ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS OF LEAD AND CADMIUM
IN THE AREAS OF SECONDARY LEAD SMELTERS AND A
BATTERY MANUFACTURING PLANT IN DALLAS, AND
FRISCO, TEXAS
EPA CONTRACT NUMBER IT - 0373 - NAEX
PREPARED FOR:
Dr. LARRY L. THOMAS
TOXIC SUBSTANCES SPECIALIST
AIR AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS DIVISION
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, REGION
FIRST INTERNATIONAL BUILDING
1201 ELM STREET
DALLAS, TEXAS 75270
BY:
DR. ERNEST C. CROSBY
V. K. ARGENTO
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
BOX 19303
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON
ARLINGTON, TEXAS 76019
AUGUST 20, 1981
-------
ABSTRACT
The object of this research project was to characterize environ-
mental concentrations of lead and cadmium in the area of a secondary
lead smelter and lead-acid battery manufacturing plants. Particular
attention was devoted to collecting samples from areas where chil-
dren would be expected to be exposed to these environmental pol-
lutants.
Selected households downwind from a secondary lead smelter and
one battery manufacturing plant were sampled for lead and cadmium
concentrations in hot and cold house tap water, dust on refrigerator
tops and window sills, in front yard and back yard soil as well as
garden soil if a garden existed on the premisses. Additionally, a
plastic dustfall tray was left in an undisturbed area, usually the
top of the refrigerator, for 28 days.
This study included in its scope, sampling for effects due to a
source in a rural community and thus appropriately selected a rural
community as the reference area. The reference area in this study
is in a relatively new residential development distant from any
urban area. This appears to have been a fortuitous selection as
levels of lead and cadmium in this reference area may well repre-
sent background levels for a new residential area.
-------
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT , i
INTRODUCTION ...... .... ]
SAMPLE SITES 3
SAMPLING PROTOCOL 11
ANALYSIS PROTOCOL 13
LEAD AND CADMIUM CONCENTRATIONS 16
CONCLUSIONS 39
APPENDICES 43
APPENDIX A. SITE LOCATIONS 43
APPENDIX B. SITE PICTURES 47
APPENDIX C. SAMPLE COLLECTION SCHEDULE 79
APPENDIX D. WEATHER DATA 81
-------
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE Page
1 Pb Soil Samples ESB Area .,,,,, 17
2 Pb Soil Samples 60U Area .,,......,,,,. 18
3 Pb Soil Samples FRR Area .......*.*,,. 19
4 Cd Soil Samples ESB Area . . . , 20
5 Cd Soil Samples GOU Area 21
6 Cd Soil Samples FRR Area ,,,,,.. 22
7 Pb Dust Tray Samples v . . . 23
8 Cd Dust Tray Samples 24
9 Pb Dust Wipe Samples 25
10 Cd Dust Wipe Samples 26
11 Pb House Water Samples 27
12 Cd House Water Samples 28
13 Cadmium Data Summary . ,...,,,,.. 29
14 Lead Data Summary 30
15 Pb Concentrations With Depth 32
16 Cd Concentrations With Depth 33
C-l Data Samples Collected 80
-------
IV
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE Page
1 ESB, Inc. (ESB) Soil Sample Sites 4
/ "
2 Gould, Inc. (GOU) Soil Sample Sites 5
3 Reference Area (FRR) Soil Sample Sites 6
4 ESB, Inc. (ESB) House Sample Sites 7
5 Gould, Inc. (GOU) House Sample Sites 8
6 Reference Area (FRR) House Sample Sites 9
7 Average Wind Direction - Dallas Love Field 10
* Concentration Versus Depth:
9 Soil Lead Variation with Depths ,,.. 35
10 Soil Lead Variation With Depths 35
11 Soil Cadmium Variation With Depths 37
12 Soil Cadmium Variation With Depths 38
-------
LIST OF PICTURES
PICTURE Page
1. ESB Site 1 48
2. ESB Site 2 48
3. ESB Site 3 . 49
4. ESB Site 4 49
5. ESB Site 5 .50
6. ESB Site 6 50
7. ESB Site 7 51
8. ESB Site 8 53
9. ESB Site 9 52
10. ESB Site 10 53
11. ESB Site 11 53
12. ESB Site 12 53
13. ESB Site 13 54
14. ESB Site 14 54
15. ESB Site 15 55
16. ESB Site 16 55
17. ESB Site 17 55
18. ESB Site 18 55
19. ESB Site 19 57
20. ESB Site 20 57
21. ESB Plant (Front) 58
22. ESB Plant (Back) . 58
-------
23. GOU Site 1 , . . 59
24. GOU Site 2 59
25. GOU Site 3 60
26. GOU Site 4 .60
27. GOU Site 5 .,,.,., 61
28. GOU Site 6 61
29. GOU Site 7 62
30. GOU Site 7 . . . . 62
31. GOU Site 8 . 63
32. GOU Site 9 . . 63
33. GOU Site 11 . . . . 64
34. GOU Site 12 64
35. GOU Site 13 65
36. GOU Site 14 . . . 65
37.. GOU Site 15 , ... 66
38, GOU Site 16 66
39. GOU Site 17 67
40. GOU Site 18 67
41. GOU Site 19 68
42. GOU Site 20 -68
43. GOU Plant (Air) 69
44, GOU Plant (Front) ..... ....... 69
45. GOU Plant (Side) 70
46. FRR Site 1 . . 70
47. FRR Site 2 71
48. FRR Site 3 . . . 71
-------
vii
49. FRR Site 4 72
50. FRR Site 5 ..,,... % .. t ;2
51. FRR Site 6 73
52. FRR Site 7 73
53. FRR Site 11 . . 74
54. FRR Site 12 74
55. FRR Site 13 75
56. FRR Site 14 ,75
57. FRR Site 15 75
58. FRR Site 16 75
59. FRR Site 17 77
60. FRR Site 18 , . . 77
61. FRR Site 19 73
62. FRR Site 20 78
-------
INTRODUCTION
Lead is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant with known toxic
effects to exposed persons. Considerable study has shown that chil-
dren below the age of 5 years are most susceptible to adverse health
effects when exposed to significantly elevated environmental concen-
trations of lead.
