefore ideal for field use. The design of the col-
lector, as shown in. Figure 1, minimizes the space between the surface of the
material being measured and the' activated charcoal in the collector. This air
gap must be minimized to obtain a valid radon flux measurement.
The collector consists of the PVC end cap, spacer pads, charcoal distri-
bution grid, a retainer pad with screen, and a steel retainer spring
(Figure 2). Approximately 170 grams of activated charcoal is spread in the
distribution grid. The retainer pad is placed over the charcoal and held in
place by the retainer spring.
The collectors are deployed by firmly twisting the end cap into the sur-
face of the material to be measured. The deployment location and time are
recorded in a notebook. After -24 hours of exposure, the collectors are picked
up and 'the time is recorded in the notebook. The activated charcoal is removed
from the collector by removing the retaining spring and pad from the collector
and dumping the charcoal into a large bowl. The charcoal is then placed and
sealed in plastic containers ("cottage-cheese cartons" or equivalent) supplied
by the EPA. The radon collected on the charcoal is allowed to equilibrate for
4 hours before counting to allow the ingrowth of radon daughters.
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Handle
1/4-in. Vent Hole
1-in. Thick
' Scrubber Pad
1/2-in. Thick
Scrubber Pad
1/2-in. Thick Charco
Support Grid
Retainer
Spring
FIGURE 1. Large-Area Radon Collector
10-in. dia
PVC End Cap
The amount of radon sorbed on the activated charcoal is determined by
gamma spectroscopy. The gamma spectroscopy system used in this study consisted
of a Nal(Tl) crystal, photomultiplier tube, amplifier, and sealer. The 609-keV
214Bi radon decay product peak is used to quantify the radon on the charcoal.
OOC
A National Bureau of Standards (NBS)-traceable standard of Ra sorbed on
charcoal in a "cottage-cheese carton" is counted at least once a day to deter-
mine the counting system's efficiency. A container of unexposed charcoal is
also counted each day to determine the background. The radon flux is calcu-
lated from the net counts, collector area, exposure time, and counting system
efficiency. A detailed procedure for preparing and deploying the collectors
and calculating the radon flux is presented in Appendix A.
This method of radon flux measurement involves two basic assumptions.
First, it is assumed that the charcoal is 100% efficient in collecting radon.
For short time periods (<36 hours) this assumption is considered valid (Hartley
et. al 1983). The charcoal may not be 100% efficient, however, if longer expo-
sure times are used. The main factor affecting the efficiency of charcoal for
radon collection is temperature.
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j-t<fc
k^:5>MI:4%?J'i^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ' " "
FIGURE 2. Components of Large-Area Radon Collector
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Longer exposure times can be used in the winter than in the summer. Twenty-
four hours is a conservative estimate of a valid exposure time for any time of
year.
The second assumption is that the radon flux being measured is constant
over the exposure period. Although it is known that this condition is rarely,
if ever, met, the errors introduced are relatively small.
DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF LOCATIONS TO SAMPLE ON EACH PHOSPHOGYPSUH PILE
To estimate a statistically valid annual average radon flux for a phospho-
gypsum pile, the proper number of locations on the pile must be measured. The
number of measurements needed to define the annual average flux depends on the
homogeneity of the pile and the desired precision of the estimate. A homoge-
nous pile requires fewer samples than a nonhomogenous pile. Standard statisti-
cal techniques (Holloway 1981) can be used to estimate the number of samples
needed to estimate an average for a given error limit and uncertainty. The
basic formula used to estimate the number of samples is:
T(n) s <(error)x (1)
~
where t(n) is the students-T. distribution
s = measured standard deviation of the radon flux from the pile
x = measured mean of the radon flux from the pile
error = allowable error (expressed as a fraction)
n = number of samples.
This equation can be rearranged to give the error as a function of x, s,
n, and t(n).
error > T^n' s (2)
x /n~
For sample numbers greater than 30, -r(n) can be assumed to be 1.7. However,
for sample numbers less than 30 where the students-^ distribution is nonlinear
the actual students-t distribution should be used.
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Equation 2 was used to estimate the errors in the estimate of the radon
flux average for the Gardinier and Royster phosphogypsum piles. The Royster
pile was divided into active and inactive regions for the analysis. A confi-
dence interval of 90% was used. Results of this analysis are presented in Fig-
ure 3. From this figure, it can be seen that approximately 28 samples are
needed for the Gardinier pile in order to have a 25% error in the estimate of
the average radon flux. The Royster pile, on the other hand, would require 12
and 93 samples for the active and inactive portions of the piles, respectively.
This same analysis can be easily performed for other confidence intervals by
using the appropriate students-T distribution. A larger confidence interval
(i.e., a = 0.025, 95% confidence) would necessitate more samples, while a
smaller confidence interval (i.e., a = 0.1, 80% confidence) would require fewer
samples.
100
90% Confidence Interval
80
60
Royster Inactive
25% Error 90% Confidence Interval
Gardinier
40
20
Royster Active
0
I
I
10 20 30 40 50 60
Number of Samples
70
80
90
100
FIGURE 3. Error in Estimated Radon Flux Average for Gardinier and
Royster Piles
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GARDINIER RADON FLUX MEASUREMENTS
The radon flux from the Gardinier phosphogypsum pile near Tampa, Florida,
was measured at 211 locations over a 4-day period from April 30 through May 3,
1985. The sampling interval was ~24 hours. The sampling locations are shown
in Figure 4. Most were on drier areas of gypsum on or near the outside
construction road. A few locations in the northwest corner of the pile were on
wet areas. Since the pile is currently being used and has water ponded in the
central areas of the pile, only the outer areas of the pile and a few interior
dikes were readily accessible for radon flux measurements. Typical flux
measurement locations are shown in Figure 5.
The results of the flux measurements are summarized in Table 1 and pre-
sented in detail in Appendix B. The average radon flux over the 4-day measure-
ment period was 19.4 +/-14.9 pCi m~2s"1. The average radon flux from the drier
areas was 19.9 +/-9.2 pCi nr2s-l (199 locations) while the average for wet
areas was a factor of 9 less: 2.2 +/-2.4 pCi m~2s"1 (11 locations excluding 1
anomalously high measurement).
The drier areas-had a moisture content of about 23 to 40 wt% (dry wt) and
the wetter areas had a moisture content of up to 65 wt%. In general, the added
moisture reduced the flux (2.2 ±2.4 pCi nrV1). Location 52, however, had the
highest measured flux, 111 pCi m~2s"1. This anomaly can not be explained
directly but may have resulted from a crack beneath the collector or from an
area of gypsum with a higher radium content.
Ten locations on the west side of the pile with an 8- to 15-cm-thick soil
cover had an average radon flux of 7.0 +/-5.S, the apparent flux reductions
based on cover and uncovered gypsum near to each other ranged from 1.38 to 2.68
except for two locations where the flux was greater from the covered area than
the adjacent uncovered area. This could have been caused by a higher radium
content, lower moisture content, or higher effusion coefficient in the gypsum
below the soil cover than in the nearby uncovered material. Figure 6 shows a
typical area where covered and uncovered gypsum were measured. Results of
these measurements are presented in Table 2.
