Getting the Word Out..
The Role of Local Governments
In Implementing the NPDES
Stormwater Program for
Construction Sites

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                                      Background
What are the problems and solutions associated with stormwater runoff?

Why should we be concerned about stormwater runoff?
Runoff from rainstorms and snowmelt is the most significant source of water pollu-
tion today. Stormwater carries sediment, oil, grease, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other
pollutants into storm drains and then, untreated, into nearby waterbodies. Because
most stormwater drainage systems provide no treatment, preventing contamination
of stormwater is crucial to ensure that pollutants are not released into the environ-
ment. Municipal drinking water systems may face higher costs if they must treat water
contaminated by stormwater runoff. Improperly managed stormwater runoff is also
a leading cause offloading, which can lead to property damage, cause road  safety
hazards, and clog catch basins and culverts with sediment and debris. Sediment in
waterways can impede navigation and require expensive dredging.

How does runoff degrade rivers, lakes and coastal waters?
Today, natural areas are being replaced by impervious surfaces, like roads, parking
lots and buildings. This transformation can significantly impact waterbodies. Natural
areas allow rain and snowmelt to easily infiltrate into the ground. Impervious surfaces,
on the other hand, significantly increase the volume and velocity of runoff and the
amount of pollutants in stormwater. Fast-flowing water erodes stream  banks, enlarges
stream channels and releases sediment. Research indicates that stream quality begins
to decline when impervious surfaces cover just 10 percent of a watershed.

Sediment fills the spaces between  rocks where fish spawn and aquatic organisms live.
It scours streambeds and stream banks, causing additional erosion. Excess nutrients in
runoff, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, cause waterbody-impairing algal  blooms.
As algae die and decompose, oxygen levels decrease, harming or killing fish, plants and
other aquatic organisms. Sediment and algal blooms can also prevent sunlight from pene-
trating deeper waters,  killing the plants that provide habitat and food for aquatic organisms.

What can be done to reduce these pollutants from construction activities?
If construction sites are not properly managed, large amounts of soil will be washed away
during rainstorms. To protect water quality, runoff and soil erosion should be controlled by
using techniques called Best Management Practices (BMPs).

                               BMPs can reduce construction-related pollution by:
                                 •   Minimizing land clearing to preserve natural vegetation
                                     and other natural features
                                 •   Managing clearing and grading in  phases to minimize
                                     the amount of bare soil exposed at any given time
                                 •   Building and maintaining proper site entrances (to prevent
                                     sediment from being tracked onto streets and, ultimately,
                                     washed into storm sewers)
                                 •   Stabilizing steep slopes

                                 •   Installing sediment trapping devices and perimeter
                                     controls like silt fences and sediment basins
                                 •   Stabilizing areas as soon as possible after land-disturbing
                                     activities

                               Other BMPs involve good housekeeping measures, like picking up site debris,
                               cleaning vehicles in designated washing areas, and educating construction
                               workers about the stormwater program and pollution  prevention techniques.
                               Correctly using BMPs during construction improves water quality by greatly
                               reducing the quantity of pollutants exiting the  site. Using a single control mea-
                               sure, such as a silt fence, is rarely adequate. To be most effective, BMPs should
                               be used in combination.

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                                         The  Permit
                  What do construction site operators need to do?
Obtain, read, and understand your state's Construction General Permit.

Develop a SWPPP
Astormwater pollution prevention plan (SWPPP) is a written document that
lists the potential sources of stormwater pollution, describes practices that will
be used to reduce pollutants, and helps assure compliance with the terms
and conditions of the Construction General Permit (CGP). Most states do not
require that operators formally submit their SWPPPs for approval. They must
be kept on the  construction site and must be made available to government
officials and the public upon request.

The operator(s) must do the following:
•   Gather basic information about the site, such as:
    > Site description (including a map of existing site conditions, soils
      information, slopes, the name and location of nearest receiving water,
      rainfall data, natural features that should be protected, etc.).

    * Description of planned activity (including a map of where those
      activities are to take place, the sequence of events, etc.).

•   Ensure the protection of endangered species, critical habitat, and historic
    properties  under relevant federal, state, and Tribal laws, while these
    requirements may not be described in your state's CGP, they still  apply to
    the construction site operator.