Cadmium, another heavy metal, has not undergone as extensive an
environmental study as lead. However, due to the use of cadmium in
many processes and coatings, there is a growing concern about environ-
mental cadmium levels. Cadmium exhibits known toxic effects and has
been linked to poisoning due to environmental exposure.
This study investigated the presence in the environment of lead
and cadmium. Concentrations in the area of secondary lead smelters and
battery manufacturing plants were the specific topic of this project.
Additionally, emphasis was placed on sampling areas where children
would most likely be exposed.
Soil samples were collected from front and back yards of private
residences in areas downwind from secondary lead smelting operations
and battery manufacturing plants. Samples of hot and cold house tap
water were also taken, in addition to dust wipes of refrigerator tops
and window sills. A dust tray was also left at these homes for 28-days,
after which the trays were analyzed for lead and cadmium dustfall.
Soil samples were also collected from parks, playgrounds, elemen-
tary school playgrounds and day care center playgronds downwind from
-------
secondary lead smelters and battery manufacturing plants. A similar
sampling program was conducted at houses, parks, playgrounds, and
elementary school playgrounds in a reference area with no known
significant exposure to emissions from secondary lead smelter and
battery manufacturing operations.
A study of environmental lead and cadmium levels was submitted
to the Air and Hazardous Materials Division of the Region VI office
of the Environmental Protection Agency on February 24, 1981. This
study was completed under EPA contract number Ot-0918-NTEX and
examined levels of lead and cadmium in samples of house tap water,
house dust, and in soil samples collected from elementary school play-
grounds, day care centers and private residences.
In the first report, a reference area was chosen in the eastern
Dallas area that is isolated, as best as the investigators could
determine, from any industrial sources of lead and cadmium. However,
the reference area was appropriately chosen in the urban Dallas area
since the potential emission sources studied are also in the urban
Dallas area.
This study included in its scope, sampling for effects due to a
source in a rural community and thus appropriately selected a rural
community as the reference area. The reference area in this study is
in a relatively new residential development distant from any urban area,
This appears to have been a fortuitous selection as levels of lead and
cadmium in this reference area may well represent background levels for
a new residential area.
-------
SAMPLE SITES
Samples of soil, house dust and tap water were collected in
neighborhoods within a two mile radius of the following locations:
ESB, Inc.
8600 Denton Drive
Dallas, Texas
Gould, Inc.
South 5th Street
Frisco, Texas
Peter's Colony Elementary School
Nash Drive
Colony, Texas
The first two sites above were considered to be potential lead
and cadmium source sites. The last site was selected as a reference
or baseline area.
Figures 1, 2 and 3 depict the locations of elementary schools, day
care centers and playgrounds that were sampled. Figures 4, 5 and 6
show the locations of all houses from which samples were obtained.
Sample site addresses and pictures are contained in Appendix A. Sample
sites were randomly selected in a downwind location in accordance with
a wind rose developed for Dallas Love Field, Figure 7.
The reference area was selected to be in South Frisco for three
main reasons. This area has no known sources of lead or cadmium other
than vehicles. There are no major federal or interstate highways that
intersect the region selected. And finally, the prevailing winds are
such that the transport of air masses from known source sites to the
reference area are minimized.
-------
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o o Site Locations
FIGURE 1
ESB, INC. (ESB) SOIL SAMPLE SITES
-------
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o Site Locations
FIGURE 4
ESB, 'INC. (ESB) HOUSE SAMPLE SITES
-------
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o Site Locations
FIGURE 5
GOULD, INC. (GOU) HOUSE SAMPLE SITES
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-------
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FIGURE 6
REFERENCE AREA (FRR) HOUSE SAMPLE SITES
vo
-------
10
WMW
U/SW
WWW
NN1E
sw
WE
15%
SSW
SSE
EME
ESE
AVERAGE WIWD DIRECTION
DALLAS LOVE FIELD I96i~!973
ARSENTO
10-21-I98O
FIGURE 7
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11
SAMPLING PROTOCOL
Soil samples were collected from all sites. A minimum of four
soil samples was collected at each site. At house sites, samples
were collected, when possible, two from the front yard, two from the
back yard and two from any garden that existed. All soil samples
were obtained with a stainless steel core device that produces a
ground surface core two inches in diameter and three inches tall. All
soil samples were placed in polyethylene containers and stored at
room temperature to await Pb and Cd analysis.
Water samples were collected in 500 ml acid-washed polyethylene
bottles, one each from the hot water and cold water tap in the kitchen
of each house. Water was allowed to run from the kitchen taps for
one minute before the samples were collected. Each sample bottle was
then rinsed with either hot or cold tap water three times before a
sample of hot or cold water was collected, respectively. The samples
were then acidified (1%) within 90 minutes using concentrated HN03
(reagent grade). The samples were then stored at room temperature
until analyzed.
Housedust samples were collected utilizing two different tech-
niques. The first technique used an acid-washed linear polyethylene
tray (23,5 cm x 35.5 cm) as the sampling vessel. The tray was left in
the house for 28 days on the top of the refrigerator in the kitchen.
Upon collection, the tray was sealed with an acid washed polyethylene
lid. The contents of the tray were then not disturbed until extraction
procedures began.
-------
12
The second technique for dust utilized wipes (eg - a commercial
towelette, Diaparene), This above mentioned brand was selected
because they were all dispensed from the same solution from a poly-
ethylene container and was, therefore, more likely to be consistent
in chemical makeup. Two wipes were taken at each house from a one
hundred square centimeter area. A polyethylene template was used
to insure the area size. One wipe was from a kitchen window sill
(5 cm x 20 cm) and the other wipe was from the top of the refrigera-
tor (10 cm x 10 cm). The towelettes were placed in slef-sealing
polyethylene bags after sampling to await analysis. All dust wipe
sampling was performed while wearing clean disposable polyethylene
gloves that were discarded after each sample.