9
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Measurement
on Dates
• 4/30/85
O 5/1/85
« 5/2/85
/\ 5/3/85
wa Core
Sample
Locations
1-20x On Flat Area
somewhat compacted
20-28 x On slope
looser material
.FIGURE 4- Radon F1u* Measurement Locations on Gardinier Phosphogypsum F
10
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Next To Road
On Loose Slope
On Wet Area
FIGURE 5. Typical Radon Flux Measurement Locations
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TABLE 1. Radon Flux from Gardinier Phosphogypsum Pile, pCi nf^s"*
4/30 5/1 5/2 5/3 Average tSD
Daily average of 29.4 ±21.8 18.6 ±7.9 17.4 ±8.3 11.5 ±11.7 19.4 ±15.3
all locations
Daily average 33.2 ±16.6 18.7 ±8.0 16.8 ±7.9 11.4 ±8.9 19.9 ±9.2
of dry areas
Daily average 14.9 ±38.8 4.1 ±5.1 10.3 ±28.1
of wet areas (1.2 ±1.07)^ (2.2 ±2A)(a>
(a) Average does not include location 52, which had a anomalous flux of 111 pCi m"
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TABLE 2. Radon Flux Reduction by Soil Cover,
May 3
On Road
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
Location
On Soil
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
On Road (R)
24.1
16.8
7.53
6.40
5.41
5.53
8.36
0.19
1.41
12.0
Relative Flux
On Soil Cover (C)
17.5
11.8
4.59
11.7
4.12
6.96
5.42
0.60
0.65
4.47
pCi m~2s"1
Reduction (R/C)
1.38
1.42
1.64
0.55
1.31
0.79
1.54
0.32
2.17
2.68
FIGURE 6. Radon Flux Measurement Made on Soil Cover
CONTROL MEASUREMENTS
In addition to the regular sequence of measurements selected locations on
a dry area were measured daily. The results of these control measurements are
summarized in Table 3. The Average radon flux over the 4-day period varied
from 32 ±26.7 pCi m"2s"1 for location 56 to 11.3 ±4.2 pCi m"2s"1 for location
54. The phosphogypsum at control tent location (Figure 7) had an average flux
13
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TABLE 3. Radon Flux from Control Locations on Gardinier Phosphogypsum Pile, pCi
Location
54
55
56
57
58
CT
4/30
6*6
16.9
8.9
30.3
24.7
11.1
5/1
12.8
16.0
12.0
25.3
30.0
11.2
5/2
14.6
11.6
41.7
22.7
26.3
22.6
5/3
NM
11.6
65.3
20.8
30.9
21.8
Average +SD
11.3 ±4.2
14.0 ±2.8
32.0 ±26.7
24.8 ±4.1
28.0 ±3.0
16.7 ±6.4
Average ±SD 16.4 ±9.4 17.9 ±7.9 21.6 ±12.8 28.1 ±23.4
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TABLE 4. Radon Flux from Thin Source, pCi m~2s"1
Measured
Location
Tl
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
52
53
59
60
61
Small Tent
Flux
4/30
1.83
2.14
2.19
1.97
2.2
3.08
2.64
2.51
5/1 5/2
1.83
1.69
1.73
2.01
2.45 1.89
2.29 2.26
2.00 2.14
2.18 1.90
2.09 1.98
2.0 2.2
5/3 Average ±SD
1.83 ±0.0
1.92 ±0.32
1.96 ±0.33
1.97
2.11 ±0.13
3.08
2.68
2.51
2.17 ±0.40
2.28 ±0.02
2.17 ±0.10
2.04 ±0.20
2.04 ±0.08
3.2 2.47 ±0.64
Calculated Flux
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FIGURE 7. PNL Flow-Through System for Radon Flux Control
Measurement
gypsum are required to calculate the theoretical flux. This calculated flux
can then be compared to the measured flux to compare and calibrate the radon
collectors.
The radon flux at the surface of a phosphogypsum pile can be calculated
using a one-dimensional, steady-state, radon diffusion equation (Freeman and
Hartley 1984) and the physical and radiological properties of the phosphogyp-
sum.
Radon flux, J = REpAD tanh (/X/D-T) (3)
where R = radium-226 concentration in the phosphogypsum, pCi/g
E = emanating power of phosphogypsum
P = bulk density of phosphogypsum
X = radon decay constant, 2.1 x ICT^s"*
D = diffusion coefficient = effective bulk radon diffusion
coefficient/porosity, De/p, cm2/s
T = thickness of phosphogypsum pile, cm.
16
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FIGURE 8. Radon Flux Measurements on Thin Source
For a thin source, Equation (3) reduces to
J = REpXT
(4)
Using Equation 4 and the data in Appendix C, the radon flux was calculated
for the thin source and compared to the measured values. Only three locations
were measured. The measured radon flux was 27% less than the calculated flux.
This discrepancy could be caused by not really having a thin source. But since
the radon diffusion coefficient for phosphogypsum samples was not known or
determined it is difficult to estimate what effect this would have on the cal-
culated value. It is therefore suggested that additional measurements be made
on an even thinner, well mixed layer of phosphogypsum to verify this
difference.
17
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ROYSTER RADON FLUX MEASUREMENTS
The Royster phosphogypsum pile near Mulberry, Florida, had both active and
inactive areas as shown in Figure 9, which also shows the location of the flux
measurements. The first sequence of measurements was made on the inactive area
of the pile to determine the spacial distribution of radon flux and the cyclic
changes over the 4 days of measurements on the inactive area of the pile.
Results of these measurements are presented in Table 5. The last set of mea-
surements were made on the active area to determine the average radon release
from this area. The results of these measurements are also presented in
Table 5. The moisture content of the top 10 cm of the phosphogypsum in the
inactive area averaged 14.35 ±5.79 wt% (dry wt) (22 locations) and ranged from
5.44 wt% on the construction road to 25.5 wt% on a very wet area of the pile.
To determine the spacial distribution on an inactive pile, the measurement
locations were gridded to ~60-ft centers (see Figure 10). The results of the
flux measurements on this grid,are summarized in Table 6. The moisture content
of the top 10 cm of phosphogypsum in the grid area ranged from 10.5 to 20.2. wt%
(dry wt) with an average of 15.13 ±3.50 wt%. The surface of the phosphogypsum
was crusted with an wet area ~2.5 cm below the surface.
CONTROL MEASUREMENTS
Selected locations on the inactive area of the pile were measured daily
over the 4-day period (Figure 11). The results of these measurements are
presented in Table 7.