•   Select a suite of BMPs to eliminate or minimize the impact of stormwater
    runoff from each part of the site. These BMPs should minimize runoff
    volume, velocity, and contaminants.
  Remember: Many local governments already require operators of construction projects to install erosion and sediment control BMPs. Your
  state's CGP also requires requires operators of construction projects to address pollutants other than sediment at construction sites. This
  includes implementing BMPs to control waste, trash, fuel, building materials, and other sources of potential stormwater pollution.
•   Implement and maintain the BMPs. The operator must regularly
    inspect BMPs to ensure their proper functioning and, if needed,
    correct any problems. Inspections and maintenance of BMPs should
    be documented in the SWPPP, along with updates to plans, designs,
    and schedules.
For more information on how to develop a SWPPP, construction site operators
should visit their NPDES authority's website or EPA's website
(www.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/swppp).
Consult with municipal and county authorities to ensure
compliance with local requirements
Obtain permit coverage: To obtain permit coverage, the operator(s) submits
a form, often called a Notice of Intent (NOI), to your state's NPDES authority.
Implement the SWPPP: Before construction begins, the operator must
implement the SWPPR Be sure to maintain all BMPs during each stage of
the project.                  	

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                                              The  Issue
                                           How can you  help?
What's the issue?
Under the Clean Water Act, new regulations require many construction sites
in your community to obtain National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) permit coverage for stormwater runoff. These permits require operators
of these sites to implement steps to prevent sediment and other pollutants from
washing into nearby streams, rivers, lakes, and coastal waters.

Many involved in the construction industry are unaware of these new require-
ments or don't understand them. Local governments are uniquely posi-
tioned to play an important role by providing information to people
in the construction industry who might need NPDES permit coverage.

You can help by distributing the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s
brochure entitled Does Your Construction Site Need a Stormwater Permit? to
builders who may need to apply for coverage under your state's Construction
General Permit (CGP). This brochure is available online
(www.epa.gov/npdes/stormwatermonth).

Your municipality is in a state where the state environmental or natural resourc-
es department is the NPDES permitting authority (many states operate the NPDES permitting program
under delegated authority). Therefore, operators of construction sites in your area that meet the size
requirements described above must obtain permit coverage from your state NPDES authority.

This guide provides local government officials with background information on your state's stormwa-
ter permitting requirements for construction sites. For additional information, such as general infor-
mation, contact lists, and outreach materials, visit EPA's NPDES stormwater website
(www.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/construction).

What activities need stormwater  permit coverage?
  •   Generally, operators of construction sites disturbing one or more acres of land will
      need  NPDES stormwater permit coverage.

  •   Operators of smaller sites that are part of a larger common plan of
      development that disturbs a total of more than one acre of land will also need
      permit coverage. (For example, someone building a single house on a half-acre lot
      in a ten-acre planned development must obtain NPDES permit coverage.)

Who needs coverage under a stormwater permit?
The operator of a construction site is responsible for obtaining NPDES stormwater permit coverage.
Each state has its own legal definition of the term operator. Generally operator is defined as any party
that has:

  •   Operational control over the construction plans and specifications

      and/or

  •   Day-to-day operational control of the site

The term operator may include owners, general contractors or independent subcontractors.
Operators may be corporations, government officials, or private citizens. There may be several
entities at a site that meet the definition of operator, and all must obtain coverage under your
state's CGP.  Refer to your state's CGP for the exact definition.

Local governments will also apply for NPDES permit coverage when their own
projects disturb more than one acre (for example, construction of a new municipal
building, park, etc.).
What does "permit coverage" mean?
Your state issues something called a general permit \or
construction activities. This umbrella permit covers all
construction and land disturbing activity in certain states.
Each operator of a construction site then applies for
coverage under this broad general permit.

Many people are familiar with local building permits—
someone files an application with a local government office,
and that office issues a permit. Unlike this process, NPDES
permits for construction activities are issued first, and then
individuals apply for coverage under the existing permit. It
is important that construction site operators obtain
and read a copy of your state's Construction General
Permit before applying for permit coverage.