-------
13
ANALYSIS PROTOCOL
Soil samples were dried overnight at 65 degrees centigrade in
acid-washed stainless steel pans in an electric oven. The dried
soils were then ground to powder using a glass mortar and pestal
and sieved through a 250 micron stainless steel screen, A 5 gram
sample of the powdered soil was then weighted into an acid-washed
125 ml Erlenmeyer flash and 50 ml of leach solution was added. The
leach solution was a 7:3 ratio by volume of 35% acetic acid by
volume and 25% aquious solution of hydroxylamine hydrochlorine by
volume. The flask was then sealed using a polyethylene stopper and
the mixture shaken for 12 to 14 hours on a mechanical shaker.
The mixture was then filtered through a glass fiber filter (9cm)
which was prerinsed with leach solution. The filtrate was then col-
lected in 50 ml acid washed polyethylene bottles and lead-cadmium
concentrations were determined using flame atomic absorption spectro-
photometry (AAS). Flame AAS was used because of high concentration.
Water samples were analyzed directly for lead and cadmium using
fTameless AAS.
Dust trays were rinsed with distilled water into a 250 ml Vycor
beaker. Twenty-five ml of concentrated HMO, (Baker ultra pure for
trace metals) was then used to rinse the dust tray and added to the
Vycor beaker. The beaker was placed on a hot plate (150 degrees
centigrade). A raised watch glass was placed on the beaker during
digestion. The sample was heated without boiling until only 2 to 3
ml remained. The sample was then cooled and quantitively transferred
-------
14
to a graduated centrifuge tube (12 ml) and adjusted to 5 ml with
deionized water. After centrifuging for 30 minutes at 3000 RPM,
the supernatant was decanted into a small vial without disturbing
the silica precipitate. The solution was then analyzed for lead or
cadmium using a flame AAS.
The dust wipe samples were analyzed after digesting the towel-
ettes. The towelettes were removed from their bags and placed in
a 2.5 cm by 8.5 cm extraction thimble. Eighty (80) milliliters of
the digestion acid (15 ml of HCL (Barker ultra pure for trace metals)
and 65 ml of HNOg (Barker ultra pure for trace metals)} were then
added to the 125 ml boiling flask of a Bailey-Walker extraction
apparatus. The digestion acid was then heated at reflux temperature
for three hours. The solution was then cooled and 10 ml of 0.1 HNOg
were added through the condenser. After the acid drained through
the thimble, the thimble was removed from the boiling flask with
acid-washed stainless steel tongs. The flask was placed on a hot
plate (300 degrees Centigrade) and the solution evaporated. After
evaporating to 2 to 3 milliliters the flask was removed, cooled and
quantitively transferred to a graduated centrifuge tube (15 ml). The
volume was made to 5 ml with distilled water and the mixture centri-
fuged for 30 minutes at 2000 RPM.
A portion of the supernatant was decanted into a polyethylene
vial (5 ml) without disturbing the precipitate. This solution was
then analyzed for lead and cadmium using flame AAS.
All glassware, polyethylene and utensils used in the analysis
procedures were acid-washed in concentrated HNOo before their use.
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15
Quality assurance procedures Included: the use of reagent blanks;
determination of recovery factor for each type of extraction; replica-
tion of 10 percent of all AAS readings; maintenance of AAS linear
analysis region by using calibration curve and monitoring standard
solutions every tenth sample at a minimum, and the diluting of samples
if outside linear concentration region.
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16
LEAD AND CADMIUM CONCENTRATIONS
The lead and cadmium concentrations found in the soil are
tabulated in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. The sample number in
these tables are coded to show the site function as follows:
DS Day Care Center Soil
FS Agricultural Field Soil
GS House Garden Soil
HS House Soil
KS Kindergarten Soil
PS Playground Soil
SS Elementary School Soil
The lead and cadmium concentrations for the 28 day dust tray/
dust fall samples are shown in Tables 7 and 8.
Lead and cadmium concentrations for the house dust wipe samples
from window sills and refrigerators are tabulated in Tables 9 and 10.
Lead and cadmium concentrations observed in both hot and cold
water are tabulated in Tables 11 and 12.
Table 13 is a summary of cadmium concentrations by sample type
showing the average sample concentration, x, and standard deviation,
S.D., for each source area. Table 14 is a summary of lead concentra-
tions by sample type showing the average sample concentration, >(, and
standard deviation, S.D., for each source area.
-------
17
TABLE 1
Pb SOIL SAMPLES
ESB AREA
(yg of Pb/g of Son)
SAMPLE
NUMBER
1 -
2 -
3 -
4 -
y
6 -
7 -
8 -
9 -
10 -
11 -
12 -
13 -
14 -
14 -
15 -
16 -
16 -
17 -
18 -
19 -
20 -
PS
SS
DS
DS
PS
DS
PS
PS
PS
HS
HS
HS
HS
HS
GS
HS
HS
GS
HS
HS
HS
HS
22
27
41
16
17
29
29
40
21
122
1255
37
55
37
37
55
13
27
17
52
880
138
1
.5
.6
.6
.4
.8
.6
.6
.1
.6
.9
.3
.8
.5
.9
.2
.5
.9
.8
.6
.8
.3
.0
27
16
40
9
23
28
30
57
17
49
2001
72
48
34
29
29
27
27
47
58
437
128
2
.1
.8
.0
.6
.6
.2
.3
.6
.8
.6
.3
.2
.8
.6
.1
.5
.8
.0
.2
.9
.6
.6
31
14
11
13
33
27
27
53
11
53
137
48
40
38
15
10
35
40
295
147
3
.6
.9
.1
.6
.2
.5
.1
.3
.2
.3
.8
.4
.8
.3
.0
.4
.0
.3
.7
.4
16
16
54
24
9
29
35
43
10
185
149
45
30
37
7
11
35
33
316
74
4
.7
.3
.1
.9
.7
.3
.5
.0
.3
.0
.2
.8
.8
.2
.0
.8
.9
.8
.4
.0
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18
TABLE 2
Pb SOIL SAMPLES
GOU AREA
of Pb/g of Soil)
SAMPLE
NUMBER
1 -
2 -
3 -
4 -
5 -
6 -
7 -
8 -
9 -
11 -
12 -
13 -
14 -
15 -
16 -
17 -
18 -
18 -
19 -
20 -
PS
PS
FS
FS
FS
SS
PS
PS
FS
HS
HS
HS
HS
HS
HS
HS
HS
GS
HS
HS
1
10.