19
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ro
o
Radon Flux Measurement
Locations on
Royster
Phosphogypsum
Pile-May 5-10, 1985
28 29 30 31 32 33
• •••••
37 38 39 40 41 42
45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56
CT1 • CT2
Scale V-200'
FIGURE 9. Radon Flux Measurement Locations on Royster Phosphogypsum Pile
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TABLE 5. Radon Flux from Royster Phosphogypsum Pile, pCi
5/4 5/6 5/7 5/8 5/9
Inactive 4.7 ±7.7 4.9 ±7.7 5.2 ±4.6 2.9 ±4.4 NM
area
Average
4.5 ±5.8
Active
area
16.7 ±7.8
TABLE 6. Radon Flux from Grid Area on Royster Inactive Area, pCi
^
Location
May 6
May 7
May 8
Average ±SD
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
12
13
14
17
20
21
34
35
36
39
42
43
51
58
59
68
69
70
72
73
74
75
76
1.05
1.14
4.85
0.21
1.05
0.435
3.89
1.80
4.53
2.50
3.68
3.22
-
_
0.345
2.76
4.11
2.76
4.33
1.01
1.73
1.71
4.09
2.89
10.5
5.03
3.53
2.36
49.8
2.60
3.66
4.91
8.54
0.665
2.25
1.85
3.03
2.18
6.44
2.73
2.30
2.24
6.14
1.40
1.78
4.34
2.95
2.15
4.88
0.838
4.29
2.96
2.58
3.70
4.14
2.75
4.30
1.34
34.4
3.69
3.42 2.71 ±1.44
3.02 ±2.67
6.70 ±2.61
0.44 ±0.32
1.65 ±0.85
1.14 ±1.00
3.46 ±0.61
1.99 +0.27
5.49 ±1.35
2.62 ±0.16
3.39 3.12 ±0.73
4.61 3.36 ±1.19
6.14
1.40
1.06 ±1.01
3.55 ±1.12
3.53 3.53 ±0.58
2.35 2.42 ±0.31
4.61 ±0.39
0.92 ±0.12
3.01 ±1.81
3.38 2.68 ±0.87
3.34 ±1.07
3.30 ±0.57
7.32 ±4.50
3.89 ±1.61
3.92 ±0.54
1.85 ±0.72
42.1 ±10.9
3.57 3.29 ±0.60
4.51 ±9.10 4.31 ±5.94 3.46 ±0.66
Overall average for large grid: 4.47 ±7.19 pCi n
21
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FIGURE 10. Grid Locations on Royster Phosphogypsum Pile
22
-------
ro
CO
TABLE
Location
CT 2(b
59
Group 1
60
61
62
63
Group 2
64
65
66
67
7. Radon Flux from
5/4
)
}
1.71
Avg ±SD Group 1
Avg ±SD Group 2
5/6
2.86
0.50
2.96
3.08
4.22
3.97
4.67
3.99 ±0.67
4.05
3.27
3.17
3.45
3.49 ±0.39
3.
3.
5/7
1.48
2.01
3.38
2.49
2.72
2.87
5.25
33 ±1.29
2.99
3.12
4.86
3.20
54 ±0.88
J>/J
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Average ±SD
2.17 ±0.98
1.26 ±1.07
3.17 ±0.30
2.79 ±0.42
3.47 ±1.06
3.42 ±0.78
4.96 ±0.41
3.52 ±0.75
3.20 ±0.11
4.02 ±1.20
3.33 ±0.18
(a) Unrecharged charcoal was inadvertently used in radon collectors, resulting in loss
of data.
(b) PNL flow-through radon flux measurement systems were used at these locations.
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FIGURE 11. Radon Flux Measurements from the Control Locations
on an Inactive Area of Royster Phosphogypsum Pile
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CONCLUSIONS
$ on the Gardinier pile had an average radon flux 9 times
>§ that of the dry areas.
cover on Gardinier generally reduced the radon flux,
factor of 1.38 to 2.68.
28 sample locations would be needed for the Gardinier
to estimate the average radon flux with a 25% error at
confidence level. The Royster inactive and active areas
re 93 and 12 sample locations, respectively.
data were obtained to quantitatively estimate the cyclic
j$(at would be expected throughout the year.
25
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RECOMMENDATIONS
For each new pile, make 30 measurements on accessible portions of the
pile. Make a proportionate number of measurements on wet and dry
areas (i.e., if 30% of area is wet, make 30 x 0.3 = 9 measurements on
the wet areas and 21 measurements on dry areas).
Use the data from the initial 30 measurements and Equation 2 to
estimate the number of locations required for estimating the annual
average radon flux from a particular pile.
Make weekly flux measurements on the same locations and periodically
evaluate data from these measurements to adjust the number of
measurements that need to be made with time.
27
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REFERENCES
Countess, R. J. 1976. "Radon Flux Measurement with a Charcoal Cannister."
Health Physics 31: 455.
Freeman, H. D., and J. N. Hartley. 1984. "Predicting Radon Flux from Uranium
Mill Tailings." In Proceedings of Sixth Symposium on Management of Uranium
Mill Tailings, Low-Level Waste and Hazardous Waste. Colorado State University,
Fort Collins, Colorado.
Freeman, H. D. 1981. "An Improved Radon Flux Measurement System for Uranium
Mill Tailings Pile Measurement." In Proceedings of Radiation Hazards in
Mining: Control, Measurement and Medical Aspects. Golden, Colorado.
Hartley, J. N., 6. W. Gee, E. G. Baker, and H. D. Freeman 1983. 1981 Radon
Barrier Field Test at Grand Junction Uranium Mill Tailings Pile. EOW/UMP-0213,
PNL-4539, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington.
Holloway, C. F., et al. 1981. Monitoring for Compliance With Decommissioning
Termination Survey Criteria. NUREG/CR-2082, prepared for the U.S. Nuclear
Regulatory Commission by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
29
-------
APPENDIX A
PROCEDURE FOR MAKING RADON FLUX MEASUREMENTS USING LARGE-AREA ACTIVATED
CHARCOAL CANISTER (LAACC)
-------
APPENDIX A
PROCEDURE FOR MAKING RADON FLUX MEASUREMENTS USING LARGE-AREA ACTIVATED
CHARCOAL CANISTER (LAACC)
INTRODUCTION
Each LAACC is constructed from a PVC end cap, fiberglass screen, and
plastic grid and scrubber pads as shown in Figure A.I. The LAACC represents an
improvement over the previous standard Ml charcoal canister in that it measures
a much larger area. The radon collection mechanism, however, is the same;
namely, sorption on activated charcoal. The amount of radon sorbed on the
activated charcoal is quantified by gamma-ray spectroscopy of the charcoal
using a Nal(Tl) crystal or germanium diode and multichannel analyser. Usually,
the 214Bl- 609-keV peak is used to determine the radon activity, but many other
214Bl- and 214pb peaks could also be used. The radon flux is calculated from the
radon activity using the area of the collector, time of measurement, and radon
decay corrections.
Handle
1/4-in. Vent Hole
1-in. Thick
Scrubber Pad
1/2-in. Thick
Scrubber Pad
1/2-in. Thick Charcoal
Support Grid
Retainer
Spring
FIGURE A.I. Large-Area Radon Collector
10-in. dia
PVC End Cap
A.I
-------
FIGURE A.2. Components of Large-Area Radon .Collector
A.2
-------
This appendix describes the proper techniques for making the radon flux
measurements, including precautions on the proper times to make measurements
and on handling of the charcoal before and after making the measurement.
LAACC DESCRIPTION
Figure A.2 shows an exploded view of the components of a LAACC. The LAACC
constructed by PNL for the EPA consists of a 10-in. inside diameter (ID) PVC
end cap with a 1/4-in. hole drilled in the center and a 5-1/4-in. handle,
1-1/2-in.-thick spacer pads, fiberglass screen, 1/2-in. plastic grid material,
and a removable 1/2-in. scrub pad with fiberglass screen attached. The bottom
pad and screen are held in the end cap by a piece of 3/32-in.-dia spring steel.
The 1/4-in. hole in the top of the end cap allows atmospheric pressure
changes to be transmitted under the end cap and prevents pressure differentials
between the inside and outside of the LAACC. Pressure differentials can have
detrimental effects on measuring the radon flux by causing advective transport
of the radon from the soil.
Activated Charcoal Preparation
The activated charcoal to be used for flux measurements should be thor-
oughly purged of any radon sorbed from atmospheric sources before being used
the first time. This can be accomplished by heating the charcoal in an oven at
110°C for 24 hours. An oven with a circulating fan is preferable. The acti-
vated charcoal should then be cooled to room temperature in a place that is as
free of radon as possible. Avoid storing the charcoal on or near obvious
sources of radon (e.g., at the phosphate mill). After the charcoal is acti-
vated in the oven, it should be stored in airtight containers such as taped
plastic bags or buckets with sealable lids.