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                                   The  Permit  (cont.)
How can sites be designed to reduce pollution after construction is completed?
After construction is complete, a site's long-term impact on stormwater quality also needs to be consid-
ered. Preventing stormwater pollution starts with good site design. Local governments should encour-
age land developers to use site designs that decrease stormwater runoff volume and contamination.
Low Impact Development (LID) is a relatively new concept for stormwater management that uses site
designs aimed at minimizing hydrological and environmental impacts associated with land develop-
ment. It emphasizes dealing with stormwater close to where it falls, using management techniques such
as infiltration and pollution prevention rather than construction of large collection, conveyance, and
storage systems. By directing less water to local streams and rivers and more to recharging groundwater
aquifers, this approach provides significant protection to surface waterbodies and  reduces the size and
frequency of flood events.  Coupled with Smart Growth approaches—which look at growth and develop-
ment on a broader scale—your community could reap water quality and quantity  benefits at both the
local and  watershed scale.
                                      Local  Programs
                                            Relationships
Due to the large number of active construction sites, our success in addressing
complex and challenging stormwater impacts to our nation's waters depends on
effective cooperation among all levels of government, including local (county,
parish, municipal, city, town, district), state, and federal  authorities.
Approximately 6,000 local governments across the country operate municipal
separate storm sewer systems (MS4s) that are required to develop programs
to oversee construction projects. The goal of these programs is to ensure that
construction site operators eliminate or minimize the volume of stormwater and
the  discharge of pollutants, including sediment, to the MS4 and, ultimately, to local
waterbodies. Local governments are required to review and approve erosion and
sediment control plans and to conduct inspections of construction sites to ensure
compliance with local  requirements.
   How do NPDES requirements relate to local requirements?
   Many local governments have their own requirements for construction sites (erosion and sediment controls, clearing and grading requirements,
   stormwater, etc.). Construction site operators are encouraged to use materials, such as erosion and sediment control plans, that can satisfy both
   local and NPDES requirements. Operators must also understand that compliance with local requirements does not equal compliance with NPDES
   requirements, or vice-versa, unless the local program has been designated by your state as a Qualifying Local Program.
                                                                                                              CD
Qualifying local programs
If a community has a strong erosion and sediment control program, your state may designate it
as a Qualifying Local Program. In these cases, construction site operators would follow the local
requirements and would not have to apply for NPDES permit coverage. A qualifying local erosion
and sediment control program must have equivalent provisions to your state's NPDES program,
including requirements for:
                                •   Appropriate erosion and sediment control BMPs
                                •   Control of other construction site wastes
       EROSION
       CONTROL
       IN PLACE
      Do Not Drive Over
       Da Not Park On
       Do Not Remove
         Sand Bags
   •   Development and implementation of a SWPPP

   •   Review of the erosion and sediment control portion of the
      SWPPP
   •   Inspection of construction activities

   •   Other NPDES requirements applicable to the municipality
Because these qualifying local programs are equivalent to the NPDES
program, violations of the local program will be considered viola-
tions of your state's NPDES permit and can be enforced accordingly.

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              Construction  Stormwater Resources
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Stormwater Website
EPA's website contains links to information such as the Construction General Permit (CGP),
frequently asked questions, downloadable publications that you may easily reproduce,
and SWPPP guidance, and training information at
www.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/eonstruetion

Construction Industry Compliance Assistance Center
This is a free environmental compliance assistance website for contractors, builders,
and developers. It was developed with EPA grant funds and construction industry trade
organization guidance. It features concise explanations about Stormwater and other
environmental requirements, links to state permitting authorities, and links to some of the
best guides from industry, federal and state government, and nonprofits, including EPA's
comprehensive new compliance guide: Managing Your Environmental Obligations, A Planning
Guide for Construction and Development at www.CICACenter.org/stormwater

Stormwater Manager's Resource Center
The Stormwater Manager's Resource Center (SMRC) is designed specifically for
Stormwater practitioners, local government officials, and others  who need technical
assistance on Stormwater management issues. Created and maintained  by the Center for
Watershed Protection, the SMRC has everything you need to know about Stormwater in a
single site at www.stormwatercenter.net

Also visit the Center for Watershed Protection's main website at
www.cwp.org

EPA's Low Impact Development Website
The EPA's LID website provides information and links to information about Low
Impact Development ideas and techniques atwww.epa.gov/owow/nps/lid

Smart Growth
EPA's Smart Growth Webpage contains guidance documents, tools and
resources for understanding and applying smart growth ideas to urban planning
at www.epa.gov/smartgrowth

The Smart Growth Network is a partnership organization dedicated to raising public
awareness of how growth can improve community quality of life. The Network seeks to
promote smart growth best practices, develop and share information, innovative policies,
and tools and ideas and to cultivate strategies  that address barriers to and advance
opportunities for smart growth at
www.smartgrowth.org
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   Printed with vegetable-based ink on paper that contains a minimum of 50% post-consumer fiber content processed chlorine-free.
   833-F-06-003 February 2006. Cover photo, top right: courtesy Ron Nichols, NRCS, 1997.

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