47.
50.
70.
87.
15.
16.
34.
58.
19.
55.
33.
86.
124.
58.
16.
81.
81.
14.
20.
2
1
4
5
4
5
7
2
6
4
7
9
4
8
7
6
7
4
8
6
3
10
72
39
41
133
15
26
19
55
31
58
99
68
17
55
22
63
35
26
18
.5
.5
.6
.7
.2
.0
.1
.3
.1
.3
.6
.1
.6
.4
.1
.0
.6
.4
.1
.3
17
42
21
63
57
14
24
20
45
34
31
31
70
162
45
12
47
15
13
3
.9
.0
.1
.6
.5
.7
.9
.5
.7
.2
.8
.6
.5
.6
.3
.6
.2
.4
.8
4
9
32
18
49
88
14
20
19
34
23
36
45
57
142
41
7
84
23
16
.6
.6
.4
.9
.9
.6
.5
.2
.5
.6
.4
.3
.4
.9
.3
.2
.9
.2
.4
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19
TABLE 3
Pb SOIL SAMPLES
FRR AREA
(yg of Pb/g of Soil)
SAMPLE
NUMBER
1 -
2 -
3 -
4 -
5 -
6 -
7 -
11 -
12 -
13 -
14-
15 -
15 -
16 -
17 -
18 -
18 -
19 -
20 -
PS
SS
PS
PS
SS
DS
DS
HS
HS
HS
HS
HS
GS
HS
HS
HS
GS
HS
HS
1
6.2
2.2
8.2
10.9
3.9
5.3
7.5
3.9
2.1
< 0.1
1.1
2.8
0.3
< 0.1
3.4
3.6
2.9
1.7
1.7
2
7.5
1.2
7.5
8.6
3.2
4.6
4.5
1.8
2.0
0.8
0.8
2.1
1.1
< 0.1
3.2
2.4
2.0
2.0
1.6
3
5.4
7.4
10.9
8.7
3.7
5.1
6.7
3.4
1.8
1.1
3.6
8.7
2.0
4.1
2.1
0.8
2.6
4
6.4
5.8
5.8
3.6
3.2
4.6
8.6
2.6
2.4
1.6
3.8
3.4
<0.1
3.7
3.7
0.5
1.2
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20
TABLE 4
Cd SOIL SAMPLES
ESB AREA
(yg of Cd/g of Soil)
SAMPLE
NUMBER
1-PS
2-SS
3-DS
4-DS
5- PS
6-DS
7- PS
8- PS
9- PS
10- PS
11 -HS
12-HS
13-HS
14-HS
14-GS
15-HS
16-HS
16-6S
1 7-HS
18-HS
19-HS
20-HS
1
0.267
0.311
0.169
0.055
0.122
0.267
0.187
0.242
0.277
0.114
0.394
0.268
0.259
0.349
0.210
0.344
0.217
0.086
0.159
<0.001
1.353
0.795
2
0.282
0.222
0.101
<0.001
0.036
0.157
0.240
0.316
0.296
0.227
0.359
0.349
0.142
0,250
0.216
0.143
0.237
0.080
2.003
0.477
0.652
0.909
3
0,273
0.164
<0.001
0.024
0,233
0.094
0.107
0.348
0.278
0.682
0.254
0.183
0.036
0.173
0.064
0.099
0.019
0.311
0.368
0.057
4
0.195
0.179
0.193
0.131
<0.001
0.214
0.256
0.365
0.242
0.341
0.186
0.077
0.018
0.158
<0.001
0.095
0.083
0.289
0.587
0.455
-------
21
TABLE 5
Cd SOIL SAMPLES
GOU AREA
'(jig.of Cd/g of So til
SAMPLE
NUMBER
1-PS
2- PS
3-FS
4-FS
5-FS
6-SS
7-PS
8- PS
9-FS
11-HS
12-HS
13-HS
14-HS
15-HS
16-HS
17-HS
18-HS
18-GS
19-HS
20- HS
1
0.078
0.509
0.291
0.318
0.346
0.418
0.226
0.239
0.446
0.192
0.362
0.399
0.652
0.720
0.318
0.637
0.668
0.816
0.225
0.099
2
0.105
0.666
0.309
0.257
0.233
0.490
0.258
0.251
0.346
0.586
0.370
0.680
0.526
<0.001
0.344
0.651
0.496
0.719
0.207
0.143
3
0.273
0.203
0.273
0.274
0.321
0.550
0.265
0.373
0.307
0.276
0.179
0.673
0.663
0.733
0.270
0.122
0.140
0.314
0.226
4
0.234
0.452
0.231
0.218
0.450
0.445
0.250
0.273
0.264
0.199
0.805
0.531
0.799
0.894
0.289
0.461
0.796
0.291
0.178
-------
22
TABLE 6
Cd SOIL SAMPLES
FRR AREA
(yg of Cd/g of Soil)
SAMPLE
NUMBER
1-PS
2-SS
3- PS
4- PS
5-SS
6-DS
7-DS
11 -HS
12-HS
13-HS
14-HS
15-HS
15-GS
16-HS
17-HS
18-HS
18-6S
19-HS
20-HS
1
0.237
0.147
0.085
0.137
0.117
0.207
0.244
0.115
0.036
0.133
0.248
0.193
0.141
0.016
0.078
<0.001
0.015
<0.001
<0.001
2
0.175
0.144
0.083
0.064
0.035
0.219
0.148
0.065
0.076
0.159
0.206
0.133
0.144
0.115
0.082
0.061
0.068
0.014
<0.001
3
0.107
0.070
0.033
0.019
0.140
0.227
0.078
0.164
0.109
0.258
0.107
0.152
0.396
0.043
0.145
<0.001
<0,001
4
0.120
0.097
0.144
<0.001
0.245
0.235
0.084
0.178
0.011
0.252
0.112
0.097
<0.001
0.115
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
-------
23
TABLE 7
Pb DUST TRAY SAMPLES
(28 Day Exposure)
Nanograms Per Square Centimeter (ng/cm2)
SAMPLE
NUMBER
11-1
12-1
13-1
14-1
15-1
16-1
17-1
18-1
19-1
20-1
FRR
AREA
1.6
1.3
*
2.6
6.4
4.8
2.8
5.0
0.6
21.4
ESB
AREA
26.0
7.2
9.5
**
5.1
2.9
17.2
8.2
10.9
20.0
GOU
AREA
23.7
74.9
54.3
50.9
35.3
16.9
40.9
23.6
9.0
7.7
*Unable to recover dust tray.