Loading the LAACC
1. Turn the LAACC over on its handle and remove the retainer wire and
bottom pad.
A.3
-------
2. Pour ~400 ml (EPA "cottage-cheese carton" full) of activated char-
coal in the center of the plastic grid. Distribute the charcoal
evenly over the grid with your fingers or with a straight-edge.
3. Place pad, screen side toward the charcoal, on the grid.
4. Secure the pad in the LAACC by inserting the retainer wire in the
notches on the inside of the LAACC.
5. If several hours will elapse between time of loading and time of
deployment of the collectors, then the LAACCs should be placed in
plastic bags and sealed with tape.
Making Radon Flux Measurements
1. Make sure the measurement location is fairly level and free from
large rocks and vegetation.
2. Place the LAACC on the desired location by firmly rotating the edge
of the end cap into the soil. Be careful not to push the lip of the
end cap too far into the soil. There should be 1/4 to 1/2 in. of
space between the surface being measured and the pad. If the
surface to be measured is very hard, seal the edge of the LAACC
using loose gypsum or soil.
3. Record the location, LAACC number, date, and time of deployment in a
permanent logbook using ink. Do not use loose sheets of paper as
they have a tendency to become lost.
4. Allow the LAACC to collect radon for -24 hours.
5. Remove the LAACC from its measurement location and place in a plas-
tic bag or unsealed in the vehicle if the unloading process is to
take place within about an hour. Record the off date and time in
the log book using ink.
6. Make gummed labels for each measurement that includes the location,
LAACC number, and measurement start and stop dates and times.
A.4
-------
7. Transport the LAACCs to a low-radon area for unloading. It is
important to unload the LAACCs as soon as possible, especially in
warm weather. Otherwise, the radon will begin to desorb from the
charcoal to the atmosphere.
Unloading the LAACCs
The charcoal in the LAACCs must be transferred to a container before the
quantity of radon on the charcoal can be analysed. The transfer process is
described below.
1. Lay the LAACC upside down (on its handle) and remove the retainer
wire. Save the wire for reuse.
2. Carefully remove the pad from the LAACC, making sure that any char-
coal that clings to the screen is brushed back into the end cap or
the funnel.
3. Dump the charcoal in the LAACC into a large bowl or pan. Then
transfer the charcoal through a funnel into a "cottage-cheese
carton" or other container. Use care to minimize charcoal loss.
Place the lid on the "cottage-cheese carton" and seal with vinyl
tape.
4. Place the appropriate gummed label on the lid of the "cottage-cheese
carton" for identification.
5. Allow 4 hours for equilibration of radon and its daughters before
counting.
Counting the Activated Charcoal
The system used to quantify the amount of radon adsorbed on the charcoal
consists of a scintillation crystal (Nal) with high-voltage supply, amplifier,
and sealer. A multichannel analyser, which would allow the counting system
operator to see the peaks of interest and make necessary adjustments if the
electronics are not stable, would also be very helpful. The 214Bi 609-keV peak
is recommended for use in quantifying the radon. The specifics of operating
the counting equipment will be provided by EPA personnel.
A.5
-------
To ensure high-quality radon flux data, certain quality assurance proce-
dures must be followed. First, a standard, traceable to the National Bureau of
Standards (NBS), must be counted on a daily basis to detect changes in counting
system performance. The standard should be made of an NBS radium chloride
solution sorbed onto activated charcoal in the same geometry that will be used
for radon flux samples. The EPA will provide the standards for counting.
Secondly, a blank should be made of each batch of activated charcoal that
is used. If the same batch of charcoal is used on different days, a new blank
should be prepared for each day. If time is available, the blanks should be
counted over a longer time period than the normal radon flux samples. This
longer count time will improve the counting statistics for this low-level sam-
ple.
Thirdly, a randomly selected group of samples of 5% to 10% of the total
should be recounted to check for leaking containers and reproducibility of
counting technique. All counting data should be entered into a permanent note-
book using ink.
Radon Flux Calculations
The radon flux is calculated from the net counts, collector area, exposure
interval, detector efficiency, and relative counting times. The equation for
calculating the flux is:
2
f\
J =
/ '-MA / -Mt2-ti) -Mt3-ti)\
K A E ^1-e ) \e -e j
where J = radon flux, pCi m"2s"1
C = net counts under 214g^ 609-keV peak
X = radon decay constant, 2.097 E-6/s
A = area of collector, m^
E = efficiency of detector, c/d
K = conversion from d/s to pCi, 0.037 d/s/pCi
t = exposure time, s
A.6
-------
tg = time from start of measurement to start of counting, s
t3 = time from start of measurement to end of counting, s.
The radon flux calculations can be greatly simplified by using a computer
or programmable calculator, A program for the Hewlett Packard (HP) 41C program
mable calculator is given in Table A.I.
A.7
-------
TABLE A.I. Hewlett Packard (HP) 41C Program for Calculating Radon
81+L8L -TIHE2' 48 RCL 85 79 ST+ 85
82 "INPUT SflRPLE NO" 41 * 88 "Tl= "
83 fiON 42 STO 86 81 ftRCL 85
84 PROHPT 43 GTO 64 82 PRfi
85 PR8 44*LEL 82 83 "T2= "
86 RBV 45 24 84 flRCL 86
*? ftOFF 46 ENTERt 85 PRfl
88 "INPUT BflYl" 47 RCL 9? 86 RCL 86
89 PROHPT 48 - 87 ENTERt
18 STO 81 49 RCL 84 88 688
11 "INPUT TIHE1" 58 + 89 +
12 PROHPT si 368f. 99 STO 87
13 HR 52 * 91 "T3= "
14 STO 82 53 STO 88 92 ftRCL 87
15 "INPUT MY2" 54 RCL 83 93 PRfi
16 PROHPT 55 ENTERt 94 XEQ "RRBOH1
17 STO 83 56 RCL 81 95 ENB
18 "INPUT TIHE2" 57 _
19 PROMPT 58 1
28 HR 59 -
21 STO 84 68 86488
22 EHTERt 61 *
23 RCL 82 62 RCL 88
24 X)Y? 63 +
25 GTO 82 64 STO 86
26 RCL 84 65+LBL 84
27 EHTERt 66 "INPUT Tl"
28 RCL 82 67 FIX 8
29 - 68 4
38 3688 69 PROHPT
31 * 79 STO 11
32 STO 85 71 INT
33 RCL 83 72 3688
34 ENTERt 73 *
35 RCL 81 74 STO 85
36 - 75 RCL 11
37 STO 96 76 FRC
38 86488 77 6888
39 * 78 *
81+LBL "RflBOW
82 2.897 E-6
83 STO 81
84 "INPUT COUNTS'
85 PROHPT
86 STO 84
87 RCL 81
88 Xt2
89 ENTERt
18 RCL 84
11 *
12 STO 83
13 RCL 82
14 ENTERt
15 .83?
16 *
1? RCL 83
18 *
19 STO 89
28 RCL 85
21 ENTERt
22 RCL 81
23 *
24 CHS
25 EtX
26 1
27 -
28 CHS
29 RCL 89
38 *
31 STO 18
32 RCL 86
33 ENTERt
34 RCL 85
35 -
36 RCL 81
37 *
38 CHS
39 EtX
48 STO 11
41 RCL 87
42 ENTERt
43 RCL 85
44 -
45 RCL 81
46 *
47 CHS
48 EtX
49 RCL 11
58 -
51 CHS
52 STO 12
53 RCL 18
54 *
55 1/X
56 RCL 88
57 *
58 STO 13
59 ST+ 14
68 FIX 8
61 "NET COUNTS
62 flRCL 84
63 PRfl
64 FIX 1
65 "R FLUK= "
66 flRCL 13
67 'r PCI/H2-S
68 PRfi
69 flDV
78 .END.
(a) The following Information Is provided for using the program:
store collector area In register 02
store detector efficiency In register 03
execute time 2 program
radon program Is used as a subroutine
day 1 Is day measurement was started
time 1 Is time measurement was started (HH.MM)
day 2 Is day charcoal sample was counted
time 2 Is time charcoal sample was counted (HH.MM)
Tl Is exposure time of measurement (HH.MM)
counts Is net counts for Bl 609-keV peak.
A.8
-------
APPENDIX B
RADON FLUX DATA FROM GARDINIER AND ROYSTER PHOSPHOGYPSUM PILES
-------
APPENDIX B
RADON FLUX FROM GARDINIER AND ROYSTER PHOSPHOGYPSUM PILES
TABLE B.I. Radon Flux Measurements on Gardim'er Phosphogypsum
COLLECTOR
ID DATE ON
SSSSStSSSB*"*" SSSSS3S
PILE: I APR 38
2 APR 30
3 APR 30
4 APR 38
5 APR 38
6 APR 38
7 ftPR 38
8 ftPR 30
9 APR 30
10 fiPR 30
11 APR 30
i£ APR 30
13 APR 30
14 APR 30
15 APR 30
16 APR 30
17 APR 38
18 APR 30
19 APR 30
£0 APR 38
£1 APR 30
2£ APR 30
£3 APR 30
24 03R 30
£5 APR 30
£6 APR 30
£7 APR 30
£8 APR 30
£9 APR 30
30 APR 30
31 APR 30
32 APR 30
33 APR 30
34 APR 30
35 APR 30
36 APR 30
37 APR 30
TIME ON
8.30
8.30
8.30
8.30
8.35
8.35
8.35
8.35
ft. 43
8.43
8.43
8.43
8.43
8.43
8.5£
8.5£
8.5£
8.5£
8.52
d.5£
8.5£
8.5£
8.79
8.62
8.82
8.8£
8.89
8.83
8.85
8.85
8.93
8.87
8.95
8.89
8.90
8.90
8.9£
FLUX
oCi/m2-5
19.0
£5.3
7.87
£7.9
37.5
55.6
63.5
47.6
47.8
£0.6
£4.5
29.9
51.0
41.1
£3.3
65.3
38.7
67.8
50.9
£3.6
46.2
35.1
50.8
18.7
38.6
19.5
£5.4
28.1
8.88
6£.4
£4.6
26.7
55.1
9.29
50.4
22.3
34.1
B.I
-------
TABLE B.I, (contd)
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
43
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
THIN SOURCE: Tl
T£
T3
74
T5
T6
T7
T8
CONTROL TEKTs CTT
CTB
PILE: 1
a
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
APR
APR
APR
APR
APR
APR
P.SR
APR
A3R
APR
APR
APR
(PR
APR
APR
APR
APR
APR
APR
APR
APR
APR
fiPR
APR
APR
APR
APR
APR
APR
APR
flPR
MAY
«AY
MAY
MAY
MAY
WAY
MflY
MAY
MAY
MAY
MflY
WflY
MAY
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
38
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
38
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
38
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
a.
8.
8.
9.
9.
9.
9.
9.
9.
9.
9.
9.
9.
9.
9.
9.
9.
9.
9.
9.
9.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
8.
8.
8.
8.
8.
8.
8.
8.
8.
8.
6.
8.
9.
93
93
99
99
00
00
00
02
07
07
07
09
09
10
10
12
30
3£
32
3£
35
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
72
72
50
50
52
52
53
70
70
75
75
77
99
,99
00
£5.2
22.8
23.5
13.1
18.5
39.2
3.33
21.0
2.18
.372
1.84
.224
2.89
.658
111
.339
6.60
16.9
8.92
30.3
£4.7
1.83
2.14
£.19
1.97
£.£0
3.08
£.64
2.51
6.64
4.56
15.7
9.27
8.73
10.4
8.57
19.1
13.0
9.96
12.2
£8.8
£1.5
17.0
13.5
B.2
-------
TABLE B.I (contd)
14
15
16
17
IB
19
£8
£1
2£
23
24
25
26
27
28
£9
33
31
3£
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
49
41
4£
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
MflY 1
MAY 1
MflY 1
MAY 1
W 1
MRY 1
MftY 1
KAY 1
MAY 1
MfiY 1
MAY 1
MAY 1
MAY 1
MfiY 1
WAY 1
MAY 1
MAY 1
MflY 1
MAY 1
MAY 1
MAY 1
MAY 1
MAY 1
MAY 1
MAY 1
MAY 1
MAY 1
MflY 1
MAY 1
MAY 1
MAY 1
MflY 1
MAY 1
MflY 1
MAY 1
MAY 1
MAY 1
MAY 1
MflY 1
MAY 1
MflY 1
MfiY 1
MfiY 1
MAY 1
MAY 1
9.019
9.0£
9.02
9.03
9.03
9.05
9.05
9.37
9.37
9.37
9.40
9.40
9.40
9.42
9.42
9.42
9.43
9.67
9.67
9.69
9.69
9.70
9.70
9.72
9.72
9.73
9.73
10.02
10.02
10.03
10.03
10.05
10.05
10.07
10.09
10.12
10.13
10.15
14.33
14.33
10.07
10.13
10.13
10.15
10,17
6.85
6.31
9.35
29.1
10.7
9.46
9.61
12.3
£5.0
11.4
7.92
20.8
21.0
9.99
21.6
£1.4
20.3
£8.6
28.7
26.6
£1.1
36.5
17.6
£7.6
35.7
18.4
35.5
19.6
££.7
14.4
16.9
28.5
24.2
18.9
27.3
£9.4
NA
£3.8
£.45
£.£9
12.8
16.0
12.0
£5.3
30.19
B.3
-------
TABLE
59
60
61
THIN SOURCE: Ti
T£
13
T5
CONTROL TENT: CTT
CTB
SSEL
PILE: 1
2
3
A
5
5
7
B
9
10
a
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
28
81
22
S3
24
25
26
27
28
29
38
31
B.I.