**Home owner moved.
-------
24
TABLE 8
Cd DUST TRAY SAMPLES
(28 Day Exposure)
Nanograms Per Square Centimeter (ng/cm2)
SAMPLE
NUMBER
11-1
12-1
13-1
14-1
15-1
16-1
17-1
18-1
19-1
20-1
FRR
0.21
0.25
*
0.18
0.20
0.24
0.10
0.18
0.07
0.33
ESB
0.15
0.21
0.43
**
0.03
0.15
0.57
0.26
0.22
2.92
GOU
0.35
0.25
0.30
0.31
0.28
0.25
0.38
0.21
0.18
0.27
* Unable to recover dust tray.
** Home owner moved.
-------
TABLE 9
Pb DUST WIPE SAMPLES
(100 sq cm Area)
(vig/cm2)
25
REFRIGERATOR
SAMPLE
NUMBER
11-1
12-1
13-1
14-1
15-1
16-1
17-1
18-1
19-1
20-1
FRR
AREA
0.06
1.90
0.06
0.11
0.05
0.07
0.01
0.39
0.01
0.03
ESB
AREA
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.10
0.02
0.02
0.08
0.02
0.73
1.11
GOU
AREA
0.05
0.45
0.19
0.07
0.23
0.07
0.65
0.08
0.08
0.03
WINDOW SILL
SAMPLE
NUMBER
11-2
12-2
13-2
14-2
15-2
16-2
17-2
18-2
19-2
20-2
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.26
0.25
0.38
0.02
0.16
0.01
0.02
0.28
0.22
0.45
0.63
0.05
1.00
0.44
0.43
0.37
0.06
0.05
1.01
0.05
0.12
-------
26
REFRIGERATOR
SAMPLE
TABLE 10
Cd DUST WIPE SAMPLES
(100 sq cm AREA)
(ng/cm2)
NUMBER
11-1
12-1
13-1
14-1
15-1
16-1
17-1
18-1
19-1
20-1
WINDOW SILL
SAMPLE
NUMBER
11-2
12-2
13-2
14-2
15-2
16-2
17-2
18-2
19-2
20-2
FRR
11.0
11.0
8.3
11.6
11.0
8.0
4.4
3.2
2.9
5.5
16.4
156.3
14.9
10.0
11.0
11.0
4.7
4.3
9.4
4.7
ESB
8.1
9.6
7.1
9.1
7.1
5.8
7.2
8.1
10.5
7.9
9.1
11.6
8.7
8.3
5.8
5.9
16.0
41.9
17.8
7.9
GOU
7.6
83.6
102.0
4.9
8.5
6.2
16.3
5.8
6.5
4.4
11.3
9.2
7.1
10.0
8.2
5.2
15.0
12.0
5.6
12.0
-------
27
TABLE 11
Pb HOUSE WATER SAMPLES, PARTS PER BILLION (ppb)
COLD WATER
SAMPLE
11 -
12 -
13 -
14 -
15 -
16 -
17 -
18 -
19 -
20 -
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
FRR
AREA
1.3
4.0
2.9
< 0.01
< 0.01
5.0
< 0.01
6.4
2.5
2.8
ESB
AREA
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
1.0
GOU
AREA
0.05
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
HOT WATER
SAMPLE
11 -
12 -
13 -
14 -
15 -
16 -
17 -
18 -
19 -
20 -
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3.3
7.9
17.7
3.2
1.1
11.5
< 0.01
1.7
4.4
4.8
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
2.1
0.03
0.01
< 0.01
< 0.02
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
-------
28
TABLE 12
Cd HOUSE WATER SAMPLES, PARTS PER BILLION (ppb)
COLD WATER
SAMPLES
11-1
12-1
13-1
14-1
15-1
16-1
17-1
18-1
19-1
20-1
HOT WATER
SAMPLES
11-2
12-2
13-2
14-2
15-2
16-2
17-2
18-2
19-2
20-2
FRR
AREA
0.386
<0.001
<0.001
0.028
<0.001
<0.001
0.053
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.033
<0.001
<0.001
0.074
<0.001
<0.001
ESB
AREA
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.274
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.050
0.463
0.487
0.169
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.060
GOU
AREA
0.644
0.469
0.062
0.379
0.945
0.182
<0.001
0.255
0.227
0.221
0.746
0.010
0.189
0.279
0.223
0.093
<0.001
0.174
0.050
<0.001
-------
29
TABLE 13
CADMIUM DATA SUMMARY
AREA
Arithmetic Mean
Standard Deviation
Geometric Mean
AREA
Arithmetic Mean
Standard Deviation
Geometric Mean
AREA
Arithmetic Mean
Standard Deviation
Geometric Mean
AREA
Arithmetic Mean
Standard Deviation
Geometric Mean
AREA
Arithmetic Mean
Standard Deviation
Geometric Mean
AREA
Arithmetic Mean
Standard Deviation
Geometric Mean
COLD HOUSE TAP WATER SAMPLES (ppb)
ESB GOU FRR
0.0332
0.0860
0.0026
0.3385
0.2844
0.1657
0.0474
0.1202
0.0038
HOT HOUSE TAP WATER SAMPLES (ppb)
ESB GOU FRR
0.1185
0.1953
0.0086
0.2277
0.2961
0.0484
0.0115
0.0241
0.0022
REFRIGERATOR TOP DUST WIPE SAMPLES (ng/cm2)
ESB GOU FRR
8.050
1.379
7.944
24.580
36.369
11.629
7.690
3.454
6.858
WINDOW SILL DUST SAMPLES (ng/cm2)
ESB
13.300
10.813
10.941
GOU
9.560
3.117
9.079
3
FRR
24.270
46.575
11.523
DUSTFALL OVER A 28-DAY PERIOD (ng/cm2)
ESB
0.54
0.903
0.262
ESB
0.259
0.286
0.145
GOU
0.277
0.061
0.271