MftY 1
W 1
MftY 1
WfiY 1
MRY 1
MflY 1
MftY 1
MfiY 1
MAY 1
MflY 1
MftY 2
MflY 2
MfiY 2
MflY 2
MflY 2
MftY 2
MflY 2
MflY £
MflY 2
MflY 2
MflY 2
MftY 2
MflY 2
MflY 2
MflY 2
MflY 2
MftY £
MflY 2
MflY 2
MflY 2
MflY 2
MflY 2
MflY 2
MAY 2
MflY 2
MflY 2
MftY 2
MflY 2
MflY 2
MflY 2
MflY 2
(contd)
14. ii
14.37
14.37
14.33
14.33
14.33
14.33
10. 72
10.72
16.72
9.23
9.23
9.23
8.97
8.97
9.27
9.27
9.27
8.99
8.99
9.09
10.83
9.45
10.05
10.03
9.02
9.03
9.03
9.83
9.05
10.07
9.52
10.07
9.55
10.09
9.55
9.57
10.10
10.10
10.12
10.12
2.00
2.18
2.09
1.83
1.69
1.73
2.01
4.70
6.50
.002
23.1
25.3
18.7
19.7
9.92
22.4
37.8
20.7
23.6
10.6
7.91
10.1
3.19
12.7
5.89
10.3
4.11
10.5
7.46
7.42
43.9
28.7
15.5
17.0
19.2
18.2
19.3
17.9
22.7
17.6
26.6
B.4
-------
TABLE B.I, (contd)
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
58
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
53
6@
61
CONTROL TENT; CTT
CTB
TN1T
TN1B
THIN SOURCE: Tl
T£
T3
T5
PILE: 1
£
3
MAY 2
MAY 2
MAY 2
MAY 2
MAY 2
MAY 2
MAY £
MAY £
MAY £
MfiY 2
MY £
MAY 2
MAY £
MAY 2
MAY £
MAY £
MAY £
KAY 2
WAY £
MAY £
NAY £
MAY £
MAY 2
MAY 2
MAY 2
MAY 2
MAY 2
MAY 2
MAY 2
MAY 2
MAY 2
MAY 2
MAY 2
MAY 2
MAY £
MAY £
MAY £
MAY 2
MAY 3
MAY 3
MAYS
10.13
10.13
10.50
18.33
10.33
10.50
10.35
10.35
10.37
10.39
18.39
V».39
11.10
10.53
10.53
11.12
10.52
11.12
18-. 53
10.55
15.07
15.07
11.15
11.17
11.19
11.19
11.20
15.07
15.07
15.07
11.22
11.28
11.00
11.00
14.83
14,83
14.83
14.83
8.85
8. 85
8.89
17.6
9.81
£2.6
19.4
15.8
19.7
15.1
16. i
12.4
9.46
16.6
24.5
16.6
7.94
18.6
17.7
13.4
21.6
7.07
17.5
1.89
2.26
14.6
11.6
41.7
22.7
26.3
2.14
1.90
1.98
11.5
U.l
4.77
5.81
NA
NA
NA
NA
24.1
17.5
16.8
B.5
-------
TABLE B.I, (contd)
4
5
6
7
6
9
10
11
IE
13
14
15
16
17
IB
19
£8
21
22
23
£4
25
26
27
26
29
3d
31
3£
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
48
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
MflY 3
WflY 3
MflY 3
MflY 3
MfiY 3
MflY 3
MfiY 3
MflY 3
MfiY 3
MflY 3
MflY 3
MftY 3
MftY 3
MfiY 3
MflY 3
MflY 3
MflY 3
i«!flY 3
MfiY 3
MflY 3
MftY 3
MflY '3
MflY 3
MfiY 3
MflY 3
MflY 3
MflY 3
MflY 3
MflY 3
W 3
MflY 3
MflY 3
MftY 3
MflY 3
MflY 3
MflY 3
MflY 3
MSY 3
MflY 3
.MflY 3
MflY 3
HftY 3
MflY 3
MflY 3
MflY 3
8.89
8.92
B.92
8.95
8.95
8.97
8.97
9.00
9.00
9.03
9.03
9.09
9.09
9.13
9.13
9.15
9.17
9.59
9.59
9.68
9.60
9.62
9.62
9.63
9.63
9.65
9.65
9,67
9.97
9.99
10.72
10.07
10.09
10.10
10.11
10.07
10.33
10.60
10.37
10.82
10.40
10.87
10.50
10.89
10,53
11.8
7.53
4.59
6.40
11.7
5.41
4.12
5.53
6.96
8.36
5.42
.136
0.60
1.41
.652
12.0
4.47
9.90
44.7
14.5
3.09
14.7
3.13
7.33
14.4
5.07
20.4
9.07
£0.3
9.71
16.4
14.6
1.09
6.64
4.79
6.79
12.9
13.0
9.34
8.39
£2.2
4,69
2.52
.859
10.2
B.6
-------
TABLE B.I, (contd)
THIN SOURCE:
CONTROL TENT:
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
58
57
58
59
60
6!
Tl
T£
T3
T5
CTT
CTB
STT
STB
TN1T
TN1B
MAY 3
MAY 3
WY 3
MAY 3
KAY 3
WAY 3
MAY 3
MAY 3
MAY 3
MAY 3
W 3
MAY 3
MAY 3
MAY 3
MAY 3
MAY 3
MAY 3
MftY 3
WAY 3
MAY 3
MAY 3
MAY 3
MAY 3
18.55
10.59
10.60
14.22
14.22
18.73
10.73
10.75
10.75
10.75
14.22
14.22
14.22
14.20
14.20
14.20
14.20
10.99
10.99
14.33
14.33
11.10
11.10
4.23
.516
.501
.912
1.00
1.12
11.6
65.3
20.8
30.9
.814
.877
.527
NA
9.95
11.3
12.0
10.7
11.1
2.76
.0716
10.7
5.06
B.7
-------
TABLE B.2. Radon Flux Measurements on Royster Phosphogypsum Pile
SfiMPLE COLLECTOR
LOCATIONS ID
3 23
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
10
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
16
16
17
17
17
18
19
20
20
20
21
21
22
23
£4
£4
25
£3
45
35
37
47
53
32
54
49
31
37
14
43
12
11
26
18
27
47
7
6
58
51
36
6
3
26
43 -
52
10
32
57
60
42
24
B
41
34
26
44
2
POND ID
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inact ive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inact ive
DflTE
MflY 4
MftY 6
MflY 7
MftY 4
MflY 6
MftY 4
MflY 6
MflY 6
MftY 4
MflY 6
MflY 7
MftY 4
MflY 6
MftY 4
MftY 6
MflY 4
MftY 6
MflY 7
MflY 4
MflY 6
MftY 4
MflY 6
MflY 4
MflY 6
MftY 7
MflY 4
MflY 7
MflY 4
MfiY 6
MflY 7
MflY 7
MflY 7
MflY 4
MftY 6
MRY 7
MftY 4
MflY 6
MflY 7
MflY 7
MfiY 7
MflY 8
MflY 7
ON TIME
16.33
8.52
18.87
18.33
6.52
18.33
8.52
8.50
18.27
8.50
10.92
18.27
81 50
18.27
8.50
19.09
8.69
10.57
18.23
8.37
18.23
8.40
18.23
8.37
10.49
18.27
10.43
18.23
8.37
10.43
10.45
10.45
18.23
8.37
10.50
18.27
8.37
10.40
10.45
10.45
9.70
10.45
FLUX
DCi/»2-5
1.05
3.66
3.42
1.14
4.91
4.85
8.54
.665
1.05
2.25
1.58
.435
1.85
3.89
3.03
l£.l
16.1
14.6
1.80
2.18
4.53
6.44
£.50
£.73
4.22
0.21
2.79
3.68
2.30
3.39
2.08
7.00
3.22
2.24
4.61
3.88
6.14
3.87
2,63
4.25
1.29
2.40
B.8
-------
TABLE B.2. (contd)
£5
26
27
87
28
28
29
29
30
30
31
31
32
32
33
33
34
34
35
35
36
36
37
37
38
38
39
39
39
39
48
40
41
41
42
42
42
42
43
43
44
44
44
45
45
38
58
50
30
21
47
44
37
1
56
40
1
&e
3
33
23
8
39
45
19
21
36
9
61
15 '
15
40
56-
13
34
16
9
5
41
39
13
47
43
14
17
31
2
12
29
49
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