SOIL SAMPLES (ppm)
GOU
0.386
0.209
0.315
FRR
0.196
0.078
0.180
FRR
0.110
0.084
0.051
-------
30
TABLE 14
LEAD DATA SUMMARY
AREA
Arithmetic Mean
Standard Deviation
Geometric Mean
AREA
Arithmetic Mean
Standard Deviation
Geometric Mean
AREA
Arithmetic Mean
Standard Deviation
Geometric Mean
AREA
Arithmetic Mean
Standard Deviation
Geometric Mean
AREA
Arithmetic Mean
Standard Deviation
Geometric Mean
AREA
Arithmetic Mean
Standard Deviation
Geometric Mean
COLD HOUSE TAP WATER SAMPLES (ppb)
ESB GOU FRR
0.109
0.313
0.016
0.014
0.013
0.012
2.500
2.200
0.566
HOT HOUSE TAP WATER SAMPLES (ppb)
ESB GOU FRR
0.217
0.661
0.017
0.013
0.007
0.012
5.560
5.440
2.413
REFRIGERATOR TOP DUST WIPE SAMPLES (yg/cm2)
ESB GOU FRR
0.220
0.381
0.069
0.149
0.187
0.151
0.269
0.583
0.071
WINDOW SILL DUST SAMPLES (yg/cm2)
ESB GOU FRR
0.242
0.204
0.141
0.358
0.377
0.191
0.058
0.072
0.041
DUSTFALL OVER A 28-DAY PERIOD (ng/cm2)
ESB
11.89
7.60
9.77
ESB
100.89
271.50
40.40
GOU
33.72
21.71
26.86
SOIL SAMPLES (ppm)
GOU
44.01
32.42
32.21
FRR
5.17
6.38
6.02
FRR
3.82
2.83
2.59
-------
SOIL LEAD AND CADMIUM
VARIATION WITH DEPTH
BELOW THE SOIL SURFACE
31
-------
32
TABLE 15
Pb CONCENTRATIONS WITH DEPTH
BELOW SOIL SURFACE
(yg of Pb/g of Soil)
DEPTH BELOW SURFACE (INCHES)
SAMPLE
ESB-17-HS-05
ESB-19-HS-05
GOU-14-HS-05
60U-20-HS-05
FRR-ll-HS-05
FRR-19-HS-05
0-1
126.8
1178.9
38.7
38.8
5.7
3.6
1-2
60.4
263.9
89.9
17.4
3.4
3.2
2-3
41.1
161.4
126.2
16.7
3.6
3.0
3-4
14.2
90.7
94.1
12.0
2.5
3.8
4-5
11.6
30.5
160.0
10/8
3.0
2.5
5-6
8.3
19.7
194.2
9.1
3.2
2.2
-------
33
TABLE 16
Cd CONCENTRATION WITH DEPTH
BELOW SOIL SURFACE
(yg of Cd/g of Soil)
DEPTH BELOW SURFACE (INCHES)
SAMPLE
ESB-17-HS-05
ESB-19-HS-05
GOU-14-HS-05
60U-20-HS-05
FRR-11-HS-05
FRR-19-HS-05
0-1
0.158
0.199
0.000
0.137
0.122
0.062
1-2
0.117
0.148
0.316
0.000
0.097
0.181
2-3
0.179
0.418
0.272
0.000
0.125
0.197
3-4
0.137
0.302
0.274
0.108
0.156
0.000
4-5
0.019
0.034
0.277
0.000
0.118
0.000
5-6
0.000
0.000
0.232
0.000
0.061
0.012
-------
SOIL LEAD AND CADMIUM VARIATION WITH DEPTH BELOW THE SOIL SURFACE 34
Concentrations of lead and cadmium were determined at one inch intervals
for soil core samples of six inch depth. While it was expected that concen-
tration would vary with depth, the distribution in some samples was not the
anticipated decreasing concentration with increase in depth below the soil
surface. /.
In Figure 9 and 10, soil lead concentrations decrease with depth for
samples ESB-17-HS-05, ESB-19-HS-05, and GOU-20-HS-05. Sample GOU-14-HS-05
shows a general increase in soil lead with depth while sample FRR-ll-HS-05
indicates a slight decrease in concentration in the upper two inches of soil
and relatively constant concentration from two inches to six inches. FRR-
19-HS-05 remains at about the same soil lead concentration throughout the
six inch core.
Figures 11 and 12 illustrate cadmium concentration variations with depth.
Since the concentrations are all relatively low, small changes in concentration
appear to make larger changes in concentration with depth. Samples ESB-17-
HS-05 and ESB-19-HS-05 show a general elevation in cadmium at the three inch
depth, with an otherwise decreasing concentration with depth. 60U-14-HS-05
had a very low surface cadmium level, with relatively constant concentration
from two to six inches below the surface. GOU-20-HS-05 had very low and
variable concentrations with depth, as did both the FRR samples. FRR-19-HS-
05 indicated a small increase in cadmium concentration at the two to three
inch depth below the surface.
-------
FIGURE 9
SOIL LEAD VARIATION. WITH DEPTH (yg Pb/g Soil)
35
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-------
FIGURE 10
SOIL LEAD VARIATION WITH DEPTH (yg/g Soil)
36
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R.
I
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FRR-li-HS-05
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-------
FIGURE 11
SOIL CADMIUM VARIATION WITH DEPTH (yg/g Soil)
37
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-------
FIGURE 12
SOIL CADMIUM VARIATION WITH DEPTH (yg/g Soil)
38
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-------
39
CONCLUSIONS
LEAD IN SOIL (TABLE 1, 2, 3, 4, & 5)
Soil leads in the ESB Area had an average value of approximately
101 ppm (Table 1).. This value is significantly affected by a couple
of samples with relatively large concentrations, (ESB-11, & 19). The
high values in ESB-11 are not surprising since the samples were col-
lected in an area immediately adjacent to the potential source as
well as the major traffic artery, Denton Drive. The marked difference
between samples close to the road (ESB-ll-HS-1 & 2) which averaged
1628.3 ppm and those away from the road (ESB-ll-HS-3 & 4) which aver-
aged 143.5 ppm illustrates the relative impact of vehicular traffic to
soil lead concentrations close to the road. Except for the two samples
taken close to the road, all soil lead values in the ESB and GOU Areas
are well below 1000 ppm.
The relative magnitudes of soil lead levels in the individual study
areas gives a good indication of the impact of (1) an urban area with
both point and area sources of lead (x = 101) represented by the ESB
Area, (2) a rural area with a point source and less magnitude area
sources (x = 44) represented by the GOU Area, and (3) a rural, pre-
dominantly residential community with only a short exposure (5 years or
less) to area sources of lead (x =4).
CADMIUM IN SOIL (TABLE 6)
Cadmium levels in soil were all very low (less than 0.5 parts per
million by weight). Levels in the FRR reference area appeared to be
-------
40
about one half the levels found in the ESB and GOU Areas, However,
since many of the levels analyzed are approaching the sensitivity
limit for the instrument using flame analysis, verification of this
differential would require more extensive analysis of the samples.
LEAD IN 28 DAY EXPOSURE DUST TRAYS (TABLE 7)
Lead dustfall in the FRR reference area (x = 5.17 ng/cm2) aver-
aged half the dust fall in the urban REF reference area (x = 10.62
ng/cm2). As mentioned in the Introduction, the FRR reference area
appears to provide a background reference value due to the limited
time lead and cadmium have been introduced to the area by any means.
Thus, the impact of urbanization on ambient or household levels may
be examined by reference to the FRR data.
The ESB Area had dustfall values (x = 11.89) about the same order
of magnitude as the Dallas reference area REF (x = 10.62) while the
GOU average dustfall lead level was x = 33.72 ng/cm2. Thus, lead dust-
fall in the GOU Area approximated the average dustfall levels at the
plants studied in the first report, (RSR x = 36.45, DMC x = 44.45).
In the EPA publication Air Quality Criteria for Lead (EPA-600/8-
77-017), outdoor dustfall lead concentrations were reported for various
areas. These values are: residential, 5.24 mg/m2; commercial, 9,80
mg/m2; and industrial, 12.78 mg/m2. This study found indoor lead
dustfall values of 0.05 mg/m2 (FRR), 0.119 mg/m2 (ESB), and 0.337
mg/m2 (GOU). Thus, indoor dustfall values are quite low in all the
study areas.
-------
42
LEAD AND CADMIUM IN HOUSE TAP WATER (TABLE 11 & 12)
Lead and cadmium levels are very low. As in the earlier study,
there appears to be higher concentrations of these metals from hot
water taps. However, in all cases, concentrations are very low and
do not appear to be related to emission sources in the area.
RECOMMENDATION FOR ADDITIONAL STUDY
The very low levels of lead and cadmium found in the recently
developed FRR Reference Area establish an opportunity to examine the
change in concentrations of these metals with time. It is believed
that an annual soil lead and cadmium study carried out in the FRR
Area would provide information about the impact of increased vehicular
traffic as well as general urbanization on an area with present very
low levels of these metals. Further, this study could be conducted
for very nominal costs. This is particularly true when compared with
the opportunity to examine changes in a newly developing area.
It would also be of interest to perform a general soil lead and
cadmium study over the Dallas area to determine spatial changes in
concentrations and their relationship to land use, if any.
-------
APPENDIX A
43
SITE LOCATIONS
-------
44
SITE LOCATION
ESB-1 Playground, NW Corner Shorecrest and Wingate
ESB-2 Stephen C. Foster Elementary School on Clover
ESB-3 Childrens World, "The Early Learning Center" on Webs Chapel
ESB-4 Play-House Pre-School on Bolivar
ESB-5 Playground, Corner of Hargrove and Norwalk
ESB-6 Town North School Day Care on Almazan
ESB-7 West Side of Playground next to Pavillion, Lake Backman Park Rd,
ESB-8 Playground (East Side) Camp Kiwanis Dallas YMCA, Bachman Blvd.
ESB-9 Center of South Side Lake Backman Park on Shorecrest
ESB-10 Playground, Corner of Canada Drive and Winnetka
ESB-11 2714 Burbank
ESB-12 3303 Wylie Drive
ESB-13 3717 Hawick Lane
ESB-14 3602 Almazan
ESB-15 3543 Fontana
ESB-16 3867 Davila
ESB-17 3319 Storyline
ESB-18 3251 Sheila Lane
ESB-19 8668 Denton
ESB-20 7006 Concord
FRR-1 Playground, SW of Pruitt and N, Colony Blvd.
FRR-2 Peter's Colony Elementary School on Nash Drive
FRR-3 Playground, Corner of Millers Drive and Strickland Avenue
FRR-4 Perryman Park, S. Colony Blvd.