MflY 8
MflY 7
MfiY 7
MftY 8
MflY 7
MflY 8
MAY 7
MflY 8
MflY 7
MflY 8
MflY 7
MflY 8
MflY 7
MftY 8
MflY 7
MflY 6
MflY 4
MflY 6
MflY 4
MflY 6
MflY 4
MflY 6
MflY 7
MflY 8
MflY 7
MflY 8
MflY 4
MflY 6
MflY 7
MflY 8
MflY 7
MflY 6
MflY 7
MflY 8
MflY 4
MftY 6
MflY 7
MflY 8
MfiY 4
MflY 6
MflY 4
MflY 6
MflY 7
MflY 7
MflY 8
9.70
10.45
10.83
9.60
10.40
9.68
10.40
9.62
10.39
9.60
10.39
9.60
10.39
9.60
10.39
9.60
18.15
8.32
16.15
8.32
18.15
8.32
10.32
9.50
10.32
9.50
18.15
8.3£
10.33
9.58
10.33
9.50
10.37
9.60
18.15
8.32
10.37
9.60
18.15
8.32
19.07
8.65
10.59
10.23
9.45
2.17
1.69
4.41
23.3
4.36
3.86
2.45
2.32
4.15
1.96
4.08
6.37
7.84
.355
3.83
1.27
Nfl
1.40
.345
1.78
2.76
4.34
2.62
.829
7.86
3.34
4.11
2.95
3.53
1.25
2.9
3.22
4.18
£.39
2.76
2.15
2.35
.559
4.33
4.88
7.18
9.93
9.11
3.53
2.91
B.9
-------
TABLE B.2. (contd)
46
46
47
47
48
48
49
49
50
50
51
51
52
52
53
54
54
55
55
56
56
57
57
57
58
58
59
59
59
69
60
61
61
62
62
63
63
64
64
65
65
66
66
67
67
43
33
53
21
8
51
49
28
37
5
30
29
23
42
52
36
32
56
59
51
58
55
59
4
25
9
56
33
28
LL8
LL5
LL7
111
LL1
LL8
LL3
LL4
LL2
me
LL4
LL2
LL5
LL3
LL10
LL7
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inact ive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inact ive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inact ive
inactive
inactive
inact ive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
MAY 7
MAY 8
MAY 7
MAY 8
MAY 7
MftY 8
MAY 7
MAY 8
MAY 7
MAY 8
MftY 7
MAY 8
MAY 7
NAY 8
MAY 8
MAY 7
MAY 8
MAY 7
MAY 8
MAY 7
MAY 8
MAY 4
MAY 6
MAY 7
MAY 4
MAY 6
MAY 4
MAY 6
MAY 7
MAY 6
MAY 7
MAY 6
MAY 7
MAY 6
MAY 7
MAY 6
MAY 7
MAY 6
MAY 7
MAY 6
MAY 7
MAY 6
MAY 7
MAY 6
MAY 7
10.32
9.45
10.27
9.45
10.32
9.45
10.33
9.37
10.33
9.37
10.23
9.32
10.25
9.32
9.32
18.27
9.32
18.27
9.37
10.33
9.37
18.13
8.27
10.80
18.13
8.27
18.13
8.27
10.97
9.69
11.13
9.69
11.13
9.69
11.13
9.69
11.13
9.69
11.13
9.69
11.13
9.69
11.13
9.69
11.13
2.23
1.08
3.13
2.43
2.59
2.16
3.94
2.21
4.12
.673
2.65
.303
3.53
.276
1.20
13.7
15.1
8.00
3.03
3.75
.371
1.01
.838
1.13
1.73
4.26
1.71
2.96
3.38
3.08
2.49
4.22
2.72
3.97
2.87
4.67
5.25
4.05
2.99
3.27
3.12
3.17
4.86
3.45
3.20
B.10
-------
TABLE B.2. (contd)
68
68
69
69
78
70
7£
72
73
73
74
74
75
75
76
76
76
80
80
80
84
84
84
86
86
86
87
87
87
88
88
89
89
90
90
90
91
91
91
92
92
92
96
96
96
34
30
46
52
53
24
12
16
32
15
22
40
10
29
41
1
61
1
18
22
4
3
25
20
25
14
3
21
24
23
22
2
38
15
58
7
16
5
46
19
44
43
44
27
35
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inact ive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inact ive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
MflY 4
MflY 6
MftY 4
MftY 6
MflY 4
MftY 6
MflY 4
MflY 6
MftY 4
MflY 6
MflY 4
MftY 6
MflY 4
MflY 6
MflY 4
MflY 6
MflY 7
MflY 4
MflY 6
MflY 7
MftY 4
MflY 6
MflY 7
MflY 4
MflY 6
MflY 7
MflY 4
MflY 6
MflY 7
MflY 4
MflY 6
MflY 4
MflY 6
MflY 4
MftY 6
MftY 7
MflY 4
MflY 6
MftY 7
MftY 4
MftY 6
MftY 7
MftY 4
MflY 6
MftY?
18.13
8,27
18.13
8.27
18.13
8.27
18.07
8.22
18.07
8.22
18.07
8.2£
18.07
6.22
18.39
8.23
10.79
19.05
8.69
10.60
19.02
8.72
10.62
18.85
8.70
11.32
18.85
8.70
11.32
18.80
8.73
18.80
8.80
18.80
8.80
11.39
18.80
8.80
11.39
18.97
8.70
10.63
18.52
8.87
10.47
4.09
2.58
2.89
3.70
10.5
4.14
5.03
2.75
3.53
4.30
2.36
1.34
49.8
34.4
2.60
3.69
3.57
4.11
6.45
8.12
8.98
13.3
11.89
1.04
2.20
.738
9.08
6.93
5.79
31.8
29.2
.879
1.91
1.22
3.32
3.97
5.13
11.1
7.53
5.47
8.00
9.09
3.68
2.04
.383
B.ll
-------
TABLE B.2. (contd)
97
97
97
98
98
98
99
99
100
100
101
101
102
102
102
104
104
104
185
105
106
106
106
187
107
108
103
109
109
109
53
110
110
111
111
112
112
112
113
113
113
114
114
114
115
33
57
57
30
61
55
38
50
17
4
13
46
7
49
20
61
28
59
51
49
9
41
6
29
35
52
10
17
5
20
19
42
42
36
45
60
34
39
48
55
11
18
31
27
59
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inact ive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
MftY 4
MftY 6
MftY 7
MftY 4
MAY 6
MflY 7
MftY 4
MflY 6
MflY 4
MflY 6
MftY 4
MflY 6
MftY 6
MftY 4
MflY 7
MflY 4
MflY 6
MflY 7
MflY 4
MflY 6
MflY 4
MflY 6
MfiY 7
MflY 4
MftY 6
MflY 4
MftY 6
MflY 7
MflY 4
MflY 6
MflY 7
MflY 4
MftY 6
MflY 4
MftY 6
MfiY 4
MfiY 6
MflY 7
MflY 4
MftY 6
MftY 7
MflY 4
MftY 6
MftY 7
MflY 4
18.52
8.87
11.37
18.52
8.87
11.47
18.52
8.87
18.67
9.00
18.67
9.00
9.00
18.77
11.47
19.92
8.87
10.82
18.55
8.93
18.55
8.93
11.42
18.55
8.93
18.55
8.93
11.47
18.52
8.82
10.25
18.52
9.00
18.52
9.00
19.87
8.83
10.75
18.89
8.89
10.77
18.90
8.85
10.79
18.92
.105
0.32
29.1
6.15
.548
1.37
.292
5.27
.266
2.59
1.09
1.04
1.62
4.34
4.27
1,59
3.40
5.37
1.38
2.08
.822
2.19
2.03
.328
.539
0
0.48
1.02
1.04
1.96
2.65
1.04
1.97
.122
3.11
10.3
9.05
8.24
4.07
3.72
5.80
7.16
4.42
8.20
17.6
B.12
-------
TABLE B.2. (contd)
115
115
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
IS
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
'21
£2
23
24
25
26
27
29
39
31