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45
FRR-5 Carney Elementary School on Arbor Glenn Road
FRR-6 La Petite Academy Day Care on Branch Hollow Drive
FRR-7 La Petite Academy Day Care on Paige Road
FRR-11 5128 Arbor Glenn Road
FRR-12 4800 Ash Glenn Lane
FRR-13 4920 Hackney Lane
FRR-14 5216 Cole Drive
FRR-15 5220 Knox Drive
FRR-16 4716 Lemmon Court
FRR-17 5037 Stanley Drive
FRR-18 5009 Walker Drive
FRR-19 5137 Ragan Drive
FRR-20 5525 Ragan Drive
GOU-1 Playground and Community Center on Maple
GOU-2 Bi Centennial Park on Sunset
GOU-3 East of Cherry Street across road from B.B. Owen Memorial
Project Center
GOU-4 S.E. of intersection of Rail Road Avenue and Farm Road North
West of Plant
GOU-5 Lawn South of Church, 410 S. First Street
GOU-6 Acker Elementary School on Hickory Street
GOU-7 Frisco Middle School on W. Maple
GOU-8 Playground Area East of Sixth Street opposite Football field
GOU-9 S. Fifth Street, South of Plant, SE of well on West side
of road
GOU-11 302 W. Basil
GOU-12 1st Street (1130 P.O. Box)
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46
GOU-13 416 S. Fourth
GOU-14 Elm Street (825 P.O. Box)
GOU-15 223 Elm Street
GOU-16 621 Elm Street
GOU-17 411 Walnut
GOU-18 621 N. Sixth
GOU-19 616 Cherry St..
GOU-20 603 Magnolia
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47
APPENDIX B
SITE PICTURES
-------
48
. » !- >,--»fe» .. ' ;»**' T - . -.-... -(. -"-. . .j-Sr .j-^vtT ;l>;-v,
^ t ' 'tF^ - '- i - :Mlc -t//-, > ' i ' ' * -«v: -t. -"'r'*' ** '/₯*'*
PICTURE 1. ESB Site 1
PICTURE 2. ESB Site 2
-------
49
PICTURE 3. ES& Site 3
PICTURE 4. ESB Site 4
-------
50
PICTURE 5. ESB Site 5
PICTURE 6. ESB Site 6
-------
51
PICTURE 7, ESB Site 7
PICTURE 8. ESB Site 8
-------
52
PICTURE 9. ESB Site 9
PICTURE 10. ESB Site 10
-------
53
PICTURE 11. ESB Site 11
- .---I
W^^^&&^'''
PICTURE 12, ESB Site 12
-------
54
PICTURE 13. ESB Site 13
PICTURE 14, ESB Site 14
-------
55
PICTURE 15, ESB Site 15
PICTURE 16. ESB Site 16
-------
56
PICTURE M, ESB Site 17
PICTURE 18. ESB Site 18
-------
57
PICTURE 19. ESB Site 19
NOT AVAILABLE
PICTURE 20. ESB Site 20
-------
58
PICTURE 21. ESB Plant (Front)
PICTURE 22. ESB Plant (Back)
-------
59
PICTURE 23. 60U Site 1
PICTURE 24 GOU Site 2
-------
60
PICTURE 25. GOU Site 3
PICTURE 26, GOU Site 4
-------
61
PICTURE 27, GOU Site 5
PICTURE 28, GOU Site 6
-------
62
PICTURE 29. GOU Site 7
PICTURE 30, GOU Site 7
-------
63
PICTURE 31. GOU Site 8
^SS-v-i :. K' -
?^«-'5«=il^#;.^*/.*-^ vjr, ff':^m^sm^m,
^^^^^i:^^^^g^^
Safe/'^-SSSS^ C^^-'^^^Sw^vlfe^ '' BS
PICTURE 32, GOU Site 9
-------
64
PICTURE 33. 60U Site 11
PICTURE 34. 60U Site 12
-------
65
PICTURE 35. GOU Site 13
PICTURE 36, GOU Site 14
-------
66
PICTURE 37. GOU Site 15
PICTURE 38, GOU Site 16
-------
67
-«.**
PICTURE 39. GOU Site 17
PICTURE 40. GOU Site 18
-------
68
PICTURE 41. GOUSitel9
r±*
PICTURE 42. GOUSUe20
-------
69
1 ^^i^^^j^!
«*&$$*''
* - .,- ,r$!y&*-!j>*? . ,..5,^.
PICTURE 43, GOU Plant (Air)
PICTURE 44. GOU Plant (Front)
-------
70
PICTURE 45. 60U Plant (Side)
PICTURE 46. FRR Site 1
-------
71
PICTURE 47. FRR Site 2
PICTURE 48, FRR Site 3
-------
72
PICTURE 49. FRR Site 4
PICTURE 50. FRR Site 5
-------
73
PICTURE 51, FRR Site 6
PICTURE 52, FRR Site 7
-------
PICTURE 53. FRRSite
PICTURE. 54. FRRSite
-------
75
PICTURE 55. FRR Site 13
PICTURE 56. FRR Site 14
-------
76
PICTURE
57. FRR Site 15
PICTURE
58. FRR Site 16
-------
77
U
PICTURE 59. FRR Site 17
PICTURE 60. FRR Site 18
-------
78
PICTURE 61. FRR Site ]g
PICTURE 62. FRR Site 20
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79
APPENDIX C
SAMPLE COLLECTION SCHEDULE
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80
TABLE C-l
SAMPLE COLLECTION SCHEDULE
SAMPLE TYPE
SOURCE AREA
ESB
GOU
FRR
Soil (house and garden)
Soil (other)
Cold Water
Hot Water
Dust Wipes
Dust Trays (placed in houses)
Dust Trays (removed from houses)
7 May 81
(13 Nov 80)*
21 Apr 81
(20 Oct 80)**
7 Apr 81
(13 Nov 80)*
7 May 81
(11 Dec 80)*
7 May 81
(13 Nov 80)*
7 May 81
(13 Nov 81)*
4 June 81
(11 Dec 80)*
8 May 81 11 May 81
16 Apr 81 11 May 81
8 May 81 11 May 81
8 May 81 11 May 81
8 May 81 11 May 81
8 May 81 11 May 81
5 June 81
8 June 81
(9 June 81)***
*ESB-20
**ESB-10
***FRR-17
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APPENDIX D
81
WEATHER DATA
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