32
33
54
54
TIT
TIB
T2T
T2B
cm
CT1B
CT2T
CT2B
11
8
3
55
28
52
19
41
22
55
34
61
43
45
31
46
30
32
57
24
49
16
36
29
44
60
15
33
20
48
26
47
inact ive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
inactive
active
active
active
act ive
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
act ive
active
active
active
active
act ive
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
act ive
active
MflY 6
MflY 7
MflY 6
MflY 6
MflY 6
MflY 6
NflY 7
MflY 7
MflY 7
MflY 7
MflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MftY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MfiY 9
WAY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MftY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
WflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
8.87
18.80
9.29
9.29
9.29
9.29
11.13
11.13
11.15
11.15
11.45
11.45
11.45
11.43
11.42
11.42
10.63
18.77
10.77
10.79
10.80
10.80
11.39
10.82
11.37
10.83
10.83
10.85
10.87
10.87
10.97
10.99
11.00
11.00
11.02
11.02
11.03
11.05
11.07
11.09
11.09
11.09
14.3
18.1
1.17
.6%
.489
.0139
.817
.609
1.19
.828
15.0
17.3
1.02
25.9
25.9
28.9
10.6
5.77
23.5
19.6
18.8
16.1
25.2
10.2
4.34
14.3
13.2
4.06
14.8
23.8
4.30
2.55
15.6
18.1
17.2
23.8
23.6
21.8
20.6
24.1
16.7
.541
B.13
-------
TABLE B.2. (contd)
34
35
36
37
36
39
40
41
42
43
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
54
59
2
38
51
17
48
58
35
7
21
18
6
5
12
23
37
13
1
10
14
50
25
53
27
4
42
39
act ive
active
active
active
act ive
active
active
act ive
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
active
act ive
MflY 9
MftY 9
MAY 9
WftY 9
MflY 9
MftY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MftY 9
MftY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MftY 9
MflY 9
MftY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MflY 9
MftY 9
11.12
10.95
10.73
10.69
10.65
10.63
10.97
10.99
11.00
11.04
11.03
11.05
11.05
11.07
11.09
11.07
11.39
11.40
11.40
11.42
11.42
11.23
11.25
11.27
11.27
11.23
11.27
11.29
20.1
16.2
13.1
25.9
2.44
19.0
23.2
25.5
32.3
27.6
20.9
19.9
14.6
16.5
21.5
21.9
13.5
13.8
8.46
20.6
15.7
11.6
18.4
26.3
24.5
21.4
12.5
3.16
B.14
-------
TABLE B.3. QA Counting for Radon Flux Measurements on Gardim'er Pile
RADON
COLLECTOR ON DATE ORIGINAL REPEAT
NUMBER 1985 pCi/m2-s pCi/nS-s X DIFF.
3
T4
10
£0
£9
30
40
50
&
17
£4
35
45
58
5
17
21
33
45
56
5
15
2£
31
44
56
aSSSSISS
APRIL 30
APRIL 30
APRIL 30
APRIL 30
APRIL 30
APRIL 38
APRIL 30
APRIL 30
MAY 1
MAY 1
NAY 1
MAY 1
MAY 1
MAY 1
MAY £
MAY 2
MAY 2
MAY 2
MAY £
MAY 2
MAY 3
MAY 3
MAY 3
MAY 3
MAY 3
SAY 3
7.87
1.97
20.6
23.6
8.88
62.4
23.5
2.89
19.1
29.1
7.92
36.5
28.5
30.0
9.92
4.11
43.9
9.81
7.94
41.7
7.53
.186
44.7
9.07
22.2
65.3
6.50
1.99
20.5
£4.3
7.35
63.8
23.0
£.90
19.1
29.3
8.08
36.8
28.8
30.1
10.0
4.05
43.8
9.79
7.90
41.5
7.54
.169
45.8
9.07
22.3
64.0
17.41
1.02
0.49
£.97
17.23
£.24
£.13
0.35
0.00
0,69
2.02
0.82
1.05
0.33
0.81
1.46
0.23
0.20
0.50
0.48
0.13
9.14
£.46
0.00
0.45
1.99
B.15
-------
TABLE B.4. QA Counting for Radon Flux Measurements on Royster Pile
RADON
COLLECTOR
NUMBER
6
19
£8
37
47
52
Count Syst 6
11 37
52
Count Syst 6
*2 37
52
7
19
23
38
46
L7
5
15
30
40
55
5
34
44
61
3
15
45
£2
35
55
ON DflTE
KflY 4
MfiY 4
MflY 4
MflY 4
MflY 4
MflY 4
MflY 4
MflY 4
MflY 4
MflY 4
MflY 4
MflY 4
MflY 6
MflY 6
MflY. 6
MflY 6
MflY 6
MflY 6
MftY 7
MflY 7
MflY 7
MflY 7
MflY 7
MflY 8
MflY 8
MflY 8
MflY 8
MflY 9
MPY 9
MflY 3
MflY 9
MflY 9
MAY 9
GRIGINflL
DCi/m2-s
0.210
5,478
30.88
8.435
4.B50
0.000
0.210
0.435
0.000
8.210
0.440
0.080
1.620
1.760
3.488
1.910
1.848
4.220
4.188
7.860
2.650
4.060
1.370
8.673
1.250
1.298
0.829
1.828
23.68
10.28
23.58
32.30
19.68
RcPEflT
DCi/rn2-s
0.419
5.688
38.90
8.216
3. 87
0.139
0.431
0.476
0.172
8.372
8.412
8.146
1.648
1.740
3.278
1.930
1.028
4.338
4.228
7.910
2.658
4.280
1.410
8.619
1.328
1.210
0.844
8.923
£3.40
18.08
23.18
32.00
19.50
* DIFF
99.52
3.639
0.325
58.34
20.21
185.2
9.425
77.14
6.364
1.235
2.247
3.824
1.047
1.923
2.687
8.957
8.636
0.880
2.941
2.920
8. 824
5.688
6.202
1.889
9.518
0.847
1.961
1.702
0.929
0.510
B.16
-------
APPENDIX C
PHYSICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED PHOSPHOGYPSUM SAMPLES
-------
APPENDIX C
PHYSICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES .OF SELECTED PHOSPHOGYPSUM SAMPLES
Location Moisture, wt% (dry wt) Density, g/cc (dry wt) Emanating Power 226Ra, pCi/tj
Tub-53 19.6 0,93 0.340 32.39
Jub-60 19.5 0,97 0.352 33.67
Tub-61 19.8 0,94 0.326 34.02
Small tent 16.8 0.92 0.326 31.82
Gard1n1er 1 21.7 0.438 38.77
Gardinier 3 33.0 0.277 35.36
Gardinier 5 17.8 0.394 37.06
Gardinier 7 18.9 0.237 33.05
Gardinier Ctrl 1 9.4 0.237 27.93
Gardinier near Ctrl 11.2 0.243 33.84
Gardinier Ctrl 2 11.9 0.221 28.29
Royster center Ctrl 15.0 0.250 36.23
Royster Ctrl tent 2a 12.3 0.256 29.90
Royster Ctrl tent. 2b 15.2 0.245 29.70
C.I